Malgorzata Tchorzewska 'The Miner's Lung'

the miner’s lung Protecting the existing buildings in the old mine settlement in Katowice, Poland

The work by Malgorzata Tchorzewska Studio Tutors: Aram Mooradian, Amandine Kastler, Christopher Pierce

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TS Project Summary The project is showing how the functional device such as air-cleaning addition to the building could evolve through time in order to respond to the changing situation of coal mining in Poland. The proposal is played backwards, in order to show how the building will look like in 50 years, when Poland is said to give up coal excavation. The device is attached to one of the houses to provide a system of air cleaning at the house, at the same time providing space and engaging the rest of the community. The site needs to be inhabited by younger generations, otherwise it will soon become useless and abandoned. Therefore, the structure will change its shape at first creating a very rigid system to force air flow inside the building, in order to later start collapsing and create a public space which will allow for engagement from the community. At the same time, the structure is providing extremely clean air to the house which will create a friendly environment for people who want to settle in the village.

The ts booklet will focus on the environmentally friendly, simple additions to the building fabric which with the use of natural materials and elements of technology work as a passive ventilation system that allows for air filtration in the house.

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contents page

1. Statements TS Design Statement & Project summary

PART I CONTEXT AND PROJECT

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Chapter 1 1.1. Context and occupant 1.1. Context and time 1.2 Polluted Poland

Chapter 2

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SURVEY, CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND ARTEFACTS Performing on-site surveys in Poland 2.1. Napomucen wooden Church 2.2. Wieliczka Salt Mine 2.3. Graduation Tower in Ciechocinek

Chapter 3

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Translation of the system 5.1. Artefact 1 5.2. Artefact 2

PART III SITE ANALYSIS AND MATERIALS

Chapter 4

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Analysis of environmental conditions 4.1. Context 4.2. Fugutive dust concentration 4.3. Wind analysis on the site

Chapter 5

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Material review 5.1. Material review - case studies

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Chapter 6

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Maximising, absorbing and catching - surface optimisation and porosity. creating a pollution barrier.

6.1. Profile testing. Single angles 6.2. Small applications 6.3. Profile testing - bigger surfaces

Chapter 7 Orienting the device towards the wind

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7.2. Building codes 7.3. Conclusion of ash tests

Chapter 8

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Material choice and construction of the unit 8.1. Timber testing 8.2. Prototype 8.3. Recycling the air back to the building

PART IV Building as a system 9.1. Introducing the air back to the building 9.2. Details

Appendix Collapse

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Application to the project

The wind flow will allow fo differentiated behaviour of temporary structure. Also it will have a direct impact on the building and village. In 50 years due to the better quality of air the village could thrive and achieve new meaning in the context of regenerating industrial sites

Phase 3

Year 2071

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Phase 2

Year 2035

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Phase 1

Year 2021

l ex

lung oxygen exchange rate 360 l/h

PM 10 capturing structure

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lung oxygen xchange rate 360 l/h

lung oxygen exchange rate 720 l/h

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1.1. Context

Occupant and position of the project - timeline

The city at the beginning is carefully planned. It consists of green areas which are responsible for constant air flow in the city

In 1800s fuirst deposits of coal are found in the city of Katowice. The materialbecomes the fuel of the economy, transforming landscape and architecture 14

The Gerten Siedlung movement allowed to keep the pace of coal excavation at the same time keeping the air tunnels in the city

In 1850s the mines start needing more workers, therefore huge mining settlements are built next to the mines

Although the industrialisation was very vibrant German urban planning still acknowledged the green spaces in the city

First mining typologies are built with gardens.

These are situated next to the mine. Green space allows for natural air flow as well as food during crisis

The city after 2nd world war is taken by Soviets who disregard German urban planning

More and more colonies are built Some of them are buil with gardens.

Green belts responsible for air flow slowly disappear

Introduction of renewable energies, smog and inefficiency forces more mines to close.

An Agreement to close all the mines the latest in 2070 forces aggressive protests and strikes.

Former miners are left without jobs, facing injuries resukted by coal mining.

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1.1. Context - site and inhabitant

The site is a former mining village in Katowice. It is a home of 12 families binded with the minign industry. Most man in the village used to work in the mines and now are facing several breathing disorders, because of constant dust in the mines.

Moreover, their houses are also on heavy polluted site, next to working mines. The building taken into special consideration is the building without a duplex. the house of Mr Roman Bresz.

Mr. Roman Bresz

Former profession of the inhabitants

The miner’s lung disease they are facing

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1.1. Context

The effect of the structure on the inhabitant and on the community in general

planar view

side view

The project through injecting the air cleaning solution will hope to attract new generation to the site and by that allow for regeneration of the site.

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PART II SURVEYS, CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND ARTEFACTS

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Chapter 2 Hybrid building surveys.

