არქიტექტურის რეპრეზენტაცია შუა საუკუნეების საქართველოში

arqiteqturis reprezentacia Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi

GEORGE CHUBINASHVILI NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEORGIAN ART HISTORY AND HERITAGE PRESERVATION

REPRESENTATION OF ARCHITECTURE IN MEDIEVAL GEORGIA

Edited by Mariam Didebulidze and David Khoshtaria

Tbilisi 2022

giorgi CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri

arqiteqturis reprezentacia Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi

mariam didebuliZisa da daviT xoStarias saerTo redaqciiT

Tbilisi 2022

dizaineri daTo mosiaSvili © giorgi CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri © George Chubinashvili National Research Centre for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation www.gch-centre.ge

SoTa rusTavelis saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondi Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia aRniSnuli proeqti ganxorcielda SoTa rusTavelis saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondis finansuri mxardaWeriT (granti № FR17_221). winamdebare publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli nebismieri mosazreba ekuTvnis avtorebs da, SesaZloa, ar asaxavdes fondis Sexedulebebs.

This project has been made possible by financial support from the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (Grant No FR17_221).

All ideas expressed herewith are those of the authors and may not represent the opinion of the Foundation itself. www.rustaveli.org.ge ISBN 978-9941-8-4477-5

Sinaarsi

winasityvaoba..................................................................................................................................................................................................7 mariam didebuliZe arqiteqturis aRqma da reprezentacia Sua saukuneebis qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi............................................................................................................9 Sesavali...........................................................................................................................................................................................................9 1. zogadi arqiteqturuli anturaJi............................................................................................................................ 26 2. eklesiis Semwiravi qtitorebi .................................................................................................................................71 3. qalaqebi da istoriuli nagebobebi .................................................................................................................... 97 4. qalaqi ierusalimi....................................................................................................................................................................114 5. zeciuri ierusalimi ............................................................................................................................................................. 125 6. uflis saflavis eklesia................................................................................................................................................... 138 daskvnebi.....................................................................................................................................................................................................146 qristine sabaSvili eklesiis modelebi qvis reliefur skulpturaSi............................................................................................. 197 natalia CitiSvili samganzomilebiani arqiteqturuli modelebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi................................................................................................................................................239 1. akroterionebi..............................................................................................................................................................................239 2. sxvadasxva daniSnulebis qvis modelebi.........................................................................................................267 3. eklesiis samganzomilebiani modelis formis liTonis nawarmi.....................................274 4. arqiteqturuli modelebi eklesiis interierSi.................................................................................. 281 daviT xoStaria arqiteqturuli naxazebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.......................................................................349

winasityvaoba winmdebare wigni aris Sedegi kvleviTi proeqtisa, romelic giorgi CubinaSvilis sax. qa­ rTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnul kvleviT centrSi ganxorciel­ da SoTa rusTavelis saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondis dafinansebiT (sagranto xelSekruleba #FR17–221). wigns Seadgens proeqtis oTxi Semsruleblis – mariam didebuli­ Zis, daviT xoStarias, natalia CitiSvilisa da qristine sabaSvilis mier Catarebuli kvleve­ bis safuZvelze dawerili narkvevebi. wignis avtorebisaTvis – iseve, rogorc zogadad qarTuli mecnierebisaTvis – udidesi danaklisi iyo Tavdapirveli kvleviTi jgufis wevris, SesaniSnavi mecnieris dimitri Tu­ maniSvilis moulodneli gardacvaleba 2019 wlis aprilSi. es danaklisi wignsac atyvia – mas aklia calke werili arqiteqturis aRqmis Sesaxeb Sua saukuneebis qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT. es vrceli narkvevi, romlis dawerac ver moaswro dimitri TumaniSvil­ ma, unda yofiliyo erTgvari Sesavali mTeli wignisaTvis. ramdenadac Tema calke ar gaSuqda, SevecadeT misi calkeuli aspeqtebi SeZlebisdagvarad gangvexila sxva narkvevebSi, magram Sedegi cxadia is araa, rac Tavidan iyo Cafiqrebuli. wignis avtorebs aseve Zalian dagvakl­ da dimitri TumaniSvilis gamorCeulad farTo da Rrma codna. yvela, visac masTan Tundac xanmokle urTierToba hqonia, iolad mixvdeba, Tu rogor waadgeboda wigns misi monawileo­ ba proeqtis dasrulebamde, raoden sasargeblo iqneboda sxva avtorTaTvis misi rCevebi da SeniSvnebi. sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, wignze muSaoba dagegmil droze bevrad gvian dasrulda. Cvengan sagangebo madloba ekuTvnis SoTa rusTavelis saqarTvelos erovnul samecniero fonds, romelic moTminebiT moekida warmoqmnil problemebs da saSualeba mogvca muSaoba dagve­ mTavrebina. wignze muSaobisas gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis gvinda madlierebiT movixsenioT giorgi CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centris direqtori Tamar belaSvili, TanamSromlebi marine bulia, Tamar dadiani, eTer ediSeraSvili, ekaterine kvaWataZe, manon liluaSvili, kiti maCabeli, qeTevan miqelaZe, naTia nacvliSvili, asmaT oqropiriZe, giorgi pataSuri, marine fancxava, nino ciciSvili, nino WiWinaZe, leila xuskivaZe, Tamar xosroSvili, Tamar xundaZe da mzia janjalia; saqa­

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rTvelos erovnuli muzeumis generaluri direqtori daviT lorTqifaniZe, TanamSromlebi nana burWulaZe, sofio gagoSiZe, nino giorgobiani, nino daTunaSvili, nino CixlaZe da nino cincaZe; saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos kulturuli memkvidreobis kvlevis samsaxuris ufrosi giorgi gagoSiZe; ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbili­ sis saxelmwifo universitetis xelovnebis istoriisa da Teoriis institutis xelmZRvaneli zaza sxirtlaZe; korneli kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa erovnuli centris direqtori zaal abaSiZe, TanamSromlebi maia karanaZe da nino qavTaria; saqarTvelos sapatriarqos saekle­ sio xelovnebis kvlevis centris TanamSromlebi zeinab gurjiZe da neli CakvetaZe; quTaisis centraluri arqivis direqtori merab kezevaZe; niko berZeniSvilis sax. quTaisis saxelmwi­ fo istoriuli muzeumis direqtori omar lanCava, TanamSromlebi nona qarciZe, nino sarava da daviT sulaberiZe; aWaris muzeumis direqtoris mrCeveli amiran kaxiZe; ivane javaxiSvi­ lis sax. samcxe-javaxeTis istoriuli muzeumis direqtori ciuri lafaCi; zugdidis dad­ ianebis sasaxlis direqtori lili beraia; cageris istoriuli muzeumis direqtori nug­ zar kopaliani; restavratorebi nuca adeiSvili, gogoTur misriaSvili da saba cikolia; xelovnebis istorikosi irina bequriZe. ivnisi, 2021 weli

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mariam didebuliZe arqiteqturis aRqma da reprezentacia Sua saukuneebis qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi `saxlsa Sensa Svenis siwminde, ufalo, sigrZesa dResa~ (fsal. 92: 5). `ufalo, Seviyvare mSvenierebaÁ saxlisa SenisaÁ da adgili sayofeli didebisa SenisaÁ~ (fsal. 25: 8).

Sesavali arqiteqturuli anturaJi – iseve rogorc peizaJi – warmoadgens Sua saukuneebis saxviTi xelovnebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts, rogorc nawarmoebis mxatvruli saxisTvis, aseve misi Si­ naarsis gamosakveTad (sur. 1). daxatuli arqiteqtura ara mxolod asaxavs gamosaxuli ambis garemos, aramed wminda mxatvruli funqciac aqvs kompoziciuri agebis warmarTvisa, saWiro aqcentebis dasmisa da a. S. rac mTavaria, mas mniSvnelovani semantikuri da simboluri dat­ virTva aqvs. marTlac, metaforuli da simboluri `metyveleba~ ganmsWvalavs mTels qris­ tianul xelovnebas: `uxilavis gamosaxva xilul formebSi~. arqiteqturac garkveuli az­ ris gamomxatvelia, `gviambobs~ da `ganmartavs~ gamosaxuls1 (sur. 2). daxatuli xuroTmoZRvreba aRiqmeboda rogorc miwieri xati zecaTa sasufevlisa, zeci­ uri ierusalimisa da, Sesabamisad, didi simboluri mniSvneloba hqonda2. yovelgvari ga­ 1

d. TumaniSvili, simboluroba Sua saukuneebis qarTul sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, krebulSi: werilebi, narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 58.

R. Ousterhout, Architecture as Relic and the Construction of Sanctity: The Stones of the Holy Sepulchre, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 62, No 1, 2003, gv. 4-23; R. Ousterhout, The Holy Space: Architecture and the Liturgy, in: Heaven on Earth. Art and the Church in Byzantium, ed. by L. Safran, University Park, PA, 1998, gv. 81-120; L. Shafran, Introduction, in: Heaven on Earth, Art and the Church in Byzantium, gv. 4.

2

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mosaxuleba maSin iTvleboda gamarTlebulad, roca igi im uxilav realobas asaxavda, rac grZnobadi aRqmis miRma arsebobs, rogorc teqsti, rogorc vizualuri diskursi da epoqis wamyvani msoflmxedvelobis amsaxveli3. dionise areopagelis azriT, yovelgvari simbolos roli mdgomareobs mis ZalaSi erTdroulad dafaros da gamoaSkaravos movlenis xiluli da uxilavi aspeqtebi4. maqsime aRmsarebeli amtkicebs, rom mTeli xiluli samyaro aris sulieri samyaros simbo­ loebis erToblioba, misi specifikuri `materialuri~ anabeWdebis sistema, romlis meSveo­ biT SesaZelebeli xdeba misi Semecneba; grZnobadad – aRqmadi simboloebiT xerxdeba adami­ anis cnobierebis `SeRweva~ RvaTebrivis samyaroSi, anu xiluli, qmnili samyaros sulieri Wvretis meSeveobiT, uxilavis Semecneba xilulis meSveobiT5. `daxatuli arqiteqtura~ gansakuTrebiT datvirTulia simboluri mniSvnelobiT da qristianuli xelovnebis polisemantikurobasTan srul SesatyvisobaSi, nawarmoebis aqti­ uri `personaJia~. eklesiis mamebi (basili didi, grigol didi) acxadebdnen, rom xati, gamosaxuleba aris biblia uwignurTaTvis, qadageba ferebiT da xazebiT. qadageba ki ganmartebas, interpretac­ ias gulisxmobs da swored aqedan modis qristianuli xelovnebis saxiTmetyvelebiTi arsi. daxatuli arqiteqturac `qadagebs~, misi ritorika gasagebi da mWermetyveli iyo morwmune­ TaTvis6. qristianul saxviT xelovnebaSi arqiteqtura gamosaxulebis mniSvnelovani aspeq­ tia. igi arasdros iyo (yovel SemTxvevaSi, saukeTeso nawarmoebebSi) mxolod anturaJi da mxolod foni, moCarCoeba – igi `ZiriTadi gamosaxulebebis~ rigs ganekuTvneba da ara `mom­ CarCoebelis~. ra mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen daxatul arqiteqturas im drois adaminebi? damkveTni, Sems­ rulebelni, Teologebi, ubralo mrevli, maRali Tu dabali socialuri fenebis warmo­ madgenlebi, eklesiis mesveurni – yvela isini, visac sjeroda, rom gamosaxuleba exmareba maT pirvelsaxesTan kontaqtSi, samoTxis mopovebaSi. zeciuri sasufevli, zeciuri ierusalimi, romliskenac miiswrafis yoevli suli, qris­ tianul RvTismetyvelebaSi warmogvidgeba rogorc nageboba, saxli (enoqis apokalifsi, 8990)7, qalaqi, taZari, sasaxle, palatebi8. amitomac, qristianul saxviT xelovnebaSi xuroTmoZRvrebis gamosaxulebebs gamorCeu­ li mniSvneloba da adgili miekuTvneba. saRvTo gangebuleba swored rom aRmSeneblobaa E. Hadjitryphonos, Presentations and Representations of Architecture in Byzantium: the Thought Behind the Image, in: Architecture as Icon, Perception and Representation of Architecture in Byzantine Art, ed. by S. Ćurčić and E. Hadjitryphonos, New Haven and London, 2010, gv. 120.

3

S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, in: Architecture as Icon.., gv. 7; С. Аверинцев, Предварительные заметки к изучению средневековой эстетики, Древнерусское искусство (зарубежные связи), Москва, 1975, gv. 382.

4

5

В. Бычков, Византийская эстетика. Исторический ракурс, Москва, Санкт-Петербург, 2017, gv. 343.

6

Б. Успенский, Семиотика иконы, Семиотика искусства, Москва, 1995, gv. 227.

B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, Representation of the Holy City in Christian Art of the First Millennium, Rom, Freiburg, Wien, 1987, gv. 40-41.

7

M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems: Real and Ideal Palaces in Late Antiquity, in: Новые Иерусалимы. Иеротопия и иконография сакральных пространтв, ред. А. Лидов, Москва, 2009, gv. 78 -102.

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10

– kosmosis anu mowesrigebuli samyaros Seqmna, `rameTu moeloda mas, romelsa igi safuZv­ el usxen qalaqsa, romelisa-igi xuroTmoZRuar da Semoqmed RmerTi ars~ (ebraelTa 11: 10)9; zeciur ierusalims sworedac qalaqis – xuroTmoZRvrebis saxiT aRweren da warmogvidgenen (gamocxadeba, 21: 1-10); samyaro aRiqmeba arqiteqturuli formiT (kozma indikoplevstesis qristianuli topografia, VII: 82-91)10. samyaros modeli, rogorc nageboba, emyareba sawameblis karvis ideas, rac jer kidev filon aleqsandrielis mier iqna aRniSnuli11. Teodorite kvirelis mixedviT yoveli mi­ wieri taZari aris karibWe zeciuri ierusalimisa: `sions uwodebs zeciur qalaqs, rogorc gvaswavla netarma pavlem, xolo bWeni misni arian dedamiwaze yvelgan arsebuli eklesiebi, romelTa gziTac misken miiwevian morwmuneebi~12. qristianuli taZari ganixileba rogorc uxilavi RvTaebrivi samyaros modeli13, rogorc zeciuri ierusalimi14, rogorc dautevnelis damtevneli, rogorc qristes sxeuli (ioane, 2: 19-21), rogorc RmrTismSobeli15, zeca (samoTxe) miwaze (germane konstantinopoleli patri­ arqi)16 da a. S. jer kidev adreqristianuli xanis apologetebi eklesias – anu uflisa da morwmuneeb­ is erTobas – ganixilavdnen rogorc nagebobas, romelic Sendeba qvebisgan – morwmuneTa­ gan – suli wmindisa da uflis Zis saxeliT: erTi sxeuli da erTi suli. amitomac eklesia sulieri erTobac aris da fizikuri nagebobac, sadac es erToba xorcieldeba17. qristes sxeulis wminda taZarSi erTiandeba mTeli kacobrioba (efeselTa mimarT, 2: 13-22). es is adgilia, sadac xdeba uxilavis gancxadeba xilul formebSi, sadac Seurevlad erTiandeba amqveyniuri samyaro da zecaTa sasufeveli. maqsime aRmsareblis ganmartebiT, RmerTi eklesiis meSveobiT qmnis misi wevrebis erTianobas, amave dros maTi individualuro­ bis SenarCunebiT anu Seurevlad18. taZris nageboba aRqmulia rogorc xati – dautevnelis damtevebeli da kacTa Soris RvTaebrivis munyofis simbolo19; eklesiis Senoba aris is kari, 9

С. Аверинцев, Предварительные заметки.., gv. 377, 380.

B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem.., gv. 152; J. Wilkinson, Jewish Influences on the Early Christian Rite of Jerusalem, Le Muséon, vol. 92, 1979, gv. 347-359; J. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusaders, Warminster, 1977, gv. 70-71, 91; R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher and the Martyrion of the Savoir, Gesta, vol. 29, No. 1, 1990, gv. 44-47, 50; A. D. Temerinski, The Jerusalem Rotunda or the Heavenly Jerusalem? Interpreting the Image of the Church Held by the Apostles Peter and Paul, in: Новые Иерусалимы.., gv. 701-704.

10

11

H. G. Saradi, Space in Byzantine Thought, in: Architecture as Icon.., gv. 91.

12

Patrologia Graeca 80: 928; z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTa eklesiis freskebi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 123.

E. Hadjitryphonos, ‘Divinity’ and ‘World’. Two Spatial Realms of the Byzantine Church, in: Hierotopy. Creation of Sacred Spaces in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. by A Lidov, Moscow, 2006, gv. 238.

13

14

И. Языкова, Богословие иконы, Москва, 1995, gv. 34.

15

S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 14.

St. Germanus of Constantinople, On Divine Liturgy, Greek text with translation, introduction and commentary by P. Meyendorf, Crestwood, 1984, gv. 56-58.

16

17

В. Бычков, Византийская эстетика, gv. 115.

18

E. Hadjitryphonos, ‘Divinity’ and ‘World’.., gv. 240.

19

S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 23; E. Hadjitryphonos, Presentations and Representations of Architecture, gv. 127.

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riTac avmaRldebiT materialuridan sulierisken, miwieridan zeciurisken, dasazRvruli­ dan usazRvrosken20. amis Sesaxeb qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi bevrs werdnen, am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa dionise areopagelis, maqsime aRmsarebelis, ioane dam­ askelis, patriarq germanes da sxvaTa Txzulebebi21. cxadia, es mniSvnelobebi imTaviTve iyo STaqsovili nagebobaTa gamosaxulebebSi22. yoveli nageboba, iqneba es taZari, sasaxle, saxli Tu sxva ram, Sua saukuneebis xelovneba­ Si yovelTvis datvirTulia damatebiTi sazrisiT. eklesia rogorc saxli uflisa, saRvTo gangebulebis qvakuTxedia da qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis erT-erTi umTavresi toposi. yvelaze mokrZalebuli nagebobebic ki saboloo jamSi ase Tu ise swored uflis saxlis mimaniSnebelia da, aqedan gamomdinare, zeciuri ierusalimis anareklia miwier sivrceSi23. arqiteqturis gamosaxvas sakmaod Rrma da mniSvnelovani Sinaarsi eniWeboda. miTumetes qristianuli xelovnebis simboluri da niSnuri bunebidan gamomdinare. taZris yvela nawils da elementsac Tavisi semantikuri datvirTva hqonda, magaliTad, gumbaTi – zeca, sakurTx­ eveli – samoTxe, trapezi – Sobis mRvime, sami TaRi an sarkmeli – sameba, ori eklesiis Senoba erTad – Zveli da axali aRTqma da sxva24. yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare gasagebi xdeba, Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWeba arqite­ qturis gamosaxvas qristianul saxviT xelovnebaSi. am mxriv metad sainteresoa evsebius ke­ sarielis sityva, warmoTqmuli tvirosis eklesiis kurTxevisas, sadac igi qristianuli taZ­ ris simbolur mniSvnelobebs da interpretacias ganixilavs Zveli aRTqmis taZris, sawameb­ lis karvis, aRTqmis kidobnis simbolizmTan mimarTebaSi25. saxviTi xelovnebis repertuarSi gansakuTrebiT `popularulia~ ramdenime qalaqi da nageboba: zeciuri ierusalimi, miwieri ierusalimi, ierusalimis taZari (solomonis taZari), uflis saflavis eklesia26 da, ra Tqma unda, sionis bazilika – deda yovelTa ekle­ siaTa. sxvadasxva siuJetSi taZris gamosaxuleba sxvadasxva Sinaarsobriv da topografiul K. E. McVey, Spirit Embodied: The Emergence of Symbolic Interpretations of Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, in: Architecture as Icon.., gv. 63.

20

E. Hadjitryphonos, ‘Divinity’ and ‘World’.., gv. 238-244; The Church, the Liturgy and the Soul of Man. The Mystagogia of St. Maximus the Confessor, trans. by D. J. Stead, Petersham, MA, 1982. gv. 68-70; C. Mango, Art of Byzantine Empire 3121453. Sources and Documents, Toronto, 1986, gv. 141-143.

21

22

A. D. Temerinski, The Jerusalem Rotunda or the Heavenly Jerusalem?, gv. 699.

sxvagvarad aRiqmeba eklesiebis gamosaxulebani qtitorTa xelSi – isini zustad imas ganasaxieben, rac arian – konkretuli drois konkretuli momgebelis mier agebul konkretul taZars – Sesawirs, ZRvens.

23

K. E. McVey, Spirit Embodied.., gv. 52. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom simboluri mniSvnelobebiT aseve damuxtulia peizaJi, saxeldobr baRi, rogorc samoTxis saxe, mTa, rogorc sulieri aRsvlis da RmerTTan kontaqtis adgili da xe – jvari, gamosyidvis da xsnis instrumenti (D. Davies, The Evocative Symbolism of Trees, The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments, ed. by D. Cosgrove and S. Daniels, Cambridge, 1988).

24

25 26

C. Mango, Art of Byzantine Empire 312-1453, gv. 4-7.

is Tavis mxriv, ramdenime sakralur sivrces moicavs: amaRlebis bazilika, golgoTa, uflis saflavis rotonda da sakuTriv kuvuklia.

12

mniSvnelobas iZens, amas konteqsti ganapirobebs. Tavis mxriv, cxadia, arqiteqturuli formebic akonkretebs Sinaarss. magaliTad, sionis eklesias, rogorc wesi, bazilikis saxe aqvs, uflis saflavis eklesias ki, cxadia, gumbaTiT an salxinebliT dagvirgvinebuli ro­ tondis an oqtagonisa. faqtobrivad, arqiteqturis gamosaxulebebi, pirdapir Tu qaragmu­ lad, swored am nagebobebs ganasaxierebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom qristianuli saxviTi xelovneba Tavis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze jer kidev Zlier iyo STagonebuli antikuri samyaros xelovnebiT27, anturaJis, da, gansaku­ TrebiT, arqiteqturuli fonebis gadawyveta maSinac ki Zalze pirobiT midgomas efuZneboda. magaliTad, romis santa maria majores taZris V saukunis mozaikebSi, romlebic cnobilia, rogorc antikuri xanis e. w. `iluzionistur-impresionistuli~ stilis mimdevari nawar­ moebebi28, arqiteqtura proporciuladac da formebis mxrivac srul SeusabamobaSia fig­ urebTan, pawawina saTamaSoebs hgavs. Tumca xSirad qalaqs arcTu meorexarisxovani roli eniWeba siuJetSi (magaliTad, iesu navelis mier ieriqonis dangrevis kompoziciaSi), arqite­ qturis gamosaxva sruliad pirobiT midgomas efuZneba29. zogi mkvlevari, miiCnevs, rom Sua saukuneebis xelovenebaSi daxatuli arqiteqtura mx­ olod ubralo sasuraTo fonad iqca30, erTgvarad sicarielis Semavsebelia, rogorc magal­ iTad, Spaleri, gansxvavebiT romauli mxatvrobisgan Aan imave jotos nawarmoebebisgan31. es debuleba ar aris koreqtuli, radganac pirobiTobis xarisxi an forma ar ganapirobebs gamosaxuli obieqtis mniSvnelobas. Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobis `usaxelo~ nagebobebi uSinaarsoni sulac ar arian; rac unda pirobiTi da fantastikuri formebi hqondeT, isini pirdapir an miniSnebiT qristianobis umTavres salocavebs da arqiteqturul paradigmebs (arqeti pebs) ganasaxierebs. garda amisa, konkretul scenebSi konkretuli arqiteqturuli garemo aris nagulisxmebi, magaliTad, ierusalimis taZari mariamis taZrad miyvanebaSi da mirqmaSi; daba beTania lazares aRdginebaSi, ierusalimis galavani jvarcmaSi, qalaqi ierusalimi bzobaSi da mravali sxva.

Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi nagebobaTa formebi da ti pebi sakmaod mravalricx­ ovania da xSirad sruliad fantastikuri saxe aqvT, romlis msgavsi Znelad warmosadgenia realobaSi32, rasac Sua saukuneebis saxviTi xelovnebis pirobiTi da niSnuri buneba gan­ apirobebs. daxatuli arqiteqtura realurisgan gansxvavebiT ar aris SezRuduli masalis, kons­ truqciis, gegmarebis da sxva moTxovnebiT, romlebic sakmao SezRudvebs uweseben realur L. Shafran, Heaven on Earth, gv. 5; gavixsenoT Tundac kastelseprios freskebis `romauli~ arqiteqturuli saxe. SemdgomSi qristianulma xelovnebam nel-nela Tavisi sakuTari mxatvruli ena SeimuSava. Tumca ganviTarebis ramdenime etapze elinistur-romauli xelovnebis gavlena sagrZnoblad gaaqtiurda, magaliTad, makedonuri renesansis dros (X s. – XI s-is pirveli naxevari) da paleologosTa xanaSi (XIV-XV ss.).

27

28

A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, Paris, 1966, gv. 157-159.

29

iqve, il. 160.

30

F. Benelli, The Architecture in Giotto’s Paintings, Cambridge, 2012, gv. 7.

31

J. White, The Birth and Rebirth of Pictorial Space, London, 1957, gv. 19-21.

32

F. Benelli, The Architecture in Giotto’s Paintings, gv. 210.

13

nagebobaTa mSeneblebs. daxatva SeiZleba yvelanairi nagebobis, mTavaria is `jdebodes~ ambis ganviTarebaSi da semantikurad iyos `gamarTlebuli~33. daxatuli arqiteqtura ar Sendeba, is gamoisaxeba da es gansxvaveba Zalian mniSvnelovania. amgvari midgomebis safuZveli aris Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis saxiTmetyvelebiTi buneba – interpretacia, ganmarteba, `Targmaneba~. qristianuli xelovnebis polisemantikuroba sayovelTaod aris cnobili da arqiteq­ turis gamosaxvisas mravalmniSvnelovneba, aRqmis ramdenime done did wilad damokidebu­ lia aRmqmelis ganaTlebaze, codnaze, rwmenis siRrmeze da sxva. gamoyofen aRqmis oTx dones: gamosaxulebis siuJeti, gamosaxulebis sazrisi, gamosaxulebis simboluri mniSvneloba, mnaxvelis kontaqti arsebul gamosaxulebasTan – mWvretelobiTi aRqma, xilulSi uxilavis danaxva, pirvelsaxesTan kontaqti34. saxiTmetyvelebiTi aspeqti Zalian Zlieria.

Sua saukuneebis qristianul saxviT xelovnebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom qris­ tianuli siuJetebis ganviTareba xdeba sakmaod mdidruli nagebobebis fonze teqstebSi aRwerili mokrZalebuli, ubralo sacxovrisebis nacvlad. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom qristianuli xelovneba asaxavs ganmRrTobil samyaros (Teozisi) da, Sesabamisad, saxecv­ lils SedarebiT Tvalxilul realobasTan. esec ganpirobebulia qristianuli xelovnebis niSnuri bunebiT. am SemTxvevaSi gvainteresebs ara imdenad arqiteqturuli gamosaxulebebis ikonografia, ramdenadac ikonologia da is midgoma, romliTac xdeba xuroTmoZRvrebis gamosaxva Sua saukuneebis qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi, e. w. `daxatuli xuroTmoZRvrebis~ xasiaTi, mxat­ vruli gadawyveta, romelSic konkretuli ideebi iyo asaxuli. iseve, rogorc qristianul RvTismetyvelebas, qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebasa da saxviT xelovnebasac ganmsWvalavs ierarqiis cneba – mowesrigebuloba funqciisa da Rirebulebeb­ is mixedviT: ierarqia moculobebis, ierarqia sivrceebis, ierarqia funqciebis da ierarqia simboluri mniSvnelobebis35. aRmosavleT qristianuli xelovneba, romelsac xSirad bizantiuri xelovnebis farTo cnebaSi aerTianeben, sakmaod homogenuri aris gamosaxvis ZiriTadi princi pebis, maT Soris sivrciTi struqturisa da arqiteqturuli nagebobebis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiTac, Tumca formebi da mxatvruli `ena~ gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturul wreSi, gansakuTrebiT mdidari winaqristianuli kulturuli tradiciebis mqone qveynebSi36. Tu SeiZleba ase iTq­ vas, es saerTo niSnebi `iTargmneba~ sxvadasxva mxatvrul enaze37.

33

iqve, gv. 210-211.

34

И. Языкова, Богословие иконы, gv. 17.

35

aRmosavleTqristianuli xelovnebis wminda religiuri Sinaarsis gamo arqiteqturuli Tu buneb­ rivi peizaJis Janri, rogorc aseTi, masSi ar ganviTarda. Tumca arsebobs calkeuli peizaJuri gamosaxu­ lebebi – magaliTad, irmebi wyarosTan ravenis gala placidias mavzoleumSi, xatmebrZoleobis dros Sesrulebuli mozaikuri peizaJebi, yofiTi, yoveldRiuri saqmianobis amsaxveli miniaturebi grigol nazianzelis homiliebSi, an Tundac evsebiusis kamarebis fantastikuri peizaJebi, sadac faqtobrivad landSafti aris gamosaxuli, TumcaRa sakmaod damuxtuli Teologiuri SinaarsiT. aseve SeiZleba dava­ saxeloT adrebizantiuri xanidan cnobili qalaqebis da nagebobebis gamosaxulebani eklesiaTa iatakis mozaikebze, romlebic aranair siuJetSi ar arian CarTulni, damoukidebel saxeebs warmoadgenen. k. maCabeli, saqarTvelo da bizantiuri samyaro (saxelovnebaTmcodneo aspeqti), S. amiranaSvilis sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo xelovnebis muzeumis narkvevebi, VI, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 154-163.

36

37

14

Б. Успенский, Семиотика иконы, gv. 222; K. E. McVey, Spirit Embodied.., gv. 63.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebis qristianuli mxatvroba Zalze pirobiTia Ta­ visi bunebiT. figurebi, nagebobebi, mTebi, sagnebi gamoisaxeba ise, rogorc isini mWvretelo­ bisas warmogvidgeba da ara dakvirvebis anda ganxilvis dros, anu Sua saukuneebis adamiani afasebs gamosaxulebis ara mxolod `silamazes~ an realur formebTan msgavsebas, aramed mis `arss, arsebas~38. mxatvrebi ar isaxavdnen miznad sinamdvilis zusti analogiis Seqmnas, maSinac ki, roca kargad icnobdnen prototi ps. daxatuli nageboba arc Tu yovelTvis aris zustad amsaxveli originalisa – sakmarisia ramdenime arsebiTi niSnis msgavseba imisTvis, rom gamosaxulebam igive Rirseba moi povos, rac originals aqvs39. arqiteqturuli formebi icvleba, Locus Sancta ki ucvleli rCeba40. daxatuli arqiteqtura gansxvavdeba realurad arsebulisgan imiT, rom es ukanaskneli fizikurad arsebobs, xolo daxatuli nageboba erTgvari `proeqtia, SesaZlebloba~41. dax­ atuli arqiteqtura erTi mxriv isaxavs miznad realuri arqiteqturis `portretis~ Seqmnas, meore mxriv ki mTeli kompoziciis da mxatvruli programis narativs unda moergos, Sesa­ bamisi simboluri mniSvneloba gamokveTos, rac ostatebs xSirad aiZulebs sul sxva saxe miscen mas42. dematerializacia, rogorc sulierebis gadmocemis mniSvnelovani meTodi da xerxi gamsWvalavs ara mxolod saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebs, aramed realur arqiteqturul kom­ poziciebsac, magaliTad, sxvadasxva konstruqciuli xerxebis gamoyeneba kedlebis simZimis an burjebis sisqis `dasamalad~ konstantinopolis aia sofiaSi. aseve Suqis Zlieri Semod­ inebis uzrunvelyofa nagebi arqiteqturis materialuri substratis gasaneitraleblad da sxva43. gansakuTrebuli ZaliT amgvari pirobiTi midgoma – dematerializacia – swored fonis elementebis gadawyvetaSi Cans. Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi yvelaze `maelinizirebel~ periodebSic ki figurisa da anturaJis Sefardeba sakmaod `arabunebrivia~. figurebs yov­ elTvis prioriteti eniWebaT, nagebobebi ki TiTqos Teatraluri kulisebia, bevrad mcire zomis figurebTan SedarebiT. Tumca es garegnuli STabeWdilebaa. mniSvnelovania spirit­ ualuri da sakraluri Rirebuleba da ara realuri masStaburi Sefardebebi44. Tumca gviani Sua saukuneebis zogierT nawarmoebSi arqiteqtura da landSaftic imdenad daxvavebuli, daxunZluli da aqtiuria, rom faqtobrivad jabnis figurebs. asea, magaliTad, paleologos­ Ta stilis nawarmoebebSi XIII-XV saukuneebSi da gansakuTrebiT ki post-bizantiur xanaSi. Sua saukuneebis saxviTi xelovnebis erTi mTavari da yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSani aris samganzomilebiani sivrcis sibrtyeze gamosaxvis/proecirebis Taviseburi wesi, erTgvari ignorireba klasikuri perspeqtivisa, romelic esoden aqtualuri iyo romaul-elinistur, gansakuTrebiT ki renesansisa da Semdgomi drois evropul xelovnebaSi. 38

С. Аверинцев, Предварительные заметки, gv. 393-394.

39

E. Hadjitryphonos, Presentations and Representations of Architecture, gv. 126-128.

40

R. Ousterhout, Architecture as Relic and the Construction of Sanctity.., gv. 5.

41

F. Benelli, The Architecture in Giotto’s Paintings, gv. 2.

42

iqve, gv. 10.

43

S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 21-23.

44

iqve, gv. 13.

15

renesansis droidan moyolebuli evropul azrovnebaSi mefobda warmodgena, rom Sua saukuneebis mxatvrebi ara mxolod SeboWil-SezRudulni iyvneen mkacri kanonebiT, aramed ar SeeZloT sivrcis (siRrmis) saTanado gamosaxva sibrtyeze, anu ver flobdnen pirdapi­ ri xazovani perspeqtivis wesebs45. magram rogorc gamoirkva, es ostatebi ki ver xatavdnen klasikuri idealebis mixedviT, aramed ar xatavdnen46. aseve gamoirkva, rom XX saukunis evro­ puli xelovneba, sezanidan moyolebuli, sibrtyeze samganzomilebiani sivrcis gamosaxvis princi pebis mxriv gacilebiT ufro axloa Sua saukuneebis mxatvrul azrovnebasTan, vidre maRali renesansis da Semdgomi xanis xelovnebasTan47. Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleTqristian­ uli kulturis Sefaseba mxolod antikur da renesansul xelovnebaTa sazomebiT ar aris koreqtuli48.

Sua saukuneebis xelovneba, romelic Tavisi funqciiT mowodebulia miwieri formebiT ga­ mosaxos aramiwieri, zeciuri, uxilavi, aramaterialuri, `ganRmrTobili~ samyaro, cxadia, sivrciTi agebis Tavisebur sistemas, Tavisebur wesebs iyenebda. renesansul da postrene­ sansul evropul xelovnebasa da bizantiurs Soris sivrcis asaxva-gamosaxvaSi gansxvaveba msoflmxedvelobaSia da ara codna-arcodnaSi. xelovneba aRiqmeba, rogorc zeciursa (uxi­ lavs) da miwiers (xiluls) Soris sazRvris gadamkveTi da damakavSirebeli49. arqiteqturisa da peizaJis gamosaxvis xasiaTi didwilad gansazRvravs gamosaxulebis sivrciTi agebis wess anu perspeqtivis sistemas da ara mxolod Sua saukuneebSi. perspeqtivis sistema gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturul wresa da sxvadasxva epoqebSi. ervin panofski mas `simbolur formas~ uwodebs da Tvlis, rom igi konkretuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis epoqis, kulturuli garemosa da ostatis msoflmxedvelobisa da msoflgancdis saukeTeso amsax­ velia50. marTlac, perspeqtivis sxvadasxva formebi, rogorc msoflmxedvelobiTi aspeqti, yvela epoqaSi da yvela kulturul wreSi gansakuTrebul saxes Rebulobs51. Д. Вазари, Жизнеописания наиболее знаменитых живописцев, ваятелей и зодчих, т. I, Москва, 1956. gv. 154, 163; А. Салтыков, О пространственных отношениях в византийской и древнерусской живописи, Древнерусское искусство. Зарубежные связи, т. 9, Москва, 1975, gv. 399; П. Флоренский, Обратная перспектива, Труды по знаковым системам, III, Тарту, 1961, gv. 392-393; S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 5, 32; Б. Успенский, Семиотика иконы, gv. 232.

45

46

П. Флоренский, Обратная Перспектива, gv. 386.

W. R. Valentiner, Notes on Duccio’s Space Conception, The Art Quarterly, Winter, 1958, gv. 353- 382; Б. Успенский, Семиотика Иконы, gv. 249.

47

48

L. Shafran, Heaven on Earth, gv. 1.

49

S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 7; Б. Успенский, Семиотика иконы, gv. 246-247.

50

E. Panofsky, Perspektive als Symbolische Form, Vortrag der Bibliothek Warburg 1924-25, Berlin-Laipzig, 1924.

51

Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobis sivrciTi agebis Taviseburebebis Taobaze mravali mniSvnelovani gamokvleva arsebobs: E. Panofsky, Perspektive als Symbolische Form.., 1924; O. Wullf, Die umgekehrte Perspective und Niedersicht, Leipzig, 1907; П. А Флоренский, Обратная перспектива, Труды по знаковым системам, III, Тарту, 1961; E. Gombrich, Art and Illusion, A Study in Psychology of Pictorial Representation, London, 1959; R. Arnheim, Art and Visual Perception. A Phychology of Creative Eye, Berkeley, CA, 1954; Л. Жегин, Язык живописного произведения, Москва, 1970; С. Аверинцев, Предварительные заметки к изучению.., 1975; Б. Раушенбax, Пространственные построения в живописи, Москва, 1981; T. Velmans, Le rôle du décor architectural et la representation de l’éspace dans la peinture des Paléologues, Cahiers Archéologiques, XIV, 1964, gv. 183-216; J. White, The Birth and Rebirth of Pictorial Space, London, 1972; S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, 2010 da sxva.

16

gansxvavebiT elinisturi da romauli, SemdgomSi ki renesansuli saxviTi xelovnebsigan, Sua saukuneebis xelovneba ugulvelyofs pirdapiri anu xazobrivi perspeqtivis kanonebs da iyenebs sivrcis agebis ufro sxva formebs, romlebsac xSirad gansazRvraven rogorc `uku­ perspeqtivas~, an `Sebrunebul perspeqtivas~, `multi-fokalur perspetivas~, `multi-cen­ trul perspeqtivas~52, `perceptiul perspeqtivas~53, `simbolur perspeqtivas~54 da sxva. Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobaSi xSirad mimarTaven paraleluri perspeqtivis xerxebsac, romlebic umetesad islamur an Soreuli aRmosavleTis xelovnebaSi gamoiyeneba55. erTi ram cxadia, rom Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi sivrcis/siRrmis sibrtyeze gamosaxvis mkacrad re­ glamintirebuli sistema ar arsebobda, da sxvadasxva sistemebis garkveuli niSnebis erT­ drouli gamoyenebac xdeboda, maT Soris xazovani perspeqtivisac. midgomebis es mravalferovneba sakmaod did Tavisuflebas aniWebda mxatvrebs. iqmneboda dinamikuri sivrce, romelic moicavs meoTxe ganzomilebasac, anu dros da ukeT Seefereba im amocanebs, romlebic qristianuli xelovnebis winaSe idga (sur. 3). axali drois samecnie­ ro kvlevebma da, rac mTavaria, me-20 saukunis xelovnebis ganviTarebis xasiaTma daadastu­ ra, rom Sua saukuneebis mxatvrebs gacilebiT ukeT hqondaT warmodgenili adamianis mxed­ velobis Tavisebureba, kerZod ki misi binokularoba da sferuloba, anu `saxelganTqmuli~ xazobrivi perspeqtiva ufro pirobiTi da sqematuri, ufro `arealisturi~ da arabunebrivi aRmoCnda, vidre Sua saukuneebisa56. pirdapir perspeqtivas gaaCnia realuri sivrcis iluziis Seqmnis unari, rac sruliad ar `ainteresebdaT~ Sua saukuneebis ostatebs, arc maT damkveT­ ebs da arc maT mnaxvelebs57. vizualuri aRqmis Taviseburebebis da perspeqtivis sxvadsxva sistemebis kvleva metad rTuli, saintereso da mravli problemis momcveli saqmea, Tumca am sakiTxis siRrmiseuli ganxilva da sxvadasxva Teoriebis Sepirispireba-Sedareba aq ver moxerxdeba da unda Semov­ ifarglo Zalze zogadi daxasiaTebebiT. antikur xanaSi, berZnul-romaul-elinisturi samyaros xelovneba misi realisturi bunebidan gamomdinare ufro metad swored pirdapiri perspeqtivis garkveul nairsaxeobebs iyenebda, mis Tavisufal interpretaciebs. Tumca ara sistemas58. cnobilia, rom xazovani anu pirdapiri persprqtiva antikur samyaroSi Seiqmna Teatraluri dekoraciebisTvis, sasceno sivrcis iluzorulad gasafarToeblad, xolo romSi ki mdidruli vilebis kedlebis Ses­ amkobad igive mizniT. maSin es sufTa saxis dekori iyo da mxatvrul gamomsaxvelobaze pre­ tenzia ar hqonda59.

52

E. Hadjitryphonos, Presentations and Representations of Architecture, gv. 144-145.

Б. Раушенбах, О перспективе в древнерусской живописи, Древнерусское искусство. Зарубежные связи, т. 9, Москва, 1975, gv. 415-420.

53

54

И. Языкова, Богословие иконы, gv. 31.

55

Л. Жегин, Язык живописного произведения, gv, 64; R. Arnheim. Art and Visual Perception, gv. 284-285.

56

Б. Раушенбах, О перспективе в древнерусской живописи, gv. 426-427; П. Флоренский, Обратная перспектива, gv. 400-411.

57

И. Языкова, Богословие иконы, gv. 18.

Б. Раушенбах, О перспективе в древнерусской живописи, gv. 421-422; П. Флоренский, Обратная перспектива, gv.

384-388.

58

59

П. Флоренский, Обратная перспектива, gv, 385-387.

17

pirdapiri persprqtiva, rogorc maTematikurad gamarTuli zusti mkacri sistema, ZiriT­ adad renesansis dros Camoyalibda da Teoriuli dasabuTebac miiRo (bruneleski, alberti da sxva). faqtobrivad, sxvadasxva stilebis monacvleobis kaleidoskopSi, igi evropul sax­ viT xelovnebaSi impresionistebis CaTvliT `mefobda~. misi msoflmxedvelobaa: gamovsaxoT samyaro/nivTi/figura, rogorsac vxedavT60, Tanac mxolod erTi, uZravi TvaliT, rogorc is aisaxeba admianis Tvalis baduraze (garegnuli msgavseba, “Trompe-l’œil”). perspeqtivis ori sistema asaxavs ori sxvadasxva samyaros gansxvavebul msoflmxed­ velobas61. Zalze sqematurad Tu davaxasiaTebT, pirdapiri anu xazovani perspeqtiva gulisx­ mobs sasuraTe sibrtyeze sivrcis imgvar gamosaxvas, roca es sivrce da masSi ganTavsebu­ li figurebi, sagnebi, peizaJi Tu nagebobebi ramdenime, siRrmeSi mimaval planad igeba, rom­ lebic viTardeba sasuraTo sibrtyis SigniT, Soreuli sagnebi mcire zomiT gamoisaxeba, axlos myofni – ufro didi zomisa, igulisxmeba mnaxvelis mimarT. rac mTavaria, mnaxvelis pozicia uZravia, is cali TvaliT ixedeba, siRrmeSi mimavali yvela paraleluri xazi misi xedvis horizontis xazze aseve uZrav safokuso wertilSi ikveTeba. am mkacr sqemas acocx­ lebs haerovani perspeqtiva da Crdil-sinaTlis TamaSi62. amave dros, sagulisxmoa, rom rene­ sansuli da Semdgomi drois didi mxatvrebi Zalian xSirad Segnebulad `arRvevdnen~ maTi sa­ Tayvanebeli perspeqtivis kanonebs, iseT nawarmoebebSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, leonardos saidumlo seroba, rafaelis aTenis skola, miqelanjelos saSineli samsjavro, veronezes qorwili kanaSi da sxva, gamoiyeneboda mravali xedvis kuTxe, ramdenime horizontis xazi da safokuse wertili swored rom eqspresiisa da mxatvrulobis, cocxali formis miRwevis mizniT63.

Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi ki sul sxva midgomaa. gamosaxuleba ise igeba, rom sasuraTo sibrtyis `SigniT~ ki ar viTardeba, aramed mis win, mnaxvelis sivrceSi gadmodis. sasuraTo siRrme Zalian viwroa da faqtobrivad mxolod wina planiT Semoifargleba, ukana planebi ki rogorc wesi Caketilia an neitraluri (xSirad oqros) foniT, an arqiteqturiT (kedeli)64. es ganpirobebuli iyo uflisa da wmindanebis gamosaxulebaTa mlocvelTan ax­ los motanis mizniT – aqtiuri wina plani. gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve Sua sakuneebis qris­ tianul xelovnebaSi arsebuli `moraluri~ perspeqtiva, romelic gulisxmobs figuraTa zomebis cvalebadobas maTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT da ara sivrceSi maTi adgilis mixedviT anu sasuraTo sibrtyisgan daSorebis mixedviT65. pirdapiri perspeqtivis safokuso wertili gamosaxulebis siRrmeSi ki ar Tavsdeba, aramed mis win, mnaxvelis adgilas, `mis gulSi~66.

60

С. Аверинцев, Предварительные заметки, gv. 386.

61

ix. SeniSvna 50.

62

unda aRiniSnos, rom klasikuri renesansis xanaSic da merec WeSmaritad maRalmxatvrul nawarmoebebSi es wesebi xSirad irRveva, Tumca ara TvalSi sacemad, samagierod mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis gasaZliereblad (П. Флоренский, Обратная перспектива, gv. 382; Л. Жегин, Язык живописного произведения, gv. 38-39).

18

63

П. Флоренский, Обратная перспектива, gv. 396-400.

64

Б. Раушенбах, О перспективе в древнерусской живописи, gv. 421-422.

65

А. Салтыков, О пространственных отношениях, gv. 400.

66

И. Языкова, Богословие иконы, gv. 31-32.

Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobaSi `aRmqmeli~ Tvalebi moZravia, icvlis adgils da zogjer ga­ mosaxulebis siRrmeSi eqceva67.

Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi pirdapiri perspeqtivis `uZravi~ Tvali (erTi) da zustad horizontis xaze uZravad dafiqsirebuli safokuse wertili icvleba binokularuli mxed­ velobiT miRebuli vizualuri informaciis SejamebiT da mudmivad moZravi, cvalebadi xed­ vis wertiliT, ufro sworad, xedvis wertilebis simravliT, romlebic horizontis xazze aRar aris damagrebuli. erTi da igive figura, Senoba, sagani erTdroulad sxvadasxva xedvis werilidan aris danaxuli68 da amiT Semodis meoTxe ganzomileba – dro. xedvis wertilebis es monacvleoba ganapirobebs dinamikuri, aqtiuri sivrcis Seqmnas69. amas emateba vizualuri aRqmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sferuloba da kompoziciuri struqturis mrudxazovneba – gaRunuli da amoburculi sibrtyeebi.

Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobSi sivrcis asaxvis kidev erTi Taviseburebaa ganaTebis konkret­ uli wyaros ar arseboba. amitom nagebobebze Crdilebi SesaZloa sxvadasxvanairad daidos (an sulac ar daidos), imitomaa rom xSirad sruliad kontrastul mkafio ferebs iyeneben nagebobis sxvadasxva waxnagisTvis. Suqi, naTeli Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi miRmieri, ux­ ilavi samyarodan modis. misi yvelaze metyveli simbolo aris oqros foni – RvTaebrivi na­ Teli, romlis miRma adamiani verafers xedavs, magram es ar aris sicariele, piriqiT, es aris sisavse70. Sua saukuneebis mxatvroba ufro Suqweraa, vidre ferwera. pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli perspeqtivi samyaros urTierTsawinaaRmdego warmodgenas qm­ nis. erTi aRwers bunebriv samyaros, meore ki – RvTaebrivs71. gavixsenoT, rom Zveli samyaros diadi civilizaciebis religiuri xelovneba ar iyenebs mkacrad sistematizirebul pirdapir perspeqtivas – magaliTad, egvi pturi, mesopotamiuri, iranuli, induri an Cinuri – vinaidan maTac msgavsi amocana hqondaT: ara-miwieri, RvTaebrivi samyaros gamosaxva miwier formebSi. sxva sakiTxia, rom yovel maTgans mkafiod gamosaxatu­ li TavisTavadi mxatvruli ena gaaCnda, magram princi pi erTi iyo da am princi ps ar sWirede­ boda pirdapiri perspeqtiva, am `arabunebrivi~ stilebis safuZveli swored religiur mso­ flmxedvelobaSi mdgomareobs72. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom samganzomilebiani sivrcis organzomilebian sibrtyeze gadmot­ ana yvelanairi sistemis pirobebSi garkveul deformacias iwvevs, maT Soris `realisturi~ pirdapiri perspeqtivis gamoyenebisasac ki. aq ukve erTveba adamianis goneba, romelic axdens am deformaciaTa korelacias (formis konstanturobis meqanizmi73). iseve, rogorc Tvalis baduraze aRbeWdil informacias tvini gadaamuSavebs arsebuli codnis da gamocdilebis, aseve emociuri Seferilobis Sesabamisad.

67

П. Флоренский, Обратная перспектива, gv. 382.

68

T. Velmans, Le rôle du décor architectural.., gv. 187.

69

Л. Жегин, Язык живописного произведения, gv. 40, 66.

70

А. Салтыков, О пространственных отношениях, gv. 409.

71

d. kakabaZe, xelovneba da sivrce, gv. 16.

72

П. Флоренский, Обратная перспектива, gv. 385.

73

Б. Раушенбах, О перспективе в древнерусской живописи, gv. 430.

19

erTgvari paradoqsia – Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi sivrcis gadmocema erTi mxriv Zalian pirobiTia, meore mxriv ki ukeT Seesatyviseba adamianis mxedvelobis fsiqo-fiziolo­ giur Taviseburebebs.

Sua saukuneebis sasuraTo `sivrcis~ kidev erTi Taviseburi niSani aris aRmqmelis `gadaadgileba~ gamosaxulebis `SigniT~ – xedvis sxvadasxva kuTxidan miRebuli vizualuri STabeWdilebebis Sejameba da erTgvari `sinTezuri~ gamosaxulebis miReba74. kidev erTi paradoqsi: miuxedavad imisa, rom qristianoba gacilebiT met yuradRebas uT­ mobda taZarTa Sida sivrces, vidre maT eqsteriers, saxviT xelovnebaSi swored nagebobebis fasadebi aris gamosaxuli da ara interieri75. es pirobiTobis kidev erTi niSani SesaZlebelia aixsnas wminda teqnikuri mizezebiTac, vinaidan nagebobis eqsterieri ar iTxovs siRrmisa da sivrcis iseT gadmocemas, rogorc interieri, ufro advilad eqvemdebareba sibrtyovan gad­ awyvetas, Tanac konkretuli nagebobis cnobadobac taZris gare xedidan ufro mkafioa. inte­ rieri faqtiurad ar gamoisaxeba gvian Sua saukuneebSic ki, roca siRrmis Tu sivrciTi agebis erTgvari niSnebi Cndeba, es mainc detalebia da ara mTliani kompoziciuri gadawyveta (magal­ iTad, SevadaroT jotos xareba da amave Temaze Sesrulebuli XIV saukunis bizantiuri xati)76. unda aRiniSnos, rom pirobiToba, romelic ama Tu im xarisxiT Tavs iCens Sua saukuneeb­ is mxatvrobaSi nagebobebis gamosaxvisas, aseve mkafiod vlindeba amave nagebobebis kol­ oritul gadawyvetaSic. marTlac, ragind nimuSi aviRoT, erTidaimave nagebobis nawile­ bi (magaliTad, kedlebi, gumbaTi, galereebi, koSkebi) umetesad sul sxvadasxva ferisaa. cxadia, poliqromiuloba ase Tu ise axasiaTebs Sua saukuneebis realur arqiteqturasac, gansakuTrebiT bizantiurs, magram ara iseTi xarisxiTa da iseTi saxiT, rogorc daxatul arqiteqturaSi. cxadia, es ufro mxatvruli enis sakiTxia da mxatvarTa SemoqmedebiTi Tav­ isuflebis gamovlinebaa. kidev erTi sagulisxmo da TvalSi sacemi niSani aris gamosaxuli garemos da asaxu­ li ambis `asinqronuloba~, `anaqronistuloba77~. arqiteqturuli garemos zusti asaxva rogorc formis mxriv, aseve istoriul-droiT konteqstSi sakmaod pirobiTia: magaliT­ ad, bzobaSi xSirad aris gamosaxuli uflis saflavis rotonda, romelic istoriulad bzobis momentSi jer ar arsebobda; anda xarebaSi mariamis gamosaxva qristianuli taZ­ ris fonze da ara nazareTis Raribul sacxovrisSi; anda menelsacxeble dedebis sce­ naSi gamoqvabulis nacvlad swored rotondis formis akldamis gamosaxva. yovelive es ganpirobebulia qristianuli xelovnebis saxiTmetyvelebiTi bunebiT, sivrciT-droiTi aspeqtebis gaerTianebiT. arqiteqturis gamosaxvisas Sua saukuneebis ostatebi iyeneben ramdenime midgomas – magal­ iTad, synecdoche78, rac detalis CvenebiT mTelis miniSnebas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, zogjer ori koSki da maT Soris karibWe mTel qalaqs ganasaxierebs, anda nagebobaze dadgmuli kibo­ riumi – uflis saflavis grandiozul eklesias da a. S. 74

П. Флоренский, Обратная перспектива, gv. 382; Б. Успенский, Семиотика иконы, gv. 252-256 da sxva.

75

S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 23-26.

K. E. McVey, Spirit Embodied.., gv. 39-73; H. G. Saradi, Space in Byzantine Thought, gv. 73-112; E. Hadjitryphonos, Presentations and Representations of Architecture, gv. 113 -154.

76

20

77

R. Ousterhout, Architecture as Relic, gv. 5

78

M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 89.

aris kidev erTi instrumenti, romelsac ZvelberZnul filosofiaSi ixseniebdnen termi­ niT symulacrum, romelic gulisxmobs originalis saxis gamiznul Secvlas, deformacias79.

Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi es aris midgoma, romelic mexsierebis evristikul, warmosaxvi­ Ti xedvis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs, roca saxe-xati damajerebelia msgavsebis gareSe, magal­ iTad, uflis saflavis eklesia daxatulia ara originaluri formiT, aramed rogorc sxva­ dasxva realuri da ar arsebuli detalebisa da nawilebis warmodgena-erToblioba, Tumc araviTari eWvi ar warmoiqmneba gamosaxulebis namdvilobaSi. rogorc aRiniSna, droSic da geografiuladac sivrciTi agebis es pirobiToba Tavisebur saxes Rebulobs, dawyebuli konstantinopoluri nimuSebis realurTan sakmaod miaxloebu­ li midgomiT da damTavrebuli kapadokiuri mxatvrobis absoluturi sibrtyovanebiT da ap­ likaciurobiT. unda aRniSnos, rom Sua saukuneebis saxviTi xelovnebis yvela dargSi (mxat­ vroba, wignis dasuraTeba, Weduroba, qvis reliefi, minanqari) bevri ram saerToa rogorc gamosaxvis princi pebis, aseve arqiteqturuli fonebis Semadgeneli elementebis da forma­ Ta repertuaris mxriv. cxadia, yoveli dargis specifika Tavis gavlenas axdens am saerTo princi pebisa da formebis mxatvrul gadawyvetaze. nagebobebis formebi da ti pebi bevr wilad msgavsia mTels aRmosavleT qristianul sam­ yaroSic, sxvadasxva qveynebis mxatvrobaSic. ZiriTadad es aris: grZivi formis mqone orqano­ ba saxuraviT gadaxuruli frontoniani Senobebi (bazilika), wriuli gumbaTovani Senobebi, marTkuTxa Senobebi brtyeli an kamarovani gadaxurviT, ornamentirebul kapitelebian svet­ ebze dayrdnobili salxineblebi, eqsedrebi, grZeli an dakuTxuli kedlebi qongurebiTa da RiadebiT, karibWeebiT, koSkebiT da sxva. xSirad ZiriTad nagebobaze midgmulia egvterebi, kibeebi, aivnebi, moajirebi, pandusebi, baliustradebi, orsarTuliani terasebi, naxevarwri­ uli kamarebi mZlavr, ornamentirebulkapitelebian svetebze da sxva. nagebobebis TiTqmis yvela zedapirze gamosaxulia Riadebi, datanilia gadaxurvis kramitebisa da kedlis qvis wyobis naxati, marmarilos imitacia, `naZerwi~ CuqurTmebi, niSe­ bi, qandakebebic ki. sainteresoa, rom sarkmlebi da karebi xSirad TiTqos interieris mxri­ dan aris gamosaxuli80. SenobaTa formebis da motivebis es simravle da kombinaciebi aseve gamoirCeva gansxvavebuli da mravalgvari feradovnebiT. aq CamoTvlil SenobaTa ti pebis uamravi nairsaxeoba arsebobs da xSirad es formebi erT­ maneTze isea midgmuli, dadgmuli an Serwymuli, rom sruliad ara-teqtonikur nagebobebs qmnian. isini kaleidoskopuri `siswrafiT~ erTiandeba jgufebad an iSleba nawilebad, Tanac yoveli maTgani sxvadasxva xedvis kuTxiT aris warmodgenili, rac am fantastikur konglom­ eratebs saocar dinamikas aniWebs. Zalian xSirad iReben sxvadasxva cnobili Senobebis de­ talebs da calkeul elementebs da axal mTlianobaSi aerTianeben, axdenen maT kombinirebas.

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebs Tu gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom gan­ viTarebis sxvadasxva etapze TiTqmis yovelTvis upiratesoba eniWeboda gamosaxulebis uf­ ro sibrtyovan gadawyvetas, gansxvavebiT sakuTriv bizantiuri xelovnebis ufro `iluzi­ onisturi~ tendenciisgan (cxadia, Sua saukunovani xelovnebis farglebSi)81, Tumca qarTul M. Meyer, “Remembering Zion” and Simulacra: Jerusalem in Byzantine Psalter, in Visual Сonstructs of Jerusalem, ed. by Bianca B. Künel, Galit Noga-Banai, Hanna Vorholt, Brepols, 2014, gv. 451-462.

79

A. Stojakovic, Les représentations d’édifices réels dans la peinture de Studenica, Studenica et l’art byzantin autour de l’année 1200, Beograd, 1988, gv. 229.

80

81

L. Shafran, Heaven on Earth, gv. 5.

21

nimuSebs arc kapadokiuri mxatvrobis sruliad brtyeli da aplikaciis msgavsi gadawyevta axasiaTebT. safiqrebelia, rom winareqristianuli xanis xelovnebaSi gamokveTili midre­ kileba pirobiTobisa da sibrtyovanebisken saukuneTa manZilze erTgvari konstanta gaxda mTlinad qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebisTvis, TviT XIX-XX saukuneebis ufro realisturi xelovnebis prioritetis epoqaSic ki. amis dasturia iseTi didi ostatebis Semoqmedeba, ro­ goricaa niko firosmani, daviT kakabaZe, lado gudiaSvili da sxva82. im uzarmazari masalis ganxilva, romelsac am wignis TemasTan dakavSirebiT gvTavazobs Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba, sruli maStabiT TiTqmis warmoudgenelia. uf­ ro saintereso da TvalsaCino iqneba am nawarmoebebis garkveuli niSniT dajgufeba da maTSi yvelaze saintereso, damaxasiaTebeli, anda iSviaTi da Taviseburi nimuSebis gamokveTa. Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi arqiteqturis gamosaxvis specifikidan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia gamovyoT ramdenime jgufi Sinaarsisa da funqciis mixedviT: 1. zogadad arqiteqturuli anturaJi, romelic fons uqmnis qristianuli siujetebis mdidari repertuaris gamosaxulebebs; 2. realurad arsebuli arqiteqturuli nagebobebis (umetesad eklesiebis, ufro iSviaT­ ad cixe-simagreebis) gamosaxulebebi qtitorTa portretebSi; 3. istoriuli qalaqebis da nagebobebis gamosaxulebebi istoriul scenebSi; 4. qalaqi ierusalimis gamosaxulebebi, maT Soris bzobis kompoziciaSic; aseve ieru­ salimis solomonis taZris gamosaxulebebi; 5. zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxulebebi; 6. uflis saflavis gamosaxulebebi.

82

daviT kakabaZis naSromSi `xelovneba da sivrce~ Camoyalibebulia sivrcis koncefcia, romelic srulad esadageba Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis xedvas, im xelovnebisa, romelsac mSvenivrad icnobda da afasebda daviT kakabaZe, Sua saukuneebis ara erTi brwyinvale nimuSis aslis avtori da amave dros XX s-is erTi yvelaze avangardisti mxatvari. sakmarisia moviyvanoT ramdenime amonaridi am naSromi­ dan: `yoveli xana daxasiaTdeba cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli SinaarsiT da sivrcis gansakuTrebuli gancdiT. xelovneba adamianis sulieri gancdis da grZnobis Sedegia. amitomac masSi gamoixateba cxovrebis Sinaarsi. adamiani sulierad dakavSirebulia adgilobrivi cxovrebis pirobebTan, war­ sulTan da awmyosTan. xelovnebis adgilobrivi, erovnuli saxe swored amdagvar ganwyobilebis Se­ degia da es gvaZlevs Cven sazogado kulturis sferoSi xelovnebis mravalferovnebas~ (d. kakabaZe, xelovneba da sivrce, parizi, 1926, gv. 10). `aRmosavleTis xelovneba xasiaTdeba ganyenebuli cnebiT da formebiT. dasavleTis xelovneba damyarebulia konkretul da materialur formebze. aRmosavle­ Tis xelovneba miiltvis maradisisken, dasavleTisa – droulisken. abstraqtulsa da spiritualur warmodgenas aRmosavleTisas winaudgeba dasavleTis konkretuli da materialuri azri~ (iqve, gv.

15). `bunebas Cven arasdros vxedavT erTi gansakuTrebuli mxridan, aramed misi SeTviseba xdeba mT­ liani arsebiT – sivrceSi. umTavresi faqtori sivrcis gagrZnobisa aris moZraoba, mxolod binoku­ laruli mxedvelobaa sivrcis gancdis mudmivi saSualeba~ (iqve, gv. 10). `aRmosavleTis qveynebis xe­ lovnebisaTvis bunebis gadmocema im saxiT, rogorc arsebobs, arasdros yofila mizani. dasavleTis xelovnebisTvis ki buneba TviT aris mizani. aRmosavleTi ganicdis sivrces ganyenebul formebSi, da­ savleTi ki konkretul saxeebSi. xelovneba SemoqmedebaSia. is viTardeba mxolod ganyenebulad ganc­ dil sivrceSi. konkretul formebSi gancdili sivrce xelovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis damabrkolebe­ li faqtoria da Semoqmedeba am pirobebSi ver aRwevs wminda gamosaxulebas~ (iqve, gv. 16). `qarTuli Zveli xelovneba ufro ekuTvnis saqristiano aRmosavleTis kulturas, […] SinaarsiT saqarTvelo am saqristiano aRmosavleTis kulturis tradiciebis damcvelia adgilobriv tradiciebTan erTad. Cven viyaviT sruluflebiani wevri saqristiano, saerTo kulturisa da warmovadgendiT damoukide­ bel Zalas~ (iqve, gv. 27).

22

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am jgufebis gamoyofa sakmaod sqematuri da xelovnuria, vinaidan erTi da igive gamosaxuleba SesaZloa or an met jgufs mivakuTnoT. simboluri mniSvneloba­ ni da saxiTmetyvelebiTi aspeqtebi zogjer imdenad gamsWvalavs gamosaxulebas, rom misi zusti `klasifikacia~ SeiZleba gaWirdes. Sua saukuneebis es polivalentoba momxiblaoba­ sac sZens da mniSvnelovnebasac83. qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi arqiteqturuli anturaJis roli da mniSvneloba sxvadasxvanairia. Tumca gamosaxuli nagebobebis ZiriTadi motivebi, formebi da calkeuli elementebi msgavsia – saerTo repertuaria. aseve saerToa gamosaxvis princ­ i pebi da konceptualuri midgoma. gansxvaveba mxatvrul gadawyvetaSia, rasac didwilad am dargebis teqnologiuri specifikac ganapirobebs. xuroTmoZRvrebis gamosaxvis bevri da Tanac yvelaze adreuli nimuSi qarTul xelovne­ baSi qvis plastikaSia warmodgenili, (magaliTad, webeldis fila, xandisis stela da sxva).

Zalian saintereso da mniSvnelovan masalas moicavs kedlis mxatvrobis nawarmoebebi, romlebic raodenobrivadac sWarbobs sxva dargebis nimuSebs da maStabiTac – anu arqite­ qturis gamosaxvis detalizaciis SesaZleblobiT. kedlis mxatvrobaSi warmodgenilia daxatuli arqiteqturis yvela funqciuri da Sinaarsobrivi nairsaxeoba. cxadia, sivrcis gamosaxvis formebi sxvaobs mxatvrobis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze84 da sxvadasxva mxat­ vruli mimarTulebebis farglebSi, iseve rogorc sxvadasxva ostatis nawarmoebebSi. qronologiuri cvlilebebis garda, aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia Sua saukuneebis qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi sakmaod gamokveTili Taviseburebebis mqone ramdenime ferweruli sko­ lis arseboba85. magaliTad, garejisa da svaneTis ferwerul skolebSi arqiteqturis ga­ mosaxvas sakmaod gansxvavebulad udgebian. ferwerul xatebSi xuroTmoZRvruli elementebi SedarebiT naklebad gamoisaxeba – mxo­ lod siuJeturad aucilebel SemTxvevebSi da iqac Zalian lakonurad86, Tumca XIV s-is ubi­ sis eklesiis did kared xatze, romelic paleologosTa stils ganekuTvneba, arqiteqturis adgili da formaTa mravalferovneba udavod sagulisxmoa87. xatwerasTan SedarebiT gacilebiiT meti nimuSia qarTul xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi, romelic Tavisi naratiuli bunebiT, cxadia, amis gacilebiT met SesaZleblobas iZleva. am dargSi SeiZleba gamovyoT igive jgufebi, rac kedlis mxatvrobaSi, Tumca arc Tu zustad msgavsi. magaliTad, faqtobrivad ar aris qtitorTa gamosaxulebebi eklesiis modeliT xelSi, rac bunebrivia, radgan wignis dasuraTebis dakveTisas eklesiis models ar gamoxat­ avdnen, iseve rogorc ferwerulsa da Wedur xatebze.

83

swored amis gaTvaliswinebiT serbi mecnieri a. stoiakoviCi studenicas monastris eklesiebis kedlis mxatvrobaSi naxati arqiteqturis mxolod sam jgufs gamohyofs: 1. religiur scenebSi gamosaxuli nagebobebi, 2. istoriul scenebSi gamosaxuli nagebobebi, 3. qtitorTa xelSi gamosaxuli nagebobebi (A. Stojakovic, Les représentations d’édifices réels.., gv. 235).

84

Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская Средневековая Монументаль­ная Живопись. Избранные труды, Тбилиси, 2007, gv. 10-25.

А. Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии, Тбилиси, 1974; А. Вольская, Живописные школы средневековой Грузии, II Международный симпозиум по грузинскому искусству, Тбилиси, 1977.

85

n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwera, Tbilisi, 2011; n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba (qarTuli xatweris istoriidan), Tbilisi, 2014.

86

g. alibegaSvili, paleologosTa stilis qarTuli ferweruli xatebi, Ars Georgica, 11, 2001, gv. 8695; n. burWulaZe, ubisis monastris xatebi da kedlis mxatvroba. me-14 s., Tbilisi, 2006.

87

23

samagierod xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi vxedavT arqiteqturuli motivebis specifikur jgufs, romlebic oTxTavebSi aformebs evsebiusis kanonebs, anu oTxTavebis paraleluri teqstebis saZieblebs. aseve saintereso masalas warmogvidgens maxarebelTa `portretebi~, romlebic xSirad arqiteqturis fonze arian gamosaxulni.

Sua saukuneebis qarTul Wedur xelovnebaSi nagebobaTa gamosaxulebebi uxvad aris war­ modgenili siuJetur scenebSi (xatebze, karedebze, sakurTxevliswinamdebare jvrebze da sxv), Tumca am dargSic ucnobia qtitorTa gamosaxuleba eklesiis nagebobiT xelSi zeciuri mfarvelis winaSe. minanqrul xelovnebis nimuSebSi maTi specifikidan gamomdinare arqiteqtura TiTqmis ar aris warmodgenili, garda XIII s-is im sami firfitisa, romlebic SemTxveviT gadarCa aTormeti dResaswaulis ciklidan: fericvaleba, mirqma, lazares aRdgineba88. imTaviTve naTelia, rom saxviTi xelovnebis sxdavadasxva sferoSi nagebobis fotografi­ ulad zusti gamosaxulebis Seqmna SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amitom saWiro iyo raRac ele­ mentebis, raRac maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofa, aqcentireba, raRac niSnebis ki ugulvelyofa. swored am arCevanSi vlindeba rogorc damkveTis, aseve (da albaT, yvelaze metad) mxatvris midgoma, koncefcia, mTavari saTqmeli da gamosaxulebis Sinaarsi.

Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi arqiteqturis asaxva da reprezentacia, qarTul sax­ elovnebo mecnierebaSi calke sakvlevi sagani ar gamxdra, Tumca mxatvrobis, Wedurobis, wignis dasuraTebis Tu reliefebis kvlevisas arqiteqturuli anturaJis, iseve rogorc peizaJis mxatvruli gadawyvetis daxasiaTeba-Sefaseba yovelTvis sagangebod aris xolme gamoyofili89. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba zRva masalas gvTava­ zobs, romlis amomwuravad ganxilva Tundac mxolod am erTi aspeqtis mxriv, SeuZlebelia erT naSromSi. amitom garkveuli TvalsazriT nawarmoebebis SerCeva cota nebismieri Sei­ Zleba aRmoCndes, Tumca vcdilobdi yvelaze saxasiaTo anda yvelaze arastandartuli gad­ awyvetebi ganmexila. momdevno Tavebi mxolod kedlis mxatvrobis, xelnawerTa dasuraTeb­ is, xatwerisa da Wedurobis dargebs moicavs. garda amisa, Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom nawarmoebebs ganvixilav mxolod arqiteqturis gamosaxvis aspeqtiT da ara maTi mxatvrul-Sinaarsobriv mTlianobaSi da sxva qveynebis xelovnebis nimuSebTTan Sedareba swored am aspeqtiT Semoifargleba. warmodenili nimuSebi SedarebiT farTo kulturul konteqstSi aris ganxiluli, anu aR­ mosavleTsaqristianos sxva qveynebis Tanadroul nawarmoebebTan Sedarebis gziT. mxatvru­ li movlenebis Sedareba sxva nawarmoebebTan (iqneba es droSi sxvaoba, ostatebis sxvaoba, kulturuli wris sxvaoba da a. S.) yovelTvis aaSkaravebs da amkafioebs konkretuli mov­ lenis Taviseburebebs da saxasiaTo niSnebs. kurt vaicmanis azriT, arqiteqturuli fonebis Sedareba yvelaze ukeT warmoaCens mibaZvis modelebs da STagonebis wyaroebs90.

88

Л. Хускивадзе, Грузинские эмали, Тбилиси, 1981.

89

garkveuli ganzogadoebebis da SedarebiTi analizis mxriv arqiteqturisTvis davasaxelebdi TinaTin virsalaZis naSroms (T. virsalaZe, Sergil dadianis droindeli XIII s-is kedlis mxatvroba xobSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 11, 2007, gv. 266-286), xolo peizaJis Taobaze – ekaterine privalovas monografias favnisis mxatvrobis Sesaxeb (Е. Привалова, Павниси, Тбилиси, 1977, gv. 34-35).

90

24

K. Weitzmann, Die byzantinische Buchmalerai des 9 und 10 Yahrhundert, Berlin, 1935, gv. 31.

roca Sua saukuneebis qarTul saxviT xelovnebaze vsaubrobT, cxadia, Sesadareblad ramdenime movlena mogvyavs, pirvel rigSi bizantiis wris nawarmoebebi, TviT konstanti­ nopolis, da Cveni mezobeli somxeTis xelovneba, romelic erTdroulad bevr saerTos am­ JRvanebs da Zalian bevr gansxvavebasac. gansxvavebaa msoflgancdaSi, formaTgancdaSi, uZ­ velesi tradiciebis zegavlenaSi, da a. S. Taviseburebebia rogorc mxatvruli gadawyvetis, aseve saxiTmetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiTac. xuroTmoZRvrebis dargSi es gansxvavebebi sayovelTaod aRiarebulia; saxviTi xelovneb­ is sferoSi ki ufro specifikuri mdgomareobaa. cnobilia, rom monofizit-grigorianul somxur qristianul xelovnebaSi naklebad ganviTarda kedlis mxatvroba da xatwera, aseve Weduroba, samagierod didad viTardeboda da yvaoda wignis dasauraTeba da qvis qandakeba (magaliTad, eklesiaTa fasadebis reliefebi da qva-jvarebi, – xaCqarebi). monumentur mxatvrobaSi gansxvaveba bizantiursa da qarTul nawarmoebebs Soris arqite­ qturis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod sagrZnobia, rac mravalsaukunovani gansxvavebu­ li tradiciebiT aris ganpirobebuli. kastelseprios taZris kedlis mxatvrobis ti pis arqiteqturuli anturaJi, TiTqmis ro­ mauli arqiteqturis formebiT, CvenSi ar Cans; arc ravenis marTlmadidebelTa baptisteriu­ mis gumbaTis arqiteqturis msgavsi – eqsedrebiT, sakurTxevlebiT da a. S.; arc Tesalonikis wm. giorgis rotondis gumbaTis grandiozuli xuroTmoZRvruli fantaziebis msgavsi; da arc damaskosa da ierusalimis kldis meCeTebis mozaikuri dekoris xuroTmoZRveuli da peizaJuri motivebi. erTgvar siaxloves am formebTan, rogorc Cans, tao-klarjeTis taZre­ bis moxatulobebSi (magaliTad, oTxTa eklesiis sakurTxevlis qveda registris freskebi) vlindeba, magram, jer erTi, isini Zalian dazianebulia, da Tanac, miuxedavad formebis erT­ gvari msgavsebisa, sul sxva sivrciT koncefcias avlens.

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba erTi mxriv iziarebs xelovnebis zogad-qris­ tianul koncefciebsa da midgomebs, Tumca sakmaod naTlad gamoxatuli TavisTavadi same­ tyvelo ena gaaCnia. sxva da sxva periodebSi es TavisTavadoba sxvadasxva xarisxisaa, Tumca mainc yovelTvis vlindeba. qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba sakmaod didxans wmida miwisa da siria-palestinis xelovne­ basTan iCenda siaxloves, rac xelnawerebSic aisaxa da kedlis mxatvrobaSic, magram gansx­ vavebiT kapadokiis freskebisgan, da Tundac somxuri xelnawerebisgan (metadre vaspurakanis skolisa) msgavs ukidures aplikaciurobas da gadaWarbebul pirobiTobas ar amJRavnebs. qa­ rTuli saxviTi xelovneba erTgvarad `oqros Sualeds~ inarCunebs am or tradicias Soris, da es arqiteqturis gamosaxvaSic Cans. kapadokiuri kedlis mxatvroba aRmosavleTqristianuli samyaros erTi mniSvnelovani fenomenia, romelsac sakaod bevri saerTo aqvs qarTul mxatvrobasTan arqiteqturis ga­ mosaxvis mxrivac, sibrtyobrivi gadawyvetis prioritetetis TvalsazrisiTac, Tumca eso­ den srul aplikaciurobas qarTul xelovnebaSi iSviaTad Tu vnaxavT, ufro e. w. `xalxuri~ mimarTulebis nawarmoebebSi. kapadokiis kldeSi nakafi eklesiebis sxvadasxva drois da sxvadasxva ostatebis mier Ses­ rulebuli kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebSi TvalSi sacemia nagebobebis minimaluri gamosaxva, xSirad sruli ignorirebac ki (magaliTad, ialanli kilises freskebi ilhalas regionidan). arqiteqturis gamosaxvisadmi minimalisturi midgoma axsaiTebT rogorc ukiduresad prim­ 25

itiul stilSi Sesrulebul nawarmoebebs, (magaliTad, Zveli tokalis eklesiis mxatvro­ ba, X s.), aseve ufro `progresul~, konstantinopolis mimbaZvel nawarmoebebSi (magaliTad, Carekli kilisesa da karanlik kilises svetebiani eklesiebis freskebi, XII s.). ufro metic, mTlad konstantinopoleli ostatis mier Sesrulebul axali tokalis mxatvroabSic ki, romelic makedonuri renesansis erT iSviaT nimuSad aris miCneuli am dargSi (X s.), arqite­ qtura sruliad brtylad aris gamosaxuli da marTlac rom fonis elementia. iseve rogorc misi gavleniT Sesrulebul CauSinis mxatvrobaSi (X-XI saukuneTa mijna). arqiteqturli an­ turaJis aseTi `uaryofa~, daknineba da gabrtyeleba qarTul mxatvrobis nimuSebs namdvilad ar axasiaTebT91. warmodgenil naSromSi ar aris ganxiluli Sua saukuneebis dasavleTevropuli saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebi, radgan uSualo urTierTgavlena da Tundac paraleluri ganviTareba naklebad sagrZnobia. orive ganicdida bizantiuri xelovnebis zegavlenas, misi `prestiJu­ lobis~ xibls, Tumca Zalze gansxvavebulad reagirebdnen am gavlenaze da mxatvruli Sede­ gic gansxvavebulia. warmodgenili naSromis mizania gamoirkves, rogor aRiqvamdnen Sua saukuneebis adamiane­ bi (am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos mkvidrni) xuroTmoZRvrebas, ra mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen mas da, saxviTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi misi gamosaxvis (ara agebis) SemTxvevaSi, ras aqce­ vdnen yuradRebas, ra iyo maTTvis faseuli da uacileblad SesanarCunebel-dasafiqsirebe­ li da ra – ara. ras emsaxureboda es gamosaxulebani, ra simboluri, konceptualuri, Sinaar­ sobrivi datvirTva hqondaT da sxva.

1. zogadi arqiteqturuli anturaJi

`rameTu moeloda mas, romelsa igi safuZvel usxen qalaqsa, romelisa-igi xuroTmoZRuar da Semoqmed RmerTi ars~ (ebraelTa mimarT epistole, 11, 10). `sions uwodebs zeciur qalaqs, rogorc gvaswavla netare pavlem, xolo bWeni misni arian dedamiwaze yvelgan arsebuli eklesiebi, romelTa gziTac misken miiwevian morwmuneebi~ (Teodorite kvireli). qristianuli xelovnebis Temebis mdidari repertuaris umetesi gamosaxulebebi, gansaku­ TrebiT siuJeturi kompoziciebi, viTardeba arqiteqturis an bunebis peizaJis fonze, arqiteqturuli anturaJi ganuyofelia nawarmoebis mTliani saxisgan da misi Seqmnis epo­ qis, adgilis, dargis da ostatis individualur stils asaxavs. misi mxatvruli gadawyveta konkretuli nawarmoebis farglebSi mxatvris koncefciur midgomasac avlens. А. Вольская, Росписи Средневековых Трапезных Грузии, gv. 85; Т. Вирсаладзе, Фресковая роспись художника Микаела Маглакели в Мацхвариши, Ars Georgica, 4, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 169-233, gv. 221; T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 96-97.

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26

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba iziarebs zogadad aRmosavleTqristianul (bizantiur) xelovnebaSi Camoyalibebul midgomebs, formebs, ti pologias, Tumca Tavisi specifikuri saxec aqvs, gansakuTrebiT daxatuli xuroTmoZRvrebis sivrciT-siRrmiTi gad­ awyvetis TvalsazrisiT da Zalian saintereso da mravalferovan suraTs warmogvidgens.

Sua saukuneebis qarTul mxatvrobaSi arqiteqturuli nagebobis Cvens dromde SemorCe­ nili erTi adreuli nimuSi warmodgenilia 897 wlis adiSis oTxTavSi (sur. 4). es aris kibo­ riumis gamosaxuleba (f. 5, v), romelic, eWvs gareSea, uflis saflavs unda ganasaxierebdes, vinaidan misi formebi did msgavsebas iCens adreqristianuli xanis artifaqtebze (maT Soris moncas ampulebze, magaliTad, # 5, 9, 13; spilos Zvlis piqsidebze da sxva) SemorCenil ga­ mosaxulebebTan92. rac Seexeba saxviTi xelovnebis sxva dargebs, yvelaze adre arqiteqturis gamosaxvas qvis reliefebSi vxedavT. magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT xandisis stela (VI s., sur. 5), we­ beldis fila (VII s.), drandis fila (X s.) da sxva93. qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis adreul etapze nagebobebis gamosaxulebebi daufaravad sibrtyovani xasiaTisaa, iseve rogorc figurebi da sxva elementebi.

IX-XI saukuneebis xelovnebaSi arqiteqtura aSkarad sibrtyovanadaa gadawyvetili. im na­ warmoebebSic ki, sadac figurebi sakmaod plastikurad gamoisaxeba (magaliTad, daviT gare­ jis udabnos mTavari taZris X-XI saukuneTa mijnis, gansakuTrebiT ki atenis sionis XI sauku­ nis bolo meoTxedisa da ifraris mTavarangelozTa eklesiis 1196 wlis moxatulobebSi), daxatuli arqiteqtura mkafiod sibrtyovania, lakonuri, ar ikavebs kompoziciis did naw­ ils, ufro aqcentisa da maorganizebeli elementis mniSvneloba aqvs, nagebobaTa nawilebi ki xedvis sxvadasxva kuTxiT aris danaxuli. erT kompoziciaSi xedvis sxvadasxva wertilebis gaerTianebis saintereso nimuSia gare­ jis udabnos monastris satrapezos mxatvrobaSi (X-XI saukuneebis mijna), kerZod saidum­ lo serobis scenaSi (sur. 1), sadac magidis zedapiri srul zedxedSi, xolo misi fexebi ki mkafiod gverdxedSi aris gamosaxuli. magidis amgvarad gamosaxva Zalian efeqturia da scenis Sinaarsidanac gamomdinareobs – ziarebis saidumlos dafuZneba94. am kompoziciaSi yuradRebas i pyrobs qristes figuris ukan gamosaxuli Senobebi, romlebic TiTqmis mTel simaRleze avseben kadrs – didi, wiTeli oqrisferi bazilika Ria feris orferda saxuraviT A. Grabar, Les Ampoules de Terre Sainte, Paris, 1938; R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher and the Martyrion of the Savoir, Gesta, vol. 29, no 1, 1990, gv. 48, il. 5-6; B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 93-96, il. 18, 19, 39-43; G. Vikan, Early Byzantine Pilgrimage Art, 2nd ed., Washington DC, 2010; j. uilkinsoni, qristes saflavi: ierusalimi da mcxeTa, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 1, 2002, gv. 61, nax. 4; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, Москва, 1966, gv. 13-14, il. 6; Р. Шмерлирг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги IX-XI столетий, Тбилиси, 1967, gv. 30-31, tab. 11.

92

Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, il. 16; Л. Хрушкова, Скульптура раннесредневековой Абхазии V-X века, Тбилиси, 1980, gv. 43-84, 92-94, tab. XXXVI-2, XLVI-3; k. maCabeli, qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebis saTaveebTan, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 133-134, il. 29; Н. Чубинашвили, Хандиси, Тбилиси, 1972; T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qandakeba, Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 63, il. 97-99, 490; G. Gagoshidze, Jerusalem in Medieval Georgian Art, in: Visual Constructs of Jerusalem, ed. by B. Kühnel, G. Noga-Banai, H. Vorholt, 2014, gv. 133.

93

А. Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии, gv. 48-50; m. bulia, a. volskaia, d. TumaniSvili, daviTgarejis monastrebi. lavra. udabno, Tbilisi, 2008, il. 86-88.

94

27

da mis fonze (mis `win~) gamosaxuli, ufro dabali, naTeli mwvane feris gumbaTiani nageboba, gumbaTisa da mklavebis muqi moyavisfro-iasamnisferi saxuravebiT (SesaZloa, feri deform­ irebulia), TeTri Txeli xazebiT datanili sarkmlebiT, portaliT, ornamentebiT. saint­ eresoa, rom ori momijnave fasadi erT sibrtyeSia gaerTianebuli. orive nageboba mWidrod dakavSirebulia uflis serobis scenis SinaarsTan – bazilika aris sionis taZari, anu is adgili, sadac Catarda uflis seroba, xolo gumbaTiani nageboba – uflis saflavis ekle­ sias unda ganasaxierebdes, anu msxverplis Temas epasuxeba. aqve, am kompiziciis gverdiT, Crdilo kedleSi gaWril niSaSi gamosaxulia Zveli aRTqmis sameba anu abraamis stumarTmoyvareoba, romlis kidura nawilebi gadadis niSis wirTxlebze: abraamis mxares taZaria gamosaxuli, xolo meore mxares ki gadaweuli kretsabmeli da Rvinis doqi, anu isev evqaristiisa da xsnis konotacia95. nageboba aqac sruliad sibrtyovania. gansxvavebul midgomebs Tanadroul nawarmoebebSic vxedavT, es naTlad Cans tao-klar­ jeTis mxatvrobis magaliTze igive garejis, svaneTis, an Tundac qarTlis samefiskaro mox­ atulobebTan SedarebiT. tao-klarjeTis ferweruli skola arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv sakmaod Tavisebur su­ raTs gvTavazobs. samwuxarod, am mxareSi SemorCenili kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebi metis­ metad fragmentirebulia da nagebobebis arc Tu bevri gamosaxuleba Semogvinaxa96. magaliTisTvis, oTxTa eklesiis sakurTxevlis X saukunis moxatulobis qveda registrSi gamosaxul sauflo dResaswaulTa scenebSi, miuxedavad Zlieri dazianebisa, naTlad Cans elinisturi xelovnebis repertuaris klasikuri arqiteqturuli detalebi – kapitelebiani svetebi, didi TaRebi, frontonebi, portalebi, da sxva97. faqtobrivad, mTeli fonebi Sevse­ buli iyo sakmaod rTuli arqiteqturuli motivebiT. axla Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad `sivr­ ciTi~ aris aq kompoziciaTa ageba, magram rogorc Cans, erTgvari miniSneba amisa sakmaod iqneboda gamokveTili. magaliTad, xarebaSi UTiTqos Weric ki aris gamosaxuli, romelic moxdenil, klasikuri formis svetebs eyrdnoba. sagulisxmoa, rom am kompoziciaSi arqite­ qturuli garemos gamosaxva bevri TvalsazrisiT emsgavseba aseve X saukuniT daTariRebul saRolaSenis lorfinis Wedur kompozicias xarebis gamosaxulebiT98. msgavseba sakmaod sayuradReboa, Tumca oTxTa eklesiis freskebis dazianebulobis xarisxi ar iZleva ufro safuZvliani Sedarebis saSualebas99. arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv Zalian sagulisxmoa am qveda registris Crdilo nawilis 95

А. Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии, gv. 53-56.

Ш. Амиранашвили, История Грузинской монументальной живописи, Тбилиси, t. 1, 1957, gv. 104-108; T. virsa­ laZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 110-102; e. privalova, zogi ram tao-klarje­ Tis moxatulobebis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos eklesiis, qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobisa da qristianu­ li xelovnebis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 315-316; z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTa eklesiis freskebi, gv. 72-81, 176; m. didebuliZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis Zeglebi tao-klarjeTSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 19, 2016, gv. 32-79.

96

97

z. sxirtlaZe Tvlis, rom aq wminda miwis adreqristianuli xanis arqiteqturis zegavlena SeiniSneba (z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTa eklesiis freskebi, gv. 72-81, 176). Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, Тбилиси, 1959, gv. 92-98; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, Tbilisi, 1994, il. 6.

98

99

sagulisxmoa, rom taoSi, kerZod ki oSkis taZarSi SemorCenilia realurad arsebuli qarTuli eklesiis, kerZod banas sakmaod mimsgavsebuli gamosaxuleba, romelic ganxiluli iqneba istoriuli nagebobebisadmi miZRvnil TavSi.

28

sarkmlis gverdiT daxatuli scena, savaraudod mirqma, romlis figuraTa `zona~ TiTqmis sruliad waSlilia, magram kompoziciis zeda, zeciur zonaSi naTlad gairCeva klasikur nimuSebTan miaxloebuli arqiteqturuli formebi: didi TaRovani Sesasvlelis Tavze dadg­ muli frontonebi ornamentirebuli lavgardanebiT, eklesiis msgavsi sxvadasxva zomis Se­ nobebi, ufro cudad SemorCenili didi TaRebi, savaraudod ierusalimis taZari sakurTxev­ lis kiboriumiT – zeciuri ierusalimis saxe. amgvarad gamosaxuli arqiteqtura savaraudod tao-klarjeTis sxva taZarTa moxatulobaSic unda yofiliyo, Tumca maTi Zlieri fragmen­ tuloba ar gvaZlevs raime ganzogadoebis saSualebas. cxadia, konstantinopolSi gamefe­ buli makedonuri renesansis klasicisturi tendenciebi taomdec moaRwevda, maT Soris ar­ qiteqturuli garemos asaxvaSi. sxvagvar gadawyvetas vxedavT atenis sionis XI saukunis bolo meoTxedSi Sesrulebul mxa­tvrobaSi100. es moxatuloba rom umaRlesi donis dakveTaa qtitorTa Semadgenlobac adas­ turebs. trompebis mxatvroba samoTxis mdinareebis personifikaciebiT ki udavod mowmobs, rom am epoqis maelinizirebeli tendenciebi sionis momxatveli ostatebisTvis kargad iyo cnobi­ li, magram arqiteqturuli anturaJis gamosaxvis xasiaTSi es tendenciebi saerTod ar Cans.

Tu davakvirdebiT atenis sionis XI saukunis ferweruli ansamblis scenaTa arqite­ qturul anturaJs101, vnaxavT, rom am monumentur da teqtonikur kompoziciebSi aseve monu­ menturad mocemuli nagebobebi faqtobrivad erT sibrtyeSi mdebareobs. am moxatulobis saerTo gadawyvetis arqiteqtonika nagebobaTa gamosaxulebebSic ganapirobebs mkacrad horizontaluri da vertikaluri xazebis prioritets. magaliTad, iosebis sizmris scena­ Si (sur. 6) iosebis naxevradwamowolili figura gamosaxulia orqanobiani Senobis fonze, romelsac bazilikis forma aqvs dabali gverdiTi naviT, sarkmlebiT centraluri navis kedelSi da maRali marTkuTxa SesasvleliT viwro fasadze, romelic wesiT kuTxiT unda iyos dayenebuli, magram orive fasadi erT sibrtyeSia da vertikaluri da horizontaluri xazebi metobs. Tanac nagebobas kompoziciis mxolod nawili ukavia, ar avsebs fons, rogorc es Semdgomi drois, metadre ki paleologosTa da post-bizantiuri periodebis mxatvrobaSi moxdeba. amave dros, miuxedavad lakonurobisa da sisadavisa, daxatuli arqiteqtura kar­ gad esadageba mTeli mxatvrobis didebul, monumentur da teqtonikur xasiaTs. aseTive princi piT aris gadmocemuli nagebobebi samxreTi afsidis sxva scenebSic, rom­ lebSic dazianebis miuxedavad mainc gairCeva SenobaTa gamosaxulebebi – ZRvenis uaryofa, mariamis pirveli nabijebi, mariamis da elisabedis Sexvedra, wyliT gamocda da sxva. Se­ nobaTa formebi sakmaod nairgvaria, Tumca gamosaxvis sibrtyobrivi princi pi erTnairia. yuradRebas iqcevs salxineblis gamosaxva ZRvenis uaryofisa da wyliT gamocdis scenebSi: mkafio konturiT mosazRvruli martiv kapitelebze dayrdnobili TaRebi sworxazovani antablementiT da naxevarwriulad moxazuli dabali gumbaTiT. aq TiTqos aris erTgvari miniSneba am nawilebis sivrciT urTierTobaze (TaRebis CaCrdiluli `Sida~ mxare), Tum­ ca mTlianobaSi yvela es mkacrad arqiteqtonikuri gamosaxuleba amavdroulad sruliad brtyelia.

100

T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, gv. 103-242.

101

iqve, gv. 161-176.

29

amave drois, XI saukunis Sua xanis zemo krixis mxatvrobaSi102, romelic gansxvavebuli mxatvruli mimarTulebis nimuSad aris miCneuli, xuroTmoZRvruli anturaJi gacilebiT gavrcobilia103 da iseve, rogorc peizaJi, TiTqmis mTlianad avsebs fons. aq sakmaod bevri motivi aris gamoyenebuli, magaliTad, xarebis angelozis figuris `ukan~, gansakuTrebiT ki mariamis figuris garSemo: RmrTismSobeli gamosaxulia bazilikis formis didi taZris fonze, mravalricxovani ritmulad ganlagebuli RiadebiT, kramitebis naxatiT da sxva de­ talebiT. mis `win~ maRali svetebiani salxinebelia gumbaTiT da TaRebiT, romelSic gad­ aweuli kretsabmelia Sekiduli (sur. 7). arqiteqturis amgvari gamosaxuleba uTuod gac­ ilebiT mets niSnavs, vidre ubralod anturaJi da ierusalimis sionis eklesiasTan iwvevs asociacias, gadaweuli kretsabmeli ki gankacebiT gaxsnili gzaa zeciuri sasufevlisken. asevea jvarcmis kompoziciaSic, lazares aRdginebaSic da sxva, Tumca, miuxedavad nageboba­ Ta da detalebis SedarebiTi simravlisa da `mravalsityvierebisa~, yvela es gamosaxuleba mkafiod sibrtyovania. nagebobebis sibrtyovani gamosaxvis tendencia XII saukunis kedlis mxatvrobaSic grZel­ deba, Tumca maTi xasiaTi da formebi mravlobs, ufro cvalebadia da ufro mravalferovani xdeba, magram sxvadasxva nawarmoebSi sxvadasxva saxiT. magaliTad, mefis mxatvar Tevdores moxatulobebSi104 daxatuli arqiteqturis formebi marTlac ufro mravalgvaria, metia de­ koratiuloba (magaliTad, ifraris xarebaSi fexze mdgomi mariami ramdenime sxvadasxva si­ maRlis da zomis nagebobis, rogorc Cans, bazilikebis fonze aris gamosaxuli; nakifarSi atenTan SedarebiT ufro rTul, korinTulis msgavs kapitelebs vxedavT diokletianes fig­ uris ukan gamosaxul nagebobaSi; lagurkaze, kvirikes martvilobis scenaSi da sxva). amave dros, atenis dari sworxazovneba da sibrtyovaneba ZiriTadad SenarCunebulia, Tanac TviT nagebobebi arc Tu didi raodenobiT aris CarTuli kompoziciaTa struqturaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom fonis elementebiT kompoziciaTa gadatvirTva Tevdores ar axasi­ aTebs, gansxvavebiT magaliTad, 1140 wlis macxvariSis darbazuli taZris moxatulobisgan, romelic zemo krixis xazs agrZelebs105. aq arqiteqturas ufro didi adgili ukavia, Tumca, aqac sruliad brtyelia. xarebaSi, mariamis figuris ukan, dazianebulobis miuxedavd Cans dabali nageboba TiTqos mravalfrontoniani gadaxurviT, xolo mariamis `win~ salxinob­ lis maRal svetze kretsabmeli aris Semoxveul-gamonaskvuli – miTiTeba gankacebiT gax­ snil zecaTa sasufevelze. unda aRiniSnos, rom svanur mxatvrobebs zogadad fonis elemen­ tebis sibrtyovani gadawyveta axasiaTebT106.

XII saukunis miwurulisa da XIII saukunis dasawyisis moxatulobebSi (e. w. Tamaris epo­ qis mxatvrobaSi) garkveuli cvlilebebi xdeba anturaJis mxatvruli gadawyvetis Tvalsaz­ risiT. Senobebi met adgils ikavebs, maTi gadaxurvebis xazebi umetesad diagonalurad aris daxrili, rac TiTqos erTgvar „perspeqtiul“ agebas miuTiTebs (magaliTad, timoTesubnis, 102

Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументаль­ная живопись. Избранные труды, Тбилиси, 2007, gv. 83.

103

iqve, gv. 68.

104

Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская, Живописная школа Сванетии, Тбилиси, 1983.

Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументаль­ная живопись, gv. 198-199, 222-223; Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, Тбилиси, 1980, gv. 143.

105

106

30

Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументаль­ная живопись, gv. 187.

beTaniis, yincvisis mxatvrobebSi), zogi Senoba saerTodac kuTxiT aris dayenebuli (magal­ iTad, gverdiTi koSkebi sxvadasxva feris, TiTqos CaCrdiluli waxnagebiT yincvisis saidum­ lo serobaSi sur. 8). nagebobaTa es erTgvari `amoZraveba~ sivrcis agebis axali niSania, Tum­ ca arc iseTi Zalisa, rogorc magaliTad, wminda bizantiur nawarmoebebSi (magaliTad, si­ ciliis monrealis mozaikebi107). marTlac, vinaidan sivrciTi `planebi~ ar aris da calkeuli Senobebi kvlav sxvadasxva xedvis wertilidan aris danaxuli, aq ar iqmneba iluzionisturi, sam-ganzomilebiani siRrmis efeqti, romelic axasiaTebs am periodis sakuTriv bizantiur moxatulobebs, romlebSic elinisturi memkvidreobis gavlena ufro naTlad igrZnoba108. varZiis kldeSi nakafi taZris 1186 wlis moxatulobaSi TvalSi sacemia nagebobaTa Tavze dadgmuli mcire zomis salxineblebi, wvril-wvril svetebze (magaliTad, mirqma, miZineba, xareba), gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa am mxriv jvarcmis kompozicia (sur. 9), romelic yvelaze ukeT aris Semonaxuli109. am kompoziciaSi jvris `ukan~ gamosaxulia horizontaluri nage­ boba, maRali viwro RiadebiT, romlis kideebSi dadgmulia Zalian daxvewili da moxdeni­ li formis msubuqi gumbaTiani salxineblebi. es udavod ierusalimis taZaria, Tumca sak­ maod Taviseburad gamosaxuli, Tanac, magaliTad, beTaniisgan gansxvavebiT, aq ar Cans orad gaglejili kretsabmeli. beTaniis XII saukunis moxatulobaSi sarkmelTa wirTxlebSi gamosaxul scenebSi (ferx­ Ta bana, uflis seroba) nagebobis saxuravebis konturebi diagonalurad aris daxrili da TiTqos siRrmeSi ganviTarebas mianiSnebs, Tumca kompoziciis ageba erT sibrtyeSi xdeba da TviT am nagebobebis kedlebze datanili sxva xazebi sruliad horizontaluria. timoTesubnis XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris kedlis mxatvrobaSi Senobebi ufro `moZ­ ravia~, TiTqos ufro siRrmis aRmniSvneli110. magaliTad: mariamis SobaSi, anas sarecelis ukan gamosaxuli nageboba kuTxiT aris dayenebuli, Tanac orive fasadi gansxvavebul sibrtyeSi aris naCvenebi. lazares aRdginebaSi lazares akldama, kamarovani gadaxurviT aseve kuTxiT dgas, misi viwro fasadis timpanSi ki niJarisebri formaa Caxatuli, rac am drois damaxasiaTebeli niSani xdeba da simbolurad zecaTa sasufevels mianiSnebs111. kuTx­ iT aris dayenebuli saidumlo serobis sakmaod dazianebuli kompoziciis marjvena nawilSi SemorCenili orqanobiani nagebobac. petres uaryofis scenaSi ki rTuli struqturis nageboba absoluturad brtylad aris gamosaxuli, Tumca Semkulia uamravi detaliTa da ornamentuli zolebiT, TaRovani Riadeb­ iT, romlidanac viRacis naxevarfigurac ki Cans, magram nagebobis qveda konturebi sruliad horizontaluria. asevea gadawyvetili arqiteqtura, sakmaod gavrcobili da detalizebu­ li, magram brtyeli pilates samsjavroSi, jvarcmaSi, suli wmindis mofenaSi, miZinebaSi da sxva. rogorc Cans, aq sxvadasxva ostatis xelia112 da albaT sxvadasxva nimuSebic iqna ga­ O. Demus, The Mosaics of Norman Sicily, London, 1949, gv. 418-436; T. Velmans, Le Role du décor architectural, gv.

183-216, il. 73, 79, da sxva.

107

108

T. Velmans, Le Role du décor architectural, gv. 210-216.

109

g. gafrindaSvili, varZia, leningradi, 1975, tab. 105.

110

Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, gv. 110-111.

111

R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher and the Martyrion of the Savoir, gv. 49.

112

Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, gv. 109-111.

31

moyenebuli, Tumca formaTa garTuleba da gamravleba drois saerTo niSania. am dros ar­ qiteqturul anturaJSi ukve Cndeba velumi, magaliTad, ferxTa banaSi beTaniaSi, saidumlo serobaSi yincvisSi da sxva. berTubanSi aseve naTlad igrZnoba SenobaTa kuTxiT dayenebis tendencia. magaliTad, ZR­ venis uaryofis scenaSi (sur. 10) ioakimesa da anas figurebs ukan ori Senoba kuTxiT dgas, Tumca orives qveda xazi horizontaluria 113. Tanac, amave scenis marjvena nawilSi gamosaxu­ li kiboriumi sruliad `darRveuli~ sivrciTi agebis wesiT aris mocemuli, anu kiboriumis svetebi im figurasa da trapezs `ukan~ arian gamosaxuli, romlis Tavze unda idgnen, trape­ zic Tavis safexurovani kvarcxlbekiT sruliad brtyelia. aseve aralogikuria sakurTx­ evlis afsidSi gamosaxuli salxineblis svetebis ganlageba trapezis mimarT. garda amisa, nagebobebi kompoziciaTa mxolod kideebSi aris gamosaxuli da arc mainc da mainc avsebs fons, sakmaod lakonuri gadawyvetaa. ase rom SenobaTa dayeneba kuTxiT, maTi gadaxurveb­ is xazebis diagonaluroba ufro mimarTulia kompoziciis saerTo dinamikurobisken da ara sivrciTi agebis iluziis Sesaqmnelad. ase rom, ostatebi namdvilad ar isaxavdnen miznad swori perspeqtivis sistemis gamoyenebas, arqiteqturas kompoziciebis maorganizebeli da figuraTa aqcentirebis funqcia aqvs114. sagulisxmoa, rom XIII saukunis bolo meoTxedSi Sesrulebul qarTuli kedlis mxatv­ robis nawarmoebebSi, magaliTad, aWis wm. giorgis eklesiis freskebSi, romlebic ukve av­ lens paleologosuri stilis garkveul niSnebs115, arqiteqturuli fonebi sworedac rom ga­ moirCeva ukiduresi sibrtyovanebiT, rac am stilisTvis sruliad ucxoa116. marTlac, miZine­ baSi, mirqmaSi, lazares aRdginebaSi (sur. 11), bzobaSi, lasia qalaqis sawaulSi nagebobebi gamosaxulia sruliad sibrtyobrivad, TiTqos muyaosgan gamoWrili aplikaciebia, miniSne­ bac ki ar aris Tundac pirobiT siRrmeze – arc saxuravis diagonaluri xazi, arc kuTxiT dayenebuli nawilebi da arc sxva ram detali. aq figurebi jerac inarCuneben prioritetul pozicias kompoziciebSi, arqiteqturis gadawyveta ki sakmaod arqaulia117. axali stilis igive `ignorirebas~ vxedavT XIII saukunis dasasrulis garejis udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiis moxatulobaSi. es marTlacda unikaluri mxatvroba, Tundac Tavisi sruliad ganumeorebeli koloritis gamo, arqiteqturis gamosaxvis Tvalsazrisi­ Tac gamoirCeva, miTumetes XIII saukunis miwurulis nawarmoebebisgan118. magram Tu aWis moxat­ ulobaSi nagebobebi, Tundac sruliad sibrtyovani, zomiTac da kompoziaSi Tavisi adgiliT erTgvarad atenis nagebobebs gvagonebs da wina saukuneebis tradicias agrZelebs, udabnos xarebis eklesiis mxatvrobaSi arqiteqtura sul sxva efeqts qmnis, TiTqos miniaturebidan gadmoxatuli, wvril-wvrili, sruliad ara monumenturi formebi aqvs. m. bulia, a. volskaia, d. TumaniSvili, daviTgarejis monastrebi. naTlismcemeli. berTubani, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 118.

113

114

А. Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных, gv. 144.

115

Дж. Иосебидзе, Роспись Ачи, Тбилиси, 1989.

116

iqve, gv. 66.

117

iqve, gv. 66, 79-83.

m. bulia, daviTgarejis udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiis moxatuloba, disertacia, Tbilisi, 1992, gv. 126-128.

118

32

yvelaze ukeT arqiteqturuli garemo SemorCenilia xarebasa da bzobaSi (sur. 78, 97). am or scenaSi mTavari moqmedi pirebi jerac figurebia, nagebobebis gamosaxva ki sakmaod Tav­ iseburia. orive kompoziciaSi figurebi gamosaxulia marTkuTxa mTliani sibrtyis fonze (bzobaSi masze karibWe aris aRniSnuli, xarebaSi ki TiTqmis erTiani daunawevrebeli sibrt­ yea), romelzec zemodan sxvadasxva formis da feris pawawkintela Senobebi aris daxvavebu­ li. amgvari gadawyveta gvian Sua saukuneebSi WedurobaSi aris xolme (magaliTad, bzobaSi XVI saukunis Semoqmedis macxovris xatze, 1619 wlis malaqia gurielis caiSis xatis bzoba­ Si da sxva119), kedlis mxatvrobaSi ki aqamde sxva paraleli ar aris. amgvar gadawyvetas min­ iaturis xelovnebis gavlenasac ukavSireben120. marTlac, xarebis angelozis klasikurad agebul da sakmaod dinamikur da Zlier figurasTan SedarebiT ufro mkafiod aRiqmeba saTa­ maSoebis msgavsi, TiTqos muyaosgan gamoWril nagebobaTa sifrifanoba, yuradRebas i pyrobs mariamis Tavs zemoT gamosaxuli nageboba. marTalia, kompoziciis es mxare gacilebiT ufro dazianebulia, mainc Cans, rom sakuTriv mariamis figura marTkuTxedis fonzea gamosaxuli, magram es marTkuTxedi faqtobrivad `aizrdeba~ eklesiis SenobaSi – jvargumbaTovani, fer­ adovnulad uaRresad STambeWdav SenobaSi, maRali gumbaTis yeliT da konusuri saxurav­ iT. igi rTuli agebulebisaa: sami mklavi Tavisi frontoniani firuzisebri gadaxurvebiT erT sibrtyeSia mocemuli, win ori, erTmaneTisken mimarTuli dabali orqanoba Senobaa, xo­ lo didi taZris marcxena mklavze, faqtobrivad gumbaTis yelis momijnaved, aris msubuqi, moxdenil svetebiani fanCaturi, marjvena svetze Semoxveuli gadaweuli kretsabmeliT da gumbaTis msgavsi gadaxurviT. Tavisi formebiT es qristianuli taZaria, meore mxriv ieru­ salimis taZarzecaa miniSneba – sakurTxeveli fanCaturis qveS da gadaweuli kretsabmeli. simboluri datvirTvac didia (mariami – miwieri eklesia, axali taZari, axali ierusalimi, dautevnelis damtevnebeli) da wminda mxatvruli STambeWdaoba da gamomsaxvelobac.

Zveli tradiciebis erTgulebis amave tendencias vxedavT axtalis RmrTismSoblis taZris moxatulobaSi, rogorc samxreT mklavSi SemorCenil Tamaris droindel ferweraSi (magali­ Tad, Tomas darwmuneba), aseve XIII saukunis meore naxevris mxatvrobaSi (magaliTad, pilates samsjavro). sakmaod gavrcobili arqiteqturuli nagebobebi sruliad sibrtyovania, Tumc mravali detaliT gamSvenebuli121. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom XIII saukunis bizantiur mxatv­ robaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi mis serbul nimuSebSi (magaliTad, sopoCanas freskebSi), arqite­ qturuli anturaJi ukve sruliad paleologosuria da sul sxva sametyvelo ena aqvs122. vidre paleologosTa xanis kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebs gadavxedavT daxatuli arqiteq­ turis xasiaTis TvalsazrisiT, gadavavloT Tvali arqiteqturis gamosaxvis nimuSebs XI-XIII saukuneTa qarTul xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi. am mxriv kidev ufro mravalferovani suraTi iSleba da sakmaod gansxvavebuli midgomebic Cans. cxadia, roca xelnawerTa dasuraTebaze 119

g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, il. 61, 80.

120

m. bulia, a. volskaia, d. TumaniSvili, daviTgarejis monastrebi. lavra. udabno, gv. 17.

m. bulia, m. janjalia, axtalis moxatuloba – kulturuli identobis sakiTxebi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 20, 2017, gv. 185-211.

121

В. Джурич, Византийские Фрески. Средневековая Сербия, Дальмация, славянская Македония, Москва, 2000, gv.

108-180; T. Velmans, Le Role du décor architectural, gv. 186-200; Дж. Иосебидзе, Роспись Ачи, gv. 79-84; O. Demus, Die Entstehung des Paläologrnstols in der Malerei, Berichte zur XI internationalen Byzantinistenkongress, München, 1958, gv. 5657, 62, 125.

122

33

vsaubrobT, gasaTvaliswinebelia maTi Seqmnis adgili, damkveTi, is nimuSebi, romlebiTac konkretuli xelnaweris momxatvelebi – `kamaraTa mwerlebi~ sargeblobdnen. Tu xelnaw­ eris warmomavlobis garkveva arc ise rTulia mravalricxovani kolofonebis daxmarebiT, gamoyenebuli nimuSebis identificireba arc Tu iolia da zogjer SeuZlebelic. adiSis oTxTavis Semdeg qarTuli xelnawerebis dasuraTebaSi arqiteqtura ZiriTadad TaRebis saxiT aris warmodgenili evsebiusis kanonebis gaformebaSi (adiSis oTxTavi – 897 w., jruWis pirveli oTxTavi, 940 w., wyarosTavis saxareba da sxva), maxarebelTa `portretebi~ (si­ nas oTxTavi, jruWis pirveli oTxTavi (H-1660), da ufro iSviaTad siuJetur kompozciebSic, magaliTad, jruWis pirveli oTxTavis miniaturebSi, sadac gankurnebebis scenebi TaRSi aris Caxatuli123 (f. 93 – sur. 12). mxolod XI saukunis dasawyisisTvis Cndeba iseTi siuJeturi scenebi, sadac fonis elemen­ tebic aqtiurdeba, maT Soris arqiteqturuli anturaJic. magaliTad, zaqaria valaSkerte­ lis svinaqsarSi (A-648), romelic savaraudod konstantinopolSi an aTonze aris gadawer­ il-moxatuli124. am xelnaweris dasuraTebaze ramdenime ostati muSaobda, Tumca sauflo dResaswaulTa scenebSi (magaliTad, welmokakuli qalis gankurneba (f. 69v), wyalmankianis gankurneba, f. 70r, ymawvili qriste taZarSi, f. 44v – sur. 13) brmis gankurneba, f. 46v, xareba, f. 33r da sxva) arqiteqturis gamosaxva erTnair princi ps efuZneba: arqiteqtura sakmaod aq­ tiuria, umetesad mTels fons avsebs, taZris msgavsi sxvadasxva formis didi Senobebi orna­ mentirebuli karnizebiT, mravalricxovani RiadebiT kompoziciaTa kideebSia ganTavsebuli da dakavSirebulia dabali kedliT. SenobaTa gadaxurvebis xazebi diagonaluria, magram mTlianobaSi gamosaxuleba sruliad sibrtyovania125. am xelnaweris dasuraTebis xasiaTze, maT Soris arqiteqturis gamosaxvis maneraze, etyoba garkveuli gavlena iqonia im faqtma, rom igi konstantinopolSi iqna Sesrulebuli. amave gavlenas vxedavT vanis saxarebis (A1335) XII-XIII saukuneTa mijnis dasuraTebaSi, romelic aseve konstantinopolur skolas ganekuTvneba.

XI saukunis sxva xelnawerebSi siuJeturi miniaturebis raodenoba mcirea, kvlav maxare­ belTa portretebSi (magaliTad, mestiis oTxTavSi, maxarebelTa portretebSi aris erTg­ vari miniSnebebi arqiteqturaze – fonze gamosaxuli msubuqi, gamWvirvale TaRedi) da evsebi­ usis kanonebSi isaxeba xuroTmoZRvreba, am mxriv Zalian sainteresoa mestiis oTxTavis (1030 weli) erT-erTi `kamara~ (f. 3r. – sur. 14), romlis zeda nawils – antablements faqtobrivad eklesiis Fforma aqvs, ufro sworad eklesiis gare saxe mklavebis da gumbaTis doneze, da interieris miniSneba Sekiduli kandelis saxiT. es aris kamarebis saxiTmetyvelebiTi arsis pirdapiri miTiTeba126. aseve unikaluria alaverdis oTxTavSi (A-484, XI s.) mandilionis istoriis dasuraTebaSi calke gverdze ganTavsebuli qalaq edesis gamosaxuleba (f. 321v – sur. 15), galavani kidura Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги, gv. 33-56, tab. 16-22; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 15-17, il. 7-12.

123

Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования грузинской рукописной книги XI-XIII веков, Тбилиси, 1973, gv. 12-74.

124

34

125

Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный Принцип gv. 61-63, 66-67.

126

Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузиской рукописной книги, tab. 40.

koSkebiT, centrSi didi karibWe jvris gamosaxulebiT timpanSi, odnav SeRebuli kariT da galavans `ukan~ taZari, konusuri gumbaTiT da TiTqos Signidan danaxuli kiboriumiT tra­ pezis Tavze – sakurTxevlis Sigxedi. oqros fonze Sesrulebuli es gamosaxuleba sruliad sibrtyovania127. amave xelnawerSi, swored mandilionis dasuraTebis ciklSi aris loginadmyofi sneu­ li avgarozis gamosaxuleba (f. 319v), romelic werils aZlevs Sikriks. es scena Caxatu­ lia kamaraSi, zustad iseTSi, rogoric evsebiusis kanonebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, mcenareuli ornamentebiT uxvad morTuli antablementiT, ori farSevangiT mis zemoT, or­ mag, SuaSi gadanaskvul mdidrul kapitelebian svetebze. avgarozis sakmaod maRali sarece­ li moqceulia wiTeli feris qsovilis erTgvari baldaxinis qveS. figurebi oqros fonzea, da TviT sarecelic oqrosia, axlavs warwera, `palati sameufeo avgaroz mefisai~128. aq faq­ tiurad interieri aris gamosaxuli, rac wiTeli `baldaxiniT~ da Sida sivrcis sagangebod oqroTi SevsebiT aris xazgasmuli. amgvari gamosaxuleba – qalaq edesis karibWe da avgaro­ zis palatni – sakmaod iSviaTia nimuSia129.

XII saukunis xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi ukve naTlad vlindeba drois niSnebi – Txrobi­ Tobis gaZliereba, kompoziciaTa dinamika, anturaJis (maT Soris arqiteqturuli fonebis) gaaqtiureba. Tumca sxvadasxva skri ptoriumSi Seqmnil-moxatuli da sxvadasxva ostatis Sesrulebul xelnawerebSi midgomebis sakmaod did mravalferovnebas vxedavT. XII saukunis pirveli naxevaris zatikis xelnaweris (A-734) mxolod dasuraTeba aris Semonaxuli, teqstis gareSe, anu ucnobia, sad da vis mier da visi dakveTiT iqna Sesrule­ buli. mxatvruli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT mas gelaTis samonastro centrTan akavSire­ ben130. miniaturebs mTeli gverdi ukaviaT da amiT garkveul monumenturobas iZenen. am STabe­ Wdilebas aZlierebs kompoziciebis gawonasworebuli, dinji struqtura, lakonuroba, ferTa simsubuqe da gamWvirvaloba, xazTa moqnili daxvewiloba da kaligrafiuloba amave maneriTaa gamosaxuli nagebobebi, romlebsac umetesad kompoziciebis kideebi ukaviaT da miuxedavad saxuravebis diagonalurad daxrili xazebisa, sruliad sibrtyovanad arian warmodgenilni131. arqiteqturis amgvari gamosaxva (magaliTad, brmis gankurneba, f. 1v; To­ mas darwmuneba, (f. 5r; – sur. 16) yovelgvari zedmeti ornamentaciisa da detalebis gareSe, lakonuroba da geometriuli mkafiooba wina saukunis kedlis mxatvrobis tradiciebTan avlens siaxloves. imave XII saukunis, Tumca sruliad sxva xasiaTisaa is midgoma arqiteqturis gamosaxvisad­ n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis (A-484) mxatvruli gaformebis Taviseburebani, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 9, 2006, gv. 100.

127

Z. Skhirtladze, Canonizing the Apocrypha: The Abgar Cycle in the Alaverdi and Gelati Gospels, in: The Holy Face and Paradox of Representation, ed. by H. L. Kessler and G. Wolf, Bologna, 1998, gv. 80.

128

129

saerTod mandilionis ambis dasuraTeba sakmaod originalur gadawyvetebs iZleva arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv. magaliTad, ioane skilicas qronikebis XII saukunis xelnaweris miniaturaze, romelic asaxavs mandilionis vlaqernis taZarSi gadatanas, vlaqernis taZris arqiteqturis sakmaod saintereso gadawyvetaa, aseve sakmaod aqtiurad aris asaxuli arqiteqtura genuis wminda saxis Wedur CarCoze (А. Лидов, Иконы. Мир святых образов в Византии и на Руси, Москва, 2013, gv. 39-93).

130

Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 115.

131

iqve, gv. 94-95.

35

mi, rasac vxedavT gelaTis oTxTavisa (Q-908, XII saukunis Sua xana) da jruWis meore oTx­ Tavis dasuraTebaSi (H-1667, XII saukunis bolo meoTxedi), romlebic Tavis mxriv erTmaneT­ isgan sruliad gansxvavebul mxatvrul princi pebs avlenen. gelaTis oTxTavis132 dasuraTebaSi wamyvani aris neitraluri oqros foni, romelzec sak­ maod izolirebulad aris warmodgenili fonis elementebi, am SemTxvevaSi nagebobebi – vi­ wro da maRali koSkis saxiT, saxuravebis nairgvarobiT, xSirad zedxedSi, an erTi mTliani xaziT mofargluli sami xedi erTdroulad (frontoni da gverdiTi gadaxurvebi). cxadia, sxvadasxva Sinaarsis miniaturebSi arqiteqtura sxvadasxva saxisaa, magram lakonizmi mainc amosavali midgomaa. magaliTad, datireba (f. 85v) martivi ovaluri mRvimea, aseTive moy­ vanilobis borcvSi. ierusalimis taZari qristes cdunebaSi (f. 22r) ufro diferencirebu­ lia – pirvel sarTulze TaRedi, CaCrdilvebiT, meore sarTulze – bani, magram esec Zalian `mokled~ aris aRwerili. saerTod gelaTis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi anturaJi Zalian `Sekvecilia~ da sakmaod erT­ gvarovan motivebs moicavs. maT erTgvarad `stokatoebis~ JReradoba aqvT. es exeba arqite­ qturasac. umetesad es aris viwro nagebobebi, orqanobiani saxuravebiT, frontonebiT, zog­ jer didi TaRovani RiadebiT. xSiria qongurebiani viwro Senobis gamosaxva, romlis zeda nawili zedxedSia danaxuli (koSkebi), Tumca es ar qmnis siRrmis SegrZnebas. Tanac es ga­ mosaxulebebi sakmaod daudevrad aris Sesrulebuli, `funjis erTi mosmiT~. cxadia, isini ar gamodgeba saerTi midgomis dasaxasiaTeblad, realurad arsebuli nagebobebis gamosax­ vis princi pebis dasadgenad. aq arqiteqturas niSnis mniSvneloba aqvs da kompoziciebSi raime gansakuTrebuli roli ar miekuTvneba (magaliTad, mogvebi herodesTan (f. 18r), iesos gamocx­ adeba mociqulTa winaSe (f. 275v), ieso herodes winaSe (f. 214r), petres sidedris gankurneba (f. 158v), petres uaryofa (f. 81v; sur. 17), saidumlo seroba (f. 131r), herodes nadimi (f. 108r), qriste marTasa da mariamTan (f. 181v) da sxva). jruWis meore oTxTavis dasuraTeba ki bevrad ufro mravalferovan gadawyvetas gvTava­ zobs133. aq zogierT miniaturaSi nagebobebi isea daxvavebuli, rom mTels kompozicias avsebs da zogjer figurebic ki TiTqos ikargeba maT fonze. cnobilia, rom am xelnaweris dasuraTebaze ramdenime ostati muSaobda134. misi Tanadrou­ li gelaTis oTxTavis dasuraTeba bevrad ufro TavSekavebulia am mxriv, meti sidinje da sivrcea, meti klasikuroba. jruWis meore oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi nagebobaTa roli da raodenoba gacilebiT didia, aseve motivTa mravalferovneba da kompoziciaTa struqturaSi maTi adgili. nagebobebis gamosaxulebani iseve rogorc figurebi, xSirad kveTen CarCos; asruleben rogorc kompo­ Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 99-100. S. amiranaSvili, gelaTis oTxTavis Sesrulebis adgilad miiCnevs ivironis monasters: Ш. Амиранашвили, История Грузинского Искусства, gv. 233-234. ix. aseve: n. qavTaria, gelaTis oTxTavi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 11, 2007, gv. 59-77; n. qavTaria, gelaTis oTxTavi XII saukunis qarTuli wignis mxatvrobis Zegli, Zveli xelovneba dRes, 8, 2017, gv. 74-85; e. maWavariani, sami qarTuli oTxTavis dasuraTebis princi pebi (XII-XIV ss), sabWoTa xelovneba, #12, 1985, gv. 85-98.

132

Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинского искусства, 1963, gv. 234-235; Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 100-101; e. maWavariani, sami qarTuli oTxTavis dasuraTebis princi pebi, gv. 85-98.

133

134

36

e. maWavariani, sami qarTuli oTxTavis dasuraTebis princi pebi, gv. 85-98.

ziciuri, aseve Sinaarsobrivi gamyofis rols. magaliTad, qristes winaparTa rigebis ga­ mosaxulebaSi (f. 9v) sami nagebobaa, samive sxvadasxva princi pze agebuli. marcxniv fron­ toniani TaRiT Seqmnili portalia, romlis `ukan~ wakveTili trapeciuli formis saxuravi Cans, SuaSi svetebze dayrdnobili Tevzis figurebiT Semkuli antablementiani portikia, marjvniv ki ufro rTuli agebulebis Senoba: frontoniani portiki, masze dadgmuli nax­ evarsferuli gumbaTiT, gverdiTi kedeli ki siRrmeSi diagonaluri xazebiT miemarTeba – perspeqtiva. miniaturaze (f. 62r), romelic asaxavs qristes sityvebs zaqarias mkvlelobis gamo (sur.

18), centrSi mTel simaRleze gamosaxulia taZari: es aris oriarusiani nageboba ganier yelze dadgmuli naxevarsferuli gumbaTiT. Zalian sainteresoa, rom qveda ori sxvadasx­ va feris iarusi, aseve gansxvavebuli sivrciTi agebiT aris gamosaxuli: gumbaTis yeli TviTY ZiriTadi korpusis siganea. meore iarusis kedlebi (moyviTalo oqris) TiTqos erT­ gvar perspeqtivaSia gamosaxuli – dawaxnagebulia, Sua waxnagi ki TiTqos siRrmeSi midis, Tanac Cans misi gadaxurva, Tumca zeda konturi sworia, gumbaTis yelis qveda xazis Sesabami­ si, rac TavisTavad ewinaaRmdegeba gumbaTis yelis simrgvalisa Tu ara, waxnagovnebis miniS­ nebas mis zeda, datalRul abrisze. samagierod, am meore iarusis qveda abrisi sworedac rom waxnagovnebas da gverdiTi waxnagebis `siRrmeSi~ ganviTarebas mianiSnebs, rasac TavisTa­ vad ewinaaRmdegeba am Sua nawilis SeRunuloba. magram es Seusabamobebi arc Tu dramatulia da ufro mowodebulia Seiqmnas didi, mravalnawiliani taZris rTuli struqturis STabe­ Wdileba da ara konkretuli siRrmis gancda. jruWis meore oTxTavis momxatveli ostatebis xelwera sakmaod gansxvavebulia – zog min­ iaturaze mTeli foni Sevsebulia arqiteqturiT (kapernaumis dacemis winaswarmetyveleba, f. 157r – sur. 19), Tomas darwmuneba, (f. 252v) da sxva), zogan ki nagebobebi sakmaod lakonurad da TavSekavebulad aris gamosaxuli da oqros fons didi adgili eTmoba (magaliTad, be­ TlemSi mogzauroba, f. 129v). am xelnaweris dasuraTebaSic naTlad Cans saxiTmetyvelebiTi midgoma daxatuli ar­ qiteqturis mimarT – magaliTad, qriste da mociqulebi gzad emausSi (f. 196v). kompoziciis marjvena nawilSi sakmaod didi zomis nagebobaa, farTo frontoniani karibWiT, magram es qalaqis ki ara, aramed taZris gamosaxulebaa – maRal yelze dadgmuli wiTeli feris gum­ baTiT – qristes mociqulebi mihyavs taZrisken, aRdgomis taZrisken. aseve aris gadawyvetili kompozicia romaeli jariskacebi qristes saflavTan (f. 77r, 77v – sur 101), sadac mRvimis na­ cvlad, rogoric xatia amave xelnaweris miniaturaze mociqulebi da menelsacxeble dedani qristes saflavTan (f. 195v), gamosaxulia didi, rTuli aRnagobis nageboba farTo maRali frontoniani karibWiT, oTxkuTxa da mrgvali koSkebiT, romlebic sxvadasxva xedvis kuTxiT arian gamosaxulni. gelaTis da jruWis meore oTxTavebis Sedarebisas ueWvelia sxvadasxva mxatvruli cen­ tri, an sxvadasxva tradiciis nimuSebis gamoyeneba. am ori xelnawerisgan gansxvavdeba da garkveulad zatikis dasuraTebis princi pebs mihy­ veba XIII saukunis damdegis grigol nazianzelis homiliaTa dasuraTeba (A-109)135, savarau­

135

Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 117-148.

37

dod, garejis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis monasterSi Seqmnili136, iseTive naTeli da klasikuri agebiT, Tumca sul sxva xasiaTisa rogorc figurebis, aseve nagebobebis gamosaxvis Tval­ sazrisiT. simsubuqe aq ukve sruliad uwonad, viwro, dagrZelebul formebSi aris gamovle­ nili, ritmis gamokveTili gamomsaxvelobiT. moxdenili arqiteqturuli nagebobebi kompo­ ziciaTa kideebSi arian simetriulad gamosaxulni da centrisken warmarTaven kompozicias. miuxedavad daxvewili formebisa, isini sruliad sibrtyovania137 da dematerializirebuli, samagierod xels uwyoben zeimurobis da monumenturobis gancdis Seqmnas, rac kompozici­ uri agebiT da figuraTa xasiaTiT aris ganpirobebuli (magaliTad, f. 228r) qarTuli xelnaweris wignis dasuraTebaSi arqiteqturuli anturaJis gamosaxva bevr as­ peqtSi emsgavseba bizantiuri wris xelnawerTa dasuraTebas, Tumca mainc gansxvavebulia. bizantiuri wignis dasuraTebas xangZlivi istoria aqvs da, cxadia, siuJetur kompo­ ziciebsac mravlad Seicavda da, Sesabamisad, arqiteqturis gamosaxvis nimuSebsac. Cvens dromde SemorCenil uadres, V-VI ss-ebis xelnawerebSi (rosanos kodeqsi, rabulas saxareba, venis genezisi) ukve Camoyalibebulia pirobiTobis is xarisxi, romelic miRebuli xdeba ar­ qiteqturuli anturaJis gamosaxvisas. am adreul xelnawerebSi aRmosavluri, siriul-pal­ estinuli xelovnebis gavlena sakmaod sagrZnobia, magram IX-X saukuneebSi (makedonuri re­ nesansi) klasikuri xelovnebis idealebi Warbobs, maT Soris arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mi­ marTac – (magaliTad, isu navelis gragnili, parizis fsalmunni da sxva). iseTi rTuli da gavrcobili gamosaxulebebi, rogoric gvxvdeba, magaliTad, grigol na­ zianzelis homiliaTa IX saukunis dasuraTebaSi winaswarmetyvel ionas istoriis amsaxvel miniaturaze (qalaq nineviis xedi)138, anda msxvil-msxvili nagebobebi X saukunis dedofal qristines bibliis dasuraTebaSi, am drois qarTul mxatvrobaSi da arc Semdgom xanebSi ar aris. miuxedavad garkveuli pirobiTobisa, berZnuli xelnawerebis xuroTmoZRvruli an­ turaJi sakmaod miiltvis realuri sivrciTi konstruqciebisken. asevea X saukunis basili II-is menologiumis miniaturebSi. aq TiTqmis uklebliv yvela­ gan arqiteqturaa gamosaxuli, zogan sakmaod didi adgilic ki ukavia. magaliTad, minia­ tura RmrTis­mSoblis gamocxadeba romanoz melodosisadmi, sadac sakmaod didi bazili­ kuri taZaria gamosaxuli (albaT odigonis monasteri), anda imave xelnawerSi miqael mTava­ rangelozis saswauli xonaSi, sadac aseve sagangebod gamoyofilia taZari, amjerad, wri­ uli, gumbaTiani. rac mTavaria, kompoziciebi planebad igeba da mravlad aris elinisturi xelovnebidan aRebuli motivebi139.

CvenTan, msgavsi Sinaarsis 1030 wlis zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsarSi (A-648), Tumca konstantinopolSi SesrulebulSi, wmindanTa figurebi neitralur fonzea gamosaxuli, xolo siuJetur kompoziciebSi arqiteqturuli anturaJi gavrcobilia, mTlianobaSi mainc sibrtyobrivad aris gadawyvetili, TiTqmis ar Cans elinisturi xelovnebis reminiscencie­ bi, sivrciTi planebi da sxva140.

38

136

Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 26.

137

Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 122-123.

138

В. Лазарев, История византийской живописи, Москва, 1986, tab. 95.

139

iqve, tab. 107-108.

140

Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 53-58.

aranakleb saintereso da niSandoblivia arqiteqturis gamosaxvisadmi midgomis Sedareba somxuri xelnawerebis nimuSebTan. cnobilia, rom somxur antiqalkedonitur xelovnebaSi naklebad ganviTarda monumenturi kedlis mxatvroba da xatwera, aseve Weduroba, samagier­ od didad viTardeboda da yvaoda wignis dasuraTeba da qvis qandakeba (fasadebis reliefe­ bi, xaCqarebi). wignis dasuraTeba marTlac rom saintereso masalas gvTavazobs Cveni qveynebis saxviT xelovnebaSi arqiteqturis asaxvisa da reprezentaciis TvalsazrisiT. cxadia, mravlad aris saerTo zogadqristianuli Temebi, siuJetebi, da arqiteqturuli fonebic bevr scenaSi aris gamosaxuli. adreul etapze, eCmiaZinis saxarebis savaraudod VI saukunis ilustraciebSi, romlebic mTel gverds avsebs, arqiteqtura sakmaod wardgeniTi xasiaTisaa. gamosaxulia msxvili, di­ di zomis taZari, romelsac kompoziciis mniSvnelovani nawili uWiravs (magaliTad, xareba an zaqarias xareba)141. dedofal mlkes saxarebis IX saukunis dasuraTebas adareben rabulas saxarebas, Tumca am ukanasknelis cxovelxatuli, ferweruli, dinamikur monasmebze agebuli manera sakmaod gansxvavebulia. amave periodis qarTul xelnawerSi adiSis oTxTavSi gacilebiT ufro me­ tia klasikuri nimuSebis gamoZaxili (magaliTad, maxarebelTa wyvilad portretSi), Tum­ ca kamarebi aq ufro martivi da grafikulia. somxur, gansakuTrebiT vaspurakanis skolis miniaturebSi, arqiteqtura umetesad kidev ufro sibrtyovania, vidre qarTul nimuSebSi. sxvaa kilikiuri skola, ufro miaxloebuli klasikuri periodis bizantiur nimuSebs, Tumca aqac sibrtyovanebisken midrekileba Zlieria, aseve formaTa pirobiToba, arqite­ qturuli fonebi sakmaod gavrcobili da mravalnawiliania, magaliTad, XI saukunis mugnis saxarebaSi mirqma sakmaod gavrcobili da mravalnawiliani arqiteqturis fonzea mocemu­ li, xolo 1294 wlis berkris saxarebis mirqmaSi ariqiteqtura TiTqmis arc Cans da mxolod ramdenime xaziTaa miniSnebuli142. aris mTeli rigi miniaturebisa, sadac arqiteqturas sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs (magaliTad, mirqmaSi XI saukunis saxarebidan, anda maxarebelTa portretebSi 1055 wlis saxarebaSi, anda toros roslinis miniaturebi 1266 wlis saxarebidan, xareba 1323 wlis saxarebidan da sxva143). ucnauri da STambeWdavia ierusalimis gamosaxuleba bzobis scenaSi horomosis monas­ tris 1211 wlis saxarebidan – qalaqi TiTqos mravalnawiliani koSkia, samreklos msgavsi, xeebSi Cafluli. sul sxva gadawyvetaa, magaliTad, berkris 1294 wlis saxarebis bzobaSi, sadac qalaqi ierusalimi warmodgenilia kiboriumiT dagvirgvinebuli TaRis saxiT, romel­ Sic gadaweuli wiTeli kretsabmeli aris Sekiduli144. aseve brtyelia arqiteqtura saidum­ lo serobaSi berkris 1306 wlis saxarebidan, faqtobrivad, es aris lampionSekidebuli da sruliad horizontaluri sami TaRi da brtyeli magida. aseT gamosaxulebebs gacilebiT meti saerTo aqvs katalonuri xelnawerebis dasuraTebasTan145.

141

Л. Дурново, Очерки изобразительного искусства средневековой Армении, Москва, 1979, il. 92, 93.

142

P. Donabédian, J. -M. Thierry, Les arts arméniens, Paris, 1987, il. 304, 436.

143

iqve, il. 131, 137, 141, 302-304.

144

Г. Акопян, Армянская миниатюра, Ереван, 1978, il. 7.

145

iqve, il. 16.

39

XI saukunis dasawyisis mugnis oTxTavSi maxarebeli maTe sakmaod vrceli, mTeli ukana planis Semavsebeli arqiteqturis fonzea gamosaxuli, iseve rogorc bzobis scena146, Tumca nagebobebi Zalian dawvrilmanebulia. saerTod, somxuri wignis dasuraTebis nimuSebs axas­ iaTebT erTgvari arakonstruqciuloba, formebis da motivebis didi simravle da dawvril­ maneba. es niSnebi naTlad aisaxa 1232 wlis TargmanCancis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi, sadac arqiteqturas sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba (magaliTad, xareba, saidumlo seroba, miZineba), magram mainc ufro anturaJis saxe da mniSvneloba aqvs147. rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli wignis dasuraTebis nimuSebi sakmaod gansxvavdeba somxur xelnawerTa dasuraTebisgan, Tundac kilikiuri skolis nawarmoebebisgan, yvela aspeqtSi (naxatis, modelirebis, feradovnebis) da maT Soris arqiteqturuli anturaJis gamosaxvis maneris mxrivac148. am mxriv qarTuli xelnawerebis dasuraTebaSi arqiteqturis gamosaxva TiTqos met saerTos poulobs sakuTriv bizantiur nimuSebTan. Tumca, mxatvruli gemovneb­ is mxriv gacilebiT TavSekavebuli, gawonasworebuli da naklebad `iluzionisturia~. sain­ teresoa, rom saziaro maxasiaTebeli – Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis sibrtyovaneba da piro­ biToba, sruliad gansxvavebul elfers, xasiaTs da gamomsaxvelobas iZens am gansxvavebul mxatvrul wreebSi. Tu kedlis mxatvrobaSi da wignis dasuraTebaSi esoden mdidar masalas vpoulobT ar­ qiteqturis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT, X-XIII saukunis ferwerul xatebze TiTqmis ar aris nagebobebis gamosaxulebani. es periodi ki sworedac xatweris ayvavebis xanaa, mravalricx­ ovani SedevrebiT warmodgenili, Tumca Zalian `TavSekavebuli~ xuroTmoZRvrebis asaxvis mxriv. cxadia, es ganpirobebulia Cvens dromde SemorCenili xatebis TematikiT, romelSic, samwuxarod, siuJeturi kompoziciebi Zalian cotaa. magaliTad, mcire zomis sada nageboba Cans XII saukunis gardamoxsnis xatis marjvena kideSi, yovelgvari sagangebo mniSvnelobis an gamomsaxvelobis gareSe. ufro sainteresoa, Tumca aseve ara mravlismTqmeli XII sauku­ nis lazares aRdginebis xatze gamosaxuli nageboba (sur. 20) kompoziciis marjvena mxares, lazares figuris `ukan~, maRali muqi Senoba TaRovani karibWiT, romlis Tavze sxvadasxva formis mcire zomis Senobebia – frontoniani, orqanobiani, gumbaTiani. erTi SexedviT ise aRiqmeba, TiTqos es aris lazares akldama, meore mxriv ki, miuxedavad dazianebisa, Cans, rom karibWidan xalxi gamodis. es, savaraudod, beTania unda iyos. arqiteqtura Zalze pirobiTi da brtyelia, marTlac rom kompozicias `kulisebis~ roli eniWeba149. am mxriv sainteresoa XII saukuneSi sinaze moRvawe qarTveli xatmweris ioane Toxabis xati, RmrTismSoblis saswaulmoqmedi xatebis da macxovris saswaulebisa da vnebebis scenebiT150.

146

Л. Дурново, Очерки изобразительного искусства средневековой Армении, il. 103, 107.

147

iqve, il. 153, 157, 159.

Г. Алибегашвили, Византия, Христианский Восток и формирование художественных традиций в миниатюрной живописи Грузии и Армении, II Международный симпозиум по армянскому искусству, Ереван, 1978.

148

n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwera, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 16, 100, il. 12; n. burWulaZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 264, il. 265.

149

G. Galavaris, An Eleventh Century Hexaptych of the Saint Catherine’s Monastery at Mount Sinai, Venice-Athens, 2009, gv. 25-43, il. 1, 2; z. sxirtlaZe, ioane Toxabi – sinaze moRvawe qarTveli mxatvari, literatura da xelovneba, #3, 1998, gv. 61-72.

150

40

nagebobebi TiTqmis yovel scenaSia, Tumca sakmaod mokrZalebulad, kompoziciis kideebSi ganlagebulni, formebisa da ti pebis standartuli repertuariT, marTlac rom fonis el­ ementebis datvirTva aqvT da naklebad saxiTmetyvelebiTi gamomsaxveloba. bevri Tvalsaz­ risiT maT SesrulebaSi miniaturuli xelovnebis gavlena SeiniSneba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemos, romelSic muSaobda ioane Toxabi, gasakviri ar unda iyos sakuTriv bizantiuri mxatvrobis gavlena arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv. am periodis bizantiur xatebze nage­ bobebi sakmaod did adgils ikavebs, Tundac imave sinas monastris cnobil epistilionebze. qarTul xatweraSi xuroTmoZRvrebis asaxva ufro paleologosTa periodis da gansakuTre­ biT gviani xanis nawarmoebebze Cndeba.

WedurobaSi arqiteqturis gamosaxvas odnav naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba, vidre kedlis mxatvrobasa da xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi. Wedur nawarmoebebSi calkeuli wmindanis ga­ mosaxuleba umetesad neitralur an ornamentirebul fonze keTdeba. sawinamZRvro jvreb­ ze arqiteqturuli fonebi iSviaTad Tu gamoisaxeba, arc samwerlobebze. siuJetur kompo­ ziciebs umetesad vxedavT karedebis frTebze, e. w. `cxorebian~ biografiul xatebze, CarCoze gamosaxuli wmindanis cxovrebis scenebiT, calkeul firfitebze, romlebic trapezis an sxva liturgikuli nivTis Sesamkobad iyo gamiznuli, rogoricaa, magaliTad, saRolaSenis lorfinebi, gansakuTrebiT kiGgviani drois jvar-xatebze, rodesac saxviT xelovnebaSi mat­ ulobs TxrobiTobis xarisxi151. am dargis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad X saukunisa da XI saukunis pirveli naxevris nawar­ moebebSi nagebobebs da saerTod anturaJs sakmaod aqtiuri roli eniWeba, xolo XI saukunis meore naxevarsa da XII saukuneSi maTi TiTqmis sruli ignorireba xdeba152. gvian Sua sauku­ neebSi ki arqiteqturis `monawileoba~ kompoziciebSi sagrZnoblad matulobs, rac dakav­ Sirebulia siuJeturi scenebis raodenobis momravlebasTan da, Sesabamisad, TiTqmis mTeli foni ivseba mravalgvari arqiteqturuli formebiT153. motivebis TvalsazrisiT, arqiteqturuli formebi emsgavseba monumentur mxatvrobaSi arsebuls, Tumca zogjer sakmaod Tavisebur sqemebsac iyeneben. magaliTad, kompoziciis ze­ da nawilSi (zeca) horizontalur xazze dadgmuli sami an ori nageboba, magaliTad, malaqia gurielis 1619 wlis xatze bzobaSi, anda afrasaviT gaberili amobrunebuli kesonebiani ka­ mara anCisxatis karedis garemoWedilobaze (XVII s.) da sxva. sxvaTa Soris, es motivebi sak­ maod gansxvavebulia miniaturuli mxatvrobisgan, sadac nagebobebis fantastikuri forme­ bi sagrZnoblad sxvaobs. cxadia, midgomebis da arqiteqturuli formebis TvalsazrisiT gansxvaveba ganviTarebis etapebs Sorisac arsebobs. xelobis specifikis gamo WedurobaSi gamosaxulebebis detalizeba ufro Zneldeba, vidre magaliTad, wignis dasuraTebaSi, Tumca SedarebiT qvis reliefebTan, gacilebiT uf­ ro `TxrobiTia~, rac, Tavis mxriv, qvaze kveTis specifikiT aris ganpirobebuli. arqiteqturis gamosaxulebani ZiriTadad aris Semdeg nawarmoebebSi: saRolaSenis fir­ 151

T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, w. 1, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 86.

152

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 444-449, 605-648.

153

T. sayvareliZe, meTormete saukunis qarTuli Weduri xelovnebis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1980; T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, Tbilisi, 1987; T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi xati, sabWoTa xelovneba, #5, 1976, gv. 77-91.

41

fitebi (X s.), Semoqmedis firfitebi (X s.), zarzmis (laklakiZis) xatis CarCo (XI s.), anCisx­ atis frTebis Sida da gare moWedilobani (XV da XVII ss.), sadgeris sakurTxevlis winamde­ bare jvari (ostati mamne, XVI s.), martvilis RmrTismSoblis xati (1644 weli ieses Ziris ga­ mosaxulebiT), aTormeti dResaswaulis 1669 wlis xati, awyuris xatis frTebis moWediloba da sxva.

Wedur xatebze arsebuli sakmaod mcire raodenobis qtitorul gamosaxulebebSi ekle­ siebis modelebi, bunebrivia, ar aris. unda aRiniSnos, rom kedlis mxatvrobisgan gansxvavebiT, Wedur xatebze bzobis kompo­ ziciebSi qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxuleba sakmaod `miCqmalulia~ – umetesad marTkuTxa kedelSi gaWrili TaRovani an marTkuTxave Sesasvleli (karibWe) da zed dadgmuli ramden­ ime mcire zomis nageboba (magaliTad, XVII saukunis martvilis xatze ieses Ziris gamosax­ ulebiT). SedarebiT gavrcobili saxe aqvs qalaqs laklakiZis xatis CarCos kompoziciaSi (sur. 21). aseve XVI s-is sadgeris jvarze, sadac qongurebian galavans ukan (zemoT) gamosax­ ulia Senoba, romelic oqtagonze dadgmul viwro maRal rotondas waagavs (uTuod uflis saflavis nageboba), garSemortymuli sxvadasxva formis nagebobebiT. arqiteqturis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT saintereso nimuSia xarebis kompozicia saRo­ laSenis firfitaze (X s. – sur. 22)154. aq faqtobrivad interieri aris gamosaxuli – or svet­ ze gadebuli viwro arqitravi (Weri), romelzec rgolebiT ornawiliani kretsabmelia da­ kidebuli, romlis marcxena nawili eqceva zustad kompoziciur centrSi da zemodan nax­ evarsferuli, niJarisebri-Rarebiani `gumbaTi~ adgas. fardis es nawili Zirs gamonaskulia da sakmaod simetriuli samkuTxa moxazuloba aqvs. savaraudod, igi ganasaxierebs sakurTx­ evlis win dakidebul kretsabmels, romelic gaixsneba qristes gankacebiT. fardis meore nawili kompoziciis marjvena kideSi ufro viwroa da svetze aris Semoxveu­ li. angelozis mxares fardebi ar aris. amgvarad, mariami erTgvarad fardebs Soris dgas, oTaxSi, uzurgo skamis win, xelSi TiTistariT, romlidanac daSvebuli Zoweuli Zafi diag­ onalurad eSveba larnakSi, romelic zustad centrSi, fardis (da Sesabamisad, GgumbaTis qveS) dgas. am kompoziciis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa mcire zomis nageboba­ Ta gamosaxva `Weris~ aRmniSvnel xazs zemoT, niJarisebri gumbaTis orsav mxares, TiTqmis simetriulad, kompoziciis zeda areSi (zeciur registrSi). es aris ori, TiTqmis identuri frontonebiani, orqanobiani saxuraviT gadaxuruli Senoba, romlebic centralur gumbaT­ Tan erTad erTgvarad zeciuri ierusalimis gansaxierebad SeiZleba miviCnioT, aseve Zveli da axali aRTqmis eklesiebad. maTi mniSvnelobis sagangebo xazgasma kidev erTi xerxiT xde­ ba – isini ufro maRali reliefiT arian amoyvanili, vidre TviT figurebi155. rogorc aRiniSna, am kompoziciis zogadi sqema emsgavseba oTxTa eklesiis sakurTxevlis moxatulobis qveda registrSi gamosaxul xarebis kompoziciis struqturas. sagulisxmoa isic, rom orive nawarmoebi X saukuniT TariRdeba. gacilebiT ufro lakonurad da mini­ Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 92-97; n. burWulaZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 254-255; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, il. 6.

154

155

42

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 94.

malisturad aris warmodgenili arqiteqtura meore lorfinze mirqmis gamosaxulebiT – mxolod salxinebeli svetebis gareSe, TiTqos zeciuri ierusalimis gansaxierebaa da ara taZris sakurTxevlisa156.

Semoqmedis amave periodis firfitaze, romelzec sami scenaa gaerTianebuli (garda­ moxsna, datireba da menelsacxeble dedani qristes saflavTan) angelozi zis kvadratul lodze, qristes saflavis `win~, romelic warmodgenilia, rogorc orqanoba saxuraviani nageboba, frontoniT, qvebis wyobis da kramitebis naxatis aRniSvniT. xolo TviT marTku­ Txedi formis saflavi zedxedSia gamosaxuli, Sig datovebuli sudariT da TavsaxveviT. aq kvlav vxedavT sxvadasxva xedvis wertilebis gabedul Serwymas157. mestiis sakurTxevlis winamdebare jvris moWedilobaze wm. giorgis scenebSi figure­ bi maqsimaluri SesaZlebeli plastikuri formebiT aris gamosaxuli, Tumca, arqiteqtura faqtobrivad ar aris, mxolod diokletianes maRalzurgiani skami, romlis zeda nawili ar­ qiteqturuli TaRebiT aris dagvirgvinebuli, da sami TaRi lodiT wamebis scenaSi158. arqiteqturuli motivebis da nagebobaTa formebis gamosaxvis xerxebiT ferwerul ni­ muSebTan axlos dgas laklakiZis xatis CarCoze warmodgenili aTormeti dResaswaulis scenebi159. amaTgan mocemuli TemisTvis sainteresoa, ZRvenis uaryofa, mariamis Soba, mari­ amis dawindva, xareba, mirqma gansakuTrebiT ki bzoba (sur. 21). mirqmaSi (sur. 3) kompoziciis zeda nawilSi ramdenime horizontalur zolze dadgmulia sami nageboba, samive sxvadasxva formis, samive jvrebiT dagvirgvinebuli, Sua maTgani gansa­ kuTrebiT aris gamoyofili – naxevarwriul formaze, romelic niJarisebri naxatiT aris Sevsebuli, dadgmulia konusuri gumbaTi, radialurad qveviT gaSlili xazebiT – sxivebiT, rac Zalian sazeimo ganwyobas qmnis da Seesabameba am scenis Teofaniur Sinaars – uflis gancxadebas. es motivi – kompoziciis zeda nawilSi horizontalur xazze sami Senobis ganlageba, cen­ traluris, umetesad gumbaTiani nagebobis sagangebo gamoyofiT, da ufro dabali orqanoba saxuraviani kidura SenobebiT Weduri xatebis bevr nimuSSi gvxvdeba (magaliTad, mirqmaSi, laklakiZis xatze, xareba saRolaSenis lorfinze; mirqma caiSis 1619 wlis aTormet dResas­ waulTa xatze, sulTmofenoba anCisxatis XVII saukunis gare moWedilobaze da sxva). es motivi meordeba agreTve XIII saukunis minanqrul firfitaze mirqmisa (sur. 23) da sulT­ mofenobis gamosaxulebiT160. konteqstidan gamomdinare misi ramdenime interpretaciaa Sesa­ 156

saRolaSenis lorfinze amaRlebaSi or angelozs zecis gaRebuli bWeni ukaviaT oTxnawiliani karebis saxiT. zecis gaxsnili karebis motivi gamoyenebulia, magaliTad, anCisxatis Sida moWedilobis amaRlebis scenaSi – angelozebs uWiravT ori marTkuTxa kari – bWeni samoTxisani (T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, gv. 17). es motivi Sorapnis xatebzea gamoyenebuli – naTlisRebis gamosaxulebiT, kedlis mxatvrobaSi ki ubisis moxatulobaSi (XIV saukune)NnaTlisRebis scenaSi, xobSi (XVII saukune) miZinebis scenaSi da sxva.

157

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 115-116.

158

iqve, gv. 470-476.

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 194-212; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, il. 17, 19, 23, 25, 26; n. burWulaZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 80-83.

159

160

Л. Хускивадзе, Грузинские эмали, Тбилиси, 1981, gv. 133-134, tab. XXXVIII-XL.

43

Zlebeli: Zveli da axali aRTqma; zeciuri ierusalimi, qristianuli taZari, rogorc saxli uflisa da sxva. mTel rig nawarmoebebSi aseTi saxiT gamoisaxeba qalaqi ierusalimi bzobaSi (magaliTad, caiSis xatze), an suliwmidis mofenaSi anCisxatis frTebis gare moWedilobaze.

XII saukunis Wedur nawarmoebebSi siuJeturi kompoziciebi TiTqmis ar aris da mTeli SemoqmedebiTi yuradReba dekoratiuli motivebis daxvewa-ganviTarebas eTmoba161. erTgvari gamonaklisia beqa opizariseuli anCisxatis CarCo, sadac vedrebaa gamosaxuli, da, cxa­ dia, am kompoziciaSi nagebobebi ar figurirebs162. iseve rogorc oTxTavebis Weduri ydebze jvarcmisa da vedrebis kompoziciebiT: wyarosTavis, berTis, tbeTisa da sxva163.

XIII saukunis miwurulsa da XIV saukunis nawarmoebebSi, gansakuTrebiT kedlis mxatv­ robaSi arqiteqturul da peizaJur fonebSi TiTqos raRac `afeTqeba~ xdeba da qarTuli mxatvrobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli TavSekavebuloba da teqtonikuroba sul sxva mxatvruli xedviT icvleba. aseTi iyo paleologosTa stilis SemoWra qarTul mxatvrobaSi, jer uf­ ro dasavleT saqarTveloSi (daviT narinis egvteri, xobis Sergil dadianis egvteri, ubisi, lixne, walenjixa, sori, da sxva) da Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic (safara, zarzma, dirbi, nabaxtevi). Tumca am periodSic ki (XIV-XV saukuneebi), rodesac qarTulma xelovne­ bam TiTqosda gaiziara bizantiur mxatvrobaSi gamovlenili `sivrciTi~ ageba, es `samgan­ zomilebianoba~ mainc ucxo Cans qarTuli mxatvrobisTvis da sxvadasxva xerxebiT xdeba mi­ si `neitralizacia~ (magaliTad, siRrmis erTgvari `CakveTiT~ erTiani sasuraTo sibrtyis paraleluri kedlis ganTavsebiT ukana planze da figuraTa kvlavindeburad prioritetu­ li zomiT da mniSvnelobiT, kompoziciuri agebis garkveuli teqtonikurobis SenarCunebiT, xedvis kuTxeebis mkveTri monacvleobiT erTi da imave Senobis farglebSic ki da sxva)164. paleologosur mxatvrobaSi arqiteqturuli anturaJis gamosaxvaSi Cndeba miswrafeba elinisturi drois arqiteqturuli elementebis gamoyenebisken165: korinTulkapitelebi­ ani svetebi, marmarilos faqturis kedlebi da svetebi, didi portalebi, gansakuTebiT ki rkaluri formis arqiteqturuli elementebi – kedlebi, saydrebi, dasajdomlebi, sakurTx­ evlebi da sxva. mTavari ki aris siRrmis gadmocemis, kompoziciis planebad agebis tendencia. am Tvalsaz­ risiT yvelaze sagulisxmoa arqiteqturuli elementebis `SemoWra~ wina planze. amiT miiRe­ ba figurebis xuroTmoZRvrul nagebobebs `Soris~ gamosaxvis efeqti. es ki TavisTavad iwvevs 161

g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 12-13.

162

S. amiranaSvili, beqa opizari, Tbilisi, 1956.

T. sayvareliZe, tbeTis oTxTavis ydis moWediloba, Zeglis megobari, #9, 1967, gv. 36-42; m. didebuliZe, d. TumaniSvili, m. kecxoveli, k. maCabeli, a. oqropiriZe, T. sayvareliZe, l. xuskivaZe, n. WiWinaZe, qarTuli qristianuli xelovneba, Tbilisi, 2008, il. gv. 192; Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинского искусства, il. 133, 135, 139.

163

i. lorTqifaniZe, paleologosTa xelovneba da qarTuli monumenturi ferwera, xelovneba, #5, 1990, gv. 80-89; g. alibegaSvili, paleologosTa stilis qarTuli ferweruli xatebi, gv. 86.

164

В. Н. Лазарев, История византийской живописи, gv. 156-158; Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументаль­ная живопись. Избранные труды, gv. 20-23; И. Лордкипанидзе, Роспись в Цаленджиха, Тбилиси, 1992, gv. 112-138; O. Demus, Die Entstelung des Paläologenstils in der Malerei, gv. 13, 62, 55-57; 273; T. Velmans, Le Role du décor architectural.., gv. 186, 200; Дж. Иосебидзе, Роспись Ачи, gv. 79-84; n. burWulaZe, ubisis monastris xatebi da kedlis mxatvroba, gv. 118-121.

165

44

figurebsa da anturaJs Soris masStaburi Sefardebis cvlilebas – figurebi ise mkafiod wamyvani aRar aris, rogorc wina periodebSi. cxadia, Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis pirobiTo­ bis garkveul farglebSi. es sayovelTao niSnebia, Tumca qarTul mxatvrobaSi erTgvari `sa­ kuTari intonacia~ mainc naTlad Cans166. am stilis farglebSic gamoirCeva stilis zogadi maxasiaTeblebis sxvadasxvagvari gamovlinebebi da sxvadasxvagvari mxatvruli gaazreba, Tumca arqiteqturis gamosaxvaSi yvela SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani da msgavsi cvlilebebi moxda. qarTuli paleologosuri Zeglebi rom SevadaroT bizantiur mxatvrobebs balkaneT­ Si, (magaliTad, mirqma XIV saukunis peCis RmrTismSoblis taZris kedlis mxatvrobaSi167), TvalsaCino gansxvavebas davinaxavT: peCis eklesiis moxatulobaSi arqiteqturuli foni ara mxo­lod gadatvirTulia mravalricxovani arqiteqturuli formebiT da elementebiT, aramed sakmaod Sors siRrmeSi SeWrili iribad dadgmuli, `uSinaarso~ kedlebiT. aseTi `agresiuli SeWra~ sasuraTo sivrcis siRrmeSi qarTul mxatvrobaSi TiTqmis ar dastur­ deba. arqiteqturis gamosaxvaSi paleologosTa stili yvelaze adre xobis Sergil dadian­ is egvteris XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnis mxatvrobaSi aisaxa. aq arqiteqturuli nagebobebis formebi, ufro sworad maTi mxatvruli gadawyveta mkafiod gansxvavdeba XIII saukunis da­ sawyisis, Sua xanisa da Tugind bolo meoTxedis mxatvrobebisgan168. wm. ioane naTlismcemlis cxovrebis ciklis scenebSi maRali, wvrili svetebiani kiboriumebi, elifsuri da rkaluri formis sakurTxevlebi da saydrebi, sxvadasxva doneze sxvadasxva siRrmiT planebze dadg­ muli nagebobebi, velumebiT dakavSirebuli Senobebi, figuraTa arqiteqturasTan Sefardeb­ is Semcireba da sxva. xobis am moxatulobaSi ukve naTlad Cans axali stilis yvela niSani169, iseve rogorc gelaTis daviT narinis egvteris moxatulobaSi, romelSic misi programidan gamomdinare, nagebobebis gamosaxulebebi saerTod ar aris170. qarTul mxatvrobaSi yvelaze `paleologosurad~ JRers ubisis wm. giorgis eklesiis moxatuloba, romelsac zogi mkvlevari XIV saukunis dasawyisiT171, zogi meore naxevriT172 da zogic bolo meoTxediT173 aTariRebs. ubisis wm. giorgis eklesiis moxatulobaSi, iseve rogorc masTan dakavSirebul xateb­ ze, arqiteqturuli anturaJi gacilebiT ufro `paleologosuria~ (sur. 24), ufro amoZ­ 166

T. virsalaZe, Sergil dadianis droindeli XIII s-is kedlis mxatvroba xobSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 11, 2007, gv. 271-273.

167

T. Velmans, Le Role du décor architectural.., gv. 195-197, sur. 14.

168

T. virsalaZe, Sergil dadianis droindeli.., gv. 266-286.

169

iqve, gv. 266-286.

q. miqelaZe, daviT narinis egvteris moxatuloba gelaTis monastris mTavar taZarSi, disertacia, Tbilisi, 2001.

170

Ш. Амиранашвили, Убиси. Материалы к истории грузинской стенной росписи, Тифлис, 1930; S. amiranaSvili, qarTveli mxatvari damiane, Tbilisi, 1975, gv. 76; n. burWulaZe, ubisis monastris xatebi da kedlis mxatvroba, gv. 166, 178.

171

172

Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументаль­ная живопись, gv. 21-22.

i. lorTqifaniZe, saidumlo serobis scena ubisis kedlis mxatvrobaSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 19, 2016, gv. 271. И. Лордкипанидзе, Житийный цикл св. Георгия в Убиси, krebulSi: Дечани и византиjска уметность средином XIV века, Београд, 1989, gv. 97-98; T. Velmans, La peinture murale byzantine d’inspiration constantinopolitaine au milieu du XIV (1330-1370), in: Дечани и византиjска уметность средином XIV века, ed. by V. Djurič, Beograd, 1989, gv. 75-95.

173

45

ravebul-aRelvebuli, metia sxvadasxva kuTxiT danaxuli nagebobebi, zogjer erTi da igive nagebobis sxvadasxva nawilebi aris xedvis gansxvavebuli kuTxiT gamosaxuli174; am moxat­ ulobaSi gacilebiT aqtiuri aris velumi, romelic feradovnuladac da formaluradac aqtiurdeba da kompoziciaTa dinamikurobis aRqmas uwyobs xels. erTgvarad arqiteqturis gamosaxva ufro `realisturi~ xdeba da siRrmis iluziac metad aris gamovlenili175, nage­ bobebi da maTi nawilebi ufro aqtiurad gamodis `win~, figuraTa moqmedebis zonaSi, TiTqos `moicaven~ maT, ufro datexil-dakuTxulia, ufro danawevrebadi. rac mTavaria, Sefardeba figurebsa da fonis elementebs Soris ufro gaTanabrebulia. Tumca, aqac, SenarCunebulia erTgvari monumentalizmi, ara scenaTa `SigniT~, aramed mxatvrobis sistemis agebaSi – ubi­ sis sakmaod maRal eklesiaSi mxatvrobis qveda registrebi sakmaod maRla aris atanili da taZris sivrceSi SesvlisTanave es aspeqti did STabeWdilebas axdens, rasac emateba TviT kompoziciebis SedarebiT didi zomebi. erTgvari dapirispirebaa TviT kompoziciaTa xasiaT­ Tan. Tumca, aqac umetes kompoziciebSi xuroTmoZRvrul fonad aris horizontaluri kede­ li, romelic amagrebs sasuraTo sibrtyes da ketavs siRrmes. ubisis mxatvrobaSi mravlad aris rkaluri moxazulobis mqone kedlebi, gansakuTrebiT savarZlebi da saydrebi, rac, cxa­dia, damatebiT dinamikurobas sZens mas. ubisis moxatulobasTan mWidrod dakavSirebul, Tanadroul da SesaZloa imave ostatis Sesrulebul ubisis didi karedis frTebis moxatulobaSi naTlad vlindeba arqiteqturis gamosaxvis igive princi pebi176. am karedis frTebze, mariamis cxovrebis ciklSi arqiteqtura mravalferovania da uxvad warmodgenili177. aq paleologosuri stilis gavlena Zlier aris gamoxatuli yvela misi damaxasiaTebeli niSniT, rac pirvel rigSi anturaJis sagangebod `sivrciT~ agebaSi aisaxa (sur. 25). marTlac, es 8 scena daxunZlulia mravalferovani da sxvadasxva ti pis nagebobaTa gamosaxulebebiT, wiTeli velumis aqtiuri gamoyenebiT. nagebobebi sakmaod gansxvavebuli formisaa, xSirad mkveTr rakursSi gamosaxuli, TiTqmis yvela scenaSi sagrZnobia sasuraTe sibrtyis paraleluri kedeli, romlis win da romlis Tavze daxvavebulia kuTxiT dayenebu­ li, TiTqmis swor perspeqtivaSi daxatuli salxineblebi, orqanoba an kamarovani saxurav­ iT an brtylad gadaxuruli msxvili, rTuli agebulebis nagebobebi, umetesad maT Soris gadagdebuli wiTeli velumiT. mxolod erT scenaSi, kerZod mariamis SobaSi ukana planis kedeli SedarebiT `Tavisufalia~ nagebobebis daxvavebisgan, samagierod mZlavrad gaRunul rkalad izniqeba. aq vxedavT TiTqmis yvela im motivs, romelic qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi (da ufro zog­ adad, bizantiuri wris saxviT xelovnebaSi) saukuneTa manZilze gvxvdeba, Tumca, rogorc aRiniSna, es formebi ubisis xatebis SemTxvevaSi Zlier amoZravebulia da `sivrceSi~ iS­ leba. amave dros, am amoZravebuli da TiTqosda swor perspeqtivaSi daxatuli nagebobebis 174

n. burWulaZe, ubisis monastris xatebi, gv. 118-121.

175

iqve, gv. 118-121.

176

iqve, gv. 35-40, 118-121.

g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 144; g. alibegaSvili, paleologosTa stilis qarTuli ferweruli xatebi, Ars Georgica, 11, 2001, gv. 92-93; G. Alibegashvili, Deux triptyques d, Oubissi: Icones georgiennes du style des Paleologues, Byzantine East, Latin West: Art-Historical Studies in Honour of Kurt Weitzmann, Princeton, 1995; n. burWulaZe, ubisis monastris xatebi, gv. 118-121; n. burWulaZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 387-389.

177

46

sxvadasxva nawilebi sxvadasxva xedvis kuTxiT aris daxatuli. rac, cxadia, iliuzorul perspeqtivas ar Seesabameba, Tumca dinamikuri sivrcis gancdas qmnis. niSandoblivia, rom aq ver vxedavT rotondis an zogadad gumbaTiani taZris ti pebs, xo­ lo im scenebSi, romlebic ierusalimis taZarTan aris dakavSirebuli, taZris sakurTxevels mxolod viwro, maRalsvetebiani salxineblebi gamoxatavs (oTxi scena). wina saukuneebTan SedarebiT Sefardeba arqiteqturasa da figurebs Soris ufro `bunebrivia~, Tumca pirobi­ Tobis xarisxi aqac sakmaod maRalia da figurebic mainc wina planze, erT sibrtyeSi lagdeba. ubisasgan gansxvavebiT cota sxva xasiaTs avlens walenjixis mxatvroba (1384-1396 wlebi)178. konstantinopolidan mowveuli mxatvris manuel evgenikosis Sesrulebuli, igi gansxvavde­ ba ubisis mxatvrobisgan ufro `klasikuri~ xasiaTiT: meti monumenturobiT, gawonaswore­ bulobiT, teqtonikurobiT, sidinjiT da siwynariT. es moxatulobis kedlebze ganlagebis sistemaSic Cans da scenebis Sida struqturaSic. Tu am periodis konstantinopolis an Tesa­ lonikis, an mistris nimuSebiT vimsjelebT (magaliTad, kahrie jamis mozaikebi), walenjixis mxatvroba saocrad monumenturi gamoCndeba. marTlac didi zomis sakmaod teqtonikuri kom­ poziciebi taZris sivrceSi naTlad aRqmadia da STambeWdavi, ufro dinji da gawonasworebu­ li, vidre sakuTriv paleologosTa stilis sxva nawarmoebebi; aq ar Cans formaTa da xazTa is `aJitireba~, rac paleologosTa stilis umetes nawarmoebebs axasiaTebs179. es arc arqiteq­ turis gamosaxvaSi iCens Tavs. TviT nagebobebi kuTxiTac dgas da sakmaod elinisturi forme­ bis svetebiTa da kapitelebiT aris Semkuli, anda iseTi ucnaurad gaRunul-gadawolili gum­ baTiviT saxuraviT, rogorc kanas saswaulSi. es nagebobebi zogan ufro didia, zogan ufro mcire, magram rogorc wesi isini `mibmulia~ sasuraTo sibrtyis paralelurad gamosaxul kedelTan, romelic horizontalur zolad gasdevs mTels scenas. es ki erTgvarad `ketavs~ siRrmes. cxadia, aq aris bevri iseTi niSani, rac adre ar gvxvdeba – magaliTad, uflis seroba­ Si magidis win, zurgiT mjdomi figurebi (asea ubisaSic), anda miZinebaSi maRali Senobidan gamomsvleli qalebis figurebi, anda ferxTa banaSi marmarilos trapeciisebri podiumi da marjvena nawilSi TiTqos dabzrialebuli nageboba, romlis yvela elementi sxvadasxva ku­ TxiT aris danaxuli, anda mkveTrad gaRunuli, gakveTili cilindris msgavsi savarZlebi da sxva. mainc zogadi gadawyveta inarCunebs sibrtyovanebas da `sidinjes~, scenebi ar aris ga­ datvirTul-gadaWedili nagebobebiT, salxineblebiT, rkaluri formis kedlebiT da a. S. walenjixis mxatvrobasTan mWidrod dakavSirebulia xobis vamey dadianis egvteris XIV saukunis miwurulis moxatuloba180 da ufro mogviano, nabaxtevis mxatvroba (1412-1431 wlebi)181. vamey dadianis egvteris moxatulobaSi arqiteqtura ZiriTadad kiboriumebis sax­ iT aris warmodgenili (sur. 26) da maT mxatvrul gadawyvetaSi naTlad Cans paleologos­ Ta stilis nagebobaTa maxasiaTeblebi – pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli perspeqtivis sistemebis И. Лордкипанидзе, Роспись в Цаленджиха, gv. 134-138; H. Belting, Le peintre Manuel Eugenikos de Constantinopole, Cahiers Archéologiques, 28, 1979, gv. 103-114; i. lorTqifaniZe, m. janjalia, walenjixa, macxovris taZris moxatulobani, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 8-9.

178

И. Лордкипанидзе, Роспись в Цаленджиха, gv. 115-116, 120, 131-132; i. lorTqifaniZe, m. janjalia, walenjixa, gv. 8-9.

179

180

И. Лордкипанидзе, Роспись в Цаленджиха, gv. 139-145.

181

i. lorTqifaniZe, nabaxtevis mxatvroba, Tbilisi, 1973.

47

niSnebis SeTavseba, elinisturi arqiteqturis formebis mibaZva (svetebis da kapitelebis formebi, ornamnetacia da sxva). Sinaarsobrivad ki, egvteris funqciidan gamomdinare, uf­ lis saflavis arqiteqturul nawilebs ganasaxierebs (magaliTad, lampionSekiduli salx­ inebeli datirebis qvis Tavze). aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi paleologosTa stili erTi SexedviT ufro `nela~ vrcelde­ boda, Tanac arc Tu Tavisi yvelaze egzaltirebul-aJitirebuli formiT. safaris wm. sabas taZris XIII saukunisa da XIV saukunis mijnis moxatulobaSi am stilis niSnebi jer ar aris mkafiod gamovlenili182, Tumca zarzmis moxatulobaSi namdvilad `JRers~ paleologosTa intonacia183. safaris XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnis moxatuloba ramdenime qronologiur fenas moicavs da cxadia, mxatvruli gadawyveta gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva nawilebSi. am moxatulobis Tavdapirveli, XIII saukunis miwurulis fena arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv184 ufro met si­ axloves iCens XIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTul ZeglebTan (udabnos xarebis eklesiis, aWis, axtalis moxatulobebTan), ara imdenad garegnuli msgavsebis TvalsazrisiT, ramdena­ dac wina epoqis tradiciebis erTgulebis mxriv, radgan arc aq ar Cans paleologosTa sti­ lis ueWveli gavlena185. samwuxarod, is scenebi, romlebic arqiteqturul fonebs unda moi­ cavdnen, umetesad Zlier dazianebulia.

SedarebiT kargad Cans dasavleTi kedlis zeda registrSi ganTavsebuli eSmakeulis gankurnebis scena, romlis nawili – arqiteqtura sarkmlis wirTxlSi aris gamosaxuli. orqanobiani saxuraviT gadaxuruli frontoniani orsarTuliani sada nageboba, grafi­ kulad miniSnebuli aivnebiT grZiv fasadze, sruliad sibrtyobrivad aris gamosaxuli da klasikuri xanis moxatulobaTa arqiteqturas mogvagonebs. ufro `amoZravebulia~ ieru­ salimis gamosaxuleba bzobaSi (sur. 27), romlis mxolod zeda nawili Cans kargad. formiT da feriT gansxvavebuli nagebobebi erTmaneTze ise mWidrod aris dadgmuli, rom erT ganuy­ ofel konglomerats qmnian – ramdenime orqanoba gadaxurviT, yvelaze maRalze kamarovani gadaxurviT, sferul gumbaTiani da konusur-gumbaTiani. isini, rogorc Cans, karibWis aRm­ niSvnel marTkuTxeds adgas Tavs. aq arc galavani Cans da arc koSkebi. Tanac yoveli nage­ bobis gamosaxuleba sruliad brtyelia. aq miniSnebac ki ar aris paleologosuri stilis yaidis nagebobebze da Sebrunebuli perspeqtivac ki ar aris gamoyenebuli186. sul sxva saxisaa daxatuli arqiteqtura zarzmaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom zarzmis taZ­ ris moxatuloba ganaxlebul iqna XX saukunis dasawyisSi, xolo bolo kvlevebma gamoav­ lina XVI saukuneSi maTi aseve safuZvliani gadawera-aRdgena187, rogorc Cans, Tavdapirve­ li XIV saukunis dasawyisis moxatulobis ZiriTadi mxatvruli maxasiaTeblebi met-nakle­ Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументаль­ная живопись, gv. 21-22; g. xuciSvili, safaris kedlis moxatuloba, Tbilisi, 1988; q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 18, 2015, gv. 218-225.

182

48

183

Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументаль­ная живопись, gv. 21-22.

184

g. xuciSvili, safaris kedlis moxatuloba, gv. 110-111.

185

m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 10, 2007, gv. 66.

186

g. xuciSvili, safaris kedlis moxatuloba, gv. 110-111.

187

m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, gv. 63-97.

bad SenarCunebuli iqna. cxadia, es arqiteqturis gamosaxvis formebsac exeba. gansxvavebiT safarasgan, sadac dominirebs tradiciuli midgoma da formebi, zarzmaSi paleologos­ Ta stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `aqtiuri~, dinamiuri da sivrciTi arqiteqtura daufar­ avad aris warmodgenili. magaliTad, Tomas darwmunebaSi (sur. 28) kari, romlis fonzea gamosaxuli qriste, Cadgmulia kedelSi, romlis frTebi orsav mxares diagonalurad mie­ marTeba siRrmeSi, Tumca Tu davakvirdebiT, es sworedac rom Sebrunebuli perspeqtivis wesiT keTdeba. kidev ufro `paleologosuria~ arqiteqturis gamosaxva scenaSi ioseb arimaTielis mi­ er iesos gvamis moTxovna pilatesgan. aqac aris Camketi kedeli centrSi, magram ori didi zomis nageboba kompoziciis orsav mxares kuTxiT aris dayenebuli, perspeqtivis ramdeni­ me gansxvavebuli sistemiT (maT Soris paraleluri pespeqtiviT), orive nagebobis SigniT, TaRebSi Cans interierSi dakidebuli wiTeli fardebi. ukuperspeqtivaSi aris gamosaxuli didi, wiTeli qsoviliT dafaruli trapezis msgavsi magida, pilates dasajdomeli da kedl­ idan amozrdil girCaze Semoxveuli Zalian aqtiuria wiTelive feris velumi188. anda magal­ iTad, scenaSi sami yrma saxmilsa Sina Rumeli sakmaod monumenturi mravalwaxnaga nage­ bobaa Sesabamisi TaRovani RiadebiT, romlebidanac cecxlis ali gamodis. Zalian rTuli da mravalnawiliani aris kompoziciis marcxena nawilSi gamosaxuli ornamentebiT Semkuli nagebobaTa jgufi – maRali koSkebi, svetebiani portikebi, sxvadasxva simaRlis, sxvadasx­ va formis, da, rac mTavaria, sxvadasxva xedvis kuTxiT gamosaxulni, TviT maTi nawilebic ki. kompoziciis marjvena mxares ki gamosaxulia babilonis mefe naboqudonosori, romelic mravalsafexurebiani ganieri kibis TavSi moxdenili msubuqi kiboriumis qveS moTavsebul gaRunulzurgian savarZelze zis. mis marcxniv, gumbaTiT gadaxuruli oqtagonaluri Seno­ bis Tavze aRmarTul maRal svetze TviT mefis qandakebaa dadgmuli, romlis Tayvaniscemaze uari ganacxades ebraelma Wabukebma. aq ukve namdvilad paleologosuri stilis nagebobe­ bia, romlebic ucxo ar iqneboda XVI saukunis ostatebisaTvisac. aseTive mravalricxovani da gansxvavebuli formis arqiteqturuli nagebobebia gamosax­ uli mariamis cxovrebis scenebSi (magaliTad, seroba dedebTan erTad, yuedreba iosebisa, mariamis alersi mSobelTagan, ZRvenis uaryofa, ioakimes da anas Sexvedra oqros karibWesT­ an, mariamis taZrad miyvaneba (sur. 29) da sxva). yvelgan vxedavT rTuli konfiguraciis, mrav­ ali detalis mqone (kapitelebi, Riadebi, ornamentebi da sxva) nagebobebs, romlebic erTi SexedviT TiTqos siRrmes asaxaven da siRrmeSi arian ganlagebul-gaSlili, Tumca es `siR­ rme~ Zalze pirobiTia gansxvavebuli xedvis kuTxeebis, masStabis, da gansxvavebuli perspe­ qtiuli sistemebis gamoyenebis gamo. aq uTuod Cans paleologosTa stilis zegavlena, Tun­ dac XVI saukunis mxatvrobis prizmaSi gatarebuli189. umetes scenebSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba velumi, romlis zomebic da gansakuTrebiT wiTeli feri didad zrdis mxatvrobis gamomsax­ velobas. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos sakurTxevlis Bbemis kedelze gamosaxuli scena sibrZnem iSena saxli, romelic solomonis igavis (igavebi, 9, 1-5) dasuraTebaa. miuxedavad dazianebi­ sa, mainc gairCeva rogorc figuraTa, aseve arqiteqturis `paleologosuri~ formebi. aq ga­ 188

T. virsalaZe, Sergil dadianis droindeli.., gv. 273.

189

m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, gv. 63-97.

49

mosaxulia uzarmazari bazilika, romlis gverdiTi navi da portiki eyrdnoba Svid svets morTuli kapitelebiT, win aris tabla zed gadakidebuli gragniliT solomonis igavis teqstiT, aqve arian sibrZnis mxevalni da kompoziciis marcxena mxares, savaraudod, TviT sibrZne uflisa rombiseburi SaravandiT (TiTqos sami saxe Cans). sagulisxmoa, rom bazi­ likis Sesasvlelis Tavze, saxuravze, frontonSi, niSebSi da medalionebSi qalis biuste­ bia, TiTqos reliefuri qandakebebi, savaraudod, RmrTismSobeli. eklesiis es simboluri gamosaxuleba arc Tu xSirad gvxvdeba qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi – erTi nimuSia aw ukve gamqrali kompozicia ierusalimis jvris monastris taZris XVII saukunis mxatvrobidan190.

Zalian sainteresoa lixnes taZris XIV saukunis moxatuloba afxazeTSi, romelic am pe­ riodSi samegrelos Tavadebis mmarTvelobisa da kulturuli gavlenis qveS imyofeboda191. aqac vxedavT igive midgomas arqiteqturis gamosaxvisadmi, rac am periodis sxva ZeglebSia – arqiteqtura sul ufro met adgils ikavebs kompoziciebSi. am mxriv sagulisxmoa sakurTxev­ elSi gamosaxuli ziarebis scena, sadac ori trapezi salxinoblis qveS TiTqos perspeqtiva­ Si aris daxatuli, Tumca kiboriumebis svetebis ganlageba mainc `areulia~. kompoziciis ku­ TxeebSi nagebobebi kuTxiT aris dayenebuli, albaT sionis taZars ganasaxiereben. kidev uf­ ro sainteresoa skiniis – sawameblis karvis gamosaxuleba, romelic am SemTxvevaSi TiTqos WrilSia mocemuli, gaxsnilia da interieri Cans, Tumca zeda nawilSi swored eqsterieris mxridan danaxuli gumbaTia192. dirbis XIV saukunis moxatulobaSi (1340-1370) arqiteqtura sakmaod aqtiurad ikavebs kom­ pozciebis sivrces, gansakuTrebiT scenebSi iokimes da anas xareba, mariamis Soba, mariamis dalocva mRvdelmTavarTa mier, da sxva scenebSi siRrmis aRmniSvneli kuTxiT dayenebuli nagebobebi sWarbobs193.

XV saukuniT daTariRebul soris eklesiis moxatulobaSi miZinebis kompozicia bevri niSniT emsgavseba walenjixisas – Tundac kuTxiT dayenebuli Senobis didi karibWedan gamo­ mavali qalebis figurebiT, suliwmindis mofenaSi velumis gamosaxvis xasiaTiT; amave dros bzobaSi qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxuleba TiTqos gadmoxatulia ubisis scenidan. ase rom, etyoba saerTo nimuSebic bevri iyo, urTierTgavlenac da mibaZvac, saerTo tradiciebic da zogjer, SesaZloa, saerTo ostatebic da mowveuli ostatebic194.

Zalian saintereso gamosaxuleba aris doreTkarSi wm. barbares eklesiis XIV-XV sauku­ neTa moxatulobaSi195. aq warmodgenilia wm. barbares cxovrebis sakmaod iSviaTi cikli. maT Soris aris scena, sadac wmindani avalebs mSeneblebs misi mamis mier agebul sabanelSi sami sarkmlis gaWras, rogorc wm. samebis simbolur miniSnebas (sur. 30). am paleologo­ sur stilSi Sesrulebul mxatvrobaSi sabanelis arqiteqturaSi faqtobrivad interier­ Т. Вирсаладзе, Роспись Иерусалимского Крестного Монастыря и портрет Шота Руставели, Тбилиси, 1973, tab. XIX. 190

191

Л. Шервашидзе, Средневековая монументальная живопись в Абхазии, Тбилиси, 1980, gv. 67-149.

192

iqve, gv. 133-137.

193

g. gagoSiZe, Nn. CixlaZe, dirbis RmrTismSoblis miZinebis monasteri, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 137-141.

194

i. WiWinaZe, soris moxatuloba, Tbilisi, 1985; z. sxirtlaZe, soris eklesia, Tbilisi, 2009.

i. xuskivaZe, doreTkari – wminda barbares eklesiis moxatuloba, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 13, 2009, gv. 104-131.

195

50

ia gamosaxuli, sam svetze dadebuli kamarovani gadaxurviT da kedliT, romelSic samku­ Txad ganlagebulia sami sarkmeli, zemodan ki maRali, nesvis formis gumbaTi adgas, xolo ukana planze `Camketi~ kedelia gamosaxuli patara koSkebiT (qongurebiT) da RiadebiT. am nagebobis Ziri erTgvarad `gaRunulia~, navis forma aqvs, rac, etyoba, sabanelis miniSne­ baa. paradoqsul suraTs vxedavT amave drois qarTul xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi, kerZod mo­ qvis oTxTavis miniaturebSi (Q-902, 1300 weli), romlebic paleologosuri stilis nimuSe­ bia196. aq arqiteqtura sakmaod Zunwad aris mocemuli, isic mxolod sadac Sinaarsobrivad au­ cilebelia197, maSin roca XII saukunis jruWis meore oTxTavis dasuraTeba arqiteqturuli fonebis bevrad ufro maravalferovan da aqtiur gadawyvetas gvTavazobs. moqvis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi figurebi paleologosur stilSia Sesrulebulni, erTi­ anad oqros naTebiT – oqros foniT arian moculni. nagebobebi da SenobaTa nawilebi, kibo­ riumebi, sakurTxevlebi gamosaxulia Zalian Zunwad, TavSekavebulad, mxolod siuJeturad aucilebeli detalebiT. magaliTad, zaqarias damunjebis scenaSi (f. 163v) (sur. 31) mxolod salxinobeli da trapezi aris gamosaxuli, marTalia, kuTxiT dayenebuli, magram meti araferi – garemo oqros naTebiT aris STanTqmuli; asevea qristes gamocxadeba mowafeebTan aRdgomis mere (f. 322r) – aq mxolod karis marTkuTxedia moniSnuli, es ki saWiroa, raTa xazi gaesvas, rom qriste daxSul karSi Semovida. dabali martivkarniziani nageboba gamosaxulia miniaturaSi macxovris cduneba ierusalimis taZris saxuravze (f. 174v), aqac aris Sinaarso­ brivi aucilebloba taZris saxuravis gamosaxvisa, Tumca Zalian mcire zomis, martivi, sa­ da nagebobis saxiT. meti adgili eTmoba nagebobebs petres uaryofisa da petres sinanulis scenebSi (f. 95r). sagulisxmoa, rom garda ori maxareblis portretisa, velumi ar aris arc erT scenaSi. sx­ vaTa Soris, aseve lakonurad aris gamosaxuli peizaJic. anturaJis gamosaxvis am princi piT da oqros fonis esoden `gamefebiT~ moqvis saxarebis dasuraTeba gelaTis oTxTavis dasur­ aTebas mogvagonebs198. paleologosTa stili sakmaod mdgradi da sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda da bizantiis, rogorc saxelmwifos ganadgurebis Semdegac mTels aRmosavleT saqristianoSi swored es stili gaxda warmmarTavi, xolo mxatvruli centrebi da nimuSis momcemni axla aTonis monastrebi da kunZuli kreta xdeba199. rac Seexeba XIV saukunis Wedur xelovnebas, am drois yvelaze gamorCeuli nawarmoebi aris samcxis aTabagebis, jayelebis mier SekveTili anCisxatis karedis frTebis Sida moWed­ iloba, anu gverdiTi frTebi da zeda TaRovani dagvirgvineba. 6 scena gamosaxulia frTeb­ ze (3-3) da erTi, amaRleba – naxevarwriul dagvirgvinebaze. wina saukuneebTan SedarebiT, dadablebulia Sesrulebis xarisxi, Sesustebulia kompoziciis agebis arqiteqtonikuroba, i. WiWinaZe, moqvis oTxTavis gaformebis mxatvruli princi pebi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 156-160; e. maWavariani, sami qarTuli oTxTavis dasuraTebis princi pebi (XII-XIV ss.), gv. 85-98.

196

197

iqve, gv. 156-165.

198

iqve, gv. 218-219.

i. mamaiaSvili, gelaTis monastris RvTismSoblis taZris XVI saukunis mxatvroba, sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferati, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 49-54.

199

51

SeimCneva erTgvari mouwesrigebloba da sxva. meore mxriv, naTlad Cans arqiteqturuli an­ turaJis garTulebis tendencia200. mxatvrobisgan gansxvavebiT, am periodis Wedur nawarmoebebSi arqiteqturis gamosaxule­ bebSi ar Cans paleologosTa stilis niSnebi – am TvalsazrisiT isini ufro konservatulia, Tumca formaTa simravle da mravalferovneba udavoa201. anCisxatis karedis frTebis Sida moWedilobaze arqiteqtura mxolod erT scenaSia: marcxena frTis naxevarrkalur nawilSi gamosaxul xarebaSi, sadac angelozis da mari­ amis figurebi TaRebs qveS arian moqceulni, svetze Semoxveuli kretsabmelis standartu­ li motiviT mariamis mxares. TaRebs zemodan adgas sami Senoba, centrSi oqtagonaluri nagebobiT da jvriT dagvirgvinebuli konusuri gumbaTiT – uflis saflavis eklesia202. es motivi pirvelad saRolaSenis lorfinze Cndeba, xarebis kompoziciaSi da mere sakmaod xSirad meordeba Wedur kompoziciebSi, iseve rogorc gviani Sua saukuneebis kedlis mxat­ vrobaSi. gviani Sua saukuneebis qarTul mxatvrobaSi, sivrciTi agebis TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva midgomas vxedavT: nawili postbizantiur mimarTulebas misdevs, nawili ki, gansakuTrebiT `xalxuri~ mimarTulebis moxatulobebi, daufaravi sibrtyovanebiT xasiaTdeba. zogadad rom vTqvaT, miuxedavad ZiriTadi princi pebis gaziarebisa, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mxat­ vroba mainc metad miiltvis sibrtyovanebisken, vidre im qveynebis xelovnaba, romlebsac antikuri (elinisturi) tradiciebi ufro cocxlad hqondaT SenarCunebuli. sxvaTaSoris, msgavsi miswrafeba sibrtyovanebisken SeiniSneba Sua saukuneebis qarTul qandakebaSic da WedurobaSic. gvian Sua saukuneebSi, postbizantiur periodSi arqiteqturuli anturaJi ZiriTadad im­ eorebs im motivebs, rac paleologosTa xanaSi Camoyalibda, oRond ufro mravalricxovani xdeba, ufro aqtiuri, ufro `areuli~, xSirad logikas moklebuli, meti midrekilebiT sivr­ ciTi agebisken, siRrmis gadmocemisken, Tumca Suasaukunovani xelovnebis princi pebis saz­ Rvrebs ar scdeba. Sefardeba arqiteqturasa da figurebs Soris ufro gaTanabrebulia, kom­ poziciebi sul ufro Sevsebulia da `gaWedili~203. am periodSi erTi ram aris TvalSi sacemi: miuxedavad garTulebuli Teologiuri pro­ gramebisa da gamosaxulebebis simboluri mniSvnelobebiT datvirTvisa, formebis simrav­ lisa, sirTulisa da aqtiurobisa (an SesaZloa swored am mizeziT), arqiteqtura TiTqos kargavs Tavis gansakuTrebul simbolur da saxiTmetyvelebiT datvirTvas, da ufro Txro­ biT-aRweriT xasiaTs iRebs, ubralo anturaJad gardaisaxeba.

200

T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi xati, gv. 80.

201

T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, gv. 86.

202

iqve, gv. 17; T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi xati, gv. 84.

Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументаль­ная живопись, gv. 23-24; Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинского искусства, gv. 302-309; i. xuskivaZe, qarTuli eklesiebis gviani Sua saukuneebis `xalxuri~ moxatulobani, Tbilisi, 2003; i. xuskivaZe, nikorwmindis taZris moxatuloba, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 3, 2003, gv. 109-112; T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba; И. Мамаиашвили, Роспись Табакини, Тбилиси, 1991; Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, Тбилиси, 1990; i. mamaiaSvili, gelaTis monastris RvTismSoblis taZris XVI saukunis mxatvroba, gv. 34-48; n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, krebulSi: sveticxoveli, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 237-301.

203

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am epoqaSi Zlierdeba aTonis monastrebis mxatvrobis zegavlena (magaliTad, XVI sauku­ nis kaxur ZeglebSi204) da TviT berZeni mxatvrebis aqtiuri mowveva, rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi205. gviani Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mxatvrobis nawarmoebebi mxatvruli saxisa da midgomebis mxriv pirobiTad or ZiriTad mimarTulebad iyofa: profesiuli da xalxuri mxatvrobebi206, rac garkveulad saxviTi xelovnebis sxva dargebSic iCens Tavs. cxadia, am orive mimarTule­ baSi yoveli Zegli Tavisebur mxatvrul xasiaTs avlens, da `Sualeduri~ nawarmoebebic arc Tu cotaa. profesiuli moxatulobebis mravali Zegli aris SemorCenili, maT Soris sakmaod di­ di ansamblebic (rogoricaa magaliTad, gelaTis monastris orive eklesiis moxatuloba), cxadia, yvelas ver ganvixilavT, Tumca garkveuli saerTo niSnebi saxezea. isic gasaTval­ iswinebelia, rom gansxvavebebi aris ara mxolod ostatebis individualur xelweraSi, ar­ amed mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi gamoarCevs XVI saukunis mxatvrobas XVII saukunis, da miT ufro XVIII saukunis nawarmoebebisgan. es ferweruli ansamblebi mTeli qveynis teri­ toriaze aris ganlagebuli da cxadia, adgilobrivi Taviseburebebic axasiaTebT, rogorc ikonografiis, ise mxatvruli gadawyvetis mxriv da es arqiteqturis gamosaxva-interpreta­ ciasac exeba. swored profesiuli mxatvrobis jgufs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT gelaTis monatris RmrTismSoblis Sobis da wm. giorgis taZrebis moxatulobebi (XVI, XVII, XVIII ss.), nekresis (XVI s.), alvanis (XVI s.), axali SuamTis (XVI s.) vejinis (XVI s.), martvilis (XVII saukunis fena), caiSis (XVII s.), walenjixis egvterebis (XVI-XVII ss.), alaverdis (XVII s.), martvilis (XVII saukunis fena), xobis (XVII s.), sveticxovlis (XVII s.), Tbilisis anCisxatis (XVII s.), Semoqmedis (XVI-XVII ss.), ananuris (XVII s.) da mravali sxva eklesiis moxatuloba. arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv TiTqmis yovel maTganSi Cans paleologosTa periodSi dawyebuli SenobaTa amoZraveba, siRrmeSi gaSla, da amavdroulad win, figuraTa sivrceSi `SeWra~, klasikuri periodis nimuSebidan arqiteqturuli formebis gadmotana (magaliTad, korinTuli kapitelebi), meti adgilis dakaveba kompozciebSi, figurebis `CarTva~ arqite­ qturaSi, meti ornamentacia, nagebobebis meti fantastikuroba, velumis mniSvnelobis ga­ Zliereba, gaxSirda RiadebSi figurebis gamosaxva, figurebis wriuli ganlageba da sxva. gelaTis RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZris ZiriTadi sivrcisa da egvterebis moxatuloba, cxadia, did interess iwvevs, vinaidan aq faqtobrivad erT sivrceSi Sua saukuneebis qar­ Tuli kedlis mxatvrobis ganviTarebis TiTqmis yvela etapi aris dadasturebuli da yvela mimarTuleba, maT Soris `xalxuri~ mimarTulebac (magaliTad, CrdiloeT egvterSi). ar­ qiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv Zalian sainteresoa sakurTxevlis moxatuloba, sadac bemis kedlebze mariamis cxovrebis cikli iSleba da scenebSi uamravi arqiteqturuli detalia М. Вачнадзе, Кахетинская школа живописи XVI века и ее связь с афонской живописью, qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili IV saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, Tbilisi, 1983; T. Velmans, Contribution à l’étude de la peinture murale du XVIe siécle en Géorgie, la Kakhétie et le Monts Athos, in: L’art médiéval de l’orient chrétien, Sofia, 2001, gv. 303-310.

204

205

q. miqelaZe, xelovan-momxatvelTa warwerebis mniSvneloba Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis SeswavlisTvis, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 20, 2017, gv. 166-171 206

Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументаль­ная живопись, gv. 23-24.

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– trapezebi maRalsvetebiani kiboriumebis qveS, taZrebi, koSkebiani kedlebi (sur. 32). sxva­ Ta Soris, es cikli am TvalsazrisiT bevr saerTos poulobs ubisis didi karedis frTebis ferwerasTan, TiTqos nimuSad hqondaT aRebuli. rogorc cnobilia, XVI saukuneSi mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebi Seiqmna kaxeTis samefoSi levan kaxTa mefis TaosnobiT da dakveTiT, romelsac aqtiuri kavSirebi hqonda rogorc aTonis mTis monastrebTan, aseve wminda miwasTan207. am kulturulma kavSirebma Sesabamisad, kaxur kedlis mxatvrobaSic hpova asaxva, ramac, cxadia, arqiteqturuli anturaJis xasiaT­ ic ganapiroba. magaliTad, nekresis moxatulobaSi, erTi mxriv tradiciul kompoziciaTa naTel da gawonasworebul agebas vxedavT, meore mxriv ki arqiteqturuli formebis postbi­ zantiuri xanisTvis damaxasiaTebel gaaqtiurebas (magaliTad, mariamis SobaSi da taZrad mi­ yvanebaSi (sur. 33) kuTxiT dayenebuli Senobebi, didi zomis kibeebi, aqtiurad gamoyenebuli velumi da sxva niSnebi aaxlovebs aTonur moxatulobebTan)208. aseve gremis mTavarangeloz­ Ta taZris moxatulobaSi, miuxedavad misi gviani aRdgena-ganaxlebisa, mainc Cans arqiteq­ turis gazrdili mniSvneloba – mas meti adgili ukavia (magaliTad, petres uaryofa, miZine­ ba, Tomas darwmuneba, qriste kaiafasTan da sxva), Tumca TviT nagebobebi dawvrilmanebulia, sifrifanaa da arc Tu STambeWdavi209. xobis RmrTismSoblis taZris centralur sivrceSi, romelic 1640-1643 wlebiT TariRd­ eba, jvarcmaSi jvris ukan gamosaxuli maRali kedeli, patara koSkebis mTeli rigiT da ir­ ibad dadebuli qvebiT gamoyvanili karniziT, orsarTuliania, da orive sarTulis Riobebi ise aris daxatuli, TiTqos SigniT raRac konstruqciebs – interiers vxedavT. es sakmaod rTuli struqtura, cxadia, qalaq ierusalims ganasaxierebs, magram kedlis saxiT. wina peri­ odebSi aseTi `gamWoli~ xedebi TiTqmis ar keTdeboda.

Zalian sainteresod aris gadawyvetili Tomas darwmunebaSi daxSuli kari – ukana plan­ ze nacrisferi standartuli kedelia pawawina koSkebiT (Zlier dazianebulia), centrSi ki karia, sxva feris, samnawiliani konstruqcia, romlis gverdiTi frTebi diagonaluri kon­ turebiT, ukan, siRmeSi miemarTeba, Sua nawili ki, romlis win dgas qriste, aRiqmeba fronta­ lurad, TiTqos win wamoweulia, anu erTgvari perspeqtiuli agebis moniSvnaa, Tumca ufro Sebrunebuli perspeqtivisa, Tanac samive frTas Ziri erTgvarovnad horizontaluri aqvs. mainc iqmneba siRrmis STabeWdileba da, rac mTavaria, dinamikis, riTac xazi esmeba qristes figuris mkveTr moZraobas. amave moxatulobaSi mariamis taZrad miyvanebis scenaSi (sur. 34) sami didi nagebobaa, kom­ poziciis sami jgufis Sesabamisi da gamomyofi (mRvdelmTavari da norCi mariami, ioakime da ana, ierusalimeli qalwulni), samive nageboba (marcxena Zalian dazianebulia, da savarau­ dod am nawilSi angelozis mier mariamisTvis sakvebis motana iqneboda gamosaxuli) wriuli, rotondiseburi formisaa, samives adgas waxnagovanyeliani aseve dawaxnagebuli gumbaTi, da 207

m. vaCnaZe, levan kaxTa mefe da postbizantiuri qarTuli monumenturi ferwera XVI saukunis kaxeTis mxatvrobis magaliTze, alaverdis eparqiis istoriis furclebi, 1, samecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi, 2006, red. n. burWulaZe, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 123-137. М. Вачнадзе, Кахетинская школа живописи XVI века и ее связь с афонской живописью, IV Международный симпозиум по грузинскому искусству, Тбилиси, 1983.

208

209

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iqve.

rogorc Cans, samives jvari edga gumbaTze. Sua nagebobas gumbaTis qveS TaRebiT gaxsnili kedlebi aqvs – faqtobrivad kiboriumis msgavsi, romelSic Cans Sekiduli lampionebi, xolo marjvena nagebobis kedlebi, aseve dawaxnagebul-dakuTxuli, RiadebiT aris danawevrebuli. sainteresoa, rom garda ornamentebisa, TviT gadaxurvebis damuSaveba erTgvarad amoburcu­ lobis, Seberilobis STabeWdilebas qmnis Suq-Crdilis gamoyenebiT, rogorc gumbaTebze, aseve qveda, ZiriTadi korpusebis saxuravebze. Riadebis siRrmec aris naCvenebi – wirTxle­ bi aqa-iq Casmuli alaTebiT. mRvdelmTavris figuris ukan miuxedavad dazianebisa, aseve ro­ tondiseburad dawaxnagebuli da didi gumbaTovani nagebobis fragmentebi ikiTxeba cxadia, rom es rotondiseburi formebi, miT umetes Sua, salxineblis msgavsi konstruq­ cia Sekiduli lampionebiT `interierSi~, uflis saflavis gansaxierebaa, Tumca misi samgzis dublireba cota ucnauria. amave moxatulobis sxva scenebSi ufro standartuli gamosaxulebebia – RiadebiT daser­ ili horizontaluri kedeli, ramdenime dabali koSkiT, an orqanoba patara nagebobiT, zog­ jer kedelSi gaWrili niSebiT an SesasvlelebiT, zogi ufro mravalnawiliani (magaliT­ ad, miZineba, mariamis dideba, xareba), zogjer ufro sadad gadawyvetili (magaliTad, mari­ amis Soba). Tumca, yvela SemTxvevaSi arqiteqturas TiTqmis mTeli kadri aqvs Sevsebuli da utoldeba figurebis mier dakavebul ares. caiSis eklesiis XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi, Crdilo-dasavleT afraSi rTuli struq­ turis uzarmazari nagebobaa, sakmaod msubuqi aivnebiT. gansakuTrebiT koxtaa kamarovani gadaxurviani portiki, Zalian msubuq da moxdenil svetebze, romelic marTlac TiTqos swor perspeqtivaSi aris agebuli (sur. 35). SedarebiT `wynaria~ arqiteqtura Crdilo kedelze, mariamis cxovrebis scenebSi, aseve magaliTad, saidumlo serobaSi (samxreT mklavSi) kompo­ ziciis kideebSi, sada da regularuli formis nagebobebi. caiSis taZris mxatvrobis dazi­ anebulobis miuxedavad, mainc Cans nagebobebis erTgvarad ufro mowesrigebuli struqtura. martvilis taZris moxatulobaSi (XIV, XVI, XVII saukuneebi)210 gansakuTrebiT STambeW­ davia maxarebelTa figurebis arqiteqturuli fonebi Taviseburi konstruqciis trompebSi (XVI saukune). oTxive kompozicia garkveuli variaciebiT aris mocemuli, Tumca erTi wyo­ baa: maxarebeli dabrZanebulia sakmaod did skamze, bevri ujrebiT da sxva detalebiT, mis `ukan~ maRali kedelia ganieri ornamentirebuli karniziT, romelzec dadgmul-daxvavebu­ lia sxvadasxva ti pis da feris nagebobebi: uzarmazari frontoniani orqanoba gadaxurvi­ ani da narTeqsiani bazilika, kiboriumiT dagvirgvinebuli nageboba didi TaRovani Sesasv­ leliT, ufro mcire zomis koSkiseburi, zedxedSi gamosaxuli Senoba. aseve frontoniani, orqanoba saxuraviani ufro dabali nagebobebi, romelTagan zogis farTo karSi gadaweuli kretsabmelia. yvela nageboba sxvadasxva ferisaa da Zalian efeqtur koloritul suraTs warmoadgenen. yvelgan aris daufaravi miniSneba ierusalimis taZarsa da uflis saflavis eklesiaze. yvela am nagebobis kedlebze aRniSnulia sxvadasxva formis sarkmlebi, karebi, kramite­ bi, mdidruli foTlovani ornamentiT Semkuli karnizebi da yovelive es absoluturad n. CixlaZe, martvilis taZris moxatulobis fenebi, S. amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis sa­ xelmwifo muzeumis narkvevebi, II, 1996, gv. 94-103; n. CixlaZe, martvilis monastris mxatvrobis saxis­ metyvelebisTvis, S. amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis narkvevebi, V, 1999, gv.

101-115.

210

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brtyelia. oTxive gamosaxulebaSi xdeba am formaTa kombinireba ganlagebisa da feradovneb­ is mixedviT. qristes saflavad dadebis scenaSi (samxreTi afsidi) (sur. 36) gamosaxulia didi wiTel­ gumbaTovani taZari, romlis `win~ ufro dabali, aseve gumbaTovani da orqanoba saxuravebis mqone Senobebia gamosaxuli, TiTqos erTi nagebobaa – udavod uflis saflavis taZris gansax­ ierebaa. sagulisxmoa, rom gardacvlil qristes swored am taZarSi miasveneben da ara kldeSi gamokaful akldamaSi, aq naTlad Cans is anaqronuloba, romelic esoden axasiaTebs qris­ tianul saxviT xelovnebas. isic niSandoblivia, rom wina planze gamosaxulia grZeli kede­ li, TiTqos miTiTebaa imaze, rom golgoTac da akldamac ierusalimis kedlebs miRma iyo. derCis eklesiis moxatulobaSi (XVII s.) bzobis scenaSi uzarmazari rotondaa dabaly­ eliani gumbaTiT da mis gverdiT msubuqi kiboriumi, maT win ki msxvili godoli qongure­ biT. dazianebis gamo ar Cans karibWe, saidanac gamodis ebraelTa jgufi. mirqmaSi sxvadasxva kuTxiT dayenebuli uamravi nagebobaa, sxvadasxva gadaxurviT, mRvdelmTavris savarZeli rkalurad gaRunulia, centrSi ki uzarmazari, sqel boZebze dayrdnobili gumbaTi trape­ zis Tavze dadgmuli kiboriumi unda iyos. Tumca wina plani figurebs eTmoba, es centra­ luri nageboba – taZris gansaxiereba met yuradRebas i pyrobs. nikorwmindis XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi211 mirqmis kompoziciaSi centrSi moTavsebuli sakurTxevlis TaRebian kiboriums zemodan msubuqi naxevarwriuli an konusuri gadaxurva ki ar aqvs, aramed rotondis msgavsi nageboba – mravali sarkmliT da ganedlebuli jvriT saxuravis qimze. rac mTavaria, garSemo aseve jvrebiT Semkuli kidev ramdenime Senobaa. kom­ poziciis marcxena mxare ufro dazianebulia, marjvniv ki kargad Cans sxvadasxva ti pis nage­ bobaTa simravle – mTeli qalaqia gaSlili – udavod, miniSneba zeciur ierusalimze. aseve saintereso arqiteqturaa abraamis stumarTmoyvareobis scenaSi (sur. 37): gaSlil tablasTan mimsxdari angelozebi gamosaxulni arian standartuli formis dabali kedlis fonze, samagierod kompoziciis orsav mxares nacvlad momTabare mwyemsis karavisa gamosax­ ulia sasaxle212 – didi nageboba, abraamis mxares gazneqil kronSteinebze dadgmuli gadax­ uruli terasiT, moajiriT, `kesonirebuli~ WeriT, diagonalurad daSvebuli, kamariT gad­ axuruli kibiT da sxva. aranakleb sainteresoa mariamis Sobis didi horizontalurad gaS­ lili kompozicia gumbaTis yelis qveda registrSi, mraval planad ganlagebuli sxvadasxva ti pis, zomis da feris SenobebiT, romelTa `ukan~ gamosaxulni arian figurebi, da metic, romelTa sarkmlebidan icqirebian am ambis damswreni. aseTive aivniani gadaxuruli terase­ bi, diagonalur datalRul kronSteinebze, ganivad gaSlili kiboriumebi da sxvadasxva Se­ nobebi aris kanas saswaulis scenaSic – aqac TiTqos mTeli qalaqia gamosaxuli. aq SeiZleba vivaraudoT nimuSis gamoyeneba da mxatvris sakuTari fantaziac. erTi ram na­ Telia: mas surda gamoesaxa mariamis SobiT dawyebuli gankacebis misteriis saboloo mizani – aRdgoma da adamianis mier zecaTa sasufevlis mopoveba, anu sasaxlis saxiT warmodgenili zeciuri ierusalimi. daxatuli arqiteqturisadmi midgoma cota sxvagvaria gviani xanis svanur moxatulobeb­ Si. svanur mxatvrobebs zogadad axasiaTebT fonis elementebis sibrtyovani da lakonuri

56

211

i. xuskivaZe, nikorwmindis taZris moxatuloba, gv. 109-126.

212

M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 94.

gadawyveta, gvian Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobebSi formebis da motivebis meti simravle Sein­ iSneba da adgilic meti eTmoba. magaliTad, macxvariSis Taringzelis, uRvalis jgragis, anda laSTxveris Taringzelis eklesiebis moxatulobebi da sxva213. Tumca, saerTo gad­ awyveta mainc sibrtyovania, mxatvrebi TiTqos eridebian anturaJis detalebiT kompozicia­ Ta gadatvirTvas da sakmaod erTgulad baZaven adrindel, XI-XII saukuneebis moxatulobaTa formebs. gviani Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebTa Soris `xalxuri~ mimarTulebis mxatvrobis Zeglebi (ZiriTadad XVI saukunis) TviTmyofadi saxiT gamoirCeva214, Tumca am epoqis mxatvrobisTvis damaxasiaTebel zogad niSnebs es nawarmoebebic iziarebs, maT Soris arqiteqturuli an­ turaJis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT. qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis es mimarTuleba gamoirCeva eqspresiulobiT da monumenturobiT, rac profesiuli rigis moxatulobebs ukve dakargu­ li aqvT215. am yaidis umetes ZeglebSi nagebobebi TiTqmis mTlianad avseben fons, Tumca ar gamoirCe­ vian profesiuli mxatvrobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli formaTa mravalferovnebiT, sirTu­ liT da uxvi ornamentaciiT. `xalxur~ moxatulobebSi nagebobebi ufro martivi formisaa da ZiriTadad sruliad sibrtyovani. Tanac am mimarTulebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo mxatvruli gadawyvetis xaliCiseburoba figurebs prioritetul adgils aRar uTmobs. magaliTad, wiTelxevSi, xarebaSi mTeli foni Sevsebulia mraval sarTuliani nagebobiT Tu nagebobebiT, dagvirgvinebuli ramdenime sxvadasxva simaRlis maRalyeliani gumbaTiT. es nagebobebi avsebs mTel fons da ara mxolod mariamisa da angelozis figurebs ukan216. asevea mirqmasa da jvarcmaSic. nagebobaTa kedlebis damuSaveba martivia da sakmaod erTgvarovani – sarTulebis gammijnavi da Riadebis Semomfarglavi xazebi. gelaTis wm. elias eklesiis kedlis mxatvrobaSi xarebis kompoziciaSi lamis mTeli qa­ laqi aris gamosaxuli mravalsarTuliani, sruliad brtyeli nagebobis saxiT. mariamis ukan bazilikaa, sakmaod didi, mis zemoT gumbaTiani nagebobac aris, anu mTeli repertuari mar­ iamTan dakavSirebuli xuroTmoZRvruli somboloebisa. angelozic moulodnelad Txel pandusze abrZandeba mariamisken. sxvaTa Soris, am yaidis moxatulobebSi xareba marTlac yovelTvis sagangebod `Semkulia~ arqiteqturiT, rac mariamis, rogorc uflis saxlis, mi­ wieri eklesiis gansaxierebis mniSvnelobas gamokveTs. ilemSi xareba axla ar Cans, samagierod datvirTulia arqiteqturiT lazares aRdgine­ ba, kvlav sruliad sibrtyovani maRali, mravalsarTuliani nagebobebiT, bzobaSi ki qalaqi ierusalimi sakmaod mcire zomisaa da ZiriTadad karibWis Tavze dadgmuli ramdenime patara nagebobiT aris warmodgenili. martvilis taZris moxatulobis XVI saukunis fenac xalxuri mimarTulebis nawarmoebebs miekuTvneba217.

Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom am yaidis yvela moxatulobaSi erTgvarovani midgoma ar aris, magaliTad bugeulis eklesiis moxatulobaSi nagebobebs esoden yovlismomcveli roli ara 213

m. yenia, zemo svaneTi. Sua saukuneebis kedlis mxatvroba, Tbilisi, 2010, il. 238-241, 244, 263-267.

214

i. xuskivaZe, qarTuli eklesiebis gviani Sua saukuneebis `xalxuri~ moxatulobani, gv. 365-405.

215

iqve, gv. 365-405.

216

iqve, gv. 80.

217

n. CixlaZe, martvilis taZris moxatulobis fenebi, gv. 94-103.

57

aqvT, ufro TavdaWerilad arian warmodgenilni218. xarebaSi, dabali, sam sarTuliani grZeli nagebobaa mTeli kompoziciis gayolebaze da zed dadgmulia koSkebi, romelTa zeda nawile­ bi zedxedSia gamosaxuli. kamarovani gadaxurvis mqone nageboba ki zustad mariamis Tavzea aRmarTuli, aqvea patara frontoniani eklesia. msgavsi, Tumca ufro sada saxe aqvs arqite­ qturas iosebis yvedrebis scenaSi (sur. 38). danarCen scenebSi ki arqiteqturas mniSvnelovani adgili ar uWiravs. ar Cans nagebobebi faraxeTis eklesiis mxatvrobaSic. gviani xanis qarTul xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi ori tendencia gamoikveTeba: erTi mxriv, postbizantiuri aTonuri mxatvrobis nimuSebis miyola da meore mxriv, iranuli wignis das­ uraTebis gavlena219. amave dros, aq xalxuri Semoqmedebis erTgvar gamoZaxilsac vxedavT da evropuli xelovnebis gavlenebsac220. saerTo maxasiaTeblad ki SeiZleba miviCnioT mxatvru­ li donisa da SemoqmedebiTi midgomis daknineba. arqiteqturis gamosaxvis mxriv erTi yvelaze saintereso nawarmoebia H-1665 fsalmun­ Ta dasuraTeba, romelic XV saukuniT TariRdeba221. am mravalricxovani (132) miniaturebis umetesoba Seicavs arqiteqturis gamosaxulebebs ZiriTadad rTuli, mravalnawiliani nage­ bobebis an figuraTa Semomfarglavi TaRebis saxiT. miuxedavad ramdenime mxatvris xelis arsebobisa, saerTo niSnebic namdvilad aris, Tanac sagulisxmoa, rom am miniaturebSi nak­ lebad igrZnoba paleologosuri mxatvrobis gavlena, romelic am periodis kedlis mxatv­ robaSi esoden mkafiod aris gamoxatuli da aseve mkafiod aisaxa bizantiuri xelnawerebis dasuraTebaSi. H-1665 fsalmunTa miniaturebSi garkveulad islamuri wignis dasuraTebis gavlenac ki igrZnoba, Tumca sul sxva saxis, vidre, magaliTad, iranuli gavleniT Sesrule­ bul saero Sinaarsis xelnawerebSi. aq TiTqos arabuli wignis dasuraTebis elementebi Cndeba. am miniaturebSi arqiteqtura, TiTqmis mTlianad avsebs fons, Tanac sakmaod ucnauri formis nagebobebisagan Sedgeba. miniaturebis nawilze gamosaxulni arian calkeuli fig­ urebi, magaliTad, mefe daviTi an mose winaswarmetyveli. maTi figurebi Caxatulia svetebze dayrdnobil TaRebSi, romlebic umetesad samyuraa (magaliTad, H-75, f. 84v; H-1665, f. 183r), svetebs zogjer antablementiT daboloebuli TaRi eyrdnoba (magaliTad, H-1665, f. 179v, 228r). miniaturebis umetesoba konkretul siuJets asaxavs da aq ukve arqiteqturas sakmaod di­ di roli eniWeba. garda amisa, aris mTeli rigi `wiTelfoniani~ miniaturebisa, sruliad sada anturaJiT (ca da niadagis zoli), romlebzec aseve erTi an ori figuraa gamosaxuli (magal­ iTad, H-1665, f. 229v), wiTeli fonebi batalur scenebsac aqvT da siuJetur kompoziciebsac, Tumca, iq, sadac arqiteqturaa gamosaxuli, fonisTvis mxolod mcire adgili-Ra rCeba. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos am gamosaxulebebis sruli sibrtyovaneba, miT umetes arqiteqturis222. aseve damaxasiaTebeli niSania arqiteqturuli formebis simravle da 218

i. xuskivaZe, qarTuli eklesiebis gviani Sua saukuneebis.., gv. 249-265.

219

i. xuskivaZe, islami qarTul saxviT xelovnebasa da xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, Tbilisi, 2018, gv. 28-108.

220

Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, gv. 90-91.

Л. Шервашидзе, К вопросу о средневековой грузинской светской миниатюре (миниатюры батальной тематики в Джручской псалтыри), Тбилиси, 1964, gv. 33-34; m. karanaZe, v. kekelia, e. maWavariani, Zveli aRTqmis miniatiurebi qarTul xelnawerebSi, Tbilisi, 2016.

221

222

58

Л. Шервашидзе, К Вопросу о средневековой грузинской светской миниатюре, gv. 91.

sxva­dasxva ti pis nagebobebis arqiteqtonikur logikas moklebuli mouwesrigebeli dax­ vaveba, rac adre saukuneebSi naklebad SeiniSneboda.

Sefardeba figurebsa da nagebobs Soris sruliad pirobiTia da zomiT swored figurebia aqcentirebuli, Tumca nagebobaTa simravle, siWrele da mouwesrigebeli daxvaveba erTgvar­ ad aneitralebs figurebis wamyvan rols. mravlad aris alyaSi moqceuli qalaqebis (magali­ Tad, H-75, f. 78v; H-1665, f. 190r – sur. 39), an sasaxleebis (magaliTad, H-1665, f. 221v) gamosax­ ulebebi, zigzagiseburi brtyeli kedlebiT, zedxedSi gamosaxuli kvadratuli qongurebi­ ani koSkebiT, TaRovani galereebiT, mcire da didi gumbaTebiT gadaxuruli saTavsebiT da sxva. yovelive es sakmaod qaotur, Tumca amave dros cxovelxatul iers atarebs – sruli sibrtyovaneba da eqspresiuloba. am xelnaweris miniaturebis mxatvrul gadawyvetasTan did siaxloves iCens fsalmunis H-75-is dasuraTeba. sxva mxatvruli tradiciebi aris asaxuli XVII saukunis liturgikul krebulebSi, magal­ iTad, anCisxatis (A-30) da yanCaeTis (H-1452) gulanebSi, sadac ufro Zlieria postbizanti­ uri mxatvrobis gavlena, romelic aTonidan vrceldeboda223. am xelnawerebis dasuraTebaSi, miuxedavad ramdenime ostatis xelis arsebobisa, arqiteqtura ZiriTadad wina saukuneebis nimuSebis mixedviT aris gamosaxuli, Tumca ufro primitiuli, gamartivebuli da gauxeSebu­ li formiT. magaliTad, taZrad miyvaneba anCisxatis gulanSi (f. 36v, 164r, 198r). am xelnawerSi aris jvarTamaRlebis amsaxveli miniatura, romlis marjvena nawilSi di­ di, TiTqosda wriuli nageboba aris gamosaxuli – uflis saflavi (?) (f. 30r)224. TiTqmis iden­ turi gamosaxuleba aris Semoqmedis gulanSi (Q-103, f. 116v). taZris gamosaxuleba monumen­ turi da reprezentaciulia, aqtiurad i pyrobs mnaxvelis yuradRebas. amave periodSi SesamCnevi xdeba evropuli xelovnebis, gansakuTrebiT graviurebis gavle­ 225 na , rac aisaxa iseTi iSviaTi Temebis gamosaxvaSi, rogoricaa Sesaqmis ilustrireba yanCaeTis Jam-gulanSi226, anda TviT arqiteqturis gamosaxvisas erTgvari perspeqtivis Tu siRrmis gad­ mocemis mcdeloba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa XVIII saukunis (zogi daTariRebiT XVI saukunis227) fsalmuni I-182, romlis miniaturebi udavod dasavluri nimuSebis mixedviT aris Seqmnili (magaliTad, f. 25r, anda f. 79v). sionis saintereso interpretaciaa miniaturaze daviTi sionis winaSe (f. 73), sadac sionis nageboba mogvagonebs sveticxovlis taZars228. igive tenden­ ciebi SeiniSneba XVII saukunis RmrTismSoblis akaTvistos (H-98) dasuraTebaSi (f. 26)229. gviana Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio xelnaweri wignis dasuraTebaSi naklebad SeiniSneba iranuli gavlenebi, romlebic esoden Zlier aisaxa saero Sinaarsis xelnawerTa miniaturebSi230.

223

Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, gv. 90-91.

224

iqve, gv. 30, tab. III.

225

iqve, gv. 90-92.

226

Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, il. 80-84.

Л. Шервашидзе, К вопросу о средневековой грузинской светской миниатюре, gv. 118-122; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская Миниатюра, gv. 36.

227

228

iqve, gv. 36.

229

iqve, gv. 38.

230

i. xuskivaZe, islami qarTul saxviT xelovnebasa da xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, gv. 6.

59

XI-XIII saukuneebidan mxolod erTi saero Sinaarsis dasuraTebuli xelnaweria Semor­ Cenili – astronomiuli traqtati (A-65)231. zodiaqos niSnebis gamosaxulebebSi, bunebrivia, ar aris arc erTi nageboba. samagierod gviana Sua saukuneebSi saero Sinaarsis xelnawer­ Ta dasuraTeba sakmaod saintereso suraTs iZleva – maTi umetesoba islamuri mxatvrobis Zlieri gavleniT aris Sesrulebuli: Sah-name, iosebzilixaniani, visramiani, vefxistya­ osani da sxva. am miniaturebze arqiteqturis gamosaxva sul sxva princi pebs emyareba, vidre qristianul xelovnebaSi, Tumca aqac sivrcis da fonis elementebis gamosaxva Zalze piro­ biTia232. Sinaarsis mxriv es aris iranuli poemebis Targmanebi (Sah-name, iosebzilixaniani, visramiani da sxva) da, bunebrivia, originalebis mxatvrulma saxem gavlena iqonia Targman­ is dasuraTebazec. nagebobebi gadmocemulia iranuli miniaturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli paraleluri perspeqtivis gamoyenebiT da msubuq talavrebs an fanCaturebs gvagonebs. am periodSi, gansakuTrebiT XVII saukuneSi, dasuraTda SoTa rusTavelis `vefxvistyaos­ nis~ ara erTi nusxa. am dasuraTebebSic sakmaod Zlierad aris gamosaxuli iranuli mxatv­ robis gavlena (magaliTad, S-5006, f. 6, rostevanis da sogratis bWoba – sur. 40233). miuxedavad imisa, rom aq gamosaxuli fanCaturis nawilebis moxazulobani diagonalurad miemarTeba, erTmaneTis paralelurad, TiTqosda siRrmis mimaniSneblad, saerTo STabeWdileba mainc sibrtyovnebisaa. kidev ufro brtyelia arqiteqtura – rostevanis da avTandilis kamaTi na­ dirobaSi gamarjvebis Taobaze (f. 14). aq iatakic ki sruliad vertikalur sibrtyes qmnis da zedxedSia daxatuli, masze dadgmuli rostevanis savarZeli da ukana planze gamosax­ uli nagebobebi ki gverdxedSi. aseTive mairanizirebelia H-2074 xelnaweris dasuraTeba.

TvalSi sacemia, rom miuxedavad TxrobiTi xasiaTisa, arqiteqturas didi yuradReba ar eT­ moba da kompoziciebSic misi roli sakmaod umniSvneloa. am xelnawerebSi ufro aqtiuri da mniSvnelovania bunebis peizaJi. sul sxva xasiaTisaa mamuka TavaqaraSvilis mier 1646 wels moxatuli vefxistyaosani (H-599)234. igi Tavisi mxatvruli saxiT kedlis mxatvrobis `xalxur~ mimarTulebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. aqac vxedavT uSualobis, ubraloebis, gamartivebisa da monumenturobis, daufaravi pirobiTobisa da emociurobis im momxiblav nazavs, rac esoden gamoarCevs bugeu­ lis, Walis, qoreTis da sxva eklesiaTa kedlis mxatvrobebs. mamuka TavaqaraSvilis mier Sesrulebul miniaturebSi arqiteqtura daufaravad sibrty­ ovania, aq is mciredi siRrmec ki ar aris, rac amave drois sxva, Tundac `xalxur~ mxatvrobeb­ Si. magaliTad, miniaturaze avTandili wers werils rostevan mefes (f. 28), anda miniaturaze mamuka TavaqaraSvilis portretiT (f. 67 – sur. 41), arqiteqtura sruliad sibrtyovania, ap­ likaciuria, Tumca sakmaod didi adgili uWiravs kompoziciaSi. safiqrebelia, rom es imer­ eli mxatvari marTlac iyo `xalxuri~ mxatvrobis STabeWdilebis qveS, xolo iranuli gav­ lena mis miniaturebSi TiTqmis ar igrZnoba. Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., gv. 107-113; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 29-30, il. 56-66.

231

i. xuskivaZe, qarTuli saero miniatura, Tbilisi, 1978; misive, islami qarTul saxviT xelovnebasa da xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, Tbilisi, 2018.

232

60

233

i. xuskivaZe, qarTuli saero miniatura, gv. 11-29.

234

iqve, gv. 30-42; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 44, il. 123-126.

gviana Sua saukuneebis Weduri xelovnebis nawarmoebebSi aqa-iq vlindeba erTgvari mid­ rekileba `realuri~ sivrciTi agebisken, magaliTad, mirqma (1644 wlis martvilis xatze ieses Ziris gamosaxulebiT235 – sur. 42), anda anCisxatis karedis frTebis garemoWedilobaSi, magaliTad, Tomas darwmuneba, anda saidumlo seroba236 (sur. 43), rac, savaraudod, am period­ Si evropul xelovnebasTan gaxSirebuli kontaqtebiT iyo ganpirobebuli237, Tumca nageboba­ Ta daxvaveba da arateqtonikuroba am efeqts sakmaod asustebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom formaTa mravalferovneba da nagebobebis adgili kompoziciaSi izrdeba gviani Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebebSi. amis magaliTebia anCisxatis karedis frTeb­ is moWediloba, aTormet dResaswaulTa xati caiSidan, martvilis xati iese Ziris gamosax­ ulebiT, XVI saukunis ostat mamnes namuSevrebi: sadgeris jvari, Semoqmedis karedi, bar­ akonis jvari da sxva. ostat mamnes mier Seqmnili sadgeris sakurTxevlis winamdebare jvari gviani Sua sauku­ nebis Weduri xelovnebis gamorCeuli nimuSia238. jvarze sainteresod aris warmodgenili suliwmindis mofenis scena (sur. 44), sadac sigmaze dabrZanebuli mociqulebi faqtobrivad interierSi arian gamosaxulni: Sua kedeli sasuraTo sibrtyis paraleluria, gverdiTi ke­ dlebis zeda xazebi ki odnav diagonaluria (qveda konturebi figurebiTaa dafaruli) da kideebSi svetebiT aris flankirebuli. iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos mociqulebi samnaw­ iliani Sirmis win sxedan. bzobaSi ierusalimi gamosaxulia, rogorc gumbaTiani nageboba, TiTqos rotondas ganasaxierebs. mamnes jvarze zogi scenis kompoziciuri struqtura da arqiteqturuli formebi laklakiZis xatidan gadmoRebuls hgavs (magaliTad, mirqma, So­ ba)239. gviani Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebTagan saintereso masalas gvTavazobs ramdenime xati dasavleT saqarTvelodan: XVI saukunis Semoqmedis 12 dResaswaulTa xati240, malaqia gurie­ lis 1619 wlis xati caiSidan 241, martvilis 1644 wlis xati (ieses Ziris gamosaxulebiT)242. am xatebze centraluri gamosaxulebis garSemo ganTavsebuli sauflo dResaswaulebis scen­ ebSi, arqiteqturuli anturaJis TvalsazrisiT, marTlac didi mravalferovnebaa; nagebobe­ bi sakmaod detalizirebulia, sxvadasxva kuTxiT danaxuli da kompoziciaTa sakmaod did ares ikavebs. erTi mxriv, ZiriTadi motivebi saziaroa ferwerul nawarmoebebTan, meore mxriv ki masa­ lis specifikidan gamomdinare, motivebic da detalizaciac naklebia da ufro zogadi xas­ iaTisaa.

235

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, il. 565.

236

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, il. 367; T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi xati, gv. 89.

237

g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 16.

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 522-528; T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, gv. 40-57.

238

239

T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, gv. 54.

240

g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, tab. 60.

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, il. 565; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, tab. 80.

241

242

g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, tab. 72-74.

61

arqiteqturis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia anCisxatis kare­ dis XIV saukunis Sida moWedilobas da XVII saukunis garemoWedilobas243 (magaliTad, To­ mas darwmuneba, suliwmindis mofena, saidumlo seroba). aq mTeli kadri Sevsebulia antura­ JiT, maT Soris sakmaod Taviseburi arqiteqturiT, magaliTad, miZinebaSi kidura Senobebi TiTqmis xazovani perspeqtiviT aris gamosaxuli, Tomas darwmunebaSi ki daxSuli karis Tavze erTgvarad amotrialebuli kesonirebuli kamaraa244. sulTmofenobaSi mociqulTa ovaluri moyvanilobis formis uzurgo saydari warmodgenilia mravalsarTuliani kedlis fonze, romelsac Tavze adgas sami nagebobis ukve tradiciuli kompozicia. sainteresoa zecis gaxsnili karebis motivi, magaliTad, anCisxatis Sida moWedilobis amaRlebis scenaSi – angelozebs uWiravT ori marTkuTxa kari245. es motivi ufro adre X-XI saukuneTa mijnis saRolaSenisa da Sorapnis lorfinebzec aris gamoyenebuli – aseve am­ aRlebis scenebSi. Wedur nawarmoebebSi kompoziciuri princi pebi, maT Soris arqiteqturis gamosaxvis, ar aris erTgvarovani. magaliTad, anCisxatis XVII saukunis garemoWedilobaze kompoziciebi Zalian gadatvirTulia, akliaT teqtonikuroba da simwyobre, figurebi da anturaJi ikarge­ ba erTmaneTSi246, maSin roca amave drois sxva nawarmoebebSi (magaliTad, Semoqmedis 12 dRe­ saswaulis xati (XVI saukunis meore naxevari), anda 1644 wlis martvilis RmrTismSoblis xa­ ti ieses Ziris gamosaxulebiT, anda 1619 wlis malaqia gurielis xati caiSidan) kompozicie­ bi gamoirCeva naTeli agebiT, wonasworobiT, simwyobriT da, Sesabamisad, arqiteqturuli fonebi aseve mwyobri da `wynaria~, umetesad sibrtyovani formebiTaa warmodgenili247. saerTo niSania siuJeturi kompoziciebis raodenobis zrda, rac, TavisTavad iwvevs ar­ qiteqturuli anturaJis ufro aqtiur gamosaxvas. bevr SemTxvevaSi SeiniSneba wignis das­ uraTebis gavlena (magaliTad, suliwmindis mofena anCisxatis gare moWedulobaze da 1639 wlis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi248). aseve naTlad SeiniSneba Zveli nimuSebis gavlenac, magaliTad, awyuris RmrTismSoblis xatis karedis frTebis XVIII saukunis Sida moWedilobas udavod laklakiZis xati hqonda ni­ muSad: aqac bzobaSi qalaqis personifikacia qongurebian kedelzea gadmomdgari, mirqmaSi ki TiTqmis zustad gameorebulia zeciuri ierusalimis sqema – samnawiliani arqiteqtura kom­ poziciis zeda, zeciur nawilSi249. sainteresoa, rom am karedze sxva scenebic aris damatebu­ li – magaliTad, ieses Ziri, aseve qarTul xelovnebaSi TiTqmis ucnobi scena mariami – wyaro cxovrebisa. kedlis mxatvrobisa da miTumetes xelnawerTa dasuraTebisgan gansxvavebiT, iranuli gavlenebi WedurobaSi TiTqmis ar SeiniSneba, albaT mxolod firuzisa da zogi axali teqni­

62

243

T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi, gv. 82-91.

244

g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 16; T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi, gv. 89.

245

T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, gv. 17.

246

T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi, gv. 82-83.

247

iqve, gv. 87.

248

iqve, gv. 88.

249

n. burWulaZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 333-337.

kuri xerxis gamoyenebaSi250. bunebrivia, radgan siuJeturi kompoziciebi islamuri liTonis plastikaSi am periodSi naklebia, ufro dekoratiuli motivebia gavrcelebuli, an sazeimo figuratiuli gamosaxulebebi arqiteqturuli anturaJis gareSe251. gvian Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli ferweruli xatebi wina epoqebTan SedarebiT ufro mrav­ alferovan masalas gvTavazobs arqiteqturuli anturaJis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca Sedare­ biT liTonis plastikasTan da miTumetes xelnawerTa dasuraTebasTan, raime gansakuTre­ bul midgomas da gadawyvetas ver vxedavT. magaliTad, XVII saukunis sauflo dResaswaulTa xatze samebis gamosaxulebiT252 bzobis scenaSi qalaqi ierusalimi gamosaxulia marTkuTxa qongurebian galavanSi moqceuli patara nagebobebis saxiT, romelTa centrSi wiTelgum­ baTiani rotondis msgavsi taZaria – uflis saflavi. 1678 wlis mirqmis xatze Sio mRvimidan (sur. 45), sakmaod gavrcobili arqiteqturaa. dazianebis miuxedavad Cans trapezi zed dab­ rZanebuli saxarebiT. igi moTavsebulia sada kapitelebian oTx svetze dayrdnobil naxevar­ wriuli salxineblis qveS, svetebs Soris daWimul Tokze wiTeli kretsabmelia dakidebu­ li da gadaweuli svimeonis mxares – gaxsnili zeca253. salxinebels mTeli centraluri are uWiravs, mis marjvniv aris ukonqo afsidis ti pis Zalian STambeWdavi nageboba, marcxniv ki frontoniani Senoba orqanobiani saxuraviT da morTuli portaliT – ierusalimis taZari254. es albaT templonis xati iyo, iseve rogorc amave 1678 wliT daTariRebuli bzobis xati aseve Sio mRvimedan, Tumca ostati sxva unda iyos. qalaqis xuroTmoZRvreba aq sakmaod gavr­ cobilia – ZiriTadad momwvano-nacrisferi, TeTrad dadebuli ornamentebiT qongurebian kedlebze, centrSi ki wiTel kedlebiani da konusurgadaxurviani nageboba – rotonda – qristes saflavi. amave ti pisaa sulTmofenoba, sakmaod pirobiTi arqiteqturiT, romelic unda ganasaxierebdes sionis saxls – taZars, `dedas yovelTa eklesiaTa~255. sivrcis swori da bunebrivi gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa XVII-XVIII sauku­ neebis kacxis xatebi sauflo dResaswaulTa rigidan, romelTa Soris gamoirCeva mirqma. mis struqturaSic igrZnoba evropuli xelovnebis gavlena swored arqiteqturis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT256. niSandoblivia, rom arqiteqturuli formebi TiTqos kargavs gansakuTre­ bul simbolur mniSvnelobas da mxolod aRweriT-TxrobiTi funqcia eniWeba. amrigad, ragind formis, zomis, struqturis xuroTmoZRvrebis gamosaxuleba iyos, igi yovelTvis an pirdapir (siuJetis Sesabamisad) anda qaragmulad zeciur ierusalims ganasax­ ierebs. rogorc vnaxeT, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi ganvi­ Tarebis manZilze bevri saziaro niSnebic arsebobs da bevri individualuric, zogjer dar­ 250

i. xuskivaZe, islami qarTul saxviT xelovnebasa da xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, gv. 110-126.

251

iqve, gv. 110-118.

252

n. burWulaZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 250-251.

253

am xatis kompozicia, gansakuTrebiT ki salxinebelSi Sekiduli wiTeli kretsabmeli did msgavsebas avlens XV saukunis berZnul xatTan aTenis bizantiuri muzeumidan (Architecture as Icon, il. kat. #10).

254

n. burWulaZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 268.

255

iqve, gv. 270, 274, il. 271, 275.

256

iqve, gv. 409.

63

gis specifikiT ganpirobebuli, zogjer ostatis ganswavliT, da xSirad ki gamoyenebuli ni­ muSebis zegavleniT. gamoCnda aseve, rom qarTuli xelovneba sakmaod gaxsnili iyo sxvadasx­ va qveynidan momdinare kulturuli gavlenebis mimarT, Tavisuflad iTvisebda maT, Tumca yovelTvis gadaamuSavebda, `gadaTargmnida~ sakuTar mxatvrul enaze. bevri ram saerToa nagebobaTa formebis da ti pebis repertuaris TvalsazrisiTac. amavdroulad, mas naTlad gamoxatuli Taviseburi saxe aqvs. arqiteqturuli anturaJis ganxilvisas Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi garda saku­ Triv nagebobebisa SeiZleba gamovyoT sakmaod mniSvnelovani qve-Temebi, rogoricaa magali­ Tad, kiboriumi, TaRi, sveti, karibWe, velumi da sxva arqiteqturuli elementebi, romlebsac TavisTavadi mniSvneloba da simboluri datvirTva aqvT. magaliTad, niJariseburi forma ka­ ribWis timpanSi, saydris an kiboriumis Tavze, zeciur samyofelze miuTiTebs257. kiboriumi (fanCaturi) mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli formaa, romelic xuroTmoZRvru­ li anturaJis TiTqmis aucilebeli nawilia. rogorc bevri sxva Tema, esec urTierTganmsWva­ lavi sazrisebiT aris datvirTuli: uflis saflavi, taZris sakurTxeveli, zogjer igi ar­ qiteqturuli nagebobebis mxolod erTi, mcire zomis elementia, damateba, Tu SeiZleba iTq­ vas. zogjer ki mTavari gamosaxuleba, rogorc Tavisi adgiliT, aseve zomiTac iseT kompo­ ziciebSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, mirqma, ZRvenis uaryofa, mariamis taZrad miyvaneba da sxva. igi erTdroulad Zveli aRTqmis taZris saxecaa da axali aRTqmis qristianuli eklesiisac; sakurTxevlis trapezi erTdroulad ganasaxierebs beTlemis mRvimesac da uflis saflavis mRvimesac, kiboriumis gamosaxuleba swored kuvukliasTan iCens aluzias258. salxinebeli kuvuklias Tavze uflis saflavis eklesiis saxea. amitom ziarebis kompoziciebSi trapezis Tavze dadgmuli salxinebeli SeiZleba gaigivebul iqnas uflis saflavTan, rac srulad epasuxeba evqaristiis saidumlos arss259 da saboloo jamSi, zeciur ierusalimTan qmnis aso­ ciacias260. saxviTi xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela dargSi TaRi (TaRedi) uZvelesi droidan sagangebo mniSvnelobis, sazeimo xasiaTis gamosaxulebis an movlenis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda (magaliTad, romis droindeli satriumfo TaRebi). TviT moxazuloba TaRisa qmnis erTgvar sazeimo ganwyobas da mniSvnelovnebas261: nageb xuroTmoZRvrebaSi es forma gamoiyeneba por­ talebisTvis, fasadebis gaformebisTvis; WedurobaSi – figuraTa Semosafarglavad, magal­ iTad, bediis barZimi, martvilis RmrTismSoblis xati, kedlis mxatvrobaSi – mociqulTa figurebis gamosayofad (favnisi), qtitorTa figurebis aqcentirebisTvis (garejis naTlism­ 257

R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 49.

S. Ćurčić, Cave and Church. An Eastern Christian Hierotopical Synthesis, in: Hierotopy. The Creation of Sacred Spaces in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. by A. Lidov, Moscow, 2006, gv. 216-224; C. Mango, The Art of Byzantine Empire, 3121453, gv. 141-143.

258

259

kiboriumi aqcentirebs gamosaxuli pirovnebis an movlenis zeciur an sameufeo mniSvnelobas da zogjer boroti mefis – herode, diokletiane – savarZelzec ki idgmeba: R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 49-52.

260

A. Lidov, Heavenly Jerusalem: The Byzantine Approach, Jewish Art, 23-24, 1998, gv. 344-345.

R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 49; T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi, gv. 83; T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, gv. 18; S. Filipova, Image of Cities in the Macedonian Collection of Icon Painting, Patrimonium. MK, No 15, 2017, gv. 293.

261

64

cemeli, yincvisi); sauflo dResaswaulTa scenebisTvis sazeimo ieris misaniWeblad (magal­ iTad, udabnos xarebis eklesiis mxatvrobaSi). qristianul xelovnebaSi TaRedi ZiriTadad zeciuri ierusalimis karibWeTa simbolod aRiqmeboda262. marTlac, TaRi/TaRedi garkveul asociacias iwvevs zeciur karibWesTan, am da im qveynis, miwisa da zecis gamyof-damakavSirebel zRudesTan. aki kankelebsac xSirad swored TaRedis forma aqvs. TaRi marTlac asocirdeba zeciur sferosTan, ca-mrgvalTan: `zecis kamara~, cisartyela. amave dros ganasaxierebs eklesiis (fizikuri da sulieri mniSvnelo­ biT) Sesasvlels, kars amqveyniur codvil samyarosa da sakralur sivrces Soris263. sagangebo mniSvnelovnebas iZens TaRis forma xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi264. magaliT­ ad, jruWis pirveli oTxTavis miniaturebSi (H-1660, 940 weli) gankurnebaTa scenebi da max­ arebelTa wardgeniTi figurebi gamosaxulia TaRis qveS, Tanac es TaRi eyrdnoba akanTis msgavs kapitelebs, romlebidanac mcenareuli ylortebia aRmocenebuli (magaliTad, f. 143 – sur. 12; f. 228v). svetebi maxarebelTa portretebs ormagi aqvT (magaliTad, f. 52), xolo gankurnebebis scenebs ki TiTo-TiTo. am TaRebis msgavs struqturas vxedavT VI saukunis oTxTavis Wedur ydaze Ddambarton ouqsis koleqciidan, sadac TaRs qveS moqceulia gane­ dlebuli jvris gamosaxuleba, viTarca sicocxlis xe samoTxis baRSi265. TaRSi moqceuli jvris sazeimo gamosaxuleba araerT qarTul xelnawerSi gvxvdeba (magaliTad, alaverdis oTxTavSi, A-484, XI s. f. 9v). svetebze dayrdnobil TaRSi (zogjer samyuraSi) aris moqceuli fsalmunis H-1665-is min­ iaturebze winaswarmetyvelTa figurebi (magaliTad, winaswarmetyveli angia – f. 185r, winas­ warmetyveli amosi – f. 217v, winaswarmetyveli enuqi – f. 183v da sxva)266. calke jgufs qmnis kanonTa (kamaraTa) tabulebi, romlebsac arqiteqturuli forma aqvT, Tumca ufro fantastikuris, vidre realuris. erTgvari dekoratiuli `pavilionebi~, sasaxle­ Ta baRebSi rom idgmeboda. es gamosaxulebebi garkveulad samoTxis baRTan iwvevs asociacias. 267 H. Buchvald, Chancel Barrier Lintels Decorated with Carved Arcades, Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik, 45, 1995, gv. 233-274; S. Fillipova, Images of Cities, gv. 288.

262

263

П. Флоренский, Иконостас, Санкт Петербург, 1993, gv. 1-179.

e. maWavariani, wignis xelovneba, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 25-29; Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги IX-XI столетий; e. maWavariani, qarTuli xelnawerebi, Tbilisi, 1970; N. Kavtaria, Canon Tables Types, Ornamental Decorations and Aesthetics of Georgian and Armenian Book Art from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries, Figure and Ornament: Aesthetics, Art and Architecture in the Caucasus Region from 400 to 1650, Abstracts of the Conference, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 27-29; n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis (A-484) mxatvruli gaformebis Taviseburebani, gv. 89-111.

264

L. Shafran, Heaven on Earth, tab. VII B. TaRebis gamosaxvis es sqema qristianuli aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebis xelnawerebSic gvxvdeba.

265

266

m. karanaZe, v. kekelia, e. maWavariani, Zveli aRTqmis miniatiurebi, gv. 186, 187, 191.

267

saxarebiseuli teqstebis mdidrul arqiteqturul anturaJSi Caweris tradicia erTgvarad mogvagonebs beTlemis Sobis bazilikis centraluri navis 1169 wlis mozaikebs. aq warmodgenilia saocrad mravalsaxovani arqiteqturuli dekori – sasaxleebi, romelic aCarCoebs adgilobrivi sinodebis da msoflio saeklesio krebebis kanonebis teqstebs da Tavisi saerTo ganwyobiT Tesalonikis wm. giorgis rotondis V saukunis mozaikebis arqiteqturul fonebs mogvagonebs (M. Bacci, The Mystic Cave, Rome, 2017, gv. 151-183, il. 44, 46).

65

rogorc cnobilia, kamara (kanoni) kesariis episkoposis evsebiusis (264-340) saxels ukav­ Sirdeba da warmoadgens saindeqso sistemas, romelic awesrigebs axali aRTqmis oTx kanon­ ikur teqstSi Tanxvedrili adgilebis dadgenas liturgikuli wlis ganmavlobaSi. kamarebi zogjer 14 gverdze iSleba (alaverdis, ruisis, gelaTis oTxTavebi), umetesad 10-ze (adiSi, jruWi pirveli)268. misi uadresi nimuSebi VI saukunis siriuli warmomavlobis xelnawerSi – rabulas saxarebaSia269, saqarTveloSi ki – adiSis 864 wlis oTxTavSi (sur. 46)270. evsebiusis kanonebi jer kidev IV saukuneSi Camoyalibda da albaT amave dros Seiqmna maTi mxatvruli gaformebis ti pologia – TaRedi, rogorc axali aRTqmis samyaroSi Sesasvleli, zRurbli, triumfaluri kari. yvelaze adrindel nimuSSi rabulas saxarebaSi kanonTa tab­ ulebs ukve sruliad Camoyalibebuli saxe aqvs, Tumca XI-XII saukuneebis klasikuri konstan­ tinopoluri nimuSebisgan gansxvavebuli aq bevri siuJeturi scenebia oleebze271. qarTul xelnawerebSi ukve IX saukunidan gvaqvs nimuSebi, sakmaod sada da grafikuli, magaliTad, wyarosTavis X saukunis saxarebaSi. Semdgom ki kesariuli pirvelwyaros mdidrul varia­ ciebs qmnian. sagulisxmoa rom evsebiusis kanonebis gamosaxulebas qarTulad `kamaras~ uwodeben, xolo misi damxatveli ostati, magaliTad, jruWi pirvelis mxatvari Tevdore Tavis Tavs `kamaraT mwerals~ uwodebs272. evsebiusis kanonebis (kamarebis) mxatvruli gaformeba gansa­ kuTrebuli Temaa wignis dasuraTebis sistemaSi273. aq, erTi mxriv, mxatvris fantaziis usazRvro gasaqania dekoratiuli Temebis mravalfer­ ovnebis TvalsazrisiT; garda amisa, TaRi TviT am kanonebs aniWebs mniSvnelovnebas, erTg­ varad gamohyofs maT naratiuli gamosaxulebebis rigidan. Tanac zeciuri kamaris asocia­ cias qmnian. amitomac xSirad kamaris gasaformeblad cisartyelas ornamenti gamoiyeneba (magaliTad, adiSis oTxTavSi274). kanonTa tabulebis mxatvruli gadawyveta sxvadasxva etapze sxvadasxva midgomas avlens: magaliTad, adreul etapze miRebuli sada TaRis forma adgils uTmobs antablementian formas275, matulobs ornamentebi, detalebi276. n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis (A-484) mxatvruli gaformebis Taviseburebani, gv. 89-111; n. qavTaria, gelaTis oTxTavi, gv. 63-64.

268

A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, gv. 208-211, il. 234, 235; A. Eastmond, The Glory of Byzantium and Early Christendom, London, 2013, gv. 105, il. 102.

269

N. Kavtaria, Canon Tables Types.., gv. 27-29; n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis (A-484) mxatvruli gaformebis Taviseburebani, gv. 89-111.

270

271

A. Eastmond, The Glory of Byzantium and Early Christendom, gv. 105, il. 102.

v. beriZe, Zveli qarTveli ostatebi, Tbilisi, 1967, gv. 101-103; e. maWavariani, wignis xelovneba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 25-29.

272

C. NNordenfalk, Die spätantiken Kanonstafeln, Göteberg, 1908, gv. 76-77, 85-86, 90-92, 113-116; Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги, gv. 27-30, 38-41; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 14-17, il. 3-12; e. maWavariani, wignis xelovneba gv. 25-29; N. Kavtaria, Canon Tables Types.., 2011, gv. 27-29; n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis (A-484) mxatvruli gaformebis Taviseburebani, gv. 89-111.

273

66

274

Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги, gv. 30.

275

N. Kavtaria, Canon Tables Types.., gv. 27-29.

276

C. NNordenfalk, Die spätantiken Kanonstafeln, gv. 76-77.

cxadia, gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu romel samwerlobo centrSi iqna Seqmnili xelnaweri, ra nimuSebiT sargeblobda mxatvari da sxva. magram garkveuli ganviTareba droSi udavoa. magaliTad, adiSis oTxTavSi kamaraTa mxatvruli gadawyveta sakmaod sadaa, XIII saukunis labsyaldis oTxTavSi ki am konstruqciis arqiteqturuloba TiTqmis srulad STanTqmulia dekoratiulobiT – didi, uxvad ornamentuli antablementi eyrdnoba ara svetebis kapitel­ ebs, aramed am kapitelebze mdgom sakmaod moZrav da dinamikur figurebs, xolo svetebi, rom­ lebic yvela konstruqciuli wesis darRveviT gadakvanZulia Sua welze, eyrdnoba aseve sxvadasxva alegoriuli mniSvnelobis mqone figurebiT Sedgenil bazisebs, anu arqiteqton­ ika sruliad darRveulia (sur. 48). rom aRaraferi vTqvaT TviT am monumenturi antablemen­ tis Tavze gaSlil baRnarze uamravi cxovelis, adamianTa figurebis, mcenareebis, Sadrevneb­ is gamosaxulebebiT – samoTxe 277. kanonTa tabulebis, rogorc arqiteqturuli formebis asaxvis nimuSebis gadawyveta gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva xelnawerSi. SedarebiT adrindel nimuSebSi ormagi TaRebia (magaliTad, adiSi, jruWi I, alaverdi), Semdgom xanaSi ki farTod gaSlili TiTo TaRia (magaliTad, vani, labsyaldi, mestia da sxva). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom erTi da imave xelnawer­ Sic ki kamarebis gansxvavebuli formebi da dekori aqvT278.

SeiZleba ramdenime kompoziciuri versia gamovyoT: erTi TaRi (kamara) – magaliTad, adi­ Sis oTxTavi (f. 3r), ormagi TaRi – jruWis pirveli oTxTavi (f. 4r, 5v), alaverdis oTxTavi (f.

4v) da sxva. es mniSvnelovani kompoziciuri gansxvavebaa, magram ufro TvalSisacemia deko­ ratiuli gaformebis xasiaTi. mTavari aq Sinaarsi unda iyos – paralelur teqstTa saZie­ beli funqciurad metad mniSvnelovania da, etyoba, amis gamo saocrad morTul-mokazmuli (sur. 47).

XI saukunidan moyolebuli svetebs didi antablementi eyrdnoba, umetesad erTini TaRis momcveli. aseTia kanonebi vanis oTxTavis, jruWi meores, labsyaldisa da sxva oTxTavebis dasuraTebaSi. labsyaldis oTxTavSi, erTi SexedviT, marTkuTxa antablementis qveda xa­ zi pawawina TaRebad aris danawevrebuli. erTmagi Tu ormagi, Tu mcire zomis TaRedad war­ modgenili, es rkaluri forma evsebiusis kanonebis wamyvan elements warmoadgens. rac mTavaria, marTkuTxa Tu TaRovani formis evsebiusis kanonebi arqiteqturis Tavise­ buri asaxvaa. am mxriv Zalian niSandoblivia mestiis oTxTavi, sadac kanonebis antablements (f. 3r, sur. 14) saerTod jvar-gumbaTuri taZris forma aqvs. Tanac didi TaRis qveS TiTqos taZ­ ris interieri ixsneba kamaraze Sekiduli sacecxlurebiT279. es xelnaweri oSkis oTxTavis saxeliTac aris cnobili da am kamaraze gamosaxuli eklesia, gansakuTrebiT misi gumbaTi, sakmaod did msgavsebas avlens oSkis taZris xuroTmoZRvrebasTan. es gamosaxuleba erTgvari gasaRebia am motivis Sinaarsis gasaxsnelad, radgan aq naTlad Cans, rom evsebiusis kanoneb­ is SemTxvevaSi TaRi ara ubralod lamazi dekoratiuli motivia, aramed Rrma sazrisi aqvs – es aris zRurbli aqaursa da iqaurs Soris, taZris zRurbli, mosamzadebeli sivrce sax­ arebasTan Sesaxvedrad280. kanonTa sxva gamosaxulebebSi es Sinaarsi esoden daufaravad ar 277

n. qavTaria, gelaTis oTxTavi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 11, 2007, gv. 64.

278

iqve, gv. 63-64.

279

Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги, gv. 135-137, tab. 40.

280

n. qavTaria, gelaTis oTxTavi, gv. 63-64.

67

aris gancxadebuli. rogorc ukve iTqva, xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi TaRis forma maxarebelTa `portretebis~ warsadgenaTac gamoiyeneba, rogorc sazeimo, triumfaluri xasiaTis forma. sxvaTa Soris, sagulisxmoa, rom alaverdis oTxTavis bolos darTul mandilionis cik­ lis ilustraciebSi, Cardaxian sawolSi mwolare avadmyofi mefe avgarozi kamaris qveS aris gamosaxuli (f. 319v), romelic TiTqmis zustad imeorebs evsebiusis kanonebis moxazulobas, struqturasa da gaformebas. arsebuli ganmartebebiT, kamarebi marTlac rom erTgvari mosamzadebeli sivrcea, Ses­ asvleli im didi saswaulisken, romelic kamarebs mere elodeba mnaxvels: TviT saxareba, gza ukvdavebisken, aRdgomisken, maradiuli sasufevlisken. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, kamarebi zeciuri ierusalimis karibWeebia281. aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT iakob kokinobaTosis homiliebis (XII saukunis pirveli naxevari) bizantiuri miniatura, romelic konstantinopolis mociqulTa eklesias warmogvidgens. am­ aRlebis scena sam navad dayofili xuTgumbaTiani taZris interierSi iSleba. gumbaTqveSa TaRSi suliwmindis mofenaa gamosaxuli282. am miniaturas garkveulad enaTesaveba grigol nazianzelis homiliebis erTi miniatura, sadac uamravi nagebobebisgan Semdgari taZris in­ terierSi TviT wm. grigoli aris gamosaxuli qadagebebis weris dros283. aqac vxedavT arqite­ qturas, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs gamosaxul movlenebs da amiT TiTqos cnaurdeba idea samyaros mowesrigebulobisa, kosmosisa, romlis idealuri saxe aris taZris nageboba, sax­ li uflisa, RvTaebrivi aRmSeneblobis gansaxiereba. unda aRiniSnos, rom bizantiuri xelnaweri wignis dasuraTebaSi kamarebi Tavidanve sak­ maod morTul-mokazmulia (magaliTad, rabulas oTxTavSi) da Semdgom saukuneebSic mdid­ ruli dekoriT da fantastikuri formebiT xasiaTdeba. somxuri xelnawerebis dasuraTebaSi wignis Sedgenis adgilis mixedviT kamaris (xoranis) mxatvruli gadawyveta sakmaod gansxvavebulia. zogan is Zalian gamartivebulia – magaliT­ ad, 986 wlis oTxTavis284 da axTamaris 1288 wlis oTxTavis dasuraTebebSi. sxvagan gvxvdeba bizantiuri nimuSebis mibaZviT Sesrulebuli xoranebi – magaliTad, trapzonis X saukunis oTxTavi veneciidan, Zalian detalizirebuli mdidruli ornamentaciiT da sakmaod jmuxi proporciebis svetebiT285, aseTive garTulebulia 1211 wlis haRpatis oTxTavis xoranis gad­ awyveta 286. kilikiur nimuSebSi bizantiuri gavlena sakmaod sagrZnobia. somxur xelnawer­ Ta dasuraTeba kanonis tabulebis SesrulebaSic qarTulTan SedarebiT meti feradovnuli simkveTriT, ornamentuli saxeebis dawvrilmanebiTa da simravliT, meti pirobiTobiT da erTgvari sibrtyovanebiTac gamoirCeva. qarTuli oTxTavebis kamarebi – magaliTad, gelaTis, vanis, labsyaldis – sakmaod did msgavsebas avlens bizantiur nimuSebTan, Tumca umetes nawarmoebebSi meti TavSekavebu­ n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis (A-484) gaformebis mxatvruli aspeqtebi, krebulSi: alaverdis eparqiis istoriis furclebi, 1, samecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi, 2006, red. n. burWulaZe, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 47.

281

68

282

R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, Oxford, 2000, il. 87.

283

Architecture as Icon, il. 22.

284

Л. Дурново, Очерки изобразительного искусства средневековой Армении, il. 108.

285

P. Donabédian, J. -M. Thierry, Les arts arméniens, il. 81.

286

Л. Дурново, Очерки изобразительного искусства средневековой Армении, il. 152.

lobiT gamoirCeva rogorc dekoris xasiaTis, ise feradovnebisa da konstruqciulobis mxriv.

TaRsa da TaReds ukavSirdeba kidev erTi, sagangebo mniSvnelobis arqiteqturuli ele­ menti – karibWe, `ese ars bWe uflisa da marTalni Sevlenan mas Sina~ (fsal. 17: 20); `uyuar­ an ufalsa bWeni sionisani ufrois yovelTa sayofelTa iakobisaTa. didebul iTqva SenTvis qalaqo RmrTisao~ (fsal. 86: 2, 3). `me var kari – brZanebs ufali~ (ioane, 10, 9). Teodorite kvirelis mixedviT, yoveli miwieri eklesia aris karibWe zeciuri ierusalimisa. garkveu­ li TvalsazrisiT, kedlis mxatvrobaSi wmindanebis an qtitorebis gamosaxva TaRebs qveS swored am zeciuri karibWis aRmniSvnelia.

Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi sasaxlesac, taZarsac da qalaqsac xSirad gamosaxavdnen mxolod karibWis saxiT287, da es sakmarisi iyo. Cveulebrivi mnaxveli mets verc ki xedavda. karibWe gamocxadebis teqstSic aris asaxuli da saxarebiseul Tu apokriful teqstebSic. umetesad or koSks Soris gamosaxuli, daxuruli, odnav an farTod gaxsnili karibWeebi Zalian did simbolur mniSvnelobas ikrebs. aqve unda vaxsenoT sxva wminda arqiteqturuli elementis – svetis gamosaxva wminda mesveteTa `portretebSi~. es gamosaxulebebi sakmaod erTgvarovani sqemis mixedviT keT­ deba: bazisi, sveti, romlis simrgvale xSirad ramdenime sxvadasxva feris an tonis verti­ kaluri zoliT – CaCrdilva – aris aRniSnuli, Tumca bazisi da kapiteli sruliad hori­ zontaluri xazebiT aris Sedgenili. kapiteli umetesad Zalian morTulia, akanTis msgav­ si foTlebiT, voliutebiT da sxva. kapitelze ki msubuqi xazebiT aRniSnulia moajiri. wm. mesveteebi rogorc wesi, mkerdamde arian gamosaxulni am moajirs `ukan~, mcire oran­ tis pozaSi. ramdenad Seesatyviseba es sqema mesveteebis realurad arsebul svetebs, Zneli saTqmelia. erTi adreuli gamosaxuleba gvaqvs garejSi, udabnos monasterSi (sur. 49); mesvetee­ bi aris atenis sakurTxevlis sarkmlebSi, zemo krixis sarkmelSi (aq sxvadasxva naxatiT detalurad aris `sarTulebi~ aRniSnuli, sur. 50), garejis udabnos taZarsa da satrape­ zoSi, yincvisSi, SiomRvimis jvris amaRlebis eklesiaSi, axtalaSi, gelaTis did taZarSi da kedlis mxatvrobis mraval sxva ZeglSi. axtalaSi CrdiloeTi kedlis centrSi, or sarkmels Soris uzarmazari svetia gamosaxuli, uamravi ornamentiT Semkuli kapiteliT, romelic TviT svetze bevrad didi da maRalia. es gamosaxuleba mTeli am kedlis erTgvari centria288. mesveteTa gamosaxulebebi mTels saqristianoSi iyo gavrcelebuli, dawyebuli V-VI saukuneTa siriuli reliefuri filiT289 da damTavrebuli Teofane berZenis XV saukunis ga­ mosaxulebebiT novgorogis macxovris feriscvalebis taZris moxatulobaSi. sagangebod unda vaxsenoT qarTuli Wedurobis XI saukunis nimuSi – wm. svimeon mesvet­ is xati laRamidan (sur. 51), romelzec mTels simaRleze gamosaxulia monumenturi sveti da wmindanis naxevarfigura moajiriT Semofarglul kapitelze, svetis winaSe ki cageris 287

M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 89-90.

M. Bulia, M. Janjalia, Medieval Art and Modern Approaches. A New Look at the Akhtala Paintings, in: The Medieval South Caucasus: Artistic Cultures of Albania, Armenia and Georgia, ed. by I. Foletti and E. Thunø, 2016, gv. 106-123, il. 7, 9.

288

289

Byzantium and Islam. Age of Transition. 7th -9th centuries, ed. by H. C. Evans with B. Ratliff, New York, 2012, gv. 96, kat. #63.

69

episkoposi antoni wardgeba. gamosaxulebis sada fonis didi nawili asomTavruli warwer­ iT aris Sevsebuli 290. am xatze sveti sakmaod detalurad aris warmodgenili: igi waxnagovania da Sua waxnagis amoburculobis gamo marTlac iqmneba moculobis iluzia. Sua welze Cadgmulia erTgvari medalioni. kapiteli ki gadaSlil yvavils hgavs, Tanac sagulisxmoa, rom wmindanis figura moajiris `win~ aris gamosaxuli da marTlac TiTqos yvavilidan amodis. antonis figura kapitelamdec ki ar wvdeba. aq svetis gamosaxvas sagangebo yuradReba da mniSvneloba eniWe­ ba da saTanadod morTul-mokazmulia, Tanac es ar aris ubralod martivi arqiteqturuli forma, aramed dawaxnagebuli, dekoratiuli gafarToebiT Sua simaRleze, Tumca samsafexu­ riani bazisi aqac mkacrad horizontaluria da wriulobaze aranairad ar mianiSnebs. sainteresoa SevadaroT cnobili siriuli relikvariumis mooqrovil vercxlis firfi­ tas (luvri, VI-VII saukuneebi), romelzec aseve svimeon mesvetea gamosaxuli – aqac sveti sak­ maod monumenturad aris gamosaxuli, Tanac iseTi detaliT, rogorc diagonalurad midgmu­ li kibe. wmindani aq muxlebamdea warmodgenili, TiTqos kalaTidan amodis. magram saerTo STabeWdilebas mainc gansazRvravs svets Semoxveuli msxvili daklaknili gveli da niJara wmindanis Tavze: gveli – cduneba, boroteba291, niJara – triumfi, wmindanis gamarjveba cdune­ baze. bevr rusul xatze mesvetis sveti gamosaxulia, rogorc viwro, Zalian maRali mraval­ sarTuliani nageboba, kibeebiT, aivnebiT, portalebiT da a. S. 292. qarTul xelovnebaSi aseTi gadawyveta ar aris miRebuli. mesveteTa gamosaxulebani kargi nimuSia im pirobiTobisa, romelic Sua saukuneebis sax­ viTi xelovnebis erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelia. marTlac, wmindani gamosaxulia mkerdamde, kapitelze, TiTqos sxeuli gadaWrilia, Tanac arc sveti Cans iseTi maRali, rogoric albaT iyo (30 metri). svetic, figurac, moajirebic – yvelaferi pirobiTad aris gamosaxuli, ufro niSania, vidre aRwera. rac mTavaria, es im xelovnebis konteqstSi araviTar uxerxulobas da gaugebrobas ar iwvevs, mTavaria mesvetis idea293: sveti – damakavSirebeli zecisa da miwisa, RvTaebrivisa da adamianurisa, erTgvarad iakobis kibesTan gaigivebuli. velumi, kretsabmeli ar aris pirdapiri gagebiT arqiteqturuli elementi, Tumca dax­ atul arqiteqturul anturaJSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili da sazrisi eniWeba. fard­ is gamosaxuleba adreve Cndeba bizantiur eklesiebSi (siriul sakurTxevlebSi, bauitis freskebze, santa maria antikvas freskebze, wm. dimitris taZris mozaikebze TesalonikSi da sxva). velumi – kretsabmelis nairsaxeobaa rogorc taZris, aseve saimperatoro sasaxlis inter­ ierSi da iq ganxorcielebuli movlenebis (liturgikuli qmedebebis Tu sasaxlis ceremo­ niebis) ganuyofeli da aucilebeli elementi iyo294. igi erTgvarad maorganizebel rols Ta­ 290

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 302-307, tab. 205-a.

291

S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 13, il. 6.

292

iqve, il. 39-41.

293

iqve, gv. 13.

M. G. Parani, Mediating Presence: Curtains in Middle and Late Byzantine Imperial Ceremonial and Portraiture, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 42 (1), 2018, gv. 1-25.

294

70

maSobda da gansakuTrebul sakralur da mistikur iers aniWebda am movlenebs. mxatvrobaSi velumis (kretsabmelis) gamosaxviT miniSneba xdeboda swored interierze. garda amisa, nage­ bobebze gadafenili velumi erTgvarad Zveli da axali aRTqmis taZrebis damakavSireblad­ ac gaiazreboda. velumi amavdroulad hyofs da aerTianebs or sivrces – zeciurs da miwiers. swored es funqcia hqonda kretsabmels – velums moses sawameblis karavSi, iseve rogorc samyaroSi cis kabadoni hyofs zeciursa da miwiers295. velumis sxvadasxva interpretacia arsebobs: gankaceba, evqaristia, taZris kretsabmeli, sazRvari xilulsa da uxilavs Soris; ebraul tradiciaSi – kosmosi da maradisoba, wmin­ da dro – warsuli, awmyo da momavali erTdroulad. ferebi: lurji, Zowisferi, wiTeli da TeTri. taZris kretsabmeli aseve aris simbolo qristes sxeulisa – mariami rTavda Zoweuls taZris kretsabmelisTvis da amavdroulad irTveboda macxovari mis sxeulSi296. amrigad, Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi arqiteqturis gamosaxulebebs sagangebo mniSvneloba da simboluri datvirTva eniWeba, Tumca raime mcdeloba am gamosaxulebeb­ is prototi ps mimsgavsebisa, ar Cans. Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobis erTi SexedviT `usaxelo, umisamarTo~ nagebobebi uSinaarsoni sulac ar arian, rac unda pirobiTi da fantastikuri formebi hqondeT, isini pirdapir an miniSnebiT qristianobis umTavres salocavebs da ar­ qiteqturul paradigmebs (arqeti pebs) ganasaxierebs. rogorc wesi, isini asocirdeba Zveli da axali aRTqmis taZrebTan, zeciur iurusalimTan, uflis saflavTan, sionTan da sxva. sxvagvari midgoma ikveTeba qtitorTa xelSi gamosaxuli nagebobebis mimarT.

2. eklesiis Semwiravi qtitorebi

`hoi mamao mamaTao saba da udabno [... ] ege mravalTa sulTa miuZRvi gzad RmrTisa [... ] Tana me beqasa mandaturTuxucessa [... ] sargis samcxisa spasalarsa [... ] da aRvaSene da Sevamkve eklesia [... ] yovelTa sulierTa da xorcielTasa~ (safara, wm. sabas taZari, beqa jayelis qtitoruli warwera).

Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi arqiteqturis asaxvisa da interpretaciis Tvalsaz­ risiT albaT yvelaze mravlismTqmeli aris eklesiaTa nagebobebis gamosaxulebani qti­ torTa xelSi, e. w. modelebi, romliTac eklesia- monastrebis momgebeli wardgeba zeciuri mfarvelis winaSe, miarTmevs mas, rogorc Tavisi moRvaweobis nayofs Tavisi RvTismosaobis dasturad, codvaTa mitevebis, sulis ukvdavebisa da zecaTa sasufevelSi saTanado adgilis damkvidrebis imediT. es gamosaxulebebi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT, rom aq yvelaze naTlad da mkafiod Cans Sua saukuneebis damkveTTa, ufro ki mxatvarTa `xedva~, maTi mxatvruli da funqciuri midgoma arqiteqturis asaxvisadmi.

H. G. Saradi, Space in Byzantine Thought, gv. 91; A. Lidov, The Temple Veil as a Spatial Icon Revealing an ImageParadigm of Medieval Iconography and Hierotopy, IKON, 7, Rijeka 2014, gv. 97-108; M. Evangelatou, Textile Mediation in Late Byzantine Visual Culture: Unveiling Layers of Meaning through the Fabrics of the Chora Monastery, in: Catalogue of the Textiles in the Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Collection, ed. by G. Bühl and E. Dospěl Williams, Washington, DC, 2019.

295

296

А. Лидов, Иконы. Мир Святых Образов.., gv. 7-12.

71

es gamosaxulebebi arsebiTad saqtitoro gamosaxulebaTa jgufs ganekuTvneba da, Ses­ abamisad, iziarebs im mizandasaxulobas, motivacias da ambicias, rac qtitorTa da, ufro zogadad, istoriul pirTa portretebis taZarTa mxatvruli Semkulobis programaSi CarT­ vas ganapirobebs: erTi mxriv, sulis ukvdavebis da sasufevlis mopovebis garantia, meore mxriv ki amqveynad sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkiceba-damkvidreba-propaganda: sulis ukv­ daveba im qveynad da Tavisi saxelis ukvdavyofa am qveynad297. eklesia qtitoris xelSi ufro metis mTqmelicaa, erTgvarad iuridiul mniSvnelobasac iZens da damatebiT `garantiebs~ hpirdeba gamosaxul pirs. arqiteqtura, rogorc Sesxmis, gandidebis erTi forma ZvelTaganve miRebuli da aqtual­ izirebuli iyo qristianul samyaros rogorc literaturaSi, aseve xelovnebaSic. aRmSen­ ebloba udides Rvawlad miiCneoda da lamis sabrZolo da politikur moRvaweobaze metad fasobda, yovel SemTxvevaSi naklebad ara298. qtitorTa xelSi eklesiis gamosaxulebas umetes SemTxvevaSi gansazRvraven, rogorc eklesiis `models~, rac erTgvar gaugebrobas iwvevs – ras sTavazobs qtitori zeciur mfarvels: eklesiis models Tu TviT eklesias, Tundac Semcirebuli saxiT, rasac qristian­ uli xelovnebis pirobiTi da simboluri buneba Tavisuflad itans. marTlac, ras swiraven momgebelni ufals? cxadia ara models, aramed maTi RvawliT agebul realur taZars Seswiraven momavali gankiTxvis dRes Tavisi Rvawlis gamoCenisTvis. ase rom, am mizniT `saTamaSo~ eklesia ar gamodgeba. meore mxriv, Sua saukuneebis xelovneb­ is `enis~ specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, eklesiis Semcirebuli gamosaxuleba aRiqmeboda ara rogorc fizikuri modeli, aramed rogorc erTgvari teqsti, romelic mouTxrobs mnaxvels, Tu ra Seswira da ra Rvawli gaiRo mavanma uflis sadideblad. erTi mxriv, termini `modeli~ sakmaod sxarti da moxerxebulia, da, Tanac, mecnierTa umetesoba swored mas iyenebs299. Tumca, misi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi Tavidanve unda ganimar­ tos, Tu ra Sinaarss vdebT am terminSi. Sua saukuneebis auditoria, romelic miCveuli iyo da sruliad bunebrivad aRiqvamda daxatuli arqiteqturuli nagebobebis bevrad mcire zom­ as figurebTan SedarebiT, Tanac sakmaod pirobiTad gamosaxuls, arc qtitoris xelSi mcire zomis nagebobas aRiqvamda rogorc models an makets, swored im pirobiTi enis farglebSi, romelic am gamosaxulebas gadaTargmnida, rogorc `didmSveniersa~ taZars. eklesiis gamosaxuleba TavisTavad aris qtitoruli portretis mTavari `monawile~, swored masSi aris Cadebuli da damowmebuli qtitoris mTavari ambicia da portretis Seqm­ nis mizandasaxuloba. iseve rogorc wmindanis daxatuli gamosaxuleba pirvelsaxis `war­ momadgenelia~ da masTan damakavSirebeli300, daxatuli eklesiis nageboba `warmoadgens~ im Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет в грузинской средневековой монументальной живописи, Тбилиси, 1979; A. Eastmond, Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia, University Park, PA, 1998, gv. 1-2, 19.

297

J. Elsner, The Rhetoric of Building in the De Aedificiis of Procopius, in: Art and Text in Byzantine Culture, ed. by L. James, Cambridge, 2007, gv. 37; d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 12-13.

298

299

magaliTad, v. f. daixmani, k. imi, v. juriCi, o. demusi, v. lazarevi, s. kalopisi-verti, t. velmansi, m. xacidakisi, e. istmondi, e. klinenbergi, s. CurCiCi, S. amiranaSvili, g. alibegaSvili da sxvani.

M. C. Carile, Buildings in their Patrons’ Hands? The Multiform Function of Small Size Models between Byzantium and Transcaucasia, Kunsttexte. de, N3, 2014, gv. 2.

300

72

realur taZars, romelic qtitorma aaSena Tavisi sulis ukvdavsayofad da amave dros, sico­ cxleSive Tavisi Zalauflebis da RvTismosavobis demonstrirebisTvis, es `spiritualuri karibWeebia~301. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, terminTan `modeli~ dakavSirebulia mosazreba, rom qti­ torebs xelSi realurad cvilis an liTonis modeli/maketi uWiravT, romelic mzaddeboda eklesiis asaSeneblad. TiTqos swored am modeliT sargeblobda mxatvari qtitoris xelSi eklesiis nagebobis gamosaxatavad302. Tumca, am azrs bevri mkvlevari ar iziarebs303 da arc me meCveneba damajereblad. rac mTavaria, es ewinaaRmdegeba im ZiriTad Sinaarss, romelic eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitoris gamosaxulebaSi aris Cadebuli. cxadia, rom yoveli, Tundac mcire zomis eklesiis mSeneblobis dawyebamde, keTdeboda misi raime saxis monaxazi, rasac dRes proeqts vuwodebT; da SesaZloa am mizniT mcire zomis maketebsac amzadebdnen304. marTlac, winaswari gegmis gareSe warmoudgenelia mSenebloba (cnobilia Zvel berZnuli paradigmebi da laTinuri egzemplarebi305). Tumca bizantiur sam­ yaroSi aseTi `saproeqto~ naxazebis an maketebis nimuSebi TiTqmis ar moi poveba306. modelis nacvlad sxva terminebic aris SemoTavazebuli: `eklesiis votivuri gamosax­ uleba~307, `Sewirulobis modeli~308 da sxva. erT SesaZlo variantad `eklesiis Semwiravi qti­ tori~ SeiZleba vixmaroT, an sulac `Sesawiri taZari~, anda sul martivad, `eklesia~ qtit­ oris xelSi. imTaviTve Cans, rom eklesiaTa gamosaxuleba qtitoris xelSi aris `ZiriTadi gamosaxule­ ba~ da ara `momaCarCoebeli~ da arc `arqiteqturuli dekori~ – igi aranakleb mniSvnelova­ nia, vidre TviT qtitoris figura an Tanmxlebi zedawerili.

301

E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning. The Donor’s Model in Medieval Art Around 1300, Brepols, 2009, gv. 246-247.

302

С. Радоjчиħ, Портрети Српских Владара у Средњем Веку, Београд, 1997, gv. 76.

Č. Marinkovič, The Rpresentation of Architecture on the Donor Portrait in Lesnovo, Macedonian Historical Review, vol.

2, 2011, gv. 103-114; А. Stojaković, Архитектонски простор у сликарству средњовековне Србиjе, gv. 227-228.

303

d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, gv. 137-143.

304

M-Ch. Hellman, Recherches sur le vocabulaire de l’architecture grecque d’après les inscriptions de Délos, Paris, 1992, gv. 317-321.

305

sxva sakiTxia, namdvilad saWiroebdnen ki mxatvrebi, romlebic taZrebis (an moxatulobis) momgeblebs gamosaxavdnen, mciremasStabian cvilis an liTonis models an makets maT xelSi eklesiis gamosaxatavad? amis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs (Č. Marinkovič, Founder’s Model – Representation of a Maquette or the Church, gv. 146-148). Cemi azriT, specialurad mxatvrisTvis taZris modelis damzadeba aradamajerebeli Cans. Tu aseTi modeli ukve arsebobda, mxatvars, cxadia, SeeZlo kidec misi gamoyeneba. miT umetes, rom aseTi modelebis arseboba cnobilia da dadasturebuli, Tumca umetes SemTxvevaSi maT saTayvanebel-memorialur-sasuveniro funqcia gaaCndaT. eWvgareSea, rom mxatvrebi, romlebic Tavis saqmianobas taZris mSeneblobis Semdeg iwyebdnen, maT Tvalwin myof ukve arsebul Senobas daxatavdnen qtitoris xelSi. 306

А. Stojaković, Архитектонски Простор у Сликарству Средњовековне Србиjе, Н. Сад, 1970, gv. 34, 228. terminTan dakavSirebiT ix. E. Lipsmeyer, The Donor and His Church Model in Medieval Art from Early Christian Times to the Romanesque Period, PD Thesis, Rutgers University, New Jersey, 1981; Č. Marinkovič, Founder’s Model – Representation of a Maquette or the Church, Зборник радова Византолошког иститута, XLIV, 2007, gv. 147.

307

308

С. Радоjчиħ, Портрети Српских владара у средњем веку, Београд, 1997, gv. 74.

73

daxatul Senobas marTlac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda, faqtobrivad esqa­ tologiuri, meored mosvlis dRisTvis gankuTvnili, vinaidan is iyo sabuTi da gancxadeba qtitoris RvTismosavobisa da uflisadmi misi Sewirulobisa (`bileTi samoTxeSi~309). sak­ marisia gavixsenoT IX saukunis aSot mefis reliefuri gamosaxuleba opizis taZris fasa­ didan, sadac aRsaydrebuli macxovris winaSe warmdgari mefis xelSi taZris gamosaxuleba, Tumc sakmaod martivi, Zalian didi zomisaa da uflis xeli swored mas akurTxebs. saeWvoa, aseTi mniSvnelobis sabuTisa da gancxadebisTvis maketi gamoeyenebinaT. aseT gamosaxulebas iseTive mniSvneloba hqonda, rogorc sigels an ti pikons, romelic adasturebda mavani adamianis mier gakeTebul Senawirs, misi mflobelobis uflebasac da zogjer politikur ganacxadsac310. aseTi sigelebi iqve, taZris kedlebzec aris xolme ga­ mosaxuli (magaliTad, studenicaSi, ziCaSi, graCanicaSi, kalambakaSi da sxva311). martvilis taZris CrdiloeT afsidSi kacia Ciqvanis ojaxuri portretis gverdiT faqtobrivad mTeli kompoziciis zomis uzarmazari warweraa312. qtitoris xelSi taZris nageboba udavod aris misi Rvawlis dadastureba, erTgvari fer­ weruli `dokumenti~, romelsac samSeneblo warweris mniSvneloba aqvs da agreTve naCuqro­ bis im sigelis teqstsac ganasaxierebs, romelSic momgebelma Tavisi Sewiruloba daadas­ tura313. rogorc iTqva, taZris gamosaxuleba qtitoris xelSi TviT qtitoris gamosaxulebis TanabarmniSvnelovani iyo314. amitomac garegnul msgavsebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda, rad­ gan nageboba `cnobadi~ unda yofiliyo. eklesiis nagebobis gamosaxva momgeblis `portretSi~ qristes, mariamis an romelime wmindanis winaSe ukve IV saukunidan Cndeba qristianul saxviT xelovnebaSi da Semdgom xa­ naSi sakmaod mravalricxovani nimuSebiT aris warmodgenili rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqristianoSi – magaliTad, papi feliqsi eklesiiT xelSi romis wm. kozmasa da damianes taZris sakurTxevlis konqis VI saukunis mozaikaSi315; episkoposi eklesiusi taZ­ riT xelSi ravenas san-vitales taZris sakurTxevlis konqis VI saukunis mozaikaSi, sxvaTa Soris, Zalian mimsgavsebuli realur nagebobas; aseve papi pasqal I bazilikuri formis nage­ bobiT xelSi santa prasedas taZris konqis IX saukunis mozaikaSi da mravali sxva316.

309

E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 248.

310

E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 248. M. C. Carile, Buildings in their Patron’s Hands? gv. 5-6.

311

Č. Marinkovič, The Representation of Architecture on the Donor Portrait in Lesnovo, gv. 110.

312

e. TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzaurobidan samegreloSi, arxeologiuri mogzaurobani da SeniSvnani, wigni II, tfilisi, 1914, gv. 121-122.

E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 248; q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 18, 2015, gv. 38; m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, gv. 85; melqisedek kaTolikosis saqtitoro portreti rom yofiliyo SemorCenili sveticxovelSi, albaT saintereso iqneboda misi Sedareba anderZis teqstTan – ras gamosaxavdnen mis xelSi, mis romel Rvawlsa da qmedebas miiCnevdnen taZris kedelze gamosaxvis Rirsad. cxadia, anderZis mTel CamonaTvals gamosaxuleba ver daitevda, magram misi erTgvari dadastureba iqneboda.

313

314

Č. Marinković, Founder’s Model – Representation of a Maquette or the Church, gv. 152.

315

es figura XVII saukuneSi aRadgines, Tumca rogorc Cans, ZiriTadi detalebi, maT Soris nagebobac, gameorebulia.

316

74

E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 246-248.

nagebobis Semwiravi qtitoris erTi yvelaze saxelganTqmuli nimuSi aris konstantinop­ olis wm. sofias taZarSi aRsaydrebuli Cviledi mariamis winaSe ori imperatoris – konstan­ tinesa da iustinianes X saukunis gamosaxuleba; isini TavianTi arqiteqturuli `RvawliT~ arian warmodgenilni – qalaqiTa da taZriT317. aranakleb cnobilia Teodore metoqitis muxlmodrekili gamosaxuleba macxovris winaSe kahrie-jamis (qoras monastris) eklesiis narTeqsis kedelze, am taZris sakmaod mimsgavsebuli gamosaxulebiT xelSi (XIV saukune)318 da otvilTa dinastiis mefe vilhelm II-is gamosaxuleba RmrTisSoblis winaSe monrealis mo­ zaikur ansamblSi siciliaze (XII saukune)319. didi raodenobiT gamoisaxebodnen serbi mefeebi Tavis mier agebuli eklesia-monastrebis modelebiT. magaliTad, Stefan uroSi I milutini, wm. ioakimesa da anas taZarSi, studenica (XIV saukune); an Stefan nemania studenicas eklesiiT xelSi (XVI saukune)320; sebastokrator kaloianis da misi meuRlis portreti boianas taZarSi bulgareTSi (1259 weli)321, didi meteoras monastris feriscvalebis eklesiis narTeqsSi ga­ mosaxulni arian monastris damfuZnebelni Rirsi aTanase da Rirsi iosafi, romlebsac maT Soris gamosaxuli taZris didi zomis modeli uWiravT (XVI saukune)322. bizantiuri wris ked­ lis mxatvrobaSi eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitoris uamravi nimuSis dasaxeleba SeiZleba. mavani pirovnebis gamosaxva eklesiiT xelSi qristes, mariamis an romelime wmindanis winaSe, miTumetes sakurTxevlis konqSi, didi privilegia iyo, romelic arc Tu yvelas eZleoda323, es bunebrivicaa, radgan aseTi gamosaxuleba garkveul damsaxurebas da Rvawls gulisxmobs. unda aRiniSnos, rom sakurTxevlis konqSi qtitorTa gamosaxulebebi, miTu­ metes eklesiiT xelSi, CvenSi ar aris mikvleuli324. eklesiaTa gamosaxulebebi qtitorTa xelSi ganxilul unda iqnas saqtitoro kompo­ ziciis mTlian konteqstSi: ra adgilas aris ganTavsebuli qtitoris (-ebis) portreti taZ­ ris sivrceSi, misi masStabi, figuris mimarTeba zeciur mfarvelTan, daxatuli nagebobis mimarTeba da masStaburi Sefardeba qtitoris figurasTan, Tanmxlebi warweris Sinaarsi, 317

S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 14.

318

R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, gv. 206, il. 121.

319

O. Demus, The Mosaics of Norman Sicily, tab. 76B.

320

S. Ćirković, V. Korać, G. Babić, Le monastère de Studenica, Belgrade, 1986, il. 1, 77.

321

D. Talbot Rice, Art of the Byzantine Era, London, 1997, gv. 188, il. 170.

А. Преображенский, Ктиторские портреты средневековой Руси XI – начало XVI века, Москва, 2012, il.

419. es sqema – ori qtitoris mier maT Soris centrSi gamosaxuli eklesiis erTi modelis wardgena kidev erTi saxeobaa saqtitoro portretisa eklesiis gamosaxulebiT. sakmaod uCveulo versia aris warmodgenili apoloniis taZris XIII saukunis moxatulobaSi albaneTSi, sadac qtitorTa mTeli jgufia gamosaxuli, xolo taZari ki RmrTismSobels uWiravs da etyoba, maTi saxeliT miarTmevs, savaraudod, macxovars, romlis figura axla ar Cans. sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom aq gamosaxulia mariamis mier Sesawiris miRebis momenti (А. Преображенский, Ктиторские портреты средневековой Руси.., il. 345). aris gamosaxulebebi, sadac qtitors xelSi mTeli qalaqi uWiravs, magaliTad, ohridis wm. mkurnalTa eklesiaSi kliment ohrideli wardgeba wm. kozmas da wm. damianes winaSe mTeli qalaqis – ohridis gamosaxulebiT xelSi (А. Преображенский, Ктиторские портреты средневековой Руси.., gv. 372).

322

323

E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 28.

324

vanisa da wiTeli xevis eklesiebSi XVI saukunis `xalxuri~ nakadis kedlis mxatvrobaSi sakurTxevlis afsidSi CarTulia qtitorTa gamosaxulebebi, Tumca eklesiis modelis gareSe. ix.: i. xuskivaZe, qarTuli eklesiebis gviani Sua saukuneebis `xalxuri~ moxatulobani, gv. 86, 336.

75

TviT nagebobis gamosaxvis princi pi (msgavsi Tu aramsgavsi, detaluri Tu zogadi), romeli xedidan aris gamosaxuli Senoba, ra mxares aris mimarTuli, romel elementebze aris ga­ maxvilebuli yuradReba da a. S. yovelive es damkveTis ganzraxvasac gvamcnobs, mis imedebs, mis ambiciebs, mis adgils da rols Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. am mxriv mniSvnelovania ga­ mosaxulebis istoriuli konteqsti da is cnobebi, romlebic arsebobs konkretuli qtito­ ris pirovnebisa da misi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. mniSvnelovania qtitoris Tanmxlebi zedawer­ ilebis Sinaarsic. umetes SemTxvevaSi qtitoris xelSi eklesiis gamosaxuleba sruliad konkretul nege­ bobas ganasaxierebs, asaxulia konkretuli detalebi da maxasiaTeblebi: taZris ti pi, gad­ axurvis forma (gumbaTiani Tu bazilikuri) proporciebi, Riadebis formebi da raodenoba, egvterebi da sxva. zog SemTxvevaSi vxedavT rac SeiZleba meti sizustis miRwevis naTlad gamoxatul mcdelobas325. mniSvnelovani kiTxvaa – ramdenad zustad asaxavdnen, ramdenad didi iyo msgavseba re­ alursa da daxatul nagebobebs Soris? da Tu es ar iyo ostatebis mTavari mizani, maSin raze keTdeboda aqcenti?

Sua saukuneebis ostatTa mizani arsebuli nagebobis ara dublireba da gameoreba, aramed misi `wardgena~ iyo326. am mxriv sainteresoa nagebobebis morfologiaze dakvirveba. rogorc Cans, realuri nagebobis zogi nawilebi da elementebi gansakuTrebul yuradRe­ bas iqcevda da sakmaod zustad aisaxeboda, zogis ki ignorireba an miCqmalva xdeboda sxvebis sasargeblod, Tumca saqtitoro portretis masStabSi da imdroindeli teqnolo­ giuri saSualebebiT `fotografiuli~ msgavseba Znelad misaRwevi iqneboda, gansakuTrebiT Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Sua saukuneebis saxviTi xelovnebis Zalze pirobiT bunebas. aseTi msgavsebis miRweva praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, amitom mxatvrebi gamoarCevdnen da gamosax­ avdnen im detalebs da elementebs, romlebic yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli iyo konkretuli nagebobisTvis rogorc funqciuri, aseve, da rac mTavria, Sinaarsobriv/simboluri Tval­ sazrisiT327.

SesamCnevia im nawilebis aqcentireba romlebic liturgikulad mniSvnelovania (magal­ iTad, sakurTxeveli), sxva nawilebis ignorirebis xarjze, umTavresad gverdiTi xedebis SerCeva da sxva328. nagebobebis nawilebis (magaliTad, gumbaTis) sagangebo gadideba an mor­ fologiuri elementebis raodenobis Semcireba, raTa mTliani ufro naTlad gamoisaxos (magaliTad, sarkmlebi, TaRebi, niSebi fasadebze, ornamentebis nawili). Senobas TiTqmis yovelTvis gverdiTi xediT gamosaxavdnen, raTa sakurTxeveli gamoCeniliyo. es iseTive au­ cilebeli iyo, rogorc jvari saxuravze.

SeiniSneba e. w. paralelizmi gamosaxul nagebobasa da daxatuls Soris – anu imis mixed­ viT, realuri taZris ra nawilSia ganTavsebuli qtitoris portreti, mis xelT arsebuli 325

Č. Marinkovic, Founder’s Model, gv. 147; E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 16, 249.

326

E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 12.

327

S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 14.

E. Lipsmeyer, The Donor and his Church Model in Medieval Art from Early Christiam Times to the Late Romanesque Period, Ann Arbor, 1984. e. li psmeieri amtkicebs, rom dasavleTSi ufro saeklesio pirebi iyvnen modeliani qtitorebi, aRmosavleTSi ki saero pirebi – mmarTvelebi.

328

76

nageboba gamoisaxeba ise, rom misi xedi realur sivrciT danawilebas Seesabamebodes (anu Tu portreti xatia CrdiloeT kedelze, eklesiis gamosaxuleba samxreTi fasadidan iqneba warmodgenili)329. nagebobis gamosaxvisas aranakleb niSandoblivia, romeli xedi aris Ser­ Ceuli, ra korelaciaSia gamosaxuleba realur sivrcesTan (magaliTad, daxatuli afsidi realuri sakurTxevlis mxares da a. S.). xSirad Semcirebulia sarkmlebis an TaRebis raodenoba, an fasadebis ornamentaciis kidev sxva detalebi. meore mxriv, SesaZloa iyos aqcentirebul-gadidebuli sxvadasxva elementebi – magaliTad, portali, gumbaTi, sakurTxevlis afsidi da sxva330. calkeul naw­ ilTa garegnul msgavsebas an proporciul Sesabamisobas, arc fizikur zomas ar eniWeboda mniSvneloba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom nagebobebi, rogorc wesi, garedan aris gamosaxuli, rac sruliad bunebrivia – isini amocnobadi unda yofiliyo. daxatuli arqiteqturis msgavsebis xarisxi realur nagebobasTan marTlac sagulisxmo sakiTxia331, gansakuTrebiT mocemuli kvlevisTvis, radgan swored aq vlindeba arqiteqturis aRqma da interpretacia Sua saukuneebis qarTul xelovnebaSi. gamosaxvis forma sakmaod mravlismTqmelia. marTlac, roca ki gvaqvs SesaZlebloba daxatu­ li gamosaxuleba SevadaroT realurad arsebul nagebobas, vlindeba mxatvrobis bevri aspeqti: risi gancxadeba surda damkveTs, gamosaxulebis romeli elementebi iyo ufro mniSvnelovani mxatvrisTvis da ratom, ra iyo misi informaciis wyaro (piradi gamocdileba, monayoli, Canaxa­ ti Tu sxva ram) da, rac mTavaria, am mxatvrobis pirobiTobis xarisxi332. sainteresoa, im niSnebis gamoyofa, romlebic erTgvari standartia yvela saxis gamosaxulebisTvis – rogorc Zalian didi msgavsebis mqonesa (`realisturis~), aseve ukiduresad pirobiTisTvisac. am sakiTxis ukeT gasarkvevad Zalian dagvexmareba Sua saukuneebis kulturaSi aslis gagebis moxmoba, romelic sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove gagebisgan, romelic gulisxmobs ama Tu im nawarmoebis masalis, zomis, kompoziciis, feradovnebis, da sxva de­ talebis zedmiwevniT zust gameorebas, Tanac sagangebo teqnikuri kvlevis safuZvelze. Sua saukuneebis asli ki imeorebs nawarmoebis mxolod arss, mis mTavar ideas da xSirad sruli­ ad ugulvebelyofs garegnuli msgavsebis sizustes. cnobilia, ramdeni, arqiteqturulad sruliad gansxvavebuli taZari iqna agebuli uflis saflavis eklesiis aslad rogorc aR­ mosavleT, ise dasavleT saqristianoSi333. igive midgomas vxedavT Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobaSi realuri nagebobis da misi daxatu­ li versiis urTierTmimarTebis mxriv. es midgoma qristianuli xelovnebis siRrmiseul xa­ siaTs efuZneba da gamosaxulebis realisturobis ugulvebelyofidan momdinareobs (erTi SexedviT, Sua saukuneebis teqstebSi `realizmis~ moTxovna paradoqsulad JRers, Tumca aq 329

Č. Marinkovič, The Representation of Architecture on the Donor Portrait in Lesnovo, gv. 107.

330

S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 14 -17.

331

E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 12, 16; S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 14-15.

332

E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 15-16, 151; Č. Marinkovič, The Representation of Architecture, gv. 107.

R. Krautheimer, Introduction to an “Iconography of Medieval Architecture”, in: Studies in Early Christian, Medieval and Renaissance Art, New York – London, 1969, gv. 116-130; d. xoStaria, nimuSi da asli Sua saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, literatura da xelovneba, #1, 1990, gv. 27-48; Б. Успенский, Семиотика иконы, gv. 222223; S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 13.

333

77

sul sxva realizmze aris saubari334). amave dros naTlad SeiniSneba erTgvari `mowiweba~ is­ toriuli avTenturobis mimarT335 da mimsgavsebis survilic. gamosaxvis sisworisa Tu `realizmis~ TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba ramdenime midgoma gamovyoT: • erTi, roca daxatuli nageboba qtitoris xelSi maqsimalurad zustad da detalurad asaxavs realurad arsebul Senobas.

• meore – roca msgavseba met-naklebia, gadmocemulia mxolod mTavari maxasiaTeblebi (magaliTad, nagebobis ti pi), sxva mxriv ki gamosaxuleba ufro zogadi xasiaTisaa.

• mesame, roca qtitoris xelSi gamosaxulia eklesiis nageboba zogadad, realuri Seno­ bis raime konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis aRniSvnis gareSe. msgavsebas rac Seexeba, zogjer arsebuls ki ar aklebdnen garkveul detalebs meti mkaf­ ioebisTvis, aramed piriqiT, originalSi ararsebul nawilebs Tu elementebs umatebdnen, raTa warmodgenili Senobis simboluri mniSvneloba gaezardaT, Tundac miemsgavsebinaT uflis saflavis taZrisaTvis336. wminda mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT ki ramdenime niSani aris sagulisxmo: masStaburi Se­ fardeba figurasa da nagebobas Soris; qtitorul kompoziciaSi nagebobis adgili; misi fer­ adovneba da TviT am portretis adgili taZris sakralur sivrceSi. Tu gadavxedavT Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebs, vnaxavT, rom qti­ torTa uamravi gamosaxuleba aris Semonaxuli, Tumca arc Tu ise bevri nimuSia qtitori­ sa eklesiiT xelSi – daaxloebiT 40-mde. garda amisa, amgvari gamosaxulebebi ar aris xat­ weraSi, wignis dasuraTebaSi, WedurobaSi, minanqarSi, rac bunebrivia, radgan es dargebi ar asaxavs qtitoris mier eklesiis agebis an moxatvis faqtebs. samagierod sakmaod bevria qvis reliefebSi337.

Cvens dromde SemorCenili erTi uadresi nimuSi qtitoris gamosaxulebisa eklesiiT xel­ Si garejis udabnos monastris mTavari taZris XI saukunis moxatulobaSia: CrdiloeT ked­ lis qveda registrSi gamosaxul qtitors uWiravs martivi darbazuli ti pis nageboba raime konkretuli detalebis gareSe (sur. 52). sagulisxmoa, rom garejis eklesiebis umetesoba kldeSi nakafia da garegnulad darbazuli nagebobis forma ar aqvT, ase rom es gamosaxule­ ba warmoadgens eklesiis Senobas zogadad, rogorc gansaxierebas da dasturs qtitoris RvTismosaobisa da qvelmoqmedebisa. an iqneb aq aRdgomis eklesiaa (VIII-IX ss.) gamosaxuli, romelic erTaderTi mTlianad qviT nagebi eklesiaa udabnos monasterSi. safiqrebelia, rom tao-klarjeTis taZarTa mxatvrobaSi bagrationTa qtitoruli por­ tretebic iqneboda, romlebic ase mravlad aris am regionis eklesiebis qvis qandakebaSi. e.

TayaiSvili miuTiTebs kidec warwerebs, romlebic amis dasturi unda iyos338, Tumca gamosax­ 334

S. Ćurčić, Architecture as Icon, gv. 2, 32, 120; В. Бычков, Византийская эстетика.., gv. 10, 495-496.

335

A. Stojakovic, Les représentations d’édifices réels.., gv. 226.

336

E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 250.

337

ufro adrindeli periodis nimuSebs vxedavT qarTuli taZrebis fasadebis, qva-jvarebisa da kankelebis reliefebze: Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии (фигурные рельефы V-XI веков), Москва, 1977; К. Мачабели, Каменные кресты Грузии, Тбилиси, 1998; k. maCabeli, qarTuli qvajvarebi, Tbilisi, 1988; T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qandakeba, Tbilisi, 2017.

338

78

e. TayaiSvili, 1917 wlis arqeologiuri eqspedicia, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 22, 36-37.

ulebaTa amJamad ar arsebobis gamo, Zneli saTqmelia, epyraT Tu ara maT eklesiebi, rogorc, magaliTad, oSkis samxreTi fasadis vedrebis qvis reliefze. e. TayaiSvili oTxTa eklesia­ Si TiTqos arCevda kidec qtitoris figuras eklesiiT xelSi339. ar aris gamoricxuli axali fragmentebis aRmoCena, rogorc sul axlaxans moxda xaxulSi, sadac swored rom qtitoris aqamde ucnobi gamosaxuleba iqna mikvleuli macxovris xatis winaSe, Tumca eklesiis mod­ elis gareSe340. sagulisxmoa, rom eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitorebis gamosaxuleba ufro iSviaTia XI-XIII saukuneebis kedlis mxatvrobaSi gansxvavebiT safasado qandakebebisgan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, samefo portretebSi. ase, magaliTad, atenis sionis341 (XI saukunis bolo meoTxedi) da gare­ jis naTlismcemlis342 (XIII saukunis damdegi) moxatulobaTa samefo rigSi arc erT figuras ar ukavia eklesia. sxvaTa Soris arc zemo krixSi (XI s.) gamosaxul vaCianebs343 da arc qola­ girSi gamosaxul XIII saukunis sxvadasxva rangis didebulebsa da saeklesio moRvaweebs344. arc gelaTis taZrebSi SemorCenil ufro mogviano xanis (XVI-XVII saukuneebi) mefeebisa da mTavarepiskoposebis xelSi vxedavT eklesiis gamosaxulebas (daviT aRmaSeneblis garda).

Tamar mefis Cvens dromde SemorCenil xuT gamosaxulebas Soris igi mxolod varZiaSia warmodgenili eklesiiT (cixe-simagriT/qalaqiT) xelSi (sur. 53), sxvagan ki arsad345. yincvisSic, beTaniaSic, garejis berTubansa da naTlismcemelSic TviT Tamari, misi mamac da misi Zec gamosaxulni arian meoxebis pozaSi mimarTulni zeciuri mfarvelisadmi, oRond eklesiis gareSe. yincvisisa da beTaniis moxatulobaSi es pativi samefo portretis mopirda­ pire kedelze gamosaxul didebulsa da saeklesio moRvawes ergoT, romlebic faqtobrivi momgebelni arian. es midgoma sakmaod gansxvavebulia sakuTriv bizantiuri tradiciisgan346. varZiaSi Tamari mamis, giorgi III-s ukan dgas, orive vedrebad mimarTulia Cviledi RmrTismSoblis gamosaxulebisken, romelic maT win, kompoziciis aRmosavleT nawilSia daxatuli, Tanac ufro maRlaa ganTavsebuli, vidre mefeebis figurebi347. am ukanasknelTa Tavze gamosaxul angelozs samefo insignia uWiravs da warudgens mariams giorgi III-sa da Tamars, romelsac xelSi uWiravs da mariams `miarTmevs~ eklesias – sada martiv marTku­ 339

Е. Такаишвили, Археологические эскурсии, разыскания и заметки, I, Тифлис, 1905, gv. 85-86.

n. CakvetaZe, ucnobi saqtitoro gamosaxuleba xaxulis sakaTedro taZarSi, saistorio krebuli, t. 6, 2017, gv. 259-285.

340

341

T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, gv. 202-236.

342

m. bulia, istoriul pirTa gamosaxulebebi `naTlismcemlis~ monastris sakrebulo taZarSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 7-8, 2005, gv. 168-210.

343

Т. Вирсаладзе, Избранные труды, gv. 33-38.

z. sxirtlaZe, istoriul pirTa portretebi garejis mravalmTis qolagiris monasterSi, Tbilisi, 2000.

344

Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 17-20, 30-31; A. Eastmond, Royal Imagery, gv. 101-103; g. gafrindaSvili, varZia, gv. 63-65.

345

346

saerTod, qarTul da bizantiur kedlis mxatvrobebSi qtitorTa gamosaxvis princi pebic sakmaod gansxvavebulia: Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 17-20, 30-31; q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, gv.

217-246.

347

Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 17-20.

79

Txa nagebobas, muqi mwvane feris, mkafiod aRniSnuli qvebis wyobis rigebiT da sxvadasxva formis RiadebiT. nagebobis zeda abrisi sada horizontalia, yovelgvari qongurebis an koSkebis gareSe. aq ramdenime momentia saintereso: Tamari mariamis winaSe dgas rigSi me­ ore, da swored mas ukavia eklesiis gamosaxuleba, anu daculia ierarqia da Tanac dafiq­ sirebulia faqti Tamaris qtitorobisa – igia varZiis qalaqi-simagris aRmSenebeli348. me­ ore mxriv, amave CrdiloeTi kedlis dasavleT nawilSi, aseve kedlis TaRiT mofarglul areze da aseve Cviledi mariamis winaSe (am SemTxvevaSi fexze mdgomis) gamosaxulia saero piris, samefo karis didebulis samosSi gamosaxuli mamakacis figura, romelsac qarTlis erisTav rati suramelTan aigiveben. warwera swored mas miawers eklesiis moxatvas349, ma­ Sin roca Tamari warweraSi moxsenebulia, rogorc `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa mefeTa mefe, Svili giorgisa Tamar, romeli mravalmJameulobsmca~350 da araferia naTqvami misi monaw­ ileobis Sesaxeb eklesiis gamokafvasa Tu moxatvaSi, rac mis realur qtitorobas eWvis qveS ayenebs351. sainteresoa TviT es nageboba, romelic mas xelT upyria: sada marTkuTxa formis Senoba, qvis wyobis aRniSvniT kedelze da bevri RiadiT. es SeiZleba iyos eklesia, simagre, qalaqi Tu monasteri – varZia yvela am funqcias atarebda. mkvlevarebi Tvlian352, rom es swored is darbazuli eklesiaa, romelSic qtitorebia gamosaxuli, da, Tumca es kldeSi nakafi sivr­ cea da ara nagebi taZari, misi samxreTi kedeli qvis wyobiT aris amoyvanili, rogorc es asax­ ulia kidevac modelze353. cxadia, TviT faqti, rom eklesia kldeSi aris nakafi, ganapirobebs misi gamosaxulebis ucnaur formas, Tundac sruliad erTgvarovan horizontalur saxur­ avs. es ufro cixe-simagris STabeWdilebas tovebs, Tumca arc qongurebi aqvs da arc koSkebi. etyoba mainc darbazuli eklesiis variaciaa, samxreTi fasadidan danaxuli, romelic, ro­ gorc iTqva, qvis wyobiT iyo nagebi. beTaniis kedlis mxatvrobaSi (XIII saukunis damdegi) samefo ojaxis dinastiuri rigi CrdiloeT kedelzea gamosaxuli, Sesasvlelis pirdapir, rogorc es miRebuli iyo qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi354, magram, rogorc aRiniSna, eklesia arc erTs ar uWiravs xelSi, isic ki gaurkvevelia, vis winaSe wardgebian bagrationebi. miTumetes, rom rogorc kvlevam aCvena, es portreti, iseve rogorc dasavleT kedlis moxatuloba, XIII saukunis dasawyisSia damatebu­ li355.

348

Tumca varZiaSi bevrad ufro adreuli samSeneblo moRvaweobis kvalic aris mikvleuli.

`hoi RmrTisa dedao miiTuale... . msaxurebaÁ Cem mier monisa Senisa rati erisTavT-erisTavisa da qarTlisa erisTvisagan, romelman vigulsmodgine da moxatviT aRvamkve wmidaÁ ese taZari didebisa SenisaÁ da nacval mege winaSe Zesa Sensa da RmerTsa Cuensa dResa mas didsa saSjelisasa da amas sofelsa Sina ZeTa CemTa Tana mcvelada da mfarvelad meqmen~.

349

350

g. gafrindaSvili, varZia, gv. 63.

351

A. Eastmond, Royal Imagery, gv. 113.

352

Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 17-20; g. gafrindaSvili, varZia, gv. 63-64.

353

A. Eastmond, Royal Imagery, gv. 103.

354

Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 30-74.

Е. Привалова, Новые данные о Бетании, qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili IV saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 13-15.

355

80

namdvili qtitori beTaniis taZris ganaxlebisa da moxatvisa XII saukunis II naxevar­ Si gamosaxulia samxreT kedelze – sumbat didi mandaturTuxucesi da amirspasalari356. igi wardgeba gumbaTiani eklesiiT xelSi Cviledi mariamis xatis winaSe (sur. 54). nagebo­ ba, romelsac sumbati miarTmevs RmrTismSobels, erTi SexedviT namdvilad asaxavs taZris arqiteqturas, rogorc is Camoyalibda XII saukunis 70-iani wlebisTvis. gamosaxulia erT­ droulad sami fasadi – sami mklavi – dasavleTi, samxreTi da aRmosavleTi Sesabamisi orqa­ noba gadaxurvebiT, ris gamoc eklesiis gadaxurva TiTqos qolgisebur forma Rebulobs. gumbaTis yeli maRali da viwroa, rogorc arsebul nagebobaze. gumbaTis konusuri gadaxur­ vis naxatSi naTlad Cans gadaweris kvali – igi amaRlebulia. gadakeTeba Cans sumbatis figu­ razec – TiTqos gadidebulia da Sesamoselic Secvlilia, beris samosi `Caacves~357. yincvisis wm. nikolozis eklesiaSic bagrationTa dinastiuri portreti sazeimod aris gamosaxuli CrdiloeTi kedlis qveda registrSi, ulamazesi naxati TaRedis qveS, aRsaydre­ buli macxovris kedelze daxatuli xatis winaSe. realur qtitorad ki warmodgeba antoni glonisTavisZe, Wyondideli da mandaturTuxucesi, romelic wm. nikolozs miarTmevs gum­ baTur eklesias358. misi figura gamosaxulia samxreT kedelze da mxatvrulad bevrad nakle­ bad aris gamoyofili, naklebad iqcevs yuradRebas. Tanac amJamad igi gacilebiT ufro dazi­ anebulia da anareklis saxiTRa aRiqmeba. Zveli sqemebidan da aRwerebidan Cans, rom antonis orive xeli win aqvs gawvdili da gumbaTiani eklesiis models uwvdis wmindans. amJamad gam­ qrali aris warwerac, romliTac moxda qtitoris identificireba359. ase rom Tu CavTvliT, rom eklesiis gamosaxuleba istoriuli piris xelSi misi qtitor­ obis dadasturebaa (an Tundac meored maSeneblis, an momxatavis) Tamari faqtobrivad arc erT taZarSi, garda varZiisa, ar aris gamosaxuli, rogorc realuri momgebeli. eklesiis mpyrobeli mandilosnis gamosaxulebas vxedavT rkonis RmrTismSoblis taZris XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis moxatulobaSi. aq gamosaxulia qtitorTa samfiguriani jgufi: ori mandilosani da erTi mamakaci, romelic, misi samosiT Tu vimsjelebT, beri unda iyos.

SuaSi, frontalurad mdgom, mdidrul moqargul samosiT Semosil mandilosans marcxena xelSi uWiravs taZari – proporciebis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod sworad gamosaxuli didi zomis samnaviani bazilika – sakuTriv rkonis taZari. rkonis qtitorebis vinaoba jer-jerobiT ucnobia. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom isini Tore­ lebis Zlevamosili ojaxis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. sayuradReboa, rom garda rkonis moxat­ ulobisa, eklesiis Semwirveli qali qtitoris sul ramdenime gamosaxuleba aris cnobili, kerZod Tamar mefisa varZiaSi (XII s.) da garsevan ColoyaSvilis asul anastasiasi matanis

Е. Привалова, Новые данные о Бетании, gv. 13-15; Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 20-22, 34-35; A. Eastmond, Royal Imagery, gv. 156-163.

356

357

Е. Привалова, Новые данные о Бетании, gv. 14-16.

358

Г. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, gv. 23-24, 35-36; A. Eastmond, Royal Imagery, gv. 144-148.

359

warwera qtitoris qudis orsav mxares iyo horizontalurad gaSlili or striqonad, zeda CarCos paralelurad: `anton Wy[ondidel]i m[Tavar]e[pis]k[opo]si mwignobarTuxucesi, ││ protoÂpertimosi~ (k. vaCeiSvili, yinwvisis maSeneblis gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. XXXII, #3, 1963, gv. 745-752).

81

bazilikaSi (XVI s.)360. sxvaTa Soris, axali SuamTis mxatvrobaSi mis damfuZnebel dedofal TinaTins eklesia ar uWiravs361.

XIII saukuniT daTariRebuli udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiis moxatulobaSi, romel­ ic cnobilia mefe demetre Tavdadebulis monumenturi gamosaxulebiT, samxreT kedelze, wm. daviT garejelis didi figuris winaSe wardgeba mRvdelmTavari ioane anCeli362, romelic wm. daviTs miarTmevs eklesias. es sakmaod ucnauri nageboba gamoqvabulisa da qviT nagebi Seno­ bis erTgvari Serwymaa. igi garkveulad exmianeba varZiaSi Tamaris xelT arsebul gamosax­ ulebas: orivegan kldeSi nakafi taZris saxea. samwuxarod, kargad ar ikiTxeba da detalebi bundovania. gansxvavebul sqemas vxedavT qtitorTa gamosaxulebaSi baCkovos anu petriwonis (bulga­ reTi) monastris saZvalis XII saukunis kedlis mxatvrobaSi, romelTagan erTi wyvili qarT­ vel saeklesio da politikur moRvaweebs, grigol bakuriansa da mis Zmas gamosaxavs363. baCkovos saZvales freskebi vaxsene, radgan mis moxatvaSi monawileobda vinme ioane iviro­ pulosi – savaraudod qarTveli364, Tumca mTlianad moxatulobas qarTul nawarmoebad ver CavTvliT miuxedavad imisa, rom petriwonis monasteri qarTvelTa mier daarsebuli saekle­ sio da saganmanaTleblo centri iyo da aq eklesiis dasavleT kedelze qarTvel saeklesio moRvaweTa portretebis rigia warmodgenili365. Sesrulebis manera ufro XII saukunis mes­ ame meoTxedis berZnul nawarmoebebs enaTesaveba. sxvaTa Soris, Zalian sagulisxmoa, rom bakurianis da misi Zmis xelSi eklesiis gamosaxuleba sakuTriv saZvales arqiteqturas ki ar asaxavs, aramed jvar-gumbaTian taZars warmoadgens366 da, savaraudod, monastris mTavar taZars unda gulisxmobdes. aq vxedavT sqemas, romelic arc Tu xSirad gamoiyeneboda qar­ Tul xelovnebaSi – centrisken ¾-Si Setrialebul figurebs, romlebsac ori mxridan uka­ viaT erTi eklesia da miarTmeven maT Tavs zemoT gamosaxul mariams, romelic akurTxebs maT ori gaSlili xeliT. msgavsi sqema – qtitorTa figurebs Soris eklesiis gamosaxva gvi­ ana xanis qarTul mxatvrobaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba, Tumca qtitorebi rogorc wesi, fronta­ lurad dganan da kompozicia ufro horizontalurad iSleba, vidre vertikalurad, ufro reprezentaciulia, ufro mimarTulia mnaxvelisken. ojaxuri saqtitoro portretis saintereso nimuSia samcxis aTabagebis, jayelebis por­ tretebi XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnis samcxis oTxi eklesiis moxatulobebSi (safaris wm. sabas taZari, safaris miZinebis eklesia, zarzmis feriscvalebis eklesia, Wules wm. giorgis ekle­ 360

f. devdariani, matanis samonastro kompleqsi. kedlis mxatvroba, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 117.

361

orfiguriani portreti qvabisxevis eklesiis moxatulobaSi ganisazRvreba rogorc SoTa da ia. aqac qalis xelSi TiTqos raRac oTxkuTxa sagania, Tumca Znelad gairCeva, Tanac saarqivo fotoze es sagani ar Cans. Г. Чубинашвили, Пещерные монастыри Давид-Гареджи. Очерк по истории искусства Грузии, Тбилиси, 1948, gv.

74; m. bulia, daviTgarejis udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiis moxatuloba, gv. 13-15.

362

82

363

Е. Бакалова, Бачковската костница, София, 1977, gv. 169-175, il. 138.

364

iqve, gv. 133, 242.

365

iqve, gv. 101, il. 82.

366

iqve, gv. 172.

sia). aqedan eklesiiT xelSi erT-erTi jayeli mxolod or SemTxvevaSi aris warmodgenili: safarasa da WuleSi. safaraSi (XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijna367) jayelebi samxreT kedelze arian warmodgenilni, mTeli dinastiuri rigi ukve gardacvlili mamamTavris, sargis-sabaTi daw­ yebuli, romelic sagangebo CarCoTi gamoyofil wm. saba ganwmendilis winaSe wardgeba da Tavis STamomavlobas warudgens (iseve, rogorc es iyo giorgi III-sa da misi memkvidreebis dinastiur portretebSi). zecidan ki uflis marjvena akurTxebs. sagulisxmoa, rom wm. saba frontalurad mdgomi didi figuris saxiT aris warmodgenili, viTarca xati368. niSandoblivia, rom eklesia ukavia beqas, romelic dinastiur rigSi meore adgilzea ga­ mosaxuli sargis-sabas Semdeg (sur. 55). beqa moqmedi aTabagia, mandaturTuxucesi, misi moR­ vaweobiT gaZlierda samcxe-saaTabago, rogorc damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli. ga­ mosaxulebas axlavs eqvs striqoniani warwera: `hoi mamao mamaTao saba da udabno [... ] ege mrav­ alTa sulTa miuZRvi gzad RmrTisa [... ] Tana me beqasa mandaturTuxucessa [... ] sargis samcxisa spasalarsa [... ] da aRvaSene da Sevamkve eklesia [... ] velTa sulierTa da xorcielTasa~369. beqas xelSi taZari, rogorc Cans, CrdiloeTi mxridan aris gamosaxuli, razec miuTiTebs mklavis frontonis areSi gamoqandakebuli, naxevarwriul TavsarTze dayrdnobili didi jvari. swored am fasadis gamosaxva ganpirobebulia imiTac, rom saqtitoro portretebi taZ­ ris samxreT kedelzea warmodgenili. aq e. w. `paralelizmis princi pi~ vlindeba370. miTumetes, taZris ganTavseba reliefze iseTia, rom igi mnaxvels swored CrdiloeTi fasadiT warudgeba.

Tumca originalTan didi msgavsebiT es gamosaxuleba ver daikvexnis, vinaidan arc pro­ porciebia daculi, arc gumbaTis yelSi sarkmlebis raodenoba da maT Soris intervalebi, xolo TviT fasadze `gamotovebulia~ sarkmeli da misi adgili kars uWiravs – etyoba am masStabSi orive Riadis gamosaxva ver xerxdeboda. pirobiTad, magram mainc miniSnebulia sakurTxevlis sarkmeli. taZris gamosaxuleba mimarTulia afsidiT aRmosavleTisken – re­ aluri sakurTxevlisken. kidev ufro pirobiTi da gamartivebulia taZris gamosaxuleba WuleSi, romlis moxat­ uloba bevrad dabali mxatvruli donisaa, vidre safarisa. aq jayelebi wm. giorgis winaSe wardgebian da aqac taZari beqas upyria (sur. 56). Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad didi iyo msgavse­ ba daxatuli taZrisa Tanadroul nagebobasTan, vinaidan XIV saukunis Tavdapirveli nage­ bobis mxolod nangrevebma moaRwia Cvens dromde da taZris amJamindeli saxe restavraciis Sedegia. savaraudod, eklesia aqac CrdiloeTi fasadis mxridan aris gamosaxuli, vinaidan qtitorebi kvlav samxreT kedelze arian warmodgenilni371.

Tumca safarac da Wulec XIII-XIV saukuneebis mijnaze moixata (Wule etyoba ufro pir­ vel naxevarSi, safaris moxatvis Semdeg372), maTSi paleologosuri stilis niSnebi jer kidev g. xuciSvili, safaris kedlis moxatuloba, gv. 70-72; q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, gv. 218-225; n. burWulaZe, safara, krebulSi: axalcixisa da tao-klarjeTis eparqia, Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 282-293.

367

368

g. xuciSvili, safaris kedlis moxatuloba, gv. 70-71; q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, gv. 224.

v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, XIII-XIV saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 51; g. xuciSvili, safaris kedlis moxatuloba, gv. 75; q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, gv. 218.

369

370

Č. Marinkovič, The Representation of Architecture on the Donor Portrait in Lesnovo, gv. 107.

q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, gv. 225-231; m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, gv. 66-67, 88.

371

372

q. miqelaZe, jayelTa portretebi, gv. 225-231; m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, gv. 66.

83

sustad aris gamovlenili da gacilebiT sagrZnobia wina saukuneebis qarTuli mxatvrobis tradiciebis midevneba373. gacilebiT mkafiod aisaxa paleologosuri stili soris jvarcmis eklesiis moxatu­ lobaSi374, romelic XIV-XV saukuneebSi Sesrulda da Semdeg nawilobriv ganaxlda XVII saukuneSi375. samxreT kedelze gamosaxulia aRmosavleTiT vedrebad Setrialebuli qti­ torebis mTeli rigi, WarelisZeebis gvaris warmomadgenlebi, romelTagan pirvels, arCils, uWiravs eklesia, anu igi aris aRmSenebeli, Semdegi figura, warweris mixedviT, aris giorgi, swored is, romelsac amave kedelze ganTavsebuli ferweruli warwera (aw ukve TiTqmis sru­ lad gamqrali) moixsenebs, rogorc moxatulobis damkveTs. sainteresoa eklesiis gamosaxuleba arCilis xelSi. es darbazuli eklesiaa, TaRovani mi­ naSeniT CrdiloeTidan, aRmosavleTiT mimarTuli Sverili afsidiT, mravali arqiteqturu­ li detaliT, saxuravis saburvelis naxatiT, qvebis wyobiT, svetebis konstruqciiT da sxva.

Tumca amJamindel taZarze yovelive es ar Cans. safiqrebelia, rom mxatvarma ki ar Sealamaza nageboba, aramed im dros taZars marTlac gaaCnda es elementebi376. aseve paleologosTa stils ganekuTvneba nabaxtevis RmrTismSoblis eklesiis XV sauku­ nis moxatuloba377. sami TaRiT danawevrebul samxreTi kedlis aRmosavleTi da Sua TaRi Semowers qtitorTa portretebs, romlebic sakmaod cudad aris SemorCenili; sul 7 figu­ raa, romelTagan aRmosavleTi TaRis qveS saqarTvelos mefe aleqsandre I-sa da misi meuRlis frontaluri figurebia. kedlis Sua monakveTze ki gamosaxulia realuri qtitori, mefis papa dedis mxridan, didi Tavadi qucna amirejibi, eklesiiT xelSi, misi meuRle rusa da maTi sami vaJi. amaTgan umetesi figurebi Zalian cudad ikiTxeba. aq kvlav vxedavT qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi ukve miRebul sqemas – samefo portretebi sazeimod aris warmodgenilni, sakurTxevlis mimdebare areze, Tanac damatebiT ferweru­ li ormagi TaRiT aqcentirebuli, magram xelSi eklesia ar upyriaT. rogorc Cans, realuri momgebeli iyo aleqsandres papa, didi feodali qucna amirejibi da eklesiac swored mas uWiravs xelSi. misi figura zomiT odnav aRemateba kidec mefisas, Tanac igi kedlis centra­ lur nawilSi aris ganTavsebuli da amiT TiTqos met yuradRebas iqcevs. eklesiis gamosax­ uleba qtitoris xelSi Zlier dazianebulia, magram rogorc am fragmentebiT Cans, sada formis darbazul nagebobas warmoadgenda378. paleologosTa xanas ganekuTvneba bediis XIV saukunis mxatvrobaSi samxreT kedel­ ze bagrat III-is portreti eklesiiT xelSi (sur. 57), savaraudod, XI saukunis droindeli moxatulobis gameoreba-ganaxleba, vinaidan saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli samefos pirveli mefe mis mierve agebul taZarSi mis sicocxleSive aucileblad iqneboda gamosaxuli. bedi­ is taZari sakmaod detaluradaa gamosaxuli, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, bediis sakaTedro g. xuciSvili, safaris kedlis moxatuloba, 129-121; m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRi­ saTvis, gv. 66.

373

84

374

i. WiWinaZe, soris qtitorTa gamosaxulebani, mnaTobi, 1975, #2, gv. 178-182.

375

z. sxirtlaZe, soris eklesia, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 17-18.

376

iqve, gv. 17-21.

377

i. lorTqifaniZe, nabaxtevis mxatvroba, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 20-29.

378

iqve, gv. 20-29, il. 7, 8.

taZars didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos religiur da politi­ kur cxovrebaSi379. paleologosTa xanas, XIV saukunes ganekuTvneba mxeris (laSTxveris Temis) eklesiis moxatuloba zemo svaneTSi, Tavisi specifikurad adgilobrivi elferiT. aq Crdilo kedel­ ze gamosaxulia miqel iveldiani ojaxiT. mas sakmaod maRla aweul xelSi patara eklesia ukavia. Tumca faqtobrivad arc ki ukavia, radgan qtitoris mavedrebeli xelebi eklesiis nagebobis `win~ aris daxatuli, Tumca gamosaxulebaTa erTdrouloba eWvs ar iwvevs (sur.

65). gamosaxulebas Tan axlavs 12 striqoniani warwera: `aRvaSene me miqel iveldianman ekle­ siaÁ ese, davxate, xatiTa da jvariTa mogikazme sadideblad RmrTisa da mTavarangelozisa moxerisa da salxineblad sÂlisa CemisaTÂis. Semindven RmerTo~380. paleologosTa xanidan eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitorebis sxva gamosaxulebebi TiTqmis ar gvaqvs. ar aris aseTi gamosaxuleba walenjixaSic, rac cota moulodnelia, radgan iseTi ambiciuri da gulzviadi adamiani, rogorc vamey dadiani iyo, romelmac walenjixis taZris mosaxatavad TviT konstantinopolidan moiwvia ostati kir manuel evgenikosi, am taZarSi eklesiis gareSe aris gamosaxuli. rogorc Cans, TviT taZris aRmSeneblis Rvawls ver daiCe­ mebda, taZris moxatulobis damkveTis roli ki arasakmarisad miaCnda? meore mxriv ki mis mi­ er moxatulobis dakveTis ambavi da misi Rvawli dawvrilebiT aris aRweril-dadasturebu­ li freskul warwerebSi381. qarTul xelovnebaSi eklesiaTa mpyrobeli qtitorebis yvelaze meti nimuSi XV saukunis Semdgomi xanidan aris SemorCenili. sagulisxmo da saintereso jgufs qmnian levan kaxTa mefis (1520-1574) qtitoruli por­ tretebi. marTlac, raodenobrivad levanis portretebi Tamar mefisasac ki aWarbebs382, TiTqmis Svidia (sabueSi mxolod savaraudoa), maTgan xuTSi mas xelT upyria misi mona­ gari – taZari. is sagangebod xazs usvams da aqcentirebs am Rvawls. esenia: kawareTis sameba (1518 weli), alvani (1529-30 wlebi), nekresis sameklesiani bazilika (1550-iani wlebi), gremis mTavarangelozis taZari (1577 weli) da aTonis filoTeosis monastris satrapezo (1550-iani wlebi)383.

Tu gadavxedavT levan kaxTa mefis qtitorul portretebs, vnaxavT, rom umetesad mis xelT gamosaxuli nageboba Seesabameba im taZris saxes da ZiriTad niSnebs, romelSic misi por­ treti aris gamosaxuli. kawareTis samebaSi axladgamefebuli levanis portreti uCveulo Л. Шервашидзе, Средневековая монументальная живопись в Абхазии, gv. 53-56; Р. Шмерлинг, К вопросу датировки храма Бедиа, Сообщения АН ГССР, т. XVIII, №4, 1957, gv. 503-505.

379

380

e. kavlelaSvili, mxeris eklesiis mxatvari, saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis narkvevebi, V, Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 96-100; m. yenia, zemo svaneTi, gv. 8.

381

i. lorTqifaniZe, m. janjalia, walenjixa, gv. 5, il. 22.

382

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi bagrationTa mefeebis ferwerul portretebs Soris maTi gamosaxuleba eklesiiT xelSi Zalian cotaa. m. vaCnaZe, levan kaxTa mefe da postbizantiuri qarTuli monumenturi ferwera, gv. 123-137. bolo dros gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom alaverdSi gamosaxuli arian levan kaxTa mefe, misi memkvidre aleqsandre da misi mama giorgi, rac moxatulobis TariRs XVI saukunisken gadaswevs (n. burWulaZe, mefeTa portretebi alaverdis taZris moxatulobaSi, alaverdis eparqiis istoriis furclebi, samecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 53-62).

383

85

adgilas aris gamosaxuli – burjebis CrdiloeTi rigis meore burjis aRmosavleT waxnagze. levans marjvena, ganze gawvdil xelSi ukavia bazilikis konfiguraciis nageboba, romelic Crdilo-dasavleTi kuTxiT aris daxatuli, da bazilikis mxolod ZiriTad moxazulobas imeorebs. aq ar Cans am bazilikis xazgasmuli sigrZe. aRniSnulia Riadebi centraluri navis da gverdiT navis kedlebSi, Tumca raodenoba miaxloebiTia. arc dasavleTi fasadis konfig­ uracia aris zusti da Tanac orive fasadi erT sibrtyeSia moqceuli. cxadia, aqsonometriu­ li naxazis Seqmna arc iyo mxatvris amocana – mTavaria, rom bazilikis forma iqna gadmoce­ muli. alvanis naTlismcemlis bazilikaSi dasavleTi kedlis qveda registrSi, Seisruli TaRe­ biT mofargluli, wm. ninos, wm. elenesa da wm. konstantines rigSi levan mefe da dedofali TinaTini arian gamosaxulni. levan mefes aqac bazilikis formis nageboba uWiravs, Tumca axla cudad gairCeva, ramdenad Seesatyviseba realuri eklesiis proporciebs da detalebs – mTavaria, rom bazilikis konfiguracia aqac naTlad ikiTxeba. yvelaze STambeWdavi mxatvrulad da Tanac kargad SemorCenilia nekresis taZris samxreT kedelze qtitorTa jgufuri portreti: levan mefe, TinaTin dedofali (?) da maTi memkvidre ufliswuli aleqsandre (sur. 58). am jgufis centrSi gamosaxul levan mefes sakmaod mozr­ dili bazilika uWiravs, romelsac realurTan SedarebiT cota dabali proporciebi aqvs, sxva mxriv ki sakmaod msgavsia originalis. aqac Crdilo-dasavleTi xedia, anu daxatuli af­ sidi realuri sakurTxevlisken aris mimarTuli. sainteresoa, rom eklesia mefes sakurTx­ evlisken aqvs gawvdili, TviTon, iseve rogorc mis gverdiT mdgomi figura, marjvniv, Tavisi memkvidrisken ixedeba, TiTqos abarebs mas am monasters. mefis Tavze berZnuli warwera gvam­ cnobs: `morwmune patroni... yovlisa iberiisa~384. ai, gremSi ki mefe levani marto aris gamosaxuli dasavleT kedelze (sur. 59). xelSi mas ukavia eklesia da miarTmevs aRsaydrebul Cviled mariams, romelic kompoziciurad co­ ta ufro maRlaa gamosaxuli, Tumca TiTqmis mefis figuris zomisaa (figuraTa masStabur SexamebaSi naTlad gamovlinda berZeni ostatebis monawileoba). mefis Saravandis gverdiT warweraa: `mefe levan aRmaSenebeli. ~ aq gamosaxulia gumbaTovani eklesia, rac Seesabameba kidec gremis taZris ti pologias, magram gremis taZris zeatyorcnili proporciebis nacv­ lad horizontalurad gaSlil ZiriTad korpuss vxedavT. ver vityviT, rom mxatvarma di­ di Zalisxmeva gawia, rom miemsgavsebina realuri nagebobisTvis, romelic faqtobrivad mis Tvalwin iyo – etyoba, amis aucileblobas ver xedavda. levan kaxTa mefis bolo portreti mis memkvidre aleqsandresTan erTad aTonis mTis filaTeosis monastris satrapezoSia gamosaxuli. berZnuli warwera adasturebs maT vina­ obas: `leoni mefe kaxeTisa da mTeli iberiisa da ktitori wmindis sameufeos monastrisa filoTeosisa. aleqsandre Svili misi, mefe kaxeTisa da mTeli iberiisa da ktitori wmin­ dis sameufeos monastrisa filoTeosisa~385. marTlac, maT, xelT upyriaT ara taZris, aramed mTlianad monastris gamosaxuleba, romelic am droisTvis sakmaod Camoyalibebuli qala­ qis gamosaxvis wess Seesatyviseba – koSkebiani da qongurebiani galavniT Semofargluli

86

384

T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 333.

385

m. vaCnaZe, levan kaxTa mefe da postbizantiuri qarTuli monumenturi ferwera, gv. 130.

sivrce Sig Caxatuli nagebobebiT386. gavixsenoT Tundac qalaq konstantinopolis gamosax­ uleba aia sofias samxreT galereis mozaikaSi. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad Seesabameba es gamosaxuleba realuri monastris garegnul saxes. xelmisawvdomi fotoebis mixedviT Znelia amis dadgena, miTumetes rom XVI saukunis mere monasterSi SesaZloa bevri ram gadakeTda. niSandoblivia, rom levans da mis memkv­ idres xelSi uWiravT ara erTi konkretuli eklesiis nageboba, aramed galavanSemortymuli monasteri maRali koSkiT – igrZnoba aTonuri monastrebis gamosaxvis saerTo standarti. sxvaTa Soris, qarTul masalaSi mTlianad monastris gamosaxuleba TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba, es gamonaklisi nimuSi albaT aTonurma tradiciebma ganapiroba da adgilobrivi berZeni os­ tatebis namuSevari unda iyos. amave dros, es iyo mtkicebuleba levan mefis didi moRvaweo­ bisa aTonze387. taZris gamosaxuleba, romelsac wm. mefe daviT aRmaSenebeli (1089-1125) miarTmevs macx­ ovars gelaTis RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZris moxatulobaSi (CrdiloeTi kedeli) sakmaod didi zomisaa da, rac ufro sagulisxmoa, did msgavsebas avlens arsebul nagebobasTan (sur.

60). daculia Senobis proporciebi, mklavebis ganlageba da dekoratiuli TaRedi fasadeb­ ze. taZari samxreTi mxridan aris gamosaxuli da Sesabamisad, daxatulia samxreTi karibWe da orive egvteri, dekoratiuli TaRedebiT (Tumca realurad samxreT-dasavleTi egvteris samxreT fasads TaRedi ar aqvs). msgavsia karibWis arqiteqturuli struqturac, Tavisi di­ di zomis lunetiT frontonSi. msgavsebis maRali xarisxiT aris gamosaxuli sami sarkme­ li samxreTi mklavis kedelSi da is wveTis formis ornamentuli motivebi, romlebic sarkm­ lebis momCarCoebeli TaRebis gadakveTaze aris gamoyvanili. aseve sarkmlebis alaTebi da sxva (sur. 61). taZris gamosaxuleba sruliad gamarTulia, miuxedavad dekoratiuli TaRebis raodenobis araidenturobisa, sxva niSnebi imdenad msgavsia, rom es arc aris TvalSi sacemi, ar aris arsebiTi. daviT aRmaSeneblis portreti XVI saukuneSi aris Sesrulebuli, savarau­ dod, igi imeorebs daviTis an misi memkvidris sicocxleSi Sesrulebul mxatvrobas388. `daviT didi, mefeTa Soris warCinebuli, aRmaSenebeli, saukunomca ars xsneba misi amin~389. am mxriv Zalian sainteresoa martvilis taZris Crdilo-aRmosavleT sammeoTxedovani ni­ Sis qveda registrSi SemorCenili gamosaxuleba ori qtitorisa, romlebic berZnuli warw­ erebiT390 ganisazRvrebian rogorc konstantine afxazeTis mefe (893-922) da giorgi II afxaze­ 386

iqve, gv. 130-131.

387

timoTe gabaSvilis `mimosvlis~ ramdenime redaqciidan erTSi jvris monastris freskebSi qarTvel mefeTa portretebis CanaxatebTan erTad daculia levan kaxTa mefis fanqriT Sesrulebuli portreti, eklesiiT xelSi, warweriT `qristes saflavi~. mefis figuras Tan erTvis warwera: `RvTismoyvare leon mefe qarTlisa da kaxeTisa, aoxrebuli ierusalimis damxsneli da axlad aRmaSenebeli qristes saflavisa da golgoTisa~, da damateba: `da kvlavad aRmaSenebeli mTa wmindas filoTeonis monastrisa~ (m. vaCnaZe, levan kaxTa mefe da postbizantiuri qarTuli monumenturi ferwera, gv. 125-126).

T. virsalaZe, r. mefisaSvili, gelaTi, arqiteqtura, mozaika, freskebi, Tbilisi, 1992, gv. 14; d. TumaniSvili da sxvani, gelaTi 900, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 260; m. janjalia, zarzmis moxatulobis TariRisaTvis, gv. 72.

388

389

T. virsalaZe, r. mefisaSvili, gelaTi, gv. 14.

390

T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusi, gv. 123.

87

Tis mefe (922-957)391. es portretebi gansxvavdeba sxva saqtitoro gamosaxulebisgan: aRmosav­ leTisken, Cviledi RmrTismSoblisken locvad mibrunebulni, es sakmaod didi zomis fig­ urebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT, erTimeores `ukan~ arian gamosaxulni da orives TiTo eklesia uWiravs xelSi. dazianebis gamo detalebis garCeva Zneldeba, miuxedavad amisa, mainc Cans, rom eklesiebs sakmaod didi, ganieri gumbaTebi aqvT da moulodnelad dabali korpusebi.

Tumca Zneli saTqmelia, erTi da igive eklesias warudgenen RmrTismSobels Tu sxvadasxvas. martvilis moxatulobis es nawili XVI saukuniT TariRdeba392, gamosaxuli pirebi ki ramden­ ime saukuniT adre, X saukuneSi moRvaweobdnen. rogorc Cans, aq an ukve iyo maTi adrindeli gamosaxulebis naSTebi, anda es madlieri STamomavlobis mexsierebis gamovlinebaa. ase Tu ise, saeklesio aRmSeneblobis Rvawlis aseTi `ormagi~ wardgena iSviaTia. adrindeli gamosaxulebis gameoreba SeiZleba iyos ukve naxsenebi bediis XIV saukunis mxatvrobaSi bagrat III-is portreti eklesiiT xelSi, savaraudod, XI saukunis droindeli gamosaxulebis gameoreba393. ase rom gvaqvs sami SemTxveva, roca pirvelaRmSeneblebs ramden­ ime saukunis mere gamosaxaven eklesiiT xelSi (bedia, gelaTi, martvili (Tumca aq X-XI sauku­ neebis meored aRmSeneblebi arian da ara VII-sa), axla Zneli saTqmelia, es aris gameoreba adre arsebulis (aSenebis Tanadroulis), Tu istoriuli mexsierebis gaaqtiureba, winapar­ TaTvis pativis migeba da sakuTari genealogiis xazgasma. gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac taZari xelT upyriaT pirebs, visac mis dafuZnebaSi da agebaSi ar miuZRvis Rvawli (magaliTad, walenjixaSi levan II dadiani, nikorwmindaSi wu­ lukiZe, martvilSi kacia Ciqvani, levan kaxTa mefe VII saukuneSi agebul nekresis bazilika­ Si). es garkveulad istoriuli memkvidreobiTobis xazgasmac aris da sakuTari ambiciebis gancxadebac. Tumca am SemTxvevebSi maTi qtitoroba kedlis mxatvrobis dakveTaSi an egvt­ eris miSenebaSi mdgomareobda. arsebobs sainterso nimuSebi qtitorTa xelSi eklesiaTa `araswori~ gamosaxvisa da `Tavisufali~ interpretaciisa, magaliTad, Woxuldis XIII saukunis moxatulobaSi, dasav­ leT kedelze gamosaxul qtitors uWiravs martivi darbazuli eklesia yovelgvari deko­ ris gareSe394, maSin roca Woxuldis eklesiis fasadebi dekoratiuli TaRediT aris Semkuli gansxvavebiT umetesi svanuri eklesiebisgan da amiT aris gamorCeuli. Tumca, mxatvarma amas saerTod ar miaqcia yuradReba. meore mxriv ki uRvalis XV saukunis moxatulobaSi qtitors, anton onofrians dekoratiuli TaRediT Semkuli darbazuli eklesia upyria xelT, Tumca realobaSi es aris marTkuTxa afsidiani, martivi nageboba sruliad sada fasadebiT395. ase rom zogjer eklesiis gamosaxulebis SeqmnaSi mxatvrebis fantaziac ereoda da damkveTis survilic – iqneb ostats surda onofrianebis naRvawi ufro sazeimo da mdidruli gamoeCina. amrigad, rogorc Cans, eklesiis ti pi aris mTavari aspeqti, romelic aucileblad aisax­ eba, Tumca proporciebi, detalebis xasiaTi (Riadebis raodenoba, forma da a. S.) SeiZleba arc iyos zedmiwevniT daculi.

88

391

n. CixlaZe, martvilis taZris moxatulobis fenebi, gv. 98-99.

392

iqve, gv. 98.

393

Л. Шервашидзе, Средневековая монументальная живопись в Абхазии, gv. 53-56.

394

m. yenia, zemo svaneTi, gv. 156.

395

iqve, gv. 148.

Ggviana Sua saukuneebis, kerZod ki XVI saukunis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobaSi Camoya­ libebuli `xalxur~ mimarTulebis ZeglebSi qtitorebis didi raodenobaaa, Tanac ara im­ denad mefeebisa, ramdenadac ufro dabali rangis feodalebis da aznaurebisac ki396. ro­ gorc wesi, aseTi mxatvrobebi martivi formis darbazul eklesiebs amkobs (Tumca gelaTis mTavari taZris egvterebSic vxedavT da martvilis kaTedralSic). moxatulobaTa qveda registrebi saTavad-aznauro ojaxebis mTeli SemadgenlobiT aris xolme Sevsebuli. isini frontalurad arian gamosaxulni, Tumca maT Soris eklesiis mpyrobelni arc Tu xSir­ ad arian. aseTs vxedavT bugeulSi, tabakinSi, WalaSi, nakuraleSSi, kulaSSi da sxva. arc Tu bevri nimuSia SemorCenili, Tanac, rogorc wesi, saerTo gadawyveta sakmaod martivia, eklesiis formac ar gamoirCeva sagangebo detalizaciiT, Tumca magaliTad, kulaSSi, mi­ qelaZis xelSi gamosaxuli darbazuli eklesia Tavis minaSenianad sakmaod zustad imeo­ rebs realurad arsebuls. eklesiis Senobis igive `upirovno~ formas vxedavT XVI saukunis Walis eklesiis mox­ atulobaSi (imereTi), sadac modeli isedac TiTqmis ar ikiTxeba, vinaidan daxatuli TaRe­ dis imposts emTxveva. Tanac qtitoris figurasTan SedarebiT Zalian mcire zomisaa. Tumca eklesiis nageboba, Tundac esoden ganzogadebuli formiT, mainc konkretuli taZris ti ps ganasaxierebs, kerZod darbazul nagebobas397. tabakinis eklesiis XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi episkopos gerasime CxetisZis portreti eklesiis gamosaxulebiT xelSi (samxreT kedelze), garTulebulia ri pidebiani angelozeb­ is da kidev erTi saeklesio piris gamosaxulebebiT gragniliT xelSi, rac iwvevs mosazrebas, rom aq CxetisZis mier aRdgenili eklesiis kurTxevis aqtia warmodgenili398. warwera gvamc­ nobs: `aqa wminda giorgis monasteri Zlevisa da yola wmidisa RvTismSoblisa daknilebuli daoxrebuli aRvaSene me, CxetiZema QquTaTelma gerasime: codvani misni Seundos RmerTma amin da kirialeso [... ] misTa deda mamaTa da misTa micvalebulsa Seundos RmerTma~399. amave mimarTulebas ekuTvnis amaSukeTis eklesiis XVI saukunis mxatvroba, romelSic Zalian sainteresod aris warmodgenili arsebuli martivi darbazuli nageboba egvter­ iT. samxreT kedelze gamosaxuli qtitoris ganze gawvdil marjvena xelSi gamosaxulia orsarTuliani nageboba, mravali sarkmliT da RiadiT, frontoniT da zed dadgmuli gum­ baTis msgavsi formiT, erTgvarad rotondas mogvagonebs, Tumca ki sruliad brtyelia. aq udavod an raime nimuSi iqna gamoyenebuli, an saxezea damkveTis da mxatvris mcdelo­ ba gansakuTrebulad sazeimo ieri mianiWos qtitors, nagebobas ki uflis saflavis saxe misces400.

396

i. xuskivaZe, qarTuli eklesiebis gviani Sua saukuneebis `xalxuri~ moxatulobani, gv. 389-405.

397

iqve, gv. 20-36.

398

И. Мамаиашвили, Роспись Табакини, gv. 13.

399

iqve.

i. xuskivaZe, amaSukeTi – eklesia deda RmrTisa da misi moxatuloba, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 21, 2018, gv. 198. amave kedelze, karis marcxniv gamosaxuli kidev ori saero piris ferxTiT, ymawvilis figurasTan Cans saintereso warwera: `ros(a)f g(i)org(a)[Z]e, m(o)ZRv(a)ri T[a]v(a)d(i)si~ (iqve). logikurad warwera kedlis am monakveTze gamosaxul istoriul pirs unda ekuTvnodes, Tanac xelSi mas gragnili uWiravs (Senawiris sabuTi?), Tumca didi cdunebaa, rom es rosaf giorgaZe eklesiis mpyrobel pirTan gavaigivoT. 400

89

XVII saukunis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis mniSvnelovani nawarmoebia walenjixis macx­ ovris taZris egvterebis moxatulobebi, romlebSic gamoirCeva levan II dadianis (1611-1657) da misi ojaxis saqtitoro portreti401. levan II dadianis da misi col-Svilis portreti samxreT-dasavleTi egvteris samxreTi kedlis TaRSia moqceuli, rac aZlierebs mis reprezentaciulobas (sur. 62). levan II da misi meuRle nestan-darejani frontalurad dganan da erTmaneTisken gawvdili maRla aweuli xelebiT eklesia uWiravT, faqtiurad maTi Tavebis doneze, maT Soris, kompoziciis centr­ Si, rogorc erTgvari simetriis RerZi, riTac xazgasmulia misi mniSvneloba. qtitorebi TiTqos zecisken aRmarTaven taZars, sadac wvrili xaziT gamoyofili (anu sxva sivrceSi myofi) macxovris naxevarfiguraa gamosaxuli, romelic dadianebis Senawirs orive xeliT akurTxebs. levansa da mis meuRles Soris, maTi norCi vaJis figuraa, zustad eklesiis ga­ mosaxulebis qveS, TiTqos misi sagangebo mfarvelobis qveS imyofeba, xolo kompoziciis kideebSi, maTi Svilebis zilixanisa da manuCaris mcire zomis figurebia402. unda aRiniSnos, rom egvteris am monakveTis sivrcesTan SefardebiT es saqtitoro portreti sakmaod didia, monumenturad aRiqmeba da, eWvs gareSea, akmayofilebda damkveTis, levan meoris ambiciebs. eklesiis nageboba ar aris zedmiwevniT msgavsi realuri taZrisa, Tumca gumbaTis propor­ cia SenarCunebulia, kedlebze qvis wyobaa datanili; saTanadod aRniSnulia samxreTi mlavis frontoniani fasadi; Tumca, rom SevadaroT realur xeds, aq bevri ram ar aris SesabamisobaSi, magaliTad, samxreT fasadze dabali samxreTi egvteri ar aris gamoyofili, rogorc moculo­ ba. samagierod miniSnebulia gumbaTis `daZvra~ aRmosavleTisken. qveda xazi erTiania da ami­ tom nagebobis moculobebis sivrceSi ganawileba ugulvebelyofilia. erTi sityviT, sakmaod bevri niSani aris msgavsi, Tumca, rogorc Cans, am msgavsebas mainc da mainc ar eswrafodnen. eklesiis nageboba samxreT-dasavleTi xediT aris warmodgenili, anu ufro zustad, samx­ reTi fasadis mxridan, romlis marcxniv Cans dasavleTi galereis TaRedis nawili. cxadia aqcenti samxreT fasadze imitomac gakeTda, rom swored es nawili ekuTvnis levan II dadians da swored aq aris ganTavsebuli misi saqtitoro portreti. Tanac, niSandoblivia, rom es Zalian sazeimo da xazgasmulad reprezentaciuli portreti samegrelos Tavadis, `xelm­ wifis~, isea ganTavsebuli, rom galereidan Sesvlisas swored igi wardgeba mnaxvelis winaSe. am sqemas – eklesiis gamosaxuleba ganTavsebulia kompoziciis centrSi, or frontalu­ rad mdgom qtitors Soris, romlebsac aweul xelebSi uWiravT igi, ufro Zveli tradici­ ac gaaCnia, adre qristianuli da gardamavali xanis qarTul qvis reliefebze (magaliTad, fetobani, X s.)403. igi kidev ramdenime ferwerul ansamblSi aris gamoyenebuli (magaliTad, nikorwmindis sakaTedro taZris XVII saukunis da martvilis taZris aseve XVII saukunis mox­ atulobis fenaze). nikorwmindaSic da martvilSic Zalian sazeimo, wardgeniTi gamosaxulebebia. aqac garkveu­ li TvalsazrisiT swored taZris gamosaxulebaa yovelmxriv aqcentirebuli, Tumca arc wu­ likiZeebi nikorwmindaSi da arc Ciqvanebi martvilSi ar iyvnen damfuZneblebi da aRmSeneblebi 401

i. lorTqifaniZe, m. janjalia, walenjixa, gv. 11-12, il. 165-167.

402

iqve, gv. 11-12.

Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, il. 72. bizantiaSi amgvari sqemis nimuSebi warmodgenilia magaliTad, didi meteoras XVI saukunis qtitorTa portretebSi. 403

90

am taZrebisa; magram maT garkveuli aRdgena-ganaxleba-gadakeTebebi ganaxorcieles taZarTa struqturaSi, da, rac mTavaria, interierSi kedlis mxatvrobis (nawilobriv mainc) damkveTni da momgebelni iyvnen. taZris gamosaxuleba zomiTac gamoirCeva da aSkarad etyoba original­ Tan mimsgavsebis mcdeloba. marTlac, nikorwmindaSic da martvilSic taZari sagangebod aris gamoyofili zomiT, kompoziciaSi centraluri mdebareobiT, figurebTan mimarTebiT. nikorwmindaSi qtitorebi – merab (?) wulukiZe da misi Tanamecxedre kopaZis qali ana ga­ mosaxuli arian Crdilo-dasavleT afsidis aRmosavleT nawilSi, qveda registrSi, anu isini faqtobrivad iyurebian ara sakurTxevlisken, aramed dasavleTi Semosasvlelisken, mnaxve­ lisken (sur. 64). martvilisgan gansxvavebiT nikorwmindaSi am sazeimo qtitorul portrets kompoziciis zeda nawilSi naxevarfiguris saxiT gamosaxuli qriste akurTxebs (rogorc walenjixaSi)404. unda aRiniSnos, rom nikorwmindis afsidebis qveda registrebi `gavsebulia~ qtitorTa – wulikiZeebis gvaris ramdenime Taobis wevrTa gamosaxulebebiT, magram taZari mxolod am wyvils uWiravs.

TviT taZris gamosaxuleba sakmaod Tavisufali interpretaciiT aris mocemuli. erTi mxriv, misi Sida sivrcis mravalafsidianobas TiTqos epasuxeba gadaxurvebis ramdenime done, meore mxriv daxatuli taZris xedi arc erTi fasadis monaxazs ar Seesatyviseba zedmiwevniT, albaT, ufro dasavleTisas – didi portali or-ori niSiT Sesasvleli karis orsav mxares da, rogorc Cans, amave sibrtyeSia gamosaxuli ori mimdebare fasadis nawilebic TiTo-TiTo ka­ riT, rac gvarwmunebs, rom eklesia marTlac dasavleTi mxridan aris daxatuli. Gam mklavis gadaxurva Zalian ganieria da ufro maRalia, vidre gverdiTebis, rac, etyoba, miuTiTebs, rom es gverdiTi fasadebi mxolod nawilobriv Cans, anu rakursis gadmocemis erTgvari mcdelobaa. gumbaTi ganieri da mZimea, iseve rogorc realobaSi, gumbaTis yelze oTxi sarkmeli aris dax­ atuli, TiTqmis aseve Cans am mxridan gadaRebul fotoebze. Sesasvlelebis garSemo mcenareu­ li ornamentebis xveulebia gamosaxuli, gumbaTze da dasavleTi mklavis gadaxurvaze jvrebic aris dadgmuli, xolo gumbaTis yelis sarkmlebSi ki wriuli alaTebia, Tanac sxvadasxvagvari. faqtia, rom mxatvars Tvalwin hqonda ramdenime saukunis win agebuli taZari da aravi­ Tari cvilis modeli ar esaWiroeboda. ase Cans, rom man daxata nikorwmindis taZris rTuli struqturis `STabeWdileba~ (mravalafsidiani Sida sivrce da marTkuTxa oTxmklava gare masebi). Zalian dinamikuri da efeqturi saxe gamovida, Tumca arc mainc da mainc Seesatyvise­ ba realurad arsebuls. SesaZloa, mxatvars surda garegnul saxeSi gadmoeca interieris grandiozuloba da dinamikuroba. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom miuxedavad daxatuli taZris da figurebis sakmaod didi zomisa, am kompoziisTvis gamoyofili are ar aris didi, gamosax­ uleba cota `gaWedilia~, rac erTgvarad asustebs monumenturobis da zeimurobis gancdas. am mxriv walenjixis kompozicia ufro efeqturia. rac Seexeba martvils405, iq msgavsi kompozicia ganTavsebulia CrdiloeTi afsidis aR­ mosavleT nawilSi, qveda registrSi, anu esec mimarTulia dasavleTisken da taZaric eWvs gareSea, dasavleTi fasadis mxridan aris daxatuli, im saxiT, rogoric mas XVII saukunisT­ 404

i. xuskivaZe, nikorwmindis taZris moxatuloba, gv. 113-114.

405

n. CixlaZe, XVI-XVII saukuneebis istoriul pirTa gamosaxulebebi martvilis eklesiaSi, xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis narkvevebi, III, 1997, gv. 110-112.

91

vis hqonda (sur. 63) am xedis yvela mniSvnelovani elementi aris aRniSnuli: sami sarkmeli fasadis frontonSi, gverdiTi afsidebis kedlebi SesasvlelebiT (Tumca daviwroebuli proporciebiT). Tanac isini dasavleTi mklavis gadaxurvis qveS arian moqceulni. gumbaTi proporciulad ufro mcire Cans, Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia am didi zomis taZris aRqmi­ sas Seqmnili rakursi. orsafexurovani stilobatic aris gamosaxuli (amJamad rom ar Cans); aRniSnulia gumbaTqveSa kvadrati kuTxeebis kramitiani gadaxurviT. ase rom, martvilis SemTxvevaSi meti msgavseba ikveTeba realur nagebobasTan. am sami nimuSis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, mxatvrebi originalTan absolutur msgavsebas arc isaxavdnen miznad, Tumca cdilobdnen taZris nageboba `cnobadi~ yofiliyo406.

XVII saukunis damdegis Semoqmedis monastris zarzmis feriscvalebis xatis taZarSi samx­ reT kedelze gamosaxul qtitors, mamia II guriels zecad apyrobili xeliT ukavia sakmaod didi da ucnauri formis taZari – didi wiTeli saxuraviT gadaxuruli horizontalurad gaSlili korpusiT da aseve wiTeli kramitiT dafaruli sakmaod dabali gumbaTiT, mar­ jvnidan midgmuli TaRovani karibWiT an egvteriT. Zneli saTqmelia, romeli eklesia aris aq gamosaxuli. TiTqos erT xedSi gaaerTianes orive taZari – macxovris ganieri dabali bazi­ lika TaRebiani karibWiT da masze midguli zarzmis gumbaTiani eklesia. arsebobs mosazreba, rom ferwerul saqtitoro portretze taZris mxolod im nawilebs gamosaxavdnen, romelic konkretulad am qtitoris mier iqna agebul-ganaxlebuli407. Tumca ara mgonia, es sazogado midgoma iyos, magaliTad, walenjixaSi levan meore dadianis por­ tretze mTliani taZari aris gamosaxuli; Tumca iqve, sxva egvterSi, levan pirvel dadians raRac gaugebari mcire zomis gumbaTiani `kapela~ ukavia (XVI s.)408. asevea yincvisSi zaza fa­ naskertelis orjer gadaweril-aRdgenil portretze (XVII s.), sadac mas gumbaTiani taZari ki ar upyria xelT, aramed mcire zomis darbazuli eklesiis msgavsi nageboba – etyoba misi dakveTiT moxatuli egvteri (sur. 67) 409. eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitoris gamosaxulebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli niSania, Tu ro­ gor uWiravs eklesia, romel xelSi, mxris doneze, mkerdTan, mklavze dadebuli Tu TiTebis wverebiT. magaliTad, mxerSi qtitoris mavedrebeli xelebi eklesiis nagebobis `win~ aris daxatuli, Tumca gamosaxulebaTa erTdrouloba eWvs ar iwvevs (sur. 65). ramdenime nimuS­ Si (walenjixa, martvili) or qtitors – mamakacsa da mandilosans maRla aweuli xelebiT ukaviaT eklesia TiTo xeliT, Tanac sakmaod mkvidrad uWiravT. levan kaxTa mefes nekresis bazilika orive xeliT ukavia, mkerdis doneze da Tanac aRmosavleTisken (sakurTxevlisken) mimarTavs. Tumca kawareTis samebasa da alvanSi TviTon frontalurad dgas, eklesia ki gan­ ze gawvdili marjvena xeliT uWiravs, sakmaod msubuqad. gelaTSi daviT aRmaSenebels taZari marcxena, idayvSi moxril mklavze aqvs dayrdnobi­ li, mkerdis doneze, ganze gaweuli, aRmosavleTisken da kompoziciis zeda nawilSi gamosax­ uli macxovris makurTxebeli marjvenisken.

406

R. Krautheimer, Introduction to an “Iconography of Medieval Architecture”, gv. 116-130.

Č. Marinković, Principles of the representation of the founder’s (ktetor’s) architecture in Serbian medieval and Byzantine art, https: //www. academia. edu/2127838/Principles–of–the–representation–of–the–founder–s–ktetor–s–architecture–in– Serbian–medieval–and–Byzantine–art.

407

92

408

i. lorTqifaniZe, m. janjalia, walenjixa, il. 148.

409

o. firaliSvili, yinwvisi, Tbilisi, 1979, il. 68.

safaraSi beqa jayels orive xeliT uWiravs eklesia, Zalian saTuTad – marjvena mklavs ayrdnobs, Cans mxolod TiTebi Senobis qvemodan, marcxena xelis TiTebi aseve nagebobis Zirs exeba, TiTqos amagrebs, mkvidrad uWiravs. WuleSi piriqiT, mcire zomis taZari marjvena xelis cera da saCvenebeli TiTebiT ukavia da TiTqos haerSi unda aagdoso. rkonSi frontalurad mdgom qtitors didi zomis bazilika mkerdTan uWiravs, marcxe­ na xelze aqvs dayrdnobili, meore ki aRiarebis JestiT aqvs iqve, mkerdTan aweuli. beTani­ is qtitorsac orive xeliT uWiravs eklesia da miarTmevs Cviled mariams. varZiaSi Tamars eklesiis es ucnauri gamosaxuleba orive xeliT ukavia, Tumca realurad misi marjvena xe­ lis TiTebi odnav exeba nagebobas. ori xeliT miarTmevs macxovars Tavis agebul eklesias soris qtitoric, esec sam-meoTxedSi Setrialebuli zeciuri patronisken. rogorc Cans, rodesac zeciuri `adresati~ iqvea gamosaxuli, uSualo siaxloves, mirT­ mevis, miZRvnis qmedeba iTxovs orive xeliT miawodon nageboba. Tumca es ar aris sayovelTao wesi, magaliTad, xobSi, giorgi dadians mxris doneze aweul da ganze gawvdil cal xelSi ukavia `saydari~, TviTon ki frontalurad dgas da arc ki ixedeba macxovris naxevarfig­ urisken, romelic kompoziciis zeda marjvena kuTxeSia gamosaxuli410. igive gadawyvetas vxe­ davT bugeulis moxatulobaSi, laSxa laSxiSvilis saqtitoro gamosaxulebaSi. (sur. 66) 410

saerTod, gvian Sua saukuneebSi qtitorTa figurebis frontalurad Semobrunebam maTi kavSiri zeciur mfarvelTan ufro formaluri gaxada. miZRvnis, Sewirvis aqti nakleb emociuri da ufro pirobiTi gaxda, metad `fasobda~ is, Tu ra STabeWdilebas axdenden Tanamedroveebze, uSualod mnaxvels mimarTavdnen. Cvens Temas uSualod ar exeba, magram mainc masTan arsebiTad dakavSirebulia qtitorebis gamosaxulebisa da zeciuri mfarvelis figuraTa proporciuli da kompoziciuri urTierToba. qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi qtitorebi (gind eklesiiT xelSi da gind ueklesiod) umetes SemTxvevaSi gamoisaxebian mTeli taniT, didi zomis monumenturi figurebis saxiT, xolo maTi zeciuri patronebi ki bevrad ufro mcire zomis naxevarfiguris saxiT zecis segmentSi, an xatis saxiT. amiT xazi esmeva maT `sxvaganyofnas~, sxvadasxva sulier sivrceebSi. Tumca aris gamonaklisebi, roca zeciuri mfarvelis da qtitoris figurebi TiTqmis erTi zomisaa, magram erTgvari `sivrciTi~ gansxvaveba – qveda doneebi – mainc gamokveTilia, magaliTad, zemo krixSi, udabnos xarebis eklesiaSi, safaraSi, varZiaSi, gremSi. amave TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa, rom qarTul nimuSebSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi CemTvis cnobil masalaSi, saerTod ar aris muxlmodrekili qtitori eklesiiT xelSi patroni wmindanis masStaburi figuris winaSe, rogorc magaliTad, bizantiaSi – Teodore metoqiti kahrie jamiSi, vilhelm meore monrealeSi da sxva. kidev erTi gansxvaveba: gvian bizantiur da gansakuTrebiT ki bulgarul da serbul-makedonur moxatulobebSi qtitorebs (rogorc taZris modeliT, aseve modelis gareSec) umetes SemTxvevaSi romelime wmindani an sulac RmrTismSobeli mariami xelgadaxveulebs an xelCakidebulebs warudgenen qristes (magaliTad, mefe vladislavis portreti XIII saukunis mileSevas moxatulobaSi; aseTive sqema xSirad gamoiyeneba XV-XVI ss-is ruminul mxatvrobebSi, magaliTad, : humoris eklesiaSi da mravali sxva). qarTul xelovnebaSi aseTi `familiaruli wardgenis~ nimuSebi ucnobia. gvian Sua saukuneebSi, gansakuTrebiT im kompoziciebSi, sadac qtitorTa mravalfiguriani rigia, zogjer patroni-wmindani saerTod ar gamoisaxeba da, Tumca figurebi frontalurad dganan, maTi mavedrebeli xelebi sakurTxevlisken aris mimarTuli, anu isini sakurTxevlis konqSi gamosaxuli macxovris an RmrTismSoblis winaSe wardgebian (magaliTad, bugeuli, leRTagi da am mimdinareobis sxva Zeglebi); zogjer mxolod uflis marjvenaa gamosaxuli (magaliTad, gelaTis mTavari taZari, xobi, safara da sxva); zogjer Sewirulobis `adresati~ kompoziciis Tavzea gamosaxuli (magaliTad, levan II-is ojaxuri portreti walenjixaSi, sadac qtitorTa jgufis Tavze, wiTeli zoliT gamoyofili qristes naxevarfiguraa farTodD gaSlili makurTxebeli xelebiT; anda nikorwmindaSi macxovris naxevarfigura qtitorebis Tavze).

93

ra zogadi niSnebi SeiZleba gamovkveToT eklesiaTa mpyrobeli qtitorebis gamosaxule­ bebSi. Tu davakvirdebiT ganxilul magaliTebs, vnaxavT, rom TiTqmis yvelgan daculi da gameorebulia realuri nagebobis ti pi – gumbaTiani, bazilikaluri, darbazuli da sxva. arc Tu zustad icaven gumbaTis yelSi sarkmlebis raodenobas, aqcenti keTdeba centralur sarkmlebze da Sesasvlelebze, TaRovan garSemosavlelebze. xSirad aris miniSnebuli qvis wyoba, gadaxurvis kramitebis naxati; imis mixedviT, taZris romel kedelzea qtitoris ga­ mosaxuleba, nagebobas gamosaxaven im mxridan, rom daxatuli eklesiis sakurTxeveli aR­ mosavleTiT iyos mimarTuli. taZrebi umetesad im fasadis mxridan aris gamosaxulni, romel­ ic interierSi qtitoris ganTavsebis kedlis sapirispiroa (gamosaxulebis paralelizmi411). ufro iSviaTad sami fasadi erTdrouladaa gamosaxuli (beTania, nikorwminda), magram wmin­ da orTogonaluri xedi iSviaTia. umetes gamosaxulebebSi ori fasadi aris mocemuli, Tum­ ca ver vityviT, rom isini kuTxiT aris dayenebuli – es ar aris aqsonometriuli ageba, radgan orive fasadis qveda konturis xazi swori horizontalia. gelaTis taZari daviTis xelSi mxolod samxreTi mxridan aris danaxuli, frontalurad, aRmosavleTi afsidis Zalian mcire miniSnebebiT. beTaniaSi ki faqtobrivad sami fasadi erT sibrtyeSia erTdroulad ga­ mosaxuli, ris gamoc qolgiseburi gadaxurvis STabeWdileba iqmneba. rogorc Cans, is, Tu romeli xedidan aris daxatuli nageboba da romel mxares eqceva misi sakurTxeveli, Zalian mniSvnelovani da mravlismTqmeli unda yofiliyo412. vis gamosaxulebebs vxedavT eklesiis kedlebze mis mier an misi winaprebis mier agebuli an moxatuli taZris modeliT xelSi? iSviaTad esaa mefeebi, ufro xSirad erisTavebi, didi feodalebi, mRvdelmTavrebi, Tavad-aznaurebi.

Cvens dromde SemorCenil qtitorTa gamosaxulebebs Soris mxolod oTxi warmoadgens saeklesio pirs: antoni glonisTavisZe, Wyondideli mRvdelmTavari yincvisis moxatuloba­ Si413; mTavarepiskoposi ioane anCeli udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiis moxatulobaSi414; gerasime CxetisZe tabakinis mxatvrobaSi415 da mTavarepiskoposi Ciqvanebis ojaxidan na­ kuraleSis mxatvrobaSi. Tu siuJetur scenebSi gamosaxuli arqiteqturuli nagebobebi umetesad sakmaod ganzog­ adebulia, gamartivebuli da ar avlens romelime arsebul nagebobas mimsgavsebis mcdelobas, qtitorTa xelSi eklesiaTa votivuri gamosaxulebebi swored rom isaxaven miznad origin­ alTan msgavsebas, SesaZleblobisamebr `realizms~, anu `cocxali arqiteqturis~ Seqmnas416.

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom bizantiuri da miTumetes serbuli nimuSebi ufro meti detal­ izaciiT gamoirCeva, ufro `aRweriTi da TxrobiTi~ xasiaTisaa. qarTul xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitoris gamosaxulebebi ar aris garda erTi gamonaklisisa: esaa XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnis moRvawis virSel III erisTavis 411

Č. Marinkovič, The Representation of Architecture on the Donor Portrait, gv. 107.

412

E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, gv. 249-250, 745-752.

413

k. vaCeiSvili, yinwvisis maSeneblis gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb, gv. 745-752.

m. bulia, daviTgarejis udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiis moxatuloba, gv. 126-128; m. bulia, a. volskaia, d. TumaniSvili, daviTgarejis monastrebi. lavra. udabno, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 19, il. gv. 117.

414

94

415

И. Мамаиашвили, Роспись Табакини, gv. 8-15, tab. I.

416

A. Stojakovic, Les représentations d’édifices réels.., gv. 230.

portreti eklesiiT xelSi, romelic ganTavsebulia xelnaweris `Zegli erisTvTa~ mTlian gverze (f. 9v) Sesabamisi minaweriT, sadac moxseniebulia wm. giorgi, im eklesiis patroni, romlis aSenebis Taobaze mogviTxrobs es xelnaweri417. miuxedavad Semdgomi drois damaxin­ jebisa (eklesiis kedelze uxeSad gamosaxulia mamakacis saxe), didi feodalis es gamosax­ uleba qmnis precendents, roca ama Tu im piris saaRmSeneblo moRvaweobis aRwera xelnaweris teqstSi dasuraTebulia eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitoruli gamosaxulebiT. SeiZleba vivarau­ doT, rom aseTi `TvalsaCino Txroba~ sxva xelnawerebSic yofiliyo, Tumca amis magaliTebi jer-jerobiT ar Cans. virSel erisTavis gamosaxulebas mTeli gverdi eTmoba. igi warmodgenilia frontalu­ rad, idayvSi moxrili da locvad gawvdili xelebiT, marcxenaTi uWiravs martivi formis darbazuli eklesiis gamosaxuleba, orqanobiani gadaxurviT, rogorc Cans, samxreT-dasav­ leTi xediT – sarkmeli mokle fasadis frontonis qveS da didi zomis TaRovani Sesasvleli grZel fasadze; mas mosavs saerisTavo wamosasxami, kaba, sartyeli da qudi. aRniSnul ga­ mocemaSi warmodgenili foto, samwuxarod, cota bundovania, Tanac Sav-TeTri da srul war­ modgenas ar iZleva gamosaxulebis detalebze. am teqstis gamomcemeli S. mesxia aRniSnavs, rom qtitoris portreti ferebiT aris Sesrulebuli. mxatvari avgaroz bandaisZea, romel­ sac ekuTvnis largvisis XIV saukunis oTxTavis moxatvac (1316-1321 wlebi)418. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis sxva dargebSi maTi specifikidan ga­ momdinare eklesiis mpyrobeli qtitorebis gamosaxulebebi ar gvxvdeba419. samagierod, dax­ atuli arqiteqturis sxva jgufebi TiTqmis yvela dargSi aris damowmebuli.

qtitori eklesiiT xelSi Sua saukuneebis qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi (winaswaruli sia) 1.

2.

3.

daviT gareji, udabno, mTavari taZari, ucnobi qtitori, X-XI saukuneebis mijna beTania, sumbat orbeliani XII saukune varZia, Tamar mefe, 1186 weli

S. mesxia, Zegli erisTavTa (qsnis erisTavTa sagvareulo matiane), masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisTvis, nakv. 30, Tbilisi, 1954, gv. 305-374, il. gv. 311. am informaciis mowodebisTvis madlobas vuxdi Cems kolegas, Nnatalia CitiSvils.

417

kidev erTi nimuSi istoriuli pirisa eklesiiT xelSi aris XVIII saukunis xelnawerSi A-338, 1v. aq gamosaxulia ioane damaskeli samgumbaTiani eklesiiT xelSi, Tumca Sinaarsobrivad am gamosaxulebas qtitorTa portretebTan da eklesiaTa votivur gamosaxulebebTan ver gavaigivebT (Zlispirni da RmrTismSobelisani, qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili saeklesio muzeumis (A) koleqciisa, el. metrevelis redaqciiT, t. I4, Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 49-50). madlobas vuxdi Cems kolegas eTer ediSeraSvils am informaciis mowodebisTvis.

418

419

xatweris nimuSebs Soris iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgens aTonze, dionises monasterSi daculi XIV saukunis xatze gamosaxuli aleqsi III didi komnenosi, romelsac taZari uWiravs wm. ioane naTlismcemelTan erTad, rac sakmaod uCveuloa (Č. Marinkovič, Fouder’s Model, gv. 146; Byzantium.

Faith and Power (1261-1557), ed. by H. C. Evans, New York, 2004, sur. 1, 7; А. Преображенский, Ктиторские портреты средневековой Руси, il. 344).

95

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17.

18.

19.

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24.

25.

26.

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30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

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39.

40.

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45.

96

samSvilde – (erisTavT-erisTavi?), XII saukune baCkovo, saZvale, grigol bakurianis Ze da misi Zma, XII saukune ozaani, ucnobi qtitori, XII-XIII saukuneebi mzewveri, ucnobi qtitori, XII-XIII saukuneebi yincvisi, antoni glonisTavisZe, XIII saukunis damdegi axatani, ucnobi qtitori, XIII saukune gareji, xarebis eklesia, ioane anCeli, XIII saukunis bolo meoTxedi rkoni, ucnobi qtitori, XIII saukune Woxuldi, ucnobi qtitori, XIII saukune mRvimevi, raWis erisTavi kaxaberiZe rati, XIII saukunis II naxevari. safara, beqa jayeli, XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijna Wule, beqa jayeli, XIV saukunis pirveli naxevari bedia, bagrat III, XIV saukune sori, arCil WareliZe, XIV saukune nabaxtevi, qucna amirajibi, XV saukune mxeri (laSTxveri), miqel iveldiani, XV saukune uRvali, miqel da anton onofrianebi, XV saukune gremi, levan kaxTa mefe, XVI saukune axali SuamTa, levan kaxTa mefe, XVI saukune nekresi, levan kaxTa mefe, XVI saukune alvani cxrakara, levan kaxTa mefe, XVI saukune aTonis filoTeosis monasteri, levan kaxTa mefe, XVI saukune walenjixa, levan I dadiani, XVI saukune martvili, mefe konstantine da mefe giorgi II, XVI saukune bugeuli, lasxiSvilebi, XVI saukune gelaTi. daviT aRmaSenebeli, XVI saukune Wala, abaSiZeebi, XVI saukune tabakini, gerasime CxetisZe, XVI saukune tabakini, bagrat III (?), XVI saukune amaSukeTi, ucnobi qtitori, XVI saukune xtana, SalbeliqisSvili, XVI saukune matani, bazilika, garsevan ColoyaSvilis asuli anastasia, XVI saukune matani, darbazuli eklesia, ucnobi qtitori, XVI saukune walenjixa, levan II dadiani, XVII saukune korcxeli, levan II dadiani, XVII saukune xobi, giorgi I dadiani, XVII saukune martvili, kacia Ciqovani ojaxiT, XVII saukune nikorwminda, merab wulukiZe ojaxiT, XVII saukune Semoqmedi, zarzmis eklesia, mamia II gurieli, XVII saukune kulaSi, paata miqelaZe da misi meuRle leluka, XVII saukune yincvisi, zaza fanaskerteli, XVII saukune nakuraleSi, mTavarepiskoposi CiqvanTa ojaxidan, XVII saukune

3. qalaqebi da istoriuli nagebobebi

„am wyalzed, mTaSi ars bana, aw uwodeben fanaqs. aq ars eklesia gunbaTiani didi, Svenierad nagebi, keTil-Svenier adgils, aRaSena mefe adarnasem, da daflul arian mefeni, ijda episkopozi mwyemsi fanaskertisa da sruliad taosi, olTisisa da narumakisa da aw ars calieri“ (vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa). `mcxeTas mefeman vaxtang aRaSena eklesia mociqulTa sveti cxoveli da upyra svetsa Sina samxriT adgilsa mas, sada-igi dacemul iyo eklesia romel ars sioni didi~ (juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa). qristianul xelovnebaSi istoriuli qalaqebisa da nagebobebis gamosaxulebani uadresi droidan Cndeba. wminda werilSi naxsenebi qalaqebis gamosaxvis sqema, erTgvari standarti, adreqristian­ uli xanidan Camoyalibda, dawyebuli venis genezisisa (rebekasa da eleazaris Sexvedra)420 da rosanos kodeqsidan (bzoba)421. sazogadod, es aris marTkuTxa an samkuTxa moxazulobis qongurebiani da koSkebiani galavniT SemosazRvruli are, romelSic Caxatulia sxvadasxva zomis, formis da feris nagebobebi. xSirad rotondis formis gumbaTiani SenobebiT. qalaqis mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgens didi TaRovani karibWe. niSandoblivia, rom nagebobeb­ is msgavsad, qalaqebi gamosaxulia `garedan~, galavnis mxridan, mciredi xediT karibWeSi da SenobaTa saxuravebi, kamarebi da gumbaTebi galavnis kedlebs zemoT. VII saukunidan moyolebuli qalaqebs gamosaxaven rogorc cixe-simagres, an sasaxles, umetesad sagangebod aqcentirebuli eklesiis nagebobiT422. erTi mniSvnelovani nimuSi aris saxelganTqmuli VI saukunis Sua xanis madabas (iordania) iatakis mozaika wminda miwis siwmindeTa topografiiT423, faqtobrivad wminda miwis pili­ grimuli ruka, romelzec mniSvnelovani eklesia-monastrebis nagebobebic aris gamosaxuli (magaliTad, uflis saflavis eklesia da sxva); aseve SeiZleba dasaxeldes iordaniaSi VI saukunis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis monastris iatakis mozaika qalaq aleqsandriis gamosax­ ulebiT424. kozma indikoplevestis kosmografiis xelnawerSi (X s.) wm. pavles moqcevis amsaxvel min­ iaturaze kompoziciis zeda kuTxeebSi gamosaxulia ori qalaqi – marcxniv ierusalimi, mar­ jvniv ki damasko. cxadia, garkveul detalebSi gansxvaveba aris, Tumca princi pi erTnairia: koSkebiani da qongurebiani galavani didi karibWiT da mis SigniT sxvadasxva formis nage­ bobaTa simravle. rac mTavaria, Sefardeba figurebTan aris sruliad pirobiTi – qalaqebi 420

Architecture as Icon.., gv. 78, sur. 5; A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, il. 223.

421

D. Talbot Rice, Art of Byzantine Era, il. 45; A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, il. 228.

422

H. G. Saradi, Space in Byzantine Thought, gv. 82.

423

Architecture as Icon.., gv 80, il. 7.

424

iqve, gv. 80, il. 6.

97

saTamaSoebs ufro gavs, vidre Sors, siRrmeSi ganlagebis gamo dapataravebul realuri qa­ laqebis xedebs425. ufro sada da ganzogadebuli formis, Tumca igive princi piT da igive SefardebiT fig­ urebTan, gamosaxulia qalaqebi X saukunis iesu navelis gragnilis miniaturebSi426. istoriuli qalaqebis saintereso da iSviaTi gamosaxulebaa iordaniaSi, um al-rasas wm. stefanes eklesiis iatakis mozaikis CarCoze, saxelwodebebis miTiTebiT (kesaria, gaza, eleftreopolisi, askaloni da sxva)427, sakmaod pirobiTi sivrciTi struqturebis mxriv, Tumca bevri arqiteqturuli detaliT – svetebiani klasikuri portikebi, gumbaTebi, koSke­ bi, karibWeebi da sxva. santa maria majores V saukunis mozaikur dekorSi satriumfo TaRze qveda registrSi erT mxares, gamosaxulia qalaqi ierusalimi, meore mxares ki qalaqi beTle­ mi, rac warwerebiT dasturdeba. am SemTxvevaSi qalaqebs ufro didi godolis saxe aqvT da ara galavniT Semortymuli arealisa. amave taZarSi, Zveli aRTqmis ciklSi aris ieriqonis gamosaxuleba428. kvlav koSkebiani galavnis saxiT. imave princi piT aris gamosaxuli qalaqi damasko kompoziciaSi pavles xilva damaskos gzaze anda sodomi misi ganadgurebis Jams mon­ reales XII saukunis bolo meoTxedis mozaikaSi429. wina TavSi ukve vaxseneT konstantinopolis aia sofias samxreTi galereis karis timpanSi moTavsebuli sazeimo gamosaxuleba aRsaydrebuli RmrTismSoblis winaSe warmdgari imper­ atorebis – konstantinesa da iustinianesi, romlebic Tavis qmnilebebs miarTmeven mariams – konstantine qalaqs, iustiniane ki taZars430. rogorc vxedavT, aq erT kompoziciaSi orive Temaa warmodgenili: istoriuli qalaqic da istoriuli nagebobac. taZari sakmaod msgavsad aris gamosaxuli, qalaqi konstantines xelSi ufro pirobiTia, ufro cixe-simagris models hgavs da ara dedaqalaqis gamosaxulebas. erTgvarad mogvagonebs varZiis moxatulobaSi Tamaris xelT arsebul taZars. sainteresoa konstantinopolis gamosaxulebani, romlebic mravlad aris darCenili ruminuli eklesiebis moxatulobebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki fasadebze (magaliTad, moldovi­ cas taZris fasadze, XVI saukune431). aqac, cxadia, raime mimsgavsebis mcdelobaze arc aris saubari – qalaqi zogadad, gamosaxulia imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor gadaarCina is mariamis xatma432. Tumca detalebi aq gacilebiT meti, vidre magaliTad, aia sofias mozaikaze.

425

I. Hutter, Early Christian and Byzantine Art, London, 1971, il. 118.

426

iqve, il. 130.

Architecture as Icon, gv. 81, il. 8; T. E. Eckersley, Putting Christians on the Map: Topographic Mosaics from Late Antique Jordan as Representations of Authority and Status (2016), Electronic Theses and Dissertations, Paper 2484, https: //doi. org/10. 18297/etd/2484, il. 375-399.

427

428

A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, il. 160.

429

O. Demus, The Mosaics of Norman Sicily, il. 78, 104b.

430

R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, gv. 10-11; il. 5.

431

L. Shafran, Heaven on Earth, il. 311.

432

qalaqebis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa rusuli xati, romelzec sam registrad gamosaxulia novgorodelebis brZola suzdalelebTan. aqac mTavari Tema aris mariamis xatis saswaulebrivi mfarvelobiTi Zala, rogorc qalaq novgorodis mfarvelisa. gamosaxulia orive qalaqi, Tumca cxadia, Zalze pirobiTad: Architecture as icon, katalogi, il. 36.

98

aranakleb interess iCendnen cnobili da qristianobis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani nagebobebis gamosaxvis mimarT. arc Tu didi xnis win taibat al-imamSi (siria) aRmoCenili iatakis mozaikebi amis mSvenieri magaliTia. 440-iani wlebiT daTariRebuli wm. martvileb­ is eklesiaSi aRmoCnda iatakis unikaluri mozaikebi im drois saxelganTqmuli nagebobeb­ is sakmaod realisturi gamosaxulebebiT: ierusalimis da beTlemis eklesiebi, wm. simeon mesvetes eklesia, yalb lozes taZari da sxva, maT Soris saero nagebobebic433. sagulisxmoa, rom am da msgavs mozaikebSi (magaliTad, wm. stefanes eklesia um al-rasaSi, iordania)434 nage­ bobebi ar aris CarTuli raime siuJetSi, arc arafris fonia, aramed damoukideblad, Tav­ isTavadi mniSvnelobiT arian gamosaxulni, rac, udavod, romaul-elinisturi tradiciidan modis. ase rom, am qalaqebs, rogorc mniSvnelovani siwmindeebis Semcvelebs, TavisTavadi Rirebuleba aqvT miniWebuli. bunebrivia, bevri nimuSi asaxavs qalaq ierusalims, romelic qristianTaTvis wminda qalaqi iyo435. istoriuli nagebobebis gamosaxvis sxva mravali nimuSi SeiZleba moviyvanoT: magaliT­ ad, zemoTnaxsenebi qalaq beTlemis da qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxulebebi romis santa maria majores436 da ravenis san vitales taZrebis satriumfo TaRebze437, igive ravenaSi san apolin­ are nuovos bazilikaSi Teodorixis sasaxle438 da qalaqis navsadguri – klasisi439; kievis wm. sofios taZris kibis koSkis kedlebze gamosaxuli konstantinopolis i podromi440; san markos taZris fasadze gamosaxuli wm. markozis neStis gadmosveneba veneciaSi, sadac san markos taZris sakmaod mimsgavsebuli gamosaxulebaa441; Tesalonikis ulamazesi xedi wm. dem­ etres XVI-XVII saukuneTa kretul xatze442, qalaq novgorodis gamosaxuleba novgorodelTa da suzdalelTa brZolis amsaxvel XV saukunis cnobil novgorodul xatze443 da mravali sxva. qalaq aleqsandriis gamosaxuleba VI saukunis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis taZris iatakis mozaikaSi igive princi piT aris warmodgenili: koSkebian-qongurebiani mravalwaxnaga, did­ karibWiani galavani Sig Caxatuli nagebobebiT da mravalricxovani foTlovani xeebiT. sain­ teresoa karibWis gamosaxuleba – TaRSi Cans diagonalurad siRrmeSi mimavali quCa, svet­ 433

T. E. Eckersley, Putting Christians on the Map, il. 425-430.

434

iqve, il. 375-398.

435

iqve, il. 359-364.

436

J. Cage, Colour and Culture, London, 1993, il. 42.

437

R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, il. 32.

438

В. Лазарев, История византийской живописи, tab. 50.

439

A. Eastmond, The Glory of Byzantium and Early Christendom, gv. 61, il. 54.

440

iqve, gv. 171, il. 165.

441

iqve, gv. 253, il. 240.

442

Architecture as Icon, gv. 236, katalogi, tab. 34.

K. Weitzman, G. Alibegashvili, A. Volskaia, M. Chatzidakis, G. Babič, M. Alpatov, T. Voinescu, The Icon, London, 1982, gv. 275. cnobilia, rom Teofane berZenma didi Tavadis vladimir andreis Zis saxlSi moxata kedeli qalaq moskovis xediT; qalaqis gamosaxulebiT Seamko wm. miqaelis eklesiac; epifane brZenis TxovniT ki zepirad, mexsierebiT dauxata konstantinopolis aia sofias taZari, Tanac sakmaod zustad. (М. Алпатов, Феофан Грек, Москва, 1979. gv. 113).

443

99

nariT da TaRze Sekiduli didi lampioniT444. karibWis aseTi `Sid-xedebi~ sxva gamosaxule­ bebzec aris, magaliTad, romis santa maria majores taZris satriumfo TaRze qalaq ieru­ salimis gamosaxulebaSi445. qalaqis CarCoSi Casmuli gamosaxuleba yasr libias (Zveli Te­ odoria, libia) bazilikis iatakis VI saukunis mozaikaze446 faqtobrivad aris suraTi, iseve, rogorc siriuli iatakis mozaikebi taibat al-imamSi447; zogjer ki mTeli kunZuli gamoisax­ eba rogorc erTi qalaqi (XVIII saukunis xati wm. spiridonis saswauli kunZul korfuze448). istoriuli nagebobis erTgvari nimuSia konstantinopolis mociqulTa eklesiis saxe iakob kokinobaTosis homiliebis XII saukunis bizantiuri xelnaweris miniaturaze am­ aRlebis gamosaxulebiT449. istoriuli qalaqebis Tu nagebobebis gamosaxvis mxriv bizanti­ ur xelovnebaSi gamorCeuli nawarmoebia ioane skilicas qronikebis dasuraTeba, romelic Zalian mdidar masalas iZleva am TemasTan dakavSirebiT450. am Temis sailustraciod zRva masalis moyvana SeiZleba451. am SemTxvevaSi ki sainteresoa TviT es survili istoriuli qalaqebis da cnobili nagebobebis gamosaxulebebis Seqmni­ sa da maTi gamosaxvis sakmaod mravalgvari mxatvruli midgomebi: Zalian sqematur-piro­ biTidan sakmaod detalizebul-zustamde. zogjer e. w. Synecdoches meTodsac mimarTavdnen, roca raime obieqti – qalaqi Tu nageboba, mxolod erTi raime Tavisi nawilis saxiT gamois­ axeboda (magaliTad, karibWe), rac sakmarisi iyo mis amosacnobad452.

Sua saukuneebis qarTul xelovnebaSi mxolod calkeuli nagebobis damoukidebeli su­ raTis gamosaxvis magaliTebi CemTvis ucnobia. daxatuli nagebobebi umetesad swored raime ambis `gmirebi da monawileebi~ arian. unda aRiniSnos, rom istoriuli Sinaarsis scenebSi, 444

Architecture as Icon, gv. 80, il. 6.

445

J. Cage, Colour and Culture, il. 42.

446

Architecture as Icon, gv. 82, il. 9.

447

T. E. Eckersley, Putting Christians on the Map, il. 425-426.

448

Architecture as Icon, katalogi, tab. 31.

R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, gv. 162, il. 87. Tumca arsebobs mosazreba, rom am miniaturaze zeciuri ierusalimi aris gamosaxuli: A. Lidov, Heavenly Jerusalem. Byzantine Approach, gv. 351.

449

V. Tsamakda, The Illustrated Chronicle of Ioannes Skilitzes in Madrid, Leiden, 2002; A. Eastmond, The Glory of Byzantium and Early Christendom, gv. 222.

450

451

gvian Sua saukuneebSi, kerZod XVIII saukuneSi Seiqmna piligrimTaTvis gankuTvnili sasuveniro nawarmis axali saxeoba e. w. proskinetariebi. es aris sakmaod didi zomis tiloze zeTis saRebaviT Sesrulebuli palestinis wminda adgilebis gamosaxulebebi, msgavsad VI saukunis madabis taZris iatakis mozaikisa. proskinetariebis warmoeba ZiriTadad XVIII da XIX saukuneebSi xdeboda. Cveni TemisTvis sainteresoa, rom aq gamoisaxeboda bibliuri da axali aRTqmiseuli movlenebis amsaxveli suraTebi da is nagebobebi, romlebic am droisTvis idga wminda adgilebSi. gamosaxulebebs mravali ganmartebiTi warwera axlda. XIX saukuneSi gamosaxulebaTa topografiuli xasiaTi Seicvala hagiografiuliT, anu swored siuJeturma saxeebma daikaves ZiriTadi nawili. rogorc wesi, proskinetariis centrSi uflis saflavis taZari gamoisaxeboda, rogorc eqsterieri, aseve nawilobriv interieric da am droisTvis naTlad SeiniSneba dasavleT evropuli xelovnebis gavlena arqiteqturuli nagebobebis gamosaxvis xasiaTsa da princi pebze (M. Immerzeel, Souvenirs of the Holy Land: The Production of Proskynetaia in Jerusalem, in: Visual Constructs of Jerusalem, gv. 463-470; M. Nagy, Proskynetaria as Devotional Objects and Preservers of Ethnic Identity, in: Visual Constructs of Jerusalem, gv. 471-478).

452

100

M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 89.

sadac xuroTmoZRvreba ubralo fons ki ar warmoadgens, aramed mxatvruladac da Sinaar­ sobrivadac sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili eniWeba, igi faqtobrivad protogonistis tol­ fasia, arqiteqturuli nageboba gacilebiT meti sizustiT gamoisaxeba, vidre es qtitorTa gamosaxulebebis SemTxvevaSia. qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi istoriuli nagebobebis gamosaxvis ramdenime nimuSi gvaqvs. maT Soris yvelaze saxelganTqmuli da mniSvnelovania banas taZris 1036 wlis gamosaxuleba oSkis taZris samxreT afsidSi (sur. 68). taZris gamosaxulebas Tan axlavs asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli ganmartebiTi warwera `banasa eklesia dam... ~453, romelic nagebobis identi­ fikaciaSi eWvs ar stovebs, Tanac gamosaxuleba sakmaod zustad asaxavs realuri taZris saxasiaTo arqiteqturul struqturas, elementebs da detalebs454. rogorc Cans, aq sxva eklesiaTa gamosaxulebebic iyo, Tumca axla Znelia imis mtkiceba, Tu romeli taZari iyo gamosaxuli. savaraudod, mesame eklesia aseve taos cnobili religi­ uri centri unda yofiliyo – igive oSki, iSxani, parxali an xaxuli. axla ukve mxolod hi po­ Tezebis wamoyeneba aris SesaZlebeli. maT dasamtkiceblad udavod didad damxmare iqneboda TviT am scenis Sinaarsi, Tumca arc misi identifikacia aris ioli. mkvlevarTa umetesoba iziarebs im varauds, rom aq gamosaxulia mefe bagrat IV-is mefed kurTxeva (1027 weli) an bizantiel ufliswul elenesTan misi qorwineba455, romelic, ro­ gorc cnobilia, swored banas taZarSi Sedga 1032 wels456. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom swored am qorwilTan dakavSirebiT gamogzavna imperatorma roman argirosma qarTlSi uZvirfasesi siwmindeebi, maT Soris uflis samsWvali. es ki erTgvarad exmianeba am scenis vis a vis, amave af­ sidis aRmosavleT nawilSi gamosaxul jvarcmas. m. bulia swored am siwmindeebis Camotanas da banaSi ganTavsebas miiCnevs warmodgenili scenis ZiriTad Sinaarsad da aq gamosaxul ada­ mianTa simravles – siwmindeTa Tayvaniscemis ritualis gamosaxulebad457. miuxedavad mec­ nierebaSi arsebuli banas taZris rekonstruqciaTa simravlisa458, misi wriuloba, `roton­ duloba~ eWvs ar iwvevs da cxadia, samsWvalis aq daunjeba ganamtkicebs misi, rogorc uflis saflavis gansaxierebis Rirsebas. v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli monastrebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 162; W. Djobadze, Four Deisis Themes in the Church of Oski, Oriens Christianus, Bd. 72, 1988, gv. 180; N. Thierry, Peinture Historiques d’Osk’i (T’ao), Revue des Etudes géorgiannes et caucasiennes, 2, 1986, gv. 137, 146-148, il. 4; r. mefisaSvili, d. TumaniSvili, banas taZari, Seswavlisa da rekonstruqciis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 5-37; z. sxirtlaZe, eklesia-monasterTa gamosaxulebebi qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi. oSki, xelovneba, #1-2, 1992, gv. 13.

453

454

banas taZris xuroTmoZRvrebis Seswavlis istoria, iseve rogorc misi rekonstruqciis sxvadasxva versiebi, dawvrilebiT aris mocemuli wignSi: r. mefisaSvili, d. TumaniSvili, banas taZari, Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 27-37. aqve mocemulia avtorebis mier SemoTavazebuli rekonstruqcia da am unikaluri taZris xuroTmoZRvrebis analizi. garda amisa, ganxilulia oSkis mxatvrobaSi arsebuli gamosaxuleba, romelic Sedarebulia taZris amJamindel mdgomareobasTan da savaraudo rekonstruqciebTanac (iqve, gv. 35-37).

N. Thierry, Peinture Historiques d’Osk’i, gv. 144; W. Djobadze, Four Deisis Themes in the Church of Oski, gv. 182; e. privalova, zogi ram tao-klarjeTis moxatulobebis Sesaxeb, gv. 325.

455

456

qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, t. I, Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 294-295.

457

m. bulia, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi wminda nawilebis Tayvaniscemis zogi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 21, 2018, gv. 163-169.

458

r. mefisaSvili, d. TumaniSvili, banas taZari, gv. 31, 35-37.

101

saero pirTa ramdenime jgufis gamosaxva am scenaSi erTgvarad gvagonebs studenicas taZ­ ris narTeqsis XIII saukunis damdegis moxatulobas, sadac adamianebis TiTqmis msgavsad gan­ lagebuli jgufebi eswrebian wm. stefan nemanias neStis gadmosvenebis rituals hilandari­ dan studenicas monasterSi459. SesaZloa, `damswre sazogadoebis~ amgvar jgufebad gamosax­ va gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani istoriuli movlenebis asaxvisas erTgvari toposi iyo Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobaSi. Tumca isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom oSkSi mxolod banas taZari rodi iyo gamosaxuli, aramed minimum kidev ori nageboba mis orsav mxares. an SesaZloa kidev metic – saqarTvelos sina? ase rom es CvenTvis amoucnobi ambavi, romelic aq esoden sazeimod da uCveulod aris warmodgenili, ramdenime taZars exeba, ramdenime monasters moicavs. gasaTvaliswinebelia ikonografiuli konteqstic – e. w. vedrebis gverdiT, jvarcmis pirispir, rac imperato­ ris mier ZRvnad gamogzavnili samsWvalis Temasac ukavSirdeba460. Semdgomma kvlevebma, maT Soris freskebis Seswavlam axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT, SesaZloa naTeli mohfinos am `saidumloebiT~ mocul ambavs, magram amjerad interesis sagania daxatuli taZris msgavse­ ba-mimarTeba realurad arsebul banas kaTedralTan. msgavseba marTlac sakmaod didia, Tumca arc Tu `fotografiulad~ zusti (sur. 69). sam­ wuxarod, am Sedarebas xels uSlis rogorc taZris Zlier dazianebuli mdgomareoba amJamad da maSinac, roca XIX saukuneSi pirveli Canaxatebi, aRwerebi da anazomebi gakeTda461, aseve TviT freskis dazianebulobac – aq taZris nagebobis mxolod qveda naxevari Cans. amitom Znelia dabejiTebiT msjeloba gamosaxulebis da originalis msgavsebis xarisxze. darCenil fragmentebze garkveuli gansxvaveba SeiniSneba, rac albaT TviT mxatvris war­ mosaxvis Sedegia (magaliTad, freskaze nagebobis qveda nawilze gamosaxuli TaRedis gan­ lageba ar Seesatyviseba amJamad realurad arsebuls462). meore mxriv, sakmaod zustad aris gamosaxuli samxreTi karibWe. samwuxarod, msgavsebis es xarisxi ar aris sakmarisi freskis monacemebis upirobod ga­ moyenebisTvis banas taZris Tavdapirveli saxis aRdgenisTvis. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom taZris agebidan VII saukuneSi oSkis moxatulobis Seqmnamde 1036 wels da Semdgom, Cvens dromde ramdenime saukunem ganvlo da axla Zneli saTqmelia, am drois manZilze, ra gadakeT­ ebebi ganicada taZarma da Sesabamisad, Znelia SevamowmoT, ramdenad hgavs taZris XI saukunis ferweruli gamosaxuleba imas, rac mxatvris Tvalwin iyo. banas taZris gamosaxuleba bevr sakiTxs wamoWris, magram Cveni TemisTvis sainteresoa TviT faqti istoriuli nagebobis esoden zedmiwevniTi da sazeimo gamosaxvisa. rogorc Cans, qtitorul gamosaxulebebTan SedarebiT istoriul scenebSi nagebobebi meti sizustiT da detalurad gamoixateboda, rasac, cxadia ganapirobebda rogorc maTi mniSvneloba, aseve gamosaxulebaTa masStabi463.

459

S. Ćirković, V. Korać, G. Babić, Le Monastère de Studenica, Belgrade, 1986, il. 72-73.

460

m. didebuliZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis Zeglebi tao-klarjeTSi, gv. 94.

r. mefisaSvili, d. TumaniSvili, banas taZari, gv. 5-27; z. sxirtlaZe, eklesia-monasterTa gamosaxulebebi qarTul xelovnebaSi. oSki, gv. 16-20.

461

462

r. mefisaSvili, d. TumaniSvili, banas taZari, gv. 35-37.

463

A. Stojakovic, Les représentations d’édifices réels.., gv. 226.

102

sul cota xnis win oSkis taZris sadiakvnes X saukunis mxatvrobaSi mikvleul iqna kidev erTi Zalian saintereso gamosaxuleba, romelic adre mkvlevarebs (maT Soris mec) ar Se­ uniSnavT. es aris feriscvalebis dazianebuli da fragmentirebuli kompozicia sadiakvnis kamaraze gamosaxuli xarebis scenis qveS. kompoziciis ikonografia TavisTavad sakmaod uc­ nauria, radgan warmodgenilia arqiteqturis fonze, romelic samkuTxa texili karnizebiT Zalian hgavs oSkis samxreT galereas. mis gagrZelebaze, TiTqmis qristes da moses figureb­ is zomis nagebobis gamosaxulebaa, aseve fragmentuli, Tumca rac Cans, gvaocebs detalebis simravliT da TviT oSkis gumbaTTan msgavsebiT464. udavoa, rom aq, iseve rogorc samxreT af­ sidSi, CvenTvis jerjerobiTY ucnobi istoriuli ambavi aris gamosaxuli, ambavi, romelic albaT oSkTan dakavSirebul mdidar istoriaSi unda iZebnebodes. istoriul nagebobaTa jgufis gamosaxvis kidev erTi saintereso da aseve saidumloebiT moculi nimuSi SemorCenilia samSvildeSi, wm. Tevdores taZris dasavleT da CrdiloeT kedlebze465. aq sami didi zomis gumbaTiani nagebobaa gamosaxuli, TiTqos gadabmuli erT­ maneTze, erTian ansamblad Sekruli– iqneb samSvildis kompleqsi? dasavleTi karis orsav mxares saero pirTa figurebia: erTi figura karis samxreTiT da ori – CrdiloeTiT. garda amisa qtitoris figura gamosaxulia karis samxreT wirTxlSic, darbazuli eklesiiT xelSi. am kedlis qveda registris Crdilo nawilSi, uSualod qti­ torTa portretebis gagrZelebaze gamosaxulia didi zomis ori gumbaTiani taZari da maT­ Tan gadabmuli, aseTive zomis mesame gumbaTiani eklesia CrdiloeTi kedlis momijnave mo­ nakveTze. moxatuloba Zlier dazianebulia. sainteresoa, Tu ra iyo gamosaxuli CrdiloeT kedelze am nagebobaTa gaswvriv. aq SemorCenili warwerebis mixedviT dgindeba dro – XII saukunis pirveli meoTxedi da ramdenime saxeli. miuxedavad gansxvavebisa warweraTa fragmentebis interpretaciaSi, saer­ To azria, rom es samSeneblo warwerebi ekuTvnis vinme erisTavT erisTavsa da mis meuRles darejans, romlebsac daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis dros augiaT wm. Tevdores eklesia da SeuwiravT misTvis mamuli466. rogorc vxedavT, sakmaod iSviaTi da uCveulo gamosaxulebaa. yuradRebas iqcevs qtitore­ bis simravlec. sainteresoa, rom realuri eklesiis Sesatyvisi darbazuli eklesia karis wirTxlSi gamosaxul figuras uWiravs – es misi samSeneblo Rvawlia. didi zomis gumbaTiani taZrebis jgufi ki sxva Sinaarsisaa – aq garkveuli Locus Sancta aris gamosaxuli. yvelaze martivi axsnaa, rom aq samSvildis kompleqsia, Tumca amdeni gumbaTuri eklesia aq TiTqos ar dasturdeba. eklesiebis sakmaod niSandoblivi detalebic aris gamosaxuli – sarkmlebi, Sesasvlelebi, gumbaTebis da mklavebis gadaxurvis feri, egvterebi, karibWe wvrili svet­ ebiT, mklavebis frontonebi da sxva. es nagebobebi TiTqmis figurebis zomisaa (3 m. simaRl­ is!)467, sruliad gansxvavebulni qtitoris xelSi gamosaxuli mcire zomis eklesiisgan. n. CakvetaZe, ucnobi saqtitoro gamosaxuleba xaxulis sakaTedro taZarSi, gv. 273, SeniSvna 43, sur. 19-23.

464

465

z. sxirtlaZe, eklesia-monasterTa gamosaxulebebi Sua saukuneebis qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi. samSvilde, akad. s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XXXIX-B, 1987, gv. 53-57.

466

iqve, gv. 54.

467

iqve, gv. 53.

103

vinaidan samSeneblo warwerebSi daviT aRmaSenebelia naxsenebi, sakmaod macduneblad Cans aq gelaTis monastris gamosaxulebis daSveba, miTumetes rom amdeni gumbaTiani ekle­ sia gelaTSi ufro iyo, vidre samSvildeSi. Tumca isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom gela­ Tis taZrebi Tanadrouli ar aris (wm. giorgis eklesia XIII saukuniT TariRdeba). asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom aq raRac mniSvnelovani saeklesio an samonastro centria warmodgenili, romelic imsaxurebda amgvar masStabur gamosaxvas. hi poTezis saxiT SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom aq wminda miwis, uflis saflavis gamosaxulebaa? an sulac mcxeTa, wminda qalaqi, meore ierusalimi? es sakiTxi, etyoba, jerac gaurkveveli da saidumloebiT moculi rCeba, Tumca aranakleb mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia is faqti, rom Tundac CvenTvis ucnobi, magram udavod mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli ansambli esoden masStaburad, monumenturad, STambeWdavad iqna gamosaxu­ li darbazuli eklesiis kedlebze, sakmaod bevri detalebiT da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT. es uflebas gvaZlevs davuSvaT, rom istoriuli nagebobebis gamosaxva, rogorc gamosaxuli ambis `gmirisa~, ar iyo ucxo Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xelovnebisTvis. sul sxva xasiaTisaaYoTxTa eklesiis (X saukunis bolo meoTxedi) aRmosavleT sarkm­ lis TaRSi warmodgenili sakuTriv am bazilikis gamosaxuleba, romelic sionad saxel­ debul gvirgvinosan qals marcxena, daburvili xeliT ukavia, marjvenaTi odnav exeba nagebobas, TiTqos masze miuTiTebs468. es gamosaxuleba istoriul SenobaTa jgufs Sei­ Zleba mivakuTvnoT, radgan daxatuli nageboba TiTqmis zustad imeorebs oTxTa eklesiis arqiteqturul saxes da formebs (sur. 70), Tumca mTliani kompoziciis Sinaarsi sxvaa. am SemTxvevaSi gamosaxulebis klasifikacia cota Zneldeba – es istoriuli nagebobis ga­ mosaxulebaa Tu qtitoruli portretis ti pis kompozicia, Tu sulac eklesiis gansaxier­ ebaa: sionis – deda yovelTa eklesiaTa – simboluri saxe da Sesabamisad, zeciuri ieru­ salimis vizualizacia. rogorc SesavalSi aRiniSna, daxatuli arqiteqturis nimuSebis mkacri gamijvna jgufe­ bad cota xelovnuria. am SemTxvevaSic, oTxTa eklesiis aRmosavleTi sarkmlis TaRSi arse­ 468

samecniero literaturaSi am figuris warweris wakiTxvisa da identifikaciis Taobaze ramdenime mosazreba gamoiTqva: e. TayaiSvils miaCnda, rom es aris qtitoris gamosaxuleba (Е. Такайшвили, Археологическая экспедиция 1917-го года в южные провинции Грузии, Тбилиси, 1952, gv. 85). am azrs iziarebs S. amiranaSvili (Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинской монументальной живописи, gv. 104). n. tieri Tvlida, rom aq gamosaxulia dedofali nana (N. et M. Thierry, Peintures du Xe siècle en Géorgie méridionale et leurs rapports avec la peinture byzantine d’Asie Mineure, Cahiers Archéologiques, XXIV, 1975, gv. 78), Tumca mere Tavadac gamoTqva eWvi amgvari interpretaciis Taobaze. n. aleqsiZe kiTxulobda `sofios~ (n. aleqsiZe, oTxTa eklesiis moxatulobis Teologiuri safuZvlebi, literatura da xelovneba, #4, 1991, gv. 105). ufro adre es wakiTxva SemogvTavaza virsalaZem (T. virsalaZe, wminda sofios gamosaxuleba oTxTa eklesiis moxatulobaSi, 26-e samecniero konferencia, miZRvnili g. CubinaSvilis 100 wlisadmi, Tezisebi, Tbilisi, 1981, gv. 26), Tumca bolo publikaciaSi adasturebs warweras `sioni~ (T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, gv. 29). v. jobaZem (W. Djobadze, Early Medieval Georgian Monasteries in Historic Tao, Klardjeti and Šavšeti, Stuttgart, 1992, gv. 167), e. privalovam (e. privalova, zogi ram tao-klarjeTis moxatulobebis Sesaxeb, gv. 320) da z. sxirtlaZem (Z. Skhirtladze, The Mother of All the Churches. Remarks on the Iconographic Programm of the Apse Decoration of Dort Kilisse, Cahiers Archéologique, XLIII, 1995, gv. 103) warweraSi amoikiTxes `sioni~, rac, rogorc Cans, yvelaze swori wakiTxvaa (m. didebuliZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis Zeglebi tao-klarjeTSi, gv. 36-37).

104

buli gamosaxuleba erTi mxriv, qtitorTa gamosaxulebebs emsgavseba, igive sqemas iyenebs. aki e. TayaiSvilic469 da n. tieric470 miiCnevdnen mas qtitoris figurad, kerZod ki dedofal nanas portretad. magram es ar aris qtitoruli portreti, radgan aq gamosaxuli mandi­ losani ar aris konkretuli istoriuli piri. igi, rogorc warwera gvamcnobs, ganasaxier­ ebs sions – dedas yovelTa eklesiaTa da, aqedan gamomdinare, qristianuli eklesiis person­ ifikaciacaa. mas gvirgvini adgas, romelsac nagebobis, kerZod ki bazilikis forma aqvs, rac kidev ufro aRrmavebs mis msgavsebas eklesiis personifikaciasTan471. amave dros mas xelT upyria udavod oTxTa eklesiis, rogorc istoriuli nagebobis, sakmaod zusti gamosaxule­ ba, Crdilo-aRmosavleTi kuTxiT danaxuli472. Tumca, mxatvari amcirebs TaRebis raodenobas gverdiT fasadze, magram inarCunebs mniSvnelovan niSans: aRmosavleT fasadze Svidi TaRia da Sua TaRi sxvebze maRalia. garda amisa, aRmosavleT fasadze TaRedi frontonis umaRles wertilamde adis, anu am fasadis gadakeTebamde aris daxatuli473. mocemuli naSromis ZiriTadi mizandasaxulobis gaTvaliswinebiT sainteresoa ramdenad zustad aris gamosaxuli realuri taZari daxatul versiaSi. SesavalSi iTqva, rom miuxeda­ vad Zlieri survilisa da mondomebisa, nagebobis (miTumetes didi taZris) mcire zomis ga­ mosaxuleba yvela detals da yvela elements ver asaxavs, ise rogorc es SeuZlia, magaliT­ ad, fotos. es Tavidanve naTelia. magram am `miaxloebiTobis~ farglebSic aris gansxvaveba midgomebis TvalsazrisiT. oTxTas gamosaxulebis ostatma scada am istoriuli nagebobis maqsimalurad zusti asaxuloba Seeqmna. damkveTis surviliT, es taZari zeciuri ierusal­ imis – sionis gamosaxuleba unda gamxdariyo (pavle, ebr. mimarT, 12: 22-23; gamocxadeba, 14: 1). amave dros, ikveTeba kavSiri RvTaebrivi sibrZnis – sofias ideasTan474. yvelaze metad am aluzias ganapirobebs patiosani TvlebiT Semkuli jvari mandilosnis odesRac oqroTi daferil Saravandze, rac yovelgvari eWvis gareSe samebis meore pirs, ieso qristes mianiS­ nebs475. wm. sofiasTan sionis personifikaciis gaigiveba mWidrod ukavSirdeba solomonis igavs `sibrZnem iSena Tavisa Tvisisa saxli da queSe Seudga mas Svidni suetni da ubrZana TvisTa monaTa ganumzadon tablai sibrZnis moyuareTa~ (igavebi, IX, 5), qarTul xelovnebaSi saku­ Triv solomonis igavis pirdapiri ilustraciebi iSviaTia, aris gviani drois mxatvrobaSi: zarzmaSi, sakurTxevlis Bbemis CrdiloeT kedelze (XIV s.) da ierusalimis jvris monaster­ Si, samxreT-aRmosavleTi burjis dasavleT waxnagze (XVII s.)476.

469

Е. Такайшвили, Археологическая экспедиция 1917-го года, gv. 85.

470

N. et M. Thierry, Peintures du Xe siècle en Géorgie méridionale, gv. 78.

471

z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTa eklesiis freskebi, gv. 122-139.

472

v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli monastrebi, gv. 190-191.

473

e. privalova, zogi ram tao-klarjeTis moxatulobebis Sesaxeb, gv. 220-221.

T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, gv. 29-36; T. mgalobliSvili, axali ierusalimebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 60-88; n. aleqsiZe, oTxTa eklesiis moxatulobis Teologiuri safuZvlebi, gv. 103-122.

474

475

z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTa eklesiis freskebi, gv. 65.

476

Т. Вирсаладзе, Роспись Иерусалимского Крестного Монастыря, gv. 15, tab. XIX.

105

cnobilia, rom wm. sofio aris samebis meore piris saxe (jvruli Saravandi); amave dros misi `Tvisebaa~477. xolo mis mier agebuli saxli – eklesiaa, RmrTismSobeli mariami, mis mier gaSlili tabla ki eklesiis umTavres saidumloze – evqaristiaze mianiSnebs, romlis gare­ Se SeuZlebelia zecaTa sasufevlis anu zeciuri ierusalimis miRweva. misi Svidi boZi – Svi­ di saTnoeba, Svidi netareba, suli wmindisa Svidi madli, Svidi msoflio saeklesio kreba. oTxTa eklesiis nimuSi ar aris am igavis teqstis uSualo dasuraTeba, Tumca aq gamosax­ uli qalis figura, romelic ganisazRvreba warweriT rogorc sioni (deda eklesia), dedo­ flis samosiT, jvruli SaravandiT da bazilikuri gvirgviniT Tavze, amavdroulad wm. sofi­ os – uflis sibrZnis gansaxierebac aris da mis xelT Senoba swored is `saxlia~, romelic eklesias warmoadgens. wminda sofio, sibrZne uflisa, swored arqiteqturasTan asocirde­ ba, anu taZarTan. sofias saxli – es zeciuri taZaria, zeciuri ierusalimi. wm. sofias xSirad gamosaxavdnen qristes ikonografiiT, samebis meore piris saxiT, romelic aris uJamo logo­ si, romlis Tvisebaa sibrZne478. es urTierTgamsWvalavi sazrisebi qristianuli xelovnebis polisemantikuri bunebis kidev erTi dasturia, magram am SemTxvevaSi warmodgenili kvlevis interesis sagani realu­ rad arsebuli istoriuli nagebobis gamosaxvis koncefcia da mxatvruli midgomaa. oSkSi daxatul banasa da igive samSvildis nimuSisgan gansxvavebiT, oTxTa eklesiis aRmosavleT sarkmelSi daxatuli taZari ar aris didi zomis, figuris mklavze Tavisuflad aris gan­ Tavsebuli. es udavod oTxTa eklesiis bazilikis gamosaxulebaa da, amavdroulad, zoga­ dad sionis eklesiis saxea, romelic umetesad swored bazilikis formiT xatavdnen xolme479. anu kvlav vxedavT urTierTgamsWvalav sazrisebs – sioni xom RmrTismSobeli mariamis saxea, amavdroulad zeciuri ierusalimia480. bizantieli himnografi kozma maiumeli sibrZnis mier aSenebul saxls swored RmrTismSoblis xatad xedavs481. niSandoblivia, rom eklesiis personifikaciebi, romelic qarTuli Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi moi poveba, umetesad CarTulia jvarcmis kompoziciebSi (sabereebis #7 eklesi­ is kedlis mxatvroba, jvarcmis xati macxvariSidan, jruWis meore oTxTavis miniatura da sxva). calke, damoukidebel saxed igi ar gvxvdeba ise, rogorc es aris dasavlur evropul xelovnebaSi482. meore mxriv, timoTesubanSi gvaqvs wminda dedis gamosaxuleba jvriT xelSi, romelsac aqvs warwera `sufia~, mis pirispir, kamaris mopirdapire kalTaze aris misi sami Svilis nax­

477

T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, gv. 29.

A. Grabar, Iconographie de la Sagesse Divine et La Vierge, Cahiers Archéologique, VIII, 1956, gv. 254-258; XVI-XVII saukuneTa rusul xatebze wm. sofia vedrebis kompoziciaSi qristes figuras Caanacvlebs da amiT maT identurobaze keTdeba aqcenti. uSualod solomonis igavis sailustracio rusul xatebSi Svid svetze dayrdnobili kiboriumis an gumbaTis qveS (eklesia) RmrTismSobeli aris gamosaxuli sofias adgilas.

478

479

z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTa eklesiis freskebi, gv. 122-154.

480

T. mgalobliSvili, axali ierusalimebi saqarTveloSi, gv. 66-68.

481

J. Meyendorff, L’iconographie de Sagesse Divine dans la tradition byzantine, Cahiers Archéologique, X, 1959, gv. 262-264.

482

z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTa eklesiis freskebi, gv. 125-129, 136-137.

106

evarfigurebi: pisti, elpi, aRapi483. es unikaluri gamosaxulebaa qarTul xelovnebaSi. oTx­ Tas medalionis gamosaxuleba ki sul sxva Sinaarsisaa. aseve sagulisxmoa daxatuli taZris forma – bazilika, rac oTxTa eklesiis SemTxveva­ Si zustad esadageba realuri nagebobis ti ps da eWvs gareSea, rom mxatvari Segnebulad asaxavda am realobas. magram axla vnaxoT sionis/sofias gamosaxuleba iSxnis taZarSi CrdiloeTi mklavis sarkmlis TaRSi. aqac sofia-sionis (eklesiis personifikaciis) xelT kvlav bazilikis formis taZaria, Tumca iSxnis taZari jvar-gumbaTur ti ps ganekuTvneba. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cans, mxatvris mizani aris ara realuri taZris asaxva, aramed sionis personifikaciis sakadrisi arqiteqturuli ti pis SerCeva – bazilika484. marTlac, sxvadasx­ va drois, qveynis da dargis namuSevrebSi, romlebic eklesiis personifikacias asaxaven, swored bazilikuri ti pi aris prioritetulad miCneuli – deda yovelTa eklesiisa aris ba­ zilikis ti pis nageboba485, radgan sionis mTaze ierusalimSi IV saukuneSi swored bazilika iqna agebuli. oTxTas taZris aRmosavleTi sarkmlis TaRSi, siuxvis rqebis ulamazesi ornamentebiT Semkul medalionSi Caxatuli mdidrul samefo samosSi gamowyobili, bazilikis formis gvirgviniT Semkuli wm. dedis saxe mraval sazriss da Sinaarss moicavs Tavis TavSi, ur­ TierTgamsWvalav da urTierTdakavSirebuls. warweris mixedviT, es aris sioni – zeciuri ierusalimi, amavdroulad Zveli aRTqmiseuli solomonis taZari, jvruli oqros Saravandi ki mas wm. sofios – uflis sibrZnesTan aigivebs, rac kvlav eklesiis – miwieris da zeciuris ideas aZlierebs da Tanac erTdroulad mariamis da macxovris cnebebic Semoaqvs. es eklesi­ is Temaze Seqmnili mTeli ferweruli sagalobelia, rasac exmianeba da ganamtkicebs amave sarkmlis wirTxlebSi gamosaxuli winaswarmetyvel melqisedekisa (evqaristiuli xonCiT xelSi taZris kretsabmelis fonze) da moses (sinas mTaze rjulis ficrebis miRebisas) fig­ urebi, rac swored sayovelTao eklesiis cnebas gamoxatavs (kanoni da liturgia)486. oTxTa eklesiis aRmosavleTi sarkmlis gamosaxulebis interpretacias ramdenime Zalian mniSvnelovani naSromi mieZRvna487 da momavalSic uTuod iqneba msjelobis sagani. am SemTx­ vevaSi ki yuradReba gamaxvilda mxolod erT mis aspeqtze – xuroTmoZRvrul aluziebze da realuri taZris mxatvrul interpretaciaze. es aris nimuSi im evristikuli midgomebisa, razec SesavalSic iyo saubari488. saxviT xelovnebaSi istoriuli nagebobebis gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT sagangebo yuradRebis Rirsia mcxeTis kaTedralSi, cxoveli svetis salxinoblis aRmosavleT waxnag­ 483

Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, gv. 100, tab. XLLVIII.

484

T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, gv. 29.

485

z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTa eklesiis freskebi, gv. 107-178.

486

m. didebuliZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis Zeglebi tao-klarjeTSi, gv. 32-79.

T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, gv. 29-36; N. et M. Thierry, Peintures du Xe siècle en Géorgie méridionale.., gv. 73-113; e. privalova, zogi ram tao-klarjeTis moxatulobebis Sesaxeb, gv. 315-316; T. mgalobliSvili, axali ierusalimebi saqarTveloSi, gv. 42-100.

487

488

M. Meyer, “Remembering Zion” and Simulacra, gv. 451-452.

107

ze warmodgenili sveticxovlis taZari, Sesrulebuli mxatvar grigol guljavaraSvilis mier kaTolikos nikoloz amilaxvaris dakveTiT489. aq gamosaxuli figuris identifikaciis ramdenime versia arsebobs: antioqiis patriarqi evstaTe490, mefe aleqsandre pirveli491, ufro damajerebeli Cans mosazreba, rom aq gamosax­ ulia kaTolikosi nikoloz amilaxvari492, romelmac udidesi Rvawli gaswia sveticxovlis taZris ganaxlebisTvis493. rac mTavaria, swored misi dakveTiT moixata cxoveli sveti, rac dadasturebulia TviT svetze gakeTebuli warweriT, romelSic kaTolikosi nikoloz ami­ laxvari da mxatvari grigol guljavaraSvili arian moxsenebulni494. kaTedrali gamosaxulia ise, rogorc igi XI saukuneSi aigo da Semdeg ramdenjerme ganax­ lda. sakmaod didi msgavsebaa originalTan da garda zogi detalisa, rac am masStabSi da am ti pis gamosaxulebaSi SeuZlebelia aisaxos, ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi sakmaod zustad aris gadmocemuli. im egvteris CaTvliT samxreT fasadze, romelic rusebma moangries XIX saukuneSi495. sveticxoveli marTlac Zalian STambeWdavad aris warmodgenili, mravali detalis si­ zustiT (sur. 71). magaliTad, islamur yaidaze gawyobili `stalaqtitebiani~ niSa, aseve akroterioni samxreTi mklavis frontonis Tavze, centraluri TaRis timpanis maraosebri forma da sxva. SenarCunebulia proporciebic. rogorc Cans, mxatvrisTvis am detalebis si­ zuste mniSvnelovani iyo. arc aris gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ra mniSvneloba eniWebo­ da sveticxovels maSin ukve daqucmacebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis: deda yovelTa eklesiaTa, didi sioni, faqtobrivad uflis saflavis eklesiad agebuli wm. ninos mier, mTe­ li saqarTvelos sulieri da religiuri gamaerTianebeli. am gamosaxulebaSi taZari udavod mTavari `personaJia~, masTan mimarTebaSi arian gamosax­ ulni kaTolikosic da misi Tanmxlebi diakvanic. aq, rogorc Cans, moTxrobilia ganaxlebu­ li taZris kurTxevis ceremonia496. cxoveli svetis kedlebze arsebuli kompoziciebidan kidev ramdenime SeiZleba miviCnioT istoriuli nagebobis gamosaxulebad, Tumca araviTari Sesadarebeli masala ar gvaqvs. aq gamosaxulia rogorc sauflo dResaswaulis scenebi (jvarcma da jojoxeTis warmotyvev­ na), aseve qarTlis gaqristianebis scenebi. am scenebs didi istoriuli mniSvneloba aqvT da amave dros es aris magaliTi istoriuli nagebobebis Taviseburi gamosaxvisa polisemanti­ 489

v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~ da qarTlis moqcevis siuJetebi mis freskebSi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, t. XV-B, 1948, gv. 141-142.

490

А. Муравьев, Грузия и Армения, ч. I, С-Петербург, 1848, gv. 228.

v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~, gv. 150-152; S. amiranaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 386.

491

492

n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, gv. 255.

493

Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, gv. 18.

v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~.., gv. 141-142; n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, gv. 251.

494

495

v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~.., gv. 150.

496

n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, gv. 251.

108

kuri midgomiT, evristikuli, anu mogonebebze, warmosaxvasa da asociaciebze damyarebuli xedviT. es exeba dasavleT da samxreT waxnagebze gamosaxul kompoziciebs cxoveli svetis sas­ waulebiT – cxoveli svetis amaRleba, mefe miriani da dedofal nanas locva svetis winaSe, Sahri-xaTunis amalis ganadgureba svetidan gadmosuli cecxliT (sur. 72). sagulisxmoa, rom am kompoziciebSi sveti gamosaxulia ara rogorc arqiteqturuli elementi – sakuTriv sveti, rogorc es aris magaliTad, anisis tigran honencis taZris moxatulobaSi497 anda ud­ abnos didi taZris sadiakvnis moxatulobis meore fenaze498, aramed rogorc nageboba, ram­ denime sarTulad ganlagebuli sarkmlebiT, karebiT, konusuri gadaxurviT, kiboriumiT da a. S499. mcxeTis samive kompoziciaSi cxoveli sveti cota gansxvavebulad aris gamosaxuli de­ talebis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca koncefcia erTia – aq gamosaxulia arqiteqturuli nagebo­ ba. yvelaze sainteresoa dasavleTi waxnagis qveda registrSi gamosaxuli cxoveli svetis amaRlebis scena. wm. ninos cxovrebis da moqcevai qarTlisais teqstebis mixedviT. wm. nino dgas svetis win, romelsac ori angelozi aamaRlebs. miuxedavad kompoziciis qveda nawilis Zlieri dazianebisa, mainc gairCeva fexze mdgomi wm. ninos figura da misi Tanmxlebi qalebis mkrTali siluetebi. es scena Sinaarsobrivad identuria cxoveli svetis amaRlebis kompo­ ziciisa anisis taZris moxatulobaSi500, mxolod TviT sveti aris gansxvavebuli formis da gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis. am scenis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba xazgasmulia furclovani oqros gamoyenebiT ara mxolod angelozTa Saravandebze, aramed nagebobis kedlebzec, aseve mis wverze dadgmul kiboriumze. am scenasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli – cxoveli svetis amaRle­ 501 ba ; saswauli cxovelmyofeli svetis aRmarTvisa502. garda amisa, bolo dros gamoTqmulia sakmaod damajerebeli mosazreba, rom aq pirveli eklesiis dafuZnebis scenaa, roca wm. nino gamousaxavda mSeneblebs eklesiis saxes `viTarca axali beselieli~ da xelmZRvanelobda pirveli eklesiis agebas503. eklesiis dafuZnebis scenad ganixilavs am gamosaxulebas v. ber­ iZec504.

Ani. Documents of Armenian Architecture, No 12, Milan, 1984, il. 32; z. sxirtlaZe, wm. nino da Zveli qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba, krebulSi: wminda nino, red. r. siraZe, Tbilisi, 2008, il. 4.

497

m. bulia, a. volskaia, d. TumaniSvili, daviTgarejis monastrebi. lavra. udabno, il. 62; aseve gviani periodis mravalricxovan xatebze, miniaturebSi, bodbis taZris XIX saukunis moxatulobaSi: wm. nino embazi qarTlisa, red. d. Rlonti, a. oqropiriZe, m. CxaiZe, mcxeTa, 2015, il. 29, 52, 85-87, 95, 97 da sxva.

498

499

n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, il. gv. 283-284.

v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~.., gv. 144; S. amiranaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, gv. 386; n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, gv. 253.

500

501

v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~.., gv. 144.

502

S. amiranaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, gv. 386.

503

n. CakvetaZe, eklesiis dafuZnebis scena cxovelmyofeli svetis moxatulobaSi, samecniero konferenciis moxsenebaTa krebuli `sveticxoveli~, Tbilisi, 2018, gv. 84-94.

504

v. beriZe, mcxeTis kaTedrali `sveticxoveli~.., gv. 160.

109

rogorc aRiniSna, gansxvavebiT magaliTad, anisis an udabnos mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnes moxatulobebisgan, sveticxovlis XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi, cxoveli sveti gamosax­ ulia, rogorc nageboba da misi gaigiveba uflis saflavis kuvukliasTan sakmaod damajere­ blad gamoiyureba. ras eyrdnoboda grigol guljavaraSvili – xelnawerebis dasuraTebas, sakuTar STabe­ Wdilebas wminda miwaze savaraudo mogzaurobis dros; iqneb, am sam scenaSi gamosaxuli nage­ boba swored is salxinobelia, romelic aigo uflis kvarTis daflvis adgilas da mis mierve moixata kidec XVII saukuneSi505. erTi ram udavoa, rom mxatvarma mTeli Tavisi niWi, unari da mondomeba gamoiyena sveticxovlis didebuli taZris Rirseuli gamosaxulebis Sesaqmne­ lad. aris iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac mxatvari gamosaxavs istoriul nagebobas, romelic SesaZloa arc ki hqonda nanaxi, misi saxe raime aRwerilobiT, nimuSiT an gadmocemiT ico­ da. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, istoriuli nagebobis nimuSs warmoadgens anCisxatis gulan­ Si gamosaxuli konstantinopolis vlaqernis taZari kompoziciaSi mariamis Sesamoselis dabrZaneba vlaqernis taZarSi506. taZars didi, maRalyeliani gumbaTi aqvs sami sarkmliT, romlebSic sacecxlurebi Cans, ZiriTadi korpusi ki ganieri, talRiseburi abrisis odnav Seisruli TaRiT aris gaxsnili da naCvenebia interieri, sadac ramdenime figura trapezze aTavsebs mariamis maforiumsa da qamars (f. 220r). msgavsi kompoziciaa gulanSi S-1277. ramde­ nad Seesabameba taZris es gamosaxuleba konstantinopolur taZars, axla Zneli saTqmelia, savaraudod, aq gamoyenebuli iyo berZnuli nimuSi, radgan postbizantiur xanaSi es sakmaod gavrcelebuli siuJeti iyo507. qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi istoriuli nagebobebis gamosaxvis Taobaze saubrisas, Seu­ Zlebelia ar davasaxeloT XVII-XVIII saukuneebis fsalmunTa xelnaweri I-182 saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis koleqciidan. am xelnaweris dasuraTeba sakmaod gansxvavdeba sxva qar­ Tuli xelnawerebisgan, radgan miniaturebis SesrulebaSi naTlad Cans evropuli anu real­ isturi xelovnebis gavlena508. am fsalmunis dasuraTebaSi CarTulia ramdenime miniatura sinas wm. ekaterines monastris gamosaxulebiT – monasteri sinas sam-mwvervaliani mTis kalTazea gamosaxuli, sakmaod mi­ axloebuli im saxes, romelic XV-XVII saukuneebis Zvel Canaxatebze Tu graviurebzea da­ mowmebuli509. erTgvar aqsonometriaSi, TiTqmis zedxedSi, gamosaxul oTxkuTxa galavanSi moqceul monastris nagebobebis forma da maTi ganlagebis wesi sakmaod zustad aris asaxu­ li (TaRovani karibWe, wm. ekaterines didi bazilika, orqanobiani gadaxurvis mqone sxvadasx­ va ti pis nagebobebi, Tumca, Cans gumbaTiani Senobac, aseve maRali minareTic, romelic XVII saukunis graviurebze ukve aRar aris datanili).

505

iqve.

506

Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, gv. 47, il. XXV.

507

iqve, gv. 114, SeniSvna 230.

508

Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 35-36.

Л. Шервашидзе, К вопросу о средневековой грузинской светской миниатюре, gv. 118-122; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 36.

509

110

rogorc Cans, am msgavsebas sakmaod did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. aseTi sizuste gvafiqre­ binebs, rom mxatvari, SesaZloa, Tavad imyofeboda sinaze da sakuTari STabeWdilebiT asaxa monasteri510. Tumca, ufro savaraudoa, rom im drois graviurebiT sargeblobda. amitomac gamosaxa minareTi, romelic XVII saukuneSi iq ukve aRar iyo. es miniaturebi kidev ufro sainteresoa imis gamo, rom faqtobrivad zustad ase aqvs ga­ mosaxuli sinas mTa da wm. ekaterines monasteri domenikos Teotokopuloss (el grekos) Tav­ is erT-erT suraTze (XVI saukunis bolo)511. suraTi zeTis saRebavebiT aris Sesrulebuli da sakmaod realisturad asaxavs am adgils. ase rom, el grekos suraTis mixedviT realur xedTan msgavsebis xarisxis Sesaxeb SeiZleba vimsjeloT. swored amitom ufro safiqrebe­ lia, rom qarTul fsalmunSi arsebuli gamosaxulebebi graviurebis an suraTebis safuZv­ elze Seiqmna. am periodSi marTlac matulobs dasavleT evropidan saqarTveloSi Semosuli nimuSebis, gansakuTrebiT ki graviurebis gavlena, magaliTad, 1688 wlis an 1736 wlis polo­ neTSi damzadebuli graviurebis msgavsi512. miniaturebze (121v, 223v, 207v da sxva) wm. ekaterines monasteri ukana planze aris gada­ tanili, wina plani ki eTmoba ebraelTa Wrel zolebian karvebis fonze gamosaxul scenas moses mier udabnoSi wylis gadmoyvana; meore miniaturaze aseve galavniT garSemortymul `qveyanas~ an qalaqs wina planze didi lurji mdinare moedineba. S. amiranaSvili Tvlis, rom aq gamosaxulia egvi pte, saidanac mosem gamoiyvana ebraelTa tomebi aRTqmuli miwis mosapoveblad. xolo didi lurji mdinare nilosia513. es qveyana Tu qalaqi mravalricxovani sxvadasxva ti pis nagebobiT aris Sevsebuli: quCebi, moednebi, da rac yvelaze sagulisxmoa, marjvena nawilSi lurjgumbaTiani nagebobaa – eklesia (?). qalaqis zeda nawilSi erTgvari momwvano borcvia, zed bazilikis msgavsi nagebobiT – xom ar aris es sionis mTa zed sionis `saxliT~? da TviT es gamosaxuleba, romelsac kompoziciis udidesi nawili ukavia, xom ar aris aRTqmuli qveyana? anda ierusalimi? mxolod erTi miniatura (f. 223) eTmoba uSualod ekaterines monasters da mis garSemo mTebis ferdobebze mimofantul skitebs. aqac vxedavT erTgvar `asinqronulobas~: moses ambebi viTardeba im monastris fonze, romelic mravali saukunis Semdeg aigo. cxadia, aq saxiTmetyvelebiTi kavSiri ufro mniSvnelovani iyo. mkvlevarTa umetesoba Tvlis, rom am fsalmunTa dasuraTebaSi yvelaze adre gamovlinda dasavleT evropuli xelovnebis nimuSebis gavlena514. aq igrZnoba planebad sivrcis agebis mcdeloba, xazovani perspeqtivis wesebis Sesabamisad, metia Suq-CrdiliT modelireba, bunebrivi proporciebi da a. S. Tumca, Sua saukunovani xelovnebis niSani – dis­ proporcia figurebsa da nagebobebs Soris jer kidev SenarCunebulia (magaliTad, miniatu­ ra qalaqis alya)515.

510

Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинского искусства, Москва, 1963, gv. 310-311, il. 196.

Д. Тальбот Райс, Три Синайских горы, в сб.: Византия, Южные славяне и Древняя Русь. Западная Европа. Сборник статей в честь В. Н. Лазарева, Москва, 1973, gv. 172-178.

511

512

iqve, gv. 176.

513

Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 35-36.

514

Л. Шервашидзе, К Вопросу о средневековой грузинской светской миниатюре, gv. 118, 120, 122.

515

iqve, tab. XVIII.

111

am miniaturebSi, zemoT ganxiluli nimuSebisgan gansxvavebiT, istoriuli nageboba, anu wm. ekaterines monasteri, Tumc ki msgavsebis sakmao xarisxiT gamosaxuli, mainc ukana plan­ zea, ar aris mTavari `personaJi~. amave fasalmunis xelnawerSi aris miniatura daviTi sionis winaSe (f. 73), sadac S. amira­ naSvilis azriT, sionis nageboba Zalian hgavs sveticxovlis taZars516. msgavseba arc ise didia, Tumca qarTuli eklesiebis damaxasiaTebeli maRalyeliani gumbaTi konusuri gadax­ urviT, cxadia, mravlismTqmelia. am gamosaxulebis Seqmnaze albaT imoqmeda sayovelTaod aRiarebulma azrma, rom mcxeTa meore ierusalimia, xolo sveticxoveli – deda yovelTa eklesiaTa, da aqedan gamomdinare, ierusalimis sionis taZari da sveticxoveli urTierT­ Canacvlebadi saxeebia. am fsalmunis dasuraTeba sainteresoa imiT, rom aq naTlad Cans siR­ rmis da `swori~ sivrciTi agebis gadmocemis mcdeloba517. istoriuli nagebobis gamosaxvis saintereso nimuSi aris warmodgenili 1809 wlis sol­ omon II-is mier jruWis monastrisTvis micemuli yma-mamulis wyalobis sigelSi (Hd-1329)518. aq sakmaod didi msgavsebiT gamosaxulia jruWis monasteri da samreklo. monastris mTavari taZari STambeWdav gumbaTovan nagebobad aris warmodgenili. wina planze gamosaxulia gveleSapis mZleveli wm. giorgi, mis win ki, kompoziciis marjvena nawilSi, muxlmodreki­ li solomon mefe, Sesabamisi warweriT. mas win gawvdil marjvena xelSi uWiravs wyalobis sigeli, romelsac wm. giorgis awvdis, xolo zemodan zeciT gadmosuli angelozi samefo gvirgvins adgams mefes fafaxiT damSvenebul Tavze. zemoT, RrubelSi macxovris naxevar­ figuraa, romelic orive xeliT akurTxebs monasters da mefe solomons. rac Seexeba monas­ tris gamosaxulebas, Tu SevadarebT Zvel, XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis fotoebs519 sakmaod didi msgavseba Cans formebSic da proporciebSic. am gamosaxulebaSi naTlad SeiniSneba ev­ ropuli mxatvrobis gavlena – erTgvar realizmSi, formaTa gamarTulobaSi, figuraTa da nagebobaTa SefardebaSi, sivrciT konkretulobaSi da sxva. rogorc vxedavT, konkretuli realuri istoriuli nagebobis rogorc ambis srulufle­ biani `monawilis~, gamosaxvis zemoTganxilul ramdenime nimuSSi, udavod SeiniSneba rac SeiZleba meti msgavsebis miRwevis survili. es gacilebiT metad igrZnoba, vidre qtitorTa gamosaxulebebSi, sadac xSirad nagebobis ZiriTadi ti pis miniSnebac sakmarisad iyo miCneu­ li. cxadia, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom istoriuli Sinaarsis scenebSi nagebobebis zoma bev­ rad didia qtitoris xelSi eklesiis zomasTan SedarebiT da amitom meti detalizaciac iyo SesaZlebeli. Tumca, aq garkveuli princi pic udavod Cans. cxadia, logikuria imis daSveba, 516

Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 36.

517

am xelnaweris daTariRebis Taobaze sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs: l. ServaSiZe da S. amiranaSvili mas XVI saukuniT aTariReben (Л. Шервашидзе, К Вопросу о средневековой.., gv. 118-123; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, gv. 35-36), i. arseniSvili sulac XIV saukuniT (i. arseniSvili, saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSi daculi fsalmunis (I-182) miniaturuli ferweris Sesaxeb, Zeglis megobari, 2, 1989, gv. 19-24). ufro damajerebeli Cans mosazreba XVIII saukuniT daTariRebis Taobaze: m. abuTiZe, S. amiranaSvilis sax. saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSi daculi daviTnis (I-182) SemkveTTa gamo, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 9, 2006, gv. 128-134; m. karanaZe, v. kekelia, e. maWavariani, Zveli aRTqmis miniaturebi qarTul xelnawerebSi, gv. 5, Sen. 1).

518

xsenebuli miniaturis Taobaze informaciis mowodebisTvis madlobas vuxdi Cems kolegas natalia CitiSvils.

519

112

e. TayaiSvili, jruWis monasteri da misi siZveleni, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 22.

rom mxatvari ama Tu im istoriul nagebobas im saxiT gamosaxavda, rogoric mis Tvalwin iyo, anu rogoric is mis epoqaSi iyo. miuxedavad am sizustisa, ufro sworad sizustis survilisa, rTuli saTqmelia, ramdenad gamodgeba es gamosaxulebebi rogorc dokumenturi sabuTebi konkretuli taZris arqite­ qturuli saxis istoriisTvis – gadakeTebebi, axali aRmSenebloba, Senebis etapebi da sxva. magaliTad, e. privalova Tvlis, rom oTxTa eklesiis sarkmelSi taZris gamosaxuleba asax­ avs mdgomareobas nagebobis gadakeTebamde, radgan aq TaRedi uSualod adis aRmosavleTi fasadis frontonis qimamde520. qarTul xelovnebaSi qalaqebis gamosaxva mihyveba zemoT aRweril `standartebs~, zogjer mTel qveyanasac ase gamosaxaven (magaliTad, egvi pte XVIII saukunis qarTuli fsalmunis min­ iaturaze sinas monastris gamosaxulebiT521), Tumca aris sruliad gansxvavebuli midgomac – magaliTad, jruWis II oTxTavSi qalaq kapernaumis gamosaxva sul sxva gadawyvetas asaxavs – aq mTeli foni Sevsebulia erTmaneTze daxunZlul-daxvavebuli sxvadasxva formis, zomis, feris nagebobebiT (sur. 19). qarTul xelovnebaSi realuri qalaqebis gamosaxva iSviaTia, ZiriTadad mainc esaa ierusalimi, beTania, ieriqoni. istoriuli qalaqis iSviaTi da saintereso gamosaxulebaa alaverdis oTxTavis dasur­ aTebaSi, kerZod, qalaq edesis xedi, romelic avgarozis ciklSi Sedis (f. 320v – sur. 15). aq mTel miniaturaze galavani da karibWea gamosaxuli, Tanac erT sibrtyeSi da ara mTlianad qalaqi, rogorc magaliTad, ierusalimi bzobaSi522. aris cnobebi, rom mandilionis istori­ is cikli gamosaxuli iyo anCisxatis taZris gviani periodis freskaze, maT Soris qalaq ede­ sis gamosaxulebac523. qarTul xelovnebaSi qalaqi sainteresod aris asaxuli sakmaod popularul scenaSi wm. giorgis saswauli lasia qalaqSi524. es scena mravali eklesiis moxatulobaSi aris CarTuli da didi mravalferovnebiT da gansxvavebuli midgomebiT gamoirCeva. magaliTebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT adiSi (XI s.), favnisi (XII s.), vani (XII-XII ss-Ta mijna), boWorma (XII s.), ikvi (XII s.), aWi (XIII s-is bolo – sur. 73), ubisi (XIV s.), saydari (XV-XVI ss.) da mravali sxva. umetesad es aris sakmaod standartuli koSkis msgavsi or an metsarTuliani qongurebiani nageboba, didi karibWiT, ZiriTadad brtylad gadawyvetili. Tumca vanSi, favnisSi, saydarSi, niko­ rwmindaSi sakmaod garTulebuli, rkalur struqturaze agebuli gamosaxulebebia, bevri detaliT – patara kiboriumebiT, frontonebiT, diagonaluri, qonguriani Sida kedlebiT, niJarisebri timpanebiT, Sekiduli aivnebiT, romlebidanac mefe da dedofali icqirebian da sxva. bevri TvalsazrisiT qalaqi lasia ierusalimis gamosaxulebebs imeorebs, Tumca gamar­ tivebuli struqturiT da taZrebis gareSe – ZiriTadad galavnis erTi fasadis CvenebiT. Sua saukuneebis qarTul xelovnebaSi qalaqebis gamosaxulebebi arc Tu bevria, cxadia, ierusalimis garda, romelic uamrav siuJetur gamosaxulebaSi aris CarTuli.

520

e. privalova, zogi ram tao-klarjeTis moxatulobebis Sesaxeb, gv. 320-321.

521

Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, il. 78.

n. qavTaria, alaverdis oTxTavis.., gv. 100; Z. Skhirtladze, Canonizing the Apocrypha: The Abgar Cycle in the Alaverdi and Gelati Gospels, gv. 80.

522

523

T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi xati, gv. 79.

524

Е. Привалова, Павниси, Тбилиси, 1977, gv. 79-90.

113

4. qalaqi ierusalimi

`nu daificebT sruliad: nurc cas, radgan taxtia RvTisa, nurc qveyanas, radgan kvarcxlbekia mis ferxTa, nurc ierusalims, radgan qalaqia meufisa didisa~ (maTe, 5: 34-35). `ierusalemi Senebul ars, viTarca qalaqi, romelTa sayofelni misni mis Tana, rameTu mun aRÃdes tomni, tomni uflisani sawameblad israelisa da aRsarebad saxelisa uflisa; raameTu mun daidgnes saydarni saSjelisani, saydarni saxlsa mas Sina daviTissa~ (fsal. 121: 3-5). `ukeTu dagiviwyo Sen, ierusalem, daiviwyen marjueneca Cemi~ (fsal. 136: 5). rogorc SesavalSi aRiniSna, qalaqi ierusalimi aris miwieri saxe zecaTa sasufevli­ sa, zeciuri ierusalimisa, romliskenac miiswrafis yoveli qristianis suli. amitom qa­ laq ierusalimis gamosaxulebas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba qristianul kulturaSi da xelovnebaSi. qristianul mwerlobaSi ierusalimis oTxi gageba arsebobs: 1. sityva-sityviTi – iudeis dedaqalaqi; 2. alegoriuli – qristes eklesia; 3. anagogiuri – esqatologiuri zeciuri qa­ laqi; 4. moraluri – adamianis suli525. adreqristianuli xanidan Camoyalibda miwieri ierusalimis gamosaxvis erTgvari sqe­ ma, magaliTad, bzobis scena VI saukunis rosanos kodeqsSi526. sazogadod, es aris marTku­ Txa an samkuTxa moxazulobis qongurebiani da koSkebiani galavniT SemosazRvruli are, romelSic Caxatulia sxvadasxva zomis da formis nagebobebi umetesad rotondis formis da gumbaTiani Senobebi. mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgens koSkebiT flankirebuli didi TaRovani karibWe. ierusalimis gamosaxulebebi adreqristianuli xanidan arsebobs. magaliTad, ukve naxsenebi V saukunis siriuli mozaikebi wm. martvilTa eklesiis iatakze siriaSi, sadac sxva qalaqebTan da cnobil nagebobebTan erTad qalaqi ierusalimic aris warmodgenili527. ierusalimi gamosaxulia santa maria majores satriumfo TaRzec528, ravenis san-vitales taZris VI saukunis mozaikaSi529 da sxva. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa madabas VI saukunis ia­ takis mozaika wminda miwis topografiuli rukiT, sadac gamosaxulia ierusalimis yvela mniSvnelovani nageboba530.

114

525

B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 72.

526

D. Talbot Rice, Art of Byzantine Era, London, 1997, il. 45; A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, il. 228.

527

T. E. Eckersley, Putting Christians on the Map, il. 110.

528

J. Cage, Colour and Culture, il. 42.

529

R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, il. 32.

530

T. E. Eckersley, Putting Christians on the Map, il. 20; Architecture as Icon, gv. 80, il. 7.

Sua saukuneebis qarTul xelovnebaSi qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxuleba sxvadasxva sce­ naSi gvxvdeba. magaliTad, garejis udabnos monastris mTavari taZris sadiakvnes XI sauku­ nis damdegis moxatulobaSi, daviT garejelis cxovrebis amsaxvel scenaTa ciklSi, ker­ Zod, scenaSi wm. daviT garejeli ierusalimis karibWes win. freska Zalian dazianebulia, Tanac XIII saukunis damdegs es cikli gadaxates wm. ninos cxovrebis scenebiT, ris gamoc qveda fena mxolod siluetebad aRiqmeba da gamarTulad msjeloba qalaqis gamosaxuleba­ ze SeuZlebelia. rac darCa, ufro eklesiis nagebobas hgavs – maRali Senoba, orqanobiani gadaxurviT, mTels simaRleze ganieri SesasvleliT da dabali egvteriT marjvena mxri­ dan531. es gamosaxuleba SeiZleba istoriul nagebobaTa (qalaqebis) gamosaxulebaTa jguf­ Sic movaqcioT. jruWis meore oTxTavSi ierusalimi gamosaxulia miniaturaze winaswaruwyeba ierusal­ imis dangrevisa (maTe, 24: 2. f. 111r – sur. 74). aq maRal momrgvalebul, qongurebian galavanze dgas didi wiTelgumbaTiani da wiTel saxuraviani taZari, minaSenebiT, Ria galereebiT, mis gverdiT ki TiTqmis masTan Serwymuli, koSkze dadgmuli kiboriumiani da muqmwvane kamariani nagebobebi – sakmaod STambeWdavi, marTlac rom gamagrebuli qalaqis xedi. aq ierusalimi aRar atarebs zeciuri ierusalimis konotacias, karibWec ki ar aris aRniSnuli. es bunebriv­ ia, radgan teqstSi Zveli ierusalimis damxobazea saubari. marTlac, winaswarmetyvelebebze dayrdnobiT, qristianul RvTismetyvelebaSi dam­ kvidrda azri, rom Zveli aRTqmis ierusalimi unda daingres, raTa aSendes axali, qristianu­ li wminda qalaqi, `zeciuri ierusalimi~, romelSic myofobs ufali (enoqi, 90: 29. maTe 23: 21; ioane 4: 20; luka, 19: 41-44)532. axali aRTqmis ierusalimi esqatologiur mniSvnelobas iZens. (ebraleTa, 8: 9; 12: 22-23; galatelTa mimarT, 4: 25-26). faqtobrivad, iesus sikvdili jvarze Zveli aRTqmis qalaqis dasasrulia – ufali tovebs mas da iwyeba qristianuli ierusalimis axali istoria (markozi, 15; saqmeni, 7: 48-50). jruWis meore oTxTavSi jvris zidvis kompoziciaSi (f. 247v) ierusalimi warmodgenil­ ia arastandartuli formiT, orsarTuliani nageboba, ori didi TaRiT qveda sarTulze, romelTa arqitravs zed adgas frontoniani Senoba aseve TaRebiT gaxsnili grZivi fasadis mxridan. sayuradReboa is faqti, rom qalaqs ara aqvs galavani, mxolod erTi didi karibWe da maRali koSkebi, anu sazogadod miRebuli konfiguraciisaa. sxvagvarad aris gamosaxuli es qalaqi keTili samaritelis igavis dasuraTebaSi (luka, 10: 30-35. f. 158v), sadac ori qalaqi – ierusalimi da ieriqoni aris gamosaxuli. aq ieriqoni erTi nagebobis saxiT aris gamosaxxuli kompoziciis qveda marjvena kuTxeSi, samagierod ierusalimi, kompoziciis zeda marcxena kuTxeSi sakmaod did, mravalnawilian nagebobaTa erTobliobas warmoadgens, sxvaTa Soris galavnis gareSe, orTaRovani karibWiT, mis ar­ qitravze Sedgmuli sxvadasxva formis da sxvadasxva kuTxiT danaxuli patara nagebobebiT da Tumca am igavSi TviT ierusalims raime gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ar eniWeba, igi mainc `zeda~ zonaSi aris gamosaxuli. g. abramiSvili, daviT garejelis cikli qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi, gv. 55, sur. 9; A. Eastmond, The Cult of St. Davit Garejeli: Patronage and Iconographic Change in the Gareji Desert, gv. 228, nax. 2.

531

532

B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 42-43.

115

ierusalimis gamosaxulebebi mravlad aris sxvadasxva scenebSi, yvelaze metad ki cxadia, bzobaSi anu ierusalimad SesvlaSi, romelic gamoxsnili kacobriobis sasufevelSi Sesv­ lis, adamianis zeciur mamulSi `dabrunebis~ winasaxea. am gamosaxulebebSi sainteresod aisaxa Sua saukuneebis mxatvrebis xedva da midgoma re­ alurad arsebuli xuroTmoZRvrebis gamoxatvis mimarT. cxadia, sxvaa erTi konkretuli taZris gamosaxva qtitorTa portretSi (Tanac, umetes SemTxvevaSi es nagebobebi ostatTa Tvalwin iyo) da sul sxvaa mTeli qalaqisa, miTumetes, rom mxatvarTa umetesobas iqneb arc odesme uxilavs ierusalimi. bzobis kompoziciis gamosaxulebas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs magaliTad, IV saukunis iunius basusis qvis sarkofagis reliefebi533, VI saukunis rosanos kodeqsis miniatura534 da sxva. kompoziciis ZiriTadi ikonografiuli struqtura im droidan iqna Camoyalibebuli535, Tumca saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi garkveuli modifikaciebic ganicada. scenaTa umetesobaSi qalaq ierusalimTan erTad TiTqmis mudam aris mTis gamosaxuleba, romelsac ZiriTadad ga­ nixilaven rogorc zeTisxilis mTas, romelic qristesa da misi Tanmdevi mociqulebis fig­ urebs ukan aris xolme ganTavsebuli. qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi arsebul uamrav nawarmoebs Soris Sevecdebi gamovyo saxiT­ metyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT ramdenime gansakuTrebiT saintereso nimuSi. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTveli ostatebi qalaq ierusalimis eklesiebs qarTuli xuroTmoZ­ Rvrebis Sesatyvis formebSi gamosaxaven. yvelaze gamorCeuli niSani, am mxriv, aris gumbaTis konusuri saxuravi da gumbaTis yelSi viwro sarkmlebis mijriT gamosaxva. calkeul SemTx­ vevebSi ki naliseburi TaRebi da specifikurad qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli ornamenti536.

Tavisebur interpretacias vxedavT zarzmis (laklakiZis) RmrTismSoblis Weduri xatis CarCoze (XI s.) arsebul bzobis kompoziciaSi: wriuli moxazulobis qongurebiani galavniT SemozRudul qalaqSi konusuri gadaxurviT da jvriT dagvirgvinebuli didi gumbaTiani nageboba dominirebs, aseve ramdenime daudevrad miniSnebuli patara Senoba orqanobiani sax­ uraviT. unikaluri detali: galavnidan qristes msvlelobas uyurebs qalaqis personifika­ cia – samefo samosSi gamowyobili qali537 (sur. 21). sainteresod aris gadawyvetili bzobis scena yincvisis wm. nikolozis XIII saukunis dam­ degis taZris kedlis mxatvrobaSi (sur. 2). igi moTavsebulia CrdiloeTi mklavis CrdiloeT kedelze, meore registrSi, is gaSlilia kedlis mTels siganeze da mxatvruladac da Si­ naarsobrivadac ukavSirdeba mis garSemo arsebul kompoziciebs. am scenaSi ierusalimis ga­ mosaxulebas sagangebo adgili ukavia. Tumca, samwuxarod, kompoziciis es nawili sakmaod dazianebulia da qalaqis mTliani monaxazi naTlad ar aRiqmeba. Tumca, zogi niSani mainc TvalSi sacemia – magaliTad, qalaqis wriuloba. qalaq ierusalimis ovaluri formis gala­ 533

R. Milburn, Early Christian Art and Architecture, Berkley and Los Angelos, 1988, il. 41.

534

D. Talbot Rice, Art of Byzantine Era, il. 45; A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, il. 228.

535

G. Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, vol. 2, London, 1972, gv. 18-23.

536

G. Gagoshidze, Jerusalem in Medieval Georgian Art, gv. 135, 138.

G. Gagoshidze, Jerusalem in Medieval Georgian Art, gv. 135. `ixareb friad, asulo sionisa, qadageb, asuli ierusalÀmisaÁ aha, meufe Seni movals Senda marTali da macxovari, Tavadi mSÂidi da mjdomare karaulsa zeda da kicusa axalsa~ (zaqaria 9: 9).

537

116

vans zeda da qveda xazze gauyveba mwvane aguriT nagebi qongurebi, samwuxarod, ar Cans karib­ We, romlidanac gamodis xalxi538. mTavari, rac TvalSi gvxvdeba, aris TaRovani formebis simravle. maRali firuzisfer­ gumbaTiani eklesiis nagebobac Cans, Tumca mkrTalad. formaTa wriuloba da rkaluroba Zalze STambeWdavia. Tanac firuzisferi, naTeli oqris da mwvane ferebi uTuod qmnian zeci­ uri qalaqis asociacias.

TiTqmis amave epoqaSi Sesrulebul timoTesubnis moxatulobis kompoziciaSi ierusal­ imi ufro hgavs erT, didi portalis mqone Senobas, niJarisebri timpaniT (rogorc adrec aRiniSna, niJara zecaTa sasufevlis saxed aRiqmeba) da ramdenime mcire zomis orqanobiani gadaxurvis mqone nagebobiT portalis zemoT539. Tumca am zeda nawilis gadaxurvebi TiTqos `siRrmeSi~ aris mimarTuli, anu diagonaluri xazebiTaa Seqmnili, qalaqis, rogorc sivr­ ciTi mTlianobis gancda, rogorc es aris yincvisSi, aq naklebia.

XIII saukunis TanRilis mTavarangelozTa eklesiis moxatuloba (zemo svaneTi) gvTava­ zobs am scenis sakmaod iSviaT versias540. kompoziciis marcxena nawilSi, macxovrisa da mociqulebis figuraTa `ukan~ gamosaxulia mTa dabali borcvis saxiT. mis Txemze safex­ urovan kvarcxlbekze aRmarTulia jvari, romelic erTgvari winaswaruwyebaa da saxe momav­ ali jvarcmisa, rac am borcvs golgoTas mniSvnelobas aniWebs. garda amisa, jvris gverdiT dabali nagebobaa, romelic erTnavian eklesias hgavs – svanuri eklesiebis ti piuri forma, savaraudod, qristes saflavis eklesias ganasaxierebs. amave dros, sakuTriv qalaq ieru­ salimis galavnis SigniT gamosaxuli taZrebi gumbaTuri formisaa, rac sruliad gansx­ vavdeba tradiciuli svanuri saeklesio arqiteqturisgan. udavoa, rom ostati sargeblobda raRac nimuSiT, xelnaweri wignis dasuraTebidan an sxva wyarodan, xolo golgoTas saxe misi sakuTari migneba unda iyos, vinaidan msgavs nimuSs CemTvis cnobil masalaSi ver mivakv­ lie. jvarcmis winaswaruwyeba aq gaZlierebulia iseTi xarisxiT, rac ucnobia qarTul mxat­ vrobaSi (sur. 75). am scenis saintereso interpretacias gvTavazobs g. gagoSiZe. qalaqis galavans SigniT ori eklesia mas gaigivebuli aqvs mcxeTis sveticxovelTan (uflis kvarTis daflvis adg­ ili, anu igive uflis saflavi), da samTavrosTan – sioni. xolo qalaqis kedlebs gareT, mTaze aRmarTuli jvari da mcire taZari mis gverdiT – mcxeTis Tavze aRmarTul wm. jvris taZarTan541. mcxeTa, rogorc axali ierusalimi – uZvelesi interpretaciaa542. vfiqrob, TanRi­ 538

yincvisis kompoziciis kidev erTi saintereso niSani: qalaqis karibWidan gamosuli xalxis did jgufSi ori figura – mamakaci da qali – sxva mxares, ukan iyureba – anu faqtobrivad mimdebare kedelze gamosaxuli jvarcmisken. sazrisebiT `TamaSi~ saerTodac miRebulia xelovnebaSi, miTumetes Sua saukuneebSi. 539

Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, gv. 60, nax. 20.

Н. Аладашвили, Роспись церкви Тангил в Верхней Сванетии, qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis sakiTxebi. samecniero Sromebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 17-37; T. Velmans, Le Peintures de L’église dite “Tanghil”, en Georgie, Byzantion, tome LII, 1982, gv. 389- 412.

540

541

G. Gagoshidze, Jerusalem in Medieval Georgian Art, gv. 137.

T. mgalobliSvili, axali ierusalimebi saqarTveloSi, 2013; М. Чхартишвили, Мцхета как Новый Иерусалим: Иеротопия “Жития св. Нино”, Новые Иерусалимы. Иеротопия и иконография сакральных пространств, ред. А. Лидов, Москва, 2009, gv. 131-150.

542

117

lis ostati mainc ufro sakuTriv ierusalims gamosaxavda, Tumca saxiTmetyvelebiTi midgo­ ma namdvilad aisaxa am scenis gadawyvetaSi. qalaq ierusalimis originaluri interpretaciaa XVI saukunis Walis eklesiis moxatu­ lobaSi. bzobis scena or momijnave kedelze (dasavleTsa da samxreTze) aris gamosaxuli, TiTqos or nawilad gayofili. qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxuleba calke aris, Tanac garegnu­ lad arastandartuli forma aqvs – igi ufro hgavs ori koSkiT flankirebul taZars, Tanac arc galavani aqvs da arc nagebobebi mis SigniT; da rac mTavaria, qarTuli asomTavruli warwera gvamcnobs `saydari~543 – kidev erTi miniSneba am qalaqis sagangebo mniSvnelobaze (sur. 76). am mxriv sainteresoa Semoqmedis X saukunis Wedur firfitaze gamosaxuli bzoba, sadac ierusalimi erTiani gumbaTiani nagebobis saxiT aris warmodgenili rogorc taZari da ara rogorc qalaqi544, Tanac gumbaTuri taZari, konusuri gadaxurviT, sarkmlebiT da portaliT, gverdiTi egvteriTac (samxreT-aRmosavleTi xedi)545.

Zalauneburad ibadeba kiTxva: ierusalimis amsaxveli taZrebis nagebobebSi xom ar aris asaxuli sveticxovlis, rogorc uflis saflavis eklesiis garkveuli niSnebi? macxvariSis eklesiis 1140 wlis moxatulobaSi, sadac am scenas dasavleTi kedlis mTeli Sua registri ukavia, qalaqi ierusalimi gamosaxulia galavnis gareSe, ramdenime orqanobi­ ani saxuraviT gadaxuruli nagebobis saxiT, maRal, frontonian korpusze dadgmuli konu­ suri gumbaTiani nagebobiT wina planze, romelic, savaraudod, rotondas ganasaxierebs, Tumca qalaqi, ise, rogorc miRebulia, aq ar aris gamosaxuli, aqcenti ebraelTa jgufzea gadatanili (sur. 77). sul sxvagvaria ierusalimis gamosaxuleba udabnos xarebis eklesiis bzobis kompozici­ aSi (sur. 78). aq mTeli aqcenti keTdeba karibWeze, romlidanac moqalaqeebi gamodian, Suqm­ naTi limnisferi karibWis marTkuTxa arqitravze ki pawawina nagebobebia – ori sada formis orqanobiani gadaxurvis mqone Senoba SesasvlelebiT da TaRovani sarkmlebiT, maT Soris ki aseve mcire zomis konusuri gumbaTiT dagvirgvinebuli Senoba – taZari546.

Taviseburad aris gadawyvetili ierusalimis gamosaxuleba bzobis scenaSi aWis XIII saukunis moxatulobaSi547. qalaqi warmodgenilia rogorc erTi mTliani, ovaluri formis qongurebiani godoli, erTi maRali koSkiT, romelsac wawvetebuli gumbaTi adgas Tavs, di­ di ornamentirebuli TaRovani karibWe, romlidanac qristes Sesagebeblad gamodis ramden­ ime figura. niSandoblivia, rom TviT qalaqSi, anu ovalurad ganlagebul qongurebs Soris araferia gamosaxuli – muqi laqaa. saerTo gadawyveta sruliad sibrtyobrivia548. sxvaTa Soris, TiTqmis aWis nairi forma aqvs qalaq ierusalims moqvis oTxTavis dasur­ aTebaSi, bzobis scenaSi (f. 70v). aqac ovaluri moxazulobis godolis formis nagebobaa, qongurebiT zeda konturis gayolebaze da kidev ufro gamartivebuli – dekoris gareSe,

118

543

i. xuskivaZe, qarTuli eklesiebis gviani Sua saukuneebis `xalxuri~ moxatulobani, gv. 53.

544

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 98-99, il. 107.

545

m. bulia, daviTgarejis udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiis moxatuloba, gv. 126-128.

546

iqve.

547

Дж. Иосебидзе, Роспись Ачи, gv. 41-43, tab. 23.

548

iqve, nax. 16.

Tumca moqvis miniaturaze qongurebs Soris pawawkina ori Tu sami nageboba gairCeva. marTku­ Txa karibWec sruliad sadaa549. ubisis XIV saukunis moxatulobaSi ukve naTlad Cans paleologosTa stilis niSnebi, maT Soris pirvel rigSi arqiteqturis erTgvari `sivrciTi~ ageba, siRrmeze miniSneba550. cxadia, bzobis scenaSi es niSnebi Sesabamisad aris asaxuli (sur. 79) – paleologosTa stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli rkalurad SeRunuli galavnis kedliT, gaugebari funqciis afsidis Tu eqsedris msgavsi didi formiT ukana planze, sxvadasxva zomis mravalricxovani nagebobiT, romelTa Soris gamoiyofa didi zomis rotonda wiTeli naxevarsferuli gumbaTiT dabal yelze. sxvadasxva zomis nagebobebis daxvavebis gamo ikargeba qalaqis Semomfarglavi ga­ lavnis struqtura: marjvena mxares is rkalurad evleba qalaqs, mere ikargeba da saerTod aRar Cans kompoziciis marcxena mxares. qalaqis karibWe qongurebiani kedliT da ori ko­ SkiT aris aRniSnuli, Tumca moqalaqeebis jgufi faravs mis did nawils. karibWe da roton­ da gamokveTen im simbolur mniSvnelobas, romelic miwier qalaq ierusalims zeciuri ieru­ salimis Rirsebas aniWebs. niSandoblivia, rom soris XIV saukunis moxatulobaSi ierusalimis gamosaxuleba TiTqmis zustad imeorebs ubisisas: paleologosTa stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli rkalu­ rad SeRunuli galavnis kedliT, nagebobaTa daxvavebiT da didi zomis rotondiT. XVI saukunis qoreTis eklesiis moxatulobaSi, romelic `xalxuri~ nakadis mxatvrobebs ganekuTvneba, bzobaSi ierusalimi gamosaxulia mravalsarTuliani Senobis saxiT, bevri Ri­ adebiT, horizontaluri danawevrebis xazebiT, Tanac absoluturad brtylad. bzobis Zalze iSviaTi saxea mocemuli amaSukeTis XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi (sur. 80). qalaqi ierusalimi gamosaxulia mravalsarTuliani, horizontalurad gaSlili nagebobis saxiT, RiadebiT, Tumca karibWis gareSe. mis win ki dgas erTaderTi figura – RmrTismSobeli mariami – erTmniSvnelovnad am scenis simboluri saxiTmetyvelebiTi arsis gamoxatuleba551. bzobis scenis gamosaxvis erTi mniSvnelovani nimuSi aris gelaTis monastris RmrTismS­ oblis Sobis taZris mTavari sivrcis CrdiloeTi mklavis CrdiloeTi kedlis XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi, qtitorTa rigis zemoT (sur. 81). ierusalimis gamosaxulebas sakmaod didi adgili ukavia, es aris kristalurad mkafio formebis mqone galavani, amJamad monacrisfro tonis, kapitelebiani qongurebiT, pilastrebiT, ornamentebiT, didi portaliT. sagulisx­ moa, rom xalxis simravle am portalis fonze ki ar aris warmodgenili, aramed mis marcxniv, `win~, ufro qristesken axlos. amitom qalaqi TiTqos damoukideblad dgas da amiT ufro iwvevs asociacias zeciur ierusalimTan. galavans SigniT ramdenime nagebobaa orqanobiani saxuraviT, centrSi ki maRal yeliani gumbaTovani eklesia, konusuri gadaxurviT. am nage­ bobebis ferebi muqi wiTeli oqra, yviTeli oqra da nacrisferia. aq mkafiod horizontaluri da vertikaluri xazebi Warbobs, rac kristalurobisa da mowesrigebulobis saerTo STabe­ Wdilebas ufro amZafrebs. rogorc iTqva, bzobis scenaSi qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxule­ ba amavdroulad zeciuri ierusalimis saxea. zeciuri ierusalimis saxe ki swored krista­ 549

i. WiWinaZe, moqvis oTxTavis gaformebis mxatvruli princi pebi, il. 64.

S. amiranaSvili, qarTveli mxatvari damiane, gv. 11-14, tab. 63-64; n. burWulaZe, ubisis monastris xatebi, gv. 118-121.

550

551

i. xuskivaZe, amaSukeTi – eklesia deda RmrTisa.., gv. 195-214.

119

luri struqturisaa – kldis broli, Zvirfasi qvebi, kristaluri tba da sxva msgavsi maxas­ iaTeblebi. midgomis da interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa bzobis scena gelaTis taZris Crdilo-aRmosavleT egvteris XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi, sadac ierusalimis galavani TiTqos sagangebod TeTrad aris datovebuli, maSin roca didi gumbaTiani nageboba qalaqis centrSi mkafio Rvinisferi da yviTeli ferebiT aris Sesrulebuli, iseve rogorc mcire zomis kiboriumi mis marcxniv – rotonda sferuli maRali gumbaTiT aris gadaxuruli – ara konusuri – da udavod uflis saflavis rotondas ganasaxierebs. qalaqis galavnis kedleb­ is amgvari `siqaTqaTe~ udavod droisa da uxeiro gawmendis Sedegia, Tumca naTelia, rom ga­ lavnis da rotondis feradovneba imTaviTve kontrastuli unda yofiliyo (sur. 82) 552.

1678 wlis sauflo dResaswaulTa xatze samebis gamosaxulebiT553 bzobaSi qalaqi ieru­ salimi warmodgenilia marTkuTxa qongurebian galavanSi moqceuli patara nagebobebiT, romelTa centrSi wiTelgumbaTiani rotondis msgavsi nagebobaa – uflis saflavi. amave 1678 wliT TariRdeba bzobis ferweruli xati Sio mRvimedan554, savaraudod, templ­ onis nawili. aq sakmaod gavrcobilia qalaqis xuroTmoZRvreba – ZiriTadad momwvano-na­ crisferi, sqlad dadebuli TeTri xazebiT ornamentebis qongurebian kedlebze, centrSi ki sakmaod kontrastulad wiTel kedlebiani da konusurgadaxurviani nageboba – rotonda – qristes saflavi. dazianebis gamo ar Cans, karibWis forma da zoma. galavnis gamosaxvaSi erTgvari miniSnebaa siRrmis gadmocemaze, Tumca Zalian susti. dazianebis miuxedavad, mainc Cans, rom ierusalimis gamosaxulebas sakmaod didi da mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. ierusalimis saintereso gamosaxulebaa bzobis kompoziciaSi ostat mamnes sadgeris jvarze (XVI saukune)555, gumbaTiani nagebobiT, romelic TiTqos rotondas ganasaxierebs (sur. 83). mamnes jvarze zogi scenis kompoziciuri struqtura da arqiteqturuli formebi laklakiZis xatidan gadmoRebuls hgavs (magaliTad, mirqma, Soba)556. aseve, udavod laklakiZis xati aqvs nimuSad awyuris RmrTismSoblis xatis karedis frTebis SidamoWedilobas (XVIII s.). magaliTad, bzobaSi zustad meordeba qongurebian ked­ elze gadmomdgari qalis figura – qalaqis personifikacia557.

XVI saukunis Semoqmedis xatis CarCoze bzobis scenaSi qalaqi ierusalimi Zalian Tav­ iseburad aris gamosaxuli: kompoziciis didi nawili saxedarze amxedrebuli qristes msxvil figuras ukavia, qalaqis gamosaxuleba erTgvarad `meore planzea~ kompoziciis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi, Tanac misi formac ukiduresad gamartivebulia: grafikulad moniSnul marTkuTxeds, romelSic qristesken mimarTvis JestebiT gamosaxuli xuTi figuraa, muxlam­ de, zemodan naxevarwriT Semoxazuli TaRi Tu gumbaTi adgas, masSi ki sami, mcire zomis Se­ 552

sxvaTa Soris, aseTi `qaTqaTa~ kedlebi aqvs amave egvteris moxatulobaSi mariamis ukan gamosaxul nagebobas xarebis scenaSi da lazares aRdginebaSi mTebs ukan gamosaxul beTaniis kedlebsac.

553

n. burWulaZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 250-251.

554

iqve, gv. 270.

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 522-528; T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, gv. 85.

555

556

T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, gv. 54.

557

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, il. 552.

120

nobaa Caxazuli, centrSi gumbaTiani, mis gverdiT erTi aseve gumbaTiT, oRond dabali konu­ sis formis, meore mxares ki kiboriumis msgavsi nageboba. sakmaod ucnauri gadawyvetaa – am kompoziciaSi aqcenti ierusalimze namdvilad ar keTdeba558. aseve `miCqmalulia~ qalaqis gamosaxuleba anCisxatis frTebis garemoWedilobaze559. samagierod 1619 wlis caiSis malaqia gurielis mier dakveTili xatis560 CarCoze bzobis kompozicia or nawilad aris gayofili – Tavi xatidan marjvniv da marcxniv. ierusalimi aqac pirobiTad aris gamosaxuli da mcire zomisaa, magram aq gamoyenebulia sami nagebobiT Seqmnili motivi, romelic, Cemi azriT, swored zeciuri ierusalimis saxea Cvens Weduroba­ Si, da romlis adreuli nimuSi saRolaSenis lorfinis xarebis kompoziciaSi vnaxeT. 1644 wlis martvilis 12 dResaswaulis xatis CarCoze bzobaSi ierusalimi erTgvari kiboriumis msgavsi formiT aris mocemuli561. sxvadasxva interpretacia aqvs bzobaSi ierusalimis gamosaxulebas Sua saukuneebis xel­ nawerTa dasuraTebaSic. zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsarSi, bzobaSi (f. 35v – sur. 84) qa­ laqi ierusalimi faqtobrivad warmodgenilia didi TaRovani karibWis saxiT, romlis Tavze saTamaSoebiviT pawawkintela, sxvadasxva formis nagebobebia daxvavebuli562. gelaTis oTxTavis bzobis (f. 64v – sur. 85) miniaturaze ierusalimi Zalian ubralod aris mocemuli: kuTxiT dayenebuli qongurebiani koSki, faqtobrivad zedxedSi danaxuli da mis gagrZelebaze kedeli. orive nawilze aRniSnulia qvebis wyoba. jruWi meore oTxTavis bzobis miniaturaze (f. 106r) horizontalurad gaSlili kompo­ ziciis mTeli marjvena naxevari ierusalimis gamosaxulebas ukavia. ebraelebis jgufis marjvniv maRali, Ria feris, TiTqmis TeTri qongurebiani galavania, mis zemoT ramdenime msxvili Senobaa – wiTelsaxuraviani bazilika, TeTrgumbaTiani rotonda, baniani nageboba Ria aivnebiT, dabali mwvane gumbaTi karibWis Tavze da viwro, maRali, kuTxiT dayenebuli koSkebi mis orsav mxares. gelaTis nimuSTan SedarebiT, aq zeciuri ierusalimis asociacia gacilebiT Zlierad aris gamoxatuli. gviani xanis xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi, magaliTad, anCisxatis gulanSi, bzobis ramdenime kompoziciaa (magaliTad, f. 156r), da miuxedavad garkveuli gansxvavebisa mxatvruli maneris mxriv, qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxuleba msgavsi princi piT igeba: marTkuTxedSi Cawerili TaRovani an sworkuTxa maRali karibWe, romelzec dadgmulia patar-patara nagebobebi, zo­ gi konusuri gadaxurviT, zogi kiboriumis msgavsi, zogic gumbaTiani563. amgvarad, bzobis gamosaxuleba sakmaod bevria, faqtobrivad yvela ferwerul ansamblSi, romelic met-naklebad aris SemorCenili. aranaklebi nimuSebia xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi da gviani xanis Wedur namuSevrebSi. erTi saerToO niSani udavoa – qalaq ierusalimis gamosaxulebebSi galavans SigniT umetesad aris gumbaTiani an rotondis formis nageboba, rac, cxadia, uflis saflavis ekle­ 558

g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, il. 60-61.

559

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, il. 485; T. sayvareliZe, anCis karedi, gv. 87-89.

560

g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, il. 80.

561

iqve, il. 72.

562

Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип иллюстрирования.., il. 15b.

563

Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, il. XXXIII, L, LI, LII.

121

sias aRniSnavs da aqac vlindeba Sua saukuneebis qristianuli xelovnebis pirobiTi buneba – droSi gansxvavebuli movlenebis Tanadroulad gamosaxva scenis Sinaarsis saxiTmetyve­ lebiTi gagebisTvis. saxiTmetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT qristes msvleloba ierusalimisken aris misi msvleloba msxverplSewirvisken jvarze da amavdroulad misi Sesvla zeciur ierusalimSi. qalaq ierusalimis ganuyofeli nawilia solomonis taZari. es ori cneba urTierTCanacv­ lebadicaa, Tumca taZari, rogorc siwminde, inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas mxolod qris­ tes aRdgomamde. axal aRTqmaSi qalaqi ierusalimi da taZari TiTqmis gaigivebulia. Zveli aRTqmis taZ­ ris dangrevasa da sam dReSi axlis aSenebaze saubrobs TviT macxovari (ioane 2: 19; maTe, 2: 40; markozi, 14: 58). qristianul epoqaSi aw ukve dangreul solomonis taZars Caenacvla uflis saflavis eklesia. Tumca, axali aRTqmis narativSi igi kvlav sakmaod aqtiuri saxea.

Tanac cnobilia, rom solomonis taZris struqtura safuZvlad daedo qristianuli taZreb­ is sivrciT agebulebas da ikonografias564. qristianul saxviT xelovnebaSi ierusalimis taZari ramdenime siuJetSi figurirebs: zaqarias xareba, zaqarias mokvdineba, ZRvenis uaryofa, mariamis taZrad miyvaneba, kverTxeb­ is saswauli, mirqma, Tormeti wlis ieso taZarSi mRvdelmTavrebTan, movaWreTa gandevna taZ­ ridan, jvarcma da sxva. Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis Casaxvisa da Camoyalibebis periodisT­ vis es taZari aRar arsebobda da amitom misi gamosaxulebani, cxadia, mxatvarTa fantaziis nayofi iyo anda ukve arsebuli nimuSebis gamoyenebis Sedegi.

Zveli aRTqmis taZris saxea sibrZnis saxli solomonis igavSi – `sibrZnem iSena Tavisa Tvi­ sisa saxli da queSe Seudga mas Svidni suetni da ubrZana TvisTa monaTa ganumzadon tablai sibrZnis moyuareTa~ (9: 1-5), sadac saxli Svid boZze udavod eklesiis simboloa, xolo tab­ la ki evqaristiis winasaxea. qarTul xelovnebaSi am igavis pirdapiri dasuraTeba gvaqvs zarzmis XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi da ierusalimis jvris monastris freskaze565. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT am igavis dasuraTebaa daviTnis qarTul xelnawerSi H-1665 CarTuli miniatura (f. 187r)566, romelzec gamosaxulia mefe solomoni mis mier aSenebuli taZris win da am taZris sayrdeni swored Svidi svetia – rTuli bazisebiT (orad gayofil sabjenebze dadgmul or horizontalur Taros Soris sfero), msgavsi kapitelebiT da maTze gadebuli ornamentirebuli arqitraviT (sur. 86). imTaviTve cxadia, rom wm. sibrZnis saxl­ ze aris miTiTeba. taZris zeda nawili erTmaneTze daxvavebuli sxvadasxva feris da ti pis nagebobebisgan Sedgeba. yvelaze maRalia viwro yelze dadgmuli gumbaTi, romlis orsav mxares oTxkuTxa KkoSkebia, erTdroulad winxedSi da zedxedSi gamosaxuli. amgvari dax­ vaveba nawilebisa, cxadia, mimaniSnebelia taZris xuroTmoZRvruli struqturis sirTulesa da sidideze.

J. Wilkinson, Jewish Influence on the Early Christian Rite of Jerusalem, gv. 347-359; J. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusaders, Warminster, 1977, gv. 70-71, 91; R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 44-47, 50; A. D. Temerinski, The Jerusalem Rotunda or the Heavenly Jerusalem?, gv. 701-704.

564

565

Т. Вирсаладзе, Роспись Иерусалимского Крестного Монастыря, gv. 15, tab. XIX.

566

m. karanaZe, v. kekelia, e. maWavariani, Zveli aRTqmis miniaturebi, il. 168.

122

aseTive rTuli da sagangebod didebuli saxe aqvs ierusalimis taZars amave xelnaweris sxva miniaturaSi (f. 225r), romelic aseve solomonis igavs asuraTebs (5: 3-4). taZari aq kidev ufro xazgasmuladac aris warmodgenili567. ierusalimis taZari unda iyos gamosaxuli daviTni H-1665-s miniaturaze (f. 186v), sadac mariami loculobs Tavisi Zis xatebis winaSe568. aqac aris TaRedi, Sua ufro ganieri da maRa­ li TaRiT, romelic RmrTismSoblis figuras evleba Tavs. TaReds zemoT jvriT dagvirg­ vinebuli maRalyeliani gumbaTia gamosaxuli qongurebiani kedlis fonze. is flankire­ bulia ori msxvili kvadratuli koSkiT, romelTagan erTi winxedsa da erTic zedxedSia gamosaxuli. mTavari gumbaTis orsav mxares ufro dabali da mcire zomis aseTive maRaly­ eliani gumbaTebi da `SirmasaviT~ dazigzagebuli kedlebia daxatuli. ZiriTadi motivebi sakmaod axlosaa ukve naxsenebi solomonis igavis miniaturasTan. rogorc Cans, mxatvari (Tu mxatvrebi) garkveuli nimuSis erTgulni iyvnen. ierusalimis taZari orad gapobili kretsabmeliT xSirad aris gamosaxuli jvarcmaSi, magaliTad, sabereebisa da beTaniis eklesiebis moxatulobebSi. sabereebSi, VII eklesiaSi CrdiloeTi mklavi mTlianad eTmoba jvarcmis grandiozul kom­ pozicias, mravalnawiliansa da sakmaod TxrobiTs. aq kamaris aRmosavleT kalTaze gamosax­ ulia ierusalimis taZari oradgapobili kretsabmeliT (sur. 87). taZari Zalian pirobiTad aris gamosaxuli – es aris orqanoba gadaxurviani Senoba frontoniT, Tumca frontonisa da saxuravis nawili CamoWrilia swori vertikaluri xaziT. grZiv fasadze didi zomis marTku­ Txa Riobia, romelSic Cans orad gapobili kretsabmeli, anu interieri da eqsterieri erT sibrtyeSia mocemuli. am fasadis kidura nawilebze miniSnebulia sarTulebi, sarkmlebi, erTmaneTze dadgmuli TaRebi. yovelive es sruliad sibrtyovania, ufro niSania da ara ga­ mosaxuleba da sul sxva xasiaTisaa, vidre zemoTxsenebul miniaturebSi asaxuli taZris saxe. beTaniis XII saukunis moxatulobaSi, CrdiloeT kedelze, vnebis ciklis ramdenime scena­ Si ierusalimis taZari kidev ufro gamartivebulad aris gamosaxuli: jvris ganmzadebaSi, mTis ferdobze gamosaxulia sam TaRs dayrdnobili gumbaTi, faqtobrivad salxinebeli da TaRebs Sekiduli afrialebuli wiTeli kretsabmeli (sur. 88). mis gverdiT, jvarcmis kompo­ ziciaSi ki igive formis mcire zomis salxinebeli amjerad gamosaxulia ukve orad gapobi­ li wiTeli afrialebuli kretsabmeliT. ase rom beTaniaSi arqiteqturis gamosaxva bevrad ufro martivi da lakonuria, ufro niSnis saxe aqvs569.

QgelaTis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSi qristes cdunebis scenaSi (f. 22r) macxovari gamosax­ ulia ierusalimis taZris saxuravze. TviT taZari sakmaod mcire zomis TaRediani nagebobaa, baniT meore sarTulze. aseve mcire zomis taZaria vaWrebis gandevnis scenaSi (f. 123v), ormagi TaRediT, oRond kamariT gadaxuruli, gverdiTi fasadi aqac ucnaurad CamoWril-CamokveTilia. saintereso 567

iqve, il. 169.

568

iqve, il. 238.

569

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, ierusalimis taZris Temas ukavSirdeba xarebis kompoziciaSi arsebuli gamosaxulebebi, gansakuTrebiT mariamis saydari da mis garSemo xuroTmoZRvreba (ix. qveTavi `zeciuri ierusalimi~).

123

detals warmoadgens TaRedis `win~ trapezi zed dadgmuli ori barZimiT da savaraudod, feSxumiT, rac evqaristiis saidumlos winaswaruwyebaa. ierusalimis taZars xSirad gamosaxaven mxolod misi nawiliT –sakurTxevliT – trapezi salxinoblis qveS. iseT scenebSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, ZRvenis uaryofa, mariamis taZrad miyvaneba, kverTxebis saswauli, mirqma, zaqarias xilva da sxva – taZari gamoisaxeba trape­ zis saxiT svetebiani kiboriumis qveS, xSirad dabali orfrTiani kariT wina mxares. faqto­ brivad es aris interieris gamosaxva, Tumca mxolod nawilis. sineqdoqes es meTodi, anu er­ Ti detaliT mTelis miniSneba an asaxva sakmaod aqtiurad gamoiyeneba Sua saukuneebis mxatv­ robaSi (magaliTad, karibWiT mTeli qalaqis gamosaxva da sxva)570. salxinebliT dagvirgvinebuli trapezis gamosaxviT mTeli taZris iluziis Seqmna bevr scenaSia, magaliTad, atenis sionis samxreTi afsidis XI saukunis moxatulobaSi, mariamis taZrad miyvaneba, mariamis gamocda wyliT (sur. 89) da sxva. aseve SeiZleba davasaxeloT magaliTad, gelaTis RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZris sakurTxevlis bemaSi gamosaxuli `sataZ­ ro~ scenebi, romlebic Sinaarsobrivad taZris interierSi xdeba, da gamosaxulia mxolod sakurTxeveli (kverTxebis saswauli da sxva), igives vxedavT ubisis didi karedi xatis frTebis moxatulobaze. anda, moqvis oTxTavSi zaqarias damunjebis (f. 163v) scenaSi sruli­ ad neitraluri oqros fonze mxolod sakurTxevelia gamosaxuli kuTxiT dayenebuli kibo­ riumis qveS571. saintereso gadawyvetas vxedavT lixnes taZris sakurTxevlis XIV saukunis moxatuloba­ Si, sadac gare-Sidas urTierToba sakmaod warmatebiT aris asaxuli sawameblis karavis gamosaxvisas572. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom karavis kideebi gadaweulia da Cans magida zed dabrZanebuli aRTqmis kidobniT, SvidsanTeliT, qerubimebiT da oqros TasiT, romelSic RmrTismSoblis saxea aRbeWdili Sesabamisi warweriT. Sida-gares amgvari gamosaxulebani sakmaod xSiria paleologosTa xelovnebaSi, igive ubisis kared xatze573. ierusalimis taZris gamosaxulebebi sakurTxevlis saxiT yvelaze metad da aqtiurad gamoiyeneba mirqmis kompoziciaSi da mariamis taZrad miyvanebaSi. mirqmaSi Zveli taZris da axali, qristianuli taZris identoba xSirad aRniSnulia trapezze saxarebis an jvris ga­ mosaxviT (magaliTad, aWis moxatulobaSi)574. gviani periodis mxatvrobaSi ierusalimis taZris gamosaxvis bevri nimuSia, magaliTad, xobSi, mariamis taZrad miyvanebis scenaSi, rotondis formis sami msxvili gumbaTiani nage­ bobaa, odnav `Seberili~ gumbaTebiT, Tanac yvela jvrebiT dagvirgvinebuli, isini kompo­ ziciis mTel fons avseben. ierusalimis taZris gamosaxvis uamravi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba, Tumca sakmarisia imis aRniSvna, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi, ierusalimis taZari gamoisaxeba misi nawilis saxiT, 570

M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 89.

571

i. WiWinaZe, moqvis oTxTavis gaformebis mxatvruli princi pebi, il. 120.

572

Л. Шервашидзе, Средневековая монументальная живопись в Абхазии, gv. 101-106, tab. XXII-2.

n. burWulaZe, ubisis monastris xatebi, gv. 118-121; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 144; g. alibegaSvili, paleologosTa stilis qarTuli ferweruli xatebi, Ars Georgica, 11, 2001, gv. 92-93; n. burWulaZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 387-389.

573

574

124

Дж. Иосебидзе, Роспись Ачи, gv. 35-36, tab. VI.

kerZod misi sakurTxeveli – maRalsvetebiani kiboriumis qveS dadgmuli trapezi, dabali kariT wina mxares da zogjer kibiT. rogorc vnaxeT, qalaqi ierusalimis gamosaxulebani yvelaze mniSvnelovani da Sinaar­ sobrivad datvirTuli aris bzobis kompoziciaSi. qristes didebiT Sesvla ierusalim­ Si gaigivebulia aRTqmis kidobnis SetanasTan ierusalimSi – RmerTis munyofa. qristes msvleloba qalaq ierusalimisken – misi msvleloba msxverplis gaRebisken, jvarcmisken da amavdroulad es aris kacobriobis msvleloba aRdgomisken, zeciuri ierusalimisken.

5. zeciuri ierusalimi

`ganaTldi, ganaTldi axalo ierusalim, dRes dideba uflisa Sens zeda gamobrwyinda, ganscxrebode da ixarebde sion da Senc iSvebode, RmrTismSobelo aRdgomasa Zisa Senisa~ (tropari, paseqis Jamni). `xolo zecisa igi ierusalimi aznaur ars, romeli ars deda Cuen yovelTa~ (pavle, galatelTa mimarT, 4: 26).

Tu miwieri ierusalimis gamosaxulebani sxvadasxva siuJetur kompoziciebSi simbolu­ rad zeciur ierusalimze mianiSnebdnen, arsebobs mTeli rigi gamosaxulebebisa, sadac swored rom uSualod zeciuri ierusalimi aris warmodgenili. zeciuri ierusalimis cneba jer kidev ebraul RvTismetyvelebaSi Cndeba, rogorc winas­ warmetyvelebebis aRsruleba meore taZris dangrevis Semdeg. misi saxe oqros, brolis da Zvirfasi TvlebiT aris Seqmnili; es aris dangreuli taZris kompensacia: RmerTi ar myofobs nangrevebSi (ezra, IV)575. zeciuri ierusalimis mistikuri cnebis vizualizacia qristianuli xelovnebis sawyis etapzeve Cndeba da SemdgomSi sakmaod did ganviTarebas hpovebs. zeciuri ierusalimis cne­ ba simbolurad asaxulia bizantiur saeklesio arqiteqturaSi da mis Semamkobel dekor­ Sic576. es saxeebi ZiriTadad ioanes gamocxadebis teqsts efuZneba, Tumca, cxadia, mxatvrebis mier sxva wyaroebic mravlad aris gamoyenebuli – winaswarmetyvelTa xilvani (magaliTad, esaia, 65: 17; 1: 26, 2: 1-50; iezekieli, 40: 48), mociqulTa epistoleni (magaliTad, ebraelTa mimarT, 11: 8-10; 12: 22-23; 13: 14; 1 petre, 2: 4-6), eklesiis mamebis Txzulebebi da mravali sxva. zeciuri ierusalimi rogorc gansaxiereba zecaTa sasufevlisa, swored sasaxlis – qa­ laqis saxiT warmodgeba, brwyinvale kedlebiT da didi karibWiT (gamocxadeba, 22). samoTxe warmodgenilia rogorc baRis, aseve xuroTmoZRvrebis saxiT. zeciuri ierusalimis ZiriT­ adi komponentebia: galavani, daculi karibWe, daxuruli an Ria ezo, uflis taxti, zeciur ZalTa amala577. yvelaferi brwyinvalea da SuqmnaTi. 575

B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 43-44.

576

A. Lidov, Heavenly Jerusalem: The Byzantine Approach, gv. 341-353.

577

M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 91, 92.

125

es aris oTxkuTxa galavniT garSemofargluli qalaqi. igi agebulia oqroTi da vercxliT, Zvirfasi qvebiT, margalitis karibWeebiT, brolis msgavsi sicocxlis wylis mdinariT, mbrwyi­ naviT viTarca broli (gamocxadeba, 22: 1). baRi xan sasaxlis kedlebs miRmaa, xan kedlebs Sig­ niT. 12 karibWe TiTo margalitisganaa, xolo galavnis kedlebi 12 registri patiosani Tvleb­ isa da oqrosi. misi maTematikuri moduli aris 7 da 12578. saydarze mjdomi ufali umetesad aRwerilia, rogorc xma, romelic ismis, naTeli, romelic ar qreba. gaxsnili karibWe, romli­ Tac marTalni qristesTan erTiandebian, Suqi, romelic am qalaqs maradiulad anaTebs da sxva mravali detali, romelic `gamocxadebis~ teqstSi aris mocemuli (gamocxadeba, 21-22). Suqi, naTeli aris uflis sasufevlis umTavresi maxasiaTebeli da niSani, xolo mis asaSeneblad gamoiyeneba is masala, romelic TviT anaTebs, an Zlier aireklavs Suqs (magaliTad, oqro da patiosani Tvlebi, mTis broli). oqro – zeciuri ierusalimis saxea da metafora579. zeciuri ierusalimis galavnis kedlebi agebulia `cxoveli qvebiT~ (origene)580, wmindanTa reliqviebiT, romlebic efuZneba qristes, romelic aris `lodi TavkideTa~ (fsal. 117: 22; lu­ ka, 20: 17). niSandoblivia, rom am esqatologiur saxes mudam Tan sdevs samSeneblo leqsika581. zeciuri ierusalimi aris is umTavresi saxe-xati, romelic gansazRvravs saerTod ar­ qiteqturuli gamosaxulebebis sagangebo mniSvnelobas qristianul xelovnebaSi. marTlac, qristianul RvTismetyvelebaSic da saxiTmetyvelebaSic araTu qalaq ieru­ salimis gamosaxuleba, aramed taZris da saerTod yovelgvari nagebobis gamosaxuleba zeci­ uri ierusalimis saxea582. qristianuli taZris materialuri arqiteqtura aris gansaxiereba sulieri samyarosi583. rogorc zemoTac iqna aRniSnuli, Sua saukuneebis mxatvrobaSi nagebobebi, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu teqstSi xiT xuros Raribuli saxlia naxsenebi Tu mefis sasaxle, TiTqmis ukle­ bliv mdidruli palatebis saxe aqvT. es kidev erTi dasturia imisa, rom xuroTmoZRvrebis gamosaxulebani zeciuri ierusalimis saxeebia. antikur da adre bizantiur xanaSi sasaxlis gamosaxuleba TviT qalaqis gamosaxulebas udrida584 – Sesasvleli, karibWe mTels sasaxles ganasaxierebda. amgvari midgoma (synecdoche) B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 57-58; H. G. Saradi, Space in Byzantine Thought, gv. 93-94; M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 91.

578

579

И. Языкова, Богословие иконы, gv. 26.

E. Thunø, ‘Living Stones’ of Jerusalem: TheTriumphal Ark ch Mosaics of Santa Prassede in Rome, in: Visual Сonstructs of Jerusalem, ed. by B. Künel, G. Noga-Banai, H. Vorholt, Brepols, 2014, gv. 229.

580

581

`romelsa-igi mouÂediT lodsa cxovelsa, romeli-igi kacTagan Seuracx-iqmna, xolo RmrTisagan rCeul da patiosan. 5. da Tquenca, viTarca lodni cxovelni aReSenebodeT saxlad sulierad, samRdelod wmidad, Sesawiravad msxverplTa sulierTa, saTnoTa RmrTisaTa ieso qristes mier. 6. rameTu weril ars wignsa Sina: aha esera davsdeb sions Sina lodsa sakidursa, rCeulsa, patiosansa da romelsa hrwmenes misa mimarT, arasada hrcxuendes~ (1 petre, 2: 4-6).

582

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, qtitorTa xelSi eklesiaTa gamosaxulebebisa da konkretul konteqstSi gamosaxuli konkretuli istoriuli nagebobebis garda.

583

d. TumaniSvili, simboluroba Sua saukuneebis qarTul sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, krebulSi: werilebi, narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 59; H. G. Saradi, Space in Byzantine Thought, gv. 99.

M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 87; S. Ćurčić, Late Antique Palaces: The Meaning of Urban Context, Ars Orientalis, 23, 1993, gv. 67-90.

584

126

Semdgom zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxulebebSic aisaxa. sinamdvileSic, Cveulebrivi adami­ anebi swored mxolod sasaxlis karibWes xedavdnen, SigniT ki iSviaTad Tu vinme SeaRwevda gansakuTrebulad daaxloebuli pirebis garda585. swored qristianuli eklesia aris gansaxiereba zeciuri samoTxisa, realurad arsebu­ li miwaze586. axali ierusalimis saxe pirvelad Cndeba esaias (1: 26, 2: 1-5, 60; 1: 22 da iezeki­ elis (40-48) winaswarmetyvelebebSi da, cxadia, Semdgom gamocxadebaSi, rogorc gamagrebu­ li qalaqi-taZari-sasaxle, naTliT moculi, oqroTi agebuli, patiosani qvebiT Semkuli da sxva (gamocxadeba, 21-22). swored gamocxadebaSi zecaTa sasufeveli naxsenebia rogorc ax­ ali ierusalimi. es aris RmerTis sauflo, sadac is rCeulebs SeuSvebs da sadac igi hgiebs da amiT wminda hyofs am adgils, rogorc taZars. es axali ierusalimi Tavs avlens mxolod xilvebSi da arsebiTad gansxvavdeba rogorc realuri, miwieri ierusalimisgan, aseve winas­ warmetyvelTa mier danaxuli momavali ierusalimisgan. teqstebis umetesobaSi zeciuri sasufeveli warmodgeba swored rogorc brwyinvale sasaxle587.

Teodorite kvirelis mixedviT, yoveli miwieri taZari aris karibWe zeciuri ierusalimi­ sa, `sions uwodebs zeciur qalaqs, rogorc gvaswavla netare pavlem, xolo bWeni misni arian dedamiwaze yvelgan arsebuli eklesiebi, romelTa gziTac misken miiwevian morwmuneebi~588. zecaTa sasufeveli gamoCndeba meored mosvlis Semdeg (maTe, 24: 30-31; luka, 4: 43; ioane 18: 36). aRmosavleT qristianul RmrTismetyvelebasa da xelovnebaSi zeciuri ierusalimi uf­ ro metaforaa, simboluri saxe da ara konkretuli teqstis ilustracia, Tumca am teqstSi naxseneb maxasiaTeblebs met-naklebad asaxavs. zeciuri ierusalimi aris taZari, sasaxle, qalaqi, zeciuri karibWe, koSki589. zeciur ierusalims gamokveTilad esqatologiuri Sinaar­ si aqvs. zeciuri ierusalimi upirispirdeba miwier ierusalims, es ukanaskneli aRar iarse­ bebs, roca zecidan Camova axali, zeciuri qalaqi. amavdroulad, es axali qalaqi, garkveu­ li TvalsazrisiT, imeorebs miwieri qalaqis formebs. Tumca, aris erTi didi gansxvaveba, romelic gamocxadebaSia aRwerili: zeciur ierusalimSi ar aris taZari, vinaidan iq TviT ufali sufevs, kravi da yvela is vinc Cawerilia sicocxlis wignSi (gamocxadeba 21: 22). `gamocxadebaSi~ mocemul aRweras garkveulad esadageba ierusalimis gamosaxuleba san­ ta maria majores satriumfo TaRis mozaikuri dekoris qveda registrSi, rac dadasturebu­ lia warweriT da kravebiT mis karibWesTan590. qalaqi warmoadgens eqvswaxnaga galavanSemor­ tymul nagebobas, viwro maRali koSkebiT yvela kuTxeSi. ganieri maRali karibWiT, romel­ Sic moCans diagonalurad `siRrmeSi~ mimavali svetebis rigi (cardo maximus), xolo karibWis TaRSi patiosani TvlebiT mooWvili didi oqros jvaria Sekiduli; aseTive, oRond ufro di­ di zomis sxvadasxva feris patiosani Tvlebi da margalitebi amkobs galavnisa da koSkebis 585

M. C. Carile, Imperial Palaces and Heavenly Jerusalems, gv. 89.

586

iqve, gv. 91, SeniSvna 59.

587

iqve, gv. 94.

588

PG 80: 928; z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTa eklesiis freskebi, gv. 123.

589

B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 40-41.

590

J. Cage, Colour and Culture, il. 42.

127

oqros kedlebs. xolo galavnis SigniT (anu mis zemoT) gamosaxulia sxvadasxva ti pis nage­ bobebi: gumbaTiani rotonda, orqanoba saxuraviani Senoba frontoniani svetnariT fasadze, konusur gadaxurviani svetebiani Senobebi da sxva. TiTqmis identuri gamosaxulebaa ravenis san-vitales taZris aseve satriumfo TaRze591. es gamosaxulebebi warmodgenas gviqmnis imaze, Tu rogor xedavdnen zeciur ierusalims qristianuli xelovnebis ganviTarebis am adreul etapze. sxva interpretacias gvTavazobs romis santa pudencianas taZris konqis kompozicia (V saukune), romelic qristianul xelovnebaSi zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxvis Cvens dromde SemorCenili yvelaze adreuli da yvelaze monumenturi saxea592. aq macxovris dideba swored zeciuri ierusalimis fonze aris gaSlili. miuxedavad mravali aRdgena-gadawerisa Semdgom epoqebSi, kompoziciis Tavdapirveli wyoba da ikonografia SenarCunebulia. aRsaydrebuli macxovris da mis qvemoT gamosaxuli mociqulebis figurebi zeciuri qalaqis grandiozuli xedis fonzea warmodgenili. ro­ gorc Cans, es nagebobebi asaxavs konstantines aRmSeneblobas realur ierusalimSi593, kom­ poziciis Semadgenloba esadageba zeciuri (axali) ierusalimis aRweras. qristes figuris Tavze didi, patiosani TvlebiT Semkuli golgoTis jvaria, imave RerZze, qristes figuris qvemoT, kravi, zecaSi ki maxarebelTa simboloebi winaswarmetyvelTa xilvebis Tanaxmad. mo­ ciqulTa figurebs `zeda~ zonidan gamoyofs kedeli 12 karibWiT, romelTagan axla mxolod ramdenime aris darCenili. es gamosaxuleba gankiTxvis dRis Sinaarsac moicavs. kidev ufro sagulisxmoa V saukuniT daTariRebuli Tesalonikis wm. giorgis roton­ dis gumbaTis mozaikuri dekori (V-VI saukuneTa mijna), sadac qristes amaRlebis grandio­ zul kompozicias gumbaTis naxevarsferos perimetrze gars miuyveba uzarmazari registri, romelSic gamosaxulni arian orantis pozaSi frontalurad mdgomi wmindanTa oci figura patriciul SesamoselSi mdidruli da mravalferovani (eqsedrebi, TaRebi, sakurTxevlebi, kiboriumebi da sxva) arqiteqturis fonze, romelic Tavisi didebulebiT da oqros naTebiT swored zeciuri ierusalimis amsaxveli unda iyos. rva segmentad ganlagebuli gamosaxule­ bani gamdidrebulia oqros ornamentaciiT, patiosani TvlebiT, margalitebiT, mTis bro­ liT, lampionebiT, farSevangebiT. romauli xuroTmoZRvrebis gemovnebiT agebul wm. gior­ gis rotondis grandiozul sivrceSi arqiteqturuli formebis es brwyinvaleba da siuxve Tavisi zomebiTac erTgvarad jabnis kidec wmindanTa figurebs594. zeciuri ierusalimis apokalifsSi mocemul aRweras kidev ufro zedmiwevniT mihyveba romis santa prasedas eklesiis satriumfo TaRisa da afsidis TaRis mozaikebi (IX saukune), sadac am teqstis TiTqmis yvela elementi aris mocemuli595. es is midgomaa, romelic wamyvani gaxdeba dasavleT qristianul xelovnebaSi. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom dasavleTqristianuli da bizantiuri wris xelovnebaSi zeciur ierusalims sxvadasxva saxiTa da midgomiT gamosaxaven. dasavluri nimuSebi ufro

128

591

R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, il. 32.

592

A. Grabar, L’Age d’or de Justinien, il. 145; B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 63-72.

593

B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 65-67.

594

R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, gv. 23-31, il. 10.

595

E. Thunø, ‘Living Stones’ of Jerusalem, gv. 223-230.

sityva-sityviT misdeven gamocxadebis teqsts. sakmarisia davasaxeloT: madridis ferdi­ nandisa da sanCas, leonis, sent-severis, triris, kambres, bambergis apokalifsebis xelnaw­ erTa dasuraTebebi da sxva. iq TiTqmis yvelgan aris oTxkuTxa galavani karibWeebiT, zogjer Zalian pirobiTad `zedxedSi~ gamosaxuli, koSkebi da karibWeebi TiTqos sxvadasxva xediT aris danaxuli, oTxive mxares `gadawvenilia~ sibrtyeze. galavans SigniT kravi, angelozi sazomiT xelSi da sxva. xSiria ioane RmrTismetyvelis gamosaxva angelozTan erTad, romel­ ic aCvenebs zeciur qalaqs (magaliTad, kambres apokalifsi596). aq Camoyalibebulia erTgvari `standarti~, romelsac met-naklebi sizustiT miyvebian mxatvrebi, rogorc wignis dasur­ aTebaSi, aseve monumentur mxatvrobaSi, magaliTad, san pietro al monte, Civates XI saukunis freskebi597. aRmosavleT saqristianoSi gamocxadebis teqstis aseTi sityva-sityviT dasuraTeba ar xdeba – ufro `Tavisufali~ midgoma vlindeba, ufro mravalferovania am Temis vizualiza­ cia da raime mdgradi standartis moZieba rTulia. aRmosavleTqristianuli midgoma erTg­ varad emyareba evristikul meTods, anu garegnuli msgavsebis da aRweris nacvlad asocia­ ciebis, warmosaxvis, mexsierebaSi daleqili saxexatebis gaaqtiurebis, calkeuli detaleb­ is gameorebis, miniSnebebis, warmodgenebis safuZvelze faqtobrivad axali realobis Seqmna, romelic mnaxvelisTvis uyoymanod da ueWvelad namdvilad aris mTavari ideis gamosaxule­ ba da ganxorcieleba. zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxvisTvis miwieri ierusalimis qristianuli arqiteqturis saxeebs iyeneben – sionis bazilikac da uflis saflavis taZaric xom zeciuri ierusalimis miwieri gansaxierebebia. marTlac, Zveli ierusalimi, iudevelTa wminda qalaqi qristes jvarze sikvdilis mere daingra da igi Secvala axalma, aw ukve qristianTa wminda qalaqma, sadac RmerTi myofobs (maTe, 23: 21; luka, 12: 49; ioane 4: 20, 2: 16.). amitom zeciur ierusalims xSirad swored miwieri ierusalimis saxiT warmoadgenen, isic miniSnebiT. adreqristianuli xanis santa pudenciana­ sa an wm. giorgis rotondis msgavsi gamosaxulebebi TiTqmis aRar iqmneba. saqarTveloSic iSviaTia amgvari gamosaxulebebi. sakuTriv moxatulobaTa programebSi zeciuri ierusalimis saxe iqmneba asociaciaTa jaWvebis, simboloTa erTobliobis meSve­ obiT. magaliTad, yincvisis wm. nikolozis taZris XIII saukunis damdegis moxatulobaSi es idea JRers niadagis zolebis kaSkaSa siTeTreSi, medalionSi Caxatuli sxvadasxva zomis ganedlebuli jvrebis simravleSi, SuqmnaTi laJvardis araamqveyniur brwyinvalebaSi, rac erToblivad swored zeciuri ierusalimis, uflis sasufevlis asociacias qmnis, Tumca es aq ar aris vizualizirebuli arqiteqturul saxeebSi. gumbaTiani taZrebis afrebSi maxarebelTa figurebi xSirad arqiteqturuli nagebobis fonze gamoisaxeba (magaliTad, gelaTis did taZarSi – sur. 90, martvilSi – sur. 91, caiS­ Si, nikorwmindaSi da sxva). cxadia, aqve gvaxsendeba oTxTavebis dasuraTebaSi maxarebelTa `portretebi~, romlebic aseve gamoisaxeba nagebobaTa fonze. orsave SemTxvevaSi, rogorc monumentur mxatvrobaSi, aseve xelnawerTa dasuraTebaSi, es nagebobebi (zogan rTuli da mravalnawiliani, zogjer ki sakmaod lakonuri) TiTqosda mxolod fonia, magram sinam­ 596

B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 41-43, il. 59, 60.

597

iqve, gv. 122-138.

129

dvileSi isini, eWvs gareSea, gamosaxaven zeciur ierusalims. am mxriv Zalian sainteresoa martvilis taZris afrebis moxatuloba. zeciur ierusalims unda ganasaxierebdes saRolaSenis X saukunis lorfinze, xarebis kompoziciis zeda nawilSi gamosaxuli sami Senobisgan Semdgari motivi: nagebobaTa gamosax­ va `Weris~ aRmniSvnel xazs zemoT, TiTqmis simetriulad, kompoziciis zeda areSi (zeciur registrSi). es aris ori identuri, orqanobiani saxuraviT gadaxuruli Senoba, maT Soris ki, centrSi, niJaris formis naxevarsfero, erTgvari gumbaTi (sur. 22). es rigi xazgasmu­ lad `zeciur zonaSi~ ganTavsebuli, udavod iwvevs asociacias zeciur ierusalimTan, iseve rogorc Zveli da axali aRTqmis eklesiebTan. amgvari `zeciuri zona~ bevr sxva nimuSSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad, oTxTa eklesiis sakurTxevlis qveda registris Crdilo nawilis sarkm­ lis gverdiT gamosaxuli scena, savaraudod mirqma, romlis zeda, zeciur zonaSi klasikur nimuSebTan miaxloebuli arqiteqturuli formebi naTlad gairCeva: didi TaRovani Ses­ asvlelis Semomfarglavi frontonebi, ornamentirebuli lavgardnebiT, eklesiis msgavsi sxvadasxva zomis Senobebi, didi TaRebi – ierusalimis taZari, sakurTxevlis kiboriumiT, da ufro metic – erTgvari suraTi zeciuri ierusalimisa. laklakiZis Weduri xatis CarCoze (XI saukune), mirqmaSi (sur. 3) kompoziciis zeda nawil­ Si ramdenime horizontalur zolze dadgmulia sami nageboba – samive sxvadasxva formis, Tumca samive jvrebiT dagvirgvinebuli. Sua maTgani gansakuTrebiT aris gamoyofili – nax­ evarwriul formaze, romelic niJarisebri motiviT aris Sevsebuli, dadgmulia konusuri gumbaTi radialurad qveviT gaSlili xazebiT – sxivebiT, rac Zalian sazeimo ganwyobas qmnis da Seesabameba am scenis Teofaniur Sinaars – uflis gancxadebas598. albaT am xatis mibaZviT, igive motivi gameorebulia mirqmis kompoziciaSi awyuris RmrTismSoblis xatis karedis frTebis XVIII saukunis Sida moWedilobaze. kompoziciis ze­ da nawilSi horizontalur xazze sami Senobis ganlageba, romlebic figurebisa da kompo­ ziciis ZiriTadi birTvisgan sagangebodaa gamoyofili, sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba qarTul xelovnebaSi, metadre WedurobaSi. centrSi umetesad gumbaTiani nagebobaa, orqanoba saxur­ aviT gadaxuruli kidura Senobebi ki ufro dabalia. es motivi Weduri xatebis bevr nimuSSi gvxvdeba (magaliTad, caiSis 1619 wlis aTormet dResaswaulTa xatze (mirqma), anCisxatis XVII saukunis garemoWedilobaze (sulTmofenoba) da sxva). anCisxatis karedis frTebis SidamoWedilobaze zeda TaRovan nawilSi gamosaxulia xare­ ba, sadac angelozis da mariamis figurebi orive TaRebs qveS arian moqceulni, gadaweuli da svetze Semoxveuli kretsabmelis standartuli motiviT mariamis mxares. am TaRebs zemodan adgas sami Senoba, centrSi oqtagonaluri nagebobiT da jvriT dagvirgvinebuli konusuri gumbaTiT – uflis saflavis eklesia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, zeciur ierusalims ganasax­ ierebs599. es motivi meordeba agreTve XIII saukunis minanqrul firfitebze mirqmis da sulT­ mofenobis gamosaxulebiT600. Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 194-212; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, il. 17, 19, 23, 25, 26; n. burWulaZe, qarTuli xatebi, gv. 80-83.

598

130

599

T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, gv. 17.

600

Л. Хускивадзе, Грузинские эмали, gv. 133-134, tab. XXXVIII-XL.

mTel rig nawarmoebebSi qalaqi ierusalimi amgvarad – kompoziciis zeda, zeciur zonaSi sami nagebobis saxiT – gamoisaxeba bzobis kompoziciaSi (magaliTad, caiSis xatze, anCisxa­ tis frTebis gare moWedilobaze da sxva). sami nagebobis es motivi gamoyenebulia XVI sauku­ nis bugeulis moxatulobaSic (xareba, mirqma, yvedreba iosebisa), Tumca ufro gamartivebu­ li da sqematuri saxiT601. am motivis ramdenime interpretacia SeiZleba iyos – Zveli da axali aRTqma, zeciuri ieru­ salimi, qristianuli taZari, rogorc saxli uflisa da sxva. msgavsi motivi TiTqos ar Cans bizantiur nawarmoebebSi. zeciuri ierusalimis ufro pirdapiri da dauqaragmebeli saxe unda iyos martvilis XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi gumbaTis yelSi, sarkmlebs Soris gamosaxul winaswarmetyvelTa figurebis da sarkmlebis Tavze gaSlili arqiteqturuli motivebis rigi, romlebic, ro­ gorc Cans, erTian zolad gauyveboda gumbaTis naxevarsferos mTel perimetrs (sur. 92)602. es rigi axla ukeT Cans aRmosavleT nawilSi. aq gamosaxulia kiboriumebi, frontoniani Seno­ bebi, gumbaTebi, TaRnarebi – daxatuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Cveuli repertuari. Tumca, am adg­ ilas arqiteqturis gamosaxva CvenSi TiTqmis ucnobia. am kompoziciis Sinaarss adasturebs gumbaTis yelis aRmosavleT nawilSi ganTavsebuli didi warwera, sagangebod gamoyofili CarCoTi da fonis TeTri feriT: `saydari uflisa ars~ (fsal. 10: 4), rac eWvs aRar tovebs, rom aq swored zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxulebaa603. saidan movida es saxe – raime nimuSi arsebobda, an damkveTis piradi survili Tu mexsiereba adre nanaxi saxe-xatisa, axla Zne­ li saTqmelia. magram am gamosaxulebis Sinaarsi sruliad naTelia da Tavis droze albaT Zalian efeqturi iqneboda. miuxedavad uzarmazari gansxvavebisa droSi, masalaSi da rac mTavaria mxatvrul doneSi, es saxe iwvevs asociacias Tesalonikis wm. giorgis rotondis gumbaTis mozaikebTan, sad­ ac orantebis pozebSi gamosaxuli wmindanebi mdidruli arqiteqturuli motivebis fonzea warmodgenilni da cxadia, imTaviTve gaiazreba maTi yofna zeciur ierusalimSi. gamosaxulebisadmi polisemantikuri midgoma sainteresod aisaxa XVI saukunis pirveli naxevris moxatulobaSi gelaTis RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZris CrdiloeTi ekvderis Sua sa­ Tavsis aRmosavleTi kedlis moxatulobaSi (sur. 93). zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxuleba CarTulia mefed kurTxevis scenaSi, romelic iSleba aRmosavleT samlocveloSi Sesasvle­ li karis garSemo: timpanSi qristes gamosaxulebaa, ori angelozi eSveba Zirs, qveda reg­ istrSi, Riadis orsav mxares gamosaxuli mefis bagrat III-isa da dedoflis figurebisken. angelozebs samefo insigniebi upyriaT (gvirgvini, diadema da xmali), riTac xazgasmulia gamosaxulebis mTavari sazrisi: mefis Zalauflebis RvTivkurTxeuloba. zeciur ierusal­ ims am SemTxvevaSi wriuli forma aqvs da igi gamosaxulia mefis figuris zemoT604. angelozi

601

i. xuskivaZe, qarTuli eklesiebis gviani Sua saukuneebis `xalxuri~ moxatulobani, il. 35, 39.

602

n. CixlaZe, martvilis taZris moxatulobis fenebi, gv. 98.

603

iqve.

i. mamaiaSvili miiCnevs, rom es wre warmoadgens aseve samefo insignias – sferos, romelsac angelozi miarTmevs mefes: i. mamaiaSvili, gelaTis monastris RvTismSoblis taZris XVI saukunis mxatvroba, sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferati, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 9.

604

131

TiTqos exveva mas, gadascems ra mefes xmals, lorons da TviT am wreSi Caxatul qalaqsac605. zeciuri ierusalimis wriuli moyvaniloba TiTqos ewinaaRmdegeba apokalifsSi aRweril 12 karibWiani galavnis kvadratulobas, Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, aRmosavleT qristianul xelovnebaSi sakmaod Tavisufali interpretaciebia zeciuri qalaqisa da ufro metad miwie­ ri eklesiebis formebiT gamoisaxeba606. wriul qalaqs kveTs ori mdinare, mis centrSi gamosaxulia didi zomis gumbaTiani taZari, romelic Zalian hgavs gelaTis mTavar taZars – TiTqmis zustad imeorebs mis arqiteqturul saxes (sur. 94). sagulisxmoa, rom gelaTis monasteri mefe daviT aRmaSenebelma XII saukuneSi daafuZna, rogorc `meore ierusalimi~. am gamosaxulebis polisemantikuri xasiaTi sruli­ ad naTelia. zeciuri ierusalimis es gamosaxuleba SesaZloa amavdroulad gelaTis monas­ ters – meore ierusalimsac gamosaxavdes da agreTve mTlianad imereTis samefos, qveyanas, romelic imereTis mefes uflis kurTxeviT gadaecema607. zeciuri ierusalimis Taviseburi gamosaxulebaa, ierusalimis jvris taZarSi sakurTxev­ lis Bbemis CrdiloeT mxares, kamarasa da kedelze gamosaxuli mariamis dideba akaTvistos mixedviT – Sen gigalobs – da RrublebiT zecas aRmavali wmindanTa naxevarfigurebis oTxi rigi. aRsaydrebuli mariamis da misi Tanmxlebi angelozebis gundis ukan miuxedavad dazi­ anebisa, naTlad ikiTxeba koxta proporciebis svetebze dadgmuli kamarovani kiboriumebi – zeciuri ierusalimis gansaxiereba. mTlinad am kedlis kompozicias swored zeciuri ieru­ salimis cnebasTn akavSireben608. `uyuaran ufalsa bWeni sionisani ufrois yovelTa sayofelTa iakobisaTa. didebul iTqva SenTvis qalaqo RmrTisao; dedad sionsa hrqua kacman, rameTu kaci iSva mas Sina, da Tavadman daafuZna igi maRalman~ (fsal. 86: 2, 3, 5); `keTili uyav ufalo sionsa da aRaSenne zRudeni ierusalimisani~ (fsal. 50: 20); `rameTu gamoarCia ufalma sioni da saTno-iyo igi samkvidre­ blad Tvissa. ese ars gansasuenebeli Cemi ukuniTi – ukunisamde, amas davemkvidro, rameTu mTnavs ese~ (fsal. 131: 13, 14). sionis taZari – kidev erTi mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli saxe, romelic ukavSirdeba zeciur ierusalims. sioni xSirad TviT qalaq ierusalimTanac aris gaigivebuli. isini ur­ TierTCanacvlebadi cneba-saxeebia, gansakuTrebiT fsalmunebSi. 605

a. kldiaSvili, mefed kurTxevis gamosaxulebisTvis qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi, literatura da xelovneba, #3, 1991, gv. 161-186; r. mefisaSvili, T. virsalaZe, gelaTi, gv. 14.

606

a. kldiaSvili, mefed kurTxevis gamosaxulebisTvis, gv. 175.

607

iqve, gv. 178, 185-186; d. TumaniSvili da sxvani, gelaTi 900, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 264.

Т. Вирсаладзе, Роспись Иерусалимского Крестного Монастыря, gv. 24, tab. II. Sua saukuneebSi rusul xelovnebaSi mravlad aris am dasaxelebis xatebi, romlebzec gamosaxulia aRsaydrebuli Cviledi mariami rusuli yaidis mravalgumbaTiani taZris fonze, samoTxis baRiT garSemortymuli da misi madidebeli wmindanebis dasebi mis win (Architecture as icon, il. 78). taZari zogadad, – gviani periodis rusuli xatebi, sadac mariamis dideba gamoisaxeba, rogorc wesi, mravalgumbaTiani taZris fonze, mariami – miwieri eklesiis gansaxiereba. Tanac, rogorc wesi TeTr fonze gamoisaxeba – samoTxe. rusul xatebze taZrebs wminda rusuli arqiteqturuli ieri aqvT – xaxvis bolqvis formis gumbaTebiT, kokoSnikebiT da zakomarebiT. xuroTmoZRvrebas aq mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs. es gamosaxulebebi (О Тебе радуется) aris amavdroulad zeciuri ierusalimis saxe (А. Лидов, Иконы. Мир святых образов.., gv.

115).

608

132

TviT saxelwodeba sioni mraval cnebas moicavs – igi ierusalimsac aRniSnavs, pirvel eklesiasac, wminda mTasac da momaval zeciur sasufevelsac (gamocxadeba, 14: 1). amgvari polisemantikuroba Sesabamisad iwvevs misi gamosaxvis mravalgvar formebs.

Zvel aRTqmaSi sioni daviT mefis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli: mTa sioni (fsal. 48: 1213), taZris mTa (fsal. 26), daviTis citadeli, daviTis qalaqi (II mefeTa, 5, 7), wminda qalaqi, wminda mTa (isaia, 40: 1-21; iezekieli, 4: 1-2; fsal. 68: 36; fsal. 47: 2-3 da sxva), zeciuri ieru­ salimi (ebraelTa mimarT, 12: 22). gansakuTrebiT savsea sionis xsenebiT fsalmunni, magal­ iTad, 2: 6; 50: 20; 86: 2; 83: 8; 131: 13; 133: 3 da sxva. `uyvars ufalsa bWeni sionisani ufrois yovelTa sayofelTa iakobisaTa, didebul iTqva SenTvis qalaqo RmrTisao~ (fsal. 86: 2-3). aseve mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs mas axal aRTqmaSi (maTe, 21: 5; ioane, 12: 15; saqmeni, 1: 4; 2: 1-36; pavles epistoleni, romaelTa mimarT, 9: 33; ebraelTa mimarT, 12: 22; gamocxadeba, 14: 1 da sxva). axal aRTqmaSi sioni ukve sxva mniSvnelovan datvirTvasac Rebulobs – es aris TviT qris­ tes mier miTiTebuli saxli (zeda oTaxi, mofardagebuli – luka, 22: 12), sadac gaimarTa se­ roba uflisa da dadginda evqaristiis saidumlo; aq afarebdnen Tavs mociqulebi qristes jvarcmis mere; aq gamoecxadaT maT aRdgomili qriste `daxSul karSi~ (ioane 20: 19); aq garda­ movida suliwminda mociqulebze da dafuZnda qristianuli eklesia (saqmeni, 1: 13-14; 2: 1-13); aq miiZina RmrTismSobelma mariamma da aq Segrovdnen sxvadasxva qveynidan angelozebis mier RrublebiT gadmoyvanili mociqulebi; sionis saxli naxsenebia axal aRTqmaSi (ioane 20: 19, 26). am adgilas, romelic esoden bevri SinaarsiT da asociaciiT iyo datvirTuli, pirveli eklesia aSenda dedofal elenes nebiT, patriarq maqsimes dros IV saukunis Sua xanebSi, xuTnaviani bazilikis formiT; igi X saukuneSi dangrevis Semdgom mravalgzis gadakeTda da yovelTvis bazilikis forma hqonda. kirile aleqsandrieli adasturebs, rom IV saukun­ eSi aq ukve idga eklesia609. es eklesia iTvleboda TviT macxovris da misi mociqulebis mier dafuZnebulad da ewoda mas `deda yovelTa eklesiaTa~610.

Cveni Temis konteqstSi sioni sainteresoa swored misi arqiteqturuli saxeebis Tvalsaz­ risiT. saxviT xelovnebaSi sioni umetesad bazilikis formiTaa gamosaxuli, bizantiuri ar­ qiteqturis saxasiaTo elementebis gamoyenebiT, rac asociaciebis meTods efuZneba. aseve xSiria misi personifikaciebi gvirgvinosani qalis saxiT, romelsac nagebobis formis gvirgvini adgas da aseve nagebobis win (fonze) aris gamosaxuli. Tumca, amgvari per­ sonifikaciebi ufro xSiria dasavleT evropul xelovnebaSi611. sionis personifikaciis ramdenime nimuSi aris qarTul xelovnebaSi, kerZod, zemoT ukve ganxiluli oTxTa eklesiis X saukunis aRmosavleTi sarkmlis moxatuloba, sadac bazili­ T. O’Loughlin, “Remembering Sion”: Early Medieval Latin Recollections of the Basilica on Mount Sion and the Interplay of Relics, Tradition and Images, in: Visual Constructs of Jerusalem, gv. 1-10.

609

Theodosius, De itu terra sanctae, 7b., in: Jerusalem Pilgrims Before the Crusades, trans. by J. Wilkinson, Warminster, 2002, gv. 107; sionis taZarSi daculi iyo eklis gvirgvini, dafa pilates warweriT, sionis karibWis kari, gaSoltvis sveti, lodi TavkideTa, daviTis zeTiscxebis yanwi, Subi da sxva.

610

611

sionis personifikaciebis Taobaze ix. z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTa eklesia, gv. 122-154.

133

kurgvirgviniani Saravandmosili qalis naxevarfiguraa bazilikiT xelSi (sur. 70). aseTive Sinaarsisaa iSxnis taZris samxreTi kedlis sarkmlis moxatuloba612. sionis, rogorc taZris gamosaxuleba, Zalian xSirad aris fsalmunTa dasuraTebaSi, gansakuTrebiT xatmebrZoleobis Semdeg. magaliTebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT xludovis IX saukunis fsalmuni (fsal. 51, 86, 77, 101), pantokratoris monastris fsalmuni (fsal. 86), Te­ odores XI saukunis fsalmuni (fsal. 86), barberinis XI saukunis fsalmuni (fsal. 88), sadac aris sionis personifikacia qalis saxiT arqiteqturuli gvirgviniT. yvela am gamosaxule­ baze taZars aqvs bazilikis forma, maRali Sua naviT, farTo kariT, kibiT, maRali koSkiT da mariamis xatiT sxvadasxva arqiteqturul nawilze (timpani, niSa), rac adasturebs sion­ is gaigivebas mariamTan, rogorc miwieri eklesiis saxesa da simbolosTan. es qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis da himnografiis mniSvnelovani Temaa. ioane damaskeli sions swored mar­ iamTan aigivebs613. sioni amavdroulad zeciuri wminda qalaqis saxelicaa da saxec. ase ikveTeba gamosax­ ulebebSi urTierTSemavsebeli, urTierTCanacvlebadi, urTierTganmamartebeli cnebebi da saxeebi. gansakuTrebiT ki mariamis saxe – damakavSirebeli miwisa da cisa, kibe iakobisa, damtevnebeli dautevneblisa. mariamis gaigivebiT miwier eklesiasTan, sionTan aixseneba kidec RmrTismSobelTan dakavSirebul scenebSi (xareba, miZineba, mirqma) xuroTmoZRvrebis aqtiuri gamosaxva. vinaidan wminda qalwulis miZineba sionis mTaze arsebul saxlSi moxda, am scenaSi xaz­ gasmulad bazilikuri ti pis Senobebs gamosaxaven xolme (magaliTad, atenis XI saukunis, yincvisis XIII saukunis damdegis, aWis XIII saukunis miwurulis (sur. 95) lixnes XIV sauku­ nis da mravali sxva eklesiis moxatulobaSi). sagulisxmoa, rom sionis saxeliT cnobili eklesiebis umetesoba swored RmrTismSoblis saxelzea agebuli614.

RmrTismSobeli – taZari uflisa Sua saukuneebSi arqiteqturis gamosaxvisa da misi sim­ bolur-semantikuri JReradobis kidev erTi saintereso Temaa. uSualod zeciur ierusal­ imTan da zogadad qristianul taZarTan, da kerZod sionis cnebasTan aris dakavSirebuli RmrTismSobeli mariamis gamosaxulebani xuroTmoZRvrebis fonze. arqiteqturuli anturaJis sagangebo simboluri mniSvnelobis mxriv sagulisxmoa xare­ bis kompozicia. amis mravali nimuSi arsebobs da yovel maTganSi es motivi sxvadasxva sax­ iT da sxvadasxva formiT aris gamosaxuli, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs qristianuli taZris gamosaxuleba, xSirad svetebiani egvteriT an kiboriumiT, romlis svetze gadax­ snil-gadaweuli kretsabmelia Semoxveuli – uflis gankacebiT zecaTa sasufevlis gaxsna adamianisTvis, sulis xsnisa da ukvdavebis sawindari da SesaZlebloba. faqtobrivad mariami TviT aris taZari RvTisa, damtevnebeli dautevneblisa (daujdome­ li, ikosi 8), aseve miwieri eklesiis gansaxierebaa da, Sesabamisad, iseve rogorc eklesiis T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, gv. 29; z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTa eklesiis moxatuloba, gv. 138; m didebuliZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis Zeglebi tao-klarjeTSi, gv. 50.

612

John of Damsacus, In Dormition, hom. 2. 3; On the Dormition of Mary: Early Patristic Homilies, trans. and ed. by B. E. Daley, Crestwood and New York, 1997, gv. 208.

613

Г. Чубинашвили, Болнисский Сион, Известия Института языка, истории и материальной культуры им. акад. Н. Я. Марра, IX, Тбилиси, 1940, gv. 83-86.

614

134

Senoba, materiisa da sulis damakavSirebeli615. yoveli taZari da taZris gamosaxuleba faq­ tobrivad mariamis saxea616: gixaroden RmrTisa dautevnelisa damtevnelo (daujdomeli, ikosi 8). gixaroden, savaneo yovlad didebulo serabinTa zeda gansuenebulisao. gixaroden sibrZnisa RmrTisa savaneo (ikosi 9). gixaroden, karao RmrTisa sityvisao, gixaroden wmidisa wmindaTasa uaRreso, gixaroden, eklesiisa Seuryevelo godolo (ikosi 12). mgalobelni Sobisa Senisani SegasxamT Sen yovelni, viTarca suliersa taZarsa, RmrTism­ Sobelo (ikosi 12). xludovis fsalmunSi (IX saukune), romelic cnobilia ilustrirebis saxiTmetyvelebi­ Ti princi pebiT, 86-e fsalmunis dasuraTebaSi taZris gamosaxuleba ukavSirdeba an sulac ganasaxierebs RmrTismSobels617. aqac sionis taZars bazilikis forma aqvs, aRniSnulia ro­ gorc wminda sioni, mis win dgas daviTi (mariamis erTgvari metaforebi: karibWe, eklesia, ko­ Ski, kibe618). taZari da taZris gadaxsnili kretsabmeli Zalian xSirad aris swored mariamis metafo­ ra. es Tema sainteresodaa asaxuli santa maria majores V saukunis mozaikebSi, sadac satri­ umfo TaRis xarebis sakmaod uCveulo kompoziciis orsav kideSi gamosaxulia ori nageboba, romelTagan erTis SesasvlelSi daxuruli kretsabmelia, Semdeg modis xarebis scena da mere meore gamosaxuleba taZrisa, ukve gadaweuli, gaxsnili kretsabmeliT. oTxTa eklesiis moxatulobaSi, iseve rogorc Tanadrouli saRolaSenis lorfinze xarebis kompoziciaSi, es sazrisi naTlad aris asaxuli mxatvruli formebiT, rac zemoTac iyo ganxiluli. ifraris 1096 wlis moxatulobaSi, xarebis kompoziciaSi (sur. 96) fexze mdgomi mariami ramdenime sxvadasxva simaRlis da zomis nagebobis, rogorc Cans, bazilikebis fonze aris ga­ mosaxuli – sioni619; garejis udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiaSi xarebis arqiteqturul fons warmoadgens limnisferi maRali didi marTkuTxedi zed patara kiboriumiT da darba­ zuli eklesiiT angelozis mxares, samagierod mariamis figuris ukan, faqtobrivad ki mis Tavze didi jvargumbaTiani eklesiis gamosaxulebaa, ori mcire egvteriT da fardaSemox­ veul koxta svetebze dayrdnobili fanCaturiT gumbaTis gverdiT (aq meore taZris moxazu­

K. E. McVey, Spirit Embodied, gv. 63. ubisis didi karedis centralur nawilze gamosaxuli Zveli aRTqmis scenebSi swored mariamis figurebia Caxatuli siuJetis sxvadasxva nawilebze, rac vizualurad adasturebs mariamis bibliur winasaxeebs.

615

616

ferapontes monastris RmrTismSoblis Sobis eklesiis mxatvrobaSi daujdomelis dasuraTebaSi daxatulia gumbaTiani taZari (oriarusiani rotondis msgavsi konusurgadaxurviani gumbaTiT, anu ara-rusuli arqiteqturis ti pis) da Sesasvlelis Tavze, kedlidan amozrdili gamosaxuleba Cviledi mariamis – xazgasma misi da qristianuli taZris identobisa.

617

А. Лидов, Иконы. Мир святых образов.., gv. 100-101; Architecture as Icon, gv. 86, il. 16.

618

S. Filipova, Image of Cities in the Macedonian Collection, gv. 291.

Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская, Живописная школа Сванетии, gv. 3-4, nax. 12; m. yenia, zemo svaneTi, il. gv. 59.

619

135

lobac ikveTeba, romelsac es salxinebeli agvirgvinebs)620. feradovnulad Zalze eqspresi­ uli, es gamosaxuleba cxadia gamosaxavs ara nazareTis Raribul sacxovriss, aramed sions – zeciur ierusalims, romelic mTlianad qarTuli sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebis formebSi aris mocemuli (sur. 97). amgvari gadawyveta garkveul paralels poulobs XIII saukunis oTxTavis (A-26) xarebis miniaturasTan (f. 23r), sadac mariami TiTqmis identuri taZris fonze aris gamosaxuli. am miniaturaze taZari kidev ufro monumenturad aris gamosaxuli, maRali gumbaTis yeliT da jvriT dagvirgvinebuli konusuri gadaxurviT, romelic kveTs miniaturis CarCos, mariamis figura TiTqos moculia taZris nagebobiT, angelozis figurisgan mas taZris koxta, sada kapiteliani sveti gamohyofs, romelzec gadaxveulia kretsabmeli – gankacebiT gaxsnili sasufeveli caTa da taZari amiT kidev ufro emsgavseba zeciur ierusalims – uflis sasufe­ vels. miT umetes rom taZris jvriT damSvenebuli gumbaTi kveTs miniaturis CarCos da marT­ lac rom `zecamde~ adis621. macxvariSis eklesiis moxatulobaSi xarebis scenaSi mariamis figuris ukan ramdenime nagebobaa, Tanac dazianebulobis miuxedavad Cans, rom dabal nagebobas TiTqos mraval­ frontoniani gadaxurva aqvs, xolo mariamis `win~ salxinoblis maRal svetze kretsabme­ li aris Semoxveul-gamonaskuli – kvlav miTiTeba gankacebiT gaxsnil zecaTa sasufevel­ ze622. didi bazilikis fonzea gamosaxuli mariami 1030 wlis zaqaria valaSkertelis svin­ aqsarSi (A-648; f. 33r), aseve laklakiZis Weduri xatis xarebis kompoziciaSi (XI saukune), XVI saukunis sadgeris jvris xarebis kompoziciaSi da mravali sxva. STambeWdavad iyo es scena warmodgenili XI saukunis miwurulis zemo krixis mTavarangelozTa taZris xarebis scena­ Si, romelic sakurTxevlis afsidis Tavze, satriumfo kedelze iyo warmodgenili623. mrav­ ali nimuSi SeiZleba moviyvanoT, sadac es idea: mariami – taZari uflisa aris mxatvrulad asaxuli arqiteqturis gamosaxvis meSveobiT. mariamis figuris ukan gamosaxuli taZari an, miT umetes, kedeli da taZari erTad swored miuTiTebs zecis karibWeze da mariamisa da eklesiis identobaze624. xarebis kompoziciebSi gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia da gamokveTili mariamis da uflis taZris gaigiveba da ufro metic, mariamis da zeciuri ierusalimis gaigiveba. marTlac, umetes ikonografiul redaqciebSi xarebis kompoziciis nawili mariamis mxares erTi an ori SenobiT mainc aris Sevsebuli, xSirad es sakmaod ganviTarebuli da mravalnawiliani arqiteqturuli fonia, sadac dominirebs maRal karSi Sekiduli gadaweuli kretsabmeli, zogjer ki lamis mTeli qalaqia mis `ukan~ gaSlili (magaliTad, anisisa da nikorwmindis moxatulobebSi da sxva). es ki udavo dasturia, Tu raoden mniSvnelovan saxiTmetyvelebiT funqcias asrulebs arqiteqtura ferwerul gamosaxulebebSi. 620

m. bulia, a. volskaia, d. TumaniSvili, daviTgarejis monastrebi, gv. 30, il. 119.

621

Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская миниатюра, il. 52.

622

m. yenia, zemo svaneTi, gv. 107.

623

Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументаль­ная живопись, il. 18.

S. Filipova, Image of Cities, gv. 293-294; A. Eastmond, Art and Identity in Thirteenth-century Byzantium. Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond, Birningham, 2004, gv. 130.

624

136

nikorwmindis taZris XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi afrebis aRmosavleT wyvilSi gamosax­ uli xareba (sur. 98) marTlac rom mTeli qalaqis fonzea warmodgenili, romelic udavod swored zeciur ierusalims ganasaxierebs625. es aris farTod gaSlili qalaqis xedi karib­ Weebiani galavniT, kamarovani da orqanoba gadaxurviani didi nagebobebiT, grZel stoaze dadgmuli sami patara SenobiT da, rac mTavaria, centrSi, SroSanebiT savse larnakiT, romelic nagebobebzec ki ufro didi Cans. es vrceli xedi erTgvarad agrZelebs danarCen oTx afraSi gamosaxul maxarebelTa figurebis arqiteqturul fons da mTlianobaSi swore­ dac rom zeciuri ierusalimis saxe iqmneba, martvilis gumbaTis kompoziciis msgavsad. aseTive ganviTarebuli da mravalnawiliani arqiteqturis fonzea gamosaxuli xareba sveticxovlis taZris dasavleTi mklavis Crdilo kedelze, Tumca lokalizaciis gamo iseT Sinaars ver Rebulobs, rogorc es nikorwmindaSia626. gremis XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi sakurTxevlis pilastrebze gamosaxul xarebaSi mar­ iami dabrZanebulia saydarze, romelic faqtobrivad eklesiis nagebobas warmoadgens: mari­ amis figura moqceulia svetebze dayrdnobil kamaris qveS, romlis gadaxurvis centraluri nawili aweulia, calke kamarovani gadaxurva aqvs, fasadze sarkmlebiT, rogorc bazilikas da mTlianobaSi, gadaxurvis kramitebis naxatianad, swored eklesias ganasaxierebs. mariamis da eklesiis gaigivebis erTi Zalian mravlismTqmeli da iSviaTi saxea mocemu­ li amaSukeTis XVI saukunis zemoTnaxsenebi moxatulobis (sur. 80) bzobis kompoziciaSi. qalaqi ierusalimi gamosaxulia mravalsarTuliani, horizontalurad gaSlili nagebobis saxiT, RiadebiT, Tumca karibWis gareSe, mis win ki dgas erTaderTi figura – RmrTismSobeli mariami, rogorc ganmasaxierebeli deda eklesiisa. es namdvilad simboluri saxiTmetyvel­ ebiTi xasiaTis gamosaxulebaa627: RmrTismSobelsa vadidebdeT – mSobelsa da qalwulsa, venaÃsa goniersa taZarsa pirmetyuelsa, takuksa mas suliersa sadgursa mananaisasa, Rrubelsa savsesa naTliTa, magrilobelsa sulTa CvenTasa, samRrTosa zRudesa mtkicesa, mcvelsa yovlisa soflisas628. rogorc vnaxeT, aRmosavleT saqristianoSi zeciuri ierusalimis vizualuri saxe qris­ tianuli ierusalimis arqiteqturuli nagebobebis gamosaxviT iqmneba, metadre ki uflis saflavis eklesiisa, romelic swored zeciuri ierusalimis simbolo da miwaze misi gansax­ iereba gaxda.

625

i. xuskivaZe, nikorwmindis taZris moxatuloba, gv. 109-110.

626

n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, il. 279-281.

627

i. xuskivaZe, amaSukeTi – eklesia deda RmrTisa.., gv. 203, sur. 9.

628

ioane minCxi, poezia, marxvani, red. l. xaCiZe, YTbilisi, 1987, gv. 160.

137

6. uflis saflavis eklesia

`viTarca naTliT Semosilsa da viTarca umSvenieressa samoTxisasa, esreT gicnobT Sen, romeli gamosCndi mxsnelad yovlisa soflisa, aRsdeg ubrwyinvalesi yovlisa naTelTa, qriste, RmerTo Cveno, da gamosCnda saflavi Seni, viTarca wyaro Cvenisa aRdgomisa~ (tropari, paseqis Jamni). qristianul RvTismetyvelebaSi uflis saflavi aris kosmosis centri, samyaros Wi pi – omfalosi629. qristes aRdgomis vizualuri gamosaxuleba misi saflavi iyo, romelic aRdgomis rotondis centrSi iyo moqceuli. evsebius kesarielis TqmiT, sityvebze metad aRdgomis dasturi swored es saflavi aris630 da qristes saflavis eklesias `axal ieru­ salims~ uwodebs631. VI saukunis madabas mozaikuri rukis centrSi gamosaxulia ierusal­ imi; ierusalimis centrSi uflis saflavis eklesia, eklesiis centrSi ki sakuTriv kuvuk­ lia632. ukve saxedakargul Zvel ierusalimSi konstantine didis mier axali sicocxlis Caberva misi qristianuli samyaros centrad aRorZineba gaxda, da am centris centri uflis saflavi iyo. wminda saflavi igive zeciuri ierusalimis saxea dedamiwaze633. aq gamoyenebuli arqite­ qturuli ti pebi da formebi mTlianad romauli samSeneblo tradiciidan iqna gadmotanili, Tumca axleburad SekavSirebul-kombinirebuli, mTavari iyo `ara forma rogorc forma, ar­ amed axali mniSvneloba, romelic mieniWa am nagebobebs~634. uflis saflavis eklesiis struqtura bevri TvalsazrisiT aris Zveli aRTqmis taZris refleqsia, simboluri msgavseba, misi ZiriTadi struqturuli, sivrciTi da liturgiuli danawilebis gameoreba635. uflis saflavis taZris xsenebisas umetesad gulisxmoben aRdgomis rotondasac da ku­ vukliasac (edikula), maSin roca es aris mravalnawiliani didi eklesia, romlis ZiriTadi Semadgenlebi konstantine didis dros Camoyalibda, Tumca saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi icv­ leboda maTi arqiteqturuli saxe da maTTvis gamoyofili sivrcec. ZiriTadad es aris sa­ kuTriv kuvuklia (qristes saflavis akldama), mis Tavs dadgmuli aRdgomis rotonda, mis aRmosavleTiT ganlagebuli bazilika-martiriumi, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT golgoTa da ua­ mravi patara kapela da samlocvelo taZris sxvadasxva nawilSi da sxvadasxva doneze. sol­ B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 88, 92-93; R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher and the Martyrion, gv. 46-47; A. D. Temerinski, The Jerusalem Rotunda or the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 704.

629

630

R. Ousterhout, Visualizing the Tomb of Christ, gv. 439.

631

Vita Constantina, III, 33; B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv. 81-82.

632

B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly, gv. 89-91.

633

F. W. Deichmann, Einführung in die christlische Archäologie, Darmstadt, 1983, gv. 96.

F. W. Deichmann, Einführung.., gv. 96; misive, Die Architektur des konstantinischen Zeitalters, in: Rom, Ravenna, Konstan-tinopel, Naher Osten. Gesammelte Studien zur spätantikrn Architektur, Kunst und Geschichte, Wiesbaden, 1982, gv.

119.

634

635

138

R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 46-47.

omonis taZris struqtura sanimuSo iyo qristianuli taZrebis kompoziciebisTvis (sivrcis samnawilianoba, atriumi da sxva)636.

Sua saukuneebis ritorikaSi uflis saflavis eklesia da uSualod qristes saflavis akldama (kuvuklia) urTierTCanacvlebadia da ganzogadebulad gamoisaxeba umetesad wri­ uli an oqtagonaluri formis svetebiani gumbaTuri nagebobis saxiT, zogjer kiboriumiT gadaxuruli, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc uflis saflavis eklesiis, aseve kuvuklias aR­ saniSnavad637. sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi am didi taZris sxvadasxva nawilebs gamosaxaven, Tumca ZiriTadad mainc rotondis an kuvuklias saxiT. edikula, rogorc wesi, gamoisaxeba svetebze dadgmuli frontoniani niJarisebri formiT Sevsebuli TaRis saxiT, akanTis formis akroteriumebiT kuTxeebSi, msubuqi alaTebiT svet­ ebs Soris, zemodan dadgmuli gumbaTiT638. tunisSi, tabarqas taZris V saukunis mozaikuri gamosaxuleba `deda eklesiisa~, adreul periodSi eklesiis gamosaxvis zogadad miRebul sqemas asaxavs639. uflis saflavis rotondas gamosaxulebebi ufro poligonalur formas atarebs, vidre wriuls. amas emateba cifri 8-s simboluri mniSvneloba, rogorc aRdgomaze mimaniSnebeli, da amitomac, SesaZloa, oqtagoni ufro Sesafer formad iqna miCneuli640. uflis saflavis gamosaxulebani uadresi droidan iqmneboda, misi Taviseburi versia aris dura evroposis III saukunis saxli-eklesiis freskaze. aq menelsacxeble dedani dganan uzarmazari orqanoba sarkofagis msgavsi nagebobis winaSe, rac, udavod, uflis saflavis gamosaxulebaa641. xSiria uflis saflavis gamosaxulebani piligrimebis sasuveniro ampulebze (moncas am­ pulebi, VI saukune, # 5, 9, 13, da sxva642), spilos Zvlis piqsidebze643 da sxva. sagulisxmoa, rom am artefaqtebze gamosaxulia maTi Seqmnis droisTvis arsebuli nageboba, da ara kldeSi na­ kveTi mRvime644. j. uilkinsonis rekonstruqcia iZleva warmodgenas mis adreul formaze645. uflis saflavis gamosaxvis erTi sagulisxmo nimuSia VI saukunis relikvariumi dResas­ waulTa scenebiT, sadac menelsacxeble dedani da angelozi karviT gadaxuruli, gamWoli R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 44-45; j. uilkinsoni, qristes saflavi: ierusalimi da mcxeTa, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 1, 2002, gv. 61, nax. 4; J. Wilkinson, Jewish Influence on the Early Christian Rite of Jerusalem, gv. 47-359; J. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusaders, gv. 70-71; 91; И. Языкова, Богословие иконы, gv. 35.

636

S. Filipova, Images of Cities, gv. 290, 291; J. Bogdanovich, The Rhetoric of Architecture in Byzantine Context: the Case Study of the Holy Sepulcher, Зограф, 38, 2014, gv. 1-21.

637

638

R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 49.

639

R. Milburn, Early Christian art and architecture, Berkley and Los Angelos, 1988, gv. 156, il. 102.

640

A. D. Temerinski, The Jerusalem Rotunda or the Heavenly Jerusalem?, gv. 703-704.

641

R. Milburn, Early Christian Art and Architecture, gv. 10-12, il. 5.

A. Grabar, Les Ampoules de Terre Sainte, Paris, 1938; R. Ousterhout, The Temple, the Holy Sepulcher, gv. 48, il. 5-6; j. uilkinsoni, qristes saflavi: ierusalimi da mcxeTa, gv. 61, nax 4; G. Vikan, Early Byzantine Pilgrimage Art, 2nd ed., Washington DC, 2010; B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, gv 93-96, il. 18, 19, 43.

642

643

B. Kühnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, il. 39-42.

644

R. Ousterhout, Visualizing the Tomb of Christ, gv. 440.

645

j. uilkinsoni, qristes saflavi, gv. 61, nax. 4.

139

alaTebiT Semofargluli rTuli, wriuli nagebobis win arian gamosaxulni, am nagebobas ki uzarmazari naxevarsferuli gumbaTi adgas Tavs sarkmlebiT perimetris gayolebaze – udavod, kuvuklia da mis Tavze dadgmuli rotondis asaxva646. miunhenis spilos Zvlis firfitaze (IV-V saukuneTa mijna), romelzec ori siuJeti aris gaerTianebuli: menelsacxeble dedani uflis saflavTan da amaRleba647, angelozi zis ara mRvimis SesasvlelTan, aramed sakmaod didi nagebobis win, romlis pirvel sarTulze gamosaxulia didi kari da mis orsav mxares niSebi qandakebebiT. am kubur sarTuls ad­ gas moxdenili gumbaTi maRali yeliT, romelic ormag svetebze dayrdnobili TaRediT da figuratiuli medalionebiT aris Semkuli. es arqiteqtura garkveulad asaxavs uflis saflavis rotondas ukve konstantines aRmSeneblobis mere, sakmaod gavrcobil da rTul formebSi. im drois adamianebisTvis imdenad zust msgavsebas ki ar hqonda mniSvneloba, aramed ZiriT­ adi, saxasiaTo, arsebiTi niSnis gameorebas, rac kvlav gvagonebs aslis Tavisebur gaazrebas Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi648. mTavaria, rom gumbaTiani nagebobaa. aseTive, cota ufro mar­ tivi forma aqvs amave scenaSi gamosaxul uflis saflavis eklesias rabulas VI saukunis saxarebaSi649. anda luvris XI saukunis spilos Zvlis (amalfis) firfitaze, sadac zedxedSi gamosaxul, yuTis msgavs samarxs daxveuli sudariT da TavsaburaviT zemodan adgas koxta proporciebis ormag svetebze dayrdnobili gumbaTis maRali naxevarsfero650. saqarTveloSic, msgavsad sxva qristianuli qveynebisa, macxovris saflavis gamosaxule­ bas did simbolur mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. yvelaze adrindeli gamosaxulebebi aris qvis reliefebze, magaliTad, xandisis stelis zeda nawili, romelic jvris budes warmoadgens651. uflis saflavis gamosaxulebad aris miCneuli taZris sarkmlis zedanze gamosaxuli re­ liefi `Savi soflidan~ (VIII-IX ss.), iseve rogorc safaris miZinebis taZris dasavleT fasa­ dze jvris amaRlebis kompozicia, romelSic angelozebis mier amaRlebuli wreSi Caxatuli jvari, romelic `efuZneba~ ormagi TaRis damagvirgvinebel erTgvar gumbaTs, rac mTliano­ baSi aseve uflis saflavis asociacias iwvevs652. mxatvrobaSi da WedurobaSi bevria qristes saflavis gamosaxuleba, gansakuTrebiT iseT scenebSi, rogoricaa menelsacxeble dedani qristes saflavTan, datireba, saflavad dade­ 646

D. Talbot Rice, Art of Byzantine Era, gv. 40, il. 29.

647

I. Hutter, Early Christian and Byzantine Art, il. 37.

R. Krautheimer, Introduction to an “Iconography of Medieval Architecture”, in Studies in Early Christian, Medieval and Renaissance art, gv. 116-130; d. xoStaria, nimuSi da asli Sua saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, gv.

27-48.

648

649

R. Cormack, Byzantine Art, il. 39.

650

E. S. Klinkenberg, Compressed Meaning, il. 19.

Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная Скульптура Грузии, il. 16; k. maCabeli, qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebis saTaveebTan, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 133-134, il. 29; Н. Чубинашвили, Хандиси, Тбилиси, 1972, gv. 5-31; T. xundaZe, e. kvaWataZe, T. dadiani, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qandakeba, gv. 63, il. 97-99; G. Gagoshidze, Jerusalem in Medieval Georgian Art, gv. 133.

651

Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, gv. 41, il. 37; Н. Чубинащвили, Хандиси, Тбилиси, 1972. gv. 17, il. 48; k. maCabeli, qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebis saTaveebTan, gv, 128-144; gv. 65- 73; T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qandakeba, gv. 109, il. 181; gv. 29-30; il. 6.

652

140

ba; Tumca arc Tu bevri mianiSnebs uflis saflavis eklesiis realur arqiteqturas – qar­ Tul xelnawerebSic da freskebzec umetesad aris kldeSi gamokveTili mRvime, da Zalian iSviaTad – nageboba. uflis saflavis erT-erTi adreuli nimuSi adiSis oTxTavis dasuraTebaSia: evsebiusis kanonebis Semdeg warmodgenilia salxinoblis gamosaxuleba (f. 5v) – oTx svetze dayrdno­ bili karvisebri gadaxurviani fanCaturi (sur. 4) akanTis kapitelebian svetebs Soris, ki­ dura TaRebSi rombiseburi alaTebia Cadgmuli, xolo Sua TaRi gamonaskuli fardiT aris Semkuli. svetis bazisebi erT horizontalzea, TaRebis damagvirgvinebeli lavgardanebis orTogonaluri moxazuloba ki TiTqos siRrmesac miuTiTebs samwaxnagiani karviseburi gadaxurvis `ukan~; formiT qarTuli taZrebis qolgisebur gadaxurvas gvagonebs. TviT gad­ axurva erTianad yvavilebiT aris Semkuli, jvriT dagvirgvinebuli da CitebiT garSemorty­ muli – samoTxe. mecnierTa azriT, es udavod uflis saflavis gamosaxulebaa, Tavisi formiT sakmaod axlo mdgomi moncas ampulebze arsebul gamosaxulebebTan, Tumca arc erTis zust asls ar warmoadgens653. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT am gamosaxulebas enaTesaveba X saukunis eCmi­ aZinis oTxTavis miniatura salxineblis gamosaxulebiT, jvriT dagvirgvinebuli da sami gadaweuli kretsabmeliT svetebs Soris, Tumca misi gadawyveta gacilebiT ufro sibrtyo­ brivia654.

Semoqmedis Wedur firfitaze (XI s.) uflis saflavi gamosaxulia nagebobis saxiT – marti­ vi, orqanoba saxuraviT, qvebis wyobiT (gverdxedi) da zedxedSi danaxuli saflavi saxveve­ biT. Tumca, aq arc wriuli gumbaTiani nagebobaa da arc oqtagoni655. uflis saflavis saintereso gamosaxulebaa oTxTa eklesiis sakurTxevlis moxatulo­ bis qveda registrSi, scenaSi menelsacxeble dedani qristes saflavTan (sur. 99). dazianebis miuxedavad sakmaod naTlad Cans nagebobis (da ara mRvimis) forma – rotonda mravalwaxnagi­ ani karviseburi gadaxurviT. anu wminda miwaze, ukve konstantines da misi dedis moRvaweobis Sedegad realurad arsebul nagebobas mimsgavsebuli forma656. uflis saflavis gamosaxuleba aris XIII saukunis setis karedis aw ukve gamqral da mxolod fotoebze SemorCenil Wedur CarCoze, hetimasiaze dabrZanebulia eklesia – maRali, viwro `orsarTuliani~ nageboba didi jvriT wawvetebul saxuravze. igi moTavsebuli yofi­ la karedis satriumfo TaRze, da karedis daxurvis dros misken mimarTuli iyvnen frTebze gamosaxuli wm. petre da wm. pavle. es udavoa, uflis saflavis gamosaxulebaa657. es forma Zalauneburad gvaxsenebs sveticxovlis taZarSi, cxoveli svetis kiboriumis XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi TviT am svetis viTarca nagebobis gamosaxvas. j. uilkinsoni, qristes saflavi, gv. 61, nax. 3; Р. Шмерлинг, Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги, gv. 30-31, nax. 1; C. Nordenfalk, Die spätantiken Kanonstafeln, gv. 10; Ш. Амиранашвили, Грузинская Миниатюра, il. 6.

653

654

D. Talbot Rice, Art of the Byzantine Era, il. 138.

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское Чеканное Искусство, t. I, gv. 115-117; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi, il. 11.

655

656

z. sxirtlaZe, oTxTa eklesiis freskebi, gv. 72-81, 176.

657

n. WiWinaZe, `hetimasiis~ ikonografiisTvis, religia, #4-5-6, 1997, gv. 197-115.

141

uflis saflavis eklesiis saxeebi sxva siuJetebis amsaxvel scenebSic aris, erTgvari simboluri gamosaxulebis saxiT, magaliTad, martvilSi, samxreTi afsidis Sua registrSi saflavad dadebis kompoziciaSi. qristes cxedars faqtobrivad `Seasveneben~ uzarmazar gumbaTovan nagebobaSi, romelic Tavisi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT swored rom uflis saflavis taZaria (sur. 36). martvilis es kompozicia erT-erTi STambeWdavi nimuSia uflis saflavis taZris gamosaxvisa mTeli misi rTuli SemadgenlobiT, arqiteqturuli mrav­ alferovnebiT da didebulebiT. aq kvlav vxedavT saxiTmetyvelebiT midgomas da arasin­ qronulobas, rodesac ambis realuri momentisTvis ar arsebuli Senobaa gamosaxuli, raTa scenis Sinaarsis simboluri JReradoba ufro mkafio gaxdes. es didebuli taZari uflis sxeulia, misi msxverplze dafuZnebuli da aRdgomaze mimaniSnebeli. marTlac, mis gverdiT jojoxeTis warmotyvevnaa gamosaxuli, anu swored aRdgomis xati. kedlis mxatvrobis kompoziciebSi, rogoricaa menelsacxeble dedani uflis saflavTan, datireba, saflavad dadeba uflis saflavs umetesad mainc kldeSi gamokafuli mRvimes forma aqvs, zogjer, magaliTad, yincvisSi, mRvimis SesasvlelSi gisosebi aris Cadgmuli, rac erTgvarad nagebobis iers aniWebs. mRvimis forma aqvs saflavs beTaniaSi, walenjixaSi, laRamSi, faris svifis jgragis eklesiaSi, mxeris da mraval sxva moxatulobaSi. nesgunis XII saukunis moxatulobaSi kompoziciis qveda nawilSi aris zedxedSi gamosaxuli marTku­ Txa saflavi (rogorc Semoqmedis lorfinze). aseve aris safaris XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnis moxatulobaSi. TanRilis eklesiis XIII saukunis moxatulobis bzobaSi, golgoTas mTaze aRmarTuli jvris gverdiT mcire zomis darbazuli nagebobac swored uflis saflavze mi­ uTiTebs (sur. 75). bzobis scenaSi qalaq ierusalimis SigniT xSirad aris jvriT dagvirg­ vinebuli rotondis formis taZari, rac udavod uflis saflavis rotondis mimaniSnebelia. magaliTad, gelaTis RmrTismSoblis taZris Crdilo-aRmosavleT egvteris XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi, sadac qalaq ierusalimis centrSi uzarmazari gumbaTovani wriuli Seno­ ba udavod uflis saflavis eklesiaa (sur. 100). uflis saflavis taZris miniSnebas vxedavT sxva siuJetur gamosaxulebebSi, magaliTad, XVI saukunis axali SuamTis moxatulobaSi, la­ zares aRdginebis kompoziciaSi, kldeebs Soris didi zomis oriarusiani, maRalgumbaTiani wriuli nagebobaa. Sinaarsobrivad igi beTanias unda miuTiTebdes, Tumca uflis saflavis eklesiis daufaravi konotacia aqvs. uflis saflavis gamosaxulebis sakmaod bevri nimuSia qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis dasuraTebaSi. zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsarSi menelsacxeble dedebis scenaSi (f. 42r) uflis saflavi mRvimis formiT aris gamosaxuli; asevea gelaTis oTxTavis ramdenime min­ iaturaSi, aseve jruWi meores dasuraTebaSi – mRvime kldeSi da saxvevelni masSi. Tumca, ig­ ive jruWi meores erT-erT miniaturaze, romelzec mosyiduli romaeli jariskacebi arian gamosaxuli(f. 77r), didi frontoniT dagvirgvinebuli nagebobaa warmodgenili (sur. 101) ganieri TaRovani karibWiT, da mis zemoT kidev ramdenime koSki Tu Senoba es ukve sxva gad­ awyvetaa, da naTlad Cans saxiTmetyvelebiTi midgoma.

XIII saukunis fsalmunSi angelozi zis sakmaod maRla, borcvze, mis marjvniv ki gamosax­ ulia koxta kiboriumiT Semkuli Senoba, maRali TaRovani RiadiT, romelSic Cans saxvevle­ bi. kiboriumis gamosaxva TiTqmis aucilebeli xdeba. aseve udavod uflis saflavis taZari aris nagulisxmebi anCisxatis gulanSi (XVII s.) jvris aRmarTvis kompoziciaSi – gumbaTiT dagvirgvinebuli or iarusad wriulad ganlagebuli 142

TaRebiani nageboba (f. 30r, sur. 102)658 da XVIII saukunis Semoqmedis gulanis TiTqmis identur kompoziciaSi. somxur miniaturebSi qristes saflavis arqiteqtura zogjer ukiduresad gamartivebu­ lia, zogjer ki fantastiuri formebis daxvavebas warmoadgens. magaliTad, 1305 wlis sax­ arebaSi arCesidan, oTxkuTxa sarkofagi zedxedSic aris daxatuli (saxvevlebi Cans), da gverdxedSic, xolo Tavze orTaRovani kiboriumi adgas, lampionebiT da kretsabmeliT – uflis saflavis akldama (?)659. gacilebiT ufro mravalnawiliani da wardgeniTia uf­ lis saflavis arqiteqtura vostanis 1419 wlis miniaturaze660. sami sxvadasxva elementis­ gan Sedgenil svetebze dadgmuli ori `islamuri~ ti pis TaRi, Sekiduli lampionebi, sami gumbaTi arqitravze da maRali, viwro konusiT dagvirgvinebuli koSki – am rTuli, Tumca sruliad sibrtyovani arqiteqturis orsav mxares ganTavsebulia angelozis da menelsacx­ eble dedaTa figurebi, romelTa Sesrulebis manera katalonuri da arabuli wignis dasur­ aTebis stilebis nazavs mogvagonebs. TviT uflis saflavi ki viwro horizontaluri zolis saxiT, romelSic saxvevlebi da sudara Cans – zedxedi – sadRac kompoziciis ZirSia, TiTqmis SeumCneveli, anu mTeli aqcenti arqiteqturazea. vaspurakanis skolis mxatvroba sxvadasx­ va periodSic gamoirCeva ukiduresi sibrtyovanebiT da pirobiTobiT, siriuli xelovnebis gavleniT. qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis zRva masalidan mravali magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. er­ Ti ram naTelia: nagebobis wriuloba an oqtagonuroba, farTo yeliani gumbaTi, kiboriumi umetesad swored am Sinaarsis matarebelia. erTgvar aluzias uflis saflavis kuvukliasTan vxedavT sveticxovlis taZris XVII saukunis moxatulobaSi, romelic amkobs cxoveli svetis salxinobels661. istoriuli nage­ bobebis jgufSi es moxatuloba ukve iqna ganxiluli. salxinoblis dasavleT waxnagze, qveda registrSi, pirveli eklesiis dafuZnebis scenaSi662 (sur. 103), cxoveli sveti gamosaxulia, rogorc nageboba bevri RiadiT, aivnebiT da kiboriumiT mis wverze. es ki naTeli miTiTeba uflis saflavze. marTlac, vinaidan wm. ninom locvis dros ganWvrita es nakveTi, rogorc uflis kvarTis daflvis adgili, masze aRmarTuli nageboba, bunebrivia, garegnulad Tu ara, Sinaarsobrivad uflis saflavis eklesias ganasaxierebda. marTlac, saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriaSi mcxeTa meore ierusalimad aRiqmeboda, xo­ lo kvarTis daflvis adgili macxovris saflavTan iyo gaigivebuli663. kvlav uflis saflavis Temas unda ukavSirdebodes sveticxovlis taZris dasavleTi mklavis Crdilo TaRze warmodgenili sakmaod iSviaTi gamosaxuleba mociqulTa krebisa, romlis centrSi gamosaxul Tavmociqulebs wm. petresa da wm. pavles xelSi uWiravT ro­ 658

Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, gv. 51-52, tab. III.

659

Г. Акопян, Армянская миниатюра, il. 3.

660

iqve, il. 52.

661

n. CakvetaZe, eklesiis dafuZnebis scena, gv. 84-95.

662

iqve, gv. 89, 92-93.

iqve, gv. 92; e. WeliZe saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriidan, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo, #1, 1997, gv. 6-16; e. bubulaSvili, sveticxovelis siwmindeebi, krebulSi: sveticxoveli, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 118.

663

143

tondis ti pis eklesia, romelic swored uflis saflavis taZarTan aris gaigivebuli (sur.

104). wm. TavmociqulTa petresa da pavles wyviladi gamosaxulebebi jer kidev adreqris­ tianul droSi Cndeba664. saqarTveloSic aris TavmociqulTa wyviladi gamosaxvis nimuSe­ bi, magaliTad, tbeTis saxarebis ydaze, medalionSi gamosaxuli macxovris naxevarfiguris winaSe, sam-meoTxedSi misken Sebrunebulni (XII s.)665. konkretulad ki es kompozicia – Tavmociqulebi taZriT xelSi, ufro XV saukunidan vrceldeba saqristianoSi rogorc xatweraSi, aseve kedlis mxatvrobasa da wignis dasur­ aTebaSi. am ikonografiul saxes feraras saeklesio krebas ukavSirebdnen da qristianuli samyaros erTianobis qadagebad aRiqmeboda666 (magaliTad, XVI saukunis miwurulis xati ko­ rfudan)667. yvelaze cnobilia kretul-veneciuri XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnis xati florencii­ dan668. fiqroben, rom aq simbolurad warmodgenilia taZarSi gansaxierebuli yvela qris­ tianis erTianoba – wm. petre da wm. pavle, rogorc qristianuli rwmenis da eklesiis ori burji: `da me gety Sen, rameTu Sen xar klde, da amas kldesa zeda aRvaSeno eklesiaÁ Cemi, da bWeni jojoxeTisani ver ereodian mas~ (maTe, 16: 18). gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs taZris gamosaxuleba, romelic faqtobrivad, pirdapiri perspeqtiviT aris daxatuli, wina kedeli gaxsnilia da Cans interieri xatebiani kankeliT. bevri niSniT es nageboba swored uflis saflavis rotondis gansaxierebaa da, Sesabamisad, zeciuri ierusalimis mimaniS­ nebelic. garkveulad aluzia iqmneba solomonis taZarTanac669, romelic zeciuri ierusal­ imis prefiguracia iyo da, amavdroulad, qristianuli taZris paradigma. saqarTveloSi es Tema sakmaod iSviaTia. gremSi, XVI saukunis moxatulobaSi, romelic berZeni ostatis Sesrulebulia670, CrdiloeTi mklavis aRmosavleT kedelze, zemodan III registrSi, gamosaxulni arian wm. petre da wm. pavle taZriT xelSi, wm. damianes gverdiT, aq taZars oqtagonaluri forma aqvs, dabali, gumbaTiT dagvirgvinebuli korpusiT da didi maRali wiTeli feris gumbaTiT. magaliTad, minaze oqroTi mkerdamde gamosaxuli maTi wyviladi portreti (A. Grabar, Christian Iconography, A Study of its Origins, London, 1969, gv. 68-69), wm. petre da pavle, medalionebi – oqro, mina; IV saukune; vatikani (T. Velmans, L’art de l’Icône, Paris, 2013, gv. 46) da sxva.

664

Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, t. II, il. 431; T. sayvareliZe, tbeTis oTxTavis ydis moWediloba, Zeglis megobari, #9, 1967, gv. 36-42, il. gv. 36. TavmociqulTa wyviladi gamosaxulebebic arsebobs – magaliTad, XIV saukunis konstantinopoluri xati sinadan, an mozaikuri wyvili kahrie jamis taZarSi, naosSi Sesasvlelis orsave mxares (K. Weitzman, G. Alibegashvili, A. Volskaia, M. Chatzidakis, G. Babič, M. Alpatov, T. Voinescu, The Icon, London, 1982, gv. 70-71). ufro mogviano xanaSi aseve gavrcelda wminda mociqulebis Sexvedris scena – simbolurad `mSvidoba msoflios~ (magaliTad, XVI saukunis kretuli xati, aTonis mTis didi lavris wm. aTanases egvteridan: K. Weitzman et al, The Icon, gv. 336).

665

666

D. Temerinski, The Jerusalem Rotunda or the Heavenly Jerusalem?, gv. 701-702.

667

Architecture as Icon, tab. 52.

668

iqve, gv. 30.

669

D. Temerinski, The Jerusalem Rotunda or the Heavenly Jerusalem?, gv. 711.

М. Вачнадзе, Кахетинская школа живописи XVI века и ее связь с афонской живописью, 1983; q. miqelaZe, xelovan-momxatvelTa warwerebis mniSvneloba.., gv. 169.

670

144

am kompoziciis mkrTali anareklebi ikiTxeba sasxoris taZris samxreT kedelze, rac ber­ Znuli warweriT dasturdeba671. misi nimuSi SemorCenilia martvilis taZris XVII saukunis moxatulobaSic, Crdilo afsidis qveda registrSi, kacia Ciqvanis sazeimo ojaxuri por­ tretis rigSi. Tavmociqulni neitralur fonze arian warmodgenilni, taZris gamosaxuleba maT xelT sakmaod dazianebulia, Cans rom gumbaTovani nagebobaa, magram ra struqtura aqvs wriuli, oqtagonaluri Tu sxva, Zneli saTqmelia672. es kompozicia aris XVII saukunis an­ Cisxatis gulanSic (f. 213r)673, Tumca aqac taZari ar aris aqcentirebuli. aseve gviani xanis qarTul xelnawerSi A-215 (f. 245r)674. sveticxovlis taZris dasavleTi mklavis Crdilo kedlis zeda registrSi gamosaxuli es scena sakmaod gavrcobili ikonografiiT aris warmodgenili: Tav mociqulebTan erTad aq gamosaxulni arian danarCeni mociqulebic – mociqulTa kreba, rac arc aris gasakviri, radgan sveticxovlis taZari swored 12 mociqulis saxelobisaa. figuraTa simravlis gamo taZari, Tumc kompoziciis centrSi gamosaxuli, ar aris ise aqcentirebuli, rogorc zemoT­ naxseneb berZnul xatze florenciidan675. saerTod, TviT sveticxovlis taZari xom swored uflis saflavis eklesias ganasaxierebs, mas uwodeben `wmidai wmidas~, aseve sions – dedas yovelTa eklesiaTa. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom sveticxovlis taZris samxreT-dasavleT mklavTaSorisSi XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnaze Cadges uflis saflavis taZris `simboluri asli~676 (sur. 105), radgan sveticxoveli aRimar­ Ta qristes kvarTis – macxovris erTaderTi materialuri reliqviis daflvis adgilas, da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, kvarTi kidevac warmoadgens qristes, xolo misi daflvis adgi­ li – qristes saflavs ganasaxierebs da, Sesabamisad, zeciur ierusalims, yoveli qristianis sanukvar sasufevels.

671

T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 209.

672

n. CixlaZe, martvilis taZris moxatulobis fenebi, gv. 101.

673

Ф. Девдариани, Миниатюры Анчисхатского Гулани, gv. 53, tab. XXIII.

674

wmindaÁ nino embazi qarTlisaÁ, il. 99.

675

n. CixlaZe, sveticxovlis moxatulobani, gv. 249-250.

676

d. xoStaria, nimuSi da asli Sua saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, gv. 47.

145

daskvnebi 1. amrigad. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xelovne­ ba erTi mxriv, iziarebs saerTod aRmosavlur qristianul (farTo gagebiT, bizantiur) xelovne­ baSi xuroTmoZRvruli nagebobebis gamosaxvis ZiriTad princi pebs, Tumca Tavisi Taviseburi mxa­ tvruli midgoma gaaCnia (iluzorulobis ugul­ velyofa), da Taviseburi motivebic gamoikveTeba (zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxva sami nagebobis saxiT kompoziciaTa `zeciur~ zonaSi da sxva). igi garkveulad sxvaobs rogorc sakuTriv bizanti­ uri (konstantinopoluri), aseve kapadokiuri, sir­ iul-palestinuri da somxuri nawarmoebebisgan.

2. Sua saukuneebis qarTul saxviT xelovne­ baSi, iseve rogorc aRmosavleTi saqristianos xelovnebaSi zogadad, xuroTmoZRvrebis gamosax­ vis ramdenime maxasiaTebeli gamoikveTa. 3. upirveles yovlisa, nagebobis yoveli ga­ mosaxuleba, iseve rogorc mTels qristianul xelovnebaSi, aris saxe zeciuri ierusalimisa, ro­ gor formebSic ar unda iyos asaxuli.

4. `daxatul~ arqiteqturaSi ramdenime ZiriT­ adi Temaa gamokveTili: uflis saflavi – wriuli gumbaTuri Senoba; sionis bazilika – orqanoba gadaxurviani an kamarovani marTkuTxa nageboba zogjer minaSenebiT an portalebiT. kuvuklias fanCaturi, qalaqi ierusalimi qongurebiani gala­ vniT; koSkebiani da qongurebiani kedeli da maTi mravalricxovani kombinaciebi.

5. Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi, maT Soris qa­ rTulSic, arqiteqturuli nagebobebi warmoad­ gens ara ubralod anturaJsa da fonis elements, aramed maT arsebiTi roli eniWeba gamosaxulebis Sinaarsis gaxsnaSi da mniSvnelovani simboluri da saxiTmetyvelebiTi datvirTva aqvT. 6. amave dros nagebobebis gamosaxva sakmaod pirobiTia, rogorc sivrciTi agebis, aseve gareg­ nuli msgavsebis mxriv.

7. ostatebi ar eswrafvian zust garegnul msgavsebas, mxolod calkeuli saxasiaTo de­ talebs aRniSnaven; ZiriTadi yuradReba arqite­ qturul ti pze keTdeba.

8. pirobiToba vlindeba rogorc garegnul msgavsebaSi, aseve ambis da nagebobebis drois

146

(TariRebis) ara-sinqronulobaSic, anu ostati Tavisuflad aerTianebs erT kompoziciaSi sauku­ neebiT dacilebul movlenebs.

9. nagebobis Sefardeba figurebTan sruliad darRveulia da Zalze pirobiTia, iseve rogorc sivrceSi maTi ganlagebis `siswore~.

10. umetesad, gansakuTrebiT qarTul nawarmoe­ bebSi, arqiteqtura Zalze pirobiTia, sibrtyova­ nia da saerTo kompoziciur agebaSi `siRrme-sivr­ cis~ asaxva minimaluria.

11. istoriuli nagebobebis gamosaxvisas, maT Soris qtitorTa portretebSi CarTuli eklesieb­ isa, ufro metad mJRavndeba garkveuli konkretu­ lobisken swrafva, vidre es siuJetur scenebSi. 12. feradovnebac pirobiTia da sakmaod ara-re­ alisturi, radgan nagebobis sxvadasxva fasadebi, nawilebi, elementebi sul sxvadasxva ferisaa da amiT realur nagebobebs ar Seesatyviseba.

13. arqiteqturis gamosaxvisadmi midgoma sax­ iTmetyvelebiTia da ara imdenad siuJetur-aRwer­ iTi. formebis SerCeva swored am midgomis Sesa­ bamisad xdeba.

14. nagebobaTa ti pebi, arqiteqturuli forme­ bi, detalebi, elementebi TiTqmis mTlianad erT­ nairi repertuaridan aris aRebuli, Tumca cxadia individualuri niSnebic mravladaa.

15. saxviTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi, mi­ si specifikidan gamomdinare, yvela es niSani da maxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva saxes iRebs. aseve didi nairgvarobaa gansxvavebul epoqebSi da sxvadasxva ostatis SesrulebaSi, Tumca arsebiTi maxasiaTe­ blebi mdgradia.

16. arqiteqturis gamosaxva, rogorc warmosax­ viTis, aseve realurad arsebulis, Sua saukuneebis qarTul xelovnebaSi gvTavazobs SemoqmedebiTi procesis saintereso xedvas, aseve Sua saukuneeb­ is mxatvrebisa da maTi damkveTebis saxiTmetyvel­ ebiT konceftualur midgomas. warmodgenil naSromSi ganxilulia am rTu­ li sakiTxis mxolod ramdenime aspeqti. vrceli masala da midgomaTa mravalferovneba iZleva Sem­ dgomi kvlevis farTo perspeqtivas.

suraTebis sia sur. 1. daviT gareji. udabnos monasteri. sa­ trapezo. saidumlo seroba sur. 2. yincvisi. wm. nikolozis taZari. bzoba sur. 3. zarzmis (laklakiZis) RmrTismSoblis xati. mirqma. fragmenti sur. 4. adiSis oTxTavi. kiboriumi sur. 5. xandisis stela sur. 6. atenis sioni. iosebis sizmari sur. 7. zemo krixis mTavarangelozTa eklesia. xareba sur. 8. yincvisi. wm. nikolozis taZari. saidum­ lo seroba sur. 9. varZia. RmrTismSoblis miZinebis taZari. jvarcma sur. 10. daviT gareji. berTubnis monastris RmrTismSoblis taZari. ZRvenis uaryofa sur. 11. aWis wm. giorgis eklesia. lazares aR­ dgineba sur. 12. jruWis I oTxTavi. brmis gankurneba sur. 13. zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsari. ymawvili qriste taZarSi sur. 14. mestiis oTxTavi. kamara sur. 15. alaverdis oTxTavi. qalaq edesis ga­ mosaxuleba sur. 16. zatiki. Tomas darwmuneba sur. 17. gelaTis oTxTavi. petres uaryofa sur. 18. jruWis II oTxTavi. qristes sityvebi zaqarias mkvlelobis gamo sur. 19. jruWis II oTxTavi. kapernaumis dace­ mis winaswarmetyveleba sur. 20. lazares aRdginebis xati sur. 21. zarzmis (laklakiZis) RmrTismSoblis xati. bzoba. fragmenti sur. 22. saRolaSenis firfita. xareba sur. 23. minanqruli firfita. mirqma sur. 24. ubisa. wm. giorgis eklesia. wm. giorgi diokletianes winaSe sur. 25. ubisis didi karedi xati. ZRvenis uar­ yofa sur. 26. xobis taZari. vamey dadianis egvteri. gardacvili qriste sur. 27. safaras wm. sabas taZari. bzoba sur. 28. zarzmis feriscvalebis taZari. Tomas darwmuneba sur. 29. zarzmis feriscvalebis taZari. mari­ amis taZrad miyvaneba

sur. 30. doreTkaris wm. barbares eklesia. sa­ banelis mSenebloba sur. 31. moqvis oTxTavi. zaqarias damunjeba sur. 32. gelaTis monasteri. RrmTismSoblis Sobis taZari. mariamis taZrad miyvaneba sur. 33. nekresi. mariamis taZrad miyvaneba sur. 34. xobi. RmrTismSoblis miZinebis ekle­ sia. mariamis taZrad miyvaneba sur. 35. caiSi. RmrTismSoblis eklesia. wm. maxarebeli. fragmenti sur. 36. martvili. RmrTismSoblis taZari. saflavad dadeba sur. 37. nikorwminda. abraamis stumarTmoy­ vareoba sur. 38. bugeuli. RmrTismSoblis eklesia. yuedreba iosebisa sur. 39. fsalmunni H-1665. alyaSi moqceuli qalaqi sur. 40. vefxistyaosani S-5006. rostevanis da sogratis bWoba sur. 42. martvilis xati ieses Ziris gamosax­ ulebiT. mirqma. fragmenti sur. 43. anCisxatis karedi. garemoWediloba. saidumlo seroba sur. 44. sadgeris jvari. suliwmindis mofena. fragmenti sur. 45. xati Sio mRvimedan. mirqma sur. 46. adiSis oTxTavi. kamara sur. 47. gelaTis oTxTavi. kamara sur. 48. lafsyaldis oTxTavi. kamara sur. 49. daviT gareji. udabnos monasteri. sa­ trapezo. wm. mesvete sur. 50. zemo krixis mTavarangelozTa ekle­ sia. wm. mesvete sur. 51. wm. simeon mesvetis Weduri xati sur. 52. daviT gareji. udabnos monasteri. mTavari taZari. qtitori sur. 53. varZiis RmrTismSoblis taZari. Tamar mefe sur. 54. beTania. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari. qtitori sumbat didi, mandaturTuxucesi sur. 55. safaris monasteri. wm. sabas taZari. samcxis aTabagebi beqa jayeli, sur. 56. Wules wm. giorgis taZari, samcxis aTa­ bagi beqa jayeli sur. 57. bediis RmrTismSoblis taZari. saqa­ rTvelos mefe bagrat III

147

sur. 58. nekresis monasteri. RmrTismSoblis miZinebis eklesia. levan kaxTa mefe sur. 59. gremis monasteri. levan kaxTa mefe sur. 60. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari. wm. mefe daviT aRmaSenebeli sur. 61. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari. wm. mefe daviT aRmaSenebeli. fragmenti sur. 62. walenjixa, macxovris feriscvalebis taZari. levan II dadiani ojaxiT sur. 63. martvili. RmrTismSoblis taZari. ka­ cia Ciqvani ojaxiT sur. 64. nikorwminda. merab wulukiZe ojaxiT sur. 65. laSTxveri. mxeris eklesia. miqel iveldiani sur. 66. bugeuli. mTavarangelozTa eklesia. laSxa laSxisSvili sur. 67. yincvisi. wm. nikolozis taZari. zaza fanaskerteli sur. 68. oSki. wm. ioane naTlismcemlis taZari. istoriuli scena banas taZris gamosaxulebiT sur. 69. oSki. wm. ioane naTlismcemlis taZari. istoriuli scena banas taZris gamosaxulebiT. fragmenti sur. 70. oTxTa eklesia. wm. sioni sur. 71. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. cxo­ veli svetis moxatuloba. kaTolikosi nikolozi sveticxovlis taZris winaSe sur. 72. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. cxo­ veli svetis moxatuloba. cxoveli svetis saswau­ li sur. 73. aWi. wm. giorgis eklesia. lasia qala­ qis saswauli sur. 74. jruWis II oTxTavi. winaswaruwyeba ieru­ salimis dangrevisa sur. 75. TanRili. mTavarangelozTa eklesia. bzoba sur. 76. Wala. wm. giorgis eklesia. bzoba. ieru­ salimi. fragmenti sur. 77. macxvariSi. macxovris eklesia. bzoba sur. 78. daviT gareji. udabnos monasteri. xarebis eklesia. bzoba sur. 79. ubisa. wm. giorgis eklesia. bzoba sur. 80. amaSukeTi. deda RvTisas eklesia. bzoba sur. 81. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari. bzoba

148

sur. 82. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari.

Crdilo-aRmosavleTi egvteri. bzoba sur. 83. sadgeris sakurTxevliswinamdebare jvari. bzoba sur. 84. zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsari. bzoba sur. 85. gelaTis oTxTavi. bzoba sur. 86. fsalmunni HH-1665. mefe solomoni taZarSi sur. 87. daviT gareji. sabereebis monasteri. VII eklesia. jvarcma. ierusalimis taZari. fragmenti sur. 88. beTania. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari. jvris aRmarTva. jvarcma sur. 89. atenis sioni. mariamis wyliT gamocda sur. 90. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari. maxareblebi afrebSi sur. 91. martvili. RmrTismSoblis miZinebis taZari. maxarebeli trompSi sur. 92. martvili. RmrTismSoblis miZinebis taZari. zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxuleba gum­ baTis yelis moxatulobaSi sur. 93. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari.

CrdiloeTi karibWe. mefed kurTxevis scena sur. 94. mefed kurTxevis scena. zeciuri ieru­ salimi. fragmenti sur. 95. aWi. wm. giorgis eklesia. miZineba sur. 96. ifrali. Taringzelis eklesia. xareba sur. 97. daviT gareji. udabno. xarebis ekle­ sia. xareba sur. 98. nikorwminda. xareba sur. 99. oTxTa eklesia. menelsacxeble dedani qristes saflavTan sur. 100. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZri. Crdilo-aRmosavleTi egvteri. bzoba. fragmenti sur. 101. jruWis II oTxTavi. romaeli jarisk­ acebi qristes saflavTan sur. 102. anCisxatis gulani. jvrTamaRleba sur. 103. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. cxo­veli svetis moxatuloba. eklesiis dafuZneba sur. 104. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. wm. petre da wm. pavle sur. 105. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. uf­ lis saflavis eklesia

suraTebis wyaroebi g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis is­ toriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi cen­ tris s. qobulaZis sax. xelovnebis ZeglTa fiqsaci­ is laboratoria – 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 32, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 60, 61, 66, 73, 74, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 89, 95. 96, 97, 100, 101, 102 k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa erovnuli cen­ tri – 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 39, 40, 47, 48, 84, 85, 86 saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis svaneTis is­ toriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi, mestia – 14, 46

nana burWulaZe – 4, 45 daviT gagoSiZe – 79 mariam didebuliZe – 67, 68, 70, 87 mirian kilaZe – 2, 8, 105 marina yenia – 65 Sermadin Saria – 57 natalia CitiSvili – 26-30, 33-37, 54-56, 58, 59, 6264, 69, 71, 72, 75, 76, 91, 93, 94, 98, 99, 103, 104 zurab cercvaZe – 80, 88, 90 mzia janjalia – 92

suraTebze warmodgenili artefaqtebi inaxeba Semdeg muzeumebsa da sacavebSi g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istori­ isa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri – 5 saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSv­ ilis sax. xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi – 21-23, 25, 42-45, 51, 83

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis svaneTis is­ toriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi, mestia – 4, 14, 20, 46, 48 k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa erovnuli cen­ tri – 12, 13, 15-19, 31, 39-41, 47, 48, 74, 84-86, 101

149

sur. 1. daviT gareji. udabnos monasteri. satrapezo. saidumlo seroba

sur. 2. yincvisi. wm. nikolozis taZari. bzoba

150

sur. 3. zarzmis (laklakiZis) RmrTismSoblis xati. mirqma. fragmenti sur. 4. adiSis oTxTavi. kiboriumi

sur. 5. xandisis stela

151

sur. 6. atenis sioni. iosebis sizmari

sur. 7. zemo krixis mTavarangelozTa eklesia. xareba

152

sur. 8. yincvisi. wm. nikolozis taZari. saidumlo seroba

sur. 9. varZia. RmrTismSoblis miZinebis taZari. jvarcma

153

sur. 10. daviT gareji. berTubnis monastris RmrTismSoblis taZari.

ZRvenis uaryofa

sur. 11. aWis wm. giorgis eklesia. lazares aRdgineba

154

sur. 12. jruWis I oTxTavi. brmis gankurneba

sur. 13. zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsari. ymawvili qriste taZarSi

155

sur. 14. mestiis oTxTavi. kamara sur. 15. alaverdis oTxTavi. qalaq edesis gamosaxuleba

sur. 16. zatiki.

Tomas darwmuneba

156

sur. 17. gelaTis oTxTavi. petres uaryofa

sur. 18. jruWis II oTxTavi. qristes sityvebi zaqarias mkvlelobis gamo

157

sur. 19. jruWis II oTxTavi. kapernaumis dacemis winaswarmetyveleba

sur. 20. lazares aRdginebis xati

158

sur. 21. zarzmis (laklakiZis) RmrTismSoblis xati. bzoba. fragmenti

sur. 22. saRolaSenis firfita. xareba

159

sur. 23. minanqruli firfita. mirqma

sur. 24. ubisa. wm. giorgis eklesia. wm. giorgi diokletianes winaSe

160

sur. 25. ubisis didi karedi xati. ZRvenis uaryofa

sur. 26. xobis taZari. vamey dadianis egvteri. gardacvili qriste

161

sur. 27. safaras wm. sabas taZari. bzoba

sur. 28. zarzmis feriscvalebis taZari.

Tomas darwmuneba

162

sur. 29. zarzmis feriscvalebis taZari. mariamis taZrad miyvaneba

sur. 30. doreTkaris wm. barbares eklesia. sabanelis mSenebloba

163

sur. 31. moqvis oTxTavi. zaqarias damunjeba

sur. 32. gelaTis monasteri.

RrmTismSoblis Sobis taZari. mariamis taZrad miyvaneba

164

sur. 33. nekresi. mariamis taZrad miyvaneba

sur. 34. xobi. RmrTismSoblis miZinebis eklesia. mariamis taZrad miyvaneba

165

sur. 35. caiSi. RmrTismSoblis eklesia. wm. maxarebeli. fragmenti

sur. 36. martvili. RmrTismSoblis taZari. saflavad dadeba

166

sur. 37. nikorwminda. abraamis stumarTmoyvareoba

sur. 38. bugeuli. RmrTismSoblis eklesia. yuedreba iosebisa

167

sur. 39. fsalmunni H-1665. alyaSi moqceuli qalaqi sur. 40. vefxistyaosani S-5006. rostevanis da sogratis bWoba

sur. 41. vefxistyaosani, mamuka TavaqaraSvili

168

sur. 42. martvilis xati ieses Ziris gamosaxulebiT. mirqma. fragmenti

sur. 43. anCisxatis karedi. garemoWediloba. saidumlo seroba

sur. 44. sadgeris jvari. suliwmindis mofena. fragmenti

169

170

sur. 45. xati Sio mRvimedan. mirqma

sur. 46. adiSis oTxTavi. kamara

sur. 47. gelaTis oTxTavi. kamara

sur. 48. lafsyaldis oTxTavi. kamara

sur. 49. daviT gareji. udabnos monasteri. satrapezo. wm. mesvete sur. 50. zemo krixis mTavarangelozTa eklesia. wm. mesvete

sur. 51. wm. simeon mesvetis Weduri xati

171

sur. 52. daviT gareji. udabnos monasteri. mTavari taZari. qtitori

sur. 53. varZiis RmrTismSoblis taZari.

Tamar mefe

172

sur. 54. beTania.

RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari. qtitori sumbat didi, mandaturTuxucesi sur. 55. safaris monasteri. wm. sabas taZari. samcxis aTabagebi beqa jayeli,

sur. 56. Wules wm. giorgis taZari, samcxis aTabagi beqa jayeli

173

sur. 57. bediis RmrTismSoblis taZari. saqarTvelos mefe bagrat III

sur. 58. nekresis monasteri.

RmrTismSoblis miZinebis eklesia. levan kaxTa mefe

sur. 59. gremis monasteri. levan kaxTa mefe

174

sur. 60. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari. wm. mefe daviT aRmaSenebeli

sur. 61. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari. wm. mefe daviT aRmaSenebeli. fragmenti

sur. 62. walenjixa, macxovris feriscvalebis taZari. levan II dadiani ojaxiT

175

sur. 63. martvili.

RmrTismSoblis taZari. kacia Ciqvani ojaxiT

sur. 64. nikorwminda. merab wulukiZe ojaxiT

176

sur. 65. laSTxveri. mxeris eklesia. miqel iveldiani

sur. 66. bugeuli. mTavarangelozTa eklesia. laSxa laSxisSvili

sur. 67. yincvisi. wm. nikolozis taZari. zaza fanaskerteli

177

sur. 68. oSki. wm. ioane naTlismcemlis taZari. istoriuli scena banas taZris gamosaxulebiT

sur. 69. oSki. wm. ioane naTlismcemlis taZari. istoriuli scena banas taZris gamosaxulebiT. fragmenti

178

sur. 70. oTxTa eklesia. wm. sioni

179

sur. 71. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. cxoveli svetis moxatuloba. kaTolikosi nikolozi sveticxovlis taZris winaSe

sur. 72. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. cxoveli svetis moxatuloba. cxoveli svetis saswauli

180

sur. 73. aWi. wm. giorgis eklesia. lasia qalaqis saswauli

sur. 74. jruWis II oTxTavi. winaswaruwyeba ierusalimis dangrevisa

181

sur. 75. TanRili. mTavarangelozTa eklesia. bzoba

sur. 76. Wala. wm. giorgis eklesia. bzoba. ierusalimi. fragmenti

182

sur. 77. macxvariSi. macxovris eklesia. bzoba

sur. 78. daviT gareji. udabnos monasteri. xarebis eklesia. bzoba

183

sur. 79. ubisa. wm. giorgis eklesia. bzoba

sur. 80. amaSukeTi. deda RvTisas eklesia. bzoba

184

sur. 81. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari. bzoba

sur. 82. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari. Crdilo-aRmosavleTi egvteri. bzoba

185

sur. 83. sadgeris sakurTxevlis winamdebare jvari. bzoba

sur. 84. zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsari. bzoba

186

sur. 85. gelaTis oTxTavi. bzoba

sur. 86. fsalmunni H-1665. mefe solomoni taZarSi

187

sur. 87. daviT gareji. sabereebis monasteri. VII eklesia. jvarcma. ierusalimis taZari. fragmenti

sur. 88. beTania. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari. jvris aRmarTva. jvarcma

188

sur. 89. atenis sioni. mariamis wyliT gamocda

sur. 90. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari. maxareblebi afrebSi

189

sur. 91. martvili. RmrTismSoblis miZinebis taZari. maxarebeli trompSi

sur. 92. martvili. RmrTismSoblis miZinebis taZari. zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxuleba gumbaTis yelis moxatulobaSi

190

sur. 93. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari.

CrdiloeTi karibWe. mefed kurTxevis scena

sur. 94. mefed kurTxevis scena. zeciuri ierusalimi. fragmenti

sur. 95. aWi. wm. giorgis eklesia. miZineba

191

sur. 96. ifrali.

Taringzelis eklesia. xareba

sur. 97. daviT gareji. udabno. xarebis eklesia. xareba

192

sur. 98. nikorwminda. xareba

sur. 99. oTxTa eklesia. menelsacxeble dedani qristes saflavTan

193

sur. 100. gelaTi. RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZri. Crdilo-aRmosavleTi egvteri. bzoba. fragmenti

sur. 101. jruWis II oTxTavi. romaeli jariskacebi qristes saflavTan

194

sur. 102. anCisxatis gulani. jvrTamaRleba

sur. 103. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. cxoveli svetis moxatuloba. eklesiis dafuZneba

195

sur. 104. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. wm. petre da wm. pavle

sur. 105. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. uflis saflavis eklesia

196

qristine sabaSvili eklesiis modelebi qvis reliefur skulpturaSi adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTul safasade reliefebSi mravlad moi poveba kompozicie­ bi, sadac qtitori eklesiis models qristes, RmrTismSobels an romelime wmindans miagebs. zog SemTxvevaSi qtitori calkea warmodgenili eklesiiT xelSi, zogjer – mravalfigu­ rian kompoziciaSia CarTuli. am reliefebze vxvdebiT rogorc samefo, ise didebulTa da umaRles sasuliero pirTa gamosaxulebebs. Tumca, amjerad Cven mxolod kompoziciaSi Car­ Tuli eklesiis modelebi gvainteresebs da is sakiTxebi, rac zogadad am TemasTan aris da­ kavSirebuli; kerZod, Seesabameba Tu ara reliefze gamosaxuli modeli im arqiteqturas, romelsac is amkobs – zustad imeorebs realuri nagebobis formebs Tu garkveuli elemen­ tebis aqcentirebiT; raime nimuSs eyrdnoba (mxedvelobaSi maqvs wminda miwis arqiteqtura – konkretulad Sobis, aRdgomis da amaRlebis taZrebi) Tu simboluri taZris zogadi formaa gadmocemuli1. msgavsi gamosaxulebebi taZris migebis kompoziciiT kargad aris cnobili bizantiur xelovne­ baSi adreuli xanis mozaikebidan2. dasavleT evropis xelovnebaSi ki uadresi SemorCenili nimu­ mcire zomis reliefuri modelebiT da maTi mniSvnelobiT samecniero wreebSi 1970-iani wlebidan interesdebian da Sesabamisad, Tavs iCens kiTxvebic – modelia Tu maketi, simboluria is Tu konkretuli, arqiteqturis paralelurad iqmneba, manamde Tu dasrulebis Semdgom, wminda miwis arqiteqturis gavlenaa, pirdapiri replika, Tavisufali Semoqmedeba Tu sxva ram (S. Ćurčić, E. Hadjitryphonos, Architecture as icon: Perception and Representation of Architecture in Byzantine Art, Princeton, 2010; Donation et donateurs dans le monde byzantin. Actes du colloque international de l’Université de Fribourg (13-15 mars 2008), éd. par J. -M. Spieser et É.

Yota, Paris, 2012; B. D. Wescoat, R. G. Ousterhout, Architecture of the Sacred: Space, Ritual, and Experience from Classical Greece to Byzantium, Cambridge, 2014; B. Klein, Das Abbild der Kirche – zur Vorgeschichte des Architekturmodells im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert, in: Ecclesia docta. Společenství ducha a umění: k životnímu jubileu profesora Jiřího Kuthana (=Historia et historia artium vol. XXIII), ed. by M. Nespěšná Hamsíková, J. Peroutková, St. Scholz, Prag, 2016, gv. 155-173).

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2

magaliTad, eufrasiusis bazilikis VI saukunis afsidis mozaika poreCSi, sadac episkoposi eufrasiusi yrmian RmrTismSobels miagebs taZars; aseve ravenis san vitales 526 wlis eklesiis afsidis mozaika, sadac episkopos eklesiuss san-vitales asli uWiravs xelT da mas qriste-yovlismpyrobels miarTmevs; romis santa-prasedes afsidis mozaika (822 weli), romelSic papi paskal I bazilikur nagebobas miagebs qristes. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi adreul mozaikebSi eklesiis

197

Sia otonuri periodis spilos Zvlis firfita imperator oto pirvelis gamosaxulebiT, xelSi magdeburgis kaTedraliT, romelsac aRsaydrebuli qriste akurTxebs (X saukune)3. saqarTveloSi taZris migebis kompozicia X saukunidan farTod da myarad ikidebs fexs da TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi gvxvdeba. amgvari kompoziciebis aseTi adreuli reliefuri ga­ mosaxulebebi cnobili mxolod saqarTvelosa da somxeTSia4. arqiteqturuli nagebobis asagebad gegmis, naxazis, Canaxatis Tu maketis Sesrulebas SemdgomSi masStabSi mis gansaxorcieleblad – an piriqiT, ama Tu im nagebobisTvis mcire maketis Sesrulebas, didi xnis istoria aqvs. amas Cvenamde moRweuli Zveli Suamdinaruli teqstebi5, aseve Suamdinaruli saxlis modelebi da sqemebi da Zvelegvi pturi naxazebi da nagebobaTa proeqtebi adasturebs. modelis cneba arc Zveli berZnebisa da romaelebisTvisaa ucxo – `movida rodosSi, Caat­ ara sajaro leqcia da aCvena (maT) kedlis modeli, sadac man (sabrZolo) meqanizmebi gana­ Tavsa~ – wers vitruviusi vinme arqiteqtor kaliasze6; is aseve msjelobs modelis marTeb­ ulobaze zogierTi sagnisTvis, roca mciredan modelis did masStabSi ganxorcieleba xandaxan efeqturia, xan ki sruliad Seusabamo da, amis gamo, is damoukideblad unda iqnas kostruirebuli7. SemorCenilia ramdenime taZris modelic antikuri xanis saberZneTidan8. naxazis, modelis Tu maketis cneba Sua saukuneebSi (da didi xniT adrec9) saqarTveloSic migebis aqti zeciur sferoSia gamosaxuli da mimgebeli yovelTvis episkoposi an papia. pirveli nimuSi, sadac umaRles sasuliero pirs saero xelisufali anacvlebs, aia-sofias samxreT-dasavleTi karis timpanis X saukunis mozaikaa. aq RmrTismSobels taZars imperatori iustiniane I miagebs, kompocizia zeciuri registridan miwier registrSi inacvlebs. e. li psmaieri am kompozicias, sadac damatebiT momgeblebic arian CarTulni, `kanonebis gadacemis~ (tradicio legis) kompoziciis `memkvidred~ moiazrebs (E. Lipsmeyer, The Donor and His Church Model in Medieval Art from Early Chrisian Times to the Late Romaneqsue Period, New Brunswick, 1981, gv. 16-17). eklesiis migebis ufleba sasuliero pirebTan erTad umaRles saero pirTa prerogativac xdeba. firfita TariRdeba 962-968 wlebiT, savaraudod damzadebulia milanSi. es da sxva Teqvsmeti paneli, romelzedac qristes cxovrebis amsaxveli scenebi iyo gamosaxuli, odesRac taZris interieris nawili iyo da kaTedras, qoros kars Tu sakurTxevlis kankels amkobda. 1000 wels momxdari xanZris mere nawilebad daSales da reliqvariumebis da wignebis Sesamkobad gamoiyenes. amJamad es fragmenti daculia metropoliten muzeumSi (Accession Number: 41. 100. 157).

3

P. Cuneo, Les Modèles en Pierre de l’Architecture Arménienne, Revue des Etudes Arméniennes, VI, 1969, gv. 201-231; M. C. Carile, Buildings in their Patrons’ Hand? The Multiform Function of Small Size Models between Byzantium and Transcaucasia, in: Architectural Models, Mobility, and Building Techniques: Models of Transfer in Medieval Anatolia, Byzantium, and the Caucasus, special issue of FUNUN/kunsttexte. de, ed. by P. Blessing, 3, 2014.

4

B. Satterfield, Ancient Mesopotamian Temple Building in Historical Texts and Building Inscriptions, Brigham Young University-Idaho, preprint.

5

6

Vitruvius, The Ten Books of Architecture, translated by M. H. Morgan, prapared by H. L. Warren, Cambridge, 1914, gv. 315.

7

iqve, gv. 316.

Fr. Hartt, Art, A History of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture (Prehistory, the Ancient World, the Middle Ages), vol. I, New York, 1976, gv. 104.

8

magaliTad, mcire zomis saxlis modelebi naoxvamudan (l. jiblaZe, saxlis Tixis modeli naoxvamudan da Zvel kolxur nagebobaTa sistema, iberia-kolxeTi, saqarTvelos klasikuri da adremedievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli kvlevani, 6, 2010, gv. 117-124).

9

198

arsebobs. marTalia Cvenamde moRweuli naxazebi mogviano periods ganekuTvneba, magram sar­ wmunoa maTi arseboba gacilebiT adrindel xanaSic10. saqtitoro kompoziciaSi CarTuli taZrebi ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnas rogorc arsebuli arqiteqturis realuri asli11 – isini ar gulisxmobs nagebobis konstruqciuli elementebis zust asaxvas an proporciebis Sesabamisobas, Tumca, rogorc Cans, garkveuli gamocdileba mcire zomis moculobiTi modelis Seqmnisa manamdec arsebobda, rac met-naklebad aisaxa safasade reliefebze gamosaxul modelebSi. saqarTveloSi Cvenamde moRweuli Zeglebis raodenoba or aTeuls aWarbebs. sanam uSual­ od maT ganxilvas daviwyeb, mokled Sevexebi `aslis~ da `originalis~ sakiTxTan dakavSire­ bul mosazrebebs, rac bizantiaSi da, zogadad, Sua saukuneebSi arsebobda. arqiteqturuli nagebobis gamosaxvas imperiaSi ramdenime mizezi hqonda. pirvel rigSi es profesiul da dokumentur miznebs emsaxureboda gamosaxul (Tu gamosasax) nagebobebs aseve gaaCnda mxatvruli, sulieri da simboluri mniSvnelobebi. Sesrulebis mixedviT ori ti pis modeli SeiZleba gamoiyos: pirveli ti pis modeli asaxavda im arqiteqturul nimuSs, romelic sinamdvileSi arsebob­ da, an ostatTa warmosaxvaSi mainc unda earseba. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba movixmoT Teofane berZenis mier Sesrulebuli aia-sofias taZris Canaxati, romelic Semdeg mravaljer iqna gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva traqtatSi. amgvari nimuSebis Semdgomi gamoyeneba, savaraudod, originalidan daSorebul gamosaxulebas an misgan bevr „cdomilebas“ mogvcemda, rac Seu­ Zlebels gaxdida masSi originalis amocnobas. SesaZloa, piriqiTac yofiliyo – amgvar Canaxatebze xazgasmuli yofiliyo is Taviseburebani, romlebic axasiaTebda mxolod im konkretul nagebobas da am Taviseburebebis gaZlierebuli gamosaxviT, droTa ganmavloba­ Si mravaljer gadaxatuli, Secvlili nageboba metad yofiliyo dakavSirebuli „original­ Tan“ da Seucdomlad yofiliyo aRqmuli rogorc asli, Tumca, aseT konkretul SemTxveveb­ Si, Zneli dasadgenia movlenaTa ganviTarebis mimarTuleba. meore ti pis modelia is, romelic winaswar sruldeboda mSeneblobis ganxorcielebam­ de gegmis, an maketis saxiT, misi formebis TvalsaCinoebisTvis, savaraudod, ufro saCven­ ebeli misiiT damkveTisTvis12. yuradsaRebia isic, rom Sua saukuneebis adamianisTvis ur­ TierTkavSiri originalsa da gamosaxul nagebobas Soris ganmtkicebulia im TvisebebiT, romlebic naxatSi moiazreba – iqneba es saxeli, konkretuli detali Tu nagebobidan da­ kopirebuli proporciebi, – rac sakmarisi iqneboda nagebobis „amosacnobad“ da rac ga­ moxatavda im RvTaebriv safuZvlebs, romelic miniWebuli aqvs asls originalisgan. asli

d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 136-140.

10

11

Tavis statiaSi C. marinkoviCi ganixilavs sakiTxs, iyenebdnen Tu ara bizantieli arqiteqtorebi realur modelebs Tu maketebs eklesiis mSeneblobisas da Tu ki, aris Tu ara donorTa portretebSi CarTuli modelebi aseTi funciis matarebeli. avtori askvnis, rom aRniSnuli modelebi iqmneboda realuri arqiteqturis dasrulebis Semdgom da isini ar warmoadgens arqiteqturulad gamarTul maketebs (C. Marinkovic, Founder’s Model – Representation of a Maquette or the Church? Recueil des travaux de l’Institut d’etudes byzantines, XLIV, 2007, gv. 145-153).

12

d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi.., gv. 68.

199

flobda originalis metafizikur Zalas13. Sua saukuneebis adamianisTvis asli moiazre­ boda realurad arsebuli nimuSis Tanafardad. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom geometriis gageba sakmaod Taviseburi iyo adreul Sua saukuneebSi. magaliTad, rodesac grigol noseli (IV saukune) axsenebs gegmiT oqtagonaluri formis taZars, mis safuZvels aRwers `rogorc wres cxra kuTxiT~14. VII saukunis frankTa episkoposi arkulfi amaRlebis gegmiT rvawaxna­ ga taZars zeTisxilis mTaze aRwers rogorc `rotondas~ – wriul nagebobas15. ganixilavs ra geometriul cnebebs da elementebs, swavluli isidore sevilieli (560-636 wlebi) am­ bobs, rom sfero aris mrgvali figura, romlis yvela nawili msgavsia, xolo cilindri aris naxevarwriT daboloebuli kvadratuli figura; piramidis wvers igi cecxlis als adarebs16. amgvari damokidebuleba geometriuli formisadmi cota ar iyos saeWvos xdis imas, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos aslad dRevandeli gadasaxedidan. RvTaebrivi meditaciiT ganmsWvaluli bizantiuri xelovnebisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo gamosaxuli obieqtis Ti­ Toeuli detali metafizikur WrilSi gadaewyvita, maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, nagebobis ar­ qiteqturuli formebic. maTi filosofia, rom `sagnis gamosaxva gamarTlebulia maSin, Tu is gadmoscems TvaliT uxilav realobas, romelic SegrZnebebis miRma Zevs~17, kidev ufro arTulebs amocanas, Tumca garkveulwilad gasagebs xdis maT damokidebulebas zogadad formisadmi. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, Sua saukuneebis xelovanebi sakmaod didi ostatobiT da si­ zustiT gadmoscemdnen arqiteqturul fonebs, magaliTad, adreul mozaikebSi18, rac au­ cileblad iTvaliswinebda geometriis codnas – sibrtyeze sivrculi asaxulobis Seqmna, bunebrivia, gulisxmobs aqsonometriul naxazs da orTogonalur proeqcias19. Tumca, Tu es wesebi mozaikasa da freskaze warmodgenil arqiteqturul nagebobebSi ase Tu ise daculia, reliefSi meti Tavisufleba Cans. SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom teqnikuri Sesrulebis mxriv ufro metad SezRuduli moqandake minimalisturi xerxebiT cdilobs mTavari detalebis CvenebiT nagebobisTvis sacnobi saxis micemas. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT qarTuli wyaroebi mwir masalas Seicavs, amdenad msjeloba didwilad TviT xelovnebis nimuSebs unda daefuZnos. qarTul qvaze kveTil qandakebaSi ori 13

garkveuli adgili, forma da nivTi Tayvansacemi obieqti iyo imdenad, ramdenadac warmoadgenda RmerTis xilul, TvalsaCino `gamaxsenebels~. yvelafers, rac Tayvaniscemis sagans warmoadgenda, hqonda funqcia – RvTaebrivi eqcia xilulad: G. Frank, The Memory of the Eyes, Piligrims to Living Saints in Christian Late Antiquity, Los Angeles – London, 2000, gv. 179.

Gregory of Nyssa: The Letters (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae), Introduction, translation and commentary by A. M. Silvas, Leiden-Boston, 2007, gv. 199.

14

Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of England, A revised translation with introduction, life and notes by A. M. Sellar, London, 1907, gv. 495; Adamnan’s De locis sanctis (Scriptores Latini Hiberniae, 3), ed. by D. Meehan, Dublin, 1958, gv. 43.

15

16

R. Krautheimer, Introduction to..., gv. 7.

17

S. Ćurčić, E. Hadjitryphonos, Architecture as Icon..., gv. 15.

T. E. Eckersley, Putting Christians on the Map: Topographic Mosaics from Late Antique Jordan as Representations of Authority and Status, A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Art History, 2016.

18

magaliTad, episkopos eufrasiusis (VI saukune) da pap paskal I-is (IX saukune) xelT arsebuli bazilikis modelebi am princi piT aris gamosaxuli.

19

200

aTeuli nimuSi mainc SemogvrCa eklesiis gamosaxulebiani saqtitoro reliefebisa. isini SegviZlia ramdenime jgufad davyoT: pirvel jgufSi Sedis dabali reliefiT Sesrulebuli modelebi (uravlis agara, breZa, caiSi, darya, benisi20, Sepiaki, webelda) – umeteswilad dar­ bazuli eklesiebi; meore jgufi pirobiTad horeliefur modelebs aerTianebs (dolisyana, oSki, iSxani, yvelaanTubani, qoroRo); calke aRsaniSnavia samnaviani bazilikis modelebi, romlebic xandaxan SesaZloa minaSenebian darbazul eklesiebadac iqnas aRqmuli – amgvaria bzis taZris aRmosavleT fasadze gamosaxuli sakmaod ucnauri modeli da joisubnis dar­ bazuli eklesiis sarkmlis moCarCoebaSi CarTuli modeli21; kidev erT jgufs warmoadgens is reliefebi, sadac erTnaviani Tu samnaviani taZrebi samxreTi fasadiT aris gamosaxuli da samTaRediT gaxsnili SesasvlelebiT aris aqcentirebuli (kvaisa jvari, yvelaanTubani); calke jgufia gumbaTiani taZrebis modelebi (opiza, oSkis ori modeli, javaxeTis axaSeni, dolisyana, eruSeTis wyarosTavi22, axalcixe, xoJorni) da misi erTgvari qvejgufi gansxvave­ buli midgomiT jvar-gumbaTovani taZris gadawyvetisadmi, rac arqiteqturis TaviseburebiT an ostatis damokidebulebiT SeiZleba aixsnas (atenis taZris modeli); da bolos, aris mod­ elebi, romelTa ucnauri arqiteqtura maTi romelime jgufSi gaerTianebis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs (fetobani) an cudi daculobis Tu uxarisxo fotomasalis gamo amJamad ukve Seu­ Zlebelia konkretulad risame Tqma (zegani). safasado saqtitoro reliefebi eklesiis modeliT ZiriTadad ramdenime adgilze gvxvdeba – aRmosavleT fasadze sakurTxevlis sarkmlis Tavze (uravlis agara, benisi, yve­ laanTubani)23, eklesiis an misi minaSenis samxreT fasadze, dasavleTi an samxreTi karis Tav­ ze (Tumca, ramdenime reliefi, romelic amJamad dasavleTiT aris Casmuli, ar aris Tavdapir­ vel adgilas – magaliTad, axaSenSi). gvxvdeba sxva adgilzec (dolisyana, qoroRo, ateni). gvaqvs iseTi reliefebic, romelTa Tavdapirveli adgilmdebareoba ucnobia imis gamo, rom arqiteqturul nagebobas Cvenamde ar mouRwevia da arc raime cnoba Semonaxula masze (caiSi, axalcixe, iSxani). zemoT CamoTvlili nimuSebis ganxilvas darbazuli eklesiis modelebiT daviwyebT. Ses­ rulebis maneris mixedviT gamosaxvis ramdenime xerxi gvaqvs – gvxvdeba dabali reliefiT Sesrulebuli, fonidan CakveTili moculobis saxiT, fonis sibrtyidan odnav amoweuli da horeliefuri modelebi.

20

benisis modeli SedarebiT moculobiTia da ufro „naZerwi~ formebiT gamoirCeva, vidre sxva CamoTvlili darbazuli eklesiebisa, Tumca arc imdenad moculobiTi, rogorc qoroRosa da iSxnis taZrebi.

21

orsave SemTxvevaSi realuri arqiteqtura ar Seesabameba reliefze gamosaxul taZrebs, am jgufSi Semavali nagebobebis klasifikacia pirobiTia da modelebi SesaZloa nagebobisgan gancalkevebulad iqnas ganxiluli.

22

eruSeTis wyarosTavis reliefze msjeloba SemorCenili fotos mixedviT ver xerxdeba, Tumca taZris identificireba rogorc gumbaTiani nagebobisa SesaZlebelia.

23

unda aRiniSnos, rom arcerTi es reliefi Tavdapirvel adgilze ar zis da, savaraudod, meoradad unda iyos moxvedrili aRmosavleTi fasadis wyobaSi. imis gamo, rom avTenturobis dadasturebuli arcerTi SemTxveva ar gvaqvs, aRmosavleT fasadze sakurTxevlis sarkmlis TavsarTad saqtitoro reliefis Casmis tradicia safuZvlian eWvs iwvevs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, garkveul periodamde mainc amgvari tradicia ar unda arsebuliyo.

201

Cvenamde moRweuli uadresi nimuSi, sadac saqtitoro kompoziciaSi eklesiis modelia ga­ mosaxuli, aris webeldis kankelis fila (sur. 1)24. kankelis is nawili, romelzec aRniSnuli reliefi iyo gamokveTili, amJamad dakargulia, masze msjeloba mxolod adrindel mkvle­ varTa masalebis moSveliebiT aris SesaZlebeli. kankelis filaze scenebi vertikaluri da horizontaluri ornamentuli moCarCoebiT aris gamoyofili erTmaneTisgan. erT-erT aseT sworkuTxa areSi zeda marjvena kuTxeSi ga­ mosaxulia saqtitoro kompoziciac. imave nawilSi qveda diagonalurad sapirispiro kuTx­ eSi gamosaxulia RmrTismSobeli yrmiT. amdenad, es kompozicia garkveulwilad an zeciur registrSi qtitorTa gamosaxvas mianiSnebs (iseve, rogorc es iyo bizantiur saafsido mo­ zaikebSi VI saukunidan vidre IX saukunis Sua xanamde), an erT sivrceSi, Tumca sxvadasxva doneze, TiTqos erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad gamosaxuli RmrTismSoblisa da qtitorebis saxiT taZris migebis gansxvavebuli gadawyveta gvaqvs25. reliefze warmodgenili ori qtitori (reliefis qveda nawili fotosuraTze dazianebu­ lia amitom qtitorebis figurebi mxolod wels zemoT Cans) gamosaxulia erTi SexedviT gaurkveveli arqiteqturuli nagebobis orsav mxares. guldasmiT dakvirvebis Semdeg aq dar­ bazuli eklesia ikveTeba. Mmas ukidures aRmosavleT nawilSi aqvs samkuTxa frontoniT das­ rulebuli karibWe, xolo dasavleTiT sworkuTxa farTo da didi, TiTqmis karis simaRle sarkmeli. gadaxurulia kramitiT, rasac iribad CakveTili morkaluri vertikaluri xazebi (ramdenadac fotodan amis dadgena xerxdeba) da karnizTan samkuTxa daboloebebi mowmobs. orsave qtitors cali xeli eklesiis kexze aqvs Semodebuli – kuTxeebSi Cans kramitze gad­ mosuli xelis TiTebi. xolo, meore xeli `Semoxveuli~ aqvT gverdiTa struqturebze, rom­ lebic erTi SexedviT minaSenebs hgavs, magram fotoze xangrZlivi dakvirvebis Semdeg isini ara minaSenebad, aramed calke nagebobebad miviCnie. mkveTri vertikaluri Rari TvalnaTliv acalkevebs am nagebobebs darbazuli eklesiis aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi fasadebisgan.

Yyvela nageboba samxreTi fasadiT aris warmodgenili. eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, danarCen or, SedarebiT mcire zomis nagebobas, romelic sam­ locvelo an kri pta unda iyos, TiTo sarkmeli aqvs fasadis centralur nawilSi – erTs TaRovani, meores ki – sworkuTxa. sxva raime detali dakonkretebuli ar aris. centrSi ga­ mosaxul eklesias saxuravze SuaSi ucnauri formis figura azis26. A imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adreuli periodis bizantiur afsidalur mozaikebSi zeciur registrSi wmindanTa gverdiT gamosaxul qtitorebs Soris, romelnic TavianTi Rvawlis ganxilvisas veyrdnobiT pr. uvarovas eqspediciis masalebs: Пр. Уварова, Христианские памятники, Материалы по археологии Кавказа, вып. IV, Москва, 1894, tab. VII. 24

25

gansxvavebiT im saqtitoro kompoziciebisgan, sadac mimgebeli RmrTismSoblis pirpispir aris gamosaxuli (iSxnis, benisis, wyarosTavis reliefebi).

26

Ffotoze imdenad gaurkvevelia aRniSuli forma, rom Cven mxolod varaudis gamoTqma SegviZlia, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos. savaraudod, es an mamlis gamosaxulebaa, romelic amave kankelis meore filaze petresgan qristes uaryofis scenaSi orjer aris naCvenebi, an spilosi – es SesaZloa arc Candes ucnaurad, ramdenadac Sua saukuneebSi spilos simbolika araerTgvarovania da is bevri mniSvnelobiT aris datvirTuli konteqstidan gamomdinare (adami da eva samoTxidan gandevnamde, sibrZne, codvis gamosyidva da eSmakis winaRdgoma da sxva. ix.: G. C. Druce, The Elephant in Medieval Legend and Art, Journal of Royal Archelogical Institute, vol. 76, London, 1919, gv. 1-73).

202

aRsaniSnavad eklesias miageben macxovars, X saukunemde mxolod umaRlesi sasuliero pire­ bi arian warmodgenilni da TiTqmis arsad taZris migebis aqti saero pirebis monawileobiT ar gvxvdeba da aseve imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aRniSnuli scena arasdrosaa wyviledi qti­ toriT warmodgenili (rogorc es gvxvdeba qarTul da somxur saqtitoro kompoziciebSi, rac garkveulwilad adgilobriv tradiciaze unda miuTiTebdes)27, vTvli, rom aRniSnuli pirebi sasuliero wres ganekuTvnebian, SesaZloa samonastro saZmos28. marTalia, monaster­ Si egvterebis ageba ar yofila miRebuli29, magram, rogorc wesi, monastris Soriaxlos mcire samlocveloebi Cveuli movlena iyo – Tavdapirvelad sulis mosaxseniebeli funqciiT, Sem­ dgom ki rogorc sagvareulo saZvaleebi. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es calke moculobebi, romlebic qtitorebs TiToeuls sagangebod gamoyofilad uWiravT xelT mTavar eklesia­ sTan erTad, iyo swored amgvari samlocveloebi, an saZvaleebi, TiToeulisTvis calke gan­ kuTvnili. xolo mTavar taZars, rogorc amqveyniuri Rvawlis da monastruli cxovrebis ma­ terialur gansxeulebas, qtitorebi RmrTismSobels miageben. ganzogadebuli eklesiis TvalsaCino nimuSia breZis kviracxovlis eklesiis reliefze gamosaxuli modeli (sur. 2)30. Tavad eklesia X saukunis meore naxevriT TariRdeba31. amave periods ganekuTvneba eklesiis gamosaxulebiani filac32. misi Tavdapirveli mdebareoba uc­ nobia. Tanmxlebi warweris Tanaxmad, masze gamosaxulia sumbati, cal xelSi jvriT, meore xelSi eklesiis modeliT. warwera vrcelia: marjvniv, figuris TavTan: `[---]bat~; marcxniv: bizantiaSi saqtitoro kompoziciebi 5-7-9 sqemiT aris warmodgenili (E. Lipsmeyer, The Donor and His Church Model…, gv. 28).

27

28

radgan orive qtitori mamakacia, meti albaTobiT sasuliero pirebTan gvaqvs saqme. wyviledi qtitoris sxva SemTxvevebi umetesad, savaraudod, an Tanamecxedreebs warmogvidgens (fetobani, caiSi, SesaZloa yvelaanTubanic), an mefeebs (oSki. mefeTa wyviledi saqtitoro kompoziciebi gvxvdeba aseve somxeTSi – sanaini, aRpati), an, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, qtitors memkvidresTan erTad (Sepiaki).

29

`maSin evedreboda netarsa mas mRdeli vinme dayudebiT myofi, raÁTa iSenos eguteri Jamissawiravad senaksa TÂssa. xolo wmidaman man hrqua: „krebulsa ZmaTa Soris saqme ege uweso ars. ukueTu Sen aRaSeno eguteri, yovelTa ZmaTa aRaSenon. Dda raJams dekanozman Jamsa hrekos Jamis-wirvisaTÂs, didsa eklesiasas mRdeli Zniad poos, Dda sxuaÁca mravali ars mas Sina sulisa savnebeli da ara Tu sargebeli, da me ara vewamebi mas~ (SromaÁ da moRuawebaÁ grigolisi arqimandritisaÁ, xancTisa da Satberdisa aRmaSenebelisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni I, i. abulaZis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 311). breZaSi erTmaneTis siaxloves sami eklesia iyo, sadac 1923 wels g. boWoriZes miyril-moyrili unaxavs TxuTmetze meti CuqurTmiani qva (g. boWoriZe, qarTlis eklesia-monastrebi da siZveleebi, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 180). es qvebi moxseniebulia grafinia pr. uvarovas CanawerebSic, maT Soris ori reliefiani fila. erTi maTgani, pr. uvarovam naxa im dros ukve dangreul did bazilikur eklesiasTan, savaraudod kviracxovlis saxelobisa. masze gamosaxuli yofila muxlmoyrili figura eklesiis modeliT, romelsac miagebda jvriT xelSi gamosaxul wmindans (?). meore filaze (wm. giorgis eklesiis mimdebared), aseve eklesia iyo gamosaxuli (Материалы по археологии Кавказа, вып. IV, Москва, 1894, gv. 164165). gasakviria, rom aq pr. uvarova ar axsenebs zemoTganxilul reliefs, romelic savaraudod im dros adgilze iyo da 1950 wels g. CubinaSvils xelovnebis istoriis institutSi wamouRia. 30

arqiteqturis Sesaxeb ix.: Н. Чубинашвили, Зедазени, Кликис джвари, Гвиара, qarTuli xelovneba, 7, 1971, gv. 27-65.

31

32

fila amJamad inaxeba g. CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnul kvleviT centrSi.

203

`[wmidaman] g[iorgi] Rirs myo aRSenebad wmidisai eklesiisai [sadideblad] qa[rTlisa] ---[--] sumba[tisa] da [saxsrad] Cema[d] da Z[i]sa (an Z[mi]sa) Cemisa~33. reliefuri modeli calnavian darbazul eklesias warmoadgens (zomebi: 30 × 20 sm). gamosaxuleba fonidan erT santimetrze vertikalurad aris CakveTili. eklesia naCvenebia aRmosavleTi fasadiT, razedac orferda gadaxurva da fasadze frontonis aris odnav dabla amokveTili sarkmlis Riobi migvaniS­ nebs34. orferda gadaxurva mcired scdeba taZris saerTo moculobas. Senoba dgas erTsafex­ urian cokolze, gadaxurvis brtyeli horizontalebi da cokolis xazi taZris korpusidan Rrma kveTiT gamoiyofa da odnav amoburculia taZris zedapirTan SedarebiT, Tumca saerTo zedapirs, romlis sibrtyezec eklesia aris CakveTili, ar aRemateba. naxevarwriuli rkaliT dasrulebul sarkmlis Riobs ormaglilviani sapire Semouyveba. arqiteqturuli nageboba aranair sxva miniSnebas konkretuli taZris amosacnobad ar iZleva. naratiul wyaroebSi breZa pirvelad moxseniebuli aqvs vaxuSti batoniSvils – `ars bre­ Zas mcire cixe~-o35, eklesiaze ki arafers ambobs. Tumca, breZa sakmaod mniSvnelovani adg­ ili yofila, radgan X saukuneSi egris-afxazeTis mefe konstantine erT-erTi laSqrobis Semdeg swored aq SeCerebula, rasac mowmobs eredvis wm. giorgis eklesiis 914 wlis warw­ era: `xelmwifobasa RmrTivdamyarebulisa wminda konstantine mefisasa, romelman brZana da Cavida hereTs Sigan, herTa mefei gaaqcia da muniT mSvidobiT iqca, ciskrad alaverds iloca, mwuxri breZas gardahxTa~36. sumbatis xelT arsebuli modelis Zlier ganzogadebuli saxidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom taZris fasadze misi gamosaxva modeliT xelSi am saxiT ara imdenad eklesi­ is TvalsaCinoebisTvis iyo (rogorc arqiteqturuli, ise Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT), ramdenadac qtitoris mniSvnelovanebaze da Rvawlze misaTiTeblad da im gavlenebis maniS­ nad, romelTac is aRniSnul teritoriaze garkveul dros flobda (gasaTvaliswinebelia eklesiis gamosaxulebiani sxva qvebic aRniSnul teritoriaze). aseve zogadi taZris modeli gvaqvs uravlis agaraSi (sur. 3), mTavari eklesiis aRmosav­ leTi sarkmlis Tavze Cadgmul reliefze. aq gamosaxulia awyuris episkoposi Tevdore, romelic taZars aRsaydrebul macxovars miagebs. darbazuli eklesiis reliefi saerTo fo­ nidan erT moculobad aris amosuli. gamokveTili erTsafexuriani cokoli, orferda, odnav gadmoSverili gadaxurva da erTi sada, naxevarwriuli sarkmli aqac ar iZleva konkretul taZarze miniSnebas. eklesia aRmosavleTi fasadiT aris warmodgenili, Tumca ar imeorebs mTavari taZris (romlis aRmosavleTi sarkmlis TavsarTs warmoadgens amJamad reliefi)

33

warwera waikiTxa T. barnavelma, romelic mas X saukuniT aTariRebs. n. CubinaSvili garkveuli paralelebis safuZvelze TariRs X saukunis meore naxevriT azustebs: Н. Чубнашвили, Зедазени, Клисис джвари, Гвиара, gv. 55-56.

34

eklesia, rogorc wesi, an aRmosavleTi fasadiT gamoisaxeba, an samxreTiT. xandaxan gvxvdeba dasavleTi fasadiTac, ufro maSin, rodesac darbazuli eklesiis dakonkretebis mcdelobaa – rogorc magaliTad caiSis da daryis eklesiebis SemTxvevebSi.

qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 375.

35

qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, lapidaruli warwerebi, I, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V-X ss), Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada n. SoSiaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 172.

36

204

aRmosavleT fasads, sadac kideebze, Senobis mTel simaRleze ori samkuTxa niSa gvaqvs37. gamosaxulebas axlavs warwera: `saxeliTa RmrTisaiTa me Tevdore aRvaSene ese stoai sa­ locvelad amis adgilisa ufalisa TevdoresaTvis RmerTman akurTxen da yovelni Svilni amis eklesiisani Seiwyalen~38. Sesabamisad, stois maSenebeli Tevdores reliefi, romelic macxovris winaSe eklesiiT xelSia gamosaxuli, asaxavs ara konkretulad eklesias (an, miT umetes, stoas39) aramed Tevdores Rvawls zogadad eklesiis aRmSeneblobaSi da am SemTx­ vevaSic, rogorc zemoT breZas magaliTze vnaxeT, ostati ar akonkretebs eklesias, Tundac damaxasiaTebeli StrixebiT – stois an aRmosavleTi fasadis niSebiT miniSnebiT. is zogadi formiT gamoxatavs eklesiis arss, sadac ufro metad qtitoris Tu maSeneblis Rvawlia wamy­ vani, vidre konkretuli eklesiis Cveneba. amave rigis, realurs mcired mimsgavsebuli taZaria naCvenebi daryis wm. giorgis eklesi­ is samxreT fasadze (sur. 4). sarkmlis Tavze moTavsebul reliefze or frontalur figuras Soris darbazuli eklesiaa warmodgenili – qtitori taZars miagebs macxovars. reliefze gamosaxuli eklesia darbazulia, aziduli proporciebis. erTiani moculoba fonis moc­ ilebis Sedegad saerTo sibrtyidan daaxloebiT erT santimetrzea amosuli. eklesia dasav­ leTi fasadiT aris naCvenebi. Qqtitors eklesia erTi xeliT dablidan uWiravs da xelis TiTebi nawilobriv faravs taZris qveda nawils. amis gamo eklesiis kari sakmaod maRlaa gaW­ rili. amave RerZze, frontonis dabla TaRovani sarkmlis Riobia. saxuravis karnizis sak­ maod sqeli da eklesiis saerTo moculobasTan SedarebiT fonidan metad amosuli sibrtye TiTqos Crdilavs eklesiis wagrZelebul korpuss. Ffrontonis kexze masiuri tolmklava jvaria dasmuli. reliefi sakmaod gamoqarulia, magram orferda gadaxurvis masiuri karni­ zi da jvari Tavidanve met yuradRebas miiqcevda. Aamgvarad aqcentirebuli zeda nawili TiTqos aqrobs taZris sada, SedarebiT msubuq korpuss. realur taZarTan reliefis mimarTebaze am SemTxvevaSi metis Tqma SegviZlia, radgan nage­ boba SemorCenilia. is aseve darbazulia (8.0 × 5.5 m.). kari ori aqvs – dasavleTi kedlis Sua­ Si da samxreTi kedlis dasavleT nawilSi. Oorive kari Signidan TaRovania. TiTo TaRovani sarkmelia gaWrili dasavleTi da samxreTi kedlebis centralur nawilSi. SigniT SemorCe­ nili fragmentebis mixedviT, eklesia Zveli sakulto nagebobis adgilze unda iyos aSenebu­ li40. dasavleTiT da samxreTiT gairCeva minaSenebis kvali41. rogorc Cans, taZrisa da model­ mTavari taZris arqiteqturisTvis ix.: v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 3740; g. boWoriZe, mogzauroba samcxe-javaxeTSi, gv. 106-112; g. marsagiSvili, uravlis agaris monastris xuroTmoZRvreba, avtoreferati, 1997, gv. 4-8.

37

g. marsagiSvili, uravlis agaris..., Ggv. 15; warwera wakiTxulia v. silogavas mier: samxreT saqarTvelos warwerebis Seswavla, mravalTavi, X, 1983, gv. 273-276; paleografiuli niSnebiT TariRdeba X saukuniT (pirvelad naxa da waikiTxa g. boWoriZem: mogzauroba samcxe-javaxeTSi, gv. 110).

38

39

aRniSnuli reliefi, v. beriZis azriT, sxva adgilas iyo Casmuli, is eklesiis gadakeTebis dros aris moxvedrili aRmosavleT fasadze da savaraudod stoaze unda yofiliyo (v. beriZe, samcxis xuroT­ moZRvruli Zeglebi, gv. 39). es varaudi ganamtkicebs im azrs, rom ostati taZris zogad saxeSi moiazrebs garkveul Rvawls da amgvarad gamoxatavs faqts da ara realurad arsebul, konkretul eklesias. kulturuli memkvidreobis portali, uZravi Zeglebi: https: //memkvidreoba. gov. ge/objects/immovable. daryas wm. giorgis eklesia, #8908.

40

41

iqve.

205

is msgavseba zogadi maxasiaTeblebidan konkretul detalebSi vlindeba – msgavsia taZris aziduli proporciebi, dasavleTiT gaWrili kari da TaRovani sarkmeli, moculobaze mkve­ Trad gadmosuli gadaxurvis karnizi. kidev erTi reliefi, sadac darbazuli eklesiaa gamosaxuli, aris caiSis samreklos re­ liefi (sur. 5), romelic X saukuniT TariRdeba42. aq, samTaRedSi, centrSi warmodgenilia eklesia, xolo mis orsav mxares – TiTo qtitori. eklesia darbazulia, naCvenebia dasav­ leTi fasadiT. taZris abrisi saerTo fonidan daaxloebiT naxevari santimetris siRrmezea CakveTili. taZris modeli caiSis reliefze TiTqos ufro dakonkretebulia. es aris samsafexuri­ an cokolze mdgari, orferda gadaxurviT dasrulebuli, aziduli proporciebis nagebo­ ba, moCarCoebuli da moklegadanakecebiani warbiT daboloebuli sarkmliTa da centrSi gaWrili sworkuTxa kariT. am konkretuli elementebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebeli iqneboda realurad arsebuli arqtiteqtura amogvecno, magram nageboba, romelSic es re­ liefi iyo Cadgmuli, aRar SemorCa. reliefi ar ekuTvnis amJamad mdgar XVII saukunis gumbaT­ ian taZars, romlis samreklos CrdiloeT kedelSic aris Casmuli da arc manamde arsebul, XIII-XIV saukuneebis gumbaTian eklesias Sverili waxnagovani afsidiT43. reliefze gamosax­ uli taZari kidev ufro Zvel fenas ekuTvnis44. araa gamoricxuli, rom gumbaTiani taZari re­ liefis Tanadrouli (X saukune) darbazuli eklesiis adgilze aegoT da arsebuli modeli realurad arsebuli arqiteqturis asaxuloba yofiliyo. darbazul eklesias vxvdebiT benisis taZris reliefzec (sur. 6), romelic Cadgmulia eklesiis aRmosavleT fasadze, sakurTxevlis sarkmlis Tavze. fila savaraudod meoradi gamoyenebisaa. saqtitoro kompozicia uCveuloa. kompoziciaSi warmodgenili istoriuli piri RmrTismSobels warudgens ara erT, aramed or eklesias45. kompoziciis centralur naw­ ilSi swored ori eklesiaa gamosaxuli, erTi, romelic qtitors orive win gawvdil xel­ Si uWiravs da RmrTismSobels miagebs, da meore, am eklesiis qvemoT gamosaxuli, zustad analogiuri, odnav momcro zomis, romelic umciresi detalebis gaTvaliswinebiT zustad imeorebs donoris xelT arsebul models – sarkmlebis, karis Riobis Tu gadaxurvis CaT­ vliT. erTaderTi gansxvaveba aris is, rom qveda (ufro mcire zomis) modeli odnav ufro daudevrad aris Sesrulebuli (magaliTad, Sewyvilebuli naxevarsvetebi karis aqeT-iqiT cota gadaxrilia). reliefis carieli areebi Sevsebulia asomTavruli warwerebiT. eklesiis modeli darbazulia (aRwera exeba orsave eklesias, radgan, rogorc vTqviT, isini erTmaneTis identuria), dgas erTsafexurian cokolze. zeda marjvena da marcxena ku­ TxeSi gaWrilia TiTo sworkuTxa sarkmeli. centrSi, simaRlis TiTqmis 2/3 (did eklesiaze ki faqtiurad mTeli simaRle) uWiravs karis Riobs da Sewyvilebul naxevarsvetebze gadasul 42

reliefis Sesaxeb ix.: T. xundaZe, qtitoruli reliefi caiSidan, Zeglis megobari, #4, 1988, gv. 24-29.

43

p. zaqaraia, caiSis xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsi, Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 10-12.

44

iqve, gv. 21-23.

45

T. xundaZe marTebulad miiCnevs, rom amgvarad ostati gamoxatavs eklesiis ganaxlebis faqts da aq pirobiTad warmodgenlia rogorc Zveli, ise ganaxlebis Semdgomi taZari (T. xundaZe, Sua saukuneebis (VI-XI) qarTuli saqtitoro reliefis ikonografiuli variaciebi, Academia, N2, 2011, gv. 106). taZris ganaxlebis faqti dadasturebulia arqiteqturuli kvlevis Sedegad (T. dvali, sofel benisis wm. giorgis eklesia, macne, istoriis seria, N4, 1968, gv. 119-136).

206

gadanakecebian TaRovan TavsarTs. karis timpanze jvaria gamosaxuli46. kar–sarkmlis Wrili sakmaod Rrmaa da daferilia singuriT47, romlis kvali mciredRaa SemorCenili RiobebSi. saxuravze gairCeva erTmaneTze dadebuli mokle da odnav amoburculi kramitebis verti­ kaluri wyoba. reliefis mTels zedapirze, rogorc cariel areze, ise eklesiis modeleb­ ze, amokveTilia warwerebi, Tumca maTi Sinaarsi bundovania, radgan mxolod mcire nawili ikiTxeba48.

Tavad benisis eklesia, anu realurad arsebuli arqiteqturuli nageboba darbazulia, orferda kramitiT gadaxuruli, aqvs ori sarkmeli samxreTiT da ori sworkuTxa kari – er­ Ti samxreTi kedlis dasavleT nawilSi gaWrili da meore dasavleTi kedlis centrSi (mog­ vianebiT amoqolili, aseve gvian saukuneebSi taZars miaSenes CrdiloeTiT stoa da samx­ reTiT samreklo). Sesasvlelebi sadaa, morTulobis gareSe, garedan sworkuTxa, Signidan TaRovani. sayuradReboa karnizi, romelsac kuTxeebTan frontonis SemomsazRvreli hori­ zontaluri elementebi hqonda datanili. aseve, karnizs mTel sigrZeze nalisebr dakbiluli viwro Taro gasdevs49. rogorc vxedavT, eklesias sakmaod hqonda is maxasiaTebeli detale­ bi, romelTa modelze dataniT ostati taZris realur arqiteqturasTan identificirebas moaxerxebda, rac gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT sirTules ar warmoadgenda. magram man es ar gaa­ keTa – Cemi azriT ramdenime mizezis gamo. savaraudod, man ar gamosaxa konkretulad is nage­ boba, romlis fasadzedac aris warmodgenili reliefi (models realuri arqiteqturisgan swored is calkeuli elementebi ganasxvavebs, rac ase TvalsaCinoa mcire zomis taZarze) da aqcentirebuli Sesasvlelis saSualebiT xazi gausva im simbolur mniSvnelobas50, risi gamoxatvac taZris mimgebelis ZiriTad sazrunavs Seadgenda.

46

yuradRebas iqcevs jvris oTxsave mxares horizontaluri CakveTili daboloebebi, rac sakmaod mkveTrad ikiTxeba zedapirze da rac, SesaZloa, jvris garkveul ti pze iyos miniSneba. msgavsi kvarcxlbekze dabrZanebuli jvari (Zlevis jvari, cross potent) amkobda, magaliTad, bizantiur-qarTuli monetebis jgufidan 979 wliT daTariRebul daviT III kurapalatis monetas.

47

realuri ariqteqturis kar-sarkmlebzec Sirimis qvis wyobaze alag-alag SemorCenilia singuriT dafervis kvali. msgavsi morTuloba tao-klarjeTis ZeglebTan poulobs analogs – radialurad monacvleobiT ganlagebul TeTr-wiTel elementebs vxvdebiT dolisyanis (X saukune), xaxulis (X saukune), oSkis (X saukune), parxlis (X saukune) eklesiaTa morTulobaSi. benisis saqtitoro reliefSi gamosaxuli RmrTismSobeli ikonografiuli TvalsazrisiT aseve msgavsia iSxnis teritoriaze aRmoCenili timpanis saqtitoro kompoziciaSi warmodgenili RmrTismSoblisa. eklesias aqvs masiuri kedlebi (1. 5 m), risi miniSnebac SesaZloa iyos modelze arsebuli sakmaod Rrmad CakveTili Riobebi.

48

qtitoris TavTan amokveTil warweraSi ikiTxeba saxeli gurgeni, rac saintereso mosazrebebs badebs. ix.: e. xaindrava, benisis wminda giorgis eklesiis reliefuri warwera, moxseneba wakiTxul iqna erovnuli arqivis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, `arqivTmcodneoba, wyaroTmcodneoba – tendenciebi da gamowvevebi~, 2020.

49

T. dvali, sofel benisis..., gv. 119-136.

Mioanes saxareba, 10. 7 (me var kari cxovarTai.), 10. 9 (me var kari; Cem mier Tu vinme Sevides, cxondes). am SemTxvevaSi pirdapiri miniSnebaa – qriste, rogorc kari, Zlevis jvriT sikvdilis damTrgunveli, gamoxatuli eklesiis fasadze. Mmsgavsi, wyvil svetze gadasuli TaRovani Riobebi Sig figuruli gamosaxulebebiT damaxasiaTebelia xelnawerTa miniaturebisTvis – magaliTad, 940 wels Tevdore kamaraTmwerlis mier moxatul jruWis oTxTavSi. aseTive Sesasvleli aqvs mcxeTis jvris taZars samxreTiT. 50

207

Semdegi reliefi, aseve simboluri taZris saxe, CarTulia joisubnis mcxeTis wm. gior­ gis eklesiis aRmosavleTi sarkmlis sapireSi (sur. 7). saqtitoro reliefi, romelzec gabriel mamasaxliss eklesiis modeli uWiravs xelT, sarkmlis mdidruli moCarCoebis erT-erT filaze (zoma: 27 × 25 sm.) aris amokveTili51. modeli TiTqos samnavian bazilikas warmoadgens. taZari dasavleTi fasadiT aris gamosaxuli, centrSi amoWrili sworkuTxa kariT da gverdiTa navebSi TiTo mogrZo da viwro TaRovani sarkmliT. Sua navs kexze didi tolmklava jvari asrulebs. Senoba dgas erTsafexurian cokolze. centraluri da gver­ diTa navebis gadaxurva CakveTili iribi xazebiT aris miniSnebuli. taZari, romlis sarkm­ lis morTulobasac warmoadgenda aRniSnuli reliefuri fila, darbazuli nagebobaa (1991 wlis miwisZvris dros is mniSvnelovad dazianda, Tumca gvaqvs saarqivo fotomasala, sadac garkveviT ikiTxeba taZris formebi). g. boWoriZis azriT, romelmac pirvelad naxa da aRwera eklesia da reliefebi, sarkmlis moCarCoeba Tavdapirveli ar Cans, is mogvianebiT Cadgmuls hgavs52. es mosazreba ar unda iyos moklebuli simarTles. garda mis mier moyvanili argu­ mentebisa, aseve dasafiqrebelia, rom darbazuli eklesiis fasadze samnaviani bazilikis modeli gvxvdeba. Cndeba kiTxva – Tu eklesiis modeli ar asaxavs realur nagebobas, maSin ras gamoxatavs is. warwera – `wmidao eklesiao Seiwyale gabriel mamasaxlisi~ – SesaZloa zogadad eklesiis simbolos gulisxmobdes53, an konkretulad cxoveli svetis da uflis kvarTis aRmniSvneli sinonimi iyos. `wmida eklesia~ sveticxovlis sakiTxavSi nikoloz gu­ laberisZeTan (XII saukune) swored am mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba54. is faqtic, rom taZari `cx­ eTis~ (mcxeTis) wminda giorgis saxelobisaa, amyarebs am azrs. vaxtang gorgasliseuli mcxeTis taZaric xom, rogorc viciT, bazilikaa55. amdenad, modelze eklesiis amgvari forma am mniSvnelobiTaa gamarTlebuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi darbazuli eklesiis fasadzea da ar asaxavs realur arqiteqturas. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi faqtic – saqtitoro

1953 wels Sedgenil pasportze darTul fotoebze es reliefuri filebi aRmosavleT fasadze Cans. 1991 wels miwisZvris Sedegad eklesiis dangrevis Semdeg reliefebi gadatanili iqna onis muzeumSi da amJamad iq inaxeba (raWa: 1991 wlis miwisZvriT dazianebuli Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 2008, gv.

19-21).

51

g. boWoriZe, raWa-leCxumis istoriuli Zeglebi da siZveleebi, Tbilisi, 1994, gv. 228-229. … reliefebTan dakavSirebiT aseve ix.: n. aladaSvili, joisubnis reliefebi, sabWoTa xelovneba, #7, 1978, gv. 69-76.

52

miniSneba evqaristiaze – magaliTad jvarcmis scenaSi gamosaxuli eklesia, romelic TasiT qristes sisxls agrovebs. VII-XI saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli iyo mimarTva wminda eklesiisadmi (RaRvis X saukunis warwera, bodokldis X-XI saukuneebis warwera da sxva).

53

daujdomeli svetisa cxovelisa da kuarTisa saufloisa, ikosi 6: `gixaroden hoi eklesiao wmindao, romelsa Sinagan saSosa gi pyries ZuZud sueti wmidai naTlisai, mawovnebeli ara vidremdes sZesa, aramed mihronsa wmidasa, ukvdamyofelsa sulTasa, romelica uSurvelad uwyaroebs nektarsa mas ukudavebisasa magemelsa yovelTa qristeSemosilTa erTa sulebisasa; gixaroden, sueto brwyinvaleo da kuarTo cxovelismyofelo~; ikosi 12: `eklesiao wmidao, da sveto naTelad eTer ciskrovanebiT ganmanaTlebelo naTesavisa kacTasa, sveto naTelo da RvTaebisa bunebisa SemcvelobiT damfarvelo...~ 54

В. Цинцадзе, О некоторых особенностях базилики раннехристианской Грузии (Архитектура базилики V века Цвети-Цховели), Тбилиси, 1983.

55

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reliefSi gamosaxuli bazilikuri nagebobani56 yvelgan samxreTi fasadiT aris warmodgeni­ li, xolo dasavleTi fasadiT gamosaxuli samnaviani taZari, savaraudod, ufro simboluri xasiaTisaa, vidre realuri bazilikuri nagebobis saxea. atenis sioni, rogorc cnobilia, VII saukuneSia agebuli da zustad imeorebs mcxeTis jvris taZars gegmiT da ieriT57, e. i. warmoadgens kuTxisoTaxebian tetrakonqs. rogorc aCve­ na arqeologiurma gaTxrebma, gumbaTiani taZari daSenda ufro adrindeli samnaviani bazi­ likis naSTze58. X saukuneSi taZari safuZvlianad SekeTda. am periodiT TariRdeba aRmosav­ leT fasadze warmodgenili saqtitoro reliefic eklesiis modeliT (sur. 8). qtitori frontalurad aris gamosaxuli da orive xeliT qvemodan `CabRujuli~ ekle­ sia mkerdTan (moicavs wels zeda ares kisramde) aqvs `mixutebuli~. taZari marTkuTxedis formis (zoma: 10 × 13 sm.) nagebobaa masiuri jvriT dasrulebuli dabalyeliani kvercxise­ bri gumbaTiT. maRali reliefiT gamosaxul jvarSi damatebiT iribad CakveTilia boloeb­ gafarToebuli jvari centrSi wriT. gumbaTis yels or-ori iribad CakveTili msxvili ar­ qivoltiT moxazuli TaRnari evleba. naCvenebia sami TaRi – centraluri srulad gamosax­ uli da gverdiTebi – naxevarrkaliT. centralur TaRSi gairCeva grafikuli wre da masze CaburRuli wertili – albaT sarkmlis aRsaniSnavad da/an, SesaZloa, imis misaniSneblad, rom es ara gaxsnili aramed yru dekoratiuli TaRia. gumbaTis TaRebi eyrdnoba sworku­ Txa `CarCoSi~ Caweril impostian grexil svetebs. qveda korpusis fasadze sami araTanabari zomis TaRovani sarkmelia, romelTac TavsarTebic gadanakecebiT erTmaneTzea gadabmuli da uwyvet horizontals qmnis. sarkmlebi saerTo zedapiridan odnav dadablebulia, ris ga­ moc fonidan amoweuli iribad CakveTili TavsarTi ufro gamokveTilad Cans. centraluri sarkmlis qvemoT gaWrilia orfrTiani kari, aseve iribad CakveTili farTo sapiriT. model­ is qveda korpusis minimalurad damuSavebuli sada zedapiri xels uwyobs qtitoris samosis gofrirebuli nakecebidan mis mkveTrad gamoyofas. modeli gumbaTiani nagebobaa. Tu mas arsebul taZars SevadarebT, unda aRiniSnos, rom erTiani TavsarTiT Semkuli sami sarkmeli aRmosavleT fasadze gvxvdeba, Tumca aq cxadia ar aris kari (Sesasvleli eklesias ori aqvs – CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT). safiqrebelia rom ostati karis da aRmosavleTi fasadis erT sibrtyeze kombinirebiT garkveulwilad simbolur erTianobas gvTavazobs. modelis gumbaTi sruliad gansxvavdeba realuri taZris gumbaTisagan rogorc Tavisi uCveulo gare ovaluri formiT, ise yelis gaformebiT – atenis sions gumbaTis yelze dekoratiuli TaRnari ara aqvs. cxadia, rom modeli ar baZavs taZris gumbaTs da misi sxvagvari interpretacia aris saWiro. qristianuli arqiteqtura isaxeba maSin, rodesac qristianobis legitimaciis sawy­ is etaze iwyeba mniSvnelovani memorialuri adgilebis moniSvna nagebobebiT. upiratesi mniSvneloba ramdenime movlenas eniWeba – Sobas, jvarcmas, aRdgomas, amaRlebas, mogvianebiT 56

aq vgulisxmob rogorc sakuTriv samnavian bazilikas, ise darbazul nagebobas minaSeniT. samxreTi fasadiT warmodgenili minaSeniani darbazuli eklesiis gansxvaveba samnaviani taZrisgan teqnikuri Sesrulebis da taZris ganzogadebuli saxis gamo xSir SemTxvevaSi rTulia an damajereblobas moklebuli.

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Г. Чубинашвили, Памятники типа Джвари, Тбилиси, 1948, gv. 44.

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g. abramiSvili, atenis sioni, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 29-30.

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RmrTismSoblis miZinebas da a. S. amaTgan gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia aRdgoma-amaRleba da Soba. adreuli xanis (IV-V saukuneebi) spilos Zvlis nimuSebze aRdgomis scenaSi gvxvdeba qristes saflavis gamosaxuleba sworkuTxa akldamis saxiT, romelsac Tavze amaRlebis taZari – svetebiani wriuli nageboba aqvs dadgmuli. am saxiT aRdgomisa da amaRlebis erTo­ bis Cveneba maTi Teologiuri sazrisiT gaerTianebis mimaniSnebelia. SesaZloa swored amas gamosaxavdes atenis sionis ostatic – erTdroulad msxverplisa da xsnis ideas aRdgomis da amaRlebis gaerTianebis saxiT. Sepiakis eklesia dRes xramhesis sagubaris fskerzea moqceuli. CaZirvamde is qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis institutis eqspediciam srulad gamoikvlia. eklesia martivi dar­ bazuli nagebobaa samxreTidan da CrdiloeTidan midgmuli minaSenebiT, romelTa mxolod kvali SemorCa59. samxreTi fasadi, miuxedavad imisa, rom moSlili hqonda ekvderi da pirve­ ladi saxiT ar iyo SemorCenili, yvelaze mdidrulad iyo gaformebuli. karis Tavze Cadg­ muli reliefuri arqitravi mdidrulad moCuqurTmebuli arqivoltiT da timpanis areSi Casmuli samSeneblo warwera aq Zlier aqcents qmnida. amave fasadze iyo Tavmoyrili sxva warwerebic60. sworkuTxa grexil CarCoSi moqceuli saqtitoro reliefi ki aRmosavleTi sarkmlis TavsarTs warmoadgenda. reliefze eklesiiT xelSi ori qtitori – rati erisTavi da misi Ze li paritia gamosaxuli (sur. 9)61. orive mxridan gamosaxul qtitorebs modeli cali xeliT kuTxeebiT uWiravT. eklesia gamosaxulia dasavleTi fasadiT, orferda gadax­ urvaze kramitiani saburveli reliefur horizontalebad aris gamokveTili. Sesasvleli sami TaRiT aris gaxsnili. realur taZars, rogorc iTqva, hqonda minaSenebi CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT, xolo dasavleT mxares Ria TaRnaris kvali ar Cans, iseve rogorc kari dasav­ leTiT; erTaderTi Sesasvleli samxreTidan iyo. saTavsi mis win, SesaZloa, samTaRediT iyo gaxsnili.

SesaZloa Sepiakis reliefze – iseve rogorc zogierTi sxva darbazuli eklesiis ga­ mosaxulebaSi, sadac realuri arqiteqturuli formebi Zlieri pirobiTobiT aris gadmoce­ muli, – simboluri mniSvneloba metad iyos aqcentirebuli. Tumca, sakmaod pirobiT figu­ rul reliefebTan SedarebiT, aq taZris modeli ufro danawevrebulia da dekoriT gamd­ idrebuli. calkeuli elementebi xazgasmiT aris gadmocemuli da es detalebi amoicnoba realur formebSi. miuxedavad modelis zogadi xasiaTisa, sami TaRiT gaxsnili Sesasvleli mas garkveul konkretikas sZens da realur taZarTan SesaZlo kavSirs gvafiqrebinebs, miT umetes, rom taZris gaformeba zogadad mxatvrulobisa da ostatobis naklebobas namdvilad ar uCivis (`qvis zedapiris damuSaveba ostats sagangebo sazrunavad gauxdia~62). modelze zustad aris gadmocemuli Sewyvilebuli pilastrebi kapitelebiT da maTze gadayvanili ormaglilviani TaRebi. modelze gamokveTili detalebi SesaZloa zustadac imeorebdes taZrisas. xazovan-sibrtyobrivi „pirobiToba“ ar gamoricxavs am pirobiTobis CarCoebSi garkveuli detalebisadmi xazgasmul yuradRebas. l. rCeuliSvili, TrialeTis saerisTaos meaTe saukunis erTi Zegli, qarTuli xelovneba, #6, 1963, gv. 168.

59

60

iqve, gv. 170-173.

61

iqve, gv. 172-173.

62

iqve, gv. 169.

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Sepiakis moqandake, rogorc Cans, eklesiis gamosaxvisas iTvaliswinebs detalebis Te­ ologiur sazriss (zemoT visaubreT karis da samTaRedis simbolikaze). is mkacrad fron­ taluri, reprezentaciuli kompoziciis farglebSi sxvadasxva elements erT sibrtyeSi aerTianebs – eklesias dasavleTi fasadiT gamosaxavs da amave fasadzeve daaqvs samTaRedi, romelic eklesias savaraudod samxreT fasadze unda hqonoda. konkretuli nagebobaa gamosaxuli kvaisa-jvaris reliefze (sur. 10). saqtitoro reliefi kudaros mxareSi mdebare sofel kvaisas dangreuli eklesiidan iyo SemorCenili63. didi zomis fila (110 × 55 sm.), romelzedac qtitori eklesiiT xelSi orTaviani veSapis mier ionas gadaylapvis da xsnis lakoniuri gamosaxulebis win migebis JestiT warmogvidgeba64, mTavari Sesasvlelis arqitravis qva unda yofiliyo65. amJamad reliefiani fila dakargulia da mis Sesaxeb msjeloba fotosuraTebiT gviwevs. modelze grZivi (unda vigulisxmoT – samxreTi) fasadiT naCvenebi minaSeniani darbazu­ li eklesia dgas orsafexurian cokolze. modelis simaRlis daaxloebiT naxevars Seadgens sami TaRiT gaxsnil stoa. misi saxuravi diagonalurad CakveTili xazebiT aris naCvenebi. saxuravis zemoT, sakuTriv eklesiis fasadze datanilia ori sworkuTxa Rrma sarkmeli. eklesiis gadaxurva minaSenis gadaxurvis msgavsia da kramitis wyobaze mianiSnebs. zeda da qveda horizontalebi ar aris paraleluri, minaSenis odnav axrili gadaxurva SesaZloa taZ­ ris perspeqtivSi Cvenebas emsaxurebodes da modelis blokur moculobaSi erTgvari dinami­ ka Seaqvs. `gamosaxuleba sakmaod maRali reliefiT yofila Sesrulebuli, miuxedavad maRa­ li reliefisa mxatvrul-stilisturi midgoma kvlav sibrtyobriv-grafikuli xasiaTisaa. zedapiri Sebrtyelebulia da zemodan Rrmad CaWrili grafikuli naxatiT damuSavebuli~66. miuxedavad sibrtyobriv-grafikuli stilisa, arqiteqturuli detalebi sakmao sizustiT asaxavs arqiteqturas. svetebze gadasuli sami TaRi araTanabari zomisaa, maTgan kidura aRmosavleTi (SesaZloa mTavari Sesasvleli) siganiTac da simaRliTac aWarbebs danarCen ors. mis zemoT fotosuraTze bundovnad gairCeva kedlis sibrtyis metad damuSaveba maSin roca sxva or TaRs samkauli ara aqvs. or svets naTlad etyoba mrgvali formebi da sworku­ Txa kapitelebi, TaRebis Rrma kveTa ki mis miRma sivrcis arsebobis STabeWdilebas tovebs. amgvarad dakonkretebuli reprezentacia, garda im zogadqristianuli sazrisebisa, rac met-naklebad yvela taZris modelSi dasturdeba, rogorc Cans, asaxavs im arqiteqturul nagebobas, romlis fasadsac amkobda reliefi. eklesiis modelis gamosaxuleba gvxvdeba qoroRos eklesiis fasadze (sur. 11). es umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia Tavisi gamorCeuli skulpturuli dekoris gamo, romelic X sauku­ 63

eklesia miwis donidan araTanabrad, metri-metrnaxevris simaRleze iyo SemorCenili. iqve miyrili reliefebi adgilze iyo 1975 wels, roca Zegli r. mefisaSvilma inaxula (Р. Меписашвили, В. Цинцадзе, Архитектура нагорной части исторической провинции Грузии Шида-Картли, Тбилиси, 1975, gv. 84). maT Sesaxeb ix.: T. xundaZe, Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa – danielis da ionas saswaulebrivi xsnis Temebi Sua saukuneebis (VIII-Xss) qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul qandakebaSi, disertacia, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 125-129.

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ionas da da veSapis Teologiur sazrisTan dakavSirebiT ix.: T. xundaZe, Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa.., gv. 126-127. Р. Меписашвили, Архитектурные памятники Кударо, Вопросы истории Грузии феодальной эпохи, II, Тбилиси, 1972, gv. 151.

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66

T. xundaZe, Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa..., gv. 128.

211

nis bolos aris Sesrulebuli67. dasavleT fasadis karnizis reliefebi sxvadasxva samSen­ eblo samuSaos asaxavs. eklesiis modeli erTgvari damasrulebeli Sedegis saxiT warmog­ vidgeba qtitoris xelSi, romelic mas niSian RmrTismSobels miagebs. es scena moTavsebu­ lia karnizis marjvena ferdis zeda nawilSi, orferda gadaxurvis kexTan. modeli erTsafexurian cokolze mdgari darbazuli nagebobaa. mis samxreT fasadze68 SuaSi sworkuTxa kari da mis zemoT mcire zomis sarkmelia naCvenebi. kargad Cans gadaxurvis verti­ kaluri wyoba. fonidan maRla amosuli moculoba orferda gadaxurvasa da ganiv fasadebsac gviCvenebs. darbazuli eklesiis ase Zlier fonidan amosuli, TiTqmis samganzomilebiani moc­ ulobiT gamosaxva iSviaTia. misi uaxloesi paraleli iSxnis timpanis darbazuli eklesiaa (ix. qvemoT). am reprezentaciis kidev erTi Tavisebureba aris eklesiis samxreTi fasadiT gamosax­ va. darbazuli nagebobebi umetesad dasavleTi an aRmosavleTi fasadiT aris xolme naCvenebi da ganzogadoebul modelebs gulisxmobs (gamonaklisi SemTxveva benisis taZris reliefze vnaxeT, sadac darbazuli eklesiis samxreTi fasadiT da gaZlierebuli aqcentebiT Cveneba, rogorc iTqva, garkveuli Sinaarsis matarebelia). Znelia danamdvilebiT iTqvas aris Tu ara qoroRos reliefuri modeli realuri arqiteqturis asaxvis mcdeloba, Tumca aSkaraa, rom ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi emTxveva. qoroRos eklesia warmoadgens orqanoba saxuraviT dax­ urul, martivi calnaviani gare (eklesiis Sida struqtura bevrad rTulia) moculobis mqone Senobas erTi kariTa da erTi sarkmliT samxreTidan. amasve gviCvenebs modelic. aqve mokled Sevexebi kidev erT saqtitoro reliefs qoroRos eklesiidan, romelic uf­ ro vrclad ganxilulia daviT xoStarias narkvevSi amave wignSi (ix. mis narkvevze darTuli sur. 4). amJamad meoradi daniSnulebiT gamoyenebul (CarTulia eklesiis gviandel minaSenSi) qvis didi filaze warmodgenil qtitors xelSi taZris modelis nacvlad misi gegmis naxazi uWiravs. eklesiis am saxiT reprezentacia uanalogoa Sua saukuneebis qarTul reliefur plastikaSi. msgavsi gamosaxulebebi, romlebic ara damoukideblad, aramed mmarTvelTa Tu momgebelTa winaSe gamoxatul gegmas asaxavs, Soreul warsulSi iZebneba69 da is kulturu­ r. mefisaSvili, mSeneblobis amsaxveli reliefebi qoroRos Zeglze, Zeglis megobari, 5, 1965, gv.

34-37; Р. Меписашвили, Рельефы рубежа X-XI вв. со сценами строительства в храме у селения Корого, Советская археология, №4, 1969, gv. 219-234; Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, Москва, 1977, gv. 106, 109; N. Thierry, Illustration de la construction d’une église. Les sculptures de Korogo, Artistes, artisans et production artistique au Moyen-Age (Rennes 1983), II, Commande et travail, Paris, 1987, gv. 321-329; R. Ousterhout, Master Builders of Byzantium, Princeton, 1999, gv. 138-139; D. Khoshtaria, Sculptural Images of Medieval Georgian Masons, Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium of Georgian Culture “The Caucasus: Georgia on the Crossroads. Cultural Exchange across the Europe and beyond~, November 2-9, 2009, Florence, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 98-101; d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi..., gv. 100-107.

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imis mixedviT, rom aRmosavleTi mxare qtitorisken aris mimarTuli, saCvenebeli fasadi samxreTi gamodis. sxva SemTxvevebSi, rodesac ugumbaTo nagebobis sworkuTxedSi Cawerili sakurTxeveli ar iZleva aRmosavleT-dasavleTis gansazRvris SesaZleblobas, vvaraudob, rom naCvenebi fasadi samxreTia (asea magaliTad, iSxanSi, kvaisa jvarSi, benisSi).

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aseTia, magaliTad, lagaSis mmarTvelis qandakeba „muxlebze dadebuli~ ningirsus taZris (daaxl. Zv. w. aR. 2130) gegmiT (T. Donald, A Sumerian Plan In The John Rylands Library, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 7, 1962, gv. 190), romelsac Tan axlavs nagebobis aRwera arqiteqturul detalebSi. aseve, Cvenamde moRweulia babilonis mefe nabuqodonosoris (Zv. w. 605-562) stela, sadac mefis win zikuratia gamosaxuli xolo mis Tavs zemoT – taZris gegma. filaze uridan or registrad gayofil scenaSi zeda

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li kavSirebi, romlebic qarTlis samefos Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebTan hqonda, SesaZloa Soreuli gamoZaxilis saxiT jer kidev arsebuliyo mexsierebaSi70. Tumca, esec rom ara, Zve­ li aRTqma da saxareba namdvilad iyo qristianuli samyaros ganuyofeli nawili da amdenad, kargad nacnobi. Tixaze nagebobaTa gamosaxvis dasturs vxvdebiT bibliaSi: `da Sen, Zeo ka­ cisao, moiRe Tavisa Senisa alizi, da dasdva igi winaSe pirsa Sensa, da gamoswero mas zeda qalaqi ierusalimi~ (ezekieli 4. 1). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom eklesiis gegmis winaSe meoxad mdgari pirebi am saxiT gamosaxul siwmindes iseTsave Tayvans miagebdnen, rogorc realur nagebobas Tu reliqvias.

Taviseburi darbazuli nagebobaa gamosaxuli iSxnis timpanis reliefze (sur. 12, 13), romelic XI saukunis I naxevriT TariRdeba. dekoratiulobiT da qarTuli plastikisTvis uCveulo sirbiliT gamorCeuli reliefi iSxnis monastris teritoriaze mimdinare arqe­ ologiuri samuSaoebis dros aRmoaCines 2013 wels71. timpanis qvaze (113 × 57 sm.) gamosaxulia RmrTismSobeli yrmiT da mis win mdgomi qtitori eklesiiT xelSi. eklesia darbazulia, vertikalurad wagrZelebuli proporciebis. is dgas erTsafexurian, ZiriTadi moculo­ bidan mciredSveril cokolze. fasadze centridan cota marjvniv, fonis zedapiridan ver­ tikaluri CakveTiT, gamosaxulia sworkuTxa orsafexuriani kari. naCvenebia karis timpani, gadanakecebiani ormaglilviani saTauriT. urTierTmarTobuli xazebis grafikuli nakawri fasadze qvis wyobis imitacias qmnis. saxuravze monacvleobs brtyeli da Rariani kramitebis rigebi. aRmosavleTiT saxuravis kuTxeSi darCenilia dakbiluli karnizis kvali. kedlis zedapiridan Zlier amozidul blokur moculobaze msgavsi detalebis gamosaxva upirobod emsaxureba konkretuli nagebobis Cvenebas. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme, savaraudod, samefo dakveTasTan gvaqvs da, gansxvavebiT agaris, breZis Tu sxva darbazuli eklesiebisgan, aq detalebis Cvenebis ostatobis gacilebiT maRali xarisxi SesaZloa simboluri nagebobis gamosaxvas emsaxurebodes. erTi detali iwvevs dafiqrebas – ratom aris kari araproporciulad didi? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT reliefis maRal mxatvrul dones, masze asaxul figuraTa Teologiur sazriss da am sazrisTa metnakleb aqcentirebas garkveuli mizniT (magaliTad uzarmazari mtredi eklesiis saxuravze, romelic TiTqos ki ar zis masze, aramed qtitors mis xelT arsebuli taZris simZimis SemsubuqebaSi exmareba72, an RmrTismSoblis gverdiT gamosaxul ornamentul wnulSi Cawerili cxovelebi, rogorc samoTxis mcvelebi), safiqrelia, rom es karic garkveuli mizniT aris xazgasmuli. registrSi gamosaxulia mefe, xolo qveda regitrSi – taZari (gegma?), romelsac mRvdelTmTavari Tanmxleb pirebTan erTad mieaxleba.

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gadaWriT SeuZlebelia Tqma, Tu ramdenad icnobdnen Sua saukuneebis qarTveli ostatebi Zveli babilonis da zogadad Zveli aRmosavleTis xelovnebas, Tumca interesi namdvilad iqneboda. amas adasturebs bizantieli JamTaaRmwerlis giorgi monazonis arsen iyalToseuli Targmanic (XII saukune), sadac uxvad gvxvdeba cnobebi am qveynebis Sesaxeb. garda politikur-ekonomikuri interesisa, `sparsni, asuristaneli da babilovnelni~ odiTgan kulturuladac mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebulni iberiis samefosTan da adreul Sua saukuneebSi es kavSirebi ukvalod ar unda gamqraliyo. b. kudava, g. saiTiZe, axlad aRmoCenili saqtitoro reliefi iSxnidan, saqarTvelos siZveleni, #18, 2015, gv. 184-185. amJamad qva rizes muzeumSia (TurqeTi) daculi.

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ise, rogorc es gvxvdeba yvelaanTubnis reliefze, sadac erT qtitors angelozi umagrebs mxars Semweobis niSnad.

213

modelis da realuri nagebobis kavSirze danamdvilebiT risame Tqma SeuZlebelia, rad­ gan reliefiani timpanis Tavdapirveli adgilmdebareoba ucnobia. b. kudavasa da g. saiTiZis varaudiT, es reliefiani fila unda yofiliyo iSxnis kaTedralis amJamad dangreuli dasav­ leTi karibWis timpani da SesaZloa karic amitom aris ase aqcentirebulad gamosaxuli73. me­ ore mxriv, karis xazgasma da msgavseba samarxebis arqiteqturaSi gavrcelebul karis for­ masTan SeiZleba mianiSnebdes nagebobis amgvar funqciaze, miT umetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom iSxnis taZris samxreT-dasavleTiT gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlinda saZvale-egvterebi. bzis wm. giorgis eklesia darbazuli nagebobaa74. Tavis droze dasavleTiT da samxreTiT hqonia minaSenebi, romlebic dauSliaT da manglisis taZris restavraciisTvis gamouyenebi­ aT75. taZari uxvadaa Semkuli reliefebiT76. saqtitoro reliefi, sadac eklesiis modelia gamosaxuli, samxreTi fasadis sarklis saTaurs warmoadgens (sur. 14). `eklesiis model­ is zeda nawili didi jvriT dasrulebul, minaSenebian darbazul nagebobas gamosaxavs. igi savaraudod, dasavleTi fasadis mxridan aris warmodgenili. mis centrSi Sewyvilebuli sarkmelia aRniSnuli. dabal, brtyelgadaxurvian minaSenebs ki – TiTo sarkmeli amSvenebs. gansakuTrebiT uCveuloa eklesiis gamosaxulebis qveda `sarTuli~, romelic erT posta­ mentze aRmarTul oTx svets warmoadgens. svetebi martivad aRniSnuli kapitelebiT srul­ deba, romelTa Soris TaRebia gamoWrili. es `sarTuli~, zedaze viwroa da eklesia TiTqos am oTx svetze `dgas~77. aseve uCveuloa eklesiis orsav mxares gamosaxuli, TiTqos haerSi molivlive, eklesiis makurTxebeli sacecxluriani sasuliero piri da qtitori, romlis uzarmazar xelis mtevansac msubuqad ebjineba taZari – maSin, rodesac dasavleTi sarkmlis TavsarTze gamosaxuli RmrTismSobeli yrmiT da wminda didmowame giorgi sakmaod myarad dganan miwaze. sakiTxavia, ra da ratom SeiZleboda gamoesaxa ostats am saxiT da aseTi Zlieri pirobi­ TobiT. mosazreba, rom warmodgenili modeli SesaZloa realuri, minaSenebiani taZris saxe iyos, xolo modelis qveda registrSi gamosaxuli TaRnari – aseve realuri karibWe (romel­ ic marTlac SesaZloa hqonoda eklesias dasavleTiT), damajereblobas moklebulia. dasav­ leTiT TaRebiT gaxsnili Sesasvleli amkobs fetobnis da Sepiakis eklesiis modelebs da bunebrivi iqneboda bzis ostatsac is taZris modelis fasadzeve amoekveTa da ara taZris qvemoT (realobis asaxvis SemTxvevaSi – iatakis donis dabla). aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom is modelebi, romelnic realur bazilikur taZars asaxavs, rogorc wesi, samxreTi fa­ sadiT arian gamosaxulni – garda wamyvani sigrZivi RerZis gadmocemisa (Tundac kvadrats miaxloebul formebSi) aq mTavari sazeimo, TaRebiT gaxsnili Sesasvlelis Cvenebac aris (yvelaanTubani, kvaisa jvari). Sesabamisad, aRmosavleTi fasadiT mocemuli samnaviani nage­ boba, savaraudod, ar unda gamoxatavdes realur nagebobas. amas garda, mis realurobaSi 73

b. kudava, g. saiTiZe, axlad aRmoCenili saqtitoro reliefi iSxnidan, gv. 187-192.

arqiteqturis Sesaxeb ix.: Р. Шмерлинг, Архитектурные памятники района древних селении Адзикви и Бза, macne, istoriis seria, #2, 1969, gv. 105-130.

74

75

Е. Такаишвили, Археологические экскурсии, разыскания и заметки, вып. IV, Тифлис, 1913, gv. 10.

srulad ix.: T. xundaZe, bzis wm. giorgis eklesiis reliefebi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, #14, 2010, gv. 122-132.

76

77

214

iqve, gv. 128.

eWvs minaSenebis ucnaurad brtyeli gadaxurvac badebs. xom ar aris es eklesia simboluri mniSvnelobis matarebeli da xom ar surs ostats `qveda sarTuliT~ sxva ramis miniSneba, vidre realuri taZris Cveneba. qristianuli xelovnebis nimuSebSi (iqneba es monumenturi ferwera, Weduroba, spilos Zvlis nimuSebi, Tu sxva) religiur scenebSi xSirad gvxvdeba ama Tu im konkretul siuJet­ Tan dakavSirebuli arqiteqtura. gansakuTrebuli popularobiT adreuli periodidanve gamoirCeoda aRdgomis da amaRlebis dResaswauli da Sesabamisad, masTan dakavSirebuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebi – aRdgomisa da amaRlebis taZrebi. gansakuTrebiT sasurveli iyo am wminda adgilebis momlocveloba da sakuTari TvaliT maTi xilva, xolo vinc moklebu­ li iyo am fufunebas, kmayofildeboda TviTmxilvelTa gadmocemiT an im obieqtis xilviT, romelic didi siwmindis aslad moiazreboda da igive madlis matareblad iTvleboda78. xom ar aris bzis eklesiis modeli aRdgomis taZris asli? IV saukunis mogzauri qali egeria uflis saflavs aRwers rogorc bazilikuri nagebobis siRrmeSi arsebul, rikulebiani moa­ jiriT mofarglul ares, saidanac Casasvlelia aklamaSi – episkoposi Cadis akldamaSi, dge­ ba rikulebTan da wirvas aRasrulebs, sacecxluriani sasuliero pirebi sakmevels akmeven taZarSi79. VII saukunis mogzauri arkulfi sxvagvarad aRwers wminda saflavis arqiteqturas – am dros wamyvani wriuli nagebobaa (ukve sammagi kedliT SemozRuduli)80. es cvlileba xelovnebis nimuSebSic isaxeba – IV saukunis spilos Zvlis firfitebze aRdgomis scenaSi wminda saflavis nageboba jer kidev sworkuTxa akldamis saxiT aris gadmocemuli, romel­ sac amaRlebis wriuli taZari adgas Tavze (amaRlebis da aRdgomis sazrisis gaerTianeba ar­ qiteqturaSic isaxeba)81, X saukunis nawarmoebebSi aRdgomis taZari wriuli formisaa, iseve rogorc amaRlebisa82. savaraudod, TviTmxilvelTa gardaTxroba Sesabamis asaxvas povebs xelovnebis nawarmoebebSic. Tumca, aslis asli iqneba es Tu originalis, Sesabamis wyaroeb­ ze dayrdnobiT maTi amocnoba albaT SesaZlebeli iqneboda. am SemTxvevaSic, bzis ostatmac iqneb aRdgomis taZari da mis siRrmeSi arsebuli rikulebiT SemozRuduli akldama swored amgvarad gaxada sacnobi – eklesiis qveS, miwis donis dabla, TaRebiT gaxsnili sivrcis ga­ mosaxviT. sacecxluriani sasuliero piri, SesaZloa gamosaxavdes eklesiis kurTxevas, Ses­ aZloa aluzia iyos im menelsacxeble dedebTan, aRdgomis scenaSi uflis cariel saflavTan sacecxluriT xelSi rom gamoisaxebian. fasadebze Teologiuri sazrisiT gaerTianebuli reliefebidan gamomdinare, formis imgvari gadaazreba simbolur saxe-xatebSi, rogorc es eklesiis gamosaxulebaSi gvaqvs, gasakviri ar unda iyos.

78

gamosaxuleba Tavisi ZalmosilebiT gaTanabrebuli iyo wminda werilis gadmocemasa Tu werilobiT wyarosTan: G. Frank, The Memory of the Eyes, Pilgrims to Living Saints in Christian Late Antiquity, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 2000, gv. 180.

Egeria: Diary of a Pilgrimage, in: Ancient Christian Writers: The Works of the Fathers in Translation, ed. by J. Quasten, W. J. Burghardt, No. 38, New York, 1970, gv. 89-93.

79

80

Adamnan’s De locis sanctis, gv. 43-47.

romauli spilos Zvlis firfita maskelis koleqciidan, britaneTis muzeumi – 420-430 wlebi; IV saukunis bolosa da V saukunis dasawyisis spilos Zvlis firfita bavariis nacionaluri muzeumidan, miunxeni; V saukunis dasawyisis spilos Zvlis firfita bavariis saxelmwifo biblioTekidan, miunxeni.

81

spilos Zvlis firfita san galenis monastridan – 900-950 wlebi, milanis spilos Zvlis firfita – X saukunis I naxevari.

82

215

dolisyanis eklesia klarjeTis sxva monastrebze gvian, 937-958 wlebs Soris aris agebu­ li83. arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT mas bevri saerTo aqvs xanZTisa (918-941) da opizis (dasrulda 954 wels) eklesiebTan84. taZari wagrZelebul marTkuTxedSi Cawerili centra­ lur-gumbaTovani nagebobaa jvruli ZiriTadi sivrciT da oTxsave kuTxeSi mowyobili damatebiTi saTavsebiT85. safasado skulptura ZiriTadad samxreTi mklavis sarkmlis siax­ loves aris Tavmoyrili. fila, romelzec sumbat mefe eklesiiT xelSia gamosaxuli, Cadg­ mulia gumbaTis samxreT-aRmosavleT waxnagis dekoratiul TaRSi (sur. 15). Ffilaze aris warwera: q(rist)e ad(i)d(e)n mefe C(ue)ni s(um)b(a)t86. vaxtan jobaZe am gamosaxulebas ase aRwers: `kedelze `gamokiduli~ monarqi gamokveTil­ ia mkacrad frontalur pozaSi, garda fexebisa, romlebic profilSia naCvenebi... mas orive xeliT ukavia dolisyanis sakmaod zusti modeli... . sumbatis mopirdapire mxares ar aris arc qristes gamosaxuleba... arc sxva vinmesi, visac SeiZleba eklesia waredginebodes... ~87. saqtitoro reliefze horeliefurad warmodgenili nageboba planebad aris nakveTi. wina planze jvris samxreT mklavia mkveTrad wamoweuli (vTvli, rom eklesia samxreTi fasadiT aris gamosaxuli). mis fasadze, centridan odnav dasavleTiT sworkuTxa karia gaWrili. ka­ ris Riobi Rrmad aris CakveTili, orsafexuriani sworkuTxa brtyeli moCarCoeba samarxebis sakmaod specifikur karis Wrils waagavs88. mklavs asrulebs frontoni, romelic didwilad dazianebulia da mxolod mklavis moculobidan kuTxeebTan odnav gadmosul SverilSi ikiTxeba. frontonis areSi CakveTili sarkmlidanac mxolod wiTlad daferili kuTxis nawili SemorCa. mklavis dasavleTiT daxuruli gluvi moculobaa, romelic horizonta­ luri sartyliT orad aris gayofili. zeda nawili Seesabameba taZris dasavleT mklavs, qveda – samxreT-dasavleT kuTxis saTavss (v. jobaZis varaudiT, doliyanis eklesias aq Ria TaRovani galerea unda hqonoda89, magram modelze gluvi kedelia naCvenebi. mas nawilobriv faravs sumbatis xelebi). msgavsi saTavsi (pastoforiumi) aRmosavleTi mklavis qveda nawil­ Sic unda yofiliyo naCvenebi, magram aq TiTqmis mTeli kuTxe Camomtvreulia da darCenili forma darwmunebiT risame Tqmis saSualebas ar maZlevs. taZris aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi mklavebi Tanabari zomisaa. maT zemoT kargad gairCeva karnizis xazi. aseve TvalSisacemia v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 74-89; d. xoStaria, klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 122.

83

84

v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 79; d. xoStaria, klarjeTis eklesiebi..., gv. 111-125.

85

d. xoStaria, klarjeTis eklesiebi..., gv. 113.

Н. Марр, Дневник поездки в Шавшию и Кларджию, Тексты и разыскания по армяно-грузинской филологии, кн.

VII, С. -Петербург, 1911, gv. 184; qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, lapidaruli warwerebi I, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V-X ss), Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada n. SoSiaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 290.

86

87

v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 80-81.

88

msgavsi orsafexuriani sworkuTxa kari xSirad gvxvdeba X saukunis spilos Zvlis nimuSebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom karis es specifikuri forma adreul periodSi niSandoblivia siria-palestinis samarxebis arqiteqturisTvis. es SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. samarxebTan kavSirs aRniSnavs v. jobaZec, rodesac ostat gabrielis gamosaxulebas Soreulad samarxebsa Tu sarkofagebze datanil imago clipeatas ukavSirebs (v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 81). aseTive kari, rogorc iTqva, aris iSxnis timpanis reliefze gamosaxul eklesiis modelze.

89

216

v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 76.

gare masebSi gumbaTqveSa gardamavali konstruqciis (afra-trompebis) mkafiod dawaxnagebu­ li moculobebi mklavebs Soris. modelis gumbaTi Zlier aris dazianebuli. gadaxurva gluvia, misi wyoba da faqtura miniSnebuli ar aris. ostati TiTqos cdilobs blokuroba ar daarRvios, mcireddanawev­ rebuli, gluvi zedapirebi sakmaod sadaa – gansxvavebiT mefe sumbatis figurisgan, sadac piriqiT, horeliefis zedapiri xazovan-grafikuli maneriT imdenad aris damuSavebuli Ti­ Toeul detalamde, rom faqtiurad aqrobs sxeulis (masaliseul) simZimes. es kontrasti kidev ufro gamokveTs da TvalSisacems xdis eklesiis models. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive forma TiTqmis Tanabrad aris amosuli kedlis zedapiridan. miuxedavad reliefis mniSvnelovani dazianebisa, sakmaod kargad gairCeva jvar-gum­ baTovani taZari, romelic, rogorc v. jobaZec aRniSnavs, met-naklebad zustad imeorebs ar­ sebul arqiteqturas90. doliyanis saqtitoro reliefis fasadze ganTavseba aCens eWvs, rom is ar aris Tavis Tavdapirvel adgilze. Sua saukuneebis qarTul eklesiebze yvela saqtitoro reliefi – eklesiis modeliT xelSi Tu mis gareSe – warmodgenilia e. w. miwier registrSi91, Sesasvle­ li karis (rogorc wesi samxreTiT, iSviaTad dasavleTiT) zemoT an aRmosavleTi sarkmlis Tavze. zogadad qristianuli koncefciis mixedviT, gumbaTis yeli, rogorc zeciuri regis­ tri, ar aris gankuTvnili saero pirTaTvis. ZiriTadad gumbaTis yeli imkoba simboluri ga­ mosaxulebebiT. v. jobaZe aRniSnavs, rom sumbat mefis reliefi gumbaTis yelze Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT uCveulod gamoiyureba: `nacvlad figuris wagrZelebisa naturalur zomas­ Tan SedarebiT, is piriqiT, dadablebulia, ris gamoc qvemodan yurebisas araproporciulad mokle da jmuxi Cans~92. savaraudod, reliefi ar unda yofiliyo am simaRleze aRsaqmeli, is gacilebiT dabla Casadgmelad iyo gankuTvnili. sumbatis sanaxevrod frontalurad warmodgenili figura eklesiis modeliT xelSi kom­ poziciurad gauwonasworebelia. didi zomis taZari mas dasavleTi kuTxiT uWiravs, maSin roca marto mdgom figurebs opizaSi, oSkSi, iSxnis reliefze, axaSenSi, kvaisa jvarSi xe­ li modelis centralur nawilis qvemodan aqvT `amodebuli~ da myarad iWeren mas. eklesiis modelis kuTxiT daWera damaxasiaTebelia qtitorTa wyviledi gamosaxulebebisaTvis – asea fetobnis, Sepiakis, yvelaanTubnis da xoJornis reliefebSi. Sesabamisad, dolisyanis re­ liefze meore figurac aris mosaazrebeli, miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT samxreT-dasav­ leTi karibWis aRmosavleT kedelze arsebul warweras, romelSic eklesiis aRSenebasTan dakavSirebiT ori mefea moxseniebuli93. qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul qandakebaSi udaod gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs oSkis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis taZris (963-973 wlebi) skulpturas94. taZris samxreTi fasadis aRmosavleT 90

iqve, gv. 80.

91

es exeba monumenturi mxatvrobis nimuSebsac, sadac qtitorebi umetesad gamosaxulia qveda, pirvel registrSi. 92

v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 81.

93

`ieso qriste wmindai ese eklesiai we dResa aRaSenes mefeTa CvenTa [sumbat da bagrat] qriste Seiwyale~ (v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 87).

94

Е. Такаишвили, Археологическая экспедиция 1917 года в южные провинции Грузии, Тбилиси, 1952, gv. 45-67;

217

nawilSi, pastoforiumis kedelze gamosaxulia vedrebis kompozicia, romelSic umaRlesi saero xelisufalni – daviT magistrosi da bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi eklesiis modelebiT xelSi arian CarTulni95. vedrebis orsav mxares gamosaxul mefeebs oSkis taZari migebis niSnad miumarTavT kompoziciis centrisken. bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi samxreTi fasadiT gamosaxuli eklesiiT xelSi miemarTeba wm. ioane naTlismcemlisken( sur. 16), xolo daviT magistrosi CrdiloeTi fasadiT gamosaxuli eklesiiT xelSi – RmrTismSoblisken (sur. 17). mefeTa figurebi oSkSi TiTqmis mrgval qandakebamdea misuli da xasiaTdeba realurs miax­ loebuli proporciebiT. bizantiuri oficialuri gamosaxulebebisgan isini uSualo xasi­ aTiT gansxvavdeba96. isini ara mefobis ideis gamomsaxveli abstraqtuli reprezentaciebia, aramed konkretuli (SesaZloa portretulad msgavsic ki; samwuxarod saxeebi Zlier dazi­ anebulia) mefeebis gamosaxulebebi skrupulozulad gamoyvanili ornamentulnaxatiani bi­ zantiuri samefo SesamoseliT97. oSkis taZris modelebzec, romlebic isea dazianebuli, rom detalebi ZlivsRa gairCe­ va (gansakuTrebiT marcxenaze, daviTis xelSi), aSkaraa realisturi tendenciis gaZliere­ ba. gansxvavebiT dolisyanis blokuri moculobisgan, oSkis modelebi, miuxedavad hore­ liefurobisa, msubuqia, danawevrebuli. arqiteqturuli detalebi fasadebze planebadaa ganlagebuli. uCveulod Rrma kveTiT aris gadmocemuli kari marjvena, bagratis modelze. sami safexuriT CaRrmavebuli, fron­ toniT dasrulebuli Sesasvleli TiTqmis zustad Seesabameba taZris samxreT karibWes. taZris samxreTi fasadis gaformebas imeorebs sxva detalebic – sami dekoratiuli TaRi karibWis zemoT, Sua, TaRSi naCvenebi sarkmlis Riobi da gverdiTa TaRebSi CakveTili samku­ Txa niSnebi. iseve, rogorc realur taZarSi, modelzec samive TaRi saerTo frontonis qveS aris moqceuli. marcxena, daviTis modelze CrdiloeTi fasadze frontonis qvemoT didi alaTebiani sarkmelia naCvenebi. sarkmlis zemoT, TaRSi Cans radialursxivebiani kedlis wyoba. gumbaTis yelze Yyru TaRisa da sarkmlis monacvleoba kargad Cans daviT magistrosis modelis SedarebiT ukeT SemorCenil ukana, kedels mibjenil nawilze. erT mxares yru TaRis aRmniSvnelad erTi safexuriT CakveTili kedlis sibrtyea, meore mxares amave princi piT na­ kveTi TaRia zeda nawilSi gaWrili wriuli RiobiT (ise, rogorc atenis zemoTganxilul modelze).

D. Winfield, Some Early Medieval figure sculpture from North-East Turkey, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute, XXXI, 1968, gv. 38-57; Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная…, gv. 117-135; В. Беридзе, Архитектура Тао-Кларджети, Тбилиси, 1981, gv. 164-166; v. jobaZe, oSkis taZari, Tbilisi, 1991; l. xuskivaZe, oSkis skulpturul „vedrebaTa“ Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos siZveleni, #3, 2003, gv. 59-90; n. aladaSvili, oSkis taZris skulpturuli dekori da misi programis damokidebuleba monastris Tanadroul istoriul viTarebasTan, Academia, #6-7, 2006, gv. 35-40; v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 112-163; T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, YT. xundaZe, Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 148-149.

95

samefo gamosaxulebebisTvis ix.: T. xundaZe, mefeTa gamosaxulebani tao-klarjeTis IX-X saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrul qandakebaSi, Academia, 3, 2013/14, gv. 46-49. n. aladaSvili, qarTuli skulpturis bizantiurTan mimarTebis sakiTxi (oSkis taZris `vedrebis~ reliefi – X s.), qarTuli xelovnebis narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 34-35.

96

97

218

v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 138-142.

eklesiaTa moculobebi araa sworkuTxa, gare masebi Zirzec (`gegmazec~) isaxeba. orive modeli winidan mcired asimetriulia, erTmaneTis sapirispiro mxariT odnav dagrZelebu­ li: marjvena modeli – dasavleTi mklavis moculobis aRsaniSnad, marcxena (sul odnav) – sakurTxevlis moculobis gamosakveTad. qtitorebsac modelebi Sesabamisad uWiravT – bagrat mefeT mefes eklesia win gawvdil orsave xelze udevs, xolo daviTs cali xeli cen­ traluri nawilis, xolo meore swored im dagrZelebuli moculobis qveS aqvs amodebuli. amgvari detalizebiT da mcire niuansebiT iqmneba realuri, cocxali gamosaxuleba. is gad­ mogvcems im saxasiaTo ZiriTad elementebs, romlebic konkretuli taZris – oSkis ganumeo­ rebel arqiteqturul saxes qmnis. opizis monasteri uZvelesia klarjeTis savaneTa Soris. is daarsda V saukunis meore nax­ evarSi, vaxtang gorgaslis dros98. mSeneblobis Semdgomi etapi, rogorc Cans, IX saukunis da­ sawyiss ukavSirdeba, aSot I didis mefobis dros. monasterma kvlav icvala saxe 882 wlis wina xanebSi guaram mamfalis iniciativiT99, xolo X saukunis Sua xanebSi moxda monastris yvelaze didi ganaxleba, roca gadakeTda mTavari taZari da aigo satrapezo. saboloo saxiT opizis monastris wm. ioane naTlismcemlis eklesia warmoadgenda `naxevradTavisufali jvris~ ti p­ is nagebobas Zlier dagrZelebuli dasavleTi mklaviT. amJamad is didwilad dangreulia. saqtitoro reliefi, romelic g. yazbegma klarjeTSi mogzaurobis dros Tavis adgil­ ze, samxreT fasadze naxa100, amJamad saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumSia daculi. Zvel mkvlevarTa naxazebsa da fotoebze reliefi arsad Cans. d. xoStarias azriT, fila samxreTi pastoforiumis samxreT kedelze unda yofiliyo moT­ avsebuli, iseve, rogorc es aris oSkis taZarSi101. reliefze gamosaxulia qtitori eklesiiT, romelsac is macxovars miagebs (sur. 18). macxovris gverdiT kidev erTi figuraa, romelsac Tan axlavs warwera – daviT. reliefis TariRisa da masze gamosaxul pirTa vinaobis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. nawili mas IX saukuniT aTariRebs da ga­ mosaxul pirebs aSot I kurapalatTan da daviT winaswarmetyvelTan aigivebs, xolo nawili mas miiCnevs X saukunis skulpturis nimuSad, gamosaxul pirebs ki aSot IV-sTan da mis Zma daviTTan aigivebs102. orive mosazreba yuradsaRebia, Tumca aSkaraa, rom aSotis xelT arse­ buli eklesiis gamosaxuleba X saukunis saqtitoro reliefebze warmodgenil eklesiaTa­ gan (dolisyana, oSki, axaSeni da sxva) mkveTrad gansxvavdeba da es mxolod stilisturi an teqnikuri sxvaoba ar aris.

98

daarsebisa da aRdgena-gadakeTebebis istoria ix.: d. xoStaria, opizis monastris daarsebis TariRisaTvis, Zeglis megobari, #2, 1999, gv. 31-33; v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 23-33; d. xoStaria, klarjeTis eklesiebi..., gv. 80-92. `mokuda guaram, Ze aSotisa da damarxes opizas misgan meored aRSenebulsa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tbilisi, 1955, gv.

282). guaram aSotis Ze, igive guaram mamfali gardaicvala 882 wels. cnoba cxadyofs, rom manamde taZars garkveuli ganaxleba ganucdia. aSot I-is mere sul ramdenime aTeul welSi taZris `meored aSenebis~ saWiroeba xom ar ukavSirdeba 860-ian wlebSi dvanSi momxdar did miwisZvras?

99

Г. Казбек, Три месяца в Турецкой Грузии, Записки Кавказского отделения Императорского русского гео­гра­ фического общества, кн. Х, ч. I, 1876, gv. 102-103.

100

101

d. xoStaria, klarjeTis eklesiebi..., gv. 86.

102

amasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: T. xundaZe, mefeTa gamosaxulebani.., gv. 46-49.

219

is faqti, rom aSots gumbaTiani nageboba upyria xelT, TiTqos im azris sasargeblod me­ tyvelebs, rom modeli ara IX, aramed X saukunis gadakeTebis Semdgom gumbaTian nagebobas asaxavs, vinaidan aSot I-s bazilikuri nagebobis `meored aRSeneba~ miewereba103. Tumca, ga­ sarkvevia, sinamdvileSi ras warmoadgenda aSotis nageboba da, rac gansakuTrebiT sagulisx­ moa, ra SemorCa masSi V saukunis eklesiidan, romlis agebasac, juanSeri vaxtang gorgaslis ZuZumte artavazs ukavSirebs: `... ubrZana (vaxtangma artavazs), raTa gamonaxos Ãevsa mas Sina adgili samonastre da aRaSenos eklesia, da qmnes monastrad, viTarca exilvnes monasterni saberZneTisani... xolo artavaz aRaSena... monasteri, romel ars opiza~104. ras gulisxmobs `monasterni saberZneTisani~ im dros, roca artavazi aSenebs taZars da ra daxvda aSots ar­ tavazis nagebobisgan IX saukuneSi? amaze miniSneba SesaZloa eklesiis modelma mogvces.

X saukunis saqtitoro reliefebze gamosaxul gumbaTur nagebobaTagan gansxvavebiT, opizis eklesia ucnaurad gamoiyureba. TiTqos ostatisTvis ucxoa gumbaTiani nagebobis ga­ mosaxva, an jer TvalnaTliv ar aqvs warmodgenili is, rac unda gamosaxos – SeiZleba imitom, rom ar uyurebs dasrulebul taZars, radgan is jer mxolod gegmaze arsebobs an sanaxevrod aris agebuli105. cxadia, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ostats moculobiTi formis xaz­ obriv-sibrtyobrivi maneriT Sesruleba metis SesaZleblobas ar aZlevs, magram am SemTx­ vevaSic, sibrtyobriobis miuxedavad, taZari gumbaTiani nagebobis proporciebs mainc unda akmayofilebdes. SedarebisTvis sakmarisia oSkis, dolisyanis, axalcixis Tu axaSenis mod­ elebi movitanoT. garda TiTqmis samganzomilebiani blokuri formebisa (pirvel or SemTx­ vevaSi), romlebic taZris realisturad asaxvis TvalsazrisiT met SesaZleblobas iZleva, aRsaniSnavia proporciebic, kerZod, gumbaTis Sefardeba korpusTan. aRniSnul modelebSi es Sefardeba aris daaxloebiT 1/2-1/3. opizis ostatisTvis ki wamyvani TiTqos bazilikuri nagebobaa, romelsac gumbaTi mcire damatebiT moculobad aqvs `dadgmuli~. misi simaRle korpusis simaRleze oTxjer naklebia, sigane – daaxloebiT samjer. gumbaTisa da korpusis proporciebis amgvari uCveulo Sefardeba SesaZloa aixsnas aSo­ tamde arsebuli opizis monastriT, romelic, rogorc vTqviT, `qmnes monastrad, viTar-ca exilvnes monasterni saberZneTisani~. am periodis `saberZneTis~ gumbaTovan arqiteqturas, qarTulisgan gasxvavebiT, namdvilad SesaZloa hqonoda msgavsi iersaxe. korpusTan Sedare­ biT mcire zomis gumbaTi damaxasiaTebelia adreqristianuli ZeglebisTvis, kerZod, nagebo­

103

v. jobaZis mixedviT, `reliefi Sesrulebulia daaxloebiT X saukunis meore meoTxedSi, roca Tavdapirveli bazilika ukve gadakeTebuli iyo gumbaTian nagebobad~ (v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 29).

104 105

qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 178.

sanaxevrod dasrulebuli taZris fasadebis Semkoba reliefebiT ucxo araa. magaliTad, `serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi~ gvxvdeba pasaJi, sadac saubaria sanaxevrod agebul zarzmis Zvel eklesiaze reliefis gamokveTaze, amasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: d. TumaniSvili, basili zarzmeli taZarTmSeneblobis Sesaxeb, werilebi, narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 45. sakiTxi, Tu rodis ikveTeboda reliefi – taZris gasrulebis Semdgom, paralelurad Tu sulac Tavidanve mosamzadebeli naxazis mixedviT, tao-klarjeTis reliefebSi calsaxad gamokveTil gadawyvetas iRebs. imdenad aSkaraa msgavseba realur taZarTan, rom savaraudod ostati an gasrulebul taZars uyurebs an detalur mosamzadebel naxazs Tu makets (aseTia oSkisa da dolisyanis, reliefebi).

220

bis iseTi ti pisTvis, rogoric iyo gumbaTiani bazilika106, romelic martiriumebisgan gan­ viTarda107 V-VI saukuneebSi da IX saukunis bolomde iarseba108. es miT ufro sarwmunoa, Tu gavixsenebT, rom opizaSi wm. ioane naTlismcemlis xorxi inaxeboda109. am yvelafris mixed­ viT, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom ostati opizis taZars am saxiT gadmoscemdes, Tundac `xelaxla aRSenebis~ SemTxvevaSi – iseve rogorc atenis ostati, romelic manamde arsebul taZarze gadmocemas Tu wyaros uwevs angariSs da mis moazrebas cdilobs reliefSi. maSin gasagebi xdeba opizis eklesiis am saxiT warmodgena da kidev erTxel dasturdeba misi arqauli xas­ iaTi X saukunis ZeglebTan SedarebiT. gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan, misaRebia rom aSoti gumbaTiani nagebobiT xelSi iyos aSot I, xolo reliefis Sesrulebis TariRi mis gardacvalebamde, e. i. 826 wlamde droiT monakveT­ Si movniSnoT. axaSnis saqtitoro reliefi, romelzec qtitori gumbaTian eklesias wm. giorgis warudg­ ens, darbazuli eklesiis dasavleTi karis zRudaris orsav mxares Cadgmul or rux bazal­ tis filazea gamokveTili: marcxniv – qtitori, marjvniv – wm. giorgi110. eklesia reliefis Tanadrouli ar aris – is TiTqmis Tavidan aaSenes XV saukuneSi, erTi periodi koSkadac ki iyo gadakeTebuli111. ucnobia reliefi aq mdgari Zveli eklesiis naSTia Tu saidanme aris motanili. is mkveTrad gansxvavdeba fasadze gamoyenebuli qvebisgan, rogorc masaliT ise teqnikuri damuSavebiT112. n. CubinaSvili marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom reliefi ar miekuTvneba aRniSnul fasads arc masaliT, arc adgiliT113. dabal reliefSi Sesrulebuli eklesiis modeli sakmaod detalurad aris gamokveTili (sur. 19). jvar-gumbaTovani nageboba vertikalurad wagrZelebuli proporciebiT gamoirCe­ va (zoma: 45 × 13 sm). nageboba savaraudod aRmosavleTi fasadiT aris warmodgenili. mklavis frontonis qvemoT gamokveTilia lilviT moCarCoebuli TaRovani sarkmeli. taZris mTavari moculobidan ori santimetriT gamoSverili gverdiTi mklavebi perspeqtivSia naCvenebi, rasac frontonis kuTxidan kedlis sibrtyisken diagonalurad maRla mimarTuli gadax­ urvis kalTa usvams xazs. mklavebs Soris gairCeva gare masebSi asaxuli afrebis samkuTxa moculobebi. gumbaTis yelis ZirSi ori lentisgan Semdgari sartyeli Semouyveba. yelze sami sarkmelia naCvenebi, rac gulisxmobs rom sul masSi rva sarkmeli unda iyos. gumbaTis 106

saqarTveloSi msgavsi ti pis ZeglebisTvis ix.: d. TumaniSvili, sazrisisa da mxatvruli for­ mis mimarTebisTvis Sua saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoRvrebaSi (mcxeTis taZris magaliTze), gza­ jvaredinze, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 103-104.

107

A. Grabar, Martyrium. Recherches sur le culte des Reliques et l’art chretienne antique, I, Paris, 1946.

108

V. Ruggieri, Byzantine religious architecture (582–867). Its history and structural elements, Rome, 1991, gv. 137.

qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II, Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 259.

109

Е. Такаишвили, Христианские памятники. Экскурсия 1902 года, Материалы по археологии Кавказа, вып. XII, Москва, 1909, gv. 7. Zegli 1831 wels mounaxulebia mari brosesac: Chronique Géorgienne, traduite par M. Brosset Jeune, Paris, 1831, gv. 113-128.

110

111

n. CubinaSvili, saurmagis Zis niRvarais qtitoruli reliefi javaxeTis axaSenidan, qarTuli xelovneba, 5, 1959, gv. 135.

112

T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, Sua saukuneebis..., gv. 225.

113

n. CubinaSvili, saurmagis Zis niRvarais qtitoruli reliefi.., gv. 136.

221

yels grexili lilvis karnizi aboloebs. maRali konusuri saxuravi, savaraudod, kramits aCvenebda –zedapiris gamoqarvis gamo Cans mxolod konusis wverosken mimarTuli, mWidrod ganlagebuli Rarebi da, Zlivs SesamCnevad, odnav amoburculi naWdevebi. jvar-gumbaTovani taZris sakmaod detaluri modeli, garda imisa, rom axaSnis eklesiis Tanadrouli araa, savaraudod sxva, gumbaTiani eklesiidan SeiZleba iyos wamoRebuli. ro­ gorc dakvirvebam aCvena, umetes SemTxvevaSi ostati eklesiis asaxvisas an imeorebs arsebul arqiteqturul Zegls mcire masStabSi (met-naklebad an zogadi formiT, imisa Tu rogor nage­ bobas amkobs), an simbolur nagebobas gamosaxavs realuri arqiteqturisgan damoukideblad, an zogadad, grafikuli gamosaxulebiT mianiSnebs qtitorul Rvawlze. axaSnis SemTxvevaSi detalurad gamosaxuli arqiteqtura met-naklebad mainc unda Seesabamebodes im nagebobas, romlis kedelSic iyo reliefi Tavidan Cadgmuli. msgavsi reliefi, romelic realur nagebobas aseve sakmao sizustiT gadmoscems, gvxvde­ ba xoJornis eklesiaSi. Tavdapirvelad eklesia aq X saukuneSi qarTveli mrevlisTvis aaSe­ na qalkedonitma qtitorma. XI saukunis SuaxanebSi dangreuli Senoba aRadgina mxargrZel­ Ta sagvareulos warmomadgenelma xosrovma da monofizitTa eklesiad aqcia. saqtitoro reliefze gamosaxulni unda iyvnen xosrov mxargrZeli da sanahinis episkoposi dioskoro­ si114. wyvili qtitori eklesiiT xelSi, aRmosavleT fasadze, sarkmlis Tavzea warmodgenili. reliefi wyvili grexili lilviT Sedgenil warbsa da did naxevarwriul moCuqurTmebul TavsarTs Soris aris Casmuli115. marcxniv gamosaxul qtitors eklesia orive xeliT uWiravs – erTi xeli taZris ZirSi aqvs amodebuli, meore ki mis mklavze gverdidan udevs. meore figu­ ras marcxena xelSi jvari uWiravs, marjvenaTi ki qveda kuTxeSi exeba Senobis Sveril mkla­ vs. `kompoziciis centri eklesiis gamosaxulebaa, romelic zomiT qtitorTa figurebis to­ lia, qandakebis yvelaze reliefuri nawilia da gumbaTiT momsazRvrel TaRs ebjineba. mis fasadze erTsafexuriani cokoli, kari da Taro-karniziT gaformebuli orkalTa saxuravia gamoyvanili; sarkmeli aRar Cans; dazianebis gamo gaurkvevelia gumbaTis forma. eklesiis es gamosaxuleba xoJornis dasavleT fasads unda asaxavdes. misi gverdiTi Tanabari zomis mo­ nakveTebi eklesiis CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis mklavebi unda iyos~116. taZris gegmis da gare masebis Sedareba gamosaxul reliefTan gvaZlevs safuZvels vTqvaT, rom ostats misabaZi eklesia qvaSi sakmao sizustiT gamousaxavs. g. gagoSiZe, xoJornis gumbaTiani eklesia, qarTul-somxuri kulturuli urTierTobis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 47-59; g. gagoSiZe, n. CantlaZe, monofizituri Zeglebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 127-128.

114

115

kedlis zedapiridan TiTqmis sami meoTxediT amoweuli, Rrma niSaSi Sedgmuli moculobebi somxuri reliefebisTvis sakmaod damaxasiaTebelia (xoJornis SemTxvevaSic asea. sxva SemTxvevaSi moculoba umetesad an moCarCoebis gareSe kedlis zedapiridanaa amoweuli, an Zalian dabali moCarCoebiTaa odnav amoweuli fonidan). Tumca, gansxvavebiT xoJornis reliefisgan, somxuri saqtitoro reliefi SedarebiT nakleb mravalferovania – heraldikuri kompoziciis qtitorTa Cacmulobac ki ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan (dadivanqi, axpati, sanahini, hariWavanqi). gansxavebulia reliefurobis xarisxic, blokuri daunawevrebeli moculoba da reliefis gluvi zedapirebi kedlis sibrtyesTan mkveTr kontrasts qmnis.

116

222

g. gagoSiZe, xoJornis gumbaTiani eklesia, gv. 47.

kidev erTi reliefi saqtitoro kompoziciaSi gumbaTiani nagebobis gamosaxulebiT iyo wyarosTavis eklesiis fasadze. eruSeTSi, karwaxis tbis siaxloves (amJamad TurqeTSi) mde­ bare taZari amJamad mTlianad ganadgurebulia. msjeloba misi arqiteqturisa da skulp­ turuli Semkulobis Sesaxeb e. TayaiSvilis 1902 wlis eqspediciis angariSiTa da ramdenime fotosuraTiT gviwevs (imxanad Senoba jer kidev didwilad SemorCenili iyo)117. vaxuSti batoniSvili wyarosTavis eklesias gorgaslis epoqas ukavSirebs: `ars eklesia, friad did-Svenieri, gunbaTiani, romeli aRaSena mirdat, gorgaslis Zeman’’118. adreul peri­ odSi aq bazilikuri nagebobis arsebobas taZris gegmac adasturebs119. X saukunis meore nax­ evarSi bazilika gumbaTian Senobad gadakeTda. amdroindeli iyo misi mdidari reliefuri dekoric. saqtitoro reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze, frontonis areSi iyo Casmuli120. 1902 wlis fo­ toze bundovnad gairCeva taZris modeli wagrZelebuli gumbaTiT. qtitori taZars eleusas ti pis RmrTismSobels miagebs121. korpusze centralur nawilSi naCvenebia Rrmad CakveTili sarkmlis Riobi – savaraudod aRmosavleTisa. meti detalis garkvevis saSualebas foto­ masala ar iZleva. modeli, rogorc Cans, imeorebs gadakeTebuli taZris formebs. yvelaanTubnis eklesia IX-X saukuneebis sakmaod didi zomis bazilikuri nagebobaa122. taZ­ ris Sida sivrceSi samxreTidan miSenebuli, wriul svetze dafuZnebuli ori TaRiT gaxsnili stoadan SevdivarT. iyo Sesasvleli dasavleTidanac, magram is mogvianebiT amouqolavT. aziduli proporciebis Sua navs gverdiTi navebi marTkuTxa burjebze gadayvanili sam-sami TaRiT gamoeyofa. eklesias aqvs samnawiliani sakurTxeveli. afsidSi erTi sarkmeli da ori niSaa. gadaxurva mTlianad Caqceulia. garedan Senoba sanaxevrod miwaSi da nayar qvebSi zis. erTaderTi Cvenamde moRweuli morTuloba – saqtitoro reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze, sakurTxevlis sarkmlis Tavze iyo Casmuli123. marTkuTxa filaze (zomebi: 85 × 43 × 33 sm), ga­ mosaxuleba sakmaod maRali reliefiT aris Sesrulebuli. reliefze mravalfiguriani kom­ poziciaa warmodgenili – wyvili qtitori (savaraudod erTi qalia) eklesiis modeliT xel­ Si (sur. 20). marjvniv gamosaxuli qtitoris ukan angelozi dgas da misTvis mxarze aqvs xeli `Cavlebuli~. modeli TiTqmis kvadratuli formisaa (daaxl. 21. 0 × 21. 5 sm). modeli gviCvenebs bazilikuri ti pis taZars samxreTi fasadiT. arqiteqturuli detale­ bi sakmao sizustiT aris gadmocemuli. miuxedavad TiTqmis kvadratuli formisa, TvalSi­ Е. Такаишвили, Христианские памятники. Экскурсия 1902 года, gv. 45-51, tab. IX-17, 18. wyarosTavis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve: В. Беридзе, Архитектура Тао-Кларджети, Тбилиси, 1981, gv. 183-185; П. Закарая, Зодчество Тао-Кларджети, Тбилиси, 1990, gv. 10-12; i. giviaSvili, i. koplataZe, tao-klarjeTi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 105.

117

118

qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 669.

119

g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, t. 1, tfilisi, 1936, gv. 50.

120

reliefis Sesaxeb ix.: i. giviaSvili, zeganis saqtitoro reliefi, Tsu samecniero Sromebis krebuli, xelovnebaTmcodneoba, #5, 2003, gv. 42-55.

121

amis gamo e. TayaiSvili ar eTanxmeba d. baqraZis azrs, rom taZari macxovris saxelobis iyo da varaudobs, rom is RmrTismSoblis saxelobisaa.

122

n. jabua, samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli ti pi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 94.

123

rogorc Cans, es reliefis Tavdapirveli adgili ar aris. mis gverdiT aris meoradad Casmuli qvis fragmentic arasruli warweriT. amJamad reliefi saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSia daculi.

223

sacemia vertikaloba, rasac Sua navis aziduli proporciebi usvams xazs. TvalSisacemia fa­ sadis mkafio dayofa sam horizontalur ared. zeda are Seesabameba Sua navs, masSi sarkmlebi ar aris. Sua are samxreTi navis fasads gviCvenebs sami sarkmliT. qveda are sami TaRiT aris SeWrili da stoas warmogvidgens. gverdiTi navisa da stoas saxuravebi, gansxvavebiT mTavari navis saxuravisgan, Sverilia.

Sua navis gadaxurvis kideebSi mkveTr rakursSi miniSnebulia frontonebi (amgvari gadawyve­ ta vnaxeT iSxnis relefur modelzec). aRmosavleTiT stoas doneze ganirCeva sakurTxevlis Sverili – maSin, roca Tavad yvelaanTubnis eklesias gegmis erTian sworkuTxa abrisSi Caw­ erili sakurTxeveli aqvs. msgavsi gadawyveta gvxvdeba zeganis (zaqis) eklesiis reliefzec (ix. qvemoT). rogorc Cans, ugumbaTo taZrebisTvis sakurTxevlis amgvari formiT aqcentire­ ba nacnobi xerxia. sxva mxriv, modeli, SeiZleba iTqvas zustad asaxavs im Zegls, romlis fasadsac amkobda. damaxasiaTebeli `ori sarTuli~ – Sua da gverdiTa navebis horizonta­ luri safasado sibrtyeebi da mesame are TaRebiT gaxsnili stoas saxiT samnaviani bazilik­ is utyuari vizualuri saxea124. miuxedavad imisa, rom eklesia mTlianad ganZarcvulia perangisgan, garedanac da Signi­ danac sanaxevrod miwaSia Cafluli da gadaxurvac Caqceulia, ZiriTadi formebis mixedviT sakmaod STambeWdavi nageboba unda yofiliyo, rasac reliefze gamosaxuli mcire zomis an­ alogic adasturebs. Sesrulebis mxriv, qandakeba xarisxiania, horeliefurobiT gamorCeu­ li. formaTa damuSavebiT da kveTis xasiaTiT is axlos dgas tao-klarjeTis zog nimuSTan, Tumca Zalian cudi daculobis gamo mTliani suraTis aRdgena ver xerxdeba da es daskvnac mcire, Tumca saxasiaTo detalebis analizs efuZvneba. savaraudod bazilikur an darbazul nagebobas unda warmoadgendes zeganis (zaqis) re­ liefze gamosaxuli eklesiac (sur. 21). X saukunis II naxevriT daTariRebuli zeganis ekle­ sia eruSeTSi mdebareobs. 1960-ian wlebSi afeTqebis Sedegad misgan mcire nawiliRaa gadar­ Cenili. afeTqebas Seewira samxreTis Sesasvlelis Tavze Cadgmuli saqtitoro reliefic, amitom mis Sesaxeb msjeloba e. TayaiSvilis 1902 wlis eqspediciis erTaderTi fotoTi gviw­ evs125. mravalfigurian kompociziaSi RmrTismSobeli yrmiT, angelozi, fexmorTxmiT mjdomi figura, qtitori eklesiiT xelSi da kurdRelia warmodgenili126. karis Tavze Cadgmuli fi­ la rogorc Cans timpanis qva iyo – RmrTismSoblis mxares fila ara sworkuTxa, aramed nax­ evarrkalis moxazulobisaa, xolo qtitoris mxare, romelic eklesiiT xelSi migebis poziT mimarTulia zurgiT danarCeni figurebisken, sworkuTxaa. ar viciT grZeldeboda Tu ara kompozicia, arc foto da arc aRwerebi amas ar adasturebs. eklesiis modeli ugumbaTo nagebobas gviCvenebs. is gamosaxulia gaxsnili samTaRiani SesasvleliT. Sesasvlelis zRudaris maniSni horizontaluri Sverilis zemoT qva dazi­ 124

zog SemTxvevaSi, rodesac erT sibrtyeze midgmuli TaRebiT gaxsnili Sesasvlelia moniSnuli (magaliTad, kvaisaSi), safiqrelia, rom es ara samnaviani, aramed calnaviani minaSeniani taZris saxea. yvelaanTubnis analogiuri gadawyveta gvxvdeba zeganis reliefze, sadac aseve gadaxurvis maniSni horizontalebiT gamoyofili ori sibrtye da mesame, TaRebiT gaxsnili Sesasvlelia gamosaxuli.

125

Е. Такаишвили, Христианские памятники. Экскурсия 1902 года, gv. 67, sur. 40.

reliefis Sesaxeb ix.: i. giviaSvili, zeganis saqtitoro reliefi, gv. 42-55; i. giviaSvili, kurdRlis simboluri mniSvneloba zeganis reliefze, Tsu samecniero Sromebis krebuli, xelovnebaTmcodneoba, #2, 2001, gv. 37-49.

126

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anebulia, amitom meore sarTulis doneze kedelze Zalian mkrTalad moxazuli rkalebis TaRebad miCneva saeWvoa. kedlis zeda nawili yrua. qtitors is, savaraudod, aRmosavleTiT Tavisken mimarTuli uWiravs, amis safuZvels pirveli sarTulis doneze arsebuli Sveri­ li gvaZlevs, romelic SeiZleba sakurTxevlis miniSneba iyos (amgvari Sverili ukve vnax­ eT yvelaanTubnis modelze). Sesabamisad, mTavari, mnaxvelisTvis gankuTvnili fasadi ara samxreTi, aramed CrdiloeTi gamodis, rac cota ucnauria – rogorc wesi, mTavar, sazeimo Sesasvlels samxreTi kari warmoadgens, sadac saqtitoro reliefebic Tavsdeboda, ra­ Ta mnaxvelisTvis TvalsaCino da advilad aRsaqmeli yofiliyo (oSki, opiza, Sepiaki)127. Tu modelze nageboba dasavleTi an aRmosavleTi fasadiT araa naCvenebi, is TiTqmis yvelgan samxreTi fasadiT aris nagulisxmevi (oSki, iSxani, dolisyana, kvaisa, benisi). ramdenadac fotoze dakvirvebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, reliefi sakmaod moculobiTia, nageboba TiTqmis samganzomilebian formamdea miyvanili. eklesiis korpusi zomaze metad wagrZelebulia ver­ tikalurad. TvalsaCinod aris miniSnebuli orferda gadaxurvis Sida, kedlis sibrtyisken mimarTuli mxare (asevea iSxnis da yvelaanTubnis reliefze). gamokveTilia Sesasvlelis svetebis kapitelebi da bazisebi. miuxedavad TaRebiT gaxsnili fasadis da misi elementeb­ is detalurad gamosaxvisa, mTlianobaSi erTiani daunawevrebeli zedapiri da blokurobaa wamyvani. am mxriv zeganis reliefi dolisyanis reliefTan povebs saerTos. aRsaniSnavia, rom qtitoris xelT arsebuli taZari ti pologiurad gansxvavdeba realuri nagebobisgan, romlis fasadzec is iyo Cadgmuli. zeganis trikonqi gumbaTiani nageboba iyo, xolo qtitors xelT, savaraudod, darbazuli nageboba upyria. radgan detalebiT amgvarad aqcentirebuli nageboba gamoricxavs mis zogad xasiaTs, SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom is konk­ retuli Zeglis mibaZviT Seiqmna. bevr kiTxvas badebs fetobnis saqtitoro reliefi, romelzedac eklesiis modelia ga­ mosaxuli wyvil qtitorTan erTad (sur. 22). reliefi g. boWoriZem sofel wyalTbilas skolis fasadSi CaSenebuli i pova. cnobilia, rom is 1880-ian wlebSi Camoitanes focxovis sofel fetobnidan128, magram zusti warmomavloba ver dgindeba da, Sesabamisad, ar viciT is arqiteqtura, romelsac reliefi miekuTvneboda. focxovis xeobaSi axlaxans Catarebulma eqspediciam sofel fetobnis teritoriaze ramdenime eklesiis nangrevi aRmoaCina, Tumca yvela mcire zomis darbazuli nagebobaa. ra Tqma unda ver gamovricxavT, rom aRniSnuli reliefi aseTi eklesiis fasadzec yofiliyo Cadgmuli, magram Tavisi masStaburobidan da Sesrulebis xarisxidan gamomdinare, is aSkarad ufro maRali donis arqiteqturis nawili unda yofiliyo, vidre soflis mcire zomis darbazuli eklesiisa. fetobnis eklesiis modelze dakvirvebiTac darwmunebiT ver vityviT, is gumbaTian ekle­ sias gamoxatavs Tu ugumbaTos. daSvebuli fardis fonze gamokveTili nageboba, erTi Sexed­ 127

es is reliefebia, romlebmac Cvenamde adgilmoucvlelad moaRwia, an gvaqvs cnoba Tu sad iyo isini Casmuli. umetesi reliefebi ar zis Tavis Tavdapirvel adgilze da meoradad gadawyobis Sedegad zogi aRmosavleTiT, sakurTxevlis sarkmlis Tavzea Casmuli, zogi dasavleTiT, Sesasvlelis Tavze, zogi sulac gumbaTis yelze. maTi Tavdapirveli adgili ucnobia. g. boWoriZe, mogzauroba samcxe-javaxeTSi, gv. 76, 249, 255. dRes reliefi saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi inaxeba. adrindel wyaroebSi sofeli moixsenieba rogorc petobani (s. jiqia, gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari, wigni III, gamokvleva, Tbilisi, 1958, gv. 438). amave saxelwodebis sofeli aris klarjeTSic. 128

225

viT, TiTqos bazilikas hgavs, romlis gverdiTi navebis orTogonaluri naxazi sibrtyeze amgvarad aris gadawyvetili, Tumca gverdiTi moculobis fasSi gamosaxvis magaliTebi, rogoric adreul mozaikebSi gvxvdeba, reliefSi ver moviZie (mxolod ramdenime Sua sauku­ neebis spilos Zvlis firfitaze129). taZari, savaraudod, dasavleT fasadiT aris gadmoce­ muli. samkuTxa frontoni da sam svetze gadasuli ori TaRiT gaxsnili karibWe gverdiTa moculobebTan erTad erT sibrtyezea gaerTianebuli. gverdiTa navebis aseve orferda gad­ axurviT gamosaxva, im SemTxvevaSi Tu es marTlac samnaviani darbazuli nagebobaa, uanalo­ goa. SesaZlebelia, aq naCvenebi iyos mravalfrontoniani stoa-galerea xerxula karniziT – iseTi, rogoric aqvs oSkis eklesias samxreTidan, magram aseTi galerea dasavleTidan qar­ Tul arqiteqturaSi cnobili ar aris. fetobnis reliefi X saukuniT TariRdeba. am periodis saqtitoro reliefebze darba­ zuli da samnaviani eklesiebi TiTqmis ugamonaklisod samxreTi fasadiT aris gadmocemu­ li. amdenad, fetobnis reliefze dasavleTi fasadiT naCvenebi eklesiis darbazuloba Tu bazilikuroba saeWvoa. Tu davuSvebT, rom reliefi garSemosavlelian gumbaTur nagebobas gamoxatavs (kacxis taZris msgavss), asaxsneli iqneba gumbaTis forma. fetobnis modelze SuaSi aziduli moculoba bevrad ufro hgavs navs, vidre gumbaTs. gumbaTis nacvlad aseTi brtyeli sworkuTxa moculobis Cvenebam SeiZleba mogvagonos V-X saukunis bizantiuri da dasavluri arqiteqturis calkeuli nimuSebi, rogoricaa stari rasis wm. petresa da pav­ les taZari serbeTSi an santa maria de melke andaluziaSi. Tumca, ara mgonia es Soreuli paralelebi fetobnis modelis formis interpretaciisTvis gamosadegi iyos. saqtitoro reliefebze gamosaxuli eklesiebis ganxilvam aCvena, rom arqiteqturis aRqma da misi gadmocema ar aris erTgvarovani. ama Tu im arqiteqturuli ti pis gamosaxvis dros arsebobs garkveuli wesi, rogoricaa, vTqvaT samnaviani nagebobis samxreTi fasadiT gad­ mocema, an darbazuli eklesiis dasavleT fasadiT Cveneba, an simboluri datvirTvis mqone modelebSi garkveuli detalebis aqcentireba. Tumca amis gaTvaliswinebiTac, dabejiTebiT risame mtkiceba rTulia amgvari modelebis mravalferovnebis gamo. saqtitoro kompoziciebSi Tanabrad gvxvdeba darbazuli, samnaviani Tu gumbaTuri nage­ bobebi, Tumca TiToeuli maTgani am jgufebis SigniTac gansxvavdeba. MmagaliTad, Tu Sevxe­ davT^ reliefebze warmodgenil darbazuli eklesiebs, zogi maTgani, romelic aRmosavleT fasadiT da masze aqcentirebuli sarkmliT aris warmodgenili, simboluri mniSvnelobisaa da zogadi eklesiis asaxvas unda gulisxmobdes. amas adasturebs uravlis agaris reliefis warwera, sadac stois maSenebeli mawyvereli eposkoposia moxseniebuli, Tumca xelSi dar­ bazuli eklesiiT. sxva SemTxvevaSi (benisi) darbazuli eklesia samxreTi fasadiT da masze ucnaurad aqcentirebuli kariT aris gamosaxuli. karis Riobs fasadis mesamedi uWiravs, rac SesaZloa karis religiur simbolikaze da, konteqstidan gamomdinare, mis garkveul sazrisebze miTiTeba iyos da qtitoris mxridan xazgasmiT am Sinaaris dakveTaze miuTiTeb­ des (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arc msgavsi formis da arc ase Zlier aqcentirebuli kari realur nagebobas ar gaaCnia). sapirispirod, konkretuli nimuSiT unda iyos STagonebuli caiSis reliefis mqandakebeli, roca TiTqmis zustad asaxavs meaTe saukunis nagebobebisT­ 129

magaliTad, IV saukunis triris spilos Zvlis firfitaze reliqviebis gadatanis scenaSi da salernos spilos Zvlis firfitaze Sobis scenaSi gamosaxul arqiteqturaze.

226

vis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs – ramdenimesafexurian cokolze mdgar wagrZelebuli propor­ ciis mqone darbazul nagebobas, dasavleT fasadze vertikalur RerZze gaWrili sworkuTxa kariTa da TaRovani sapiriT morTuli sarkmliT Tu karnizis gadanakeciani kuTxeebiT. simboluri da realuri arqiteqtura gansxvavdeba aseve samnaviani bazilikebis gamosax­ ulebebSi. isini umetes SemTxvevaSi naCvenebia samxreTi fasadiT da, savaraudod, konkretul arqiteqturas warmogvidgens konkretuli detalebiT, rogorc es aris kvaisa jvarsa da yve­ laanTubanSi. maTgan gansxvavebiT, simboluri datvirTvis mqone bazilikebi dasavleTi fas­ adiT aris warmodgenili joisubnisa da bzis saqtitoro kompoziciebSi. gumbaTuri nagebobebis reprezentaciisas (javaxeTis axaSeni, dolisyana, oSki) ufro metad aris gamokveTili realuri arqiteqturis asaxvis tendencia, rac SesaZloa damkveTis maRali socialuri mdgomareobiTac yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. zog SemTxvevaSi Tavs iCens modelze ama Tu im arqiteqturuli detalis xazgasmulad gamokveTa, rac religiuri saz­ risis gansxvavebul aRqmaze iqneboda damokidebuli da, SesaZloa, aseve damkveTis neba-sur­ vilsac avlenda. sxva gumbaTur nagebobaTagan mkveTrad gansxavebulia atenis sionis mod­ eli – rogorc formiT, ise realur arqiteqturasTan mimarTebiT, rac utyuarad mis simbo­ lur gaazrebaze miniSnebaa. A yvela ganxiluli Zegli, miuxedavad maTi gamosaxvis garkveuli kanonzomierebebisa, in­ dividualuri Sinaarsis matarebelia. rTulia imis zustad Tqma, ramdenad emTxveva am mod­ elebis Cveneuli interpretacia Sua saukuneebis adamianis mier maT aRqmas realur arqite­ qturasTan mimarTebiT.

227

suraTebis sia sur. 1. webeldis kankeli. fragmenti sur. 2. breZa. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi sur. 3. uravlis agara. sarkmlis TavsarTis re­ liefi aRmosavleTi fasadze. fragmenti sur. 4. darya. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi samxreT fasadze sur. 5. caiSi. reliefi samreklos CrdiloeT fasadze sur. 6. benisi. reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze sur. 7. joisubani. reliefi aRmosavleTi sarkmlis sapireze. fragmenti sur. 8. atenis sioni. reliefi aRmosavleT fas­ adze. fragmenti sur. 9. Sepiaki. sarkmlis TavsarTi aRmosav­ leT fasadze sur. 10. kvaisa jvari. reliefis fragmenti sur. 11. qoroRo. reliefi dasavleT fasadis karnizze. fragmenti sur. 12. iSxani. timpani

sur. 13. iSxani. timpani. fragmenti sur. 14. bza. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi samxreT fasadze sur. 15. dolisyana. reliefi gumbaTis samx­ reT-aRmosavleT mxares. fragmenti sur. 16. oSki. reliefi samxreT fasadze. bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi. fragmenti sur. 17. oSki. reliefi samxreT fasadze. daviT magistrosi. fragmenti sur. 18. opizis reliefi. fragmenti sur. 19. javaxeTis axaSeni. reliefi dasavleT fasadze. fragmenti sur. 20. yvelaanTubani. reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze sur. 21. zegani (zaqi). reliefi samxreTi Ses­ asvlelis arqitravze. fragmenti sur. 22. fetobani. reliefi sarkmlis Tav­ sarTze

suraTebis wyaroebi g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kv­ leviTi centris s. qobulaZis sax. xelovneb­ is ZeglTa fiqsaciis laboratoria – 2 gogoTur misriaSvili – 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 22 qristine sabaSvili – 12, 13, 21 neli CakvetaZe – 20 natalia CitiSvili – 8, 11, 15-18 daviT xoStaria – 19

Е. Такайшвили, Христианские памятники. Экс­кур­ сия 1902 г., Материалы по археологии Кавказа, вып.

XII, 1909, gv. 67, sur. 40 – 21 Пр. Уварова, Христианские памятники, Мате­ риалы по археологии Кавказа, вып. IV, 1894, tab. 7 – 1 Р. Меписашвили, В. Цинцадзе, Архитектура нагор­ ной части исторической провинции Грузии – Шида Картли, Тбилиси, 1975, gv. 84, sur. 74 – 10

suraTebze warmodgenili artefaqtebi inaxeba Semdeg muzeumebsa da sacavebSi saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amira­ naSvilis sax. xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi – 9, 18, 22

228

onis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi – 7, 10, 22 rizes muzeumi, TurqeTi – 12, 13

sur. 1. webeldis kankeli. fragmenti

sur. 2. breZa. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi

229

sur. 3. uravlis agara. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze. fragmenti

sur. 4. darya. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi samxreT fasadze

230

sur. 5. caiSi. reliefi samreklos CrdiloeT fasadze

sur. 6. benisi. reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze

231

sur. 7. joisubani. reliefi aRmosavleTi sarkmlis sapireze. fragmenti

sur. 8. atenis sioni. reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze. fragmenti

sur. 9. Sepiaki. sarkmlis TavsarTi aRmosavleT fasadze

232

sur. 10. kvaisa jvari. reliefis fragmenti

sur. 11. qoroRo. reliefi dasavleT fasadis karnizze. fragmenti

233

sur. 12. iSxani. timpani

sur. 13. iSxani. timpani. fragmenti

234

sur. 14. bza. sarkmlis TavsarTis reliefi samxreT fasadze

sur. 15. dolisyana. reliefi gumbaTis samxreT-aRmosavleT mxares. fragmenti

235

sur. 16. oSki. reliefi samxreT fasadze. bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi. fragmenti sur. 17. oSki. reliefi samxreT fasadze. daviT magistrosi. fragmenti

sur. 18. opizis reliefi. fragmenti

236

sur. 19. javaxeTis axaSeni. reliefi dasavleT fasadze. fragmenti

sur. 20. yvelaanTubani. reliefi aRmosavleT fasadze

237

sur. 21. zegani (zaqi). reliefi samxreTi Sesasvlelis arqitravze. fragmenti

sur. 22. fetobani. reliefi sarkmlis TavsarTze

238

natalia CitiSvili samganzomilebiani arqiteqturuli modelebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi samganzomilebiani arqiteqturuli modelebis Seqmnas Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo­ Si mravalsaukunovani tradicia aqvs. Cvenamde SemorCenili nimuSebi naTlad aCvenebs Sua saukuneebis mSenebel-ostatTa Tu xelosanTa gawafulobas sxvadasxva masalisgan (xe, qva, liToni) sxvadasxva daniSnulebis (liturgikuli Tu memorialuri) modelTa SeqmnaSi. maTi Seswavla mniSvnelovnad gvexmareba gavigoT, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen ostatebi realur ar­ qiteqturas da rogor gardaqmnidnen mas mcire formebSi, raTa aRqmadi da misaRebi yofili­ yo mnaxvelisaTvis. aRmosavleT saqristianos sxva regionebis msgavsad, saqarTveloSic arqiteqturul mod­ elebs sxvadasxva mizniT akeTebdnen1. gvxvdeba eklesiis formis mqone akroterionebi, safla­ vis Zeglebi, sanawileebi, sacecxlurebi, baldaqinebi, sefiskveris sabeWdavebi da sxva. sam­ wuxarod, am nivTebis didi nawili ganadgurebul-dakargulia, nawili ki konteqstis gareSea gabneuli sxvadasxva sacavebsa Tu eklesia-monasterTa ezoebSi, rac zogjer arTulebs maTi Tavdapirveli funqciis dadgenas.

1. akroterionebi Sesavali akroterioni aris arqiteqturuli elementi, romelic Senobis frontonis zeda wverze Tavsdeba2. is cnobilia jer kidev antikuri saberZneTidan, sadac qandakovani gamosaxule­ bebiT imkoboda ara mxolod taZris frontonis kexi, aramed zogjer kideebic. akroterion­ samganzomilebiani arqiteqturuli modelebis Sesaxeb bibliografia ix.: D. Stachowiak, Church Models in the Byzantine Culture Circle and the Problem of their Function, in: NOVAE. Studies and Materials, VI, ed. by E. Ju. Klenina, Poznan, 2018, gv. 243-256.

1

N. Davies, E. Jokiniemi, Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction, Oxford, 2008, gv. 5, il. 78, 86. sityva akroterioni momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan àκρωτήριον, rac niSnavs `wvers~, `kides. ~ 2

239

Ta aRmarTvis tradicia gagrZelda romaul arqiteqturaSic. Sua saukuneebSi akroterioni funqciiTa da mxatvruli saxiT qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis moTxovnebs moarges. qarTul sataZro arqiteqturaSi farTod gamoiyeneboda eklesiis Senobis moyvanilobis akroterionebi. SemorCenili nimuSebis raodenobiT, es CvenSi Suasaukunovani samganzomile­ biani arqiteqturuli modelis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeoba Cans. akroterionebisaTvis eklesiis formis micema, saqarTvelos garda, somxeTSic dasturdeba. SemorCenil nimuSebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es tradicia samxreTkavkasiuri movlenaa, romlis erT-er­ Ti mTavari ganmapirobebeli faqtori unda yofiliyo qviT mSeneblobis da qvaSi saxeebis kveTis maRali kultura. regionSi samSeneblo qvis mopovebisa da damuSavebis mravalsauku­ novani kultura arsebobda, rasac mowmobs Cvenamde moRweuli antikuri da Sua saukuneebis saero Tu religiuri daniSnulebis maRali arqiteqturuli Rirebulebis mqone nagebobebi, romelTa ara mxolod kedlebi da kamarebi, aramed xSirad saxuravic qviT aris gakeTebuli3. am pirobebSi adgilobrivad ganviTarda qvaSi eklesiis moculobiTi gamoqandakebis tradi­ cia sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT, maT Soris akroterionebisTvis. samecniero interesi samxreT kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli eklesiis formis akroterionebis mimarT 1960-iani wlebis bolodan gaCnda. pirveli mniSvnelovani kvleva, romelic dRemde mTavar naSromad iTvleba am Temaze, ekuTvnis paolo kuneos4. saqarTveloSi, somxeTisagan gansxvavebiT, p. kuneos akroterionebi adgilze sagangebod ar Seuswavlia, amitom bevri mniSvnelovani qarTuli nimuSi misTvis (da Sesabamisad saerTaSoriso mecnierebisaTvis) ucnobi darCa. Tavis werilSi is farTod mimoixilavs somxur magaliTebs, xolo qarTuls mxolod gakvriT exeba, amasTan Semoifargleba misTvis im dros xelmisawvdomi meorexarisx­ ovani masaliT (rogorebicaa akroterionebi sveticxovlis, samTavisis, ikorTisa da mangli­ sis taZrebze). p. kuneo Tavis werilSi exeba eklesiaTa rogorc or-, ise samganzomilebian gamosaxule­ bebs Sua saukuneebis somxur arqiteqturaSi da Semdegnairad ajgufebs maT: saqtitoro mod­ elebi, modeli-reliqvariumebi, modeli-akroterionebi da modeli-maketebi (nimuSebi). ak­ roterionebisadmi miZRvnil nawilSi igi askvnis, rom eklesiis formis akroterionebi somx­ eTsa da saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad samonastro eklesiebSi gvxvdeba da rom maTi gavrcelebis xana XI-XVII saukuneebiT ifargleba5. Cvenma kvlevam aCvena, rom p. kuneos mier moxazuli sura­ 3

r. osterhotis SeniSvniT, qva, rogorc gadasaxuri masala gavrcelebuli iyo bizantiis imperiis im mxareebSi, sadac kramitis warmoebis tradicia ar arsebobda, an Sesabamisi masala ar moi poveboda. qvis fiqaliT dRemdea gadaxuruli aTonis mTis bevri eklesia-monasteri, aseve 870-871 wlebis wm. an­ drias eklesia peristeriSi (CrdiloeT saberZneTi). garda fiqalisa, anatoliis regionebSi gadasax­ urad aseve gamoiyeneboda qvis lorfinebi – magaliTad, Canli kiliseSi SemorCenilia lorfinebis gadaxurvis sistemis fragmentebi. Tumca, rogorc Cans lorfini, rogorc eklesiaTa gadasaxuri masa­ la, aq farTod ar gavrcelebula, gansxvavebiT samxreT kavkasiisgan (R. Ousterhout, Master Builders of Byzantium, Princeton, 2008, gv. 148, sur. 110). es unda yofiliyo savaraudod mizezi imisa, rom samganzomilebiani qvis modelebis, rogorc qanobTa kexis damagvirgvineblebis aRmarTvis tradicia qristianul aRmo­ savleTSi samxreT kavkasiis gareT ar arsebula.

4

P. Cuneo, Les modèles en pierre de l’architecture arménienne, Revue des études Arméniennes, VI, 1969, gv. 200-231, sur. 1-42.

5

P. Cuneo, Les modèles en pierre de l’architecture arménienne, gv. 218.

240

Ti samxreT kavkasiis or qveyanaSi Tanagvari araa – saqarTveloSi eklesiis formis akrote­ rionebi edga ara mxolod samonastro eklesiebs, aramed samrevlo da sakaTedro taZrebsac, xolo maTi gavrcelebis droiTi diapazoni X-XIX saukuneebia. mogvianebiT eklesiaTa modelebs sxva avtorebic Seexnen, Tumca ZiriTadi yuradReba maT­ ac somxur nimuSebs dauTmes da qarTuli masala kvlav yuradRebis miRma darCa6. saqarTveloSi erTiani kvleva am mimarTulebiT jer ar ganxorcielebula, Tumca calkeu­ li eklesiis modelebi, gamomdinare maTi mxatvruli Tu istoriuli mniSvnelobidan, samec­ niero literaturaSi didi xania cnobilia – aseTTagania safaris akroterioni farezas Zis gamosaxulebiT (sur. 49-51)7, an kidev eklesiis modeli axaldabidan (sur. 5)8. interesi maT mimarT gamowveuli iyo maTi warwerebiTa da reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT, rogorc arqite­ qturuli modelebi isini ganxiluli ar yofila. gavrcelebis qronologiuri da geografiuli diapazoni Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom akroterionebis daTariReba didwilad problemas war­ moadgens. saamisod ZiriTadad viyeneb formaluri analizis meTods, Tumca aseTi midgomiT maTi daTariReba yovelTvis ver xerxdeba, radgan bevr nimuSs ama Tu im epoqisaTvis saxas­ iaTo niSnebi ar gaaCnia. aseT SemTxvevebSi akroterionis TariRis gansasazRvrad mTavari dasayrdenia Tavad Senobis istoria, kerZod sxvadasxvadroindeli samSeneblo fenebis ga­ moyofa. saqarTveloSi, rogorc iTqva, eklesiis modelis saxis akroterionebi, savaraudod, X saukunidan Cndeba (uadresia nimuSebi kurcxanis xeobidan, TrialeTis axalqalaqidan da tirZnisis samebis eklesiidan). Semdgom xanebSi isini nel-nela sataZro arqiteqturis ar­ sebiT nawilad iqceva, gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad ki maT XIII saukunidan moyolebuli akeTeben XIX saukunemde – yovel SemTxvevaSi, wili SemorCenili akroterionebisa am periodidan uf­ ro metia. kvlevis dros akroterionTa arseboba dadasturda 50-mde eklesia-monasterSi, sadac maTma saerTo raodenobam 100-mde miaRwia9. am akroterionTagan nawili axla muzeumebSia ga­ datanili, zogic ukve aRar arsebobs da mxolod XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis I naxevris Ch. Maranci, Architectural Models in the Caucasus: Problems of Form, Function, and Meaning, in: Architectural Models in Medieval Architecture, ed. Yannis D. Varalis, 2008, gv. 49-55; M. C. Carile, Buildings in their Patrons’ Hands? The Multiform Function of Small Size Models between Byzantium and Transcaucasia, Kunsttexte. de, N3, 2014, gv. 1-14.

6

v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 52, tab. 332; v. silogava, eklesiis modeli safaridan xuroTmoZRvris gamosaxulebiT da warweriT, mesxeTi, istoria da Tanamedroveoba, 2000, gv.

29-35; d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 116-117, sur. 89; T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qandakeba, Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 312, sur. 606-607.

7

8

v. silogava, eklesiis modeli axaldabidan da mis kedlebze amokveTili warwera, Tsu axalcixis filialis Sromebis krebuli, II, 2000, gv. 67-81.

9

es ricxvi araa sruli da is bevrad meti unda iyos, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom akroterionebi aseve gvxvdeba Sida qarTlis im nawilSi, romelic amJamad mkvlevarTaTvis miuwvdomelia rusuli okupaciis gamo. am regionidan mxolod ramdenime nimuSia CvenTvis cnobili (akroterionebi sof. vaxtanis gomarTis mTis eklesiidan, ikorTis taZridan, Tirisa da largvisis monastrebidan).

241

siZveleTmcodneebis CanawerebiTa da Zveli naxazebiTa Tu fotosuraTebiT aris cnobili (magaliTad, eklesiis modelebi wromidan10, ananuridan11, safaris monastridan12). akroterionebi ZiriTadad amkobda qvis lorfiniT gadaxurul Senobebs da Seadgenda nawils gadaxurvis konstruqciisa (vrclad amis Sesaxeb qvemoT). Sesabamisad, isini ZiriT­ adad SemorCenilia saqarTvelos im regionebSi, sadac gadasaxur masalad qvas iyenebdnen da ara kramits – qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi. kaxeTSi kexze mdgari modelebidan CvenT­ vis cnobilia modeli alaverdis kaTedralidan (is, savaraudod, Seqmnili unda iyos XVIII saukunis ganaxlebis dros, rodesac taZari lorfiniT gadaixura. vrclad ix. qvemoT, sur.

33) da aseve sagarejos wm. petresa da pavles eklesiis dasavleT frontonze aRmarTuli ak­ roterioni (vrclad ix. qvemoT, sur. 28). am ukanasknelis saxuravi Tavis droze lorfinisa iyo da TunuqiT Seicvala gasul saukuneSi Catarebuli sarestavracio samuSaoebis dros. taZris arqiteqturasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa v. beriZis Sefaseba, romliTac SeiZle­ ba aixsnas aq akroterionis gamoyeneba: `Tavisi Senebis xasiaTiT (saSeni masalis SerCeva da Sefardeba), dekoriT igi qarTlis Zeglebs ufro uaxlovdeba, vidre kaxeTisas~13. sagare­ jos taZris es siaxlove qarTlis samSeneblo tradiciebTan, vfiqrob, warmoadgens ga­ saRebs aq akroterionis arsebobisa. rogorc Cans, mSeneblebi kargad flobdnen lorfiniT taZris gadaxurvisa da akroterionTa gamoqandakebis xelobas. am kuTxiT aseve niSando­ blivia ananuris 1689 wlis RmrTismSoblis taZris frontonebze mdgari akroterionebi (dRes erTiRaa SemorCenili), romlebic TavianTi struqturiT enaTesavebodnen sagarejos akroterions (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT). es msgavseba miT ufro sainteresod gvesaxeba, rom e. kvaWataZis varaudiT, sagarejosa da ananurSi SesaZloa erTi samSeneblo amqari muSaob­ da14. imereTSi, sadac gadasaxur masalad aseve ZiriTadad kramits iyenebdnen, akroterioni darCenilia savanis XI saukunis wm. giorgis eklesiis aRmosavleT frontonze. Tavdapirve­ li gadaxurva SerCenili araa, magram v. beriZis azriT, taZari Tavidanve kramitiT unda yo­ filiyo gadaxuruli, msgavsad speTisa da exvevis axlomdebare taZrebisa15. misive varaudiT, taZris kexis qva gviani aRdgenis Sedegi unda iyos16. tao-klarjeTis nagebobaTagan, rogorc SemorCenili masala mowmobs, eklesiis formis akroterioni idga tbeTis kaTedralis dasavleT frontonze. al. pavlinovis mier 1888 wlis mogzaurobisas gadaRebul fotosuraTebsa da mis mierve Sesrulebul eklesiis naxazze 10

П. Уварова, Христианские памятники, Материалы по археологии Кавказа, вып. IV, Москва, 1894, gv. 183.

akroterionebi 1939 wels Caxaza v. wilosanma. naxazebi inaxeba saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos arqivSi. am naxazebiT dgindeba, rom ananuris mTavari taZris oTxsave kexze akroterioni iyo aRmarTuli. maTgan mxolod erTiRaa darCenili taZris ezoSi. cnoba mis Sesaxeb momawoda Cemma kolegam manon liluaSvilma, risTvisac didad madlobeli var misi.

11

12

Е. Такаишвили, Археологические экскурсии, разыскания и заметки, вып. 1, Тифлис, 1905, gv. 100.

13

v. beriZe, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoria, t. 1, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 459.

e. kvaWataZe, gviani Sua saukuneebis safasado skulptura (ananuris, sagarejos petre-pavles, yincvisisa da `gigos saydris~ taZarTa reliefebi), sadoqtoro disertacia, Tbilisi, 2005.

14

15

v. beriZe, savane (XI saukunis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zegli), qarTuli xelovneba, t. 1, 1942, gv. 84.

16

iqve.

242

aRbeWdilia gumbaTiani eklesiis modelis qveda korpusi (models gumbaTi im xanad ukve mo­ texili hqonda). ganirCeva mis samxreT fasadze gadayvanili TaRi. modelis Seqmnis TariRis zusti gansazRvra Znelia, is albaT Tanadrouli unda iyos mogvianod – XIV an XV saukuneSi – gamocvlili lorfinis gadaxurvisa17. arqiteqturuli modeli dRemdea SerCenili xanZTis monastris mTavari taZris samxreT-dasavleTiT mdgar 1540-ian wlebSi agebuli samreklos18 gumbaTis wverze (sur. 34). amgvarad, saqarTveloSi akroterionTa gavrcelebis areali didwilad qarTliTa da samcxe-javaxeTiT Semoifargleba, Tumca calkeuli nimuSebi moiZebneba sxva regionebSic, ZiriTadad im Zeglebze, romlebic qvis lorfiniT iyo gadaxuruli. epizodurad, rogorc Cans, iyo SemTxvevebic, roca qvis konstruqciis gadaxurvis am detaliT STagonebuli os­ tatebi mas kramitis saxuravzec akeTebdnen. amisi CvenTvis cnobili nimuSia Tbilisis jvaris mamis taZari XVI saukunisa. misi Tavdapirveli kramitis gadaxurva ar SemorCa da amdenad uc­ nobia, Tavidanve iyo Tu ara misi frontonebi eklesiis modelebiT Semkuli. akroterionebi, romlebic dRes adgas jvaris mamis eklesias, imdenad sadaa, moklebuli yovelgvar arqite­ qturul-dekoratiul danawevrebas, rom maTi daTariReba SeuZlebelia. Tumca, faqti, rom kramitis gadaxurvaze gamoyenebulia mcire zomis arqiteqturuli modelebi, TavisTavad sainteresoa. mowyobis wesi Sua saukuneebis eklesiaTa frontonebze akroterionebis aRmarTva mWidrodaa dakavSire­ buli Senobis gadasaxur masalasTan da gadaxurvis meTodTan. cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneeb­ is saqarTveloSi Senobis gadasaxurad ZiriTadad kramitsa da lorfins iyenebdnen, ufro iSviaTad – yavarsa da agurs19. zogadad, samxreT kavkasiaSi qvis filebiT eklesiebs ukve VII saukunidan xuraven, Tumca farTod is X saukunidan gamoiyeneboda20. swored am periodidan dasturdeba, rogorc iTqva, CvenSi akroterionebis arsebobac. lorfinis saxuravis konstruqcia ramdenime elementisgan Sedgeba: uSualod qvis file­ bi, maTi Semkvreli sxvadasxva saxis kliteebi da kexi. kexi aerTianebs gadaxurvis or qanobs da faravs maTi SeerTebis adgilas darCenil Rars. konstruqciulad kexisTvis gamoiyeneba erTmaneTSi klitis kbilebiT Camagrebuli ramdenime qva. eklesiis modeli idgmeboda kidu­ ra qvaze, romelic fasadis pirze gamodis. arsebul masalaze dakvirvebiT, samxreT kavkasiaSi akroterionebis eklesiis kexze damagrebis ori ZiriTadi xerxi arsebobda: tbeTis taZris Sesaxeb vrclad ix.: d. xoStaria, klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 233-251.

17

18

samreklos arqiteqtura da warwerebisaTvis, adreuli bibliografiis miTiTebiT, ix.: d. kldiaSvili, sinas sulTa matiane. markozi – xancTis samreklos maSenebeli da sinas sulTa matianis bolo Semavsebeli, literatura da xelovneba, #3, 1999, gv. 47-77; d. xoStaria, klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi, gv. 109-110.

19

vrclad Sua saukuneebis eklesiaTa gadaxurvasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi.., gv. 184-202. r. gverdwiTeli, lorfinis saxuravi, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 1; d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi.., gv. 184.

20

243

1. rig SemTxvevebSi eklesiis modeli iTleboda erTian qvaSi kexis ganapira qvasTan erTad da ideboda mklavis kideSi, frontonis wverze. am qvas, rogorc wesi, ukan mimarTul mxares qveda nawilSi hqonda Sverili, romelzec ideboda kexis momdevno qva. zogjer es Sverili mkveTrad iyo dagrZelebuli da Tavad warmoadgenda kexis samkuTxa qvas, romelsac mosdev­ da danarCeni qvebis rigi (sur. 12). iq, sadac eklesiis modeli iyo gamoqandakebuli, kexis qvas SesaZlebelia hqonoda brtyeli safuZveli, an samkuTxa (`frontonisebri~) SeRrmaveba, riTic is ijda misTvis gankuTvnil adgilze. ganZanis RmrTismSoblis eklesiis dasavleT kexze mdgari modelis Ziri talRiseburadaa gamokveTili, rac mas damatebiT mxatvrul ga­ momsaxvelobas sZens.

2. zogjer eklesiis models aqandakebdnen calke qvaSi, romelic brtyeli ZiriT idgme­ boda misTvis winaswar momzadebul Sesabamis platformaze da magrdeboda makavSirebeli xsnariT. unda iTqvas, rom eklesiis modelis saxis akroterionis aRmarTva arc saqarTveloSi da arc somxeTSi arasodes yofila savaldebulo. SesaZlebelia frontoni modelis gare­ Se yofiliyo dasrulebuli, an maTze protomebi – cxovelTa skulpturuli Tavebi an nax­ evarfigurebi yofiliyo warmodgenili. xalxuri tradiciiT nasazrdoebi protomebi xSi­ rad eklesiis modelebTan erTad, erT taZarze keTdeboda. aseT SemTxvevebSi, rogorc wesi, eklesiis models dasavleTi frontoni eTmoboda, xolo verZis saxis protoms – aRmosav­ leTi. asea, magaliTad Tiris RmrTismSoblis (XIII saukunis meore naxevari)21, Rromas wm. Te­ vdores (XIV saukunis dasawyisi; sur. 8, 9)22, CxikvTas samebis (XVI-XVII saukuneebi, amJamad orive akroterioni dakargulia)23, sagarejos wm. petresa da pavles (1690-1712; sur. 28, 29) eklesiebSi. funqcia akroterioni arqiteqturis mxatvruli gaformebis nawilia, misi gakeTeba, pirvel rigSi, Senobis gare saxis gamomsaxvelobis gaZlierebas emsaxureba. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom qar­ Tul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi akroterionebi mkvidrdeba X saukunidan – im droidan, roca aRin­ iSneba dekoratiulobis saerTo zrdisa da mamkobi elementebis matebis tendencia. magram es ar niSnavs, rom akroterions praqtikuli daniSnuleba ar unda gaaCndes. rogorc mowmobs mravalricxovani nimuSebi, saqarTveloSi maT savsebiT konkretuli funqcia hqondaT. dRemde SemorCenil eklesiis formis akroterionebs zeda nawilSi (gumbaTis wverSi Tu modeli gumbaTiania, orqanoba gadaxurvis SuaSi Tu ugumbaToa) aqvT sagangebo CaRrmaveba, romelSic xis, liTonisa Tu qvis jvrebi iyo Camagrebuli. am jvarTa umetesoba dRemde Semor­ Cenili araa, maTi didi nawili sabWoTa periodSi antireligiuri moZraobis dros ganad­ gurda, ris gamoc akroterionebis udidesma nawilma dazianebuli saxiT moaRwia (SemorCa liTonis ramdenime jvari, savaraudod, gviani xanisa da ara Tavdapirveli, magaliTad ikor­ 21

n. andRulaZe, Tiris monastris xuroTmoZRvruli ansambli, Tbilisi, 1976, gv. 17, 68, tab. XII, XIII.

v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 36-37; erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis programa: saangariSo krebuli, Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 216.

22

Е. Такаишвили, Археологические экскурсии, розыскания и заметки, вып. 2, Тифлис, 1905, gv. 13; v. beriZe, XVIXVIII saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tbilisi, 1994, gv. 118-119, sur. 98.

23

244

Tis taZris akroterionze – sur. 1). amrigad, eklesiis modeli warmoadgenda erTgvar baziss taZris saxuravis kexze jvris aRsamarTad, es iyo maTi praqtikuli funqcia. es ostats ar avaldebulebda realuri eklesiis identuri, Tundac ramdenadme miaxloebuli modelis ga­ keTebas – gansxvavebiT, magaliTad, saqtitoro kompoziciisgan, sadac gamosaxuli modeli met-naklebad mimsgavsebuli unda yofiliyo taZars, romlis asagebadac konkretulma pirma xarji gaiRo da Tavisi Rvawlis Sedegs warudgenda qristes, RmrTismSobelsa Tu eklesiis patron wmindans (saqtitoro gamosaxulebebze ix. Sesabamisi Tavebi amave wignSi). amdenad, akroterionebis Semqmneli ostatebi am TvalsazrisiT metad Tavisuflebi iyvnen. eklesiis kexsa Tu gumbaTze jvris aRmarTvas qristianul samyaroSi mravalsaukunovani tradicia aqvs. jvars eklesiaze adreuli xanidan aRmarTavdnen, rogorc simbolos maradi­ uli gamarjvebisa. adreuli nimuSebi uSualod Senobebze, sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, Cvenam­ de SemorCenili araa, magram maTze msjeloba arqeologiuri masaliT aris SesaZlebeli. am mxriv sainteresoa bazilikuri taZris mozaikuri gamosaxuleba, daTariRebuli V saukunis meore naxevriT. kompoziciis warmomavloba ucnobia, Tumca, Senobis arqiteqturuli forme­ bis mixedviT, is siriidan unda momdinareobdes24 (amJamad mozaika daculia luvris muzeum­ Si). garda mravali sxva saintereso detalisa, am mozaikur fragmentSi yuradRebas iqcevs bazilikis centraluri navis frontonebsa da orferda gadaxurvis Suawelze aRmarTuli jvrebi. aseve, triris spilos Zvlis V saukunis firfitaze kompoziciis marjvena kuTxeSi gamosaxulia Sverilafsidiani samnaviani bazilika, orive frontonze aRmarTuli jvrebiT25. qarTuli Sua saukuneebis magaliTebidan saintereso nimuSs warmoadgens eklesiis modeli beTaniis taZarSi gamosaxuli qtitoris sumbat I didis xelSi (modelis Sesaxeb ix. mariam didebuliZis narkvevi amave krebulSi da masTan sur. 54). kompoziciaSi met-naklebi sizustiT naCvenebi beTaniis taZris kramitiT gadaxuruli sami mklavis kexebsa da gumbaTze jvrebia aRmarTuli26. isini sferul bazisebSia Camagrebuli, rac realobas Seesabameba. eklesiebze aRmarTuli jvrebi sferul bazisebsa da uSualod sagangebod Seqmnil fosoebSi magrdebo­ da qristianuli aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi. samxreT kavkasiis calkeul regionebSi paralelurad SemuSavda am mizniT eklesiis formis akroterionebis gamoyeneb­ is tradicia. maT ZiriTadad iyenebdnen frontonebze dasadgmelad, xolo gumbaTze jvari K. E. McVey, Spirit Embodied: The Emergence of Symbolic Interpretations of Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, in: S. Curcic and E. Hadjitryphonos, with contributions by K. E. McVey and H. G. Saradi, Architecture as Icon: Perception and Representation of Architecture in Byzantine Art, New Haven, 2010, gv. 45, sur. 2. avtoris mosazrebiT, mozaikuri eklesia yalaT kaloTas bazilikas unda asaxavdes.

24

25

am scenasTan da mis TariRTan dakavSirebiT samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. nawili mecnierebisa fiqrobs, rom aq gamosaxulia pulxerias mier wm. stefane pirvelmowamis marjvena xelis miReba 421 wels; sxva mosazrebiT, scena gviCvenebs iosebisa da zaqarias wminda nawilebis gadmotanas 415 wels. aseve ivaraudeba, rom aq warmodgenilia ormoc mowameTa wminda nawilebis gadmotana 552 wels. ix.: J. Wortley, The Trier Ivory Reconsidered, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 21, 1980, gv.

381-394; L. J. Wilson, The Trier Procession Ivory a New Interpretation, Byzantion, vol. 54, N 2, 1984, gv. 602-614.

26

scenebSi, romlebic urbanul peizaJs Seicavs, es jvrebi SenobaTa funqciis identifikaciis saSualebas iZleva – magaliTad, gelaTis taZris CrdiloeTi karibWis moxatulobaSi, sadac sferoSi gamosaxuli qalaqis calkeul Senobebs jvrebi adgas, rac cxadad miuTiTebs maT daniSnulebaze (am kompoziciis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. mariam didebuliZis narkvevSi am wignSi).

245

qvisgan gamoTlil specialur sferoSi magrdeboda (rogorc iSviaTi gamonaklisebi, Sei­ Zleba dasaxeldes xanZTis monastris 1540-iani wlebis samreklo arqiteqturuli modeliT gumbaTis wverze da aseve gviani Sua saukuneebis modeli, romelic sveticxovlis taZarSi cxoveli svetis koSkis piramidul saxuravzea dadgmuli). gumbaTiani eklesiis saxis akroterionebi saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba rogorc gumbaTiani, aseve ugumbaTo eklesiis formis akroteri­ onebi. arsebul masalaze dakvirvebam aCvena, rom ZiriTadad akroterionebad gamoiyenebo­ da jvargumbaTovani eklesiis modelebi – rogorc Caxazuli, ise Tavisufali jvris ti pisa.

SedarebiT naklebad mimarTaven akroterionebis Semqmneli qvismTlelebi ugumbaTo arqite­ qturas, kerZod darbazul (calnavian) ti ps. raodenobrivi araTanafardoba gumbaTian da ugumbaTo modelebs Soris aixsneba imiT, rom, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ostatebisTvis TviTmi­ zani arasodes yofila realuri taZris arqiteqturuli formis zusti asaxva. Soridan aRq­ misas jvargumbaTovani eklesiis struqtura ufro TvalsaCino da gaigivebadi arqiteqturu­ li formaa, vidre darbazuli eklesiis erTiani marTkuTxa moculoba. amitomac ugumbaTo eklesiebzec ki umetesad jvargumbaTovani saxis akroterionebi idgmeboda. somxeTSi dar­ bazuli eklesiis saxis modelebi saerTod ar aris cnobili, iq akroterionebi yovelTvis gumbaTiania. saqarTveloSi SemorCenil akroterionTa Soris erT-erTi uadresia gumbaTiani eklesiis qvis modeli kurcxanis xeobidan (adigenis munici paliteti). is rom akroterioni unda yo­ filiyo, mianiSnebs mis erT waxnagze Sverili moculoba, romelzec iqneboda midgmuli kex­ is qvaTa danarCeni wyeba. modeli warmoadgens marTkuTxa gegmis gumbaTian taZars, romlis mklavebic orferda gadaxurviT aris dasrulebuli. gumbaTis yelis didi nawili motexil­ ia. samwuxarod, modelis zusti mdebareobis mikvleva ver moxerxda da, amdenad, mxolod fo­ tosuraTebiT mis arqiteqturul formebze srulfasovani msjeloba Wirs. mis erT-erT wax­ nagze SemorCenili oTxstriqoniani nusxuri warwera saSualebas gvaZlevs is paleografi­ uli niSnebiT X saukuniT davaTariRoT (sur. 2): q(rist)e S(eiwyal)e | m(i)q(ae)l d(a) (?) | S(vi) llni m(i)|sni. Znelia iTqvas Tu vinaa warweraSi moxseniebuli miqaeli, taZris qtitori Tu misi mSenebeli ostati. taZris mSeneblobis Tanadrouli, savaraudod, X saukunis meore naxevrisa unda iyos tirZnisis samebis darbazuli eklesiis dasavleT da aRmosavleT frontonebze aRmarTuli modelebi (sur. 3, 4). maT Tanadroulobaze metyvelebs is, rom: 1. orive modeli gamoqandake­ bulia imave ferisa da jiSis qvisgan, ra qvacaa gamoyenebuli eklesiis mSeneblobisas (ked­ lis kuTxeebis amosayvanad, karisa da sarkmlis garSemo wyobisTvis). esaa muqi Rvinisferi tufi; 2. orive modelis qva organuladaa Casmuli karnizis wyobaSi da bunebrivad agrZelebs misi qvebis diagonalur xazebs, romlebic akroterionis qvis qveda nawilis rkalur moxaz­ ulobas uerTdeba. sxva xelmosaWidi modelis dasaTariReblad Cven ar gagvaCnia. modelebi Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs, maT Soris mxolod mciredi gansxvavebebia. isini warmoadgens Tav­ isufali jvris ti pis taZrebs, romlebsac erTiani marTkuTxa baza aqvT, rac gauadvilebda mSenebels karnizis wyobis qvebSi kexis qvis Casmas. dasavleT frontonze mdgari modelis mTavari, dasavleTi fasadi Semkulia jvris didi reliefuri gamosaxulebiT, romelic uSu­ alod ebjineba mis qvemoT amoWril mcire Riobs. misgan gansxvavebiT, aRmosavleTiT mdgari 246

modelis mTavari, aRmosavleTi fasadi mxolod sarkmlis erTi RiobiTaa danawevrebuli, sxva raime saxis dekoratiuli morTuloba mas ar gaaCnia. ori modelidan mxolod erTs, aRmosavleTisas aqvs darCenili Tavdapirveli gumbaTi (dasavleTiT mdgar models gumbaTi motexili hqonda da ramdenime wlis win warmoebuli sarestavracio samuSaoebisas iqna aRdgenili). gumbaTis yeli wriulia da misi zedapiri danawevrebulia sarkmlebis momniSvneli viwro RarebiT. gumbaTis wriuli yeli, romelsac Sua saukuneebis qarTul arqiteqturaSi farTo gavrceleba ar hqonia, gvxvdeba IX-X sauku­ neebidan (vaCeZoris wm. stefane, ozaanis amaRleba, werosxevis RmrTismSobeli, martvilis e. w. Ciqvanebis eklesia) da calkeuli nimuSebis saxiT sporadulad Semdgom xanebSic (yincvi­ sis wm. nikolozi), maT Soris gvian Sua saukuneebSic (mamawminda, vejinis yvelawminda, baile­ Tis eklesia). vfiqrob, am SemTxvevaSi akroterionis ostats surda Seeqmna gamartivebuli zogadi arqiteqturuli modeli, romelsac eqneboda gumbaTi, xolo detalebze zrunviT mas Tavi ar Seuwuxebia, mxolod moniSna dasavleTi mxaris modelis mTavari fasadi jvris ga­ mosaxulebiT da mis gumbaTze aRmarTa dRes ukve aRar arsebuli jvari. akroterionis gum­ baTze ganirCeva reliefurad amoziduli gadaxurvis nakerebi. amdenad, tirZnisis akroteri­ onebze ar Cans ostatis mier romelime konkretuli eklesiis modelad aRebis mcdeloba, is iZleva gumbaTiani taZris ganzogadebul models, romelic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda Senobis mxatvrul da konstruqciul gadawyvetaSi da funqciuradac datvirTuli iyo.

1180-90 wlebiT TariRdeba eklesiis modeli27, romelic dRes TbilisSi, saqarTvelos er­ ovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumSi inaxeba (sainv. # 896). is miwis samuSaoebis dros iqna napovni borjomis raionis sofel axaldabaSi (sur. 5). maRal marT­ kuTxa bazisze mdgari Tavisufali jvris ti pis taZridan mxolod qveda korpusi SemorCa, gumbaTi motexili da dakargulia. oTxsave fasadze TiTo TaRovani viwro sarkmelia naCven­ ebi. dasavleT fasadze Sverili naxevarwriuli moculobaa da marTkuTxa karia SeWrili.

Signidan modeli Rrua, rac ganasxvavebs mas sxva akroterionebisgan. arqiteqturulad ara­ nairad gamorCeuli modeli sayuradReboa vrceli warweris gamo, romelic mis or fasads faravs. v. silogava dazianebul warweras Semdegnairad aRadgens: u(fal)o i(es)u | q(rist)e, R(merT)o, | r(omelma)n aR(a)m(a)R|le rqaÁ | w(mi)daTa | eklesiaT(a)Á || m(a)R[l(a)d], S(e)nc(a) c(a)[T(a) S(i)na] | aR(a)m(a)Rle Z(i)T|urT d(eo)f(a)lT(a) | d(eo)f(a)li v(a) n(e)ni; | e(risTavTa) e(risTavi)sa g(a)mr(e)k(e)lisa col|[yof]ilisaT(ui)s, l(o)c[va y(a)vT]28. v. silogavas dakvirvebebi Semdegia: 1. paleografiuli niSnebis mixedviT, axaldabis war­ weris TariRi XII saukunis dasasruliT, 1180-90-iani wlebiT ganisazRvreba; 2. teqstis pir­ vel nawilSi qristes daxasiaTeba sityvebiT `romelman aRamaRle rqaÁ wmidaTa eklesiaTaÁ~, warmoadgens Zlispiridan amonarids (`aravin ars wmidaÁ Senebr, ufalo, RmerTo Cueno, romelman aRamaRle dRes rqaÁ qristianeTaÁ, damamtkicen erTobiT kldesa zeda sarwmunoe­ bisa~); 3. warweris Sinaarsidan gamomdinare cxadia, rom dedofalT dedofali vaneni da mi­ si Ze warweris Sesrulebis droisTvis ukve gardacvlilebi arian; 4. `deofalTa deofali~ vaneni unda iyos 1206 wels TurqTa xeliT mokluli ivane erisTavTa erisTavis asuli, tbel 27

v. silogava, eklesiis modeli axaldabidan da mis kedlebze amokveTili warwera, Tsu axalcixis filialis Sromebis krebuli, II, 2000, gv. 67-81.

28

v. silogava, eklesiis modeli axaldabidan.., gv. 68.

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abuserisZis da, erisTavTa erisTavis (amirspasalar) gamrekel Torelis colyofili; 5. modelis daniSnulebasTan dakavSirebiT v. silogava uSvebs or variants: is SesaZloa iyos akroterioni an saflavis qva; Tumca, msjelobisas is ufro metad pirvel mosazrebas emxro­ ba, romelsac Cvenc viziarebT. safaris samonastro kompleqsSi xuTi akroterioni (or maTganze qvemoT gveqneba saubari) iyo daculi, maTgan erTi dRes dakargulia. is unaxavs e. TayaiSvils da Tavis naSromSi man modelis mokle aRwerac dagvitova: `miZinebis eklesiaSi inaxeba eklesiis modeli erTiani qvisgan damzadebuli, romelic gamosaxavs aRdgomis eklesias ierusalimSi. savaraudod, is unda yofiliyo kexi da masze mTavruli xucuriT ikiTxeba: `qriste, adide suliTa gabriel dekanozi, bagratman ganaSena ese, amin~29. amrigad, warwera ixseniebs or istoriul pirs, rom­ lebmac wvlili Seitanes XIII saukunis bolos safaraSi mimdinare mSeneblobebSi: bagrats, romelmac `ganaSena ese~ da monasterSi moRvawe dekanoz gabriels. es akroterioni nawilobriv moxvda kadrSi miZinebis taZris interieris gadaRebisas XIX saukunis bolos (sur. 6)30. fotoze Cans modelis mxolod zeda nawili – gumbaTis yeli TaRovansapireebiani rva sarkmliT da gumbaTis daRaruli konusuri saxuravi. garda amisa, safaris wm. sabas taZris CrdiloeT mklavze dRemdea SemoCenili eklesiis formis dazianebuli akroterioni (sur. 7). mas gumbaTi srulad aqvs motexili, darCenilia gumbaTqveSa msxvili lilvuri sartyeli da qveda kuburi korpusi, romlis mxolod erTi – CrdiloeTi fasadia damuSavebuli. mis centrSi gamosaxulia portali mdidrulad mo­ CarCoebuli kariT. Riobs Sewyvilebul naxevarsvetebze gadayvanili ori TaRi Semowers. naxevarsvetebis bazisebisa da kapitelebisaTvis gamoyenebulia wyvili burTulebi, msgavsi farezas Zis modelze (ix. qvemoT) gamosaxuli CarCos burTulebisa. portals garSemo Tav­ isufal areze Semouyveba taZris mSeneblobis Tanadrouli asomTavruli warwera. is iwyeba modelis marcxena zeda kuTxeSi, Semouyveba portals da sruldeba kvlav marcxena nawilSi, sadac sami grafema gadadis, aqedan erTi `l~ sarkiseburadaa amokveTili. warwera gvauwyebs: q. w(minda)o s(a)b(a)o S(eiwyal)e o(sic!) misi m(a)S(e)neb(e)li. akroterioni darCenili unda iyos taZris Tanadrouli gadaxurvidan, romlis `safiqla­ vad~, dasavleTi Sesasvlelis timpanis warweris cnobiT, 120 botinati gauRia oqropir gabe­ casZes31. rogorc Cans, swored am safasiT aris gakeTebuli lorfinis saburvelTan erTad es akroterionic, romlis warweraSic wm. sabas avedreben taZris maSenebels.

XIV saukunis dasawyisiT daTariRebuli Rromas (uravlis xeoba, axalcixis munici pal­ iteti) wm. Tevdores eklesia warmoadgens mcire zomis darbazul nagebobas lorfinis saxur­ aviT32. dasavleTi kexi dagvirgvinebulia Caxazuli jvris ti pis gumbaTovani eklesiis saxis akroterioniTY(sur. 8, 9). misi simaRle daaxloebiT 60 sm-ia, sigane – 22 sm. modelis fasade­ bi sruliad sadaa, arqiteqturuli formebi minimalurad aris moniSnuli – magaliTad araa datanili karnizi da kar-sarkmlebi, romlebic umetes SemTxvevebSi modelebze naCvenebia xolme. akroterionis ostati Semoifargla Senobis struqturis met-naklebad gamarTuli 29

Е. Такаишвили, Археологическия экскурсии, разыскания и заметки, вып. I, gv. 100.

30

П. Уварова, Христианские памятники, Материалы по археологии Кавказа, IV, tab. XXXV.

31

v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, gv. 52-53.

32

v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 36-37.

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warmodgeniT. gumbaTis utrirebulad amaRlebuli yeli waxnagovania da gvirgvindeba seg­ mentebad danawevrebuli araproporciulad gazrdili gumbaTiT. modelze erTaderTi deko­ ratiuli elementi gumbaTis yelis ZirSi Semoyolebuli grexili lilvia. msgavsi grexili meordeba amave taZris aRmosavleT fasadze verZis protomis yelzec (rac saerTod xSiria verZTa msgavs gamosaxulebebSi). gumbaTi gvirgvindeboda SuaSi RrmulSi Camjdari jvriT. Rromas akroterioni arc arqiteqturuli formiT da arc raime elementiT miagavs ekle­ sias, romelsac is adgas. cxadia, rom misi Semqmneli ostati ar iTvaliswinebda ara Tu re­ aluri taZris formas, aramed zogadad epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebel arqiteqturul elemen­ tebs. misi mizani iyo ganzogadebuli (Tumc ki grexili lilviT mcired Semkulis) arqite­ qturuli modelis gamoqandakeba, romelic dekoratiulad gaamSvenebda taZris frontons da funqciurad jvris mtvirTveli moculoba iqneboda. garkveulwilad Rromas akroterions Camohgavs modeli jabieTiswylis beTlemis XIV saukunis darbazuli eklesiidan (aspinZis munici paliteti)33, Tumc ki ostats is metad gaumSvenebia da arqiteqturuli elementebic ufro mkafiod gamoukveTavs (sur. 10). am mod­ elzec, romelic amJamad interierSi devs, warmodgenilia Cawerili jvris ti pis taZari.

Rromas sqematizirebuli modelisgan gansxvavebiT, aq mklavTaSorisi ubeebisa da gum­ baTis gadaxurva ufro metadaa arqiteqturulad gamarTul-gamoyofili. Tu RromaSi gum­ baTis mrgvali zedapiri gluvia, beTlemSi is dasaxsrulia da damatebiT saxuravis qveda konturi zigzagiseburia. es eklesiasTan mimsvlels saSualebas miscemda cxadad aReqva arqiteqturul-dekoratiuli forma. gumbaTis yels aqac grexili salte Semouyveba, Tum­ ca gansxvavebiT Rromas modelisgan, aq salte gumbaTis dawaxnagebuli yelis Sua welzea gamoyvanili. aseve, gansxvavebiT Rromas akroterionis sada, daunawevrebeli zedapirisa, beTlemis akroterionis mTavari fasadi mTel areze ganTavsebuli jvriTa da mis qvemoT im periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli dune geometriuli ornamentiTaa Semkuli. orsave modelze gumbaTi utrirebulad ganieria, xolo misi yeli – maRali, riTac meti aqcenti keTdeba am mniSvnelovan xuroTmoZRvrul formaze. arqiteqturulad gamorCeulia XIV saukunis akroterioni oSoradan (aspinZis munici­ paliteti), romelic dRes darbazuli eklesiis CrdiloeTiT, ferdobze devs34. modeli Tav­ isufali jvris ti pis taZars warmoadgens. mTavar fasadze didi zomis jvaria gamosaxuli (sur. 11), mis gverdiTa mklavebis fasadebze – TiTo TaRovani sarkmelia sammagi lilvovani moCarCoebiT. meoTxe fasadi, romelic mnaxvelTaTvis ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli sruliad sadaa (sur. 12). rogorc Cans, modeli daferili iyo, sarkmlebze jer kidev Cans wiTeli saRe­ bavi (sur. 13). amdenad taZris kexze aRmarTuli es didi moculoba (modelis SemorCenili simaRle 62 sm-ia, kexis qvis mTliani sigrZe – 90 sm., aqedan eklesiis modelis sigrZe – 47 sm.) aqtiur rols TamaSobda Senobis vizualur aRqmaSi. modelze aRniSnulia orsafexuriani cokoli da lilvis profilis karnizi. samwuxarod, eklesiis gumbaTis yeli motexili da Е. Такаишвили, Христианские памятники. Экскурсия Е. Такаишвили 1902 г., Материалы по археологии Кавказа, вып. XII, Москва, 1909, gv. 9; g. boWoriZe, mogzauroba samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tbilisi, 1992, gv. 24-25.

33

erT dros lorfiniT gadaxuruli taZari 2009 wels warmoebuli sarestavracio samuSaoebisas TunuqiT aRadgines. ix.: erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis programa: saangariSo krebuli, Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 201.

34

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dakargulia. darCenilia gumbaTqveSa kvadratis zeda kuTxeebis gare masebi da yelis qveda nawils Semovlebuli grexili sartyeli. amdenad, am SemTxvevaSic modelis Semqmneli osta­ ti ar iTvaliswinebs realuri taZris xuroTmoZRvrul ti ps, fasadebis mamkob elementebsa da danawevrebas. is aseve ar axdens arqiteqturuli formebis (karnizis, sarkmelTa sapireeb­ is) detalizacias, rac met konkretulobs SesZenda models.

Wules monastris ezoSi inaxeba kexis qva (72 sm. sigrZeSi), romlis wina pirzec eklesiis modelis formis mqone akroterionia gamoqandakebuli (sur. 14). is asaxavs gumbaTian taZars kvadratuli gegmis ZiriTadi korpusiT. amJamad mxolod es qveda korpusia darCenili (misi simaRlea 26 sm.), xolo gumbaTi motexili da dakargulia. oTxive fasadi (sigane 24 sm.) fron­ tonebiT sruldeba. mTavar mxares, romelic unda asaxavdes dasavleT fasads, SuaSi marT­ kuTxa karia SeWrili. kars Semouyveba ormagi grexili lilvis sapire, romelsac zemodan aseve grexili lilviT gamoyvanili jvari adgas. jvris zeda vertikaluri mklavi ebjine­ ba frontons gayolebul maRal karnizs. fasadis danarCeni sibrtye Sevsebulia orRariani lentis rombuli wnuliT. modelis am mxares Cans gumbaTqveSa kvadratis kuTxis gamamSven­ ebli foTlovani ornamenti. CrdiloeT da samxreT fasadebze CakveTilia TiTo TaRovani sarkmeli, romelTac sapireebis aRmniSvneli ori sada lenti Semouyveba. sarkmlis TaRis zemoT da aqeT-iqiT sami sada wriuli kopia gamoqandakebuli. CrdiloeTi fasadi mTlianad dafarulia lentovani dekoriT, samxreTi ki sadadaa datovebuli. aseve sruliad sadaa aR­ mosavleTi fasadic, romlis aRqma vercerTi mxridan ver iqneboda SesaZlebeli. saintereso detalia datanili samxreT fasadze sarkmlis alaTis saxiT (sur. 15). eklesiis modelebze aseTi elementebis Cveneba iSviaTia. modelze uCveulo arqiteqturul elementTa Cvenebis saintereso magaliTia kari, daudgeneli funqciis darbazuli eklesiis modelze anuxvadan (modeli amJamad soxumis muzeumSi inaxeba) (sur. 18).

Wules akroterioni monastris mTavar, XIV saukunis II naxevarSi agebul wm. giorgis taZars amkobda. swored am periodze miuTiTebs rogorc misi dekoris saerTo princi pi, ise ornamentis Sesrulebis xasiaTi. gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia epoqisaTvis CrdiloeT da samxreT fasadebze SeWrili sarkmlebis TaRebis irgvliv sami kopis gamosaxva. msgavsi de­ koratiuli elementi pirvelad fitareTis taZris fasadebze Cndeba, sadac dasavleT da CrdiloeT fasadebze, nacvlad Sewyvilebuli sarkmlebisa, TiTo farTosapiriani sarkmel­ ia gaWrili, maTi TaRebis garSemo ki didi TavsarTebis qveS moqceuli sam-sami ornamentuli kopia ganlagebuli. fitareTSi TavCenili Tema gvxvdeba XIII-XIV saukuneebSi agebuli ram­ denime taZris fasadebze (wuRruRaSeni, safara, caiSi; qvaTaxevSi sami piramidiseburad gan­ lagebuli kopi amkobs aRmosavleTi fasadis samkuTxa niSebis TaRebs). ucnobia hqonda Tu ara Wules taZars msgavsi dekori, radgan man mniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT moatana Cvenamde: 1930-ian wlebSi eklesias uxeiro restavracia Cautarda, ris Sedegadac man dakarga Tavisi avTenturi saxe35. epoqisTvis zogadad damaxasiaTebeli arqiteqturuli elementebia gamoyenebuli XIII-XIV saukuneebis eklesiis modelze (sur. 16), romelic dRes sof. udes kaTolikuri eklesiis ezoSi devs. is, aq dalagebuli sxva qvebis msgavsad, axlo-maxlo adgilebidan moutaniaT adgilobrivebs. modelis funqciis zusti gansazRvra SeuZlebelia, SesaZloa is akroteri­ 35

250

v. beriZe, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoria, t. 2, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 155.

oni yofiliyo, razec mianiSnebs cal mxares, qveda nawilSi sada daumuSavebeli Sverili, romelzec midgmuli iqneboda kexis lorfinTa rigi. modelis Ziri da gumbaTis yeli motexilia. SemorCenil qveda korpuss (sigrZe 36 sm., si­ gane 43 sm., arsebuli simaRle 47 sm.), amJamad sxva modelis gumbaTis yeli adgas. mTavar fas­ adze, romelic dasavleTisken iqneboda mimarTuli, sakmaod Rrma (7.5 sm-is siRrmis) marT­ kuTxa karia amokveTili. mas garSemo Semouyveba sammagi gluvi lilvebisagan Sedgenili TaRovani CarCo, romelsac msgavsad XIII-XIV saukuneebis taZrebisa, lilvebi swori kuTxiT Zirzec ekeceba. am sapireze arc bazisebi da arc kapitelebia aRniSnuli, rac erTi SexedviT mogvagonebs XIII saukunis bolodan portalTa SemkulobaSi damkvidrebul sammxriv daunaw­ evrebel lilvovan sapireebs (safara, bedia, gergetis sameba)36. karis marcxniv saero piris reliefuri gamosaxulebaa (mis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT, sur. 17). zemoT frontonis wveramde re­ liefuri jvaria warmodgenili. msgavsadaa gadawyvetili samxreTi fasadis karis Semkulo­ bac, romelsac damatebiT gadanakecebiani TavsarTic amkobs. CrdiloeT fasadze moniSnulia sarkmlis marTkuTxa Riobi sammagi lilvovani CarCoTi. Riobis zedapiri araa CakveTili. saintereso arqiteqturuli modelebia darCenili pirRebulis samonastro komple­ qsSi. dRes am modelTagan erTi taZris aw ukve dangreul samxreT minaSenSi devs, meore – CrdiloeT saTavsSi. samonastro kompleqsis, masSi SemorCenili Senobebis, fragmentulad SemorCenili warwerebisa Tu dekoratiuli qvebisa da kedlis mxatvrobis daTvalierebisas cxadi xdeba Tu ra rTuli da mravalSriani istoria hqonda monasters. arqiteqturuli mod­ elebi am istoriis erT-erT etapTagans, kerZod XVII saukunes ganekuTvneba. taZris samxreTi minaSenis warweris (warweriani qva, romelic e. TayaiSvils adgilze un­ axavs, dRes TbilisSia gadmotanili) Tanaxmad, monasteri ganuaxlebia Tbilel elise sagi­ naSvils37. elises Tbilelobis periodi 1628-1660 wlebia, ganaxlebis ufro zusti TariRi ver dgindeba. rogorc Cans, Temur-lengis Semosevebis Sedegad dangreuli darbazuli ekle­ sia38 elises dakveTiT xelaxla gadauxuravT lorfiniT da misi dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi kexebi gumbaTian eklesiaTa saxis akroterionebiT SeumkiaT. orive modeli Zlieraa dazianebuli. pirveli modelis fragments (misi maqsimaluri si­ maRlea 63 sm.) nawilobriv SerCa ori fasadi (sur. 19, 20). erTze, romelic kexis RerZis pa­ raleluri iyo, datanilia TaRovani kari da sarkmeli. maTi farTo sapireebis momaCarCoebe­ li lilvebi erTmaneTzea gadanaskvuli. meore gverdze, romelic Sesabamisad eklesiis gani­ vi fasadisken iyo mimarTuli, zemoT frontonSi warmodgenilia jvari, mis qvemoT – farTo Riobi marTkuTxa CarCoSi. modelis qveda nawili sadaa, mis zedapirs uxeSad etyoba samuSao iaraRis kvali. aSkaraa rom mnaxvelis TvalisTvis es nawili ar iqneboda xilvadi. modeli swored am mxridan iyo Camagrebuli eklesiis kexSi da, Sesabamisad, qvis Ziri am mxares samku­ Txedadaa amoWrili.

SedarebiT ukeT gadarCa meore akroterioni. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi qveda da zeda naw­ ilebi nawilobriv motexilia (qveda korpusis maqsimaluri simaRle – 51 sm.), oTxive fasadi 36

c. gabaSvili, portalebi qarTul arqiteqturaSi, Tbilisi, 1955, tab. 44-47, 52, 53, 58, 59.

Е. Такаишвили, Археологические экскурсии, разыскания и заметки, II, gv. 22; g. grigolia, j. jRamaia, pirRebulis monastris erTi asomTavruli warwera, Zeglis megobari, #20, 1970, gv. 36-43.

37

38

g. grigolia, j. jRamaia, pirRebulis monastris.., gv. 41-42.

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met-naklebad kargad aris Semonaxuli. rogorc akroterionis agebulebasa da qveda nawilis samkuTxed amoRrmavebaze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, is ise iyo kexze dasmuli, rom misi grZivi RerZi realuri eklesiis ganiv RerZs emTxveoda. modelis fasadi, romelic mimarTuli iyo eklesiis Sida mxarisken da, Sesabamisad, ar iyo gaTvlili mnaxvelisTvis, sadaa (sur. 21). qvis zedapiris CaRarviT masze moniSnulia bazili­ kuri silueti. aqac, iseve, rogorc pirRebulis pirvel modelze, ikiTxeba saWreli iaraRis kvali. am gverdis mopirdapire samxreTi fasadze naCvenebia moCarCoebuli sarkmeli da masze aRmarTuli jvari (sur. 22). fasadis qveda nawili win gamodis gluv samkuTxa moculobad, romelzec raime dekoratiuli elementis kvali ar Cans. modelis aRmosavleT fasadze zeda nawilSi warmodgenilia oTxsafexurian kvarcxl­ bekze aRmarTuli golgoTis jvari, romlis qvemoTac simetriulad ganlagebuli ori Se­ darebiT mcire zomis jvaria (sur. 23). qveda, samkuTxedad Sveril moculobaze adamianis Tavia gamosaxuli. rac Seexeba dasavleT fasads, aq qveda Sveril samkuTxa nawilSi SeWril­ ia marTkuTxa kari, romelsac TaRovani moCarCoeba Semouyveba (sur. 24). Sverilis zemoT aqac adamianis Tavis sqematur gamosaxulebas vxvdebiT, romelsac zed reliefuri jvari adgas (am Tavebis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT). aRmosavleT fasadze gamosaxuli sami jvari sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs. isini xazs usvams golgoTis Temas kompoziciaSi da paralelebs povebs im periodis realuri arqite­ qturisTvis damaxasiaTebel safasado gaformebaSi. l. rCeuliSvili qarTul xuroTmoZ­ RvrebaSi sami jvris kompoziciis ganviTarebaSi ramdenime etaps gamoyofs dawyebuli adreu­ li Sua saukuneebidan vidre XI saukunis CaTvliT, rodesac es motivi farTod iyo gavrcel­ ebuli. misi dakvirvebiT, XI saukunis Semdgom interesi sami jvris gamosaxulebisadmi qreba da mas anacvlebs mTels fasadze ganviTarebuli erTi didi jvari39. maSinac ki, rodesac, vTqvaT, Tbilisis metexis 1280-iani wlebis mSenebeli kvlav aqandakebs aRmosavleT fasadze sam jvars, arsebiTad `isini warmoadgenen sxva arafers Tu ara samgzis gameorebas samTavi­ sis ostatis mier aRmosavleT fasadze Seqmnili kompoziciisas~40. golgoTis sami jvris Te­ ma kvlav iCens Tavs gviani Sua saukuneebis rig saeklesio nagebobebaTa aRmosavleT fasadze (jvaris mama – XVI saukune, ananuri – 1689, barakoni – 1753). SesaZloa, am tendenciis gamoZaxi­ li iyos pirRebulis akroterionis kompoziciac. aRnagobiT pirRebulis akroterionebs Camogavs eklesiis modeli, romelic dRes wer­ aqvis kviracxovlis eklesiaSi inaxeba (maqs. simaRle 42 sm.)41. es modelic dazianebulia, gansakuTrebiT misi kuTxeebi, aseve nawilobriv motexilia gumbaTis Casamagrebeli foso, xolo TviTon gumbaTi yelianad dakargulia. mTavar, dasavleT fasadze (sur. 25) mklavis ze­ da nawilSi samsafexurian bunze golgoTis jvaria gamosaxuli, mis qvemoT – viwro TaRovani sarkmeli, ufro qvemoT – aseve TaRovani kari. kar-sarkmels XVII saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTe­ beli kveTis wnuli dekori Semouyveba. amave periodze metyvelebs karis RiobSi gamosaxuli mamakacis figura, kerZod, misi saxis damuSaveba (ix. qvemoT). am fasadis mopirdapire aRmosav­ Л. Рчеулишвили, Композиция трех крестов в архитектурном декоре грузинских храмов средневековья, IV saer­ TaSoriso simpoziumi, miZRvnili qarTuli xelovnebisadmi, I, Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 433-446.

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40

iqve, gv. 443.

41

kviracxovlis eklesia gegmis doneze iyo darCenili da ramdenime wlis win aRadgines.

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leTi fasadi SedarebiT naklebadaa datvirTuli, masze mxolod wnuli sapiriT moCarCoebu­ li TaRovani sarkmelia naCvenebi. samxreTi fasadis gadawyveta dasavleTisas imeorebs – aqac mklavis areSi jvaria, mis qve­ moT ki sarkmeli da kari (sur. 26). aseTive unda yofiliyo CrdiloeTi fasadic (sur. 27), sad­ ac zeda nawili motexilia, magram jvris arsebobas mowmobs reliefuri safexuri, romelic jvris kvarcxlbekis Ziri unda iyos. aq TvalSisacemia portalis TaRebis gansxvavebuli, mkv­ eTrad Seisruli moxazuloba. fasadTa arqiteqturul detalebSi ori elementia saintereso: 1. CrdiloeT da samx­ reT fasadebze kari sami safexuriTaa siRrmeSi Casuli, rac am epoqis rig ZeglTa erT-er­ Ti maxasiaTebelTagania. v. beriZis SefasebiT, sagarejos wm. petresa da pavles da niCbisis wm. nikolozis taZrebSi gamoyenebuli portalebis struqtura `romanuli da guTuri por­ talebis msgavsad `perspeqtiul~ xasiaTs Rebulobs~42, rac akroterionis SemTxvevaSic gulisxmobs dasafexurebul moCarCoebas; 2. CrdiloeT da samxreT mklavTa kuTxeebs auyve­ ba msxvili gluvi lilvebi. mklavebis ZirSi isini eyrdnoba konebs, romelTa SuaSic TiTo burTulaa Casmuli. es detali Zalze niSandoblivia im periodis arqiteqturisaTvis da farTod gamoiyeneba (rogorc burTuliT, msgavsad Cveni akroterionisa, aseve burTulis ga­ reSe) XVII saukunis meore naxevris iseT nagebobebSi, rogoricaa qvemo niCbisis wm. nikolozi (1675), tbisi (1676-1688), tanZiis wm. nikolozi (1688), Tekenebis Svelis eklesia (1688), ananuris RmrTismSobeli (1689), sagarejos wm. petre da pavle (1690-1712), zemo gorulis RmrTismSobe­ li (dawyebulia 1650-ian wlebSi)43. es elementi arsebobas ganagrZobs XVIII saukunis Zegleb­ Sic – barakonis RmrTismSoblisa (1753), da largvisis wm. Tevdores eklesiebSi (1750-60-iani wlebi). zemoT vaxsene pirRebulisa da weraqvis modelebis struqturuli siaxlove. msgavsi mod­ elebi sxvaganac gvxvdeba. sagarejos wm. petresa da pavles eklesiis (1690-1712) dasavleT frontonze aRmarTul akroterions gumbaTi amJamad dakarguli aqvs, SemorCa qveda korpusi (sur. 28). mis dasavleT da aRmosavleT fasadebs golgoTis jvris reliefuri gamosaxule­ bebi amkobs. dasavleT fasadze jvris qvemoT odnav Seisruli sarkmlis Riobia miniSnebu­ li. CrdiloeTi da samxreTi fasadebis gadawyveta erTnairia: qvemoT – TaRovani kari, zemoT, mklavis areSi – aseve TaRovani sarkmeli sada sapiriT. samxreTi karis Riobi erTi safex­ uriT aris Caweuli, xolo CrdiloeTisa – samiT, rac mas weraqvis modelis `perspeqtiul~ portalebsa da Tavad sagarejos taZris dasavleT Sesasvlels amgvanebs. modelis waxnagebs Semouyveba brtyeli CarCoebi, riTic is – iseve, rogorc zogadi aRnagobiT – axlo analogias povebs ananuris mTavari, RmrTismSoblis saxelobis taZris (1689) akroterionebTan. v. wi­ losanis 1939 wels Sesrulebuli naxazebis mixedviT (sur. 30), taZris oTxsave fasads erTi ti pis akroterionebi amkobda (1960-ian wlebSi, roca ananurSi Catarebuli sarestavracio samuSaoebis dros RmrTismSoblis eklesiis lorfinis gadaxurva TunuqiT Secvales, akro­ terionebi adgilze ar daubrunebiaT. dRes maTgan mxolod erTiRaa SemorCenili, taZris 42

v. beriZe, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba, gv. 144.

v. beriZe, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba, gv. 59-60, sur. 85, 97, 101, 106, 120, 129, 277; g. gagoSiZe, n. CantlaZe, monofizituri Zeglebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 55, sur.

43-44.

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253

ezoSi). es msgavseba arcaa gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mosazrebas, rom sagarejos wm. petresa da pavles eklesiisa da ananuris taZaris mSeneblobaze erTi amqris ostatebi muSa­ obdnen44. savaraudod, 1710-ani wlebisa unda iyos Tbilisis sionis taZris akroterionebi. maTgan arqiteqturulad SedarebiT metad danawevrebuli da dekoratiulad Semkuli aRmosavleT fasadze dadgmuli modelia, rac misi daTariRebis saSualebas iZleva. rogorc sionis taZ­ ris samSeneblo istoriidanaa cnobili, 1657 wels Tbileli episkoposis elise saginaSvi­ lis TaosnobiT aRadgines taZris mklavebis gadaxurva45, Tumca, rogorc Cans, maleve saWiro gaxda xelaxali aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi, romlebic 1710 wels Catarda vaxtang VI-is inicia­ tiviT. am dros taZris fasadTa wyoba ganaaxles, gumbaTi xelaxla amoiyvanes, da lorfiniT dabures46. imis gamo, rom dRes im periodis gadaxurva SemorCenili araa, dazustebiT ver vityviT, ra doziT moxda saginaSviliseul gadaxurvaSi Careva, Tumca aRmosavleTi kexis akrote­ rioni rom vaxtang VI-is aRdgenis droindelia, amas gvafiqrebinebs misi dekoris msgavseba gumbaTis yelis wiboebs ayolebuli lilvebis bazisebTan (sur. 31, 32). Caxazuli jvris ti p­ is taZris saxis akroterions aRmosavleT fasadze didi jvari amkobs. misi qveda mklavis orsav mxares gamosaxuli TaRebi gadayvanilia farTo impostebze, romlebic mkveTrad aris gamoSverili TaRis areSi. aseTive Sveriloba axasiaTebs gumbaTis yelis lilvebis bazise­ bze datanili TaRebis amotrialebuli trapeciis formis impostebsac. orsave SemTxvevaSi impostebi brtyel pilastrebs adgas da uSualod agrZelebs maT. dekoratiuli motivis igi­ veoba safuZvels gvaZlevs akroterioni gumbaTis Tanadroulad miviCnioT. saqarTveloSi SemorCenili Sua saukuneebis akroterionebi somxeTTan SedarebiT meti mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, rac gamoixateba rogorc akroterionebad sxvadasxva ti p­ isa da agebulebis taZarTa modelebis gamoyenebaSi (amis Sesaxeb qvemoT), aseve sxvadasxva masalaSi. ZiriTadi masala, bunebrivia, qvaa, magram arsebobda keramikuli akroterionebic. am ukanasknelis erTaderTi SemorCenili magaliTia moWiquli keramikis akroterioni ala­ verdis monastridan47 (sur. 33). is dRes saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos muzeumSi inaxeba (sxsm #544). muzeumis sainventaro davTris mixedviT, akrote­ rioni 1947 welsaa wamoRebuli siZveleTa dacvis komitetis mier alaverdis taZridan, sadac is samxreTi mklavis frontonze iyo aRmarTuli. akroterioni warmoadgens marTkuTxa gegmarebis jvargumbaTovani taZris models (si­ maRle 74 sm., grZivi fasadi 40 sm., ganivi fasadi 35 sm.). misi qveda nawili grZivad samkuTxe­ dadaa amoWrili frontonis kexze dasamagreblad. modelis qveda korpusis sam fasadze Ti­ To TaRovani sarkmelia gamoyvanili, sada profilirebuli sapireebiT. meoTxe, ganiv fasa­ dze, romelic mimarTuli iyo mklavis Sida mxares da, amdenad, ar iyo gankuTvnili dasanax­ ad, gamoyvanilia orsafexuriani samkuTxa moculoba. masze midgmuli iyo gadaxurvis kexis e. kvaWataZe, gviani Sua saukuneebis safasado skulptura (ananuris, sagarejos petre-pavles, yincvisisa da `gigos saydris~ taZarTa reliefebi), sadoqtoro disertacia, Tbilisi, 2005.

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45

v. beriZe, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoria, gv. 111.

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iqve, gv. 111-112.

47

d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi.., gv. 143, sur. 114.

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danarCeni elementebi. jvris mklavebze da mklavTaSoris nawilebze moniSnulia mrudxaz­ ovani profilis karnizi. modelis qveda tani, gumbaTqveSa konstruqciis momniSvneli gare masebiTurT, erTianadaa damzadebuli, xolo gumbaTi da misi yeli calkea gakeTebuli da sagangebod aris Camagrebu­ li qveda korpusSi. gumbaTis yelze naCvenebia rva viwro da maRali sarkmeli, romelTac sam­ kuTxedad dasrulebuli brtyeli sapireebi Semouyveba. sarkmlebs erTmaneTisgan brtyeli pilastrebi hyofs. maTs Tavsa da ZirSi moniSnulia erTnairi bazisebi da kapitelebi. zemoT pilastrebi ebjineba sarkmlebis Tavze Semoyolebul lilvs, xolo qvemoT – gumbaTis ye­ lis qveda sartyels. are zeda lilvsa da karnizs Soris Sevsebulia mcenareuli ornament­ ebiT, romelSic ramdenjerme meordeba ganedlebuli jvris motivi. gumbaTis konusis gadax­ urvas dauyveba rva radialuri sxivi, romelTa SuaSic Subisebri elementebia ganTavsebuli. gumbaTis gadaxurvis wveri motexilia, rogorc Cans masSi erT dros Camagrebuli liTonis jvris sagangebod dazianeba-motexvis gamo. erTi SexedviTac cxadia, rom alaverdis akroterionis ostati taZris realuri forme­ biT ar xelmZRvanelobda. arc modelis qveda korpusi da arc misi gumbaTi ar asaxavs ala­ verdis kaTedralis arqiteqturul formasa da dekoratiul elementebs. rom ar gvqonoda informacia akroterionis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, misi mikuTvneba alaverdis taZrisTvis SeuZlebeli iqneboda. alaverdis taZari saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme iqna aRdgenil-ganaxlebuli48. jer XV saukuneSi aRadgines miwisZvriT dazianebuli gumbaTi da kamarebi49. Semdgom, 1656 wels Sah-abasis 1616 wlis Semosevebis dros dazianebuli gumbaTi isev ganaxlda50. momdevno wlebSi taZari kvlav ziandeba Turqebisa da lekebis Semosevebis gamo da, gansakuTrebiT, 1668 wlis miwisZvris Sedegad51. sayuradReboa XVIII saukuneSi warmoebuli aRdgeniTi sam­ uSaoebi, radgan vfiqrob, rom swored am periods unda miekuTvnebodes moWiquli akroteri­ onis Seqmnac. 1721 wels taZari ganaaxla alaverdelma episkoposma nikoloz ColoyaSvilma. am aRdgenisas saxuravis nawili lorfiniT SekeTda: `lorfiniTa davbureT winasamxro qvi­ Ta da dabali sxvani samxroni urTxlisa ficariTa... da galavani darRveuli ganvaaxle~52. maleve, 1742 wels miwisZvra kvlav azianebs taZars53. aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi 1750 wels daiwyo Teimuraz II-is meuRlem dedofalma Tamarma da misi gardacvalebis Semdgom daasrula mis­ ma vaJma erekle II-m. am dros xelaxla amoiyvanes Caqceuli kamarebi da gverdiTi nawilebi54. Г. Чубинашвили, Архитектура Кахетии, Тбилиси, 1959, gv. 369-404; v. beriZe, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoria, t. 2, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 12-13.

48

qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II, Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 487.

49

50

Г. Чубинашвили, Архитектура Кахетии, gv. 371, sqolio 5.

51

iqve.

iv. javaxiSvili, masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis istoriisaTvis, I, mSeneblobis xelovneba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1946, gv. 111.

52

vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 630.

53

54

Г. Чубинашвили, Архитектура Кахетии, gv. 371.

255

Znelia dazustebiT iTqvas, XVIII saukunis am ori aRdgenidan romels unda mivakuTvnoT ak­ roterionis Seqmna, Tumca modelis gumbaTis yelis iseTi detalebi, rogoricaa brtyeli, erTgvarad klasicisturi ieris mqone pilastrebi da zeda sartylis dekori miuTiTebs am periodze, rodesac nel-nela ukve igrZnoba `evropuli formebis gamoZaxili~55. aqve unda vaxseno arqiteqturuli modeli xanZTaSi, romelic, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ara eklesiaze, aramed samreklos gumbaTzea aRmarTuli (sur. 34). xanZTis monastris samreklo, agebuli 1540-ian wlebSi56 kalatozebis abesalma kldelis, qamiris, yazanisa da msaxuras mier, warmoadgens oriarusian nagebobas, romlis pirveli sarTuli marTkuTxa gegmareb­ is saTavsia, xolo meore – Teqvsmetwaxnaga fanCaturi, sadac waxnagebi TiTos gamotovebiT TaRovani RiobebiT aris gaxsnili. fanCaturis lorfinis saxuravis wverze arqiteqturu­ li modeli dgas masSi jvris Casadgmelad. is ganzrax aris dazianebuli – motexilia zeda da gverdiTa nawilebi. modeli warmoadgens qvis wriul safuZvelze aRmarTul Svidwaxnaga gegmis Senobas. CrdiloeT mxares, romelic yvelaze ukeT aRqmadia, erT-erT waxnags mTel simaRleze SeWrili Riobi aqvs, danarCeni waxnagebi ki yrua da sruliad sada (aseTive yru da sada unda yofiliyo, savaraudod, dazianebuli waxnagebic). waxnagebis qveda mxares Se­ mouyveba Taros profilis mqone Sverili zigzagiseburi sartyeli, xolo zeda nawili moniSnulia farTo samkuTxa frontonebiT, romlebic saerTo jamSi hqmnis naxevradgaSli­ li qolgis formis gadaxurvis efeqts. ucnobia rogor gamoiyureboda modelis zeda nawili – frontonebis zemoT gumbaTis yeli amodioda Tu uSualod maTze mTavrdeboda gadaxurva. xanZTis samrekloze dadgmul models samreklos realur arqiteqturasTan kavSiri ar aqvs. zogadi arqiteqturuli saxiT is arc raime sxva SenobasTan iwvevs asociacias. Tumca, aris er­ Ti arsebiTi detali: XVI saukunis ostatebma modelis gamoqandakebisas mimarTes swored xan­ ZTis monastrisTvis saxasiaTo arqiteqturul formas – qolgisebur gadaxurvas, romelic ga­ moyenebulia 910-920-ian wlebSi agebul monastris mTavar eklesiaSi da warmoadgens erT-erT cxadad aRsaqmel maidentificirebel elements, erTgvar maxvils SenobaTa mTel kompleqsSi. mogviano xanis ostatebma gaimeores Zveli forma da erTgvarad gadaaTamaSes is. sxva kavSiris daWera xanZTis monastris xuroTmoZRvrebasTan maT ar ucdiaT. maTi amocana iyo gamoqandake­ ba zogadi arqiteqturuli moculobisa, romelic itvirTavda jvris bazisis funqcias. amdenad, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi akroterionad gamoyenebuli eklesiis mod­ eli ar asaxavs arc im konkretul eklesias, romlisTvisac iqmneba da arc romelsame sxva cnobil nagebobas. msgavsi viTareba Cans somxeTSic – iqac SemorCenili akroterione­ bi (bardzakaSidan, ganZasaridan, geRardidan da sxva) kavSirSi araa realur taZarTan, erTi gamonaklisis garda. sanam am gamonakliss Sevexebode, SevCerdebi k. maranCis mosazrebaze haRpatis akroterionis, rogorc realuri taZris modelis Sesaxeb57. k. maranCi yuradRebas amaxvilebs haRpatis taZarSi SemorCenil or modelze (aRmosavleTi fasadis akroterionsa da amave fasadze saqtitoro gamosaxulebaSi warmodgenil eklesiis 55

v. beriZe, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoria, t. 1, gv. 458.

56

samreklos arqiteqtura da warwerebi, adreuli bibliografiis miTiTebiT ix.: d. kldiaSvili, sinas sulTa matiane, gv. 61.

Ch. Maranci, Architectural Models in the Caucasus: Problems of Form, Function, and Meaning, in: Y. D. Varalis (ed.), Architectural Models in Medieval Architecture, Thessaloniki, 2008, gv. 49-55.

57

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modelze) da maT kavSirze TviT taZris arqiteqturul gadawyvetasTan (sur. 35-37). 976-991 wlebSi agebuli taZari warmoadgens jvargumbaTiani ti pis (Kuppelhalle) nagebobas, romel­ sac agvirgvinebs somxuri arqiteqturisTvis ti piuri gumbaTi mrgvali yeliT. masSi gaWril oTx viwro sarkmels amkobs naxevarwriuli TavsarTebi mkveTrad ganze gasuli horizonta­ luri gadanakecebiT. daaxloebiT amave saxis eklesiis modeli uWiravT aRmosavleTi fasa­ dis saqtitoro kompoziciaSi Zmebs sumbatsa da gurgens. modelze warmodgenilia eklesiis dasavleTi fasadi zed moniSnuli marTkuTxa kariT, mis gverdebze ori maRali TaRovani niS­ iT da mklavSi gaWrili erTi mcire sarkmliT. realur taZars dasavleTiT msgavsi niSebi ar aqvs. Tumca, isini amkobs taZris samxreT da aRmosavleT fasadebs. rogorc Cans, saqtitoro reliefis Semqmnelma ostatma gaaerTiana taZris yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli, mnaxvelisT­ vis gamorCeulad aRqmadi arqiteqturuli elementebi da dasavleTi fasadze mouyara Tavi. saqtitoro modelis gumbaTis yeli, TviT taZris gumbaTis yelis msgavsad, sadaa, mrgvali, Tumca ki reliefze sarkmeli TavsarTis gareSea datanili gansxvavebiT realuri sarkmleb­ isagan. amdenad, saqtitoro reliefSi ostatma aCvena taZris is saxasiaTo, maidentificire­ beli elementebi, romlebic sakmarisad miiCnia raTa reliefis mnaxvels kavSiri gaeba saqti­ toro modelsa da relur taZars Soris. rac Seexeba akroterionze warmodgenil eklesias, is sruliad sxvaobs rogorc realuri, ise saqtitoro reliefze gamosaxuli eklesiebisgan. pirvel rigSi, es exeba akroterionis modelis gumbaTis yels, romelsac erTiani dekoratiuli TaRnari Semouyveba. k. maranCi Tav­ is werilSi cdilobs axsna mouZebnos am gansxvavebas. igi fiqrobs, xom araa SesaZlebeli, rom akroterioni gamosaxavdes Tavdapirveli proeqtis ideas, romelic mSeneblobis pro­ cesSi iqna Secvlili58. misi Teoriis Tanaxmad, akroterioni Seiqmna manamde, sanam eklesiis mSenebloba daiwyeboda, an SesaZloa mSeneblobis procesSi, xolo mogvianod, rodesac mSen­ eblobis mimdinareobisas moxda eklesiis dizainis cvlileba, qvaSi ukve naTali eklesiis formis akroterioni ar gadaukeTebiaT da arc axliT SeucvliaT, gamoyenebul iqna Zveli samSeneblo proeqtis dizainiT Seqmnili modeli.

Tumca, vfiqrob, saqme ufro martivadaa. rogorc cnobilia, haRpatis samonastro komple­ qsma saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mravali cvlileba ganicada, iqneboda es samonastro komp­ leqsis gafarToeba (mogvianod aSenda kompleqsis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT satrapezo da aR­ mosavleTiT samreklo) Tu aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi miwisZvriTa da sxva mizezebiT gamowveu­ li ngrevis Semdeg. sxvaoba akroterionsa da realur taZars Soris ganapiroba iman, rom taZari X saukunisaa, xolo akroterioni bevrad gvian, savaraudod, XIII saukuneSi unda iyos Seqmnili. mis gviandelobas mowmobs taZris aRmosavleTi fasadis karnizis qvemoT aSkarad SesamCnevi gadakeTebis kvali – am dros moxda frontonis mcired amaRleba da taZris xelax­ la daburva qvis lorfiniT, rasac aseve adasturebs lorfinis kideebs Semoyolebuli, im periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli wnuli ornamenti. amdenad, mgonia rom sxvaoba taZrisa da misi akroterionis arqiteqturas Soris droismieria da ara mSeneblobisas ganxorciele­ buli cvlilebis Sedegi. akroterionze warmodgenili modeli asaxavs XIII saukunis somx­ uri eklesiis zogad formasa da dekors romelime realuri taZris arqiteqturuli saxis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. 58

iqve, gv. 54.

257

aqve k. maranCi svams meore kiTxvas, Tu ra rols TamaSobda eklesiaTa es miniaturuli mod­ elebi taZris kurTxevis ritualSi, romlis drosac xdeboda Senobis oTxsave kuTxeSi qve­ bis cxeba da saZirkvelSi maTi Calageba59. am sakiTxs avtori Semdgom aRar aviTarebs. Tumca, Tuki gadavxedavT eklesiaTa kurTxevis wesebs (yovel SemTxvevaSi qarTul kurTxevanebs60), davinaxavT rom maTSi arsadaa naxsenebi mcire arqiteqturuli formebi da amdenad, es mosaz­ reba sarwmuno ar Cans. erTaderTi cnobili modeli samxreT kavkasiaSi, romlis Semqmnel ostatsac nimuSad aRebuli aqvs realuri taZari, hariWavanqis akroterionia. hariWavanqis akroterionis mniSvnelobis kargad gasagebad unda mimovixiloT taZris agebis istoria, misi aRmosavleTi fasadis saqtitoro gamosaxuleba da mis Sesaxeb arsebuli mosazrebebi. rogorc cnobilia, hariWavanqis mTavari, RmrTismSoblis saxelobis eklesia agebulia ivane da zaqaria mxargrZelebis mier XII saukunis bolos. maTi reliefuri saqtitoro por­ treti taZris aRmosavleT fasadzea warmodgenili (sur. 38, 39). sruli taniT gamosaxuli Zmebi erTmaneTisken arian mibrunebulni 3/4-iT da xelebiT exebian maT Soris moqceul marT­ kuTxa reliefur CarCos. dRes am CarCos avsebs RmrTismSoblis marmarilos xati, romelic aq 1895 wels iqna Cadgmuli. dazustebiT ucnobia, Tu manamde ra gamosaxuleba iyo CarCoSi, amis Taobaze mkvlevarTa azrebi sxvaobs. erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Zmeb mxargrZelebs xelSi eklesiis modeli unda sWerodaT61, rac sakmaod bunebrivia, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT samxreT kavkasiaSi saqtitoro gamosaxulebebSi eklesiis modelebis gamosaxvis mravalsaukunovan tradicias; Tumca, meore mxriv, eklesiis modelis CarCoSi Casmis sxva magaliTi arsad mog­ vepoveba da es detali sakmaod uCveuloa. rogorc wesi, qtitorebi uSualod exebian xolme eklesiis models (magaliTad sanahinisa da haRpatis saqtitoro kompoziciebi). meore mosazrebiT, aq Tavidanve RmrTismSoblis xati unda yofiliyo warmodgenili, risi paralelic somxur xelovnebaSi (ara mxolod safasado qandakebaSi, aramed sxva mediebSic) CvenTvis ucnobia. uCveuloa msgavsi gamosaxuleba qarTul xelovnebaSic, Tumca misi calke­ uli magaliTebi cnobilia. maTgan yvelaze adreuli gvxvdeba xaxulis monastris mTavari taZris X saukunis meore naxevris fragmentulad SemorCenil kedlis mxatvrobaSi62.

59

iqve.

60

Sua saukuneebis qarTul liturgikul teqstebSi, romlebic aRweren taZris kurTxevisa Tu saZirkvlis dadebis wesebs, araa miTiTeba msgavs mcire zomis modelebze. XVIII saukuneSi kvi priane samTavnelis mier berZnulidan qarTulad naTargmn eklesiis safuZvlis dadebis wesSi (xec, A-420) mocemulia rubrikebi, romlebic aRweren Semdegs: mas mere, rac airCeva adgili eklesiis asaSeneblad, iq, sadac ganisazRvreba trapezis dadgma, jer aRimarTeba xis didi jvari qvis, rkinis an spilenZis bazisze. jvarze unda iyos warwera informaciiT mRvdelmTavarze, romelmac SeukveTa jvari, mefis saxeli da TariRi. taZris aSenebis, misi kurTxevisa da trapezis dadgmis Semdeg, es jvari unda aRimarTos eklesiis zemoT, Tumca rubrikebSi araa naTqvami zustad sad da rogor. vfiqrob, aq igulisxmeba jvari romelic aRmarTuli iyo xolme gumbaTze. zomiT is bevrad didi iyo, vidre akroterionis jvari.

61

P. Donabedian, J. M. Thierry, Les arts arméniens, Paris, 1987, gv. 536; M. C. Carile, Buildings in their Patrons’ Hands?

gv. 6.

62

amis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. n. CakvetaZe, ucnobi saqtitoro gamosaxuleba xaxulis sakaTedro taZarSi, saistorio krebuli, t. 6, 2017, gv. 259-285.

258

am meore mosazrebas Tavis wignSi aviTarebs e. istmondi63 da iZleva aq xatis arsebobis Ses­ aZlo axsnasac. misi azriT, am kompoziciaSi xatis moTavseba naTlad aCvenebs zaqaria mxar­ grZelis mcdelobas64 radikalurad Seecvala somxuri eklesiis religiuri praqtika da rac SeiZleba metad daeaxlovebina erTmaneTTan saqarTvelosa da somxeTis eklesiebi. kirakos ganZakecis Tanaxmad, am mizniT zaqaria mxargrZelis iniciativiT loreSi saeklesio krebac ki iqna mowveuli. imisi SiSiT, rom zaqariac, Tavisi Zmis, ivanes msgavsad, ar gadasuliyo marTlmadideblobaze, kilikiis mefem da didebulebma mxari dauWires zaqarias iniciati­ vas da gamoica rva axali kanoni, romelTagan CvenTvis sainteresoa meoTxe: `macxovrisa da yvela sxva wmindanis xatebi miRebul unda iqnas da ar unda iqnas SezizRebuli, msgavsad war­ marTuli gamosaxulebebisa~. swored am movleniT xsnis e. istmondi hariWavanqSi saqtitoro gamosaxulebaSi xatis arsebobas. misi TqmiT, xati warmoadgenda erTgvar `religiur mani­ fests: ori Zma, TiToeuli sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobisa, naCvenebia erTad sakra­ luri gamosaxulebiT xelSi~65.

Tavisi mosazrebis damadasturebel-gamamyarebeli sxva masala avtors ar moaqvs. am sak­ iTxis garkvevaSi hariWavanqis akroterioni dagvexmareba (sur. 40). akroterioni aRmarTulia taZris dasavleT kexze. is 2010-ian wlebSi moxsnes Tavdapirveli adgilidan, garkveuli dro miwaze ido, xolo Semdgom Seinaxes66; 2021 wels Tavis Tavdapirvel adgilze daabrunes, oRond saxuravSi Setrialebulad Casves: akroterionis is mxare, romelzec Zmebi mxar­ grZelebi arian gamosaxulni da romelic gankuTvnili iyo dasavleT fasadad, axla Setri­ alebulia da aRmosavleTiTaa mimarTuli. akroterioni, CvenTvis saintereso fasadiT dabe­ Wdilia p. kuneosa da v. harutiunianis naSromebSi67, saidanac naTelia, rom misi dasavleTi fasadi zustad imeorebs taZris aRmosavleTi fasadis arqiteqturul-dekoratiul danaw­ evrebas (sur. 38) – naCvenebia fasadis samkuTxa niSebi, maT Soris centraluri marTkuTxa sarkmeli da maTze Semoyolebuli dekoratiuli lilvebi, sarkmlis zemoT varduli (is, gansxvavebiT Tavad taZris vardulisgan, Rerosagan da uSualod yvavilisgan Sedgeba), marT­ kuTxa CarCoSi Casmuli saqtitoro gamosaxuleba da mis zemoT jvari. akroterionze naCven­ ebi saqtitoro kompozicia zustad imeorebs realuri taZrisas da gviCvenebs or qtitors, A. Eastmond, Tamta’s World, The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia, Cambridge, 2017, gv. 54-59.

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64

qarTvelTa da somexTa gaerTianebuli laSqari erTad ibrZoda mtrebis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos droSis qveS mxargrZelTa mxedarTmTavrobiT, rac garkveul uTanxmoebebs iwvevda jaris yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, iqneboda es marxvasTan dakavSirebuli wesebi, laSqris win xatis wamZRvareba, sxvadasxva saeklesio dResaswaulebis aRniSvna Tu sxva sakiTxebi. ix.: A. Eastmond, Tamta’s World, gv. 55-56.

65

A. Eastmond, Tamta’s World, gv. 58.

darCenilia 2010-ian wlebSi gadaRebuli foto, sadac asaxulia Camoxsnili akroterioni. fotoze Cans modelis ori fasadi: https: //www. gettyimages. com/detail/news-photo/stone-temple-harichavank-monastery-7thcentury-near-harich-news-photo/492777329. 2016 wels hariWavanqSi misuls akroterioni ezoSi ar damxvda da arc adgilobrivebma icodnen mis Sesaxeb raime. amis gamo, 2021 wels dabeWdil statiaSi am akroterions vixsenieb rogorc dakarguls (N. Chitishvili, General Overview of the Three-Dimensional Architectural Models as Acroteria in Medieval Georgia, Studia Ceranea, N11, 2021, gv. 541, Sen. 23).

66

P. Cuneo, Les modèles en pierre de l’architecture arménienne, sur. 29; v. harutiuniani, somxuri arqiteqturis istoria, erevani, 1992, sur. 63 (somxur enaze).

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romelTac xelSi RmrTismSoblis welszeda gamosaxuleba uWiravT. Tavis droze p. kuneom is aRiqva rogorc eklesiis modeli da mis mosazrebas imeoreben sxva avtorebic am akrote­ rionze msjelobisas68. akroterionis sxva fasadTa zogad kompoziciur gadawyvetaSic SesaZlebelia Tvali gaedevnos msgavsebas realur taZarTan. magaliTad, akroterionis erT-erT grZiv fasadze naCvenebia taZris samxreTi fasadis arqiteqturul-dekoratiuli danawevreba ori samkuTxa niSiTa da maTze Semoyolebuli saltiT, aseve centralur jvarsa da mis orsave mxares svet­ ebze Camocmuli medalionebi da frinvelis gamosaxuleba. akroterionis aRmosavleTi fas­ adi, romelic mimarTuli iyo gadaxurvis Sida mxares (amJamad is gareTken, dasavleTiTaa mi­ marTuli), Semkulia fasadze srulad ganviTarebuli ganedlebuli jvris gamosaxulebiT. taZris mxatvrul-arqiteqturul gadawyvetas baZavs – Tumca ki Taviseburad – akroterionis gumbaTic. Tumca, Sua saukuneebis mxatvruli enis Sesabamisad, taZris arqiteqturis gameorebaSi pirobiTobis xarisxi mainc maRalia, aq saqme ar gvaqvs zustad gadmotanil proporciebTan Tu fasadTa zedmiwevniT identur danawevrebasTan. ufro metic, modelis dasavleTi fasa­ di, romelic sinamdvileSi asaxavs taZris aRmosavleT fasads, gadaxurvis TvalsazrisiT aCvenebs grZivi fasadebis struqturas – mklavTaSoris ubeebs aq horizontaluri karnizi aboloebs nacvlad damreci kalTebisa. mTlianad, modelis gaigivebas taZarTan es xels ar uSlis, radgan ostati iZleva taZris ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs da es Sua saukuneebis mnaxvel­ isTvis sakmarisi iyo, raTa kavSiri gaeba masa da models Soris. sxva nimuSi, sadac aseTi didia msgavseba TviT taZarsa da models Soris, arc somxeTSi da arc saqarTveloSi ar moi poveba. kidev erTi saintereso modeli somxeTidan, romelic, savaraudod, XIII saukuneSi unda iyos Seqmnili, inaxeba erevanSi, somxeTis istoriul muzeumSi. is gadmotanilia barZrakaSis samonastro kompleqsidan (lores regioni). erT mTlian did qvaSi gamokveTilia saxuravis kexi da zed aRmarTulia gumbaTiani eklesiis modelis saxia akroterioni (sur. 41). kexis qvis ferdebze erT mxares warmodgenilia adamianis sruli figura, xolo meore mxares – doqi. eklesiis modelis qvemoT ferdebi damuSavebulia lorfinis gadaxurvis imitaciiT. modelze warmodgenili eklesiis gumbaTs aqvs mrgvali yeli. masze naCvenebia sarkmlebis grZelgadanakecebiani TavsarTebi, Tumca Tavad sarkmlebi datanili ar aris. mrgvali yeli da amgvari TavsarTebi ti piuria ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis somxuri arqiteqturisTvis (goSavanqi, haRpati, makaravanqis mcire eklesia, noravanqi, saRmosavanqi, sanahini, TeReri). meore mxriv, somxuri xelovnebisTvis uCveuloa qvis marjvena ferdze gamosaxuli adamianis figura, romelic mSenebel ostats unda warmoadgendes. dazianebis miuxedavad Cans, rom mas xelSi orpiriani samuSao iaraRi – savaraudod weraqvi an walkati uWiravs. rogorc cnobil­ ia, Sua saukuneebis somxur xelovnebaSi mSenebelTa gamosaxulebebi Zalze iSviaTia69 da, ro­ P. Cuneo, Les modèles en pierre de l’architecture arménienne, gv. 220-221, sur. 28-29; Ch. Maranci, Models in the Caucasus: Problems of Form, Function, and Meaning, gv. 54, sur. 4. sifrTxilisaTvis mainc vityvi, rom raki dRes es akroterioni miuwvdomelia da fotosuraTiT gviwevs msjeloba, sakiTxi bolomde gadaWrilad ver CaiTvleba.

68

69

somxeTSi mSenebelTa gamosaxulebebis Sesaxeb ix.: d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi.., gv. 125-127.

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gorc wesi, gvxvdeba `yvelaze aqtiuri qarTul-somxuri kulturuli kontaqtis zonebSi~70.

SesaZloa am movlenas asaxavdes lores regionSi mdebare somxuri eklesiis akroterionze gamosaxuli mSeneblis figurac. darbazuli eklesiis saxis akroterionebi zemoT iTqva, rom rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise somxeTSi (barZrakaSi, ganZasari, geRardi, haRpati, hariWavanqi, jrapi da sxva) akroterionebs ZiriTadad jvargumbaTovani eklesiis modelebis forma hqonda. maSinac ki, rodesac taZari ugumbaTo iyo, masze, rogorc wesi, gum­ baTiani eklesiis saxis akroterioni idgmeboda (CvenTvis cnobili erTaderTi sapirispiro SemTxveva aris safaris monastris akroterioni farezas gamosaxulebiT. miCneulia rom is monastris mTavar taZars amkobda). es gasakviri ar unda iyos, vinaidan jvargumbaTovani Se­ noba, garda imisa, rom wamyvani arqiteqturuli ti pia Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSic da somxeTSic, vizualuradac mnaxvelisTvis ukeT aRqmadi formaa, vidre ugumbaTo eklesiis erTiani, daunawevrebeli marTkuTxa moculoba.

Tumca, Sua saukuneebis qarTulma xelovnebam icis akroterionebad darbazuli (cal­ naviani) eklesiis modelis gamoyenebis calkeuli magaliTebic. isini ZiriTadad ugumbaTo eklesiebze idgmeboda da savaraudoa, rom maTi Semqmneli ostatebi iTvaliswinebdnen taZ­ ris arqiteqturul ti ps. Tumca, arcerT SemTxvevaSi araa naCvenebi am konkretuli eklesi­ isTvis damaxasiaTebeli arqiteqturuli elementebi. ugumbaTo eklesiis formis mqone akroterionTa ricxvi mcirea. maTgan ramdenimes daTa­ riReba ver xerxdeba, radgan ar gaaCniaT aranari xelmosaWidi elementi arqiteqturuli detalebis, dekorisa Tu warweris saxiT. aseTTagania nasoflar musxSi mdebare wm. gior­ gis eklesiis aRmosavleTi frontonis Tavze mdgari darbazuli eklesiis modeli (sur. 42). misi fasadebi sadaa, erTaderTi dekoratiuli elementia jvris reliefuri gamosaxuleba aRmosavleT fasadze. TviT eklesia, mis dasavleT fasadze amokveTili warweris Tanaxmad, augiaT musxis mcxovreblebs 1836 wels, rogorc Cans Zvel naeklesiarze. garSemo Zveli qve­ bia mimobneuli da albaT akroterionic Zveli eklesiidan SemorCa da xelmeored gamoiyenes axal mSeneblobaSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sof. meRvrekisis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis taZris aRmosavleT fasadze mdgar sruliad sada eklesiis modelzec (sur. 43). eklesia axali restavrirebu­ lia. rogorc restavraciamdel fotoebze Cans, akroterioni taZarze im dros ar mdgara, is sarestavracio samuSaoebis dros i poves da kvlav kexze aRmarTes. am Zveli modelis gaT­ valiswinebiT, taZris dasavleT fasadzec daidga darbazuli ti pis axali modeli. metis Tqma SeiZleba darbazuli eklesiis modelze (sur. 44), romelic 1970 wels sarestavracio samuSaoebis dros aRmoCnda TrialeTis axalqalaqis (daSbaSis) taZris samx­ reT minaSenSi da amJamad saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumSi inaxeba (sainv. #1099). darbazuli eklesiis (simaRle 33. 5 sm., sigrZe 19. 5 sm., sigane 15 sm.) sami fasadi arqiteqturuladaa danawevrebuli, xolo meoTxe, romelic CrdiloeT­ isken unda yofiliyo mimarTuli, uxeSad aris mosworebuli. dasavleT da aRmosavleT fasa­ debze TiTo mcire sarkmelia datanili, yvelaze metad ki aqcentirebulia samxreTi fasadi, 70

iqve, gv. 126.

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sadac qveda nawilSi marTkuTxa karia SeWrili, xolo karis zemoT, fasadis mTels siganeze orstriqoniani asomTavruli wiTlad daferili warweraa amokveTili. paleografiuli niS­ nebiT is X-XI saukuneebiT SeiZleba daTariRdes. warwera ase ikiTxeba: q(riste) S(eiwyal)e s(u)l[i] | T(i)n(a)T(i)l(!)(i)si ucnobia Tu vinaa am memorialuri xasiaTis warweraSi moxsenebuli qali da aqvs Tu ara raime kavSiri TrialeTis axalqalaqis eklesiasTan, iyo es qva am taZris nawili Tu mogvian­ od moitanes. darbazuli eklesiis saxis ori akroterionia darCenili safaris monasterSi, orive XIII saukunis bolo meoTxedisa. erTi maTgani adgas X saukunis miwurulis wm. stefanes darba­ zuli eklesiis dasavleT frontons (sur. 45, 46). kexis qvaze wamomarTuli eklesiis modeli qvis ZiriTadi nawilisgan gamoyofilia naxevarwriuli profilis cokoliT. misi saxuravi dazianebulia, rac masSi Camagrebuli jvris sagangebod momtvrevas unda gamoewvia. model­ is samxreTi, CrdiloeTi da aRmosavleTi fasadebi sadaa, mxolod mayureblisken mimarTu­ li dasavleTi fasadia arqiteqturulad damuSavebuli. is pirobiTad imeorebs TviTYtaZris fasadis danawevrebas – aCvenebs karsa da mis zemoT sarkmels, oRond taZrisgan gansxvavebiT, modelze maT ormagi lilvis sapireebi evleba. wm. stefanes eklesia, rogorc iTqva X saukunis miwuruliT TariRdeba. rogorc Cans, is ganaaxles XIII saukuneSi, ra drosac xelaxla gadaxures lorfiniT. Sesabamisad, kexis qva da akroterionic am aRdgenis Sedegi unda iyos. XIII saukunis ostatma, romelmac modeli gamokveTa, aiRo realuri taZris dasavleTi fasadis sqema, magram is Tavisi epoqis esTetikis Sesabamisad gadaiazra da kar-sarkmels sapireebi gaukeTa71. sainteresoa modelze naCvenebi orferda gadaxurvis sistemac, saxuravis qanobebi danaw­ evrebulia lorfinuli gadaxurvisTvis damaxasiaTebeli princi piT: qanobebis zRvarze grZivad gayolebuli xazi mianiSnebs kexis qvebze, xolo qanobebze gayolebuli ganivi lil­ vebi lorfinis qvebis Camket kliteebs aRniSnavs. rogorc msgavsi gadawyvetis nimuSi, Sei­ Zleba vaxsenoT XIII-XIV saukuneebis gumbaTiani eklesis modeli zarzmidan (sur. 47), sadac ara mxolod gumbaTis gadaxurvaa aRniSnuli (rac xSiria msgavs modelebSi), aramed mklaveb­ isac – aq mkafiod Cans lorfinis gadaxurvis iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa kexs gayolebuli qvebis horizontaluri xazi, lilvovani kliteebi da gadaxurvis zeda nawilis lorfineb­ is naxevarwriuli momrgvaleba. aseTi momrgvaleba axasiaTebs, magaliTad, saRamos XIII-XIV saukuneebis eklesiis lorfinis saxuravs (sur. 48). safaris wm. stefanes eklesiaze da mis akroterionze is ar aris. wm. stefanes eklesiis akroterionis Seqmnisas ostati ar iTvaliswinebs grZivi da ganivi RerZebis Sefardebas – modelis grZivi fasadi mciredad Tu sWarbobs ganiv fasads, ris ga­ moc gegma TiTqmis kvadratsaa miaxloebuli. Tumca, aRqmis TvalsazrisiT masSi darbazuli eklesiis formis danaxva, ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis Cvenebis wyalobiT, sirTules ar war­ moadgens.

71

wm. stefanes eklesiis dasavleTi fasadis qveda nawilSi gaWrilia marTkuTxa kari, romlis zemoTac arqitravis qvaze dekoratiuli jvaria CakveTili. rac Seexeba sarkmels, misi zeda nawili saxecvlilia mogviano gadakeTebis Sedegad (v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, gv. 47). Tavdapirvelad masac TaRovani moxazuloba unda hqonoda da SesaZloa TavsarTic amkobda.

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darbazuli eklesiis meore modeli safaris monastridan (sur. 49) didi xania cnobilia samecniero literaturaSi da bevrjer aris gamocemuli72. samecniero literaturaSi miCneu­ lia, rom es modeli wm. sabas eklesias amkobda. akroterionis Tavdapirveli adgili ucno­ bia wm. sabas eklesiaSi naxa is v. beriZem 1950-ian wlebSi73. amJamad daculia axalcixeSi, sam­ cxe-javaxeTis istoriul muzeumSi (sainv. # 3237). akroterionis zeda nawili dazianebulia, ris gamoc mas SecdomiT gumbaTiani eklesiis modelad miiCneven, Tumca, miuxedavad dazianebisa, Cans, rom models mTlianad orkalTiani saxuravi hqonda. gadaxurva aqac lorfinis saxuravs gviCvenebs, masze kargad Cans verti­ kaluri lilvovani Camketi kliteebi. Zirze akroterions sigrZivad uxeSad Tlili Sveri­ li gauyveba (sur. 50), xolo ganivi fasadis qveda nawilSi samkuTxedad gamoTlili Sver­ ili aqvs. am SverilebiT iyo is Camagrebuli gadaxurvaSi. proporciebiT samcxe-javaxeTis muzeumSi daculi akroterioni emsgavseba wm. stefanes eklesiis zemoTnaxseneb akroteri­ ons, aqac sigrZe bevrad ar sWarbobs siganes (42 × 31 sm.). modeli ufro simaRleSia ganviTare­ buli (63 sm.), vidre grZivad. axalcixis muzeumSi daculi modeli safaridan, pirvel rigSi, cnobilia Tavisi re­ liefebiT. mis sam waxnagze gamosaxulia mSeneblebisa da wmindanis welszeda figurebi. erT grZiv waxnagze (Znelia iTqvas qveynis romel mxares Seesabameboda is) TaRovan SeRrmavebaSi warmodgenilia sasuliero piri (sur. 51). marcxena xelSi mas kverTxi uWiravs, xolo mar­ jvena makurTxevelia. savaraudod, es wm. saba unda iyos. figura SedarebiT pataraa da waxna­ gis qveda nawilis centrSi Tavsdeba. mis zemoT didi gadanakecebiani TavsarTia. meore grZiv waxnagze naCvenebia mamakaci marcxena xelSi gonioTi, xolo marjvenaSi CaquCiT (sur. 49). mis marjvniv oTxstriqoniani warweraa: `fa|rez|s S(eundve)n | R(merTma)n~, marcxniv ki ori asoa: `g(iorg)i~. sayovelTao azriT, es mSenebeli ostati unda iyos mama xuroTmoZRvar fare­ zasZisa, romelmac aago wm. sabas taZari (ixsenieba taZris dasavleTi fasadis warweraSi). ganiv waxnagTagan erTze, romelic kexis ukana mxarisken iyo mimarTuli da qvemodan praq­ tikulad ar Canda, figuruli gamosaxuleba ar aris. masze datanilia mxolod sarkmeli di­ di gadanakecebiani TavsarTiT. rogorc SemorCenili kvaliT Cans, is wiTlad iyo daferili (sur. 50). formiTa da zomiT es TavsarTi wm. sabas gamosaxulebis Tavze gakeTebul TavsarTs waagavs, gansxvaveba isaa, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi TavsarTi CaRrmavebulia, meoreSi – re­ liefuri. aseTi mZlavri gadanakecebiani TavsarTebi aqtiurad keTdeboda aRniSnuli perio­ dis arqiteqturaSi da mas safaris mTavari taZris dasavleT da samxreT fasadebzec vxvdeb­ iT sapireSemoyolebuli sarkmlebis Tavze. akroterionis meore, sapirispiro ganiv waxnagze, romelic fasadis mxares gamodioda da, amdenad, yvelaze ukeT Canda, gamosaxulia Saravandiani mamakaci gulze dakrefili xel­ ebiT (sur. 49). marjvena xelSi mas uWiravs marTkuTxaTaviani grZeltariani sagani, romelic SeiZleba identificirebuli iqnas rogorc CaquCi. v. silogavam is ver gaarCia (wers, ar Cans v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, gv. 52, tab. 332; v. silogava, eklesiis modeli safaridan xuroTmoZRvris gamosaxulebiT da warweriT, mesxeTi, istoria da Tanamedroveoba, 2000, gv. 29-35; d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi.., gv. 116-117, sur. 89; T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qandakeba, gv. 312, sur. 606-607.

72

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v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, gv. 52.

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garkveviT, filis zedapiris am adgilas dazianeba-amomtvrevis gamoo74), magram mainc ivarau­ da, rom es piri TviT xuroTmoZRvari farezasZe unda iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom am reliefs, ostat farezis gamosaxulebisgan gansxvavebiT, warwera ar axlavs, vfiqrob v. silogavas mosazreba sarwmunoa. amrigad, akroterionis piriTa da gverdiTa waxnagebze ori mSenebeli, savaraudod, mama-Svilia warmodgenili, rac unikaluri SemTxvevaa qarTul xelovnebaSi. mSenebelTa gamosaxulebebi ufro didia, vidre wm. sabasi, isini modelis waxnagebs mTlianad ikaveben. maT Semowers modelis kuTxeebs ayolebul Sewyvilebul lilvebze ga­ dayvanili didi TaRebi. lilvebis ZirSi da TaRebis quslebTan datanilia burTulebisgan Semdgari bazisebi da impostebi. gamosaxulebiani akroterionebi garda safaris kargad cnobili akroterionisa, SemorCenilia eklesiaTa sxva modelebic, romlebzec aseve vxvdebiT wmindanTa Tu istoriul pirTa gamosaxulebebs. saero piri unda iyos warmodgenili XIII-XIV saukuneebis eklesiis modelze udes kaToli­ kuri eklesiidan (sur. 17). dasavleT fasadze SeWrili Sesasvlelis marcxniv gamosaxulia daaxloebiT karis simaRlis mamakacis figura (sur. 18). mas orive xeli zemoT aqvs aweuli, mosavs grZeli kaba welze sartyliT. mamakacis Tavi dazianebulia da saxis nakvTebi ar gan­ irCeva, aseve ar ganirCeva eWira Tu ara raime marjvena xelSi. nawilobriv Cans sagani, romel­ ic mas marcxena xelSi ukavia, vertikalurad wagrZelebuli da zeda nawilSi mcired hori­ zontalurad gaSlili. savaraudod, es weraqvi unda iyos, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom figura mSenebel ostats wamogvidgens, Tumca arc jvris gamosaxvaa ugulebelsayofi. istoriuli piris reliefuri gamosaxuleba amkobs sof. bolajuris eklesiis75 nangreveb­ Si sxvadasxva drois qvebTan erTad SemorCenili modelis gumbaTis yels (sur. 52). 40 sm-is simaRlis qva akroterionis nawili unda yofiliyo. gumbaTis rvawaxnaga yels TaRnari Se­ mouyveba, TiToeul TaRSi farTosapiriani TaRovani sarkmelia naCvenebi. mxolod erTi wax­ nagia TaRisa da sarkmlis gareSe – maT nacvlad aq saero piris gamosaxulebaa. misi vinaobis dadgena warweris an raime maidentificirebeli atributis (samosis detalebi, jvari, sam­ uSao iaraRi) ararsebobis gamo ver xerxdeba. modelze gamosaxuli figuris damuSavebis xa­ siaTis mixedviT, is, savaraudod, XIV-XV saukuneebSi unda iyos gamoqandakebuli. kidev erT uCveulo gamosaxulebas vxvdebiT akroterionze, romelic kazreTis arqe­ ologiuri eqspediciis mier bolnisis raionis sofel buCurianis eklesiidan 1970 wels s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos muzeumSi iqna gadmotanili (sur. 53)76. modeli damtvreulia da sam natexad inaxeba qvis fondis sacavSi (## 637, 760). is warmoadgens sworkuTxedSi Caw­ eril gumbaTian eklesias (SemorCenili simaRle 43 sm., sigrZe 27 sm., sigane 11 sm.). fasadebi da gumbaTis yeli dazianebulia, zedapirebi TiTqos sagangebodaa CamoTlili. reliefebi 74

v. silogava, eklesiis modeli safaridan.., gv. 32.

75

eklesias TavianT CanawerebSi axseneben p. uvarova, e. TayaiSvili, g. boWoriZe. maT dros is ukve dangreuli iyo. g. boWoriZis TqmiT, eklesiis qvebi meCeTis asaSeneblad wauRiaT da saZirkvelSi CauyriaT (Пр. Уварова, Христианские памятники, Материалы по археологии Кавказа, вып. IV, gv. 67-68; Е. Такаишвили, Археологические экскурсии, разыскания и заметки, вып. 1, gv. 112; g. boWoriZe, mogzauroba samcxe-javaxeTSi, gv. 90-91). m. sinauriZe, 1970-1971 ww. kazreTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspedicia, t. 3, Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 93, 95, sur. 13; m. sinauriZe, kazreTis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 41-42, tab. XXVIII. 76

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darCenilia mxolod erT fasadze. mis centrSi SeWrilia marTkuTxa kari ormagi CarCoTi, romelzec grexili lilvis imitaciaa datanili iribi Wdeebis meSveobiT. karis zemoT, cen­ trSi ganirCeva jvris reliefuri gamosaxuleba, mis zemoT – TaRovani sarkmeli ormagi sada sapireTi. ori lilvis profilis karnizze kvlav gvxvdeba iribi Wdeebi. karis marjvniv gamosaxulia 3/4-iT karisken mitrialebuli sasuliero piri. vedrebad wingawvdil xelebSi mas jvari uWiravs. sabero SesamoselSi Semosil figuras Tavze kunku­ lis msgavsi Tavsaburavi xuravs, wverze jvriT. karis meore mxare Camotexilia, Tumca m. si­ nauriZis werils darTul sqemaze Cans qvis kidev erTi natexi, romelzec ganirCeva mfrinavi angelozis frTa da mis qvemoT jvari, rac am mxares kidev erTi sasuliero piris figuris arsebobas gvavaraudebinebs. akroterioni XIV-XV saukuneebSi unda iyos Seqmnili. erTi SexedviT aq warmodgenili kompozicia mogvagonebs ruisis feriscvalebis taZris dasavleT fasadze gamokveTil XV saukunis pirveli naxevris reliefs, sadac jvris garSemo ori is­ toriuli piri da ori angelozia gamosaxuli, oRond Cvens SemTxvevaSi kompozicia modelis mTel fasadze nawildeba da masSi sasuliero pirebi arian warmodgenilni.

XIII-XIV saukuneebis eklesiis modeli didi gomareTidan (sur. 54) marTkuTxa bazisze amoy­ vanil Tavisufali jvris ti pis taZars warmogvidgens. gumbaTqveSa kvadratis erT-erT ze­ da kuTxeze gamosaxulia wverosani mamakacis Zalze sqematuri saxe (sur. 55). sxva sami kuTxe Camotexilia da ver vityviT, iyo Tu ara maTzec reliefebi. warwerisa da maidentificirebe­ li atributebis ararsebobis gamo Znelia dazustebiT iTqvas, es raime simboluri saxe an per­ sonifikaciaa Tu saero piris gamosaxuleba, Tumca mainc vfiqrob, rom aq anonimuri mSenebeli unda iyos warmodgenili. rogorc wesi, mSenebelTa reprezentaciebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe­ lia maTi samuSao iaraRiT xelSi Cveneba, Tumca aris gamonaklisebic. dixazurgas reliefis77 SemTxvevaSi, rom ara warwera, warmodgenili piris galatozTuxucesad identifikacia Seu­ Zlebeli iqneboda. rogorc Cans, zogjer mSenebeli ostatebi atributebis gareSec gamosaxa­ vdnen sakuTar Tavs. vfiqrob, aseTi SemTxveva unda iyos didi gomareTis eklesiis modelzec. rogorc arsebuli masala mowmobs, Tavebis gamosaxulebebi arc Tu ise iSviaTi iyo Sua saukuneebis qarTul xelovnebaSi, amasTan isini sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli az­ ris matarebelia da maTi Sinaarsis wasakiTxad sxvadasxva faqtoria gasaTvaliswinebeli78. ase magaliTad, fitareTis 1210-20-iani wlebis eklesiis gumbaTis yelze gamosaxul adamian­ Ta Tavebis Sinaarsis gasagebad gasaRebi unda iyos erT-erT TavTan amokveTili asomTavru­ li warwera: w(mida)Á b(a)s(i)li (sur. 56). is gvafiqrebinebs, rom aq eklesiis mamebi arian warmodgenilni79. savaraudod, mSenebelTa (ostatisa da misi Segirdis) Tavebi unda iyos ga­ qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, lapidaruli warwerebi, dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi, II, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 83; T. xundaZe, T. dadiani, Sua saukuneebis reliefuri qandakeba afxazeTSi, kulturuli memkvidreoba okupaciis pirobebSi – masalebi, Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 42; T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qandakeba, gv. 224, sur. 471.

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am ti pis gamosaxulebebTan dakavSirebiT ix.: n. CakvetaZe, didi gomareTis RvTismSoblis eklesiis reliefi, samecniero krebulSi: baRvaSi, Tbilisi, 2021, gv. 372-389, gansak. gv. 377-385. iqneb fitareTis magaliTi gamodges aseve xnevanqis (lore) Zeli WeSmaritis saxelobis XIII saukunis taZris gumbaTis yelze gamosaxul mamakacTa TavTa Sinaarsis amosaxsneladac. sxva mosaz­ rebiT, fitareTis gumbaTis yelze gamosaxuli Svidi Tavi `xilulad ciur samyaros – zeciur mnaTobebs: mzes, mTvares da danarCen xuT varskvlavs gadmogvcems~ (T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qandakeba, gv. 307).

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mosaxuli X saukunis xandos eklesiis samxreT fasadze80 (sur. 57). aseve anonim mSeneblad unda iyos gagebuli xoreniis eklesiis samxreTi minaSenis dasavleTi kronSteinis samxreT nawilze gviani Sua saukuneebSi gamokveTili reliefuri Tavic81. mSeneblebs warmogvidgens iSxnis taZris dasavleTi mklavis samxreTi fasadis sarkmlis sapiris Zirze gamokveTili mcire zomis, TvalisTvis TiTqmis SeumCneveli Svidi Tavic82 (sur. 58). adamianis figuraa warmodgenili weraqvis kviracxovlis eklesiis zemoTganxilul mod­ elze (sur. 25). is gamosaxulia dasavleT fasadze naCvenebi karis RiobSi, sruli taniT. fig­ uris damuSaveba da misi saxis Sesrulebis manera ti piuria XVII saukunis qvaze kveTilobisT­ vis. zedapiris dazianebis gamo gaurkvevelia, uWiravs Tu ara raime mamakacs xelSi, Tumca Saravandis arqona gvafiqrebinebs rom aq saero piris (mSeneblis an qtitoris) gamosaxuleba unda gvqondes. pirRebulis monastris XVII saukunis akroterionze, rogorc iTqva, erTmaneTis mopirda­ pire fasadebze adamianis Tavis ori gamosaxulebaa (sur. 23, 24). gansxvavebiT zemoTmotani­ li magaliTebisgan, sadac erTmniSvnelovnad konkretul (saero Tu sasuliero) pirTa ga­ mosaxulebebTan gvaqvs saqme, am SemTxvevaSi pirobiTad da sibrtyobrivad naCvenebi saxeebi albaT personifikaciebad (solarul niSnebad?) unda iyos gagebuli83. saxeebi identuria, moklebuli individualur niSnebs: didroni nuSisebri Tvalebi, warbebis xazs gadabmuli cxviri, nikapisken wawvetebuli mrgvali formis Tavi (erTi Tavis qveda nawili motexilia, savaraudod, isic pirveli msgavsi unda yofiliyo). figurebs ar axlavs ganmartebiTi warw­ erebi da arc raime atributi, Tundac Saravandis saxiT. gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, rodesac akroterionebze mxedarTa gamosaxulebebia warmodgenili. msgavsi nimuSebi CvenTvis oria cnobili: erTi dRes saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumSi inaxeba (sainv. N1313/2) da 1980 welsaa wamoRebuli muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier tyemlovanadan, meore ki stefanwmindis istori­ uli muzeumis galavnis kuTxeze dgas da, TanamSromelTa, cnobiT gergetis samebidan aris wamoRebuli. d. berZeniSvili, i. elizbaraSvili, n. vaCeiSvili, c. CaCxunaSvili, javaxeTi, istoriul-xuroT­ moZRvruli gzamkvlevi, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 60.

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T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qandakeba, gv. 317, sur. 629.

T. dvali, iSxani, Tbilisi, 2010, foto gv. 25. iSxanSi yofnisas am Tavebze yuradReba mimaqcevina Cemma kolegam neli CakvetaZem, risTvisac minda mas didi madloba gadavuxado. am TavTa mSenebelostatebTan gaigivebis Sesaxeb aseve ix.: n. CakvetaZe, didi gomareTis RvTismSoblis eklesiis reliefi, gv. 385, Sen. 56.

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sagarejos wm. petresa da pavles eklesiis aRmosavleT fasadze gamokveTili adamianTa Tavebi ikonografiuli niSnebiT mzisa da mTvaris (TavTa garSemo radialurad CaWrili sxivebis safuZvelze) da adamisa da evas gamosaxulebebad aris gagebuli (e. kvaWataZe, gviani Sua saukuneebis safasado skulptura (ananuris, sagarejos petre-pavles, yincvisisa da `gigos saydris~ taZarTa reliefebi), sadoqtoro disertacia, Tbilisi, 2005). msgavsi saxeebi aris ananuris mTavari taZris aRmosavleT fasadzec, jvris qvemoT, magram maTi interpretacia Znelia – iseve, rogorc pirRebulis akroterionis zemoTganxiluli saxeebisa. pirRebulis am akroterionebis Sesaxeb ix. aseve: n. baxtaZe, n. kupraSvili, l. mirianaSvili, k. cenderi, T. jojua, pirRebulis monasteri, 1989 da 2002-2003 ww. kompleqsuri samecniero eqspediciebis Sedegebi, Tbilisi, 2005, sur. 27, 30; n. CakvetaZe, didi gomareTis RvTismSoblis eklesiis reliefi, gv. 382, sur. 11g.

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akroterioni tyemlovanadan (XV saukune) miekuTvneba im ti pis modelebs, romlebSic gum­ baTi calke keTdeboda da magrdeboda eklesiis qveda korpusSi CaWril specialur foso­ Si (sur. 59). am akroterionisgan mxolod qveda korpusia darCenili. is uzogades formebSi gadmogvcems eklesiis Senobas. mTavar fasadze mxedris figuraa mocemuli warweris gareSe. rac Seexeba stefanwmindis akroterions (XIV saukune), is Cawerili jvris ti pis taZars war­ moadgens (sur. 60). gumbaTis yelze (rogorc Cans, motexili iyo da cementiT daumagrebiaT) naCvenebia oTxi TaRovani sarkmeli sada lilvovani sapireebiT. gumbaTs aqvs konusuri sax­ uravi, romelzec datanilia qvis lorfinebis vertikaluri lilvebi. modelis erTi fasa­ dis garda yvela sadaa, maTze mxolod mcire sarkmlebia datanili mklavebis frontonebSi. modelis qveda korpuss etyoba, rom erT dros is daferili da SeRebili iyo, alag-alag dar­ Cenilia TeTri nalesobis kvali da nalesobaze wiTlad datanili xazebi. rac Seexeba CvenT­ vis saintereso fasads, masze mTeli are daTmobili aqvs cxenosani wmindanis gamosaxulebas. tyemlovanasa da stefanwmindis akroterionebze warmodgenili mxedrebi, savaraudod, wm. giorgis gamosaxulebebad unda miviCnioT, Tumca maTze arc gveleSapisa da arc diokleti­ anes figurebi araa naCvenebi. wm. giorgis aseTive uCveulo gamosaxuleba (gveleSapis an di­ okletianes gareSe) SemorCenilia XIV saukunis bareTis timpanis reliefze84. amrigad, Sua saukuneebis qarTul da zogadad samxreTkavkasiur xuroTmoZRvrebaSi gan­ viTarda eklesiis samganzomilebiani modelis saxis akroterionebis Seqmnis unikaluri tradicia. kvlevam aCvena, rom saqarTveloSi funqciurad akroterioni saxuravis kexze aR­ marTuli jvris kvarcxlbeks warmoadgenda. ramdenime nimuSze SemorCenili gamosaxulebeb­ isa da warwerebis mixedviT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zogjer maT aseve SeiZleba hqonoda voti­ vuri daniSnulebac. akroterions yovelTvis hqonda eklesiis forma, magram ar imeorebda namdvil arqiteqturas. rogorc wesi, modeli ar asaxavs im taZars, romelsac adgas (erTi gamonaklisi aris somxeTSi – hariWavanqi). rogorc Cans, ar iyo sagangebo dakveTa saimisod, rom modeli yofiliyo realuri eklesiis msgavsi, amitom, konkretuli Senobebis reprodu­ cirebis nacvlad, modelis Semqmneli ostatebi iyenebdnen TavianTi droisaTvis damaxasi­ aTebel struqturul da dekoratiul elementebs da Tavisuflad axdendnen maT komponire­ bas. isini cvlidnen realur proporciebs da aqcentirebulad zrdidnen gumbaTs jvargum­ baTovan modelebSi an amoklebdnen grZiv RerZs calnavian modelebSi. Sedegad, akroteri­ onebi warmoadgenen ganzogadebul arqiteqturul modelebs, romlebSic saerTo dizainiTa da garkveuli raodenobis arsebiTi elementebiT mnaxveli iolad amoicnobs eklesiis zog­ ad iers.

2. sxvadasxva daniSnulebis qvis modelebi garda akroterionebisa, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi eklesiaTa samganzomilebian qvis modelebs farTod iyenebdnen sxva daniSnulebiTac. kerZod, SemorCenilia memorialuri funqciis modelebi – eklesiis saxis saflavis qvebi. maTi zusti daTariReba rTulia, radgan warmodgenili arqiteqtura Zalian ganzogadebuli xasiaTisaa da, rogorc wesi, romelime epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel xuroTmoZRvrul elementebs ar gviCvenebs. maTze arc warwere­ 84

T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qandakeba, gv. 315, sur. 622.

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bia SemorCenili, rac dagvexmareboda qvebis daTariRebaSi. is ki cxadia, rom eklesiis mod­ elebis saflavis Zeglebad gamoyenebas mravalsaukunovani tradicia hqonda saqarTveloSi da is XIX saukuneSic gagrZelda85. eklesiis formis saflavis qvebi orad SeiZleba dajgufdes: verZis qandakebaze mdgari eklesiis modelebi, romlebic verZTan erTad erTian masiur qvaSia gamoTlili (sur. 61) da da­ moukideblad mdgari eklesiis modelebi (sur. 62). orsave SemTxvevaSi eklesiaTa tipologia mravalferovania. gumbaTiani taZrebidan gvxvdeba rogorc Tavisufali jvris (saflavis qvebi tbisidan86 da orjalaridan), aseve Cawerili jvris tipis taZrebi (qilda87). aseve farTod mimar­ Taven ugumbaTo arqiteqturasac, ZiriTadad darbazul eklesiebs (samsara88, prtena89, buzaveTi90, Toria91). saTxis eklesiis ezoSi mdgar verZs samnaviani bazilikac ki adgas zurgze92 (sur. 63). yvela SemTxvevaSi saxviTi ena pirobiTi da ganzogadebulia. saflavis qvebi ar asaxavs romelime konkretul eklesias. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac verZze mxolod gumbaTia dasmu­ li (sur. 66), zogjer sulac yelis gareSe – mxolod gadaxurva, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom zed kramitisa Tu lorfinis saburvelia miniSnebuli (sur. 64, 65), mnaxvelze Znelad Tu tovebs gumbaTis STabeWdilebas. sof. Rrtilas (axlandeli ixtila, javaxeTi) eklesiis ezoSi mdgar verZis qandakebas mTel zurgsa da ferdebze darbazuli eklesiis msgavsad orferda gadaxurvis imitacia aqvs gamoqandakebuli (sur. 67). saxuravis zedapirze datanili lilvebi zemoTken naxevarwriul momrgvalebebs ebjineba, rac qvis lorfinis gadaxurvis Suasaukuneobriv wesTan aRZravs asociacias – magaliTad, saRamos mesame eklesiis saxuravTan93 (sur. 48). msgavsi xerxi eklesi­ is saxis akroterionebzec Segvxvda (zarzmis akroterioni – sur. 47).

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vrclad amis Sesaxeb ix.: m. liluaSvili, arqiteqturulad gadawyvetili saflavis Zeglebi XVIIXIX saukuneebis saqarTveloSi: baldaqinebi, akldamebi, eklesiis modelebi, wignSi: saflavis Zeglebi XVII-XIX saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2022 (ibeWdeba). r. kekeliZe, saflavis qvebi algeTis xeobidan, Zeglis megobari, #34, 1974, gv. 29-30, sur. gv. 30-ze; i. ciciSvili, materialuri kulturis Zeglebi qvemo qarTlis istoriul-arqeologiuri eqspediciis masalebis mixedviT (algeTis xeoba), Zeglis megobari, #52, 1979, gv. 7, #25; e. nadiraZe, unikaluri Zeglebi, sabWoTa xelovneba, #2, 1987, gv. 126, foto gv. 121-ze; e. nadiraZe, saqarTvelos zoomorfuli Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 1996, gv. 52, #43, sur. 3.

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d. berZeniSvili, i. elizbaraSvili, n. vaCeiSvili, c. CaCxunaSvili, javaxeTi, istoriulxuroTmoZRvruli gzamkvlevi, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 97, tab. 301.

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d. berZeniSvili da sxvani, javaxeTi, gv. 69, tab. 208.

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e. nadiraZe, saqarTvelos zoomorfuli Zeglebi, gv. 50, #26, sur. 16.

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d. berZeniSvili da sxvani, javaxeTi, tab. 132.

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iqve, gv. 38, tab. 97.

e. nadiraZe, saqarTvelos zoomorfuli Zeglebi, gv. 50, #22; d. berZeniSvili da sxvani, javaxeTi, gv. 28, tab. 58.

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saRamos e. w. mesame eklesiis XIII-XIV saukuneebis lorfinis gadaxurva bevri TvalsazrisiT aris saintereso. yuradRebas iqcevs gadaxurvis samxreTi kalTis dasavleTi nawili, sadac kidura Camket klites, gansxvavebiT danarCeni naxevarwriuli kliteebisgan, dawaxnagebuli saxe aqvs. garda amisa, kididan meore zeda naxevarwriuli nawili damatebiT damuSavebulia mcire zomis rkalebiT. aseve, am nawilSi qvis lorfinebze ori qandakeba iyo aRmarTuli. erTi imdenadaa dazianebuli rom Znelia misi identificireba, meore warmoadgenda fexebSekecili cxovelis (verZis?) srul figuras (amJamad Tavi motexilia) sur. 48.

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calke mdgom calnaviani eklesiis saxis saflavis qvebidan Tavisi mxatvruli gadawyvet­ iT oria gamorCeuli. erTi maTgani dgas verana samsaris wm. giorgis XIV saukunis eklesiis siaxloves, sxva saflavis qvebs Soris (sur. 68). erTian qvaSi gamokveTili marTkuTxa dar­ bazuli eklesiis modelis simaRle 42.5 sm-ia, sigrZe – 67 sm. mis sam fasadze kar-sarkmelTa aRmniSvneli Riobebis nacvlad gamokveTilia jvrebi (wreSi Cawerili an wris gareSe), kon­ centruli wreebi da spiralebi. erTi ganivi fasadi sruliad sadaa. SenobasTan mimsgavseba yvelaze metad vlindeba orferda `saxuravSi~, romelzec lorfinis imitaciaa datanili. meore saintereso saflavis qva (sur. 62) devs sof. ToriaSi mTis ferdze, dangreul ekle­ siasTan. darbazuli eklesiis models (simaRle 43 sm., sigrZe 74 sm.) imave qvaSi gamokveTili sakmaod maRali da grZeli postamenti aqvs (simaRle daaxloebiT 23 sm., sigrZe 121 sm), riT­ ic is, savaraudod, ijda miwaSi. gansxvavebiT samsaris saflavis qvisgan, aq eklesiis saxe vlindeba ara mxolod mis zogad formasa da lorfinis gadaxurvaSi, aramed fasadebis ga­ formebaSic realuri eklesiis msgavsad: modelis samxreT fasadze SeWrilia karis marT­ kuTxa Riobi, dasavleT fasadze naCvenebia erTi wriuli sarkmeli, xolo aRmosavleTisaze sarkmlis zemoT wreSi Casmuli jvaria amokveTili. sxva SemTxvevebSi darbazuli eklesiebi, romlebic verZTa zurgzea aRmarTuli (sur.

69), moklebulia yovelgvar arqiteqturul- dekoratiul danawevrebas da wamoadgens gluv marTkuTxa bloks orferda saxuravis magvari zeda nawiliT. es `saxuravi~ an aseve sruliad sadaa, an kidev lorfinis saburvelis imitacias gviCvenebs.

SemorCenili saflavis qvebi mowmobs, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arsebobda maT damzadebaze specializirebul qvismTlelTa amqrebi. aseve arsebobda nimuSebi, rom­ lebiTac saflavis qvis mTlelebi sargeblobdnen. aseTi nimuSebis mixedviT damzadebuli saflavis qvebi erTmaneTis msgavsia, Tumca araidenturi. amisi kargi magaliTebi Semoinaxa nasaxlar qildaSi. aq Zveli eklesiis mimdebare teritoriaze darCenilia erTmaneTis msgav­ si saflavis ori qva (sur. 70, 71). taZris CrdiloeTiT mdgari modelis simaRlea 105 sm., si­ grZe 52 sm., sigane 42 sm. meore, samxreTiT mdgari modelis simaRlea 101 sm., sigrZe 48 sm., si­ gane 39 sm. orsave SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia Cawerili jvris ti pis pirobiTi taZari. jvris mklavebi, gansakuTrebiT grZiv waxnagebze, daudevrad da arqiteqturulad gaumarTavadaa gamoqandakebuli. eklesiis modelebi qvemoTken viwrovdeboda da qveda nawiliT garkveul siRrmeze miwaSi iyo Casuli. orsave modelze naCvenebia Sesasvleli kari, mrgvali sarkmle­ bi grexili lilviT gamoyvanili sapireebiT, fasadebze amokveTili jvrebi da lorfinis saxuravebi. modelebis daTariReba Znelia. verc is dgindeba, isini Tanadroulia Tu erTi ufro gviandelia da adrindels imeorebs. sxva SemTxvevaSi Zalian msgavsi saflavis qvebi teritoriulad erTmaneTs daSorebul adgilebSia mikvleuli. erTi idga qvemo qarTlSi, tbisis RmrTismSoblis eklesiis ezoSi94 (amJamad gadatanilia TbilisSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis eTnografiul muzeumSi. sur. 61), xolo meore javaxeTSi, sofel orjalaris Zveli qarTuli naeklesiaris terito­ riaze dgas saflavis sxva qvebTan erTad (sur. 72). orive warmoadgens verZis qandakebas zu­ rgze dadgmuli Tavisufali jvris ti pis taZris modeliT. orive modelis mklavebsa da gum­ r. kekeliZe am saflavis qvis Seqmnis periodad XI-XII saukuneebs varaudobs (r. kekeliZe, saflavis qvebi algeTis xeobidan, gv. 29-30, sur. gv. 30).

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baTebze naCvenebia lorfinis saxuravi. orivegan samxreT mklavSi marTkuTxa karia, dasav­ leT mklavSi – sarkmeli (tbisSi – vertikalurad wagrZelebuli, orjalariSi – wriuli). zarzmis monastris ezoSi95 galavanze Semodgmulia gumbaTiani eklesiis modeli, romlis Tavdapirveli warmomavloba da funqcia ucnobia (sur. 73). SesaZloa masac memorialuri daniSnuleba hqonda. modeli sakmaod maRalia, darCenilia misi qveda korpusi da gumbaTis yeli, xolo TviT gumbaTi motexilia (amJamindeli simaRle 118 sm.). modeli, savaraudod, XIV saukuniT SeiZleba daTariRdes, rasac mowmobs am periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sapiriani sarkmlis zemoT gadanakecebiani (omegas ti pis) TavsarTisa da kopebis gamoyeneba da aseve eklesiis ZiriTad korpussa da gumbaTis yelze SeWrili sarkmlebis muzaradisebri moxaz­ uloba. am formis gaCena qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis repertuarSi, v. beriZis SeniSvniT, am periodidan `calkeuli islamuri elementebis SemoJonvas mowmobs~96. zogadad saflavebisTvis Senobis formis gamoyeneba, ra Tqma unda, marto qarTuli si­ namdvilisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli, jer kidev Zvel droSi sxvadasxva civilizaciebSi gvxvdeba saflavis Zeglebi Senobas mimsgavsebuli formiT, rac simbolurad ganasaxierebda im saxls, romelSic micvalebuli gadasaxlda da ganagrZobda cxovrebas. aseve, micvalebu­ lis ferflis Sesanaxad keTdeboda specialuri urnebi, romelTac qoxis formas aZlevd­ nen (aseTi qoxi-urnebi mravladaa cnobili, magaliTad, etruskebis kulturaSi). am Zveli tradiciis gagrZelebas xedavs a. uvarovi qristianobaSic97, rodesac saxli nel-nela ekle­ siam Caanacvla. eklesiis formis saflavis qvebi an eklesiaze miniSneba (Tundac mxolod gumbaTis saxiT) asaxavs fsalmuniseul sityvebs: `da samareni maTni saxli maTda iyvnen uku­ nisamde~ (fs. 48. 11)98. aris eklesiis samganzomilebiani modelebis sxva daniSnulebiT gamoyenebis erTeuli SemTxvevebic. aseTi forma aqvs, magaliTad, safaris monastris samxreT nawilSi mowyobil wyaros (sur. 74). savaraudod, am wyaros mSeneblobaze unda iyos saubari XV saukunis lapi­ darul warweraSi, romelic dRes taZris interierSi, CrdiloeT kedelSia Casmuli: `q. wmi­ dao saba, meox eyav sulsa ivanesa, ese wyaro a(Ra)Sena~99. aq warmodgenilia darbazuli eklesiis modeli orferda saxuraviT. mis wina pirze da­ tanilia muzaradisebri TaRi, romelic wawvetebul wverTan sam naskvs ikeTebs, grZiv fas­ adze ki naCvenebia ori wyvili sveti burTulebiani kapitelebiT da maT Soris Camokiduli mozrdili mtevniT (sur. 75). wyarosTvis eklesiis formis SerCeva SemTxveviTi namdvilad 95

zarzmis monasterSi, msgavsad udes yofili kaTolikuri eklesiis ezosi, sxvadasxva axlomdebare adgilebidan motanili qvebi alagia, maT Soris gumbaTiani eklesiis sami samganzomilebiani modeli. erTi maTgani – mcire zomis, gumbaTmotexili modeli (SemorCenili simaRle 23 sm., sigrZe 18 sm.) jer kidev 1988 wels devi berZeniSvils unaxavs da gadauRia, xolo aq samonastro cxovrebis aRdgenis Semdgom es qva galavanSi CauSenebiaT. 96

v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, gv. 186.

97

А. Уваров, Христианская символика, ч. 1, Символика древнехристианского периода, Москва, 1908, gv. 170-172.

98

А. Уваров, Христианская символика, gv. 171; e. nadiraZe, unikaluri Zeglebi, gv. 126.

Е. Такаишвили, Археологические экскурсии, розыскания и заметки, т. 1, 1905, gv. 102; v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, gv. 59, Sen. 2; v. silogava, samcxis lapidaruli warwerebi (zogadi mimoxilva), axalcixis da tao-klarjeTis eparqia, Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 133-134. warweris wakiTxva motanilia v. silogavas mixedviT. 99

270

ar iyo. wyaro, rogorc simbolo suli wmindisa, macxovris, eklesiisa Tu uflis maradiuli cxovrebis momcemi ziarebisa, araerTxel meordeba rogorc Zveli aRTqmis (`Sengan ars wya­ ro cxovrebisa da naTliTa SeniTa vixiloT Cven naTeli~ – fsalm. 35. 8; `aRmoivseT wyali mxiarulebiTa wyaroTagan cxorebisaTa~ – esaia 12. 3), ise axali aRTqmis teqstebSi, sadac Tavad ufali ambobs: `ukeTu visme swyurodis, movedin Cemda da suemdin~ (iovane 7. 37). io­ anes gamocxadebaSi vkiTxulobT: `viqmen me ani da hoe, dasabami da dasasruli. me wyurielsa mivsce wyaroÁsa misgan wylisa cxovrelisa usasyidlod~ (gamocx. 21. 6). samaritel qalTan saubrisas, miuTiTebs ra suli wmindaze, ieso ambobs: `yoveli romeli sumides wylisa amis­ gan, swyurodis kualadca. xolo romelman suas wylisa misgan, romeli me mivsce mas, arRara swyurodis ukunisamde, aramed wyali romeli me mivsce mas, iqmnes mis Soris wyaro wylis, romeli vidodis cxorebad saukunod~ (ioane 4. 13-14). garda amisa, wyaros fasadze amokveTi­ li yurZnis mtevani SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc miniSneba wminda ziarebazec, maradiuli cxovrebis momcem aqtze, romelsac eklesiaSi misuli adamiani eziareba. amdenad, safaris monastris wyarosTan misul Sua saukuneebis adamians, garda fizikurad wyurvilis mokv­ lisa, misi naxvisas TvalsaCinod unda warmoedgina WeSmariti wyaro cxovrebisa, romelsac eklesiaSi ewafeba. am simboluri SinaarsiT unda yofiliyo nasazrdoebi xancTis monastris wyaros Tavze aSenebuli samlocveloc100. daudgeneli funqciis samganzomilebiani modelia daculi baTumis arqeologiur muzeum­ Si (sur. 76). zepiri cnobiT, is wamoRebulia sofel kobalauridan101, Tumca warmomavloba danamdvilebiT ver dgindeba. mcire zomis eklesiis modeli (17.5 × 11 sm.) gumbaTian taZars ganasaxierebda, amJamad gumbaTi motexili da dakargulia. nawilobriv aseve Camotexilia erTi fasadi. eklesiis oTxive fasadi reliefebiTaa Semkuli, maTgan samze adamianTa Zalian sqematuri figurebia mocemuli, xolo nawilobriv Camotexili fasadi geometriuli deko­ riT iyo dafaruli. ori msxvili lilviT uswormasworod gamoyvanil TaRebSi Cawerili gamosaxulebebi warmogvidgens, savaraudod, amxedrebul wm. giorgis (sur. 77) da or isto­ riul pirs, romelTa identificireba warweris ararsebobis gamo SeuZlebelia. modelis Seqmnis savaraudo periodad mxatvrul-stilisturi analiziT XI saukune ganisazRvreba102. srulad SemorCa Cawerili jvris ti pis taZris modeli sakvirikes (borjomis munici pal­ iteti) eklesiaSi (sur. 78). mas aklia mxolod gumbaTis wverSi Cadgmuli jvari, romelic, gamomdinare Casadgmeli Rrmulis siviwrovidan, albaT liTonisa unda yofiliyo. modelis zomebia: simaRle 89 sm., sigrZe 39 sm., sigane 34 sm. rvawaxnaga gumbaTis yelSi Sesabamisad rva sarkmelia mowyobili. maT zemoT gumbaTis yels mTel perimetrze texili karnizi gauyveba da saxuravs naxevradgaSlili qolgis forma aqvs. 910-920-ian wlebSi xuroTmoZRvar amonas mier xanZTis mTavari taZris mSeneblobisas pirvelad gamoyenebuli es forma maleve gaxda misabaZi nimuSi jer klarjeTSi (opiza), Semdeg samxreT saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi (oSkis taZris samxreTi galerea, gogiuba) da X saukunis miwurulidan ukve mTel saqarTveloSic

am samlocvelos Sesaxeb: W. Djobadze, Early Medieval Georgian Monasteries in Historic Tao, Klarjet‘i and Šavšet‘i, Stuttgart, 1992, gv. 25-26, sur. 4, tab. 37.

100

101

n. CakvetaZe, taZris modeli kobalauridan (xelnaweri).

102

iqve.

271

(boWorma, kacxi, manglisi)103. am formis gavrcelebaze aseve metyvelebs X saukunis meore nax­ evris saqtitoro reliefebi axalcixidan da fetobnidan. Tavad taZrebi ar SemorCa da, amde­ nad, maTi arqiteqturuli gadawyveta ucnobia, Tumca reliefebze warmodgenil modelebze naCvenebi texili karnizi realuri taZrebis arqiteqturul Tvisebas unda asaxavdes (am re­ liefTa Sesaxeb ix. Sesabamisi Tavi amave krebulSi). am arqiteqturul-dekoratiuli motivis gamoyenebis safuZvelze vfiqrob, sakvirikes modelis Seqmnis TariRi XI saukune unda iyos. sakvirikes monastris axlomaxlo msgavsi gad­ axurvis mqone Senoba araa cnobili (yovel SemTxvevaSi Cvenamde ar mouRwevia) da amdenad Znelia iTqvas, riT iyo STagonebuli modelis Semqmneli ostati. is ki cxadia, rom modelis arqiteqturul saxes aranairi kavSiri ar aqvs sakvirikes samnawilian bazilikasTan. Znelia modelis funqciis gansazRvra, iyo is akroterioni Tu saflavis qva. amrigad, samganzomilebiani modelebi, romlebic dRemde SemogvrCa (iqneba es saflavis qvebi, akroterionebi Tu sxva funqciisTvis gamoyenebuli mcire arqiteqturuli formebi) ar asaxavs da ar imeorebs romelime konkretuli taZris xuroTmoZRvrebas. gamonaklisia mxolod ori modeli – erTi nikorwmindidan (ix. Sesabamisi Tavi amave wignSi) da meore, romelic asaxavs sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZars (sur. 79). es ukanaskneli saqarTvelos er­ ovnuli muzeumis s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos muzeumSia daculi (sainv. #669)104. misi warmo­ mavloba da funqcia ucnobia105. modeli gumbaTis gareSea da, rogorc Cans, gumbaTi mas arc arasodes hqonia, radgan Sesabamisi zedapiri erTianad mosworebulia da aranairi kvali masze gumbaTis damagrebisa ar Cans. modelis simaRlea 40 sm., sigrZe – 50 sm., sigane – 26 sm. sveticxovlis modeli uCveuloa Tavisi safasado damuSavebiT. CrdiloeTi fasadi sruliad sadaa (SesaZloa is daumTavrebelic kia). aRmosavleT fasadze, centrSi erTi di­ di samkuTxa niSaa SeWrili, ZirSi kibisebri safexurebiT, xolo zeda nawilSi sami marTku­ Txasapiriani sarkmelia datanili (sur. 80). amgvari gadawyveta Soreulad Tu mogvagonebs realuri taZris xuTTaRediTa da ori niSiT gaformebul aRmosavleT fasads. msgavsi ele­ mentebia mxolod sami sarkmeli fasadis zeda nawilSi (taZris fasadze isini naxevarwriul CarCoSia Casmuli) da niSa dasafexurebuli ZiriT. amdenad modelis Semqmnelma nebismierad SearCia sveticxovlis aRmosavleTi fasadis elementebi da maTi Tavisufali komponirebiT `mibaZa~ prototi ps. modelis dasavleTi nawili imeorebs realuri taZris safexurovan moculobiT danaw­ evrebas, 1813 wels saqarTvelos pirveli egzarxosis varlamis mier aRdgenili dasavleTi karibWis CaTvliT. dasavleTi mklavis fasadze modelis Semqmnelma moniSna didi TaRovani niSa ormaglilviani sapiriT. is, rogorc Cans miTiTebaa im rTul dekoratiul kompozici­ aze, romelic sveticxovlis dasavleTi sarkmlis garSemo viTardeba. modelis samxreTi fasadi yvelaze meti sizustiT miuyveba taZris safasado danawevrebas, Tumca proporciuli Tanafardoba safasado dekoris elementebs Soris arc aqaa daculi (sur. 81). qvis modelis mcire zomis gamo mis Semqmnel ostats mouwia uari eTqva intensi­ 103

v. beriZe, kacxis taZari, qarTuli xelovneba, t. 3, 1950, gv. 77-79.

d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 143, sur. 115-116.

104

105

272

samuzeumo davTris mixedviT, modeli muzeumSi miRebulia vinme k. g. geraskinisgan.

urad danawevrebuli fasadis calkeuli detalebis Cvenebaze. Tumca, es ugulebelyofili elementebi imdenad pataraa, rom saerTo aRqmaSi ar tovebs ukmarisobis gancdas. taZris aR­ mosavleTi mklavis samxreT fasadze, zemoT gayolebuli xuTi TaRidan modelis ostatma maTTvis gankuTvnil areze mxolod sami datia. fasadis aRmosavleT nawilSi, qvemoT gamoy­ vanil sam Tanabari simaRlis dekoratiul TaRs modelze erTi daaklda, Tumca darCenil or TaRSi modelis ostatma gaimeora taZris iseTi specifikuri detalic ki, rogoricaa sxvadasxva simaRleze gaWrili sarkmlebi. fasadis dasavleT nawilSi, mklavTaSorisi ubis samxreT kedelze gadayvanili ori Tanabari simaRlis TaRidan da maT Soris gaWrili vi­ wro niSidan modelze mxolod erTi TaRi da niSa gamokveTa. modelze aseve araa naCvenebi samyuraTaRebiani niSebi Sua didi TaRis aqeT-iqiT, oTxi mcire wriuli sarkmeli dasavleTi mklavis samxreT kedelze (TaRebis zemoT) da zogi sxva detali. sxva mxriv, samxreTi fasadis arqiteqturul-dekoratiuli gaformeba srulad miyveba dRevandeli saxiT moRweul sveticxovlis taZrisas, oRond, bunebrivia, CuqurTmebis gare­ Se. miuxedavad modelis mcire dazianebebisa, mainc gairCeva centraluri maRali TaRis kom­ pozicia: TaRis zemoT, frontonis wverSi gaWrili wriuli sarkmeli, TaRis zeda nawilSi Cawerili gadanakecebiani TavsarTi, mis qvemoT maRali sarkmeli TaRovani sapireTi da ufro qvemoT SedarebiT momcro ori sarkmeli marTkuTxa sapireebiT. modelis ostati iseT speci­ fikur mcire detalsac ki gadmogvcems, rogoricaa samxreTi fasadis ganapira dasavleTi sarkmlis sapiris saxasiaTo agebuleba: mis ornamentul CarCos qveda bortze marTkuTxa Camonazardi aqvs, romelic kveTs sapires Semomwer ormag lilvs. modelze am Camonazards imave zomis CaWrili marTkuTxedi Seesabameba, rac realuri sarkmlis sapiris gadawyvetis aSkara anareklia. modelis Seqmnis miznis Sesaxeb saubari rTulia, radganac aranairi informacia mis Ses­ axeb ar gagvaCnia. danamdvilebiT SeiZleba Tqma, rom is ar iyo gamiznuli taZris kexze das­ adgmelad. aseve mas ar eqneboda memorialuri datvirTva. amdenad, daniSnulebis sakiTxi pasuxgaucemeli rCeba. aris meore kiTxvac – rodis Seiqmna is. sveticxovlis modelis sagangebo kvleva arasodes Catarebula. zogadad mas XVII saukunes akuTvneben. saguldagulo dakvirvebas gansxvavebul TariRTan mivyevarT. xelmo­ saWid elementad gvevlineba modelis samxreTi fasadis monakveTi Sesasvlelis zemoT. aq fasads Sua nawilze gauyveba msxvili horizontaluri sartyeli, romelic fasadis kideSi iwyeba da centralur TaRamde midis. am sartylis qvemoT naCvenebia TaRovani niSa (marcxniv) kari TaRovani moCarCoebiT. fasadis amgvari danawevreba zustad imeorebs realur mdgo­ mareobas (sur. 82), romelic 1830-iani wlebidan rusi egzarqosebis dakveTiT warmoebuli saremonto samuSaoebis Sedegia.

XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis sveticxovlis taZari mouvlelobis gamo mZime mdgomare­ obaSi iyo. dazianebuli gadaxurvidan interierSi wyali Cadioda da kedlebs azianebda.

1837 wels sinodalurma kantoram gadawyvita sam weliwadSi ganxorcielebuliyo taZ­ ris aRdgena-ganaxleba106, rac sxva samuSaoebTan erTad gulisxmobda taZris CrdiloeTi da samxreTi ekvderebis daSlasac. samuSaoebis warmoeba daevala vinme xeCo darCilovs, romelmac mis mier aRebuli valdebulebebi Sesaferisad ver Seasrula da samuSaoebma sam 106

А. Натроев, Мцхет и его собор Свэти-Цховели, Тифлис, 1901, gv. 232.

273

welze bevrad didxans gastana. saboloo jamSi, ekvderebi mainc moangries maT kedlebSi Cadebuli asafeTqebeli saSualebebiT, ramac, ra Tqma unda, ziani miayena taZris ZiriTad korpussac107. sveticxovlis samxreTi ekvdris zusti arqiteqturuli saxe ucnobia. rogorc gegmis doneze darCenili kedlebiT Cans, is iwyeboda samxreT-dasavleTi kuTxidan da Tavis Tav­ Si moicavda fasadis centralur TaRsac. ekvdris samxreTi fasadi tradiciulad TaRnariT iqneboda gaformebuli. ase daxates is cxoveli svetis momxatvelma grigol guljavaraSv­ ilma XVII saukunis bolos (sur. 83) da rusma mxatvarma nikanor Cernecovma 1829-1831 wlebs Soris (anu sanam ekvders moSlidnen). amdenad, modeli Seqmnili unda iyos XIX saukunis 184050-ian wlebSi, mas Semdeg, rac daangries ekvderi da samxreT fasads dRevandeli saxe misces.

Znelia iTqvas, hqonda Tu ara am models raime kavSiri sveticxovelze Catarebul saremonto samuSaoebTan, Tumca faqtia, rom is asaxavs remontis Semdgom viTarebas. miuxedavad aseTi gviani TariRisa, sveticxovlis modeli Suasaukuneobriv mxatvrul tradicias agrZelebs. misi ostati am tradiciazea aRzrdili, rac gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans taZris dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi fasadebis pirobiTad gadmocemaSi. eklesiis model­ ebis Seqmnis Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciis aseTi mdgradoba mxolod saqarTvelosaTvis ar yofila niSandoblivi, is qristianuli aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSic aRiniSneba. magaliT­ ad SeiZleba davasaxeloT saberZneTSi, kunZul qiosze, sofel timianaSi 1890 wels agebuli wm. evstratis taZris qvis modeli108, romelic sveticxovlis ganxilul modelze naxevari saukuniT gvianic kia. dasasruls aRvniSnav, rom arsebobda saeklesio Senobebis xis modelebic. aseTi iyo, magaliTad sefiskveris beWdebi. cnobilia xis beWedi zemo niqozidan jvargumbaTovani eklesiis saxis tariT. masze warwerac aris datanili: i(es)u q(rist)e | Zl(e)va(Á)109.

3. eklesiis samganzomilebiani modelis formis liTonis nawarmi qristianul aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi saeklesio liturgikul praqtikaSi farTod gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva liTonisgan (brinjao, vercxli, oqro) damzadebuli eklesiis formis nivTebi, iqneboda es sacecxlurebi, sanawileebi, sawinamZRvro Tu saprocesio jvre­ bis bunebi, sxvadasxva ti pis lamprebi, artoforionebi da sxva. erT-erTi uadresi aseTi niv­ Ti V saukuniT TariRdeba. is mikvleulia alJirSi, orleansvilis siaxloves110. brinjaos miniaturuli nivTi warmogvidgens bazilikas, romelic gadmocemulia mxolod Sua navis saxiT, TaRnariT gaxsnili grZivi kedlebiT. taZars aqvs aseve TaRebiT gaxsnili Sverili afsidi. amdenad, Senoba sruliad gamWolia, risi wyalobiTac Cans misi interieric. mnaxveli 107

iqve, gv. 236.

Ι. Βαραλησ, Εισαγωγη, Επισκοπηση τησ Ερευνασ, in: Architectural Models in Medieval Architecture (Byzantium, S. E. Europe, Anatolia), Ed. by Y. D. Varalis, Thessaloniki, 2009, gv. 21, sur. 9.

108

109

i. megrelaZe, siZveleebi liaxvis xeobaSi, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 160-161, sur. 33-34.

Byzantine Art in the Collections of Soviet Museums, Introduction and Notes on the Plates by A. Bank, New York, 1978, gv. 16, 273, tab. 15; S. Curcic, Architecture as Icon, in: Architecture as Icon, Perception and Representation of Architecture in Byzantine Art, New Jersey, 2010, gv. 9-10, 158-159, sur. 1.

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xedavs jvriT Semkul saepiskoposo saydars sakurTxevelSi, `sada-igi qriste meufÀ zis~. is simbolurad ganasaxierebs meored mosvlas, `odes-igi dajdes ufali saydarTa didebisaTa gankiTxvad soflisa~111. funqciurad es nivTi lamparia – misgan gamoSveril specialur sa­ magrebSi aTi cali sanTeli inTeboda. s. CurCiCi misi ganxilvisas wers, rom `lampari-bazi­ lika warmoadgenda sinaTlesTan asocirebul simbolos, romelic aRniSnavda RvTaebrivi naTlis wyaros imave simboluri azriT, rac realur taZars aqvs~112. im liTonis nivTebs Soris, romlebic SesaZloa dakavSirebuli iyos qarTvel ostatTa SemoqmedebasTan, pirvel rigSi unda vaxsenoT aaxenis reliqvariumi, romelic eklesiis formis zardaxSas warmoadgens (sur. 84). is amJamad aaxenis ganZTsacavSia daculi da mas­ Si wm. anastasi sparselis Tavis qala inaxeba113. zardaxSa damzadda antioqiis strategos evstaTesaTvis 969-970 wlebSi antioqiaSi. misi Tavdapirveli funqciis Sesaxeb arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazrebebi114, romelTagan swori mgonia v. saundersis azri, rom zardaxSa Seiqm­ na rogorc artoforioni115. mogvianebiT – XII saukuneSi an XIII saukunis dasawyisSi – is ev­ ropaSi moxvda da sabolood aaxenis taZarSi daido bina116. zardaxSa warmogvidgens gumbaTian eklesias kuburi qveda korpusiTa da naxevarwriulad Sverili afsidiT. sam waxnagze oTx-oTxi jvriT gamSvenebuli orfrTiani karebia naCvenebi. gumbaTis yels Semowers TaRebi, romlebSic TiTos gamotovebiT sarkmlebia gaWrili. uSu­ alod gumbaTs garedan dasaxsruli naxevarsferuli (`gogrisebri~) forma aqvs da jvriT gvirgvindeba. zardaxSis oTxsave waxnagze berZnuli warwerebia, aqedan samze fsalmunis si­ tyvebia: `didebul iTqua SenTvis, qalaqo RmrTisao~ (86, 2), `aRdeg, ufalo, gansasuenebelad Senda, Sen da kidobani siwmidisa Senisa~ (131, 8); `rameTu gamoirCia RmerTman sioni da saT­ no-iyo samkÂdrebelad TÂsa~ (131, 13), xolo afsidis mxares miZRvniTi warweraa, romelSic antioqiis strategosi evstate ixsenieba. warwerebSi xazgasmulia uflis qalaqis, sionis, uflis gansasvenebelis Tema. zardaxSa simbolurad ganasaxierebs zeciur ierusalimsa da sions da amavdroulad warmoadgens uflis saflavis gamosaxulebasac117. wmida germane konstantinepoleli, saxismetyvelebiTi ganmarteba saRmrTo liturgiisa, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, winasityva da leqsikoni daurTo eqv. koWlamazaSvilma, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 9-10.

111

112

S. Curcic, Architecture as Icon, gv. 9-10, sur. 1.

W. B. R. Saunders, The Aachen Reliquary of Eustathius Maleinus, 969-970, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 36, 1982, gv.

211-219.

113

114

aaxenis reliqvariumis Tavdapirvel funqciasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmulia mosazrebebi, rom is warmoadgenda sasakmevles, an wminda cecxlis gadasatan lampars: G. Schlumberger, L’inscription du reliquaire byzantine en forme d’église du trésor de la cathédrale d’Aix-la-Chapelle, MonPiot, 12, 1905, gv. 201-206; A. Grabar, Le reliquaire byzantin de la cathédrale d’Aix-la-Chapelle, L’art de la fin de l’Antiquité et du Moyen-Age, I, 1968, gv. 427-433, tab. 110-115; А. Лидов, Иеротопия. Пространственные иконы и образы парадигмы в византийской культуре, Москва, 2009, gv. 268-269. artoforioni momdinareobs berZnulidan da niSnavs puris Sesanaxs (αρτοσ – puri, πηιρειν – Senaxva). masSi inaxeboda evqaristiuli puri.

115

116

W. B. R. Saunders, The Aachen Reliquary of Eustathius Maleinus, gv. 219.

A. Grabar, Le reliquaire byzantin de la cathédrale d’Aix-la-Chapelle, gv. 427-433, tab. 110-115; W. B. R. Saunders, The Aachen Reliquary of Eustathius Maleinus, gv. 218.

117

275

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom am zardaxSis mWedeli kavkasiuri warmomavlobisa unda yo­ filiyo118, savaraudod antioqiaSi moRvawe qarTveli119. v. saundersisa da r. ostehotis az­ riT, amas mowmobs iseTi arqiteqturul-dekoratiuli formebi, rogoricaa isruli TaRebi, afsidis sarkmlebs Semoyolebuli lilvovani moCarCoebebi da gumbaTis yelze gadayvanili TaRnari. Tumca isicAaRiniSneba, rom Tavad gumbaTis forma ufro met siaxloves amJRavnebs X saukunis konstantinopoluri arqiteqturis nimuSebTan120. saqarTveloSi liturgikuli daniSnulebis liTonis nivTebi sakmaod didi raodenobiT SemorCa, Tumca, bevrad meti saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi da gansakuTrebiT ki 1920-iani wleb­ is antireligiuri moZraobis dros ganadgurda. Cvenamde moRweul nivTTagan cotas Tu aqvs eklesias an eklesiis ama Tu im nawils mimsgavsebuli forma. ZiriTadad esenia sacecxlure­ bi da sawinamZRvro jvrebis bunebi, romlebic gviani Sua saukuneebiT TariRdeba121. eklesiis formis sacecxlurebi, savaraudod, XI-XII saukuneebidan Cndeba qristianul dasavleTSi da farTod vrceldeba mTeli qristianuli samyaros saeklesio msaxureba­ Si manamde arsebuli sferuli (Tu misi saxesxvaobebis) sacecxlurebis gverdiT122. saRm­ rTismsaxuro daniSnulebis sxva nivTebisa Tu mcire arqiteqturuli formebis msgavsad, sacecxlurebsac simboluri datvirTva hqonda. isini gaiazreboda, rogorc qristes sxeu­ li, romelSic iyo cecxli suli wmindisa123, maTgan momdinare kvamli ki ganixileboda ro­ gorc wmindanTa locvebi124. wm. germane konstantinopolelis ganmartebiT, `sasakumevle moaswavebs kacebasa qristessa, xolo cecxli – RmrTeebisa madlsa. surnelebaÁ sakumeveli­ sa – surnelebasa mas sulisa wmidisasa. da kualad, sasakumevle saxe ars wmidisa mis saSoÁsa qalwulisasa, romelman itÂrTa nakuercxali igi RmrTeebisaÁ, romelman jer-iCina misgan ÃorcTSesxmaÁ~125. garda am zogadi simboluri datvirTvisa, eklesiis formis sacecxlurebs damatebiT eniWeboda gansakuTrebuli simboluri saxismetyveleba, romelic yvelaze kargad vlinde­ ba ber Teofilusis mier 1110-1120 wlebs Soris laTinurad daweril saxelmZRvaneloSi 118

W. B. R. Saunders, The Aachen Reliquary of Eustathius Maleinus, gv. 218.

R. Ousterhout, Reliquary of Saint Anastasios the Persian, in: The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A. D. 843-1261, ed. by H. C. Evans and W. D. Wixom, New York, 1997, gv. 461. antioqiaSi qarTvelebis moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: W. Djobadze, Archeological Investigations in the Region West of Antioch On-theOrontes, Stuttgart, 1986; v. jobaZe, masalebi orontis antioqiis dasavleTiT mdebare qarTuli monastrebis kvleva-ZiebisaTvis, Tbilisi, 2017.

119

W. B. R. Saunders, The Aachen Reliquary of Eustathius Maleinus, gv. 217-218; R. Ousterhout, Reliquary of Saint Anastasios the Persian, gv. 461.

120

samwuxarod, am narkvevze muSaobis periodSi, 2018-2020 wlebSi ar momeca SesaZlebloba uSualod Semeswavla saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumis saganZurSi daculi nivTebi. miuxedavad erovnuli muzeumis oficialuri nebarTvisa, saganZuris imdroindelma mcvelma saganZurSi ar SemiSva da muSaobis saSualeba ar momca.

121

A. B. Tonnochy, A Romanesque Censer-Cover in the British Museum, Archaeological Journal, Vol. 89, 1932, gv. 1-16; A. B. Tonnochy, The Censer in the Middle Ages, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, Vol. 2, 1937, gv. 49.

122

123

A. B. Tonnochy, The Censer in the Middle Ages, gv. 49.

124

iqve.

125

wmida germane konstantinepoleli, saxismetyvelebiTi ganmarteba saRmrTo liturgiisa, gv. 17.

276

saxelwodebiT Diversarum Artium Schedula – `sxvadasxva xelovnebaTa sia~126. masSi aRwerilia sxvadasxva teqnika – magaliTad, rogor unda momzaddes esa Tu is feri wignisa Tu kedlis mxatvrobisaTvis, minanqris damzadebis teqnologia, orRanis Seqmnis teqnologia da a. S. maT Soris moTxrobilia, Tu rogor xdeba samganzomilebiani arqiteqturuli saxis mqone sacecxluris gamoWedva da mocemulia misi simboluri interpretacia (wigni 59, Tavi 3).

Teofilusis ganmartebiT, es sacecxlurebi warmoadgenda ezekiel winaswarmetyvelis mi­ er xilvaSi nanax qalaqs – zeciur ierusalims127 (ezekieli 40), romelic winaswarmetyvels xuroTmoZRvris saxiT gamocxadebulma ufalma (`iyo sabeli maSeneblisaÁ Ãelsa Soris mis­ sa da lelwami sazomisaÁ Ãelsa Sina missa~) uCvena. ezekieli ufalTan erTad moivlis xil­ vaSi nanax qalaqs da isini erTad azomaven mis kedlebs, quCebsa da ezoebs. swored am qalaqis Seqmnis instruqciaa mocemuli zemoTnaxseneb saxelmZRvaneloSi: `sacecxluris zeda nawilze arqiteqturuli elementebi registrebad nawildeba; zeda naw­ ilSi centrSi Tavsdeba oqtagonaluri formis, fanjrebiani koSki, romelsac zemoT ukeT­ deba jaWvis samagri rgoli, mis qvemoT oTxi kvadratuli koSki orferda gadaxurvebiT da TaRediT, romelSic TiTo mrgvali sarkmelia gaWrili. Semdgom modis rva koSki, romelT­ agan oTxi mrgvalia da nawildeba zemoT naxsenebi oTxi kvadratuli koSkis qvemoT, es ko­ Skebi SesaZloa gaformebuli iyos mcenareebiT, CitebiT, cxovelebiT an mcire sarkmlebiT; danarCeni oTxi, SedarebiT didi zomis kvadratuli koSki nawildeba mrgval koSkebs Soris, romlebzec angelozTa naxevarfigurebia gamosaxuli. sul qveda registri Sedgeba oTxi TaRisgan, romelTagan TiToeulSi an maxarebelTa simboloebi, an angelozebia gamosaxu­ li. sacecxluris qveda nawils Semouyveba oTxi lomis an adamianis Tavis gamosaxulebebi, romlebzec Camokidulia sacecxluris sakidi jaWvebi~128. marTalia, am aRweris srulad Sesabamisi sacecxlurebi SemorCenili araa, magram rigi sacecxlurebi met-naklebi sizustiT asaxavs mas. daaxloebiT msgavsi nimuSi rTuli arqite­ qturuli struqturiT, maxarebelTa simboloebisa da angelozTa gamosaxulebebiT dacu­ lia britaneTis muzeumSi (sur. 85). qristianul dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi SemorCenili sacecxlurebi an srulad gadmog­ vcems taZris aRnagobas (magaliTad, tismanis monastris sacecxluri, rumineTi, XVI saukune), an nawilobriv, rac gamoixateba sacecxluris zeda nawilisaTvis erTi an ramdenime gumbaT­ is formis micemaSi. saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba mxolod sacecxlurebi eklesiis zeda nawilis arqiteqturuli formiT. or SemTxvevaSi esaa xuTgumbaTiani sacecxlurebi (nikorwmindidan – qim #3763/362129 da sof. Cxutelidan – cageris muzeumi; sur. 86, 87), erT SemTxvevaSi – Svidgum­ baTiani (axalcixis muzeumi; sur. 88). danarCen sacecxlurebs erTi gumbaTi amkobs. am nivTebis gamomWedav ostatTa mizani saeklesio nagebobis ramdenadme srulad asaxva ar aris. maTi mizania sacecxluris Seqmna, romelic formiT eklesiis yvelaze saxasiaTo elementTan asocirdeba. mnaxvelisTvis gumbaTebiT warmodgenili arqiteqtura sakmarisi 126

A. B. Tonnochy, The Censer in the Middle Ages, gv. 50.

An Essay upon Various Arts, in three books by Theophilus, called also Rugerus, translated, with Notes by R. Hendrie, London, 1847, gv. 293.

127

128

iqve, gv. 291-293.

129

sacecxluri 1926 wels g. boWoriZem Caitana gelaTis monastridan quTaisSi.

277

iqneboda, raTa maTSi amoekiTxaT sacecxlurTa simboluri sazrisi da daenaxaT eklesiiT gadmocemuli zeciuri ierusalimis xateba. saqarTveloSi SemorCenil eklesiis formis sacecxlurTagan erT-erTi uadresi – savaraudod, XVII saukunisa – momdinareobs axali SuamTis monastridan. is amJamad saqa­ rTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumSi inaxeba. XVIII-XIX saukuneebiT TariRdeba sacecxlurebi, romlebic dRes quTaisis, cagerisa da axalcixis muzeumebSia daculi (sul cxra). g. boWoriZis monacemebiT, eklesiis formis sacecxluri inaxeboda cxinvalis yvelawmindis somxur eklesiaSi130. aseve, d. ermakovis mier gadaRebul kacxis monastris nivTTa Soris Cans msgavsi ti pis vercxlis sacecxluri (sur. 89). isic XVIII saukunisa unda iyos, misi dRevandeli samyofeli ucnobia. kacxisa da gelaTis monastris sacecxlurebi (sur. 89, 90) mxatvrul-dekoraciuli gad­ awyvetiT Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs, maT Soris mxolod mciredi gansxvavebebi SeimCneva. orive dagvirgvinebulia erTi gumbaTiT, romlis yelsac eqvsmaliani dekoratiuli TaRnari ev­ leba. werilobiTi cnobebis ararsebobis gamo Znelia iTqvas, erT saxelosnoSia isini damzadebuli, erTi nimuSiT sazrdoobdnen Tu sulac erTi meores imeorebs. aseve zogadi agebulebiT erT saxesxvaobas ganekuTvneba sacecxlurebi nikorwmindidan (qim #3763/362) da Cxutelidan (cageris muzeumi) (sur. 86, 87). orive warmogvidgens xuTgumbaTian struqturas didi Sua gumbaTiTa da mis qvemoT oTxsave mxares amoyvanili SedarebiT mcire zomis gum­ baTebiT. amgvari struqtura erTi SexedviT mogvagonebs qristianuli samyaros sxvadasxva regionebSi kargad cnobil xuTgumbaTian eklesiebs (konstantinopolis libos monastris 907 wlis e. w. CrdiloeTi eklesia; XII s-is gerumanas pantanasas eklesia saberZneTSi; nere­ zis wm. panteleimonis XII s-is eklesia; Tesalonikis XIV s-is mociqulTa eklesia; graCanic­ as monastris XIV s-is mTavari taZari da sxva). sacecxlurebis msgavsi nimuSebi saqarTvelos gareTac moi poveba da, SesaZloa, maTi STagonebis wyaro am ti pis eklesiebi yofiliyo, razec aseve metyvelebs gumbaTebis dabali momrgvalebuli gadaxurvebi. am gumbaTebis wyalobiT mnaxveli cxadad xedavs sacecxluris kavSirs saeklesio Seno­ basTan. liTonSi gamoWedili gumbaTi, Tumca ki pirobiTobisa da dekoratiulobis maRali xarisxiT, mainc naTlad aCvenebs iseT saxasiaTo elementebs rogoricaa gumbaTis yelis sarkmlebs Semoyolebuli TaRnari, an kidev sarkmelTa alaTebi (kacxisa da gelaTis zemox­ senebuli sacecxlurebi; sur. 89, 90). rac Seexeba sacecxlurTa Sua da qveda nawilebs, isini arsebiTad ar asaxavs eklesiaTa qve­ da korpusis xuroTmoZRvrebas. Tumca aris erTi elementi, romelic ase Tu ise mogvagonebs arqiteqturas – esaa sacecxluris Suawelze, gumbaTis yelis qvemoT Semoyolebuli piro­ biTi `TaRnari~ (sur. 91, 92). is sacecxlurTa umetesobaze gvxvdeba. eqvsTaRedi Semowers, magaliTad, XVIII saukunis meore naxevris sacecxlurs gelaTis monastridan (qim #3761/359) (sur. 93). is warweris Tanaxmad ioseb kaTalikosis saflavis ekvderisTvis SeuwiravT131. msgav­ si eqvsTaRedia gelaTis taZris meore sacecxlurzec (qim #3762/363; sur. 94), romelic 1816 wels aznaur nikoloz qorqaSvils Seuwiravs gelaTis eklesiis wm. petresa da pavles ekvder­ 130

g. boWoriZe, qarTlis eklesia-monastrebi da siZveleebi, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 112.

nivTi quTaisis muzeumSi 1923 wels Sevida gelaTis monastridan. sacecxluris qveda nawilSi SemorCenili warwera ase ikiTxeba: `Cvenis Zmis kaTolikozis iosebis saflavis ekudrisaTvis Segviwiravs, da vinc gamoswiros SeCvenebuli iyos~ (m. nikoleiSvili, quTaisis muzeumis epigrafikuli Zeglebi, quTaisis saxelmwifo muzeumis Sromebi, kr. XIII, quTaisi, 2001, gv. 50-51, #52).

131

278

isTvis132. maTgan gansxvavebiT, imereTis mefe solomonis sacecxluris (qim #3768/366133; sur.

95) Sua nawili oTxadaa danawevrebuli, mTel simaRleze gadayvanili oTxi `TaRiT~, romleb­ Sic TiTo jvaria gamosaxuli. maT Soris kuTxeebSi vercxlis aJuruli zedapiri wiboTia amoSverili da zemoT samkuTxeds miaxloebuli formiT bolovdeba. saerTo jamSi am yove­ livem jvargumbaTovani nagebobis mklavebi da gumbaTqveSa konstruqciis gareT gamovleni­ li moculobebi SeiZleba mogvagonos, magram isini imdenad pirobiTad da dekoratiuladaa gadmocemuli, rom asociacia realur arqiteqturul formebTan Zalze Soreulia. yvelaze metad gamarTul arqiteqturul formebs uaxlovdeba saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis muzeumis saganZurSi daculi sacecx­ luri. warweris Tanaxmad, is SuamTis monastridanaa. arqiteqturuli forma masSic zeda nawilzea warmodgenili. aq ostats amouyvania jvris oTxi mklavi, mklavTaSorisi gadax­ urvis donemde. TiToeul mklavs orferda gadaxurva aqvs da maT aJurul zedapirze SuaSi grexili lilviT Semoyolebuli sarkmlebia gamosaxuli, rombebisgan Semdgari alaTebiT. mklavTa Soris zeda nawilSi, gumbaTis ZirSi, amoyvanilia samkuTxa moculobebi, romlebic miuTiTebs gumbaTqveSa konstruqciaze. rac Seexeba gumbaTis yels, aq rvawaxnaga zedapirze TiTo TaRovani sarkmelia mocemuli, qveda korpusis sarkmlebis identuri alaTebiT. konu­ suri gumbaTi sakmaod maRalia, misi gadaxurvis waxnagebi TiTos gamotovebiT aJurulia; gaumWvirvale zedapirze ki xeebia reliefurad gamosaxuli.

T. sayvareliZis dakvirvebiT, XV saukunidan qarTul WedurobaSi, kerZod ki sawinamZRv­ ro jvris struqturaSi Cndeba saintereso elementi, romelic tradiciulad sionad iwode­ ba134 da, Sesabamisad, ganasaxierebs ierusalimis sionis taZars. es aris jvris buni, erTgvari saxeluri grZeli taris Casamagreblad135. calkeul SemTxvevebSi (marivalt wirqvalelis, martvilisa da gelaTis evdemon CxetiZis sawinamZRvro jvrebi) sioni wamodgenilia, ro­ gorc wagrZelebuli marTkuTxa moculoba. misi TiToeuli gverdi moCarCoebulia TaRebiT, romelTa SuaSic macxovris, RmrTismSoblisa Tu wmindanTa Weduri gamosaxulebebia xolme mocemuli, xolo zeda nawili momrgvalebuladaa dasrulebuli. zeda mxare an sruliad sadaa, an gamosaxulebebiTaa dafaruli, an kidev centrSi gvirilis msgavsi ornamentiT Sem­ kuli jvris samagria moTavsebuli. Tu es forma Znelad Tu mogvagonebs eklesiis Senobas, amasve ver vityviT sxva nimuSebze, romlebSic sioni warmodgenilia gumbaTiani taZris mod­ elis saxiT. aseTia, magaliTad, caiSis136 (sur. 96), Semoqmedisa137 (sur. 97) da jumaTis138 (sur.

132

warwera ase ikiTxeba: `Cven aznaurman nikoloz qorqaSvilman Sevwire sasakmevle ese wmindasa gelaTis eklesiis ekvders petresa da pavlesa saoxaT sulisa Cvenisa: Cyiv welsa~ (1816). nivTi quTaisis muzeums 1926 wels gadasca g. boWoriZem (m. nikoleiSvili, quTaisis muzeumis epigrafikuli Zeglebi, gv. 51, #58).

133

T. sayvareliZe, XII saukunis qaTuli Weduri xelovnebis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 10, Sen. 11; G. Gagoshidze, Jerusalem in Medieval Georgian Art, Visual Constructs of Jerusalem, ed. by B. Kühnel, G. Noga-Banai, and H. Vorholt, Turnhout, Brepols, 2014, gv. 134.

134

135

T. sayvareliZe, XII saukunis qaTuli Weduri xelovnebis istoriidan, gv. 10.

e. TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzaurobani da SeniSvnani, w. II, tfilisi, 1914, gv. 177-178; l. beraia, samegreloSi daculi X-XIX saukuneebis jvar-xatebis warwerebi, Tbilisi-zugdidi, 2000, gv. 11.

136

Н. Кондаков, Д. Бакрадзе, Опись памятников древности в некоторых храмах и монастырях Грузии, С. -Петербург, 1890, gv. 117, sur. 57.

137

138

iqve, gv. 110, sur. 53.

279

98) monastrebis sawinamZRvro jvrebi. caiSisa da jumaTis jvrebis bunebi (`sionebi~) asaxavs `Tavisufali jvris~ ti pis nagebobebs oTxi mokle mklaviT, romlebsac zemodan naxevarwri­ uli moxazuloba aqvT. Semoqmedis jvarze amave ti pis eklesiis modelis mklavebi orferda gadaxurviTaa dasrulebuli, rac maT metad amgvanebs qarTuli taZris arqiteqturul iers. jumaTisa da caiSis jvrebze sionis gumbaTis cilindruli yeli maRalia da danawevrebulia TaRovani sarkmlebiT, caiSis nimuSze sarkmlis alaTebic kia aRniSnuli, liTonis zeda­ piris CaCxvletviT. Semoqmedis jvris sionis gumbaTis yeli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisTvis uCveulod dabalia. sayuradReboa bizantiaSi saprocesio jvrebisTvis eklesiaTa formis gamoyenebis SemTx­ vevebi. sxvadasxva muzeumTa koleqciebSi gabneuli nimuSebi, romlebic X, XI-XII da XIV saukuneebiT TariRdeba139, didad sxvaobs qarTuli gviani periodis magaliTebisagan. isini warmogvidgens gumbaTiani eklesiis gamWol modelebs. miCneulia, rom es modelebi ganasax­ ierebs ara mxolod sionsa da zeciur ierusalims, aramed uflis saflavis taZarsac140. dasasruls, unda iTqvas werilobiTi monacemebis Sesaxebac. rodesac Sua saukuneebis qa­ rTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi axseneben ama Tu im eklesia-monastrisTvis Sewirul liturgi­ kul nivTebs – sacecxlurebs, sasakmevleebs, sanawileebs da sxvas, maTSi verasodes vnaxavT am nivTTa vizualuri mxaris aRweras. teqstebi iZlevian informacias masalisa da raodeno­ bis Sesaxeb, iSviaTad aseve zomis zogad Sefasebas – `didni~, `mcireni~. magaliTad, melqi­ sedek kaTalikosis 1031-1033 wlebis anderZSi141 vkiTxulobT: `sacecxurni da sasakumevleni oqroÁsani a. da sxuani sacecxurni didni vecxlis(a)ni, sasakumevleni didni orni, orinive oqroÁTa curvebulni~. mxolod erTganaa naxsenebi sada sacecxluri, sasakmevle da sanaw­ ile: `da sadagni sacecxurni da sasakumevloni verxlisani didni a... sad(a)gni sanawileni b~. Tumca es cxadia ar gviqmnis warmodgenas melqisedekis mier Sewirul nivTTa formis Ta­ obaze. igive SeiZleba iTqvas petriwonis monastris 1083 wlis ti pikonSi CamoTvlil Sewir­ ulobebTan dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom xatTa aRwerisas aq cota meti konkretikaa (`sxuaÁ xati erTi... rvakedlovani. da sxuaÁ xati erTi qvisaÁ, equs-karedi, juarcumisaÁ. da sxuaÁ barZim-feSxuemi vecxlisaÁ, xatovani~142), roca saqme sacecxlur-sasakmevleebs exeba daxasiaTebebi kvlav Zalian zogadia: `sacecxurni vecxlisani samni. sasakumevle vecxlisaÁ erTi~143. msgavsi viTarebaa am periodisa Tu gviani Sua saukuneebis sxva SewirulobebTan dakavSirebiTac. amdenad, Znelia werilobiTi wyaroebiT warmovidginoT Tu ra formis sacecxlur-sasakmevleebi da sanawilebi hqondaT Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, iyo Tu ara maT Soris arqiteqturuli formis nivTebi. am sakiTxebze samsjelod erTaderT wyarod sxvadasxva muzeumTa sacavebSi gabneuli arqeologiuri masala rCeba.

J. A. Cotsonis, Byzantine Figural Processional Crosses, Washington, 1994, gv. 108-111, sur. 39-40; The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, gv. 55-57; Architecture as Icon, Perception and Representation of Architecture in Byzantine Art, gv. 260-271.

139

140

The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, gv. 56.

qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi, IX-XIII ss., Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 22-31.

141

142

a. SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi da misi ti pikoni, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 118.

143

iqve, gv. 119.

280

4. arqiteqturuli modelebi eklesiis interierSi saqarTveloSi ramdenime taZris interierSi Semoinaxa sxvadasxva daniSnulebis mcire ar­ qiteqturuli formebi, romlebic ase Tu ise asaxavs eklesiis Senobas. unda iTqvas, rom maTi raodenoba bevrad meti unda yofiliyo, magram didi nawili Seewira JamTa avbediTobasa da gansakuTrebiT ki 1920-iani wlebis antireligiur moZraobas.

SemorCenil nimuSTagan qronologiurad yvelaze gviani, magram mxatvrul-istori­ ulad uTuod yvelaze sainteresoa xis baldaqini, romelic nikorwmindis sakaTedro taZris sakurTxevelSi, trapezis zemoT, kedlebSi Camagrebul or horizontalur Zelze 144 mowyobil xisave kvadratul platformaze dgas. baldaqini mTlianad mox­ atulia rogorc garedan, ise Signidan (sur. 99). mxatvroba faravs modelis qvemoT CamoSvebul, festonebiT gamSvenebul xis oTx „fardasac“ 145. baldaqinic da fardebic 144

es konstruqcia, kerZod ki xis or horizontalur Zelze dadgmuli taZari mogvagonebs imas Tu rogor iyo mowyobili da rogor gadahqondaT Zveli aRTqmis sjulis kidobani (am msgavsebaze miTiTebisTvis madlobas vuxdi asmaT oqropiriZes). amisi yvelaze kargi asaxulobaa romSi santa maria majores eklesiis V saukunis mozaikaSi gamosaxuli aRTqmis kidobani, romelic or Zelzea Camagrebuli da am ZelTa saSualebiT xdeboda misi gadatana erTi adgilidan meoreze. rogorc cnobilia, simbolurad baldaqini wm. mamaTa mier gaiazreboda kidec rogorc `kidobanica igi rCulisa uflisaÁ~ (gamosvl. 25, 10-22), `romeli iyo wmidasa wmidaTasa~ (gamosvl. 26, 33-34), `sada-igi brZana RmerTman orTa qerobinTa qmnaÁ qandakebulTa amier da imier~ (gamosvl. 25, 18-22). baldaqinisa da Zveli aRTqmis kidobnis urTierTkavSirTan dakavSirebiT aseve sayuradReboa ori faqti, pirveli – wm. petres taZris trapezis baldaqini 800 wlis axlo xanebSi Semkuli iyo qerubimTa oTxi mooqrovili figuriT (wyvili qerubimi amkobda Zveli aRTqmis kidobnis saxuravsac) da meore – X saukunis baldaqinis kurTxevis teqsti romaul-germanul pontifikalidan axsenebs qerubimTa or figuras, romlebic icavdnen aRTqmis kidobans (S. de Blaauw, Arnolfo’s High Altar Ciboria and Roman Liturgical Traditions, in: Arnolfo’s Moment. Acts of an International Conference Florence, Villa I Tatti, May 26-27, 2006, eds. D. Friedman, J. Gardner, M. Haines, Florence, 2009, gv. 124, 126-127). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qerubimTa gamosaxulebebs vxvdebiT nikorwmindis baldaqinis qveda mxares, marTkuTxa platformis kuTxeebSi. 145

oTxi ficrisagan Semdgari `fardis~ orsave mxares qristes vnebaTa scenebia gamosaxuli. maT axlavs Sesabamisi amonaridebi axali aRTqmidan da pirTa maidentificirebeli warwerebi. Txroba iwyeba saidumlo serobiT, romelsac mosdevs geTsimaniaSi locva, iudas ambori, qriste herodesTan, petres tirili, petres mier qristes uaryofa, petres mier macxovris uaryofa qalis winaSe, qriste pilatesTan da xelT bana, qristes gaSoltva, gvirgvinis dadgma da ZowiT Semosva, jvris tvirTva, mkvdreTiT aRmdgari macxovari mariam magdalinelis winaSe. baldaqinis gadaxurvaze Signidan oTxsave mxares qerubimebis TanxlebiT Semdegi teqstia dawerili: `wminda ars, wminda ars, wminda ars. || ufali sabaoT; savse ar||ian cani da qveyana dide||biTa misiTa osanna~. es teqsti igalobeba marTalTa liturgiis yvelaze mniSvnelovan monakveTSi, rodesac xdeba sasuliero piris mier ZRvenis kurTxeva. mRvdeli ambobs pirvel saidumlo locvas, romelic sruldeba sityvebiT: „daRaTu Sensa garemos sdganan aTaseulni mTavarangeloTani da bevreulni angelozTani, qerubimni da serafimni, equs-equs frTebi, mraval-Tvalni, aRpyrobilni frTeebiT“ ris merec ambobs asamaRlebels Zlevisa galobisa, mgalobelni, mxmobelni, mRaRadebelni da metyvelni da gundi iwyebs galobas: wmidao, wmidao, wmidao ufalo sabaoT, savse arian cani da qveyana didebiTa SeniTa: osana maRalTa Sina, kurTxeul ars momavali saxeliTa uflisaTa, osana maRalTa Sina“. amdenad, baldaqinis im nawilze, romelsac saidumlo locvebis mTqmeli, xelabyrobili da locvad zemoT mimarTuli sasuliero piri xedavs, ganawilebulia teqsti saRmrTo liturgiidan, romelic Tavis mxriv warmoadgens amonarids esaia winaswarmetyvelis xilvidan [esaia, 6. 3].

281

sakmaod dazianebuli iyo, 2019 wels maT Cautarda sakonservacio da sarestavracio samuSaoebi 146. nikorwmindis baldaqini gelaTis monastris RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZris arqiteqturul models warmoadgens. es faqti aRniSnulia nikorwmindis taZris saeklesio nivTTa 1854 da 1879 wlebis aRwerebSic: „trapezis zemoT mdgari xis baldaqini, romelsac aqvs gelaTis monastris saxe, sxvadasxva wmindanTa naxatebiTa da warwerebiT“147. samecniero literatur­ aSi nikorwmindis salxinebeli Seswavlili ar yofila. XIX saukunis siZveleTmcodneebs, romlebic aRweren nikorwmindasa da masSi dacul siZveleebs, ratomRac is SeumCneveli dar­ CaT. Tumca salxinebeli ar gamohparvia g. boWoriZes 1920-ian wlebSi: „trapezze gamarTulia ficrisave sagrilobeli gumbaTiani eklesiis formisa; igi mTlad moxatulia da TiToeul siuJets Txzu­li asomTavruliT miwerili aqvs saxarebidan amoRebuli teqstebi; igi XVIII saukunisaa“148. baldaqinis frTebze gamosaxuli scenebi, maTi ikonografia da Sesrulebis manera, sa­ dac aSkarad vlindeba ukve XVII saukuneSi TavCenili tendencia evropuli nimuSebis miba­ Zvisa149 (sur. 100), did msgavsebas poulobs XVIII saukunis meore naxevris iseT ZeglebTan, rogoricaa magaliTad xis Wviruli ikonostasi gelaTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT egvterSi da amave taZris Crdilo-dasavleTi egvteris templonis moxatuloba. maTi Seqmna ukavSirdeba 1770-ian wlebSi gelaTSi moRvawe zaqaria gabaSvilis (1717-1783)150 mier monasterSi Seqmnil kaligrafiul da samxatvro skolas151. Cemi azriT, swored am skolaSi unda iyos damzadebu­ li nikorwmindis salxinebelic. modeli nikorwmindidan Tavisi arqiteqturuli gadawyvetiT warmoadgens gelaTis mTavari taZris met-naklebi sizustiT Sesrulebul asls, imeorebs ra gelaTis eklesiis qveda korpu­ sis danawevrebas (sur. 101, 102). amasve ver vityviT maketis gumbaTis yelze, romelic zedmetad wagrZelebulia da gelaTis gumbaTs ar hgavs (sur. 99). modelis fasadebi erTianad moxatu­ lia sxvadasxva feris yvavilebiT. taZris karnizebs, iseve rogorc kar-sarkmelTa sapireebs, gumbaTis yelsa da kedlis kuTxeebs grexili SemosdevT. taZris qveda korpussa da gumbaTis samuSao Catarda 2019 wlis ianvar-maisSi Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademiis restavra­ ci­isa da konservaciis saxelosnoSi (samuSaoebis xelmZRvaneli o. xaCiZe, restavratorebi n. adeiSvi-­ li da e. TorRvaiZe). moxda rogorc ferweris gawmenda, aseve dazianebul-dakarguli nawilebis aR­dge-­ na axali detalebiT, Zveli SemorCenili elementebis safuZvelze – magaliTad, oTxi fardidan mxolod erTs (dasavleTisas) hqonda darCenili avTenturi festonebi, romelTa safuZvelzec restavraciisas festonebi aRdga srulad, oTxsave mxares (ix. sarestavracio samuSaoebis angariSi, 2019).

146

“Деревянный балдахин над престолом имеюший вид Гаенатского Монастыря, с живописью разных святых и с надписями” – quTaisis centraluri arqivi, fondi 21, anaw. 1, saqme 5509, gv. 48 (1854 w.); saqarTvelos centraluri arqivi, fondi 489, anaw. 1, saqme 3743, gv. 176 (1879 w.).

147

148

g. boWoriZe, raWa-leCxumis istoriuli Zeglebi da siZveleebi, Tbilisi, 1994, gv. 94.

m. janjalia, tradicia da siaxle XVII saukunis qarTul mxatvrobaSi, literatura da xelovneba, #2, 1991, gv. 156-170.

149

zaqaria gabaSvili 1772 wlidan imereTSi gadmodis, sadac uaxlovdeba mefe solomon I-s da mis Zmas, imxanad gelaTSi moRvawe ioseb gaenaTels. cnobilia, rom zaqaria aqtiurad muSaobda ioseb kaTalikosTan erTad (n. maisuraZe, zaqaria gabaSvili, disertacia, 1948).

150

151

282

gelaTi 900, xuroTmoZRvreba, mxatvroba, ganZeuloba, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 265.

yelis sarkmlebs Seisruli TavsarTebi aqvT. am mxriv, modeli, ra Tqma unda, sxvaobs gela­ Tis realuri taZrisgan, Tumca arqiteqturuli danawevreba (narTeqsi, karibWe-ekvderebi, Sverili afsidebi) zustad imeorebs realur eklesias (im mciredi gansxvavebiT, rom taZris samxreTi karibWe gamodis ekvderebis xazidan, xolo models karibWe ekvderTa kedlebis pirs uswordeba) (sur. 99, 103). sxvagvaria aseve proporciuli Sefardeba mklavTaSorisi gadaxur­ vebisa, romlebic mklavis gadaxurvis xazTan axlos midis, rac, ra Tqma unda, realur taZarSi ar gvaqvs. modelis aRmosavleTi fasadi aseve miuyveba gelaTis taZris zogad danawevrebas: aqac vxvdebiT Sveril dawaxnagebul (Tumc ki samwaxnaga) sakurTxevlisa da pastoforiume­ bis (aq centralur RerZze realuri taZris msgavsad erTmaneTis zemoT or-ori sarkmelia gaWrili) afsidebs da aseve ekvderTa Sveril dawaxnagebul afsidebs. sakurTxevlis afsid­ is centraluri sarkmlis qvemoT, xisgan gamokveTili kopia mocemuli, romelic gamoZaxili unda iyos taZris erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli dekoratiuli elementisa. msgavsi kopebi aseve gameorebulia modelis mklavTa frontonebSi aqcentebis saxiT. gelaTis taZris fasa­ debze (narTeqsis timpanze, CrdiloeTi kedlis dasavleT nawilsa da amave fasadis karibWis zemoT) gviani periodis safasado mxatvrobaa SemorCenili, romelTagan modelis Semqmneli imeorebs mxolod CrdiloeTi karibWis Sesasvlelis Tavze gamosaxul qristes makurTxevel naxevarfiguras, Tumca ki realuri taZrisgan gansxvavebuli Seferilobis samosSi. ostatis Tu damkveTis survili gameorebuliyo gelaTis taZari amiT ar sruldeba. mod­ elis Semsrulebelma Seqmna gelaTis taZars mimsgavsebuli interieri, Tumca aqac sxvadasx­ va faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT araidenturi (sur. 104). modelSic, iseve, rogorc taZarSi, gvaqvs dasavleTiT narTeqsidan ZiriTad samrevlo sivrceSi Semosasvleli sami didi Riobi da aseve CrdiloeT da samxreT karibWeebsa da samkveTlosa da sadiakvneSi Sesasvleli ka­ ris TaRebi. mklavTaSoris ubeebSi gasasvlelebidan mxolod dasavleTi mklavis CrdiloeT kedelSia gaWrili TaRi. modelis interierSi Seqmnilia jvruli sivrce, risTvisac ostatma kankeli ara bemis win, aramed mis ukan, afsidis kideebisken, siRrmisken gadawia – sxva SemTx­ vevaSi is ver miiRebda jvrul sivrces da adgilic ar eqneboda sakurTxevelSi gamosaxu­ li scenebis maketSi nawilobriv mainc gadmosatanad. Sesabamisad, es sivrceebi, romlebic TvalisTvis miuwvdomelia (narTeqsi, karibWeebi, ekvderebi, mklavTaSorisi ubeebi, sakurTx­ evlis afsidi, gumbaTis yeli) mouxatavia. bunebrivia, mcire zomis xis modelSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda gelaTis RmrTismSoblis So­ bis taZris kedlis mxatvrobis srulad gadmotana. misma Semqmnelma moxatulobis vrceli programidan mxolod calkeuli scenebi da wmindanTa figurebi SearCia. garda amisa, rac Zalze mniSvnelovani da sayuradReboa, man sibrtyeze gadmoitana taZris interieris im­ droindeli mowyobis calkeuli samganzomilebiani elementebic. modelSi gamosaxuli scenebi da calkeuli wmindanebi ganmartebiTi warwerebis gareSea mocemuli (warwera axlavs mxolod `ZvelTa dReTas~ kompozicias da CrdiloeTi mklavis aRmosavleT kedelze gamosaxul macxovris gamosaxulebas). amitom da imis gamoc, rom mod­ elis momxatveli Tavisuflad udgeba realur taZarSi gamosaxuli figurebisa da scenebis modelSi gadmotanas (ar emTxveva samoslis feri, ikonografiuli elementebi, kompozici­ uri ageba) calkeuli wmindanebis identifikacia, rig SemTxvevebSi SeuZlebelia. es ar iTqmis CrdiloeT da samxreT mklavebSi sam sarkmelsa da maT Soris gamosaxul wminda meomarTa figurebis, an kidev samxreT da CrdiloeT karibWeebSi gamaval RiobTa zemoT wm. kvirikesa da ivlitas naxevarfigurebisa Tu macxovris xelTuqmneli xatis gamosaxulebebis Sesaxeb,

283

Tumca modelis dasavleT mklavSi wm. dedaTa da mamaTa gamosaxulebebis identifikacia ver xerxdeba. magaliTad, ucnobia aq gamosaxuli mesvete romelia realuri taZris dasavleT mklavSi gamosaxul mesveteTagan, arc saxis ti pi da arc Cacmuloba ar emTxveva arcerTs. modelis momxatvelma ostatma calkeul SemTxvevebSi moaxdina scenebis gaerTianeba an SekumSva. ase magaliTad samxreTi mklavis pirvel registrSi man gamosaxa oTxfiguriani scena RmrTismSoblis miZinebisa, sadac qnariT xelSi daviT winaswarmetyvelis figuris CarTviT man gaaerTiana realur taZarSi samxreTi mklavis pirvel da meore registrebSi ga­ mosaxuli RmrTimSoblis miZinebisa da misi qebis ori vrceli kompozicia (sur. 105), dasav­ leTi mklavis samxreT kedelze warmodgenili macxovris mier ferxTa banis scenidan mxat­ varma mxolod petresa da macxovris figurebi gamosaxa, aseve CrdiloeTi kedlis pirvel registrSi saero pirTa Svidfiguriani kompoziciidan man mxolod ori mefis – daviT aR­ maSeneblisa (oRond xelSi eklesiis modelis gareSe) da, savaraudod, imerTa mefis giorgi II-is portretebi aarCia (sur. 106). portretebi am SemTxvevaSi pirobiTia, radganac modelis momxatveli ar imeorebs arc taZarSi gamosaxul mefeTa samosis ti ps da arc saxis damaxas­ iaTebel ikonografiul niSnebs. zogierTi figura konteqstis gareSea daxatuli ise, rom kompoziciis srulad aRdgena mnaxvelisTvis (iyo ki aseTi?) Zneli iqneboda – magaliTad, modelis dasavleT kedelze pilates figura taZris xelTa banis scenidan da jvris mtvirT­ veli svimon kvirineli jvris tvirTvis kompoziciidan (xelSi mas jvris nacvlad T-s formis sagani uWiravs) (sur. 107). rig SemTxvevebSi calkeul figuraTa da scenaTa mdebareoba ar emTxveva maT adgils realuri taZarSi – magaliTad, ioane naTlismcemlis rogorc udabnos angelozis gamosaxuleba, jojoxeTis warmotyvevnis kompozicia da sxva. yuradRebas imsaxurebs modelis CrdiloeTi mklavis zeda registrSi gamosaxuli wm. io­ ane naTlismcemlis Sobis kompozicia (sur. 108). es modelis mxatvrobaSi erTaderTi scenaa, romelic taZris mTavari sivrcis moxatulobis programaSi ar Sedis, is sagangebod aiRes realuri taZris CrdiloeTi karibWis moxatulobidan. cxadia es ar aris SemTxveviTi arCe­ vani – maketis momxatvels Tavisuflad SeeZlo aq gamoesaxa nebismieri sxva scena ara mxolod CrdiloeT mklavidan, aramed taZris interieris sxva nawilebidanac, rogorc man araerTx­ el gaakeTa. sayuradRebo isicaa, rom maketSi am kompoziciis mopirdapired uflis Sobis Taviseburi scenaa gamosaxuli: aq warmodgenilia iosebi, da misken mimarTuli muxlmoyrili RmrTismSoblis figura. aqvea naCvenebi mwyemsTa xarebac, Tumca arsad araa Cvili macxovris figura. iseve, rogorc sxva SemTxvevebSi, uflis Sobis kompoziciaSic maketis momxatveli zogadad iRebs realuri taZris Sesabamis scenas da SerCeviT gamosaxavs mis Semadgenel calkeul figurebs – ise, rom ar xatavs siuJetis umTavresi figuras ieso qristes (sur. 109). uflis Sobis scenis es ucnauri gamosaxva kontrastirebs naTlismcemlis Sobis kompozi­ ciasTan, romelSic yvela monawile figuraa warmodgenili. cxadia, rom momxatvelisTvis am kompoziciis srulad Cveneba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo. Znelia dazustebiT iTqvas, Tu ratom airCia man sagangebod es kompozicia, gamovTqvam mxolod frTxil varauds. Tu moviRebT azrs, rom modeli Seiqmna gelaTis monastris samxatvro skolaSi, romelsac xelmZRvanelob­ da zaqaria gabaSvili, xom araa SesaZlebeli aq gamosaxuli ioane naTlismcemlis Sobis kompo­ zicia kavSirSi iyos mis saxelTan? vgulisxom imas, rom scenaSi tradiciisamebr gamosaxulia zaqaria winaswarmetyveli, ioane naTlismcemlis mama – misTvis tradiciul pozaSi, mjdomare, saswaulebrivad dadumebuli, xelSi gragniliT, mwerali sityvebisa „iovane ars saxeli misi“.

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rogorc iTqva, modelis momxatveli ara mxolod gelaTis taZris interieris moxatulobis elementebs imeorebs, aramed aseve cdilobs sibrtyeze aCvenos taZris interieris imdroin­ deli aRWurvilobis calkeuli nawilebic. maketis CrdiloeTi mklavis dasavleTi kedlis (romelic realuri taZris Crdilo-dasavleT gumbaTqveSa burjs emTxveva) mTels zedapirze gamosaxulia oTx svetze damyarebuli gumbaTiT gadaxuruli baldaqini, romelsac svetebs Soris safexurebi auyveba (sur. 110). es baldaqini unda ganasaxierebdes gelaTis taZris Crdi­ lo-dasavleT gumbaTqveSa burjTan dRemde SemorCenil samRvdelmTavro saydars152 (sur. 111). es kvadratuli gegmis nageboba dasavleTiT gumbaTqveSa burjzea mibjenili, CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan mas mcire simaRleze kedeli amouyveba. saydris gadaxurva aRmosavleTiT or svetze, xolo dasavleTiT pilastrebzea dafuZnebuli. piramidisebr saxuravs eklesiis gumbaTis formis fanCaturi agvirgvinebs. nagebobaSi gvxvdeba xelmeored gamoyenebuli de­ talebi – adreqristianuli xanis marmarilos patara profilirebuli boZebi153 pilastrebis funqciiT da S-ebri ornamentiT Semkuli fila saydris erT-erT safexurad. saydarze dakvirvebam aCvena, rom is or samSeneblo fenas Seicavs. pirveli fenidan dar­ Cenilia dasavleTis kedeli da masze gamosaxuli istoriuli piri – mRvdelmTavari, xolo didi nawili saydrisa meore fenisaa, kerZod 1760 wlis ganaxlebis droindeli. moSlili samRvdelmTavro saydari am dros aRadgines154 aleqsandre mefis Zis genaTeli mitropoli­ tis iosebis brZanebiT, rogorc gvamcnobs asomTavruli warwera mis aRmosavleT kedelze155. nikorwmindis xis salxinebeli, rogorc iTqva, 1770-ian wlebSi unda iyos Seqmnili, anu gelaTis samRvdelmTavro saydris aRdgenis Semdeg156. Sesabamisad, unda vifiqroT, rom v. arTilayva, XVI-XVIII ss. qarTuli materialuri kulturis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 24-28, sur. 11, 16-19.

152

d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, gv. 236, sur. 244.

153

154

gelaTis monasteri saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mravaljer iqna darbeul-gadamwvari. samRvdelmTavro saydari erT-erTi morigi darbevis dros unda dazianebuliyo. rogorc marTebulad varaudobs v. arTilayva, es 1759 wlis 10 agvistos lekebis Semosevis dros unda momxdariyo. ix.: v. arTilayva, XVI-XVIII ss. qarTuli materialuri kulturis istoriidan, gv. 26. saydris Sesrulebis teqnika, damuSavebis xasiaTi da masze gamoyenebuli ornamentika (vardulebiT, borjRalebiT, wnuli mcenareuli foTlebiT, wreebiTa da kapitelebs qvemoT gamosaxuli girCebiT) v. arTilayvas agonebs xeze Wris xalxur nimuSebs da afiqrebinebs, rom saydris ornamentebis Semsrulebeli ostati kargad flobda xis avejeulobis damzadebisa da Semkvis teqnikas (iqve, gv. 28).

M. Brosset, Rapports un voyage archéologique dans la Géorgie et dans l’Armenie, executé au 1847-1848, XIé rapport, St. -Pétersbourg, 1850, gv. 12; Г. Церетели, Полное собрание надписей на стенах и камнях и приписок к рукописям Гелатского Монастыря, Москва, 1891, gv. 9; b. lominaZe, gelaTi, Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 27, 31.

155

156

Tu rogor gamoiyureboda aRdgenamde samRvdelmTavro saydari da, kerZod, edga Tu ara mas eklesiis gumbaTis formis fanCaturi, ucnobia. es saydari sruli saxiT unaxavT rus elCebs stolnik nikifor toloCanovsa da diakon aleqsi ievlevs 1650-1652 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis dros, magram maTi aRweridan saydris arqiteqturuli saxis warmodgena Znelia. teqstidan mxolod is irkveva, rom samRvdelmTavro saydari srulad yofila ferweriT dafaruli da masze mRvdelmTavrebi da wmindanebi yofilan gamosaxuli, xolo svetebi vercxliT iyo SeWedili: `В той же церкве учинено на левой стороне место митрополичье каменное, у столпа; писаны по нем святые и прежние митрополиты. Под ногами послан ковер золотной, а на ковре поставлены кресла, столбцы обиты серебром” (Посольство стольника Толочанова и дьяка Иевлева в Имеретию 1650-1652, Тифлис, 1926, gv. 149).

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salxineblis mxatvrobaSi naCvenebia 1760 wels ganaxlebuli saydari. gamosaxuleba realur saydars emsgavseba zogadi sqemiT – safexurebiani qveda dasajdomi nawiliTa da svetebze dayrdnobili gumbaTiT, magram is zedmiwevniT ar imeorebs realuri saydris aRnagobas. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom rogorc scenaTa moxatulobis SemTxvevaSic davinaxeT, osta­ tis amocana es arc yofila. man aCvena mxolod zogadi maxasiaTeblebi sayrdisa, romelic eklesiis gumbaTiT gvirgvindeba. uCveulo detalia gamosaxuli modelis CrdiloeTi mklavis aRmosavleT kedelze, sam­ kveTloSi Sesasvleli `karis~ marcxniv (sur. 112). aq viwro monakveTze, karis mTels si­ maRleze NnaCvenebia barZimis msgavsi WurWeli da masSi grZeli joxis msgavsi sagani. es de­ tali realuri taZris moxatulobis nawili araa, taZarSi samkveTlos karis marcxniv wm. nikolozis naxevarfiguraa gamosaxuli. Cemi varaudiT, aqac saqme unda gvqondes taZris im­ droindeli mowyobilobis sibrtyeze gadatanis cdasTan. vfiqrob, barZimis msgavsi WurWeli liTonisgan damzadebuli embazi unda iyos (rogoricaa magaliTad gviani periodis embazi fSavis sof. muqos RmrTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiaSi), romelic, rogorc Cans, gelaTis taZris am monakveTSi idga da, Sesabamisad, mxatvarmac saWirod CaTvala misi aq gamosaxva. sainteresoa aseve macxovrisa da RmrTismSoblis gamosaxulebebi modelis samkveTlo­ sa da sadiakvnes Sesasvlelebis Tavze (sur. 112). qriste pantokratoris naxevarfigura sam­ kveTlos Sesasvlelis zemoT oqrosfer fonzea warmodgenili, wiTeli qitoniTa da lurji himationiT. gamosaxulebas axlavs maidentificirebeli berZnuli warwera I˜C X˜C, Tumca pirveli ori grafema gaurkvevlad da sarkiseburadaa dawerili. aseve berZnuls mimsgavse­ buli warwerebia macxovris xelTan gadaSlil saxarebazec. rac Seexeba gamosaxulebas sadiakvnis karis zemoT, aq odigitriis ti pis Cviledi RmrTismSoblis sruli figuraa war­ modgenili. mis win mefes aqvs muxli moyrili. gamosaxulebis oqrosferi foni Savi saRe­ baviT Sesrulebuli rgolebiTaa dafaruli. msgavsi gamosaxulebebi gelaTis taZarSi ara Tu am monakveTSi, aramed sxva nawilebSic ar gvxvdeba. am SemTxvevaSi darwmunebiT SeiZleba saubari imis Taobaze, rom modelis momxat­ velma nimuSad aiRo gelaTis taZris aRmosavleT nawilSi im dros dasvenebuli macxovrisa da RmrTismSoblis konkretuli xatebi. macxovris figurasTan dakavSirebiT danamdvilebiT Znelia iTqvas, konkretulad rome­ li xati iyo nimuSad aRebuli, Tumca ikonografiuli niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT is unda yofiliyo gelaTis monastris kuTvnil im xatTa msgavsi (Tu ki erT-erTi maTgani ara), rom­ lebic kargadaa cnobili samecniero literaturaSi da amJamad saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumSia daculi. saubaria XI saukunis dasawyisis macxovris xatsa (137 × 100 sm) da XIII saukunis daviT narinis xatad cnobil macxovris xatze (137 × 95 sm)157. orive es xa­ ti didi zomebisaa da ikonografiuli ti pi orivegan msgavsia: makurTxeveli macxovris nax­ evarfigura, gadaSlili saxarebiT xelSi da Tavis garSemo maidentificirebeli berZnuli monogramebi. XI saukunis xatis SemTxvevaSi aRsaniSnavia, rom gadaSlil saxarebaze berZnu­ li teqstia mocemuli msgavsad maketSi gamosaxuli saxarebisa, Tumc ki am ukanasknelisgan gansxvavebiT teqsti garkveviTaa dawerili da wakiTxvadia. am xatebis zusti adgilmdebare­ oba gelaTis taZris sivrceSi im dros, rodesac nikorwmindis modeli iqmneboda, ucnobia. a.

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gelaTi 900: xuroTmoZRvreba, mxatvroba, ganZeuloba, gv. 277, sur. 129.

muraviovis dros, 1840-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis isini ukve kankelSi, aRsavlis karis mar­ jvniv iyo Camagrebuli – ise, rogorc es d. ermakovis mier XIX saukunis miwuruls gadaRebul fotosuraTzea asaxuli. rac Seexeba RmrTismSoblis xats, romelic aSkarad saqtitoro gamosaxulebas war­ moadgens, mas aqvs Zalze konkretuli maxasiaTebeli ikonografiuli niSani, deda RvTisas SublTan, maforiumze damagrebuli wiTeli feris Zvirfasi qvis saxiT. saqtitoro gamosax­ ulebisa da RmrTismSoblis Sublze Zvirfasi qvis gamosaxvis safuZvelze danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq warmodgenilia xelovnebis muzeumis saganZurSi daculi XV sauku­ nis meore naxevriT daTariRebuli e. w. „bagratis vedrebis“ xati (194.5 × 126 sm)158. swored mas aRweren 1651 wels imereTSi Casuli rusi elCebi stolniki nikifor toloCanovi da diakoni aleqsi ievlevi TavianT CanawerebSi. xati maT dros gelaTis mTavari taZris sakurTxevlis marjvniv idga 159. es xati imave adgilas, kankelis siaxloves, kedelze miyrdnobili unaxavs a. muraviovs160 da nawili xatisa imave adgilze dafiqsirebulia d. ermakovis mier gadaRebul fotosuraTzec. maketis aRmosavleTi mklavis CrdiloeT kedelze kidev erTi oTx svetze mdgari gum­ baTiani salxinebelia gamosaxuli (sur. 113). salxineblis SigniTa oqrosfer fonze, Savi klaknili xazebiT aRniSnul zedapirze, gamosaxulia barZimi da mis ukan Tu masSi mdgari marTkuTxa xati an saxareba, romlis oqrosfer fonzec aseve Savi saRebaviTaa Sesrulebuli qriste pantokratoris naxevarfigura. es gamosaxulebac badebs kiTxvas, realuri taZris ra elementi gamosaxa maketis momxatvelma? taZarSi am monakveTSi, bemis kedelze warmodgenilia ioakimesa da anas mier ZRvenis mitan­ is kompozicia. tradiciulad aq mRvdelmTavris win gamosaxulia sakurTxeveli da mis zemoT baldaqini, romelic Tavisi formiT sxvaobs modelSi daxatuli baldaqinisgan. oTx svet­ ze damyarebuli salxineblis TaRebi samkuTxedadaa SeWrili, misi zeda nawili dasrule­ bulia marTkuTxa saxuraviT, romelsac SuaSi mcire zomis piramiduli moculoba agvirg­ vinebs. amdenad realur scenaSi mocemul baldaqins ar gaaCnia formismieri msgavseba mod­ elSi gamosaxul gumbaTis yelis formis mqone salxinebelTan. SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom msgavsad sxva scenebisa, sadac momxatvelma aiRo kompoziciis Semadgeneli mxolod erTi elementi (magaliTad mxolod uflis saflavis ukan mdgari angelozi menelsacxeble dedeb­ is scenidan an mxolod svimeon kvirineli jvris tvirTvis kompoziciidan), am SemTxvevaSic man mirqmis kompoziciidan gamosaxa mxolod baldaqini, oRond mas gansxvavebuli arqite­ qturuli forma misca. magram es ver xsnis baldaqinis qveS gamosaxul nivTebs – barZimsa da T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, nakv. I, XIV-XVI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 30-31, tab. 8. amJamad is daculia saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumis saganZurSi. misi nawilebi sxvadasxva teqnikiTaa nakeTi: ZiriTadi nawili Weduria, garkveuli detalebi ki ferweriT an tvifruli minanqariT SeusrulebiaT (T. sayvareliZe, XIV-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli oqromWedloba, gv. 30-31, tab. 8). xatis centraluri nawili srulad ukavia odigitriis ti pis Cviledi RmrTismSoblis gamosaxulebas. mis ferxTiT, marjvena mxares warmodgenilia mavedrebeli imereTis mefe bagrat II (1439-1478). orive gamosaxuleba ferwerulia (ferwera mogvianebiT gadauweriaT).

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Посольство стольника Толочанова и дьяка Иевлева в Имеретию, gv. 128-135.

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А. Муравьев, Грузия и Армения, ч. 3, С. Петербург, 1848, gv. 186-187.

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marTkuTxa saganze daxatul macxovris naxevarfiguras. meore mxriv, SegviZlia isev zemoT aRweril magaliTebze dayrdnobiT davuSvaT, rom aqac saqme gvaqvs realur sivrceSi arsebu­ li samganzomilebiani elementis sibrtyeze gadmotanasTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom modelis kankeli bemis ukanaa gadaweuli161, xom ar SeiZleba aq gamosaxuli iyos realur taZarSi ar­ sebuli sakurTxeveli (oqrosfer fonze datanili Savi talRovani xazebi trapezze gada­ farebul qsovils aRniSnavs) da mis zemoT mdgari baldaqini, romelsac samRvdelmTavro saydris msgavsad gumbaTis formis gadaxurva eqneboda? maSin baldaqinis SuaSi gamosaxuli barZimi da macxovris xati Tu Weduri saxareba unda asaxavdes realur taZarSi trapezze dabrZanebul nivTebs. dRes gelaTis sakurTxevelSi dgas gviani Sua saukuneebis xuT svetze dafuZnebuli tra­ pezi yovelgvari baldaqinis gareSe. 1984 wels gadaRebul fotoze162 asaxulia TiTo marT­ kuTxa Rrmuli trapezis sayrdeni platformis oTxsave kuTxeSi (sur. 114). dRes es Rrmule­ bi amovsebulia, Tumca kvali mainc ikiTxeba. isini, savaraudod, xis svetebis (gamomdinare Rrmulebis mcire zomebidan aq msubuqi konstruqciaa sagulvebeli) samagri budeebi unda yofiliyo da am xis svetebze damyarebuli salxinebeli dagvirgvinebuli unda yofili­ yo eklesiis gumbaTis msgavsi formiT. msgavsi baldaqinebi, Tumc ki qviT nagebi, jer kidev SemorCenilia saepiskoposo saydrebis saxiT (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT). amdenad, gelaTis RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZris xis asli, romelic adgas nikorwmindis taZris trapezis zemoT mdgar salxinebels, rogorc garedan, ise Signidan moxatulia da ZiriTadad imeorebs taZris moxatulobis programas. arqiteqturulad, rogorc aRiniSna, modeli srulad imeorebs taZris qveda korpusis aRnagobas, xolo misi gumbaTis yeli sxva­ obs realuri taZris gumbaTis yelisgan: rvawaxnaga gumbaTis yeli mkveTradaa wagrZelebu­ li da proporciulad kargad ar efardeba taZris qveda korpuss. dRes nikorwmindis taZarSi Sesuli mnaxveli models xedavs narTeqsis gadaxurvis xazidan, dasavleT kedelSi gaWril sam sarkmelsa da gumbaTs, xolo qveda nawils axlad aRmarTuli qvis kankeli faravs. amis ga­ mo, mnaxvelisTvis SeuZlebeli xdeba taZris vizualuri identificireba gelaTis taZarTan. vfiqrob sxvagvari viTareba iqneboda maSin rodesac aq es baldaqini daidga, kankeli Sedare­ biT dabali iqneboda da srulad Tu ar gamoaCenda baldaqinis konstruqcias (igulisxmeba frTebis done), yovel SemTxvevaSi eklesiis modeli mainc mTlianad iqneboda warmoCenili Ziridan dawyebuli gumbaTis wveramde163. amdenad taZris `gelaTuroba~ TvalnaTeli iqnebo­ da samrevlo sivrceSi mdgari ubralo momlocvelisTvisac. saqarTveloSi eklesiis modeliT gaformebuli sxva trapezzeda baldaqini CemTvis araa cnobili, magram aris sxva arqiteqturuli saxisa da daniSnulebis baldaqinebi. XVII sauku­ nidan moyolebuli qarTul eklesiaTa interierebSi gvxvdeba samefo da samRvdelmTavro 161

sxva SemTxvevaSi momxatveli SezRuduli iqneboda mosaxati sivrciT da sakurTxevlis kompoziciebidan is verafers gamosaxavda, radgan es sivrce dafaruli iqneboda kankeliT, mas ki Cafiqrebuli hqonda taZris interieris ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi eCvenebina, Tundac amiTi mcired daerRvia interieris danawevreba 162

foto daculia g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centris fotolaboratoriis arqivSi. 163

vfiqrob aucilebelia axali kankelis simaRlis dadableba eklesiis maketis Ziramde, raTa is srulad iyos warmoCenili.

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saydrebi or da an oTx svetze dafuZnebuli gadaxurviT, romlis arqiteqturuli gad­ awyvetac ase Tu ise baZavs taZris gumbaTis formas. magaliTad walenjixis taZarSi XVII saukunis samRvdelmTavro saydris164 saxuravze dadgmulia patara cilindruli moculo­ ba, romelic Soreulad waagavs eklesiis gumbaTs. msgavsebis STabeWdilebis gasaZliere­ blad masze moxatulobiT imitirebulia kedlis wyoba da TaRovani sarkmlebi, romlebSic alaTebic kia daxatuli (sur. 115, 116). gelaTis taZris samRvdelmTavro saydarSi, romel­ ic, rogorc zemoT iTqva, 1760 welsaa xelaxla aSenebuli, saxuravze dadgmul gumbaTs arqiteqturulad ufro gamarTuli saxe aqvs. mis eqvsi TaRovani sarkmliT gaxsnil yels maRali konusuri saxuravi agvirgvinebs. zogadi struqturiT masTan axloa niqozis macx­ ovris taZarSi mdgari samRvdelmTavro saydris gumbaTi, oRond bevrad ufro tlanqi da ar­ qiteqturulad gauazrebelia (amJamad damatebiT damaxinjebulia bolodroindeli sqeli SelesilobiT). am kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa sveticxovlis 1740-ian wlebSi agebuli samefo saydari165, romelic dRes aRar arsebobs (sur. 117). rogorc d. ermakovis gadaRebul foto­ suraTze Cans, msubuqsvetebiani saydris brtyel saxuravze idga didi zomis rvawaxnaga gum­ baTi. misi yelis TiToeul waxnagSi gaWrili iyo viwro TaRovani sarkmeli marTkuTxa moCar­ CoebiT. gumbaTis yelis Zirsa da zeda nawils lilvovani sartyeli Semowerda, lilvebiT iyo moniSnuli misi wiboebic. gumbaTi sruldeboda karniziT da gadaxuruli iyo konusuri saxuraviT, romlis zedapiric damuSavebuli iyo gumbaTis gadaxurvisTvis ti piuri verti­ kaluri lilvebiT. es saydrebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT saeklesio Senobis erTgvar arasrul modelebad, rom­ lebSic baldaqinis saxuravze dadgmuli moculoba met-naklebad baZavs eklesiis gumbaTis arqiteqturul formas. am gumbaTis wverSi amagrebdnen jvars da amiTi moniSnavdnen samrev­ lo sivrcis mniSvnelovan adgilebs, romelTac liturgiis dros mefe-mRvdelmTavrebi ika­ vebdnen. gumbaTiT aqcentirebuli areebi met sakralurobas iZenda da mnaxvelTaTvis ufro TvalSisacemi xdeboda. msgavsi arqiteqturuli gadawyvetis mqone samRvdelmTavro saydrebi gviani Sua saukuneebidan ucxo ar iyo aRmosavleTqristianuli samyaros sxva regionebisTvi­ sac (magaliTad XVIII saukunis xis samRvdelmTavro saydari nesebaris arqeologiur muzeum­ Si da amave periodis samRvdelmTavro saydari nesebaris wm. stefanes eklesiaSi, bulgareTi). saqarTveloSi gvaqvs SemTxvevac, roca baldaqins eklesiis sruli modeli agvirg­ vinebda. aseTi baldaqini idga martvilis sakaTedro taZris samxreT-aRmosavleT gum­ baTqveSa kuTxis dasavleT pirze da funqciurad saxate niSis momniSvnel salxinebels warmoadgenda (sur. ¿118). eklesiis modeli dRes dakargulia, iseve rogorc baldaqinis svetebis nawili warweriani svetisTavebiTur166. amJamad darCenilia misi mxolod ori И. Лордкипанидзе, Роспись в Цаленджиха, Тбилиси, 1992, gv. 56. saydari moxatulia. mis aRmosavleT kedelze xarebis scenaa gamosaxuli, mis zemoT – qriste didi mRvdelmTavari, danarCen nawilebze – eklesiis rva mamis sruli figurebi, saydris SigniT – makurTxebeli angelozi. orferda gadaxurvaze, orive mxares TiTo eqvsfrTedia gamosaxuli.

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v. arTilayva, XVI-XVIII ss. qarTuli materialuri kulturis istoriidan, gv. 29, sur. 14, 15; n.

CitiSvili, sveticxovlis samefi saydari, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 16, 2013, gv. 149-165.

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ucnobia zustad rodis moxda am baldaqinis daSla da ra mizeziT. savaraudebelia, rom baldaqini komunisturi reJimis dros antieklesiuri moZraobisas daiSala. samwuxarod, gaurkvevelia ra bedi

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sveti (rogorc dakarguli, ise SemorCenili svetebi marmarilos adreqristianuli spo­ liaa167). baldaqini jer kidev e. TayaiSvils unaxavs adgilze da Tavis naSromSi iZleva mis aRweri­ lobas: `samxreTisken martvilis eklesiaSi kankelis marjvniv xatis sasvenia niSis msgavsad kedelze miSenebuli oTxi lamazi marmarilos svetiT da kidev ufro lamazi svetis Tave­ biT. zemoT niSas patara eklesiis gegma adgas xisa. yovel mxares niSis kamaraze xucuri as­ omTavruliT gameorebulia warwera: dadini Sergl – dadiani Sergil. wineT am niSaSi esvena is SesaniSnavi milanqriani RvTis-mSoblis xati~168. rogorc saarqivo fotoze Cans, eklesiis modeli idga oTx svetze mowyobil marTkuTxa platformaze. ucnobia iyo Tu ara am modelis interieri iseve sagangebod damuSavebuli, rogorc nikorwmindis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs. xis modeli, savaraudod Tavidanve unda yofili­ yo nawili konstruqciisa, romelic moniSnavda xatis adgils. warweris Tanaxmad, misi age­ ba dakavSirebulia Sergil dadianis saxelTan169, XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarTan. modeli warmoadgenda Tavisufali jvris ti pis taZars, waxnagovani gumbaTiT. fotoze modelis mxolod ori, dasavleTi da CrdiloeTi fasadebi Cans. CrdiloeT fasads amkobda sami Tana­ bari simaRlis sarkmeli, romlebic Cawerili iyo TaRovan moCarCoebaSi. savaraudod, Sesa­ Zloa msgavsadve yofiliyo gadawyvetili modelis samxreTi fasadic. rac Seexeba samrevlo sivrcisken mimarTul mTavar, dasavleT fasads, aq centraluri nawili moniSnuli iyo ka­ ris ori frTiT, romlebzec, erTmaneTisken 3/4-iT mimarTul adamianTa TiTo sruli figura iyo gamosaxuli. ucnobia es frTebic xisganve iyo damzadebuli Tu naWedi (fotoze faqtura TiTqos naWeds hgavs). aseve bundovania Tu vin iyo aq gamosaxuli, iyo es xarebis scena, Tu calkeul wmindanTa (magaliTad wm. petresa da pavles anda mTavarangelozTa) figurebi. modelSi arqiteqturuli elementebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa did TaRSi Cawerili sami sarkmlis motivi. SesaZloa is STagonebuli iyos Tavad martvilis taZris dasavleT fasadiT, sadac sam Riobs zemodan erTiani mZlavri TaRi Semowers. Tumca zogadad amgvari gadawyveta – TaRovan CarCoSi Casmuli Tanabari simaRlis, erTmaneTTan axlos gaWrili sarkmlebi Sua saukuneebis qarTuli arqiteqturisaTvis ucxoa da ufro bizantiur xuroT­ moZRvrebas mogvagonebs. bizantiur taZrebSi sami sarkmeli erTmaneTisgan gayofilia viwro kedliT, romlis orive piric (garedan da Signidan) svetiTaa Semkobili. sami sarkmlis amg­ var motivs Tavisi mravalferovani variaciebiT vxvdebiT Suabizantiuri periodis araerT eklesiaSi170 (magaliTad, aTenis sotera likodimosi – XI saukunis I naxevari. sur. 119). mas gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad iyeneben XIII-XIV saukuneebSi (magaliTad, staro nagoriCino – 1313 ewiaT mis nawilebs, Tumca, imeds vitoveb, rom isini ar gaunadgurebiaT da adre Tu gvian gamoCndeba. baldaqinis nawilebi monasterSic movikiTxe da martvilis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSic, magram informacia versad miviRe. d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, gv. 236, sur. 245-246.

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e. TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzaurobani da SeniSvnani, w. II, tfilisi, 1914, gv. 125.

pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT, II, ga­ mosacemad moamzades d. kldiaSvilma da m. surgulaZem, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 11.

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170

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S. Curcic, Architecture in the Balkans from Diocletian to Suleyman the Magnificent, New Haven, 2010, gv. 564.

weli171, graCanica – 1321 wlamde172, prizrenis RmrTismSoblis eklesia – XIV saukune 173 da sxva). magram, meore mxriv, martvilis modelis ZiriTadi aRnagoba da gumbaTis yelis forma (dawaxnagebuli, konusuri saxuraviT) mas qarTuli eklesiis iers aniWebs da saerTo STabe­ WdilebisaTvis mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs.

Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi taZris interierSi eklesiis samganzomilebiani modeleb­ is gamoyenebis kidev erTi uCveulo da saintereso SemTxveva gvaqvs gergetis samebis taZarSi174 (sur. 120). misi qviT naSeni kankelis zeda monakveTi frontonebiT dasrulebuli sami naw­ ilisgan Sedgeba. centraluri nawili, romelSic sameufo karia gaWrili, gverdiTebTan Se­ darebiT maRalia, gverdiTa kedlebSi TiTo Rrma niSaa mowyobili. samive frontonze gum­ baTiani eklesiis erTnairi modelebi dgas. isini warmogvidgens marTkuTxa gegmis Senobas gumbaTis maRali dawaxnagebuli yeliT. waxnagovania gumbaTebis saxuravebic, romlebzec darCenilia fosoebiani burTulebi jvris aRsamarTad. sami modelidan mxolod erTs, CrdiloeTisas aqvs gumbaTis yeli sarkmlebis momniSvne­ li formebiT damuSavebuli, danarCeni ori gumbaTis yeli sadaa da aranairi miTiTeba sarkm­ lebze iq araa. rogorc Cans, kankelis CrdiloeTi nawili zed dadgmuli modeliTurT taZ­ ris Tanadroulia, gumbaTis Camoqcevis dros is dangrevas gadaurCa da Tavdapirveli sax­ iT moaRwia175 (sur. 121). mogvianebiT, rodesac kankeli aRadgines, am Tavdapirveli modelis mixedviT xelaxla gaakeTes ori sxva modelic, Tumca maTi gumbaTebis sarkmlebiT sagul­ dagulo damuSavebaze aRar uzrunviaT. amasTan dakavSirebiT aseve sayuradReboa, rom kan­ kelis CrdiloeTi niSis Seisruli TaRi mkveTrad sxvaobs samxreTi niSis naxevarwriuli TaRisagan, rac aseve sxvadasxva saamSeneblo periodze unda migvaniSnebdes. samrevlo sivrcis mxares kankeli moxatulia. samebisa da angelozTa figurebi kedel­ ze aRsavlis karis zemoT da feriscvalebis kompozicia samxreT niSaSi Sesrulebulia XIX saukuneSi. 2005 wels warmoebuli sarestavracio samuSaoebisas CrdiloeT niSaSi moxsnili nalesobis fenis qveS gamovlinda adrindeli mxatvroba. aq vedrebis kompoziciaa gamosaxu­ li. moxatuli iyo kankelze mdgari CrdiloeTi (Zveli) modelic (sur. 122). mis piriTa wax­ nagze wm. ninoa warmodgenili, samxreTisaze daxatulia timpaniani kari, mis zemoT jvari da aqeT-iqiT dekoratiuli girCebi – aSkarad Tavad samebis taZris dasavleTi fasadis gaforme­ bis mibaZviT. a. oqropiriZis azriT, es mxatvroba da, Sesabamisad, kankelis es nawilic taZris R. Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architcture, fourth edition, Harmondsworth, 1986, sur. 393; S. Curcic, Architecture in the Balkans.., gv. 663-665.

171

172

R. Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architcture, sur. 396; S. Curcic, Architecture in the Balkans.., gv. 660-

661.

173

S. Curcic, Architecture in the Balkans.., gv. 644-648.

kankelis Taobaze ix.: Р. Шмерлинг, Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой Грузии, Тбилиси, 1962, gv. 209210; T. sanikiZe, gergetis xuroTmoZRvruli ansambli, Tbilisi, 1975, gv. 13, 44-45, sur. 6; a. oqropiriZe, gergetis samebis saxismetyvelebisaTvis, logosi, #7, 2013, gv. 107-113; n. burWulaZe, wminda ninos ori gamosaxuleba qarTul xatwerasa da kedlis mxatvrobaSi, mayvlovani, #4(17), 2014, gv. 34-36.

174

T. sanikiZe, gergetis xuroTmoZRvruli ansambli, gv. 44-45; a. oqropiriZe, gergetis samebis saxismetyvelebisaTvis, gv. 108. r. Smerlingi gergetis kankelze Zvel fenas ar gamoyofs da mas mTlianad XVI-XVII saukuneebiT aTariRebs (Р. Шмерлинг, Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой Грузии, gv. 209-210) 175

291

Tanadroulia, XIV saukunis pirveli naxevrisa176. kankelze warmodgenili sami eklesiis ga­ mosaxulebaSi igi Taboris mTaze, feriscvalebisas petre mociqulis mier warmoTqmuli si­ tyvebis asaxvas xedavs: `vqmnaT aq sam talavar: erTi Senda da erTi mosesa da erTi eliaÁsa~, raSic Tavis mxriv, ioane oqropiris ganmartebiT, petresda uneburad yovladwminda sameba igulisxmeba177. Sesabamisad gergetis samebis kankelze aRmarTuli sami eklesia `erTdrou­ lad xatia rogorc wminda samebisa, aseve kaTolike eklesiisac~ 178. rogorc zemoT iTqva, eklesiaTa modelebiT (mTlianiT an mxolod gumbaTiT) dagvirg­ vinebuli baldaqinebi da taZris interierSi sxvadasxva daniSnulebisTvis gamoyenebuli samganzomilebiani modelebi bevrad meti unda yofiliyo, Tumca JamTa avbediTobasa da gansakuTrebiT ki sabWoTa antireligiur moZraobas mxolod calkeuli nimuSebi gadaurCa. erT-erTi aseTi nimuSTagani anabeWdis saxiT iyo darCenili ninowmindis sakaTedro taZris samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxesTan, saxate niSis zemoT (sur. ¿123). dRes es nalesobac Camocve­ nilia da misi kvali aRar ikiTxeba, mxolod Zvel fotoebzeRaa is TvalsaCino. rom davubrundeT nikorwmindis trapezis zemoT mdgar salxinebelsa da gadavxedoT Tu ra xdeba am kuTxiT qristianul aRmosavleTSi, davinaxavT, rom bizantiaSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli iyo sferuli an konusuri gumbaTiT dagvirgvinebuli baldaqinebi, romlebic mzaddeboda sxvadasxva masalisgan, iqneboda es qva, xe Tu liToni. rac Seexeba trapezis salxinebels gumbaTis yelis Tu Senobis formis zeda nawiliT, is qristianul aRmosavleT­ Si ar gvxvdeba (yovel SemTxvevaSi me msgavs magaliTs ver mivageni, Tumca SesaZloa aseTi ni­ muSebi – ise, rogorc nikorwmindis salxinebeli – jer kidev Seuswavlel-gamouqveynebelia da amdenad ucnobia samecniero sazogadoebaSi). sxvagvari viTarebaa qristianul dasavleT­ Si, sadac msgavsi ti pis baldaqinebi romanuli da goTikuri xelovnebis nayofadaa miCneu­ li179. gansxvavebiT bizantiisgan, sadac salxinebeli trapezis mowyobis aucilebeli ele­ menti arasodes yofila (Tumc ki xSirad gamoyenebadi), dasavleTSi is dawyebuli X sauku­ nidan nel-nela savaldebulo konstruqcia xdeba. sibl de blaaus dakvirvebiT, dasavleTSi baldaqinisadmi aseTi didi yuradReba imiTi unda aixsnas, rom X saukunidan moyolebuli iwyeba baldaqinis kurTxeva, romelic warmoadgenda taZrisa da trapezis kurTxevis rit­ ualis nawils180. mogvianod es rituali nel-nela aTvisebuli iqna romSic da XIII saukunis a. oqropiriZe, gergetis samebis saxismetyvelebisaTvis, gv. 108-109. n. burWulaZis Tanaxmad, `aq, erTi mxriv, sagrZnobia XIV-XV saukuneebis stilis garkveuli niSnebi (saxeTa modelirebaSi Ria feradovneba, mwvane sarCulebi, vardisferi `ganaTebebi~ da Suq-Crdilis laqebis erTmaneTSi rbili gadasvlebi), meore mxriv ki – SedarebiT meti analogi iZebneba XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis im nimuSTa Soris, romlebic cnobilia `xalxuri nakadis~ ZeglTa jgufis saxelwodebiT (maTTan siaxlove mJRavndeba wmindanTa saxis nakvTebis formiT, sxeulis proporciebiT, weris maneris simartiviT, xazgasmuli sibrtyovanebiTa da, rac gansakuTrebiT saxasiaToa, ornamentuli dekoris motivebiT)~ – n. burWulaZe, wminda ninos ori gamosaxuleba qarTul xatwerasa da kedlis mxatvrobaSi, gv. 36.

176

177

a. oqropiriZe, gergetis samebis saxismetyvelebisaTvis, gv. 110.

178

iqve.

S. de Blaauw, Arnolfo’s High Altar Ciboria and Roman Liturgical Traditions, in: Arnolfo’s Moment. Acts of an International Conference Florence, Villa I Tatti, May 26-27, 2006, eds. D. Friedman, J. Gardner, M. Haines, Florence, 2009, gv. 123-124.

179

180

292

S. de Blaauw, Arnolfo’s High Altar Ciboria and Roman Liturgical Traditions, gv. 124.

bolos ukve oficialurad iqna CarTuli (romaul-germanuli pontifikalidan) romaul pon­ tifikalSi181. rogorc zemoT iTqva, nikorwmindis taZris trapezis zemoT mdgari baldaqinis frTebi uflis vnebasTan dakavSirebuli scenebiTaa Semkuli, rac pirdapir kavSirSia trapezis simbolur datvirTvasTan, romelic wm. mamaTa ganmartebiT `saxe ars saflavisa uflisaÁ, romelsa zeda mdebare ars WeSmariti igi zecisa puri qriste, romeli-igi usisxlod dai­ klvis, viTarca kaci, da Ãorxsa da sisxla misa miscems morwmuneTa cxorebad saukunod~182. aseve baldaqini, romelic dgas trapezis zemoT, `saxe ars Txemisa adgilisa, sada-igi qriste juars-ecua; rameTu axlos iyo adgilsa mas, sada daefla~183. amdenad, salxinebelze gamosax­ uli scenebi xazs usvams da aZlierebs trapezisa da baldaqinis simbolur datvirTvas da mWidro kavSirSia aq aRsrulebul msaxurebasTan, rac Tavis mxriv kidev ufro metadaa aqcen­ tirebuli baldaqinis Zirze gamosaxuli oTxi qerubimiTa da maT Soris arsebuli warweriT `wminda ars, wminda ars, wminda ars ufali sabaoT; savse arian cani da qveyana didebiTa misi­ Ta osana~, romelic marTalTa liturgiis dros, sasuliero piris mier ZRvenis kurTxevisas igalobeba. bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva, Tu ratom iqna arCeuli nimuSad gelaTis taZari sakurTxevlis zemoT gansaTavsebeli salxinebelisaTvis da ra Sinaarsia amaSi Cadebuli. aq gasaRebi Tav­ ad gelaTis simbolur saxeSia saZiebeli. gelaTi daarsebis dRidan `meored ierusalimad~ iwodeboda da es tradicia saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi agrZelebda arsebobas. amas mowmobs gelaTis mTavari taZris CrdiloeT karibWeSi XVI saukunis saqtitoro kompozicia, sad­ ac sferoSi qongurebiani da karibWeebiani galavniT184 SemozRuduli qalaqia gamosaxuli mWidrod naSeni saxlebiTa da eklesiebiT, xolo kompoziciis centrSi naCvenebia gelaTis mTavari taZari. scenaSi mimobneulia sxvadasxva feris burTulebiT aRniSnuli yvavilebi. es kompozicia `zeciuri ierusalimis~ alegoriul saxedaa miCneuli185, xolo Tavad gelaTis arqiteqturuli saxiT gamosaxuli eklesia ki aRdgomis taZrad186. zeciuri ierusalimis gamosaxvas rogorc bizantiis sxvadasxva regionebSi, ise saqarT­ veloSic gansxvavebuli Taviseburebebi axasiaTebda (amis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. m. didebuli­ Zis narkvevi am wignSi). qarTuli masala aSkarad mowmobs rom ostatebi, iqnebian es monumen­ turi ferweris, Wedurobis, minanqrisa Tu wignis miniaturis Semsruleblebi, wminda qala­ qis gamosaxvisas iyeneben maTTvis Cveul da adgilobrivi mnaxvelisTvis gasageb da aRqmad 181

iqve.

182

ganmartebaÁ saidumloTa kaTolike eklesiisa da saxismetyuelobaÁ wesTa misTa, ganwesebuli wmidisa basilisi da wmidisa maqsimesi da sxuaTa mamaTa mier Tqmulisagan, saRmrTo Jamiswirvis saxismetyveleba, teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, komentarebi, liturgikul terminTa leqsikoni, saZieblebi da bibliografia daurTo n. qajaiam, Tbilisi, 2018, gv. 188-189.

183

ganmartebaÁ saidumloTa kaTolike eklesiisa.., gv. 188-189.

sainteresoa, rom ioane mociqulis gamocxadebaSi (Tavi 21) aRwerili zeciuri ierusalimic galavniT mozRuduli qalaqia, galavanSi gaWrili 12 karibWiT. xolo galavnis safuZveli Semkulia 12 sxvadasxva jiSis Zvirfasi qviT, rac aRweril kompoziciaSi SesaZloa sxvadasxva feris yvavilebTan iyos asocirebuli.

184

185

r. mefisaSvili, T. virsalaZe, gelaTi: arqiteqtura, mozaika, freskebi, Tbilisi, 1982, gv. 14.

186

G. Gagoshidze, Jerusalem in Medieval Georgian Art, in: Visual Constructs of Jerusalem, Turnhout, 2014, gv. 134.

293

formebs Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio arqiteqturidan. amdenad, vfiqrob, nikorwmin­ daSi trapezis zemoT aRmarTuli gelaTis taZari saxea zeciuri ierusalimisa. es saukuneeb­ is ganmavlobaSi arsebuli tradiciis gagrZelebas warmoadgens da aRqmis TvalsazrisiT martivad gaigivebadi da gasagebi formaa taZarSi Semsvleli momlocvelisTvis. gelaTis taZris zeciur `ierusalimobas~ xazs usvams misi fasadebis erTianad moxatva sxvadasxva feris mcenareuli dekoriT. meore mxriv, eklesiis aRmarTva trapezze, romelic simbolu­ rad warmoadgens adgils, sadac ufali daifla da Semdgom aRsdga, aluzias qmnis uflis aRdgomis taZarTan, romelic jer kidev konstantine imperatoris mier gaiazreboda rogorc axali, zeciuri ierusalimis vizualizacia187. uflis saflavis zemoT mdgar edikulad ganixilavs a. lidovi axtalis XIII saukunis da­ sawyisis moxatulobaSi, mociqulTa ziarebis kompoziciaSi trapezis zemoT warmodgenil salxinebels, romelsac gumbaTi adgas, xolo gumbaTis yelSi sarkmlebia gaWrili188. misi azriT, `realuri arqiteqturuli detalebis gamoyenebiT xazi esmeva trapezis prototi pul mniSvnelobas da isini mnaxvels moagoneben zeciuri ierusalimis taZars, sadac gamosaxul ziarebas aqvs adgili~189. gumbaTiani baldaqinis motivi gvxvdeba sxva qristologiur da ma­ riologiur scenebSic, sadac is aseve zeciuri ierusalimis gansaxierebad unda iyos aRqmu­ li – magaliTad, zarzmis feriscvalebis xati, laklakiZis xati, xobis monastris moxatu­ lobis RmrTismSoblis taZrad miyvanebis kompozicia, nikorwmindis moxatulobis mirqmis kompozicia da sxva (ix. m. didebuliZis narkvevi amave wignSi). amdenad, gelaTis taZris modeli, taZrisa romelic Seqmnis dRidanve `meored ierusali­ mad~ iwodeboda, nikorwmindis taZris baldaqinis zemoTac Tavdapirveli sazrisis matare­ belia, is warmoadgens zeciuri ierusalimisa da amave dros uflis saflavis taZris xats. rogorc zemoT motanili mwirad SemorCenili gviani Sua saukuneebis masala gviCvenebs, saqarTveloSi eklesiaTa interieris Sesamkobad gamoiyeneboda xolme eklesiis formis ar­ qiteqturuli elementebi, romlebic sxvadasxva masalisgan mzaddeboda. xisgan damzadebu­ li eklesiebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda zogadad bizantiur samyaroSi, rasac mowmobs aseve gviani saukuneebis masala samRvdelmTavro saydrebis, baldaqinebisa da modelebis saxiT. isini moniSnavdnen liturgiulad Tu ierarqiulad mniSvnelovan adgilebs taZris sivrce­ Si; maT aseve iyenebdnen saeklesio procesiebisaTvisac. am ukanasknelis erT-erTi saintere­ so nimuSia dRes aTenis bizantiur da qristianul muzeumSi daculi XIX saukunis dasawyi­ sis xis Cardaxi, romlis zeda nawilSi, marTkuTxa platformaze waxnagovani gumbaTis yelia amoyvanili, sferuli gumbaTiTa da jvriT dasrulebuli (sur. 124). Cardaxi garedan moxat­ ulia da masze RmrTismSoblis miZinebisa da amaRlebis scenebia gamosaxuli. saberZneTSi msgavsi Cardaxebi gamoiyeneboda (tradicia axlac grZeldeba) rogorc did xuTSabaTs, aseve RmrTismSoblis miZinebis dResaswaulze, litaniobisas. isini simbolurad ganasaxierebda uflisa da RmrTismSoblis saflavebs ierusalimSi. am SemTxvevaSic xis Cardaxi simbolu­ rad mianiSnebs RmrTismSoblis saflavze aRmarTul eklesias, Tumca ki Tavisi formebiT B. Kuhnel, From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem, Representations of the Holy City in Christian Art of the First Millennium, Rom, Freiburg, Wien, 1987, gv. 81-89.

187

188

A. Lidov, Heavenly Jerusalem: the Byzantine Approach, Jewish Art, 23/24, 1997/1998, gv. 346-347.

189

iqve, gv. 347.

294

realuri taZris arqiteqturas ar imeorebs. msgavsi arqiteqturuli reprezentaciebis pa­ ralelurad XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi sxvadasxva daniSnulebisTvis iqmneba realuri taZrebis mcire samganzomilebiani modelebic. magaliTad, darCenilia uflis Sobisa da aRdgomis taZ­ ris XVII saukunis sadafiT gawyobili xis asawyobi modelebi190 (sur. 125-127), romlebic ara mxolod garegnulad asaxaven am taZarTa ZiriTad arqiteqturul-moculobiT danawevrebas, aramed aRdgomis taZris SemTxvevaSi rotondis interierSi uflis edikulacaa CarTuli. Tu es modelebi wminda miwis mniSvnelovani taZrebis mosagonrad vrceldeboda, aTonis mTis qseropotamis monastris mTavari taZris XVIII saukunis modeli Seiqmna rogorc winaswari proeqti raTa SeegrovebinaT Tanxa am taZris asaSeneblad191. amgvarad, trapezzeda xis baldaqini nikorwmindidan warmoadgens saqarTveloSi cnobil erTaderT nimuSs, romelic asaxavs konkretuli taZris arqiteqturas. Cvenamde moRweuli sxva xis modelebisagan gansxvavebiT, gelaTis taZris maketSi realuri taZari ara mxolod garegnul formebSia gamovlenili, aramed interierSic imeorebs taZris Sida danawevreba­ sa da moxatulobis programas. metic, momxatveli ostati sibrtyeze gadataniT gadmogvcems interieris sivrceSi ganlagebul samganzomilebian formebs.

E. Hadjitryphonos, Presentations and Representations of Architecture in Byzantium: the Thought Behind the Image, in: Architecture as Icon, Perception and Representation of Architecture in Byzantine Art, Princton, 2010, gv. 125, 140-141, sur.

14.

190

191

iqve, gv. 141, sur. 29.

295

suraTebis sia sur. 1. ikorTis taZari. akroterioni sur. 2. eklesiis modeli kurcxanis xeobidan. n.

CakvetaZis naxati sur. 3. tirZnisis samebis eklesia. akroterioni. aRmosavleTi kexi sur. 4. tirZnisis samebis eklesia. akroterioni. dasavleTi kexi sur. 5. akroterioni axaldabidan sur. 6. safaris monastris miZinebis taZris in­ terieri sur. 7. safaris monastris wm. sabas eklesia. ak­ roterioni sur. 8. Rromas wm. Tevdores eklesia sur. 9. Rromas wm. Tevdores eklesia. akroterioni sur. 10. jabieTiswylis beTlemis eklesia. ak­ roterioni sur. 11. oSoras eklesia. akroterioni sur. 12. oSoras eklesia. akroterioni sur. 13. oSoras eklesia. akroterioni. detali sur. 14. Wules monasteri. akroterioni sur. 15. Wules monasteri. akroterioni sur. 16. udes kaTolikuri eklesia. akroterioni sur. 17. udes kaTolikuri eklesia. akroterioni sur. 18. eklesiis modeli anuxvadan sur. 19. pirRebulis monasteri. akroterioni sur. 20. pirRebulis monasteri. akroterioni sur. 21. pirRebulis monasteri. akroterioni sur. 22. pirRebulis monasteri. akroterioni sur. 23. pirRebulis monasteri. akroterioni sur. 24. pirRebulis monasteri. akroterioni sur. 25. weraqvis kviracxovlis eklesia. akro­ terioni sur. 26. weraqvis kviracxovlis eklesia. akro­ terioni sur. 27. weraqvis kviracxovlis eklesia. akro­ terioni sur. 28. sagarejos wm. petresa da pavles ekle­ sia. akroterioni sur. 29. sagarejos wm. petresa da pavles ekle­ sia. protomi sur. 30. ananuris RmrTismSoblis eklesia. ak­ roterioni. v. wilosanis naxazi sur. 31. Tbilisis sioni. akroterioni sur. 32. Tbilisis sioni. gumbaTis yeli. detali sur. 33. alaverdis kaTedrali. akroterioni sur. 34. xanZTis monasteri. samreklos gumbaT­ is wveri

296

sur. 35. haRpatis taZari. aRmosavleTi fasadi sur. 36. haRpatis taZari. eklesiis modeli saqtitoro gamosaxulebidan sur. 37. haRpatis taZari. akroterioni sur. 38. hariWavanqis taZari. aRmosavleTi fasadi. sur. 39. hariWavanqis taZari. aRmosavleTi fas­ adi. saqtitoro gamosaxuleba sur. 40. hariWavanqis taZari. akroterioni, saqtitoro gamosaxuleba sur. 41. barZrakaSis monasteri. akroterioni sur. 42. musxis wm. giorgis eklesia. akroteri­ oni sur. 43. meRvrekisis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis eklesia. akroterioni sur. 44. axalqalaqis (daSbaSis) eklesia. akro­ terioni sur. 45. safaris monastris wm. stefanes ekle­ sia. akroterioni sur. 46. safaris monastris wm. stefanes ekle­ sia. akroterioni, dasavleTi fasadi sur. 47. zarzmis monasteri. eklesiis modeli sur. 48. saRamos eklesia. lorfinis gadaxur­ vis detali sur. 49. safaris monasteri. akroterioni sur. 50. safaris monasteri. akroterioni sur. 51. safaris monasteri. akroterioni sur. 52. bolajuris eklesia. eklesiis modelis fragmenti sur. 53. buCurianis eklesia. akroterioni sur. 54. didi gomareTi. eklesiis modeli sur. 55. didi gomareTi. eklesiis modeli. detali sur. 56. fitareTis eklesia. gumbaTis yeli. wm. basilis Tavis gamosaxuleba sur. 57. xandos eklesia. mSenebelTa savaraudo gamosaxulebebi sur. 58. iSxnis kaTedrali. mSenebelTa gamosax­ ulebebi sur. 59. tyemlovana. akroterioni sur. 60. stefanwmindis istoriuli muzeumi. ak­ roterioni sur. 61. saflavis qva tbisis RmrTismSoblis eklesiis ezodan sur. 62. sof. Toria. saflavis qva sur. 63. saTxis eklesia. saflavis qva sur. 64. orojolari. saflavis qva sur. 65. orojolari. saflavis qva. detali sur. 66. saflavis qva. detali

sur. 67. Rrtilas eklesia. saflavis qva sur. 68. verana samsaris wm. giorgis eklesia. saflavis qva sur. 69. ptena, saflavis qva sur. 70. qildas nasaxlari. saflavis qva sur. 71. qildas nasaxlari. saflavis qva sur. 72. orjalari. Zveli naeklesiari. safla­ vis qva sur. 73. zarzmis monasteri. eklesiis modeli sur. 74. safaris monasteri. wyaro sur. 75. safaris monasteri. wyaro. detali sur. 76. eklesiis modeli sur. 77. eklesiis modeli sur. 78. sakvirikes eklesia. eklesiis modeli sur. 79. sveticxovlis kaTedralis modeli sur. 80. sveticxovlis kaTedralis modeli sur. 81. sveticxovlis kaTedralis modeli sur. 82. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. samx­ reTi fasadi sur. 83. sveticxovlis svetis moxatuloba. sveticxovlis kaTedrali sur. 84. aaxenis taZris saganZuri. wm. anastasi­ os sparsis reliqvariumi sur. 85. sacecxluri sur. 86. sacecxluri nikorwmindidan sur. 87. sacecxluri Cxutelidan sur. 88. sacecxluri sur. 89. kacxis monastris nivTebi sur. 90. sacecxluri gelaTis monastridan sur. 91. sacecxluri kulaSidan sur. 92. sacecxluri gelaTidan sur. 93. gelaTis taZris ioseb kaTalikosis saflavis ekvderis sacecxluri sur. 94. gelaTis taZris wm. petresa da pavles ekvderis sacecxluri sur. 95. imereTis mefis solomon pirvelis Se­ wiruli sacecxluri sur. 96. sawinamZRvro jvris sioni caiSidan sur. 97. Semoqmedis jvris sioni sur. 98. jumaTis jvris sioni sur. 99. nikorwmindis taZari. xis baldaqini sur. 100. nikorwmindis taZari. baldaqinis frTa sur. 101. nikorwmindis taZari. xis baldaqini. aRmosavleTi fasadi

sur. 102. gelaTis RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari, xedi aRmosavleTidan sur. 103. nikorwmindis xis baldaqini Crdi­ loeTi da dasavleTi fasadebi sur. 104. xis baldaqini. xedi qvemodan sur. 105. xis baldaqini. modelis samxreTi kedeli sur. 106. xis baldaqini. modelis CrdiloeTi kedeli sur. 107. xis baldaqini. modelis dasavleTi kedeli sur. 108. xis baldaqini. modelis CrdiloeTi kedeli sur. 109. xis baldaqini. modelis samxreTi kedeli sur. 110. xis baldaqini. modelis Crdi­ lo-dasavleTi kuTxe sur. 111. gelaTis mTavari taZari. sam­ RvdelmTavro saydari sur. 112. xis baldaqini. xedi aRmosavleTiT sur. 113. xis baldaqini. aRmosavleTi mklavis CrdiloeTi kedeli sur. 114. gelaTis mTavari taZari. trapezi sur. 115. walenjixis sakaTedro taZari. sam­ RvdelmTavro saydari sur. 116. walenjixis sakaTedro taZari. sam­ RvdelmTavro saydari. cru gumbaTi sur. 117. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. same­ fo saydari sur. 118. martvilis sakaTedro taZari. saxate niSis salxinebeli sur. 119. aTeni. sotera likodimosis eklesia sur. 120. gergetis samebis taZari. interieri. xe­ di sakurTxevlisken. kankeli sur. 121. gergetis samebis taZari. interieri. kankelis CrdiloeTi nawili sur. 122. gergetis samebis taZari. interieri. kankelis CrdiloeTi modeli sur. 123. ninowmindis sakaTedro taZari. eklesiis modelis anabeWdi sur. 124. xis Cardaxi aTenis muzeumidan sur. 125. uflis Sobis eklesiis sadafis modeli sur. 126. aRdgomis taZris sadafis modeli sur. 127. aRdgomis taZris sadafis modeli

297

suraTebis wyaroebi 1. fotosuraTebi g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis is­ toriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centris s. qobulaZis sax. xelovnebis ZeglTa fiqsaciis laboratoria – 114, 123 saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis dimitri er­ makovis fondi – 89, 117 k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, eq. TayaiSvilis fotoarqivi – 118 n. berZeniSvilis sax. quTaisis saxelmwifo is­ toriuli muzeumi – 90 giorgi bagrationi – 1 irina bequriZe – 101 gogoTur misriaSvili – 49-51, 99 giorgi pataSuri – 104, 107-110, 112, 113 neli CakvetaZe – 25-27 natalia CitiSvili – 3-5, 7-15, 16-17, 19-24, 28-29,

31-32, 34-39, 41-48, 52-78, 82-83, 85-87, 91-96, 100, 102, 103, 111, 115, 116, 119-122, 124-127 saba cikolia – 105, 106 Tamar xosroSvili – 88 daviT xoStaria – 33, 79-81 Н. Кондаков, Д. Бакрадзе, Опись памятников древ­ности в некоторых храмах и монастырях Грузии, С. -Петербург, 1890, рис. 53, 57 – 97, 98 Пр. Уварова, Христианские памятники, Мате­риа­лы по археологии Кавказа, IV, Москва, 1894, таб. XXXV – 6 v. harutiuniani, somxuri arqiteqturis isto­ ria, erevani, 1992 (somxur enaze), sur. 63 – 40 https: //projects. mcah. columbia. edu/treasuresofheaven/ relics/Reliquary-of-St-Anastasios-the-Persian. php – 84 2. naxazebi, naxatebi da sqemebi neli CakvetaZe – 2 vladimer wilosani – 30

suraTebze warmodgenili artefaqtebi inaxeba Semdeg muzeumebsa da sacavebSi saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos muzeumi – 5, 33, 53, 79-81 saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSv­ ilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumi – 44, 54-55, 59 saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis g. Citaias sax. eTnografiuli muzeumi – 61, 64 aWaris muzeumis baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumi – 76-77 n. berZeniSvilis sax. quTaisis saxelmwifo is­ toriuli muzeumi – 86, 90-95 i. javaxiSvilis sax. samcxe-javaxeTis istori­ uli muzeumi, axalcixe – 49-51, 88

298

afxazeTis saxelmwifo muzeumi, soxumi – 18 cageris istoriuli muzeumi – 87 zugdidis dadianebis sasaxle – 86 britaneTis muzeumi, londoni – 85 bizantiuri da qristianuli muzeumi, aTeni – 124 somxeTis istoriuli muzeumi, erevani – 41 jorj m. al’amas koleqcia, beTlemi – 125 tera sanqtas muzeumi, ierusalimi – 126 rokfeleris arqeologiuri muzeumi, ieru­ salimi – 127

sur. 1. ikorTis taZari. akroterioni

sur. 2. eklesiis modeli kurcxanis xeobidan. n. CakvetaZis naxati

299

sur. 3. tirZnisis samebis eklesia. akroterioni. aRmosavleTi kexi sur. 4. tirZnisis samebis eklesia. akroterioni. dasavleTi kexi

sur. 5. akroterioni axaldabidan

300

sur. 6. safaris monastris miZinebis taZris interieri

sur. 7. safaris monastris wm. sabas eklesia. akroterioni

301

sur. 8. Rromas wm. Tevdores eklesia

sur. 9. Rromas wm. Tevdores eklesia. akroterioni

302

sur. 10. jabieTiswylis beTlemis eklesia. akroterioni

sur. 11. oSoras eklesia. akroterioni sur. 12. oSoras eklesia. akroterioni

sur. 13. oSoras eklesia. akroterioni. detali

303

sur. 14. Wules monasteri. akroterioni

sur. 15. Wules monasteri. akroterioni

304

sur. 16. udes kaTolikuri eklesia. akroterioni sur. 17. udes kaTolikuri eklesia. akroterioni

sur. 18. eklesiis modeli anuxvadan

305

sur. 19. pirRebulis monasteri. akroterioni sur. 20. pirRebulis monasteri. akroterioni

sur. 21. pirRebulis monasteri. akroterioni

306

sur. 22. pirRebulis monasteri. akroterioni sur. 23. pirRebulis monasteri. akroterioni

sur. 24. pirRebulis monasteri. akroterioni

307

sur. 25. weraqvis kviracxovlis eklesia. akroterioni sur. 26. weraqvis kviracxovlis eklesia. akroterioni

sur. 27. weraqvis kviracxovlis eklesia. akroterioni

308

sur. 28. sagarejos wm. petresa da pavles eklesia. akroterioni

sur. 29. sagarejos wm. petresa da pavles eklesia. protomi

sur. 30. ananuris RmrTismSoblis eklesia. akroterioni. v. wilosanis naxazi

309

sur. 31. Tbilisis sioni. akroterioni

sur. 32. Tbilisis sioni. gumbaTis yeli. detali

310

sur. 33. alaverdis kaTedrali. akroterioni

sur. 34. xanZTis monasteri. samreklos gumbaTis wveri

311

sur. 35. haRpatis taZari. aRmosavleTi fasadi sur. 36. haRpatis taZari. eklesiis modeli saqtitoro gamosaxulebidan

sur. 37. haRpatis taZari. akroterioni

312

sur. 38. hariWavanqis taZari. aRmosavleTi fasadi. sur. 39. hariWavanqis taZari. aRmosavleTi fasadi. saqtitoro gamosaxuleba

sur. 40. hariWavanqis taZari. akroterioni, saqtitoro gamosaxuleba

313

sur. 41. barZrakaSis monasteri. akroterioni

sur. 42. musxis wm. giorgis eklesia. akroterioni

314

sur. 43. meRvrekisis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis eklesia. akroterioni

sur. 44. axalqalaqis (daSbaSis) eklesia. akroterioni

315

sur. 45. safaris monastris wm. stefanes eklesia. akroterioni

sur. 46. safaris monastris wm. stefanes eklesia. akroterioni, dasavleTi fasadi

316

sur. 47. zarzmis monasteri. eklesiis modeli

sur. 48. saRamos eklesia. lorfinis gadaxurvis detali

317

sur. 49. safaris monasteri. akroterioni sur. 50. safaris monasteri. akroterioni

sur. 51. safaris monasteri. akroterioni

318

sur. 52. bolajuris eklesia. eklesiis modelis fragmenti

sur. 53. buCurianis eklesia. akroterioni

sur. 54. didi gomareTi. eklesiis modeli

sur. 55. didi gomareTi. eklesiis modeli. detali

319

sur. 56. fitareTis eklesia. gumbaTis yeli. wm. basilis Tavis gamosaxuleba

sur. 57. xandos eklesia. mSenebelTa savaraudo gamosaxulebebi

320

sur. 58. iSxnis kaTedrali. mSenebelTa gamosaxulebebi

sur. 59. tyemlovana. akroterioni

sur. 60. stefanwmindis istoriuli muzeumi. akroterioni

sur. 61. saflavis qva tbisis RmrTismSoblis eklesiis ezodan

321

sur. 62. sof. Toria. saflavis qva

sur. 63. saTxis eklesia. saflavis qva

322

sur. 64. orojolari. saflavis qva

sur. 65. orojolari. saflavis qva. detali

323

sur. 66. saflavis qva. detali

sur. 67. Rrtilas eklesia. saflavis qva

324

sur. 68. verana samsaris wm. giorgis eklesia. saflavis qva

sur. 69. ptena, saflavis qva

325

sur. 70. qildas nasaxlari. saflavis qva

sur. 71. qildas nasaxlari. saflavis qva

326

sur. 72. orjalari.

Zveli naeklesiari. saflavis qva

sur. 73. zarzmis monasteri. eklesiis modeli

327

sur. 74. safaris monasteri. wyaro

sur. 75. safaris monasteri. wyaro. detali

328

sur. 76. eklesiis modeli sur. 77. eklesiis modeli

sur. 78. sakvirikes eklesia. eklesiis modeli

329

sur. 79. sveticxovlis kaTedralis modeli

sur. 80. sveticxovlis kaTedralis modeli

sur. 81. sveticxovlis kaTedralis modeli

330

sur. 82. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. samxreTi fasadi

sur. 83. sveticxovlis svetis moxatuloba. sveticxovlis kaTedrali

331

sur. 84. aaxenis taZris saganZuri. wm. anastasios sparsis reliqvariumi

sur. 85. sacecxluri sur. 86. sacecxluri nikorwmindidan

332

sur. 87. sacecxluri Cxutelidan

sur. 88. sacecxluri

sur. 89. kacxis monastris nivTebi

333

sur. 90. sacecxluri gelaTis monastridan sur. 91. sacecxluri kulaSidan

sur. 92. sacecxluri gelaTidan

334

sur. 93. gelaTis taZris ioseb kaTalikosis saflavis ekvderis sacecxluri sur. 94. gelaTis taZris wm. petresa da pavles ekvderis sacecxluri

sur. 95. imereTis mefis solomon pirvelis Sewiruli sacecxluri

335

sur. 96. sawinamZRvro jvris sioni caiSidan sur. 97. Semoqmedis jvris sioni sur. 98. jumaTis jvris sioni

sur. 99. nikorwmindis taZari. xis baldaqini

336

sur. 100. nikorwmindis taZari. baldaqinis frTa

sur. 101. nikorwmindis taZari. xis baldaqini. aRmosavleTi fasadi

337

sur. 102. gelaTis RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari, xedi aRmosavleTidan

sur. 103. nikorwmindis xis baldaqini CrdiloeTi da dasavleTi fasadebi

338

sur. 104. xis baldaqini. xedi qvemodan

sur. 105. xis baldaqini. modelis samxreTi kedeli

sur. 106. xis baldaqini. modelis CrdiloeTi kedeli

339

sur. 107. xis baldaqini. modelis dasavleTi kedeli

sur. 108. xis baldaqini. modelis CrdiloeTi kedeli

340

sur. 109. xis baldaqini. modelis samxreTi kedeli sur. 110. xis baldaqini. modelis Crdilo-dasavleTi kuTxe

sur. 111. gelaTis mTavari taZari. samRvdelmTavro saydari

341

sur. 112. xis baldaqini. xedi aRmosavleTiT

sur. 113. xis baldaqini. aRmosavleTi mklavis CrdiloeTi kedeli

342

sur. 114. gelaTis mTavari taZari. trapezi

sur. 115. walenjixis sakaTedro taZari. samRvdelmTavro saydari

sur. 116. walenjixis sakaTedro taZari. samRvdelmTavro saydari. cru gumbaTi

343

sur. 117. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. samefo saydari sur. 118. martvilis sakaTedro taZari. saxate niSis salxinebeli

sur. 119. aTeni. sotera likodimosis eklesia

344

sur. 120. gergetis samebis taZari. interieri. xedi sakurTxevlisken. kankeli sur. 121. gergetis samebis taZari. interieri. kankelis CrdiloeTi nawili

sur. 122. gergetis samebis taZari. interieri. kankelis CrdiloeTi modeli

345

sur. 123. ninowmindis sakaTedro taZari. eklesiis modelis anabeWdi

sur. 124. xis Cardaxi aTenis muzeumidan

346

sur. 125. uflis Sobis eklesiis sadafis modeli

sur. 126. aRdgomis taZris sadafis modeli

347

sur. 127. aRdgomis taZris sadafis modeli

348

daviT xoStaria arqiteqturuli naxazebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi1 Senobis dagegmvisa da agebis procesSi uZvelesi droidan gamoiyeneboda arqiteqturuli grafika. gegmis, Wrilis Tu orTogonaluri proeqciis naxazebi dasturdeba Zvel SuamdinareT­ Si, egvi pteSi, urartuSi, saberZneTSi, elinistur aRmosavleTsa da romSi2. naxazebis momzadeb­ is antikuri kultura gadmovida adreqristianul xanaSic. rTuli arqiteqturuli da urbanu­ li naxazebisa da maT mosamzadeblad saWiro ganviTarebuli saxazavi xelsawyoebis arsebobas mowmobs V–VI saukuneebis werilobiTi wyaroebi3. sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs arqeolo­ giuri masala, romelmac arqiteqturuli naxazebis adreqristianuli nimuSebi Semogvinaxa. ase­ Tia ori keramikuli fila oxrididan, savaraudod V saukunisa (sur. 1, 2). filebze datanilia saeklesio SenobaTa gegmebi: erTze – narTeqsiani samnaviani bazilikisa, meoreze – tetrakonqi­ sa. daaxloebiT imave xanisaa aTenis pompeiumze napovni marmarilos fila rotondis gegmis ga­ mosaxulebiT (sur. 3). gegma gviCvenebs Senobis yvela arsebiT elements – ZiriTad wriul sivrc­ es, orafsidian narTeqss dasavleTiT da ZlierSveril samafsidian sakurTxevels aRmosav­ leTiT. rTulia danamdvilebiT iTqvas, ra SeiZleba yofiliyo am naxazebis daniSnuleba. isini sakmarisad zustad gadmoscems zogad arqiteqturul ideas, magram Zneli warmosadgenia mSen­ eblobis procesSi aseTi naxazebiT exelmZRvanelaT. maT ufro sademonstracio daniSnuleba unda hqonoda – keramikul Tu qvis filaze datanil gegmas warudgendnen damkveTebs, raTa maT enaxaT ramdenad Seesabameboda xuroTmoZRvris Canafiqri wayenebul moTxovnebs.

1

am narkvevs safuZvlad udevs Cems mier dawerili qveTavi wignisaTvis: d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliS­ vili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 137-143.

E. Hadjitryphonos, Presentations and Representations of Architecture in Byzantium: The Thought behind the Image, in: S. Ćurčić, E. Hadjitryphonos (eds), Architecture as Icon: Perception and Representation of Architecture in Byzantine Art, New Haven & London, 2010, gv. 114.

2

magaliTad, arqiteqtor iuliane askalonelis mier 531-533 wlebSi dawerili traqtati, markoz diakvnis `wm. porfiriusis cxovreba~, pavle silentiariusis himni konstantinepolis wm. sofiosadmi da sxva (M. S. Briggs, The Architect in History, Oxford, 1927, gv. 47-50; C. Mango, Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453, Sources and Documents, Emglewood Cliffs, N.J., 1972, gv. 30-32; R. Ousterhout, Master Builders of Byzantium, Princeton, 1999, gv. 62).

3

349

V-VII saukuneebSi detaluri arqiteqturuli grafikis arsebobis damadasturebel irib sabuTad uTuod gamodgeba didad msgavsi saeklesio Senobebis arseboba adreqristianu­ li samyaros sxvadasxva mxareSi4. amis kargi magaliTi saqarTveloSic moi poveba – mcxeTis jvari da misi mimbaZveli nagebobebi, upirveles yovlisa ki atenis sioni. originalis game­ orebis sizustis iseTi xarisxis miRweva, rogorsac atenSi vxedavT, SeuZlebeli iqneboda ganviTarebuli arqiteqturuli dokumentaciis gareSe. mxolod gegma, cxadia, amisTvis sak­ marisi ar iqneboda. bizantiis imperiaSi naxazebis momzadebisa da moxmarebis wesebi ueWvelad cocxali iyo VII saukunemde, sanam xuroTmoZRvarTa profesiuli momzadeba antikur tradicias efuZne­ boda. ra xdeboda Semdeg, mTlad naTeli ar aris. werilobiT wyaroTa cnobebi, romlebic SeiZleboda Sua da gvianbizantiur xanaSi naxazebis arsebobis damadastureblad mogvexmo, cotaa, Tanac metwilad bundovani. safiqrelia, rom isini, rogorc wesi, gulisxmobs gegmis dakvalvas adgilze da ara masStaburad Semcirebuli naxazebis gakeTebas etratsa Tu qaR­ aldze. miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevarTa nawils sjera, rom rTuli saproeqto naxazebis momza­ debis meTodebi bizantiaSi cnobili iyo VII saukunis Semdegac5. konstantine rodoselis mier 931-944 wlebs Soris daweril `mociqulTa eklesiis aRweraze~ dayrdnobiT, g. dauni askvnis, rom imxanad bizantielebs unda scodnodaT arqiteqturuli grafikis sami saxe – gegma, Wrili da perspeqtiva, Tumca zogadad bizantiur samSeneblo naxazebze msjelobisas is sakmaod frTxilia6. e. hajitrifonosi cdilobs axsnas, ratom ar SemorCa samSeneblo nax­ azebi da, garda zogadi mizezebisa (omebi, xanZrebi...), aRniSnavs praqtikul aspeqtebsac. ker­ Zod, ivaraudeba, rom Zvir masalaze – papirussa da etratze Sesrulebul naxazebs ar inaxa­ vdnen. mas Semdeg, rac Senoba aigeboda da naxazebi saWiro aRar iyo, maT ubralod fxekdnen da etrats Tu papiruss Tavidan iyenebdnen. es praqtika marTlac dasturdeba dasavleT ev­ ropaSi (`reimsis palimfsesti~), magram bizantiuri palimfsesti-naxazebi cnobili ar aris. aseTive hi poTeturia mosazreba, rom samuSao naxazebi cviliT dafarul dafebze daitane­ boda7. am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT r. osterhoti Ffiqrobs, rom VIII saukunidan, rogorc wesi, bizantiaSi samSeneblo naxazebs ar akeTebdnen. ufro cxadi Cans suraTi ruseTSi. p. rapoporti gadaWriT ambobs, rom X-XIII saukuneebSi (da bevrad gvianac) Zveli rusi xuroTmoZRvrebi naxazebs ar xmarobdnen8. dasavleT evropa­ Si samSeneblo naxazebis gamoyenebis kulturam ganviTareba mxolod goTikur arqiteqturaSi daiwyo, Tumca aris erTi gacilebiT adrindeli nimuSi – sankt-galenis monastris gegma, daTa­ riRebuli 830 wlis axlo xanebiT9. 1230-40-ian wlebs ganekuTvneba vilar de onekuris cnobili 4

R. Ousterhout, Master Builders of Byzantium, gv. 62.

Ch. Bouras, Originality in Byzantine Architecture, in: Mélanges Jean Pierre Sodini, Travaux et mémoires 15, Paris, 2005, gv. 99-108; S. Ćurčić, E. Hadjitryphonos (eds), Architecture as Icon, gv. 114-120.

5

6

G. Downey, Byzantine Architects, their Training and Methods, Byzantion, T. XVIII, 1948, gv. 114-117.

7

S. Ćurčić, E. Hadjitryphonos (eds), Architecture as Icon, gv. 122.

P. Rappoport, Building the Churches of Kievan Russia, Aldershot, 1995, gv. 166. avtoris azriT, XVI-XVII saukuneebSic ki naxazebi sWirdeboda ara imdenad xuroTmoZRvars, ramdenadac damkveTs samuSaos winaswar dasagegmad da gasanawileblad (iqve).

8

9

350

Ch. B. McClendon, The Origins of Medieval Architecture, New Haven and London, 2005, gv. 163-172.

albomi, romelic Seicavs eklesiebis gegmebsa da fasadTa naxazebs10. XIII da metadre XIV sauku­ nidan gamoxazuli arqiteqturuli proeqtebi ukve sakmaod bevria11. werilobiTi cnobebiT, uf­ ro adrindeli xanidan – ukve VIII-IX saukuneebidan – Cans samSeneblo naxazebi (pergamentze an etratze datanili gegmebi) islamur qveynebSi12, Tumca es cnobebi epizoduria da, rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebs exeba. naxazebis momzadeba-moxmarebis praqtikis farTo gavrcel­ eba XIII-XIV saukuneebidan aris savaraudo, pirvel rigSi ilxanidTa samflobeloebSi13. ra viTareba gvaqvs am mxriv kavkasiaSi da, kerZod, saqarTveloSi? igive r. osterhoti, romelic, rogorc vnaxeT, skeptikurad uyurebs VII saukunis Semdgom bizantiaSi naxazebis arsebobas, a. RazarianTan erTad daweril narkvevSi SeniSnavs: `kavkasiaSi gancalkevebiT mdebare somxeTisa da saqarTvelos arqiteqtura bevri niSniT gansxvavdeba bizantiis imperi­ is arqiteqturisagan, romelTanac maT Cveulebriv ajgufeben xolme. rTulma geometriam, ar­ qiteqturuli Canafiqris gadacemam erTi centridan meoreSi da Tlili qvis ganviTarebulma xuroTmoZRvrebam SeiZleba gvafiqrebinos, rom am regionSi uwyvetad xmarobdnen arqite­ qturul naxazebs, karga xans mas Semdegac, rac maTi xmareba Sewyvites bizantiaSi. mWidrod morgebuli Tlili qvis Senobebs winaswari momzadebis ufro maRali xarisxi sWirdeboda, vidre bizantiisTvis ti piur qvisa da aguris Senobebs, romlebSic Seusabamobebi SeiZlebo­ da kiris xsnaris uxvi xmarebiT SeniRbuliyo~14. vfiqrob, es mosazreba sakmaod safuZvliania. ra Tqma unda, yvela eklesiis aSeneba naxaz­ ebs ar moiTxovda – martivi struqturis patara Senobebi ostatebs SeiZleba `zepirad~, Tav­ ianTi praqtikuli codniTac aegoT, magram iseT rTul, geometriulad srulyofil, Tlili qviT mopirkeTebul taZrebs, rogoricaa mcxeTis jvari, wromi, samSvilde, oSki, kumurdo da mravali sxva, mosamzadebeli naxazebi namdvilad dasWirdeboda15.

Th. Bowie (ed.), The Medieval Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt, New York, 2005; C. F. Barnes, Jr., The Portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt, Aldershot, 2009. dRemde sakamaToa, gamoiyeneboda Tu ara es naxazebi praqtikaSi. 10

J. Harvey, The Mediaeval Architect, New York, 1972, gv. 101-119 (mtkiced swams, rom 1200 wlidan mainc dasavleT evropaSi naxazebis gareSe mSeneblobebi ar mimdinareobda); F. B. Andrews, The Mediaeval Builder and his Methods, New York, 1999, gv. 80-87 (fiqrobs, rom adreuli dasavluri naxazebis umetesoba Senebisas an gamouyenebuli iyo, an mxolooden tradiciuli codnis safuZvelze mosaxmari); A. Pacey, Medieval Architectural Drawing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2007, gv. 33-58 (arqiteqturul naxazebad ganixilavs ara mxolod etratsa Tu qaRaldze Sesrulebul masStabur proeqtebs, aramed Senobebis kedlebsa da iatakze datanil sqemebsac).

11

J. Harvey, The Mediaeval Architect, gv. 98; G. Necipoğlu, The Topkapi Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture, Los Angeles, 1994, gv. 3-4.

12

13

G. Necipoğlu, The Topkapi Scroll, gv. 4-5.

A. Ghazarian and R. Ousterhout, A Muqarnas Drawing from Thirteenth-Century Armenia and the Use of Architectural Drawings during the Middle Ages, Muqarnas, Vol. 18, 2001, gv. 150-151. am azrs aviTarebs k. maranCi (Ch. Maranci, The Architect Trdat: Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 62, No. 3, 2003, gv. 294-305). sxvaTa Soris, is ganixilavs stefanoz taronecis cnobasac, romlis mixedviTac xuroTmoZRvar Trdats konstantinopolis aia sofias gumbaTis aRdgena naxazebisa da modelis momzadebiT dauwyia (gv. 297).

14

15

`eWvgareSea, rom iseT eklesiebs, rogoricaa vaCnaZianis gumbaTiani yvelawminda, hqonda deta­ lurad damuSavebuli samSeneblo naxazebi~ – werda g. CubinaSvili (Г. Чубинашвили, Архитектура Кахетии, Тбилиси, 1959, gv. 588).

351

Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arqiteqturuli naxazebis gamoyenebis dadastureba weri­ lobiT wyaroebSic moi poveba. XI saukunis II naxevris mwerali efrem mcire qarTlis moqce­ vis ambebis gadmocemisas mogviTxrobs mcxeTaSi pirveli eklesiis agebis ambavs da aRniS­ navs, rom wm. ninom mefe-dedoflis TxovniT `dausaxa maT taZari~, Semdeg ki igive gaakeTa mSeneblebisTvis: `igi dahsaxvida, xolo igini aRmokuÀTdes da aSenebdes~16. efrem mcire aq Teodorite kvirelis `eklesiis istorias~ (dawerilia 449 wels) efuZneba. motanili cno­ ba wmindanTa mier saeklesio Senobebis dagegmvis istoriebis mdgrad sqemas misdevs, magram Tundac vendoT mas, wm. nino kapadokielis SesaZlo ganswavluloba arqiteqturuli naxazis gakeTebis saqmeSi romaul-elinistur samyaroSi miRebul codnaze migviTiTebs da IV sauku­ nis qarTvel mSenebelTa meTodebis sailustraciod ar gamodgeba. samagierod, is Rirebulia XI saukunis saqarTvelos viTarebis gasagebad. bunebrivia, efremi `taZris dasaxvaze~ lapa­ raks ver daiwyebda, mas rom ar scodnoda aseTi praqtikis arseboba. misi teqsti gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs `aRSenebadi taZris~ saxe, proeqti, romelsac winaswar `dasaxaven~ da Semdeg `dasaxulis~ mixedviT aSeneben17. amas garda, Cven gvaqvs `namdvili~ gegmac – qoroRos X saukunis miwurulis eklesiis cno­ bil saqtitoro gamosaxulebaze, sadac is momgebels taZris saxebis magivrad uWiravs18 (sur.

4). es gamosaxuleba sruliad unikaluria, mas miaxloebiTi paralelic ar moeZebneba arc saqarTveloSi da arc sadme sxvagan, amitom masze sagangebod SevCerdebi. reliefi gamokveTilia qvis marTkuTxa blokze, romelic Tavidan albaT kapitelis funq­ cias asrulebda, amJamad ki Tavdayiraa CarTuli uxeirod nageb gviandel samxreT minaSenSi. reliefi warmogvidgens sam qtitors, amaTgan marcxnidan mesames – zomiT sxva orze dids – marcxena xeliT vertikalurad wagrZelebuli didi marTkuTxa sagani uWiravs. misi si­ maRle qtitoris simaRlis daaxloebiT ⅔-s Seadgens. am sagnis zedapiri warmoadgens swor sibrtyes, romelzec Rrma RariT datanilia Senobis gegma – sakmaod martivi, marTkuTxa, zemoT (unda vigulisxmoT – aRmosavleTiT) sami rkaliT daboloebuli. qoroRos eklesia, rogorc cnobilia, Taviseburadaa agebuli – orqanoba saxuraviT das­ rulebuli, garedan igi calnavian Senobas hgavs, magram Sida struqtura uCveulod rTu­ efrem mcire, uwyebaÁ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa, Tu romel wignTa Sina moiÃsenebis, T. bregaZis gamocema, Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 7.

16

v. beriZe, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoria, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 213. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi winaswari samSeneblo naxazebis arsebobis mowmobad efrem mcires cnoba moaqvs v. jobaZesac (W. Djobadze, The Georgian Churches of Tao-Klarjet‘i: Construction Methods and Materials, Oriens Christianus, 62, 1978, gv. 116). iqve damatebiT igi uTiTebs `serapion zarzmelis cxorebis~ epizods, romelSic naTqvamia, rom winamZRvar miqaelis dros `iwyes eklesiaÁ igi, winaÁswar gamosaxuli wmidisa mier~ (Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 344). vfiqrob, aq `winaÁswar gamosaxuli wmidisa mier~ wm. serapionis mier miqaelisadmi CvenebiT uwyebas gulisxmobs (razec manamdea saubari) da ara Senobis naxazis gakeTebas. Tavis droze es epizodi daimowma i. javaxiSvilmac (mSeneblobis xelovneba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1944, gv. 142) 17

Р. Меписашвили, Рельефы рубежа X-XI вв. со сценами строительства в храме у селения Корого, Советская археология, №4, 1969, gv. 228-229, sur. 9; Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, Москва, 1977, tab. 116117; R. Ousterhout, Master Builders of Byzantium, gv. 69-70, sur. 43; A. Ghazarian and R. Ousterhout, A Muqarnas Drawing from Thirteenth-Century Armenia.., gv. 151, sur. 14; S. Ćurčić, E. Hadjitryphonos (eds), Architecture as Icon, gv. 119, sur.

11; d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, gv. 140-141, sur. 110.

18

352

lia (sur. 5). interierSi sami sveti dgas, ris Sedegadac dasavleTiT ori `navi~ warmoiqmne­ ba, sakurTxeveli ki samnawiliania. gegmaSi samive nawili marTkuTxaa, magram gadaxurulia konqebiT19. gegmis qvaze amokveTisas gamomqandakebelma ar daitana svetebi, samagierod morkalvebiT gadmosca aRmosavleTiT sami naxevargumbaTi – is, rac mas, etyoba, umTavresad miaCnda. anu, aq arsebiTad gvaqvs kombinirebuli naxazi, romelSic Serwymulia gegma da gad­ axurvis proeqcia. ra Tqma unda, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom es Tavad samuSao gegma ki ara, gegmis skulpturuli reprezentaciaa, romlis mizansac detalebis Cveneba ar Seadgens. vfiqrob, qoroRos reliefze naCvenebi gegma cxadi mowmobaa X-XI saukuneebis saqarT­ veloSi arqiteqturuli grafikis arsebobisa. metic, is adasturebs, rom gegmis naxazis idea nacnobi da gasagebi iyo ara mxolod mSenebeli ostatebisTvis, aramed damkveTebisTvisac da, safiqrelia, ufro farTo wrisTvisac. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mis warmodgenas eklesiis fasadze azri ar eqneboda.

SeiZleba gavixsenoT manxutis zeda eklesiis (VI-VII saukuneebi) samxreT-aRmosavleT ku­ Txis did qvaze amokawruli ucnauri, erTi SexedviT qaoturi naxazic (sur. 6). gamoTqmulia azri, rom is warmoadgens dakvalvis eskizur sqemas, romelic iTvaliswinebs Senobis pro­ porciul danawevrebas20. arqiteqturuli naxazis ufro TvalsaCino nimuSebi Semoinaxa ruisis taZris CrdiloeT fasadze. isini Sesrulebulia Temurlengis mier dangreuli Senobis safuZvliani aRdgenis dros mefe aleqsandre I-is xanaSi (1412-1442)21. rogorc Cans, naxazebi am aRdgenaze momuSave os­ tatebma gaakeTes praqtikuli mizniT, mSeneblobis procesSi mosaSvelieleblad (sur. 7, 8, 9). naxazebi datanilia CrdiloeTi fasadis dasavleT nawilze, karis marjvniv. isini sakmaod dablaa – iseT simaRleze, rom Semsrulebels xazvisas kibis moSvelieba ar dasWirdeboda. sul sami nagebobis naxazia: eklesiisa, mis uSualod qvemoT – eklesiis karibWisa da maT mar­ jvniv, cota moSorebiT – samreklosi. eklesiisa da samreklos naxazebi moicavs cokolis zemoT safasado wyobis meore-mexuTe rigebs, karibWisa – pirvels da cota gadadis meoreze.

Cans, rom mxazveli SeZlebisdagvarad erideboda bazaltis svretil blokebs da cdilobda naxazi qviSaqvis kvadrebis gluv zedapirze daetana. naxazebi Sesrulebulia wiTeli saRebaviT, alag-alag (samreklos naxazze) moruxo feris miSveliebiT. amJamad saRebavi didwilad gadasulia, mxolod alag-alag ganirCeva, magram jer kidev 70-iode wlis win naxazebi bevrad ukeT Canda22.

19

eklesiis xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesaxeb vrclad ix.: n. vaCeiSvili, qoroRos RmrTismSoblis eklesia da misi maSenebelni, literatura da xelovneba, #2, 1993, gv. 137-175.

20

i. banZelaZe, sigrZis sazomi erTeuli da nagebobis gegmis dakvalvis xerxebi Zvel saqarTveloSi, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglTa analizis da dacvis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 74. ruisis taZris samSeneblo istoriisaTvis ix.: Г. Чубинашвили, К истории Руисского Храма, Вопросы истории искусства, т. I, Тбилиси, 1970, gv. 184-205.

21

1951 wels tatiana Seviakovam gaakeTa ruisis naxazebis Semcirebuli aslebi, romlebic inaxeba saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi (Zveli saqarTvelos monumenturi mxatvroba da misi moamageni, katalogi, teqsti da SeniSvnebi n. CixlaZisa, Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 104, sur. 94-95). msjelobisas didwilad am aslebiT vxelmZRvanelob da sailustraciodac maT viSvelieb. Znelia iTqvas ram gamoiwvia naxazebis gaqrobis procesis mkveTri daCqareba bolo aTwleulebSi. savaraudo mizezi SeiZleba iyos klimaturi cvlilebebi da haeris dabinZureba.

22

353

eklesia naxazze warmodgenilia dasavleTi fasadiT. SuaSi datanilia orferda saxuraviT gadaxuruli karibWe, ZiriTadi korpusis kideebze – kuTxis nawilebis saxuravebis damreci kalTebi. dasavleTi mklavis orferda saxuravi naCvenebi ara aris. fasadis sibrtyis didi naw­ ili (garda Sesasvlelis aresi) sxvadasxva konfiguraciis marTkuTxa ujredebad aris day­ ofili. Senobas maRali gumbaTi agvirgvinebs, aseve SemaRlebuli konusuri saxuraviT, rom­ elzec didi jvari dgas. gumbaTisa da qveda korpusis simaRleebis Sefardeba sakmaod axloa realurTan, magram sxva mxriv naxazs cota ram Tu aqvs saerTo arsebul SenobasTan. is arseb­ iTad ar warmoaCens ruisis taZris – `Caxazuli jvris~ ti pis nagebobis moculobiT agebule­ bas. gansxvaveba realuri nagebobisagan aSkaraa ara mxolod zogad struqturaSi, aramed de­ talebSic – magaliTad, daxatul gumbaTs yelze 16-maliani dekoratiuli TaRnari evleba da, Sesabamisad, unda vigulisxmoT, rom yeli 16-waxnagaa. ruisis taZris gumbaTi ki 12-waxnagaa. naxazis yvelaze ucnauri Tavisebureba urTierTmarTobuli xazebiT Seqmnili badea, romelic fasadis mniSvnelovan nawils edeba da masze marTkuTxa ujredebs qmnis. savarau­ dod, es asaSenebeli xaraCos sqemaa: vertikaluri xazebi Seesabameba boZebs, horizonta­ lurebi – platformebs. ramdenadac bizantiuri da dasavleTevropuli gamosaxulebebiT SeiZleba vimsjeloT, erTiani boZebiani xaraCoebi iq XV saukunidan Cndeba23. Tu ruisis nax­ azze (romelic swored XV saukunisaa) marTlac xaraCoa naCvenebi, unda davaskvnaT, rom es teqnikuri siaxle saqarTveloSic droulad auTvisebiaT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ruisis taZars XV saukuneSi ki ar aSenebdnen, aramed aRadgend­ nen. kedlebis mniSvnelovani nawili da gumbaTi kvlavac idga da mxolod gamagrebas an perangis Secvla-ganaxlebas saWiroebda. aseT pirobebSi ver gamoiyenebdnen Sua saukuneebis mSeneblobaSi farTod miRebul dakidul platformebs, romlebic iqmneba mSenebare kedel­ Si erT simaRleze Catanebul or an ramdenime Zelze gadebuli ficrebiT. Sesabamisad, boZe­ biani xaraCoebis aRmarTva gardauvali iyo. me mgonia, rom eklesiis naxazi swored xaraCos mowyobis sqemis saCveneblad gakeTda. amiT aixsneba masze eklesiis formebis pirobiTi warmodgena. gamoxazuli xaraCo arsebiTad `uni­ versaluria~, is dasavleT fasadTan aris naCvenebi, magram am sqemiT is sxva fasadebTanac SeiZleboda dadgmuliyo. eklesiis karibWis naxazi bevrad ufro martivia. is warmogvidgens erTi farTo TaRiT gaxsnil orferdasaxuravian portiks. sagulisxmoa specifikuri konstruqciuli detalis Cveneba – datanilia ara mxolod portikis kamara, aramed misi sabjeni TaRic Tavisi kro­ nStainebiT. samreklo naxazze orsarTuliani nagebobaa, romlis orive sarTuli TiTo TaRiT aris gaxsnili. TvalSisacemia mkveTrad gazviadebulad naCvenebi karnizisa da meore sarTulis kapitelebis Sverilebi. meore sarTulis TaRis sayrden svetebs Soris gadebulia zaris Camosakidi Zeli. sainteresoa, rom gansxvavebiT struqturuli elementebisagan, es Zeli ruxi saRebaviTaa datanili24. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mxazvelma sxvadasxva feriT aCvena 23

d. TumaniSvili, n. nacvliSvili, d. xoStaria, mSenebeli ostatebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, gv. 148.

N. Natsvlishvili, Bell Towers in Medieval Georgia: Architecture and Ritual, sajaro leqcia wakiTxuli 2021 wlis 14 dekembers florenciis xelovnebis istoriis institutis mier giorgi CubinaSvilis sax. erovnul kvleviT centrTan erTad organizebul leqciaTa seriaSi `esTetika, xelovneba da arqiteqtura kavkasiaSi~.

24

354

sxvadasxva masala (wiTliT – qva, ruxiT – xe), rac naxazis praqtikuli daniSnulebidan ga­ momdinare, savsebiT gasagebia. Tumca gaugebaria ratom aris daxatuli imave ruxi feriT sam­ reklos fanCaturis zeda nawili – esec xiT unda agebuliyo?

Cven ar viciT auSenes Tu ara ruisis taZars samreklo XV saukuneSi da Tu auSenes, ram­ denad hgavda is gamoxazul nagebobas. axlandeli samreklo, romelic kedelze datanili naxazisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli saxisaa, ufro gvian aris agebuli.

Senobebi naxazebze sxvadasxva masStabiTaa gamosaxuli (eklesia masStaburad aSkarad ufro Semcirebulia, vidre samreklo). Sesrulebis xarisxi dabalia, zogan mxazvels ar­ qiteqturuli forma `ganze gaurbis~. wriuli xazebi sakmaod sworadaa gamoyvanili, unda vivaraudoT, rom mxazveli fargals iyenebda. naxazebis nagebobis kedlebze (zogjer iatakzec) warmodgenis praqtika kargad iyo cno­ bili Sua saukuneebSi. isini sxvadasxva daniSnulebisaa da, Sesabamisad, didad sxvaobs erT­ maneTisgan Sesrulebis xarisxiT, sizustiT, masStabiTa da zomiT. nubiis eklesiebis (fa­ rasis kaTedrali, banganarti, vadi abu domi) kedlebze gvxvdeba XI-XV saukuneeTa Soris Sesrulebuli sqematuri naxatebi gegmebisa da fasadebisa25. maTi funqcia mTlad naTeli ar aris. sruliad sxvagvaria somxeTSi astvacankalis monastris gavitis kedelze amokawruli mkacrad geometriuli badisebri naxazi, romelic muyarnasis sqemas wamoadgens26. dasavleT evropis XIII-XIV saukuneTa araerT nagebobaSi uSualod qvis kedlebze an Selesilobaze SemorCenili samSeneblo naxazebi27 aseve, rogorc wesi, gviCvenebs ara mTel Senobas, aramed mis detalebs – pirvel rigSi vitraJian fanjrebs. ilis kaTedralis kedelze daaxloe­ biT 1250 wels Sesrulebuli naxazi aseTi fanjris sakmaod zust sqemas warmoadgens, Rio­ bis formisa da vitraJis tixrebis CvenebiT28. xSirad aseTi sqemebi sruli masStabiT (erTi erTze) keTdeboda, rac, bunebrivia, mSeneblebs saqmes gauadvilebda. XIV-XV saukuneebiT daTariRebuli sxvadasxva saxis naxazebi Semoinaxa eSvelis sent meris eklesiis kedlebze hertfordSirSi. zogi am naxazTagan TiTqos SemTxveviTi grafitia, zogi geometriaSi var­ jiSs hgavs, zogic namdvili arqiteqturuli naxazia29. iatakze datanili naxazebi aris kler­ mon-feranisa da suasonis goTikur kaTedralebSi30. samSeneblo naxazebi am sityvis namdvili gagebiT saqarTveloSi mxolod XVIII sauku­ nidan SemogvrCa, isic mxolod ori da Tanac orive samoqalaqo (arasaeklesio) nagebobebi­ sa31. maTgan uadresia 1720 wels Sesrulebuli garejis wm. daviTis lavris ori koSkis proe­ P. Makowski, In Search of the Nubian Master-Builders: An Architectural Drawing From the Faras Cathedral, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, Annual of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw, XXV, 2016, gv. 808-825.

25

26

A. Ghazarian and R. Ousterhout, A Muqarnas Drawing from Thirteenth-Century Armenia.., gv. 146-150, sur. 11, 13.

27

A. Pacey, Medieval Architectural Drawing, gv. 33-58.

28

iqve, gv. 33, sur. 2. 1.

29

iqve, gv. 40, sur. 2. 5.

M. T. Davis, On the Drawing Board, in: Ad Quadratum: the Principal Application of Geometry in Medieval Architecture, ed. by N. Y. Wu, Aldershot, 2002, gv. 183-204.

30

31

maTi dawvrilebiTi ganxilva ix.: v. beriZe, XVIII s-is qarTvel xuroTmoZRvarTa naxazebi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XIV-B, 1947, gv. 219-236.

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qti, romelic Seicavs asagebi Senobebis TiTo fasadis naxazs da vrcel ganmartebiT teqsts (sur. 10). naxazi daferilia da Cans masalis (aguris, qvis) feris Cvenebis cda. Sesruleba sustia, Tumca yvelaferi gasagebad aris mocemuli32. saxazavi xelsawyoebi Semsrulebels aSkarad aklda. rogorc Cans, mas fargalic ar hqonia – gumbaTebisa da sarkmlis TaRebis naxevarwreebi xeliT aris moxazuli. mxolod zogierTi swori xazia saxazaviT gavlebuli. proeqti ar ganxorcielebula. meore proeqti qolagiris cixisaa, TariRdeba XVIII saukunis boloTi. is sam naxazs Sei­ cavs – gegmis pirveli variantis Sav naxazs (mis meore gverdze ganmartebiTi baraTia), gegmis meore variantis Sav naxazsa da amave variantis TeTr naxazs. zogan zomebic aris miTiTebuli sityvierad. gegmebi sqematuria, magram cixis ageba met detalizacias albaT arc saWiroebda. rogorc samarTlianad SeniSnavs v. beriZe am naxazebis ganxilvisas, `ar gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom esaa umaRlesi done, romelsac CvenSi xuroTmoZRvruli Canafiqris grafi­ kulma gamosaxvam miaRwia~33. es proeqtebi ufro im dacemis maCvenebelia, romelic qarTul arqiteqturaSi XIV saukunidan daiwyo da axal dromde gagrZelda. safiqrelia, rom adrin­ deli naxazebi ufro xarisxianad unda yofiliyo Sesrulebuli. dasasruls, oriode sityva unda iTqvas moculobiTi proeqtirebis Sesaxeb. cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi didi raodenobiT iqmneboda saeklesio SenobaTa qvis an, iSvi­ aTad, Tixis samganzomilebiani modelebi, romelTac akroterionebad an saflavis Zeglebad iyenebdnen (maT Sesaxeb ix. natalia CitiSvilis narkvevSi am wignSi). magram keTdeboda Tu ara modelebi saxelmZRvanelo an sademonstracio daniSnulebiT? am sakiTxze gadaWriT araf­ ris Tqma SegviZlia. SesaZloa, aseTi daniSnuleba hqonoda cvilis modelebs, romelTa ar­ seboba werilobiTi cnobiT dasturdeba. arseni vaCesZis (iyalToelis) `dogmatikonis~ erT gviandel nusxas (xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, S-401) aqvs aseTi minaweri: `arsenissa misru­ li mRÂmes ityÂs daviT mefe: me maSindeli kaci var, odes arseni darojidi Wama, marjuÀnasa guÀrdsa zeda wva, noselsa ikiTxvida da doRmatikonsa awamebda da cÂlisa sofia wmidasa igive martoÁ iqmodao“34. didi albaTobiT aq laparakia daviT aRmaSenebelsa da arsen iyal­ Toelze, romelic sicocxlis bolos SiomRvimeSi (`mRÂmes~) cxovrobda; Tumca asec rom ar iyos35, mTavari axla CvenTvis naxseneb pirTa identifikacia ar aris. gansaxilveli sakiTxi­ saTvis mniSvnelovani isaa, rom minaweris mixedviT arseni cvilisgan `sofia wmidas iqmoda~. ras unda niSnavdes es? `sofia/sofio~ Zvel qarTulSi zogjer mozaikis mniSvnelo­ biT ixmareba (`taZarTa... . sofioÁTa mowerilTa, maocnebelTa TualTaÁsa~36), magram aq am 32

v. beriZe, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, t. I, Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 19.

33

iqve, gv. 21.

qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis (S) koleqciisa, t. I, e. metrevelis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 504. S-401 xelnaweri XVIII saukuniT TariRdeba (iqve, gv. 502). zemoTmotanili minaweri teqstis xeliTvea Sesrulebuli (iqve, gv. 504), vfiqrob ueWvelia, rom cnoba daviTisa da arsenis Sesaxeb gadmotanili unda iyos ufro adrindeli wyarodan.

34

35

T. Jordania uSvebda, rom aq naxsenebi daviT mefe da arseni SesaZloa yofiliyvnen daviT kurapalati da kaTalikosi arseni II (T. Jordania, qronikebi, I, tfilisi, 1892, gv. 246, 311). i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 401. aq motanili fraza aRebulia grigol RmrTismetyvelis erT-erTi dogmatikuri Txzulebis eqvTime mTawmindeliseuli Targmanidan, 36

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mniSvnelobas ver vigulisxmebT – ara mxolod imitom, rom cvilisgan mozaikis `qmna~ uaz­ robaa, aramed imitomac, rom teqstSi saubaria `sofia wmidaze~, rac uTuod eklesias niS­ navs. aseTi saxeloba saqarTveloSi ar gvaqvs da, bunebrivia, pirveli rac kacs aq gaaxsende­ ba, konstantinopolis saxelganTqmuli taZaria. Tu naxsenebi arseni marTlac iyalToelia, romelmac wlebi gaatara konstantinopolSi, es ambavi ucnaurad ar gamoiyureba – mas SeeZ­ lo adre nanaxi nagebobis modeli (cxadia ara zusti, albaT Zalian ganzogadebuli da miax­ loebiTi) mexsierebiT gamoeZerwa. mokle minaweri datvirTulia detalebiT (ra Wama, romel gverdze iwva, ras kiTxulob­ da...), rac mas uCveulod yofiT xasiaTs aZlevs. arsenis rogorc xuroTmoZRvris moRvaweo­ bis Sesaxeb Cven araferi viciT, amitom aRwerili saqmianoba erTi SexedviT Tavis Seqcevas hgavs – nasadilevs mxarTeZoze wamowolili swavluli Teologi, grigol noselis kiTx­ vis paralelurad, cvilisgan wm. sofios Zerwavs. magram SesaZloa, am saqmianobas hqonoda savsebiT praqtikuli azri, romelic cnobebis simwiris gamo CvenTvis ucnobia. asea Tu ise, cvilisgan taZris modelis `qmna~ damwers aSkarad ar eucxoveba da arc mkiTxvelisTvis ucx­ od igulisxmeba. amrigad, ganxiluli minaweri mowmobs, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arsebobda cvilis modelebis damzadebis praqtika. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo gamonaklisi ar aris. marTalia, Tavad modelebi ar SemorCenila, magram werilobiTi cnobebiT dasturdeba maTi arseboba dasavleT evropaSi. uadresi aseTi cnoba, romelic IX saukunis benediqtinel bers erik oserels ekuTvnis, gviambobs oseris sen-Jermenis samonastro eklesiis cvilis model­ is Seqmnis Sesaxeb37.

romelic daculia XI saukuniT daTariRebul A-92 xelnawerSi (qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili saeklesio muzeumis (A) koleqciisa, t. I-1, e. metrevelis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 326-332). ufro gvian, XIX saukunis bolomde mozaikis aRsaniSnavad ixmareba dazustebuli termini `sofias kenWi~ (ix. magaliTad, n. CubinaSvili, qarTuli leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1961, gv. 369).

P. Du Colombier, Les chantiers des cathédrales, Paris, 1953, gv. 72-73; G. Binding, S. Linscheid-Burdich, Planen und Bauen im frühen und hohen Mittelalter nach den Schriftquellen bis 1250, Darmstadt, 2002, gv. 73-99. ix. aseve: F. B. Andrews, The Mediaeval Builder and his Methods, gv. 87.

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357

suraTebis sia sur. 1. keramikuli fila ohrididan narTeq­ siani samnaviani bazilikis gegmis gamosaxulebiT sur. 2. keramikuli fila oxrididan tetrakon­ qis gegmis gamosaxulebiT sur. 3. marmarilos fila aTenis pompeiumidan rotondis gegmis gamosaxulebiT sur. 4. qoroRos eklesia. reliefuri fila qti­torebisa da eklesiis gegmis gamosaxule­ bebiT sur. 5. qoroRos eklesia. gegma (r. mefisaSvi­ lis mixedviT)

sur. 6. manxutis zeda eklesia. Senobis dak­ valvis sqema (?) samxreT-aRmosavleTi kuTxis qvaze sur. 7. ruisis taZari. naxazebi CrdiloeT fas­ adze (konturebi gacxovelebulia) sur. 8. ruisis taZari. eklesiisa da karibWis naxazebi. 1951 wlis asli (avtori t. Seviakova) sur. 9. ruisis taZari. samreklos naxazi. 1951 wlis asli (avtori t. Seviakova) sur. 10. daviT garejelis lavris ori koSkis proeqti

suraTebis wyaroebi 1. fotosuraTebi g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis is­ toriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centris s. qobulaZis sax. xelovnebis ZeglTa fiqsaciis laboratoria – 4 daviT xoStaria – 6, 7 Zveli saqarTvelos monumenturi mxatvroba da misi moamageni, katalogi, teqsti da SeniSvnebi n. CixlaZisa, Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 104, sur. 94-95 – 8, 9

V. Bitrakova-Grozdanova, Monuments paléochrétiens de la région d’Ohrid, Ohrid, Macedonia, 1975, tables 8a, 8b – 1, 2 C. Bouras, A Sketch Plan of Late Antiquity in Athens, Deltion, ser. 4, vol. 28, 2007, ill. 9 – 3

2. naxazebi rusudan mefisaSvili – 5

suraTebze warmodgenili artefaqtebi inaxeba Semdeg muzeumebsa da sacavebSi saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSv­ ilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumi – 8, 9

358

k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa erovnuli cen­ tri – 10. ohridis erovnuli muzeumi – 1, 2

sur. 1. keramikuli fila ohrididan narTeqsiani samnaviani bazilikis gegmis gamosaxulebiT

sur. 2. keramikuli fila oxrididan tetrakonqis gegmis gamosaxulebiT

sur. 3. marmarilos fila aTenis pompeiumidan rotondis gegmis gamosaxulebiT

359

sur. 4. qoroRos eklesia. reliefuri fila qtitorebisa da eklesiis gegmis gamosaxulebebiT

sur. 5. qoroRos eklesia. gegma (r. mefisaSvilis mixedviT)

360

sur. 6. manxutis zeda eklesia. Senobis dakvalvis sqema (?) samxreT-aRmosavleTi kuTxis qvaze

sur. 7. ruisis taZari. naxazebi CrdiloeT fasadze (konturebi gacxovelebulia)

361

sur. 8. ruisis taZari. eklesiisa da karibWis naxazebi. 1951 wlis asli (avtori t. Seviakova)

362

sur. 9. ruisis taZari. samreklos naxazi.

1951 wlis asli (avtori t. Seviakova)

sur. 10. daviT garejelis lavris ori koSkis proeqti

363