THE ITALIAN DELEGATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR GAME AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
THE MONTECRISTO GOAT
Layout and graphics: Elisa Bossotto
Printed in Italy at Tipolitografia Botalla s.r.l. - Gaglianico (BI)
Photographic contribution: Adriano De Faveri
© 2025 Italian Delegation of the CIC
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INDEX
Preface by Nicolò Amosso, Chief of the Italian Delegation of the CIC ...................
Preface by Philipp Harmer, President of the CIC.....................................................
Introduction by the Author, Silvano Toso.................................................................
The Montecristo Goat...............................................................................................
Preface to the Measurement Sheets.......................................................................
Preface by Nicolò Amosso
Chief of the Italian Delegation of the CIC
With this publication on the Montecristo Goat (Caprahircus) , our Delegation continues its committed efforts to study and document endemic ungulate species of Italy.
In recent years, we have released studies on the Sardinian Deer (Cervuselaphuscorsicanus)and the Apennine Chamois (Rupicaprapyrenaicaornata).
The origins of the Montecristo Goat population can be traced back to prehistoric times. It is believed to descend from Balkan-Anatolian goats, introduced by humans during the early stages of domestication in the Ancient Neolithic Mediterranean, around the 6th millennium BCE.
Montecristo Island, one of the most ecologically valuable and delicate environments in the Tuscan Archipelago, remains largely inaccessible and uninhabited, apart from a small Forestry Corps garrison. Widely regarded as a natural sanctuary, it was designated an exclusive royal hunting reserve for King Victor Emmanuel III of Savoy in 1899, a status that lasted until its conversion into a protected nature reserve. In 1960, it was reclassified as a hunting reserve under the scientific supervision of the Laboratory of Applied Zoology for Hunting in Bologna (now ISPRA). Responding to growing scientific and public advocacy, the island was officially declared a State Integral Nature Reserve in 1971.
The island’s management was entrusted to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry through the State Forestry Corps and made available for scientific research by the National Research Council. In 1988, it was recognized by the Council of Europe as a Biogenetic Nature Reserve. Today, Montecristo Island is part of the Tuscan Archipelago National Park, the UNESCO “Islands of Tuscany” Biosphere Reserve, and the Pelagos International Sanctuary for the Protection of Marine Mammals.
Montecristo is also famously known as the setting for Alexandre Dumas’ novel TheCountofMonte Cristo , which features the legend of a treasure hidden in the Abbey of San Mamiliano–a 17thcentury Benedictine monastery on the island.
This volume features a scientific study edited by Dr. Silvano Toso–CIC Expert and respected scholar–accompanied by a series of trophy evaluations using the CIC scoring formula originally developed for the Caprahircusof Mallorca Island.
Since the Montecristo Goat had not previously been included among the species evaluated by the CIC, the Italian Delegation submitted a formal request to the CIC Trophy Evaluation Board to have it assimilated to the Goat of Mallorca Island. The request was based on the clear morphological and metric similarities between the two populations, and proposed using the same evaluation formula. While awaiting formal approval from the Trophy Evaluation Board, the CIC proceeded to include the Montecristo Goat in its Trophy Evaluation Data Handbook, adopting the Mallorca Goat’s evaluation formula.
We extend our sincere thanks to Dr. Silvano Toso, former Director General of the National Institute for Wildlife (INFS) and former head of the Wildlife Advisory Service at ISPRA (Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale), for his invaluable scientific contribution and profound expertise on the Montecristo Goat. His work has greatly enhanced our understanding and appreciation of this
unique and endemic species.
We are also deeply grateful to Adriano De Faveri of ISPRA, who generously made available a significant number of Montecristo Goat trophies and contributed essential photographic documentation to this publication.
Our heartfelt thanks also go to Arno Wimpffen, Deputy Director General & Business Development Manager of CIC, for his support; to the collectors and owners who allowed us to examine their trophies; and–last but not least–to Enzo Berzieri for his steadfast assistance and collaboration.
Preface by Philipp Harmer President of the CIC
Italy’s rich natural heritage is reflected not only in its landscapes and culture, but also in its unique and endemic wildlife species. This publication on the Montecristo Goat represents another important contribution by the CIC Italian Delegation to the scientific documentation and conservation of Italy’s fauna.
Following earlier studies on the Sardinian Deer and the Apennine Chamois, this work further underlines the significance of rigorous research in safeguarding biodiversity. Combining scientific expertise with a respect for tradition, our Italian Delegation demonstrates the enduring role of hunters and conservationists in preserving nature for future generations.
The International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC) commends the Italian Delegation for its commitment and dedication. Their efforts not only enrich the CIC Trophy Evaluation System but also strengthen Italy’s contribution to international conservation.
Dr. Philipp Harmer LL.M. President International Council for Game and Wildlife
Introduction by the Author
Silvano Toso
Montecristo is a small island in the central Mediterranean with remarkable environmental and historical characteristics. Its distance from Corsica and the Italian coast, its rugged nature, and the difficulty of landing have meant that human presence has always been limited and, for long periods, almost completely absent. Nevertheless, over time, humans have significantly altered the island’s natural landscape, interfering with the native vegetation and introducing non-native animal species. Among these, the goat population, which has been present on the island for millennia, is particularly noteworthy due to its origins, its “ancient” feature, and the impact it continues to have on the island’s vegetation.
Goats were among the first animals to be domesticated. Archaeological evidences date the first domestication events to approximately 10,500 years ago in southeastern Anatolia. The first introductions into the Mediterranean occurred in the eastern part of the basin during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (9th–8th millennium BC), reaching the Aegean in the 8th–7th millennium BC, and finally reaching the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas between the late 7th and early 6th millennium BC. The goats were often released on islands as a food reserve to be drawn upon during navigation. For the same reason, in more recent history, especially following human explorations in the 16th–18th centuries, fully domesticated goats were introduced to many islands across the oceans, posing serious problems regarding the impact on their fragile ecosystems and motivating several eradication projects conducted in recent decades.
The goat population of Montecristo originates from the earliest stages of wild goat domestication and bears witness to the goat’s spread throughout the Mediterranean basin. It is therefore of conservation interest not only from a scientific perspective but also from a historical/cultural one, precisely because of its origins and the characteristics it has maintained; Its future management represents a challenge to be met based on an intelligent compromise and the best available knowledges.
THE MONTECRISTO GOAT
Caprahircus(Linnaeus,1758)
Origin of the population
The Montecristo goat is present only on the island of the same name (approx. 10 km2) which is part of the Tuscan Archipelago (lat. 42° 19’ N, long. 10° 19’ E). This population represents the only example of goats living in Italy in an entirely wild state since ancient times.
The island, of volcanic origin, covers an area of 10.4 square kilometers with a coastline of 16 kilometers. There are no permanent human settlements, except for a surveillance service provided by the State Forestry Corps.
Fig. 1: geographical location of the island of Montecristo.
Fig. 2: aerial view of the island.
The morphological characters of Montecristo goat (short-haired coat, predominantly monochromatic, horns always present with a scimitar shape, absence of wattles) are similar to those of the Creten goat, and recall those of the wild progenitor, the Eurasian wild goat or Bezoar (Capraaegagrus).
The origin of the Montecristo population can be traced back to groups of Balkan-Anatolian goats in an initial phase of domestication introduced by man in prehistoric times, in the cultural context of the ancient Mediterranean Neolithic (VI millennium BC) (Masseti, 1997, 1998, 2009; Randi et al., 1990). According to the currently most accepted theory, the presence of goats on all Mediterranean islands is of anthropogenic origin. The relative distance from the original wild phenotype represented by the wild goats of the Near East, showed by the various island populations, can be related to the degree of domestication of the animals used and the time of their introductions. The populations of Crete and Montecristo would therefore represent the extremes of a geographic-temporal gradient along a southeast-northwest axis.
The genetic variability of the Montecristo goat has been studied through isoenzyme electrophoresis analysis (Randi et al., 1989, 1990). The alleles present at monomorphic and polymorphic loci correspond to those present in domestic goat populations, but genetic diversity, estimated as the percentage of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity, is higher in the Montecristo population than in some domestic breeds. The analyses reveal the genetic effects resulting from the introduction of goats to the island after the first ancient herd.
Like those present in other Mediterranean islands (Crete, Youra and Antimilos) the Montecristo goats cannot be considered as true domestic animals, even if they have experienced some form of control by man. These goats, spontaneously returned to the wild, have partly maintained the morpho-phenotypic and behavioural characteristics of the wild ancestor from which they originated. The population of the Montecristo goat has undergone complex and obscure events in the past centuries with regard to variations in population size, which cannot be reconstructed due to lack of documentation. However, there is reason to believe that it must have always been small in number, particularly during the period in which it was the object of hunting and poaching. The establishment in 1971 of the nature reserve on the island of Montecristo was the first essential measure to allow for a sufficient protection of the population, which reached a significant size in the 90s of the last century, so much so as to determine the need for a control through culling campaigns carried out by the State Forestry Corps in collaboration with the Italian National Wildlife Institute.
Morphological Description
The Montecristo goat has morphological characteristics similar to those of Balkan-Anatolian wild goats, such as the Cretan Agrimi (C.hircuscretica)and the Turkish wild goat (C.hircusaegagrus) , compared to which, however, its smaller size, a different ratio between trunk length and height at the withers, and a less constant shape of the horns and coat color are evident.
The body is relatively elongated with robust limbs ending in moderately broad, widely spaced hooves. The head is short, the skull is very robust, the eyes are fairly large, and the ears are small. The female has two udders. Sexual dimorphism is marked: adult males reach an average weight almost double that of females and have much more developed horns. The height at the withers is approximately 70 cm for adult males and approximately 55 cm for females, the total length (head to base of tail) is 77 cm and 60 cm, respectively, and the chest circumference is 88 cm and 76 cm. In both sexes, the tail is just over 10 cm long, and the ear length is approximately 9.5 cm.
Table 1 shows the data for a sample of culled goats.
Weight (in kg) recorded on a sample of goats culled between 1975 and 1992 (males over 4 years old, females over 2 years old). Dressed weight corresponds to a completely eviscerated carcass. n = number of individuals weighed. From Boitani et al., 2003.
Skeletal growth in females probably continues until 4-6 years, while in males, peak growth occurs between 5 and 7 years of age and then stabilizes, although in some cases growth appears to continue even after this age (Spagnesi et al., 1986).
The Montecristo goat displays significant color and coat pattern diversity, as a result of the recent introduction of domestic goats on the island (Fig. 3).
Tab.1:
Fig. 3:
Coat types found in Montecristo goats (drawing by Umberto Catalano after Spagnesi et al. 1986). A-B: agrimi; C: pictus; D-E-F: light and dark Montecristo; G: cream; H: coat with white spots; I: black. L-M-N: winter coat.
The following fundamental coats can be recognized (Cagnolaro et al., 1981, Spagnesi et al., 1982, 1986).
1. The coat ranges from light brown to deep reddish, with a dark dorsal line (black-brown or black), a vertical band that outlines the chest and shoulder, and possibly another dark line from the armpit to the knee, framing the abdomen. The beard is blackish-brown, the head is dark brown, and females may have a dark line running horizontally across the eye sockets, starting from the nose area to the base of the ear. The abdomen is light (almost white), the limbs are often black and white, characteristic of the Cretan wild goat (C. hircus cretica). This type also includes individuals with a strong extension of black parts, both in terms of surface area and intensity, on the anterior region of the neck and on the belly (which, rather than white or light, is black) and on the limbs. These individuals, very similar to the subspecies C. hircus pictus, from the Greek islands of Erymomylos and Samothrace, are often also characterized by rather developed hairiness.
2. Dark brown coat, free of reddish hues and without a spinal stripe, but with a possible darker vertical band between the shoulder and chest. A variant is a liver brown color, sometimes verging on purple. The belly is similar to the trunk or lighter, the limbs are dark, sometimes with lighter areas, but without characteristic markings. Hairiness is generally limited, and only a few individuals show more abundant hair.
3. Light brown coat with reddish highlights. The limbs are light in color. The vertebral and vertical bands (chest-withers) are missing, or may be hinted at by a slightly brighter, darker color. The belly is lighter. Hairiness is usually reduced compared to the previous types.
4. The coat is very light brown or cream, tending towards pale yellowish and white, or completely white. The black spots are also missing on the limbs, which may be slightly brownish. The muzzle and beard are light, sometimes white. Hairiness is generally greater than that of individuals with other coat types.
5. Piebald coat, with white or light yellow spots on brown-based coats. In general, a piebald goat often has a white, albeit imperfect, “saddle”, like that of the mouflon, and white limbs, but irregularly. The spotting can be completely random, without any particular pattern, and may affect the hindquarters or forequarters, the upper chest, the muzzle, and the thighs. Very irregular spotting is more often exhibited by females, while males are generally of the “mouflon” type.
6. Black coat, with at most white spots (even just one) or occasional white saddle-type markings, but always quite limited. Hairiness varies.
Obviously, intermediate types exist within the six color categories indicated. In Table 2, which shows the frequencies of the different coat types observed during a population census conducted in June 1992, the six phenotypes are indicated respectively as Agrimi, Light Montecristo, Dark Montecristo, White, Piebald, and Black. The different criteria adopted in defining coats (particularly piebald) by the two working groups that alternated on the island in the periods 1975-77 (see Spagnesi et al., 1986) and 1986-92 (data reported in Boitani et al., 2003) do not allow for a precise assessment of the evolution of the coat type frequencies over 15 years following the selective culling of 342 animals aimed at eliminating white, black, and piebald individuals. However, the almost total disappearance of white coats and a clear decrease in black and Agrimi-type ones is evident, which would confirm the population’s tendency to select brown coats, even independently of artificial interventions.
Coat Type Frequency % Agrimi 11,79
2,95
Tab. 2: Frequency of different coat types detected during the 1992 observation campaign out of a total of 543 individuals observed – from Boitani et. al., 2003.
The horns also show a marked variability in conformation, obviously clearly evident only in males (Fig. 4).
Male -A type-
Male -B typeFig. 4: Appearance of the horns of the goat of Monteristo.
Two fairly well-defined morphological types can be distinguished, although intermediate cases are not uncommon (Cagnolaro et al., 1981, Spagnesi et al., 1982, 1986). The first type, essentially scimitar-shaped, has individual horns pointing backward and downward, with modest inter-apical divergence: it resembles the horns of the Cretan wild goat. The second type develops more laterally, with a wide inter-apical divergence and presents greater similarities with the horns of some domestic goat breeds. The difference between the two types of horns is not only evident in the inter-apical divergence, but also in the angle formed by the major axis of the horn section at various levels and the intersection of the plane of that region with the sagittal plane of the skull. This angular value, given the same percentage level of horn development, is much lower in the “scimitar” type than in the second type. The horns have a roughly pear-shaped cross-section, highly compressed, with only the antero-internal angle raised, keeled, and featuring widely spaced protuberances at a certain distance from the base.
The inner and outer surfaces are flat or slightly convex, rounded posteriorly, and faintly striated due to the presence of transverse and parallel growth grooves. The length of the horn, measured along the upper margin, reaches 55-65 cm in fully developed males (maximum 71.5 cm in a 7-year-old) and 15-20 cm in females (maximum 22 cm in a 6-year-old).
The growth rates of horns in males are well-distributed over several years. In the first year, the horns reach 20% of their attainable length at maturity, 33% at 1.5 years, and approximately 43%, 52%, and 62% at 2, 3, and 4 years, respectively. Growth, however, continues at a decreasing rate until approximately 11-12 years. In the seventh year the value exceeds 80% of the final length of the horn, and at 8-9 years it hovers between 85 and 90%. The annual growth pause occurs during the winter period, despite this being the season of maximum food availability.
Ecology and Ethology
The wild goat is native to rugged, rocky mountain environments, with sparse scrub or shrub vegetation interspersed with arid grasslands and stony slopes. The population of Montecristo is perfectly adapted to the island’s distinctly rocky habitat, where shrubby vegetation is predominantly heather (Ericaarboreaand Ericascoparia) , rosemary (Rosmarinusofficinalis),and rockrose (Cistus monspeliensis) , with abundant presence of tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) , a tree species introduced in the 19th century from the Far East (Fig. 5). The grassland vegetation, found in flat ridge areas, at the edges of shrubby groups, and in a mosaic of garrigue formations where the presence of rocky outcrops inhibit its development, is represented by more or less large therophytic meadows dominated by Plantago spp.
Fig. 5: The low Mediterranean scrub that dominates the island’s plant landscape.
The goats’ herbivorous diet is quite eclectic, but the island’s population is forced to subsist largely on heather, rosemary, and, to a much lesser extent, herbaceous plants. They also feed on the leaves and twigs of tree of heaven. On islands of limited size and when the population is abundant, goats can pose a serious threat to the vegetation. On Montecristo, goats have been the greatest obstacle to the regeneration of the holm oak (Quercusilex) , which must have been the dominant element of the original climax vegetation, consuming both its acorns and young shoots. Therefore, this tree is confined to very limited areas with surviving individuals over a hundred years old. This animal does not appear to have a great need for water; moreover, water availability on the island of Montecristo is constant and relatively widespread.
Highly agile, the Montecristo goat is wary and elusive, making it difficult to approach. Among its senses, sight is far superior. Vocal expression is limited to bleating calls, primarily from young and mothers, and short grunts, emitted by males when excited. The alarm call is a sort of vibrating sneeze.
Social behavior is difficult to trace back to precise and consistent patterns. Regarding the type of aggregation, there are unisexual groups, the vast majority entirely male, composed of 2 to 9 individuals. All-female groups, significantly fewer in number, are composed almost exclusively of two individuals. Then there are family packs composed of several females of various ages and the current year’s kids and possibly those born the previous year. Finally, mixed packs of adult and subadult males and females, accompanied or not by kids, are observed. The types of aggregation show notable seasonal variation: in fact, the frequency of unisexual packs decreases from springsummer to the mating season (September), during which they disappear, as does that of family packs, whose frequency decreases sharply from May-June to the mating season.
Conversely, the formation of mixed packs progressively increases from summer to AugustSeptember, when mating normally occurs. During this period, three-quarters of the population lives in mixed packs, consisting on average of more than 11 individuals. During the mating season, males are particularly excited and scour the entire island in search of females in estrus. On several occasions, single males, individually identifiable by their coat and/or trophy characteristics, have been observed at opposite sites on the island within a few hours of each other. Data obtained from the spatial behavior of radio-collared individuals have also highlighted substantial philopatry among females and significantly greater mobility among males, particularly during the mating season (Raganella Pelliccioni et al., 2020)
The sex ratio, found by Spagnesi et al., 1986 during observation campaigns carried out in the period 1975-77, was equal or sub-equal, slightly in favour of females, while data from a count carried out in June 1992 (in Boitani et al., 2003) seem to show a prevalence of males.
Gestation lasts 21–23 weeks, and the number of kittens born per litter is usually one, exceptionally two. Births occur primarily in February–March, but can continue until June. Social maturity is probably reached at 2–3 years of age for females and at 5 years of age for males. At the age of 3–4, males may attempt to mate, but their rank is significantly lower than that of older individuals. It is likely, however, that physiological sexual maturity is reached, as in other goat populations, at a year and a half. The oldest individual whose age could be estimated (out of 435 skulls examined) was 12 years old. The average lifespan is therefore significantly lower than that of wild goats found elsewhere, in which the maximum age observed can reach 15–17 years (Nievergelt, 1986). This could be related to the rapid wear of the dental plates and the frequency of masticatory pathologies
of traumatic origin found in the Montecristo population as a consequence of a diet rich in woody plants.
On the island, goats are completely devoid of predators, so natural mortality is largely determined by senescence or starvation, with rates dependent on seasonal and acyclical variations in food availability and, to some extent, also by falls from rocks and similar accidents. Of the more than 256 animals culled between 1986 and 1992, for which nutritional status was assessed through the accumulation of fat deposits, only 22 (8.6%) showed poor conditions (Boitani et al. 2003).
Population size and dynamics
Population dynamics exhibit considerable instability, a characteristic found in many ungulate populations on small islands, and suggest the existence of density-dependent and stochastic control mechanisms in which climate variations play a significant role. The population size was estimated at 270-350 animals in the second half of the 1970s on an anecdotal basis, and only in June 1992 a first comprehensive estimate was carried out, which revealed a minimum population of 539 animals.
Monitoring was carried out through simultaneous counts from fixed vantage points, from which 11 sectors of the island could be inspected from land. This was combined with surveys carried out from a vessel that circumnavigated the island, so as not to exclude from the observations the rocky areas overlooking the sea and not visible from the interior. The result obtained represents an index that, while not providing the exact size of the population, reflects its variations over time. The methods used to conduct the counts were kept virtually constant over time, thus providing a consistent historical series (Fig. 6).
In summary, the population trend can be summarized as follows:
• In the first half of the 2000s, the population appears to have almost halved compared to 1992, as a conseguence of a rapid deterioration in habitat quality (vegetation composition and food supply) following extreme weather events;
• Between 2003 and 2011, the population experienced fluctuations, maintaining an average of approximately 250 animals;
• In 2012 a sharp decline occurred, as a result of mortality resulting from the ingestion of poisoned bait distributed on the island to eradicate the rat (Rattusrattus) . To mitigate this mortality, a group of goats was confined in a large enclosure, excluded from the aerial distribution of bait, and subsequently released;
• After 2012, the population appears to be clearly recovering and in 2018 reaches values close to those recorded in the early 2000s, remaining at these values in the following years.
Fig. 6: Minimum population size of the Montecristo goat obtained through direct counts conducted by ISPRA, the Tuscan Archipelago National Park, and the Carabinieri Biodiversity Group. The 2012 figure obtained from direct counts includes approximately 42 individuals contained within the security fence and released at the end of 2012.
Health Status
There are few studies on the health status of Montecristo goats. Guberti et al. (1990) and Guberti & Giovannini (1990) examined the carcasses of 40 recently culled goats, noting the presence of endoparasites in all of them, namely: Ostertagia circumcincta (100%), Trichostrongylus colubriformis(97.5%), Haemonchuscontortus(37.5%), Nematodirusabnormalis(32.5%), Trichuris ovis (22.5%), Oesophagostomum venulosum (52.5%). Significantly higher parasite loads were found in older individuals compared to young ones. The parasite species found follow a negative binomial distribution, indicating a stabilized and balanced relationship with the host species. The authors cited above did not detect any ectoparasites in the samples examined.
Conservation
The opportunity to apply a conservation strategy for the Montecristo goat is determined not only by historical, cultural and aesthetic reasons, but also by the biological peculiarity of this population and by its contribution to the diversification of the Italian vertebrates and was one of the main reasons why the island was saved from speculation and tourism, becoming a state nature reserve and receiving the European Diploma of Protected Areas. The Montecristo goat has been included in Group A of the classification of feral goats by the IUCN Caprine Specialist Group. Quoting Shackleton: “Whateveritsorigin,thepopulationofMontecristogoatsisanassetofmarkedfaunal, scientific,andaestheticvaluewellworthconserving”(Shackleton, D.M. (ed.), 1997).
When this study was conceived, we found that there was abundant scientific documentation on the Montecristo goat, but there was no in-depth analysis of the trophy measurements that would establish its distinctive features.
The CIC (International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation) did not provide a specific evaluation formula for this particular trophy.
Our research revealed that the CIC includes the Goat of Mallorca (Spain) among the species eligible for evaluation. Given the notable morphological similarities between the trophies of the Montecristo Goat and the Mallorcan Goat, we adopted the same evaluation formula for assessing the Montecristo specimen.
As the Italian Delegation, we formally submitted a request to the CIC Trophy Evaluation Board— composed of Senior International Trophy Judges—proposing the recognition of the Montecristo Goat as equivalent to the Goat of Mallorca for evaluation purposes.
We had previously undertaken similar initiatives with success: in 2020, concerning the Abruzzo Chamois (Rupicaprapyrenaicaornata) , and in 2022, regarding the Sardinian Deer (Cervuselaphuscorsicanus) On both occasions, the Board adjusted the scoring to better reflect the specific characteristics of each subspecies—raising the score for the Abruzzo Chamois and lowering it for the Sardinian Deer, in acknowledgment that the existing standards were not appropriate for these taxa.
While awaiting formal confirmation from the Trophy Evaluation Board, the CIC decided to include the Montecristo Goat in the Trophy Evaluation Data Handbook, applying the evaluation formula developed for the Mallorcan Goat.
It should be noted that, in accordance with CIC policy, merit scores are awarded only to male specimens, not to females although it would be desirable to evaluate them in order to have a frame of reference of this kind as well.
Nicolò
Amosso
SeniorInternationalTrophyJudge
Enzo Berzieri
SeniorInternationalTrophyJudge
MEASUREMENT SHEETS
according to CIC Trophy Evaluation System
1. Misure
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO Caprahircus Punti Finali Maschio
finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione Museo Ispra catalogo 3655
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo
Data del Prelievo: 20-05-1953
Foto n°: M1
Maschio / Femmina: Maschio
Luogo della Valutazione: Località Ozzano dell’Emilia
Valutatori: Nicolò Amosso, Enzo Berzieri
Bologna il 19-03-2025
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO Caprahircus
1. Misure
n. 1.1 al n. 1.6
Valutazione finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni ) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione Museo Ispra catalogo 34
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo
Data del Prelievo: 13-6-1989
Foto n°: M2
Maschio / Femmina: Maschio
Luogo della Valutazione: Località Ozzano dell’Emilia
Valutatori: Nicolò Amosso, E nzo Berzieri
Bologna il 19-03-2025
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO Caprahircus
1. Misure
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione Museo Ispra catalogo 6588
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo
Data del Prelievo: 30-05-1988
Foto n°: F3
Maschio / Femmina: Femmina
Luogo della Valutazione: Località Ozzano dell’Emilia
Valutatori: Nicolò Amosso, Enzo Berzieri
Bologna il 19-03-2025 Punti Finali Maschio
1. Misure
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO Caprahircus Punti Finali Maschio
dal n. 1.1 al n. 1.6
finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione Museo Ispra catalogo 6565
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo Cala S Maria
Data del Prelievo: 06-10-1987
Foto n°: F4
Maschio / Femmina: Femmina
Luogo della Valutazione: Località Ozzano dell’Emilia
Valutatori: Nicolò Amosso, Enzo Berzieri
Bologna il 19-03-2025
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO Caprahircus
1. Misure
1.6 Circonferenza 4° settore
n. 1.1 al n. 1.6
Valutazione finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione Museo Ispra catalogo 10500
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo Portoferraio
Data del Prelievo: 22-09-2021
Foto n°: M5
Maschio / Femmina: Maschio
Luogo della Valutazione: Località Ozzano dell’Emilia
Valutatori: Nicolò Amosso, Enzo Berzieri
Bologna il 19-03-2025
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
Caprahircus
1. Misure
1.6 Circonferenza 4° settore
n. 1.1 al n. 1.6
Valutazione finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione Museo Ispra catalogo 11
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo Belvedere
Data del Prelievo: 07-06-1992
Foto n°: M6
Maschio / Femmina: Maschio
Luogo della
Valutazione: Località Ozzano dell’Emilia
Valutatori: Nicolò Amosso, Enzo Berzieri
Bologna il 19-03-2025
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO Caprahircus
1. Misure
finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione Museo Ispra catalogo 1758
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo
Data del Prelievo: 26-08-1977
Foto n°: M7
Maschio / Femmina: Maschio
Luogo della Valutazione: Località Ozzano dell’Emilia
Valutatori: Nicolò Amosso, Enzo Berzieri
Bologna il 19-03-2025
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO Caprahircus Punti Finali Maschio
di misurazione
1. Misure
(base)
1.6 Circonferenza 4° settore
Somma dal n. 1.1 al n. 1.6
Valutazione finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione Museo Ispra catalogo 11226
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo Cala Maestra
Data del Prelievo: 10-04-2024
n°: M8
Maschio / Femmina: Maschio
Luogo della
Valutazione: Località Ozzano dell’Emilia
Valutatori: Nicolò Amosso, Enzo Berzieri
Bologna il 19-03-2025
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
Caprahircus Punti Finali Maschio
1. Misure
finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione privata
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo
Data del Prelievo: 15-06-2011
n°: M9
Maschio / Femmina: Maschio
Luogo della Valutazione: Torino
Valutatori: Nicolò Amosso
Torino li 14-03-2025
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO Caprahircus
1. Misure
3°
1.6 Circonferenza 4° settore
Somma dal n. 1.1 al n. 1.6
Valutazione finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione Museo Ispra catalogo 6597
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo Cala Gemelle
Data del Prelievo: 06-06-1998
n°: M10
Maschio / Femmina: Maschio
Luogo della Valutazione: Località Ozzano dell’Emilia
Valutatori: Nicolò Amosso, Enzo Berzieri
Bologna il 19-03-2025 Punti Finali Maschio
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO Caprahircus
1. Misure
1.6 Circonferenza 4° settore
n. 1.1 al n. 1.6
Valutazione finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione Museo Ispra catalogo 11225
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo Cala Del Santo
Data del Prelievo: 10-04-2024
n°: M11
Maschio / Femmina: Maschio
Luogo della
Valutazione: Località Ozzano dell’Emilia
Valutatori: Nicolò Amosso, Enzo Berzieri
Bologna il 19-03-2025
1. Misure
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO Caprahircus Punti Finali Maschio
1.6 Circonferenza 4° settore
Somma dal n. 1.1 al n. 1.6
Valutazione finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione Museo Ispra catalogo 3916
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo Collo dei Lecci
Data del Prelievo: 30-09-1987
n°: M12
Maschio / Femmina: Maschio
Luogo della Valutazione: Località Ozzano dell’Emilia
Valutatori: Nicolò Amosso, Enzo Berzieri
Bologna il 19-03-2025
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
1. Misure
1.6
finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione privata
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo
Data del Prelievo: non disponibile
Foto n°: M13
Maschio / Femmina: Maschio
Luogo della Valutazione: Località Casetta
Valutatori: Italo Materno, Riccardo Batassa, Raffaele Liaci Pessina.
Siena il 08-06-2024
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO Caprahircus
Misure
finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione privata
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo
Data del Prelievo: non disponibile
Foto n°: F14
Maschio / Femmina: Femmina
Luogo della Valutazione: Località Casetta
Valutatori: Italo Materno, Riccardo Batassa, Raffaele Liaci Pessina.
Siena il 08-06-2024 Punti Finali Maschio
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO Caprahircus
1. Misure
del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione privata
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo
Data del Prelievo:2020
Foto n°: M15
Maschio / Femmina: Maschio
Luogo della Valutazione: Località Casetta
Valutatori: Italo Materno, Riccardo Batassa, Raffaele Liaci Pessina.
Siena il 08-06-2024
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
(Capra hircus)
CAPRA DI MONTECRISTO
Caprahircus
1. Misure
1.2 Lunghezza del corno
1.3 Circonferenza 1° settore (base)
Circonferenza 3° settore
1.6 Circonferenza 4° settore
Somma dal n. 1.1 al n. 1.6
2 Somma delle differenze
Valutazione finale del trofeo è data dalla differenza tra il punto 1 e il punto 2
Punteggio finale = (totale dei punti delle misurazioni) - (totale dei punti delle differenze)
Proprietario: collezione privata
Luogo del Prelievo: Isola di Montecristo
Data del Prelievo: 15-06-2011
n°: M26
Maschio / Femmina: Maschio
Luogo della Valutazione: Torino
Valutatori: Nicolò Amosso
Torino li 14-03-2025
References
Boitani L., Lovari S. & A. Vigna Taglianti, 2003. Fauna d’Italia vol 38. Mammalia III. Carnivora –Artiodactyla. Calderini, Bologna.
Guberti V., Giovannini A. & G. Battelli, 1990. Host-parasites balance in the absence of human intervention: a study on wild goat in Montecristo island, Italy. Posters dell’Istituto Nazionale di Biologia della Selvaggina, No.10, Bologna.
Guberti V. & A. Giovannini, 1990. Host-parasites balance evaluated by the study of frequency distribution of gastro-intestinal nematodes in the wild goat in Montecristo island, Italy. Posters dell’Istituto Nazionale di Biologia della Selvaggina, No.11, Bologna.
Masseti M., 1997. The prehistorical diffusion of the Asiatic mouflon, OvisgmeliniBlyth, 1841, and of the Bezoar goat, CapraaegagrusErxleben, 1777, in the Mediterranean region beyond their natural distributions. In: Hadjisterkotis E (ed) Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Mediterranean Mouflon, The Mediterranean Mouflon: Management, Genetics and Conservation. Ministry of Interior, Nicosia, pp 12–27.
Masseti M., 1998. Holocene endemic and anthropochorus wild mammals of the Mediterranean islands. Anthropozoologica, 2: 3-20.
Masseti M., 2009. The wild goats CapraaegagrusErxleben, 1777 of the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Atlantic Ocean islands Mammal Rev., 39(2): 141–157.
Nievergelt B., 1986. CapraaegagrusErxleben 1777 – Bezoarziege (pp. 365-383). In: J. Niethammer & F. Krapp (eds.) . Handbuch der Saugetiere Europas, Band 2/II, Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden.
Raganella Pelliccioni E, Lazzaro L, Gotti C e Baccetti N, 2020. Piano di gestione e conservazione della capra di Montecristo: sintesi del contesto e azioni, progetto resto con life – life13nat/it/000471.
Randi E., Tosi G., Toso S., Lorenzini R. & G. Fusco, 1990. Genetic variability and conservation problems in Alpine ibex and feral goat populations (genus Capra) . Z Saugetierkd, 55(6): 413-420.
Shackleton, D.M. (ed.) and the IUCN/SSC Caprinae Specialist Group, 1997. Wild Sheep and Goats and their Relatives. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Caprinae. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 390 pp.
Spagnesi M., Cagnolaro L., Perco F. & C. Scala, 1986. La Capra di Montecristo (Capraaegagrus hircusLinnaeus, 1758). Istituto Nazionale di Biologia della Selvaggina, Ozzano dell’Emilia (Bologna). pp. 147.
Silvano Toso
Silvano Toso has been interested in zoology since he was a boy, regularly attending the Civic Museum of Natural History in Milan.
After classical studies, he graduated in Biological Sciences at the University of Milan and collaborated with the Institute of Zoology of the same University for about ten years, also as an adjunct professor, teaching vertebrate zoology, ecology and wildlife conservation.
In 1982 he was hired by the INFS (Italian Wildlife Institute) and began his career in this institution covering all the stages up to cover the position of general manager. From 2008 to 2014, the date of his retirement, he assumed the functions of head of the Wildlife Consultancy Service of ISPRA (Institute for Environmental Protection and Research).
He devoted himself to the study of the biology of birds and mammals aimed at increasing the knowledge bases for the conservation and management of Ungulates, Lagomorphs, Galliformes and Falconiformes and has addressed the general themes of wildlife conservation and management with an holistic approach taking into account the interconnections between the various specialist disciplines and the national and EU regulatory framework. He has spent study periods at various scientific institutions and wildlife management agencies in Europe and the United States and is the author of numerous scientific publications and popular articles.
Silvano Toso is also a hunter, with direct experience in big game stalking, small game shooting over dogs, waterfowling and falconry. Among his cultural interests, the one concerning the relationship between man and wildlife in its various historical, literary and iconographic articulations stands out.