1. Napomucen Church in WrocLaw 2. Wieliczka Salt Mine 3. Graduation tower The trip was determined by two types of former mining landscapes - salt and coal. The two materials influenced the development of industry in Poland

GRADUATION TOWER

MINING MUSEUM

WIELICZKA SALT MINE

100 M 22

WATER TARTAK IN ZAKOPANE

GRADUATION TOWER 2

CHURCH ON WATER

CHAPEL ON WATER

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2.1. Survey

Napomucen Church in Wrocław, Poland The church was originally built in the Village called Stare Koźle as a protestant church. At the end of the 17th Century it was given as a gift to the village Kędzierzyn Koźle. It was transported on a peasant wagon in parts.

The church couldn’t stay in Stare Koźle also because of strong wind blows that damaged the tower.

In late 1800s a railway was built next to the church and it had to be moved again, because it could be harmed by sparks from trains and burned.

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In late 1800s a railway was built next to the church and it had to be moved again, because it could be harmed by sparks from trains and burned.

17 th Century

19th Century

Transporting the Church on Peasant wagons to Kędzierzyn Koźle.

Transporting the Church on Peasant wagons to Kędzierzyn Koźle.

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2.1. Survey of the church

Survey of original binds The Church is now located next to a large UNESCO Complex in Szczytnicki Park.

because of the bigger connection surface and contact surface the building was stable and did not need reinforcement.

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There are corners where buildirs use two types of connections at the same time

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2.1. Survey of the church

New binds In order to make the new binds cheaper the binds were simplified with an added block of wood.

Due to the simplification the binds lost its compressive properties and are no longer as strong as before

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2.2. Survey of the church

New binds

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2.3. Wieliczka salt mine

Wieliczka salt mine Stabilization mechanisms

The Wieliczka Salt Mine is a UNESCO Heritage Site close to Cracow, Poland. In Middle Ages it was one of the biggest salt excavation points in Europe which allowed to expand the capital of the city.

The mine is no longer used for salt excavation - it is visited every year by thousands of turists which come to see the art work carved on the walls of caves. The mine consists of thousands of caves, corridors and salt lakes.

In order to hold massive rock formations the mine is using different reinforcement strategies. The first one is attaching the salt mass to the stronger rock with metal anchors

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Wieliczka salt mine

Stabilization mechanisms 2 Another stabilisation mechanism is supporting the walls with wood butresses and beams

From the survey I learnt that dry salt conservation allows for strengthening timber. Theload bearing capacity can rise even 3 times.

The effect, nnevertheless is only possible when beams are connected horizontally

The beams stored in an envrionment with salt and positioned vertivally will also be consered, but their load bearing capacity will not rise.

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2.3. Strengthening through salt absorption

Wood study

salt growth

wood stored in salt water by half of its

wood stored completely under salt water

connection stored in water

compressive strength

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strength testing

salt content

The fibres which get apart from the main volume are longer, but they also hold with the rest of the mass

Wood bathed half in water breaks quicker and fibres do not stay in one place

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2.3. Wieliczka salt mine

Wieliczka salt mine

Stabilization mechanisms - anchors In order to stabilise the cave salt masses are binded with anchors. Anchors are binded with salt mass by pouring concrete inside.

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(movie)

unstable systems of layers can be stabilised by stacking them together

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2.4. Grauduation tower

Graduation tower, Ciechocinek, poland

Graduation towers are connected strictly to the salt mines. It is a machine which was formed to pump the wastewater from the mine in order to filter the alt water. The byproduct of the filtration system was a very cleaned air that was beneficial for health

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Location in the valley The complex of the salt mine and Graduation Tower is located in the valley, therefore it is currently not having such a big effect, It needs wind to spread aerosol.

The graduation tower

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2.4. Grauduation tower

Graduation tower

Salt filtration mechanisms The graduation tower is a tower which by filtering salt produces aersosol beneficial for health. Due to its properties the site is a very popular place for resting and healing

wind irrigation system structural supports

3. The water is distributed along the whole length of the tower with gutters

3. The water leaks down along the wall wit twigs and because of wind blow and evaporation releases healthy aerosol and affects the area

2. The salty waste-water is pumped to the top of the tower with hydraulic system

1. The salty waste-water is pumped from the salt mine

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The shape of the twigs and porosity of their porosity once positioned together the bundle is maximally exposed to wind

time evaporation

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Chapter 3 the wood moisture and salt content in the tower Surveying Understanding the building’s potential to absorb through The successful work of the tower depends on the material examination amount it can filter. Whenabsorption the water on the 3.1. Metalofinsalt wood - mechanical bottom of the tower has more salt content then the 3.2.

Saltonand in tower wood it means that the system water themoisture top of the works 3.3. Saltwell. in concrete 3.4. Radioactive substances in branches 3.6. Conclusion

The moisture of wood at the top of the tower exceeded 90%

The moisture of wood at the bottom of the tower was between 60% and 90%. It means that some of the woter gradually evaporated

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Conclusion

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Chapter 3 Transition 3.1. Artefact 1 3.2. Artefact 2

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3.1.Translation

Artefact 1

The first artefact is testing the system of the graduation tower.

wood connected without any metal in order for the structure to be more durable

regular concrete layer

metal representing steel anchors

salt layer

concrete and saltwater cast

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3 mm plastic pipes

water hydraulic pump Arduino Uno board

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3.2. Artefact testing

Method 1 Starch test

Method1: starch test The iodine-starch test is a chemical reaction that is used to test for the presence of starch or for iodine. It is commonly used to detect starch in food. In the case of the project the test is conducted in order to detect the amount of iodine produced by the small graduation tower. The fabric exposed to the presence of the tower for 24 hours soaks with iodine that travels with moisture in the air.

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3.2. Artefact testing

Method 2

Sensor tests

sensor type

sensor result

voltage

observations

the electric conductivity increases because of salt impact

voltage sensor

temperature

temperature during the experiment varied by 2-3 degrees.

Humidity raised drastically, because of the water content in the air

humidity and temperature sensor

The air quality slightly changed through time, mostly when the pipes where circulating water.

The

MQ-135 air quality sensor

The air quality does not improve because of salt, but because of moisture.

Wet timber is accumulating some of the pollution next to the graduation tower and by that the average air quality is better

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Artefact 2

Surface translation - concept model

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PART III SITE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

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1.1. Context

Location The site is located in Katowice - post industrial city. The site consists of an old mining houses, mine processing manufacture, artificial pond and peat lands The house is coming from an early prefabrication period.

The walls are made out of brick, currently very wet because of the moisture which is travelling from the basement. The site consists of characteristic red framed windows which were painted red in order to conceal the dust which is constantly on the site,

the frames of the windows in miner’s houses were red in order to mask ash which sits ont he buildings

the buildings are very poorly insulated and lack proper vewntilation

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4.1. Context

Building materials

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Building materials

1. Brick Lifespan: 500 years Biggest challenge: mould and fungi - in the building when the water is not well distributed, the brick is quickly damaged Also the brick wall is not at all ventilated, therefore the building easily gets dumped.

2. Timber roof From the leaking roof and lack off ventilation the roof easily accumulates water

3. Steel The steel is used for anchoring the damaged brick wall. It quickly corrodes and affects the stability of the building

4.Concrete foundation The lack of horizontal insulaton is allowing the moisture to travel through the wall 55

The site’s characteristic feature are red painted window frames. The frames were painted red in order to conceal the dust which is constantly in the air

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4.2.Polluted Site

Fugutive dust concentration on the site

PM 2,5 concentration

100 m 58

Fugutive dust concentration sources The site is located in Katowice - post industrial city. The site consists of an old mining houses, mine processing manufacture, artificial pond and peatlands

1. Coal mines In the area there are still 10 working coal mines. The last mine is said to be closed in 2049

2. Coal processing Coal processing is mainly responsible for big particles in the air such as coal ash or PM10

3. Coal burning at homes Most of the buildings in Poland still burn coal in stoves, therefore the concentration of fugitive dust is the highest during winter seasons.

The site is exposed to the pollution above norms for more than half of the year. The phenomenon is very seasonal - the worst quality of air is evident during winter season

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4.3. Wind analysis of the site

Comparison between air and pollution flow - wind tunnel simulation Stronger velocity

The lowest velocity

10 m

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coal mines location

axo

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4.3. Wind analysis of the site

Relationship between the air movement and the building’s geometry the building itself will allow to protect the western side of the building

wind lines on section

fugutive dust travels with wind

wind lines on plan

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Types of pollution sizes of particles comparing to the thickness of human hair PM 2,5

PM 10

Disposal of Particulate Matter in lungs depending on the size

PM 10

PM 10 stops on upper respiratory fract

PM 10 concentration on the site through the year

PM 2,5

PM 0,1

PM 2,5 stops on lower respiratory fract

PM 0,1 travels till the alvelous

PM 2,5 concentration through the year

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4.4. Ventilation analysis of the building

Current ventilation at the apartment

The walls are thick (35 cm) but not properly insulated, therefore cold air is entering through thermal bridges

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the cold air heats up inside thew building in order to eventually escape through the chimney

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4.5. Wind analysis of the site

Air exchange rates Air exchange rates are regulated by law and force certain volume of air be exchanged in the rooms depending on the function, the presence of the oven or the presence of windows

