Comparative Analysis Report (Sultan Abdul Samad Building & General Hospital Kuala Lumpur)

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Group Members LIM PAN SHEEY 0350717

LOW JIEYUN 0342565

ANG YEE TIAN 0346292

GOH WAN YI 0350866

CHOW CING YEN 0344136

FERNG YAN JUN 0345847

BEH HUI LING 0345022

HENG JUN QIAN 0349942

01 SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD BUILDING 1.1Background + fast facts 1.2 History 1.3 Spatial Analysis 1.4 Design principle 1.5 Architectural style 1.6 Construction materials 1.7 Summary

1.1 BACKGROUND

THE SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD BUILDING IS AMONG KUALA LUMPUR’S EARLIEST INDO-SARASENIC STYLE BUILDINGS. IT IS SET TO THE EAST OF MERDEKA SQUARE (DATARAN MERDEKA) AND THE ROYAL SELANGOR CLUB, ACROSS FROM JALAN SULTAN HISHAMUDDIN. IT WAS BUILT IN 1897 AND WAS NAMED AFTER THE REIGNING SULTAN OF SELANGOR AT THE TIME. THE DISTINGUISHED LANDMARK ORIGINALLY SERVED AS THE SECRETARIAT FOR THE COLONIAL BRITISH ADMINISTRATION. THE HISTORICALLY-SIGNIFICANT BUILDING USED TO HOUSE THE SUPERIOR COURTS OF MALAYSIA: THE FEDERAL COURT OF MALAYSIA, THE COURT OF APPEALS AND THE HIGH COURT OF MALAYA, BEFORE THEY MOVED TO PUTRAJAYA. CONSTRUCTED ENTIRELY OF BRICK, THE BUILDING FEATURES STRONG GOTHIC, WESTERN AND INDOSARASENIC INFLUENCES. IT IS FREQUENTLY SEEN AS THE BACKDROP FOR MALAYSIA’S ANNUAL INDEPENDENCE DAY PARADES (WHICH TAKE PLACE PAST DATARAN MERDEKA).

FAST FACTS ORIGINAL NAMED GOVERNMENT OFFICES, KUALA LUMPUR, IT WAS RENAMED IN1974 AFTER SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD BUILT BETWEEN 1894 AND 1897 ON MERDEKA SQUARE USED TO SERVED AS GOVERNEMNT OFFICES AND AS A HIGH COURT AND SUPREME COURT

LOCATION

JALAN RAJA, KