Essential Home Apothecary Handbook - Sample by cidermillpress

The Essential

HOME APOTHECARY HANDBOOK Herbal Remedies to Know, Grow, Make, and Use

SUSANNA REPPERT-BRILL AND TINA SAMS Illustrations by Adèle Leyris and Victoria Nelson

THE ESSENTIAL HOME APOTHECARY HANDBOOK Copyright © 2026 by HarperCollins Focus LLC. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in whole or in part, scanned, photocopied, recorded, distributed in any printed or electronic form, or reproduced in any manner whatsoever, or by any information storage and retrieval system now known or hereafter invented, without express written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Published by Cider Mill Press, an imprint of HarperCollins Focus LLC, 501 Nelson Place, Nashville, TN 37214 USA. The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the internet or via any other means without permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law. Please support authors’ rights, and do not participate in or encourage piracy of copyrighted materials. 13-Digit ISBN: 978-1-40035-480-1 10-Digit ISBN: 1-40035-480-3 Books published by Cider Mill Press Book Publishers are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the United States by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the publisher. cidermillpress.com Any internet addresses, phone numbers, or company or product information printed in this book are offered as a resource and are not intended in any way to be or to imply an endorsement by Cider Mill Press, nor does Cider Mill Press vouch for the existence, content, or services of these sites, phone numbers, companies, or products beyond the life of this book. Without limiting the exclusive rights of any author, contributor or the publisher of this publication, any unauthorized use of this publication to train generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is expressly prohibited. HarperCollins also exercise their rights under Article 4(3) of the Digital Single Market Directive 2019/790 and expressly reserve this publication from the text and data mining exception. HarperCollins Publishers, Macken House, 39/40 Mayor Street Upper, Dublin 1, D01 C9W8, Ireland (https://www.harpercollins.com) Typography: Acumin Pro, Agenda, GT Walsheim, Gelica, Harman Sans, New Kansas Swash, New Spirit Supplemental illustrations from Adobe Stock and Shutterstock. Printed in Malaysia 26 27 28 29 30 PJM 5 4 3 2 1 First Edition The information in this book is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered as medical advice. Herbal remedies can interact with medications and may not be suitable for everyone. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional before starting any new treatment, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, have a medical condition, or are taking prescription medications. The author and publisher are not responsible for any adverse effects or consequences resulting from the use of any suggestions, preparations, or procedures discussed in this book.

For all of the strong women in our lives: mothers, sisters, daughters, grandmothers, aunts, cousins, friends, and fellow herbalists who have guided us, encouraged us, inspired us, and taught us so much. Thank you!

CON TEN TS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

PART 1:

KNOW: The Herbal Roots

The Language of Plant Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

50 Healing Herbs to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

PART 2: grOW: Cultivating Your Medicine Garden 3

Garden Planning and Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Growing and Caring for Herbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Harvesting and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

PART 3: make: Herbal Preparations 6

Tools, Safety, and Workspace Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Water-Based Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Extraction-Based Preparations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Oil-Based Preparations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Sweet and Specialty Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

External Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Create Your Own Remedy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

PART 4: use: Health and Wellness Remedies 13

Remedy Basics and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Herbal Remedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

In troduction

ur paths to herbalism began in different places, yet both of us grew up surrounded by plants that quietly shaped our lives and values. Together, those roots brought us here—to share with you the

knowledge, joy, and empowerment that herbs can bring.

How Our Herbal Journeys Began For Susanna, herbalism started in what can only be described as a magical childhood. She was raised in the herb gardens of The Rosemary House & Gardens in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. Her family carries a long tradition of folk herbalism, but it was her mother, Bertha Reppert, who brought that love into the public eye. In 1968—well ahead of her time— Bertha opened an herb and spice shop, convinced that if people only knew how wonderful herbs were, they would welcome them into their daily lives. Growing up among the herb beds, Susanna ate rose-petal sandwiches, sipped green “garden drinks,” and absorbed herbal knowledge as naturally as the plants grew. By the time she worked the front desk at the shop, she found herself speaking to customers about everything from the spices in chai (cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, clove, and a hint of pepper) to the eternal debate: "Is it 'herb" or 'erb'?" Over the decades, remaining rooted in the shop has allowed her to listen to, share with, and learn from countless people drawn to herbs. Those stories of healing continue to inspire her. Herbalism is not only her heritage—it is also her passion. For Tina, the path to plants also began with family. Her grandfather, a country boy who foraged long before foraging was fashionable, taught her to recognize wild foods like sassafras and native fruits even before kindergarten. At home, plant-based remedies were simply part of life— paregoric for coughs, diarrhea, and stomach aches, black salve for splinters, ipecac to induce vomiting. No one called them “herbal medicine.”

They were just what people used. Her childhood neighborhood was filled with gardens, and one neighbor brewed root beer every spring. But Tina didn’t set out to become an herbalist right away. After a stretch in the corporate world—successful but deeply unfulfilling— she and her sister found themselves playing “herb ladies” at a Renaissance faire. Talking with people about plants lit something up in her, even though she knew very little at the time. So she dove in. She read, experimented, and, most importantly, listened. She learned that people living with chronic conditions often know a tremendous amount about herbs, and that their lived experience is its own kind of wisdom. It was during that period, more than 30 years ago, that we met—and our friendship has been growing ever since. In 2002, we (Susanna and Tina) launched The Essential Herbal magazine, which has kept us connected to the wider herbal community and the evolving landscape of plant medicine.

Why We’re Passionate About Herbalism From Susanna’s years in the herb shop came a firsthand understanding of how plants touch lives. She has heard stories of relief and healing that still give her goose bumps. Plants have always been “the people’s medicine,” and keeping them accessible remains one of her deepest commitments. Teaching others to make their own remedies—and witnessing the pride that comes with that selfreliance—brings her immense joy. Tina believes that everyone should have at least some herbal knowledge. Most common illnesses are self-limiting, resolving naturally over time, but knowing even ten well-chosen herbs can ease discomfort and support wellness, soothing a stomach ache, calming a restless child, easing a rash, loosening tight muscles, or supporting the body through seasonal shifts. Many people already know chamomile for relaxation or aloe for burns; imagine what eight more trusted herbs could do. At the same time, herbs must be used wisely. When misused, they can cause harm, which is why responsible, practical, safety-focused guidance is at the heart of our work.

INTRODUCTION

What You’ll Find in This Book This book is designed as a welcoming entry point into herbalism. Together, we’ve selected fifty versatile herbs that are either easy to grow or widely available to purchase. With these plants, you’ll have a strong foundation for building your own herbal practice. Inside you’ll find guidance on growing, harvesting, and preserving herbs; an introduction to energetics—how an herb feels and acts in the body—along with flavors and key constituents; and step-by-step instructions for making teas, tinctures, salves, syrups, and more.

The Modern Herbalist Mindset Herbal medicine is as old as humanity itself. Early people learned through trial and error, passing discoveries from one generation to the next. For centuries, women were the primary healers, making remedies in kitchens and gardens. Yet during the 1500s to 1700s, women who excelled at healing often attracted suspicion, and many were tragically accused of witchcraft. At the same time, the roots of modern medicine were forming, with men increasingly taking over the role of healers. By the late 1800s, the germ theory of disease reshaped medical practice. For decades, many treatments were still herb based, until the discovery of sulfa antibiotics in the early 1930s dramatically shifted medicine toward pharmaceuticals. Herbs soon slipped to the margins. Even into the 1990s, using or selling medicinal herbs remained controversial. Still, people’s desire for self-care and natural options grew steadily. Today, herbalism has made a strong return. Ancient wisdom is now finding its place alongside modern science, supported by research and renewed respect. It is easier than ever to talk with health professionals about herbs—though sometimes it means finding the right doctor. The modern herbalist mindset is collaborative, blending tradition and science to empower personal and community wellness.

INTRODUCTION

You’ll also discover simple, clear recipes and remedies for everyday use. Many of these plants may already be growing in your backyard— yes, even the humble dandelion. Our goal is simple: to make herbalism approachable, practical, and empowering. Once you experience success with even a single herbal remedy, you’ll understand what we’ve discovered over a lifetime—there’s truly no turning back.

What You’ll Gain Our hope is that by the end of this book, you will feel confident, creative, and empowered in your herbal journey. You’ll learn how to grow and identify herbs, how to work with them fresh and dried, and how to make medicines you can trust. We encourage you to experiment—the recipes here are starting points, meant to be adapted to your taste and needs. There will be mistakes. We’ve had our share! (Susanna once made a lip balm with only lard and fried her lips!) But even missteps bring valuable lessons. Herbs are generous teachers. Soon you’ll find that they become friends: plantain soothing a beesting, chamomile helping you “chill out,” burdock boosting your resilience.

Why Herbalism Matters Now Herbs offer gentle healing, nourishment, and prevention. They don’t work overnight but instead guide us along a steady path to wellness. In today’s world—where so much feels out of our control—knowing how to care for colds, rashes, bites, sore muscles, or everyday stress with plants is profoundly empowering. Equip yourself with this knowledge, and you will not only care for your health but also deepen your connection to nature and reclaim the self-reliance that plant medicine has always offered. It is our wish that this book will help you discover the same joy we’ve found—that herbs will become companions and allies on your journey, enriching your life in ways both practical and magical.

INTRODUCTION

PART 1

KNOW The Herbal Roots

PART 1: KNOW: THE HERBAL ROOTS

CHAPTER 1

The Language of Plant Medicine

ach plant profile in this book (pages 13 to 62) condenses a wealth of information into a clear, usable format. You’ll find the Latin name and plant family, both of which are invaluable for accurate

identification. The taste and energetics of each herb will become especially helpful when you begin formulating remedies, while the growing and planting information will guide you in creating your own herb garden. As you plan your garden, remember the importance of choosing native plants and selecting varieties that attract pollinators. Not only do they support healthy ecosystems, but they also bring beauty, movement, and life to your space. Every profile highlights which parts of the plant are typically used. For instance, echinacea was once thought useful only for its root, until research and experience showed that the whole plant offers benefits. Elderflowers and elderberries were once limited in use, but more recent research has expanded what we understand as safe. Staying up-to-date with the latest knowledge while respecting traditional wisdom is essential. You’ll also find primary actions listed, along with common preparations, dosage suggestions, and safety notes. While each herb has many benefits, the profiles highlight memorable and practical uses to get you started. Finally, you’ll see which herbs pair well together, whether to amplify an action or to balance one.

Understanding Botanical Names and Plant Families Common plant names are useful for everyday conversation, but they can be confusing. Regional nicknames vary, and

And pronunciation? Don’t worry. Few people get it “right” all the time. Sound it out, do your best, and know that you’re in good company.

the same name. That’s where botanical

Key Constituents and Why They Matter

names become indispensable. For example,

Phytochemistry can seem intimidating, but

cinnamon can refer to both Cinnamomum

think of it as another way to deepen your

verum (true cinnamon, prized medicinally)

relationship with plants. Phytochemicals

and Cinnamomum cassia (Chinese cinnamon,

are the natural compounds plants

often sold as a spice in grocery stores).

produce to protect themselves from

Knowing the Latin name avoids confusion.

pests, pathogens, and stress. These same

The system of classification we still

compounds often provide us with healing

sometimes entirely different plants share

use today was developed in the 1700s

properties—antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,

by Swedish biologist and physician Carl

antimicrobial, and more.

Linnaeus. Plants are grouped into families based on shared traits, and family names always end in -eae. For example, members of the Rosaceae family (roses, raspberries, hawthorn) typically share five-petaled flowers. Apiaceae (carrots, parsley, dill, fennel) have feathery leaves and umbrellalike flower clusters. Latin names are surprisingly descriptive, once you start decoding them. Rosmarinus means “dew of the sea.” Allium sativum (garlic) uses sativum, meaning “cultivated.” Vulgaris means “common,” as in Thymus vulgaris (common thyme). Some names point to uses—Leonurus cardiaca (common

Here are a few broad categories to start with: Flavonoids: Often brightly colored (yellow, red, purple), these compounds can be antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, and even antitumor. Alkaloids: Potent and sometimes toxic, these usually end in -ine (like caffeine or morphine). Terpenes: Found in aromatic plants, they often end in -ol (thymol in thyme, menthol in mint). Many are antiseptic, stimulating, and digestive aids.

motherwort) signals its heart-supportive

Saponins: These are compounds that foam

properties—while others indicate origin,

when shaken in water (from sapo, Latin for

as in Sambucus canadensis (American

“soap”). Found in plants like chickweed and

black elderberry).

elecampane, they are especially supportive of the respiratory system.

The Language of Plant Medicine

While supplement companies often

Condition Examples

standardize herbs to a single compound (like anthocyanins in elderberry syrup), many

Hot: Fever, inflammation, yellow or green

herbalists value the synergy of the whole

mucus.

plant—the way all of its constituents work together. This is something you can easily explore in your own kitchen.

Cold: Feels cold, pale color, dull pain, clear urine. Dry: Very little mucus, deficient fluids,

Blending Theory: Energetics and Flavor The tastes and energetics of herbs work hand in hand and are important for creating effective, balanced formulas. Through generations of observation, qualities have been ascribed to herbs based on taste, feel,

craving dampness. Damp: Excessive fluids, swelling. Example: A dull headache with fatigue and dull muscle pain but no fever is a cold condition; warming herbs can help restore balance.

and effect on the body. You might think of

Tastes of herbs refer to therapeutic

taste and energetics as the “personality” of

qualities rather than flavor alone. Six main

the plant.

categories are:

• Energetics are usually described using

Sweet: Nourishing and nutritive, often

temperature and moisture: hot/dry, cool/

strengthening immunity or healing the

moist, etc. These guide treatment. For

gastrointestinal tract, sometimes warming

example, a hot/damp body condition

(examples: astragalus, holy basil).

would be treated with cool/dry herbs. • Warming or hot herbs are usually pungent and stimulate circulation. • Cooling herbs work on hot or inflamed conditions. • Drying herbs are often astringent, tonifying tissues and reducing fluids. • Moist herbs are usually demulcents, soothing dry or inflamed tissues.

Bland: Healing to mucous membranes, often used in teas or poultices (examples: marshmallow root, aloe). Salty: Usually cool/dry, mineral rich, supporting the kidneys/bladder and strengthening bones, hair, and teeth (examples: nettle, violet leaf, dandelion leaf). Sour: Mildly astringent, tonifying tissues (examples: hawthorn, raspberry leaf, elderberry, lemon).

PART 1—KNOW: THE HERBAL ROOTS

Pungent/spicy: Stimulating circulation,

Seasonal work takes planning, but the

acting as expectorants, inducing sweating;

cycles repeat and the plants return. Miss

warming or cooling (examples: cinnamon,

something this year? Don’t worry—it will

garlic, ginger, eucalyptus).

likely be back next season.

Bitter: Stimulating digestion, absorption, contain alkaloids such as caffeine [black/

Using Profiles for Remedy Formulation

green tea]; nonalkaloid bitters include

Herbal profiles are more than reference

dandelion root; fragrant bitters include

pages—they are tools for creating

elecampane root).

remedies tailored to your needs. Imagine

and elimination (examples: alkaloidal bitters

you’re coming down with a cold: slight

Seasonal Timing and Planning Ahead Plants follow their own rhythms, and paying attention to seasonal timing can make your herbal practice more rewarding. Keeping a journal or blog can be invaluable for tracking when plants bloom, ripen, or are best harvested, as well as recording your projects and recipes year to year. A little preparation goes a long way. In spring, stock up on tincture-making supplies like alcohol, vinegar, honey, and oils. Containers, jars, and bottles are just as important. Summer brings a flood of harvesting, drying, and infusing—expect to have your kitchen table covered in baskets and jars. Fall is the time for digging roots,

chills, a stuffy nose, a light cough, and an unsettled stomach. Looking through the profiles, you might combine echinacea (immune support), monarda (warming, decongestant), lemon balm (antiviral and calming), and ginger (warming and soothing for digestion). Together, they create a balanced, synergistic blend. Profiles also flag important cautions. For example, echinacea is not recommended for certain autoimmune conditions, so you might substitute linden instead. Over time, you’ll learn to see herbs not just as isolated remedies, but as parts of a system. The profiles will help you combine them into formulas that are safe, effective, and personalized.

which should be chopped fresh before drying. Winter offers a chance to rest, reflect, and plan your garden for the year ahead.

The Language of Plant Medicine

Herbal Actions 101 A quick-reference guide to common herbal actions and what they mean.

ADAPTOGEN: Herbs that help the body adapt to stress. They are nonspecific in action, increase resistance to a wide range of stressors, and support balance in body systems. ALTERATIVE: Herbs that support gradual beneficial change in the body, often by improving elimination and metabolic function. ANODYNE: Herbs that soothe or reduce pain. ANTIMICROBIAL: Herbs that inhibit the growth of, or destroy, microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY: Herbs that reduce inflammation. ANTIOXIDANT: Herbs that help protect cells by neutralizing free radicals and supporting healing. Many flavonoids have this action. ANTISPASMODIC: Herbs that relieve or prevent muscle spasms or cramps. ASTRINGENT: Herbs that tighten or tone tissues, reducing secretions or discharges. BITTER TONIC: Herbs with a bitter taste that stimulate digestive secretions, increase appetite, and promote healthy digestion and absorption. CARMINATIVE: Herbs that ease digestion and help expel gas from the intestines. DEMULCENT: Herbs that soothe and coat irritated tissues, especially mucous membranes. DIAPHORETIC: Herbs that promote sweating, often used to help cool the body or support fever resolution.

PART 1—KNOW: THE HERBAL ROOTS

DIURETIC: Herbs that increase urine flow and support elimination through the kidneys. EMMENAGOGUE: Herbs that stimulate or regulate menstrual flow. EMOLLIENT: Herbs that are applied externally to soften, soothe, and protect the skin. EXPECTORANT: Herbs that help loosen and expel mucus from the respiratory tract. FLAVONOID: A class of plant compounds (often pigmented) with diverse actions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and circulatory support. GALACTAGOGUE (OR LACTAGOGUE): Herbs that increase breastmilk production in lactating women. LYMPHATIC: Herbs that support the healthy function of the lymphatic system, aiding the circulation of lymph fluid and activity of lymph nodes. MUCILAGINOUS: Herbs with a slippery, gel-like quality that soothe, protect, and hydrate tissues. NERVINE: Herbs that calm, nourish, or strengthen the nervous system. NUTRITIVE: Herbs that are rich in vitamins, minerals, or protein, providing nourishment as well as therapeutic benefit. SEDATIVE: Herbs that reduce nervous excitement or distress, promoting calm and rest. STIMULANT: Herbs that quicken or excite physiological activity. TROPHORESTORATIVE: Herbs that deeply nourish and restore function to a specific organ or body system. VULNERARY: Herbs that promote the healing of wounds, usually applied externally.

The Language of Plant Medicine

CHAPTER 2

50 Healing Herbs to Know This chapter highlights fifty essential medicinal plants. Each profile includes parts used, traditional and modern applications, preparation methods, dosages, and safety notes for quick reference while working with herbs.

Aloe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Astragalus. . . . . . . . . . . 14 Blue Vervain. . . . . . . . . . 15 Burdock Root. . . . . . . . . 16 Calendula . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 California Poppy. . . . . . 18 Camellia Sinensis–Tea. . . . . . . . . 19 Catnip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Chamomile (German). . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Chickweed. . . . . . . . . . . 22 Cinnamon. . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Comfrey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Dandelion. . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Echinacea . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Elder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Elecampane . . . . . . . . . . 28 Eucalyptus. . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Fennel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Garlic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Ginger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Ginkgo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Hawthorn . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Heal-All. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Hibiscus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Hyssop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Lavender. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Lemon Balm. . . . . . . . . . 39 Linden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Marshmallow. . . . . . . . 41 Mimosa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Mint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Monarda . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Motherwort. . . . . . . . . . 45 Oat Straw . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Oregano . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Passionflower. . . . . . . . 48 Plantain. . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Red Clover . . . . . . . . . . 50 Red Raspberry Leaf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Rosemary . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Sage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Stinging Nettle . . . . . . . 55 Thyme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Tulsi, aka Holy Basil . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Turmeric . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Valerian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Violet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Witch Hazel . . . . . . . . . . 61 Yarrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Aloe Botanical Information

Common name(s): aloe Latin name(s): Aloe vera, A. barbadensis, A. vulgaris Plant family: Asphodelaceae Taste and Energetics

Taste: Slightly bitter/bland Energy/temperature: Cool, moist (gel) Part(s) Used

• Inner leaf gel Description and Traditional Use

• Native to South Africa and Arabia. • Valued as a quick “go-to” plant for burns, sunburns, rashes, insect bites. • Used internally as an anti-inflammatory for digestive mucosa and a mild immune stimulant that supports healthy cell growth. Primary Actions

• Anti-inflammatory • Demulcent • Mild bulk laxative • Wound healing (topical) Cultivation and Harvesting

• Hardy in zones 9 to 11. • Easy houseplant, tolerates neglect; do not overwater (leaves will weaken and lie down).

Internal: Fresh inner gel with fruit juice; aloe vera gel/juice products also available commercially. Note: Do not use the yellow latex at the base of leaves. The yellow latex is a thin, bitter layer found between the outer green skin and inner clear gel. To avoid it, carefully fillet the leaf and use only the clear inner gel. The yellow latex can cause digestive upset. Dosage

External: Apply directly to skin, up to 8 times per day. Can also be combined with carrier oils/ other additives and essential oils (for example, combine 1 fl. oz. inner leaf gel with 3 to 5 drops lavender essential oil and 10 drops liquid vitamin E to promote skin healing). Internal: Consume ¼ to ½ teaspoon clear inner gel with 2 to 3 fl. oz. juice, up to 2 times daily, to bowel tolerance.

• Produces root shoots that are easy to divide into new plants.

Safety Notes/Contraindications

• Harvest larger leaves.

• Test cautiously for sensitivity.

Pollinators: Not applicable, as a houseplant,

• Do not use internally if you have hemorrhoids or chronic diarrhea, during pregnancy, or while breastfeeding.

Preparation Methods

E xternal: Lotions, creams, poultices, blended with essential oils and/or vitamin E.

Blends Well With

• Lavender essential oil (externally).

50 HEALING HERBS TO KNOW

Astragalus Botanical Information

Common name(s): milk vetch Latin name(s): Astragalus membranaceus Plant family: Fabaceae Taste and Energetics

Taste: Sweet Energy/temperature: Warm Part(s) Used

• Roots Description and Traditional Use

• A tough flowering plant that has been an important part of Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years. • One of many milk vetch species exhibiting peatype flowers. • Traditionally used to help balance qi, or life force energy. • Native to northern regions of China and Mongolia. Primary Actions

• Adaptogen • Antiaging • Antiviral • Anti-inflammatory • Adrenal supporting

Preparation Methods

• Astragalus root can be added to soups and stews or blended into teas. Note: Unless using powdered form, remove from soup/stew prior to serving. Forms: Tincture, tea, and decoction. Dosage

Tea: Up to 32 fl. oz. per day Decoction: 8 fl. oz. per day

Cultivation and Harvesting

Tincture: 20 to 30 drops, up to 3 times a day

• Hardy in zones 3 to 9; tolerates cold temperatures as low as -30°F (-34°C).

Safety Notes/Contraindications

• Prefers full sun to part shade; drought tolerant; thrives in well-drained, dry soil. Propagation: Sow scarified (lightly nicked or sanded) and stratified (chilled for 3 weeks) seeds about 12 inches apart. Harvest: After three growing seasons, dig the taproot for use.

Pollinators: Bees and butterflies.

PART 1—KNOW: THE HERBAL ROOTS

• May interfere with medications for autoimmune diseases, organ transplant (antirejection), diabetes, and mental health conditions. Blends Well With

• Elderberry, echinacea, and eleuthero for immune support.

Blue Vervain Botanical Information

Common name(s): blue vervain Latin name(s): Verbena hastata Plant family: Verbenaceae Taste and Energetics

Taste: Bitter Energy/temperature: Slightly cool, dry Part(s) Used

• Leaf, flower, and stalk Description and Traditional Use

• Native to the Eastern and Midwestern United States. • A calming nervine traditionally used for those who feel restless, tense, or irritable when under stress. Primary Actions

• Nervine • Antispasmodic • Mild sedative Cultivation and Harvesting

• Hardy in zones 3 to 8. • Easy to grow; prefers moist soil and full sun to part shade. • Harvest when in full flower. Pollinators: Bees, butterflies, and hummingbird moths. Preparation Methods

• Best prepared as a tea (often blended due to its bitterness) or as a tincture made from the fresh herb.

Dosage

Tea: Up to 24 fl. oz. per day Tincture: Start with 5 to 15 drops and increase to 30 to 50 drops, up to 3 times per day as needed Safety Notes/Contraindications

• Not for use during pregnancy. • Excessive consumption may cause nausea. Blends Well With

• Motherwort for anxiety; passionflower for antispasmodic relief.

50 HEALING HERBS TO KNOW

Burdock Root Botanical Information

Common name(s): gobo Latin name(s): Arctium lappa Plant family: Asteraceae Taste and Energetics

Taste: Sweet Energy/temperature: Cool, moist Part(s) Used

• Root Description and Traditional Use

• The taproot, known as gobo in Japanese cuisine, is commonly eaten as a vegetable. • Traditionally used as a “blood cleanser” to support detoxification and skin health. • The plant’s large, ruffled, velvety leaves are distinctive in the garden. • In its second year, it produces burrs that cling like Velcro—often attaching to clothing or animal fur. • Native to Europe and Asia; naturalized throughout North America. Primary Actions

• Anti-inflammatory • Alterative • Tonic • Cholagogue • Adaptogen Cultivation and Harvesting

• Hardy in zones 2 to 10. • Prefers loamy soil and full sun but is generally adaptable. Propagation: Stratify seeds, then sow ⅛ to ¼ inch deep; water consistently. Plants may become invasive if seeds are allowed to spread.

Harvest: Dig the taproot in autumn of the first year or spring of the second year before flower stalks form. Pollinators: Bumblebees, honeybees, butterflies, and skippers. Preparation Methods

• Common forms include infused oil or salve, tincture, and tea. Note: The root can be eaten as a vegetable, prepared similarly to potatoes. Dosage

Tea: Up to 24 fl. oz. per day Tincture: 60 to 90 drops per day Safety Notes/Contraindications

• Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) when consumed as food. • May interact with blood-thinning medications. • May lower blood sugar; use caution in people with diabetes. • Use with care in cases of bleeding disorders or stomach ulcers. Blends Well With

• Dandelion, nettle, and ginger. 16

PART 1—KNOW: THE HERBAL ROOTS

Calendula Botanical Information

Common name(s): pot marigold Latin name(s): Calendula officinalis Plant family: Asteraceae Taste and Energetics

Taste: Bitter, resinous Energy/temperature: Warm, dry Part(s) Used

• Flowers and leaves Description and Traditional Use

• Native to Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. • The flowers have long been used in ceremonies and rituals around the world, often blooming when few other plants do. Calendula is symbolic of Mexico’s Día de los Muertos. • A widely trusted and used herb valued for its versatility in both external and internal preparations. Primary Actions

• Antiviral • Anti-inflammatory • Styptic • Astringent

Preparation Methods

• Commonly prepared as an infused oil, poultice, compress, lotion, gel, tincture, or tea. Note: Calendula is often added to salads, soups, vegetables, and casseroles. Dosage

Cultivation and Harvesting

Tea: Up to 24 fl. oz. per day Tincture: 25 to 50 drops, 1 to 3 times per day

• Hardy in zones 8 to 11.

Safety Notes/Contraindications

• Prefers full sun and regular watering.

• Calendula is safe for general use and is commonly consumed in foods.

Propagation: Sow seeds 12 to 18 inches apart and ½ inch deep after danger of frost has passed. Germination typically occurs within 2 weeks. Readily self-seeds. Harvest: Keep blooms cut regularly to encourage flowering throughout summer. Pollinators: Bees and butterflies.

• Not for use in early pregnancy. • Avoid use if allergic to plants in the aster family. Blends Well With

• Chamomile, comfrey, lavender, and yarrow for wound and skin care.

50 HEALING HERBS TO KNOW

California Poppy Botanical Information

Common name(s): California poppy Latin name(s): Eschscholzia californica Plant family: Papaveraceae Taste and Energetics

Taste: Bitter Energy/temperature: Cool, dry Part(s) Used

• Whole plant, gathered while in flower Description and Traditional Use

• Native to the Western United States, from California to Washington state. • A gentle, nonaddictive nervine and analgesic traditionally used for pain, anxiety, and insomnia. Primary Actions

• Antispasmodic • Anodyne • Sedative • Analgesic Cultivation and Harvesting

• Perennial in zones 6 to 10; easily grown as an annual in colder climates. • Prefers full sun (at least 6 hours) and well-drained loamy soil. Propagation: Easily grown from seed.

ea: Up to 12 fl. oz. per day, preferably in the T evening before bed Tincture: 15 to 30 drops, up to 3 times per day Safety Notes/Contraindications

• May interact with pharmaceuticals that affect the nervous system. • Avoid use in cases of depression. • Not for use during pregnancy, while trying to conceive, or while breastfeeding. • May cause drowsiness; avoid combining with other sedative medications.

Harvest: Gather the entire plant while in flower.

• Do not use with MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors).

Pollinators: A variety of bees, including honeybees, and butterflies.

Blends Well With

Preparation Methods

• Commonly prepared as a tea or as a tincture made from the fresh herb.

Dosage

PART 1—KNOW: THE HERBAL ROOTS

• Valerian to ease pain and promote restful sleep.

Camellia Sinensis Tea Botanical Information

Common name(s): black/green tea, cha (Chinese), chai (Indian) Latin name(s): Camellia sinensis Plant family: Theaceae Taste and Energetics

Taste: Bitter/sweet Energy/temperature: Cold, dry Part(s) Used

• Fresh young leaves Description and Traditional Use

• Native to East Asia and the Indian subcontinent. • Green tea is rich in antioxidants and traditionally used to support inflammation reduction and brain health.

Propagation: From cuttings.

• Black tea is valued for its cardiovascular benefits.

Preparation Methods

• Both black and green tea come from the same plant; differences arise from processing methods. Black tea is fermented before drying, resulting in higher caffeine and altered chemical composition.

• Commonly prepared as a tea or tincture (from fresh or dried leaves). Also used topically as a facial astringent.

Primary Actions

• Astringent • Antioxidant • Anti-inflammatory • Stimulant • Cognitive enhancer Cultivation and Harvesting

• Grown in zones 7 to 9, preferring mild winters and consistent rainfall; can be cultivated in other regions with protection. • Can reach 10 to 15 feet tall but is typically pruned to about 3 feet tall for easier harvesting. • Requires at least 3 years to mature before harvest.

Pollinators: Small flies, bees, and other insects.

Dosage

Tea: Up to 24 fl. oz. per day Tincture: Up to 30 drops, twice per day Safety Notes/Contraindications

• Contains caffeine, which may cause overstimulation or interfere with sleep in sensitive individuals. • Adding large amounts of milk and sugar can diminish tea’s beneficial properties. Blends Well With

• Green tea blends well with ginkgo, rosemary, and hibiscus for mental clarity and brain support. • Black tea blends well with hawthorn for cardiovascular support. 50 HEALING HERBS TO KNOW

Catnip Botanical Information

Common name(s): catnip Latin name(s): Nepeta cataria Plant family: Lamiaceae Taste and Energetics

Taste: Pungent Energy/temperature: Warm, neutral Part(s) Used

• Leaves and flowers Description and Traditional Use

• Native to Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Asia; naturalized throughout the United States. • A safe and gentle herb traditionally used for children and the elderly. • Supports digestion, especially for those who hold tension or emotions in the gut. • Promotes relaxation and mild sedation, and is often included in blends for ADD/ADHD. Primary Actions

• Antispasmodic • Carminative • Mild sedative Cultivation and Harvesting

• Perennial in zones 3 to 9. • Thrives in full sun and tolerates poor soil. Propagation: Easily grown from seed. Harvest: Gather leaves and flowers just after blooming, allowing pollinators time with the flowers. Pollinators: Highly attractive to bees. Preparation Methods

• Commonly prepared as a tea, tincture (fresh herb), or glycerite (fresh or dried herb), or added to bath blends.

PART 1—KNOW: THE HERBAL ROOTS

Dosage

Tea: Up to 32 ounces per day Tincture: 30 drops, up to 3 times per day Glycerite: 1 teaspoon, up to 4 times per day Safety Notes/Contraindications

• Nursing mothers may drink catnip tea to gently soothe infants with colic through breast milk. Blends Well With

• Yarrow and elderflower for fever support in adults.

Chamomile (German) Botanical Information

Common name(s): chamomile Latin name(s): Matricaria chamomilla Plant family: Asteraceae Taste and Energetics

Taste: Bitter Energy/temperature: Warm Part(s) Used

• Flower Description and Traditional Use

• German chamomile is the most widely used of several chamomile species. • The genus name Matricaria derives from the Latin matrix (“womb”), suggesting its traditional association with women’s health and menstrual support. • The plant forms compact mounds 1 to 2 feet tall, with finely divided foliage and small, daisy-like flowers—white petals encircling a domed yellow center—with a pleasant apple scent. • Native to Southern and Eastern Europe and West Asia. Primary Actions

• Carminative • Sedative • Antibacterial • Anti-inflammatory

Harvest: Pick blossoms frequently throughout the blooming season to encourage continued flowering. Pollinators: Beneficial wasps, ladybugs, and honeybees. Preparation Methods

• Used as a compress, poultice, or wash; also taken internally as a tea or tincture. Dosage

Tea: Up to 24 ounces per day Tincture: 40 to 60 drops, up to 3 times per day Safety Notes/Contraindications

• May cause allergic reaction in individuals sensitive to plants in the aster family.

Cultivation and Harvesting

Blends Well With

• Hardy in zones 3 to 9.

• Lavender, passionflower, and linden for relaxation and sleep support.

• Prefers full sun, well-drained soil, and consistent watering; thrives in disturbed ground.

• Fennel seed for digestive comfort.

Propagation: Sow seeds directly outdoors a few weeks before the last expected frost, or start indoors about 6 weeks before transplanting. Readily self-seeds. 50 HEALING HERBS TO KNOW

Chickweed Botanical Information

Common name(s): chickweed, starwort Latin name(s): Stellaria media Plant family: Caryophyllaceae Taste and Energetics

Taste: Sweet, salt Energy/temperature: Cool, moist Part(s) Used

• All aerial parts Description and Traditional Use

• Chickweed is a small, earth-hugging plant that forms lush mats of bright-green foliage dotted with tiny, starlike white flowers. Though it appears to have ten petals, closer inspection reveals only five, each deeply cleft. • Traditionally recommended by herbalists for supporting healthy weight management, likely due to its mild diuretic and saponin content.

Harvest: Gather when plants are lush and tender. Chickweed does not dry well—preserve immediately in alcohol, vinegar, or olive oil. To dry for tea, allow to wilt overnight and dehydrate carefully.

• Commonly eaten fresh as a “potherb” or wild green.

Pollinators: Primarily self-pollinating; may outcompete plants that provide pollinator forage.

• Native to Eurasia; naturalized throughout the United States.

Preparation Methods

Primary Actions

• Demulcent • Drawing (helps “pull out” impurities) • Expectorant • Diuretic • Astringent Cultivation and Harvesting

• Used as a tea, tincture, vinegar infusion, infused oil, salve, or wash. Dosage

Tea: Up to 24 ounces per day Tincture: 40 to 60 drops per day As food: ½ cup cooked greens per day Safety Notes/Contraindications

• Hardy in zones 3 to 9.

• Excessive consumption may cause nausea or diarrhea.

• Prefers rich, moist soil and partial shade; thrives in cool weather.

Blends Well With

Note: In warmer zones, chickweed appears among the earliest spring greens, sometimes growing under snow. It retreats in summer heat above 80°F and often reemerges briefly in the fall.

Propagation: Readily self-seeds and spreads freely once established.

PART 1—KNOW: THE HERBAL ROOTS

Externally: Plantain, jewelweed, and comfrey for wound and skin care. Internally: dandelion and plantain for digestive and eliminative support.

Cinnamon Botanical Information

Common name(s): cinnamon Latin name(s): Cinnamomum verum Plant family: Lauraceae Taste and Energetics

Taste: Pungent, sweet Energy/temperature: Hot, dry Part(s) Used

• Inner bark Description and Traditional Use

• Commonly used today to help lower blood sugar and cholesterol, often under medical guidance. • Derived from the inner bark of a small evergreen tree. • Historically prized for its rarity and value—its source was once kept secret, and it was offered as a precious gift and even buried in royal tombs. • Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon) originates from Sri Lanka; cassia (C. cassia) is native to China and Vietnam. Primary Actions

• Highly antioxidant • Antibacterial • Antiviral • Antifungal • Astringent Cultivation and Harvesting

• Hardy in zones 9 to 11. • Prefers temperatures between 70°F and 90°F, with high humidity and regular rainfall. Propagation: Seeds must be fresh, as they lose viability quickly when dried. Young trees are available commercially and require warmth and humidity to thrive. In most climates, trees must overwinter indoors with special care.

Harvest: Cut bark from branches or remove small squares from the main trunk, taking no more than one-third of the circumference. Pollinators: Bees, moths, and hummingbirds. Preparation Methods

• Used widely as a culinary spice and also prepared as a tea or tincture. Available in sticks or powdered form. Dosage

• Use only Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon), which has a thin, papery bark. Cassia cinnamon, commonly from China or Southeast Asia, contains high levels of coumarin—a potent blood thinner that can stress the liver. If using cassia, reduce the dosage by half. Powder: ½ to 1 teaspoon per day Capsules: 1 to 3 capsules per day Tea: Up to 24 ounces per day Tincture: 10 to 30 drops per day Safety Notes/Contraindications

• Consult a physician before use, if taking anticoagulant medication. Blends Well With

• Ginger, mint, turmeric, and rose to enhance both flavor and therapeutic effect.

50 HEALING HERBS TO KNOW

Acknowledgmen ts

Susanna My family is so important and so supportive of my herbal interests and adventures: my hubby, David, and my not-so-little kiddos, Angelica and Cedar. All three of my sisters—Carolynn, Marj, and Nancy—had the same immediate first reaction to me writing this book: “Mom would be so proud.” My mother, Bertha Reppert, a prolific writer herself, started The Rosemary House & Gardens in 1968 with the support of her husband, Byron, who thought it would last a decade or so. And, of course, a big thanks to Tina Sams for pulling me into this project! Much love to all of you.

Tina I thank my sister, Maryanne Schwartz, and my daughter, Molly, for taking care of things while I worked on this book. Thanks also to Clinton Hesselgren for stepping up in a big way, and to John and Kathy Musser for helping to hold the farm together during this challenging summer. Thank you, Susanna, for making this a fun project. Thanks to Bob Schwartz for being a great big brother. Thanks to our editor, Jenny Croghan, for agreeing to our idea of two authors on the book. Here’s hoping you’re glad you did!

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