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Room 1

Room 2

Bathroom

volume of air in general:51 m2 air change (required) : 30 m3/h extraction rate= 1530 m3 amount of PM 10 particles that get into the space with air: 76500

volume of air in general:56,1 m3 air change (required) : 30 m3/h extraction rate= 840 m3/h amount of PM 10 particles that get into the space with air: 42000

volume of air in general:16,8 m3 air change (required) : 30 m3/h extraction rate= 840 m3/h amount of PM 10 particles that get into the space with air: 42000

Kitchen with a stove

Living room

Bathroom

volume of air in general: 26,8 m2 air change (required) : 70 m3/h extraction rate= 1877,16 m3 amount of PM 10 particles that get into the space with air: 93858,135

volume of air in general:58 m2 air change (required) : 30 m3/h extraction rate= 1745,15 m3 amount of PM 10 particles that get into the space with air: 87257,829

volume of air in general:16,8 m3 air change (required) : 30 m3/h extraction rate= 840 m3/h amount of PM 10 particles that get into the space with air: 42000

amount of PM 2,5 inside the building in total (per hour) : 184363,18 mm m amount of PM 10 inside the building in total (per hour) : 307,27 m m

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4.5. Wind analysis of the site

Is it possible to use graduation tower to improve air quality around the building?

11 m

The graduation tower would be too big for planning regulations. The maximum height of the duplex could be only the height of the building.

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Chapter 5 Materials which absorb pollution- a review The aim of this study is not to use the materials that are described in the study, but to understand the general principles of fugitive dust accumulation

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5.1. Klaus Lackner case study

Construction of a unit

Maximising surface of a single unit

Klaus Lackner’s aritificial tree uses anionic exchange resin, a material which absorbs CO2 and then releases it when it’s wet. The technology is allowing to construct a modular system which will accumulate CO2 particles from the air.

The main factors which allow for maximised CO 2 capture is layering of the material and maximising its surface area through hair.

single surface with hair to maximise the absorbing area building CO2 accumulating tower

connecting the row of modules

single module

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5.1. Klaus Lackner case study

Construction of a unit

Maximising surface of a single unit

Local scale

Local scale

Local scale

single unit optimised surface

changing the geometry in order to get a film

connecting the surfaces

Regional scale

Regional scale

Global scale

connecting units

making carbon polluting tower

forming a unit

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Material review - case studies HIGH-TECH MATERIALS

high-tech (unachievable to test at home conditions) 1. living tree

2. Climeworks

3. MIT Electric filter

material

type of pollutants it can

how does it work

CO2

CO2

The material absorbs CO2 and then performs mineral

The technology is based on Direct Air Capture (DAC) which directly absorbs CO2 from filtered air.

Than the CO2 is being injected into porous basaltic rocks where normal faults have not yet been filled with secondary minerals. It is estimated that more than 950 Gt of CO2 could be stored within active rift zone in Island.

what is the material

where is it used except for carbon sequestration:?

anionic exchange resins chemically absorb carbon dioxide when dry and release it when wet

biggest advantage of the technology what can i learn from it?

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The device is essentially a large, specialized battery that absorbs carbon dioxide from the air (or other gas stream) passing over its electrodes as it is being charged up, and then releases the gas as it is being discharged.

electrons to mo , Cu2+ with ethylene diamine

in medicine for

how much CO2

therefore, what is

CO2

it’s said that each tree collects 1 metric ton per day (estimating) it absorbs 7,6 kg per square meter

it’s said that each tree collects 1 metric ton per day (estimating) it absorbs, 1. there is a necessity of doing something with CO2 after collecting it 2. The surface of the material needs to be as big as possible

The present nominal annual CO2 collector capacity is 50 tons of CO2

tested conducted on 15% CO2 steam showed that the material is able to collect above 80% of CO2 in flowing air.

(estimating) it absorbs 136,98 kg CO2 per square meter

depending on the gas

the sequestration process is thought off - the location of the farm is determined b a close relationship to the bazalt rocks.

Sequestration process can be more problematic then actual CO2 absorption

It is able to absorb low concentration so carbon dioxide.

type of pollutants it can remove

how does it work

what is the material used?

charcoal filters

living brick

CO2, PM 2,5

CO2

Activated carbon adsorbs CO2 (is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface commonly speaking the difference between the absorption and adsorption is that during absorption CO2 goes inside of a phase and during adsorption the material reacts with the other material on the surface

The brick is a living material which absorbs CO2 and transforms it through photosynthesises process

Activated carbon is a carbon-based material that has been processed to maximize its adsorptive properties, yielding a superior adsorbent material.

The brick is made out of hydrogel scaffold, sand and Synechococcus bacteria.

trees

CO2

turning co2 into oxygen through photosynthesis

turning co2 into oxygen through photosynthesis

peatlands/thurf

CO2, Methane

Wetland plants take up carbon via photosynthesis and build plant biomass, which can accumulate in the soil as organic matter

water, organic matter, plants, earth

It is a highly adsorbent material, thanks to the boosted amount of pores, which

enlarge the surface area

where is it used except for carbon sequestration:? how much CO2 does it collect?

medicine, water filters

109.5 to 35.46 CO2/g

medicine, water filters

no information

(>3 million km2) sequesters 0.37 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) a year 0,3 kg

CO2 absorption per square meter

biggest advantage s

depending on the gas

Activated filters are inexpensive and effective. The only downside of the product is that its production is very energy intensive (heating or treating with chemicals)

no information

The brick is made out of hydrogel scaffold, sand and Synechococcus

The peatlands absorb CO2 without human intervention works as a carbon sink

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Conclusion The differentiation between the materials gives a lot of insight about the sustainability of carbon capturing techniques, cost and performance.

The high tech materials serve as a good study because of its geometry, nevertheless in context of the village might be to expensive and problematic to use. Therefore the project will use natural materials and wet tim,ber to filter the air

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Building elements can also accumulate fugitive dust, by having more exposure area to fugitive dust. Factors such as moisture and temperature affect the efficiency of accumulation. A wet surface will stronger accumulate dust.

Filtration strategy: 1. Accumulate as much as possible with building material or water 2. The rest filer with finer filter 3. Recycle the air back to the building

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Chapter 6 Maximising, absorbing and catching - surface optimisation and porosity 6.1. Maximising, absorbing and catching - surface optimisation and porosity 4.2. Profile

The tests will only show how the bigger particles behave by wind’s impact.

Smaller ones need to be measure with more specialised equipment

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6.1. Maximising, absorbing and catching - surface optimisation and porosity

Geometry testing 1 - local scale Single angle

1. How ash is sitting on regular surface

2. How ash is sitting on folded surface

there is not much ash that is being on the other side of the wall but most of it is bounces off the wall

the slanted wall is not allowing any ash to go through

the folded surface allows more ash to go through

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3. How ash is sitting on scattered surface

4. How ash is sitting on porous surface

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Maximising, absorbing and catching - surface optimisation and porosity

Geometry testing - texture and layering 2 layer method

10 layers perpendicular to the blow

the first layer

the layer behind

20% of each layer 300% of the flat area

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15% of the flat area

total: 315 of the area

15 layers parallell to the flow

27% of each layer 270% of the flat area

20% of the flat area

total: 290% of the area 81

Maximising, absorbing and catching - surface optimisation and porosity

Geometry test-porosity 2 layer method

20% of each layer 300% of the flat area

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20% of each layer 320% of the flat area

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Maximising, absorbing and catching - surface optimisation and porosity

Small scale - porous material

after exposure to dust

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air flow spots wherethe dust windsits

ash meeting points with a surface

the prosity allows the ash to be accumulated by inside and outside of the tube

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Maximising, absorbing and catching - surface optimisation and porosity

Application on the existing building Old detail

New detail

porous fabric is attached to cladding

The drainage is needed in order to imorove the air quality as well. The moist is travelling through the walls and affects the whole volume of the building

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By attaching porous fabric and transforming the building elements there is not enough pollution caught - the building needs a seperate system, more surface area and layers of filtering

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6.2. Bigger scale - profile testing

Wind case studies

3. Getting the biggest amount of wind pressure - sail case study

2 sails

3 sails d

c

c

e

c:a - 0.9 a:b = 0,66

The simulation made to see what shape will the flexible material take when there is a wind of 12 m/s

a

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c:a - 0.9 a:b = 0,41 e:c= 0.74

b

1. The flow depends also from the material

b

3. Breaking the wind - wind fences 1. Wind fence, pollution catcher and ventilation in one

a

Types of flows

Laminar flow

Turbulent flow

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6.2. Maximising, absorbing and catching - surface optimisation and porosity - larger scale

Geometry testing - 3 layers and angle 3 surfaces - comparison

Surface sail 1

top view

elevsation view

result

area that caught ash: 24,8%

when the shape is slanted vertically ash is hitting the surface, but most of it escapes to the side

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Surface sail 2

top view

elevsation view

result

area that caught ash:29%

when the shape is slanted vertically ash is hitting the surface, but most of it escapes to the side

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Maximising, absorbing and catching - surface optimisation and porosity

Geometry test- layering

The difference when ash is from higher height

Surface sail 3

result

area that caught ash: 29% of the flat area

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Surface sail 4

result

area that caught ash: 24% of the flat area

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Maximising, absorbing and catching - surface optimisation and porosity Geometry test-angle and profile The difference when ash is from higher height

Surface sail 4

result

42% of the flat area

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Surface sail 5

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Chapter 7 Orienting the pollution accumulating device towards the wind 7.1. Wind analysis of wall 7.2. Wind pressure and planning regulations

The tests will only show how the bigger particles behave by wind’s impact.

Smaller ones need to be measure with more specialised equipment

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7.1. Wind analysis of wall

Creating a boundary to create a wind break - needed proportions. Wall 1 The velocity is taken for the biggest noted air velocity

Wind tunnel simulation of tested wall types

velocity of wind tunnel-20 m//s volume mass flow rate - 6962420 m3/s height - 26 m

wall 1

2x

x

velocity -20 m//s volume mass flow rate - 6962420 m3/s height - 13 m

velocity -20 m//s volume mass flow rate - 6962420 m3/s height - 15 m

velocity -20 m//s volume mass flow rate - 6962420 m3/s height - 15 m

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pressure scaled

Base width principles

Recommended proportions for vertical self-standing elements

Conclusion of the test Height of the building: 22 m width: 2,2m Area protected from the wind: 20 m average velocity pressure on a wall (qb): roair x0.5 ;x v = 12x = 105,625 Velocity pressure on other buildings = 34 x 1,25 x x 0,5 = 722,5 (N/m2)

standing by its own

Too big for planning regulations Height of the building: 13m Width = 1,3 m Area protected from the wind: 20 m Biggest velocity pressure on the wall = 20 m/s Biggest velocity pressure on other buildings = 20 m/s

Fits planning regulations

one side next to the building

Height of the building: 22 m Width = 2,2 m Area protected from the wind: 20 m

Fits planning regulations

betwen buildings

The profile of the wall allows for different behaviours of the wind

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7.2. Wind break - Codes

Creating a boundary to create a wind break - needed proportions. Building codes in Poland

1. Constants and equations: air density- 1,25kg/m3 basic velocity pressure (EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4)

Codes for equations

Wind pressure on a wall

Wind pressure on a wall

External force acting on a wall

Choosing constant

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PPrinciples

2. Application Equations:

Constants:

qb= 0,5 x air density x vb2 qp= ce x qp we= qp x cpe Fwe = cscd x we x A

ce= 0,8 (factor for a space exposed to wind) cpe = 0,7 (factor depeding on h/d) cscd = 1 (by default)

the pressure is very big because the velocity in wind tunnel was much taken for the highest velocity noted throughout the year

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7.7.Wind break - how much pollution will it collect?

How much fugutive dust will the windbreak accumulate?

On average the concentration is above 50 macrometers

the shape of wall 3 is allowing for more dust accumulation then other walls - it also meets the requirement determined earlier that there is 307, 27 micrometers od PM10

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How surface area is allowing to accumulate more dust?

Constants are taken from scientific papers about PM 10 capture by wind breaks.

The calculations will not be precise, because the accumulation is dependent from the site, concentration and specific material used, but will allow to estimate how many windbreaks need to be built to reduce some of the particles. The physical experiments allow to understand how much the porosity changes the ability to accumulate.

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The amount of material needed next to a house to accumulate PM10 By changing the shape of the dust accumulating device, there could be less material used during construction

flat surface needed to accumulate larger paricles

result

area that caught ash: 24,8%

when the shape is slanted vertically ash is hitting the surface, but most of it escapes to the side

curved surface needed to accumulate larger particles

result

42% of the flat area

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porous surface needed to accumulate larger paricles

the first layer

20% of each layer

300% of the flat area

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Therefore, the shape of the device will be curved in order to maximise the area exposed to wind and also in order ot direct the wind to one direction where it will be stronger.

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Chapter 8 Determining the material and orientating the shape towards the wind

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8.1. Material

Timber, properties The structure of the filter will be made out of timber. It is a common material used on the site, does not produce CO2 and is very responsive to climatic conditions. When humid looses compressive strength, While drying is able to go back to its original properties

timber will break differently depending on the orientation of its fibers. When fibers are horizontal it will break

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The strength of a wood member is greatly influenced by its moisture content, which is defined as the percentage amount of moisture in a piece of wood. The fiber saturation point is the moisture content at which the free water has been fully dissipated. Below the FSP, which is typically 25 and 35% moisture content for most wood species, wood starts to shrink by loosing water from the cell walls.

As the moisture content increases up to the FSp, the wood strength decreases, and as the moisture content decreases below the FSP, the wood strength increases, although this increase may be offset by some strength reduction from the shrinkage of the wood fibres.

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8.1. Material

Tree species accessible on the site ash tree

white oak

Scientific Name: Fraxinus excelsior

Scientific Name: Quercus alba

Tree Size: (20-35 m) tall, (1-2 m) trunk diameter

Tree Size: (20-25 m) tall, (1-1.2 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 680 kg/m3

Average Dried Weight: (755 kg/m3)

Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .49, .68

Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .60, .75

Janka Hardness: 6,580 N

Janka Hardness: (5,990 N)

Modulus of Rupture: (103.6 MPa)

Modulus of Rupture: 102.3 MPa

Elastic Modulus: 12.31 GPa

Elastic Modulus: (12.15 GPa)

Crushing Strength: 51.0 MPa

Crushing Strength: (50.8 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 5.7%, Tangential: 9.6%,Volumetric: 15.3%, T/R Ratio: 1.7

Shrinkage:Radial: 5.6%, Tangential: 10.5%,Volumetric: 16.3%, T/R Ratio: 1.9

Grain/Texture: Has a medium to coarse texture similar to oak.

The grain is almost always straight and regular

Very good for bending

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Very good for bending

red oak maple tree

Scientific Name: Quercus rubra

Scientific Name: Acer saccharum

Tree Size: (25-35 m) tall, trunk diameter

Distribution: Northeastern North America

Average Dried Weight: 700 kg/m3

Tree Size: (25-35 m) tall, (.6-1.0 m) trunk diameter

Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .56, .70 Janka Hardness: (5,430 N) Modulus of Rupture: (99.2 MPa) Elastic Modulus: (12.14 GPa) Crushing Strength: (46.8 MPa) Shrinkage: Radial: 4.0%, Tangential: 8.6%,Volumetric: 13.7%, T/R Ratio: 2.2

Average Dried Weight: 705 kg/m3 Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .56, .71 Janka Hardness: 6,450 N Modulus of Rupture: 109.0 MPa Elastic Modulus: 12.62 GPa Crushing Strength: 54.0 MPaw Shrinkage: Radial: 4.8%, Tangential: 9.9%, Volumetric: 14.7%, T/R Ratio: 1.9

Poor for bending

Good for bending 111

8.1. Material

Case study The Big Fish is a shelter structure made out of bent timber. It was built by AA students in Hooke Park. It explores how the bent timber structure could blend into landscape with differentiated surface area.

The structure is not insulated, it operates as a shelter and a meeting space.

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8.1. Material

Method In the case of The Big Fish some of the panels were cut in order to allow for the curve. Later the structure was braced and layered in order to consist the shelter shape. The timber panels were very thin, therefore the layering process allowed for flexibility

Cross-section

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8.1. Material

Testing When a piece of wood is bent, it is stretched, or in tension, along the outer (convex) side of the bend and compressed along the inner (concave) side. Its convex side is thus longer than its concave side. This distortion is accompanied by stresses that tend to bring the bent piece back to its original straightness. The purpose of softening wood with moisture and heat or plasticizing chemicals is to restrict the development of these stresses.

single layer timber bent single layer timber with string bent with string

broke in two points

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broke in the middle

timber bent along with another piece with string

broke in one point

broke in one point

timber bent along with another piece with tape

timber bent along with another piece only on one side in order to achieve a differentiated curve

8.1. Material

Timber bending failures When a piece of wood is bent, it is stretched, or in tension, along the outer (convex) side of the bend and compressed along the inner (concave) side. Its convex side is thus longer than its concave side. This distortion is accompanied by stresses that tend to bring the bent piece back to its original straightness. The purpose of softening wood with moisture and heat or plasticizing chemicals is to restrict the development of these stresses.

timber at different column moisture test

Each of the column was soaked in with a different amount of water - therefore it changed its physical propertied and got weaker

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8.3. Prototype of the building and deciding on the structural material

Layering and assmebly process

Cross section concept - achieving angle through same bend of wood but in different position on a frame

Timber bending - tests

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glass connected to timber

cloth - needs to be replaced

bent timber

timber at different column moisture test

In order for the timber to be bent it needs to first be steamed and later bent with another layer of timber or surface area - then the curve will be equal

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8.1. Combining the geometry, water and timber

Section through a module

The pipe distribute the water along the structure in order to allow for moisture of plants and timber which will allow for more pollution accumulation. The irrigation system was inspired by the one used in graduation tower

the bent timber is attached to more rigid frame. Between the ribs the irrigation system is constantly watering the building. The irrigation system was inspired by the one used in graduation tower

there is no space between in order to prevent from air leakage

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Section, iteration 1

black chimney in order to allow for air flow through the building

sealing the structure with the building

The air goes through a mass of wet timber which accumulates smaller particles The structure will accumulate some of the dust that is coming to the site

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PART III INTRODUCING THE AIR BACK TO THE AND CAPTURE OF SMALLER PARTICLES

concept ventilation diagram

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8.3. Looking at the building as a system

the air goes through a mass of wet timber, fabric and vegetation. Water content in different layers of timber and fabric allows to accumulate bigger amounts of dust which stick to the surface

timber bent panels protecting from obstructing wind.

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sealing the device to the building to allow for air tightness

3. Reintroducing the air back to the particles

The air goes through the building and is sucked through the black chimney effect

4. Using solar chimney effect to direct the air flow

building through a filter which catches smaller

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8.3Building as a sytem

Details

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8.3Building as a sytem

Using solar chimney effect to force circulation of air Solar chimney effect is used in passive ventilation systems. Due to the black colour, the surface of the chimney heats up, resulting in difference of temperatures between interior and exterior. Hot air travels up and escapes he building

rack and pinion awnings

step flashing

heat gain reinforced with black paint on brick

skylight ramp and pinion damper glass and brick connection

drainage

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8.3Building as a system

Controllable air flow Most of the year the wind comes from the direction of the city. Nevertheless, through July and June the wind is changing its direction. Therefore, in order to avoid pollution at the house the solar chimney has regulated doors

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8.3Building as a system

Attaching glass to the brick The glass needs to be attached to the brick in order to achieve solar gain.

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8.3. Sealing to the building - allowing for the light to come in - transparent

Types of attachments to the building - glass 1. Office Extension in Amsterdam The extension is a steel and timber structure covered with polycarbonate panels. The polycarbonate panels are attached to timber frame

existing window frame

roof light with transparent outer shell

existing timber beam

existing timber beam

2. Extension of Glass Museum in Kingswinford Extension connected to brick wall The extension is directly connected with brick wall. Within the connection is also hidden a heat duct

9. 300/32 mm glass beam

11.steel shoe to glass beam

13. sand blasted glass panel

14. dry lining

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10.rainwater gutter

12. 400/350/10 mm fixing plate

veneered plywood

Very good thermal insulation

Types of attachments to the building - polycarbonate

Poor thermal insulation

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8.3. Sealing to the building - allowing for the light to come in - transparent

Types of attachments to the building - glass

with sealing the structure irrigation system is integrated, the water from the gutter is redistributed along timber and vegetation

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8.4.Foundation filter

Which materials are available for PM2,5 capture next to the site?

4. Synechocus bacteria

4.4.

Charcoal filters Charcoal filters Distance:3,6 kmkm Distance:3,6 Price: 11,911,9 zl/kgzl/kg Price:

3. Gelatin3. Gelatin Distance: 22 km22 km Distance: Price: Price: 14,2 zl/kg 14,2 zl/kg

2. Ion-exchange resin Distance: 22 km resin 2. Ion-exchange 3. Gelatin Price:31,9 km Distance: 22 km Distance: 22 km Price:31,9 km Price: 14,2 zl/kg

Material for filtering- charcoal filter

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8.4. Material choice for smaller particles

Testing device

Detecting filtration box where the filtered air is going through

tested filter `

filter 1 `

the smoke travels up

burnt material

The foundation would not work for a longer period of time - charcoal filter would get stuffed with pollution - there is a need to use a mechanical fan

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4. Filtered air goes throught he pipe to a sensor

2. The smoke goes through the system of pipes

3. Filtration through the material

pollution sensor which measures the amount of particles of CO2 in the filtered air

1. The coal is burnt in isolated place

Filter 1

Filter 2

The method of material testing was wrong, because the fabric was filtering instead of absorbing

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8.4. Material choice for smaller particles

Foundation filter - iteration 1

The foundation filter is made to catch smaller particles such as PM 2,5 which flow into the building. The wider opening on one side allows for faster air flow.

In the case of the detail it perforates the foundation and connects with water pipe for the charcoal to be cleaned.

The foundation would not work for a longer period of time - charcoal filter would get stuffed with pollution - there is a need to use a mechanical fan 134

8.4. Material choice for smaller particles

Foundation filter - iteration 2 The second iteration of the foundation filter consists of electrical parts. Therefore, the filter is placed in the basement where it could be maintained and filter exchanged.

The filtered air enters the building again through vents in the floor in order to circulate through the rooms.

ducting

inline fan

carbon filter

inline fan

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9.1. Wind effects on the building - the effect in 50 years

Wind and particles effect on built formation Wind shaped structures case studies

Occasionally, the minerals structure of the rocks can be a significant factor; if the upper part of the rock is more resistant to chemical weathering, it erodes more slowly than the bottom. Weathering of the exposed hard rock layer ultimately exposes the lower rock to erosion from wind, water, salt intrusion, etc., depending on the local environment. The softer layer of rock is eroded rapidly and leads to the formation of depression whereas; the overlying harder rocks are resistant to this process. Ultimately isolated mushroom rocks may found standing above the new, lower part. Glacier action may create such kinds of landforms through abrasion.

Mushroom rock formation

stronger rock

weaker rock

stronger rock

Sand dune formation due to an object

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Barchan dune formation

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Section through one of the modules Behaviour and shape over the years

water supply

glass, double glazing

WIND LOAD The wind will impact the ribs on the structure- especially the parts in the higher level of the device.

the pin point will become the axis of rotation of a rigid body

wooden pin

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Year 2021

Year 2035

Year 2051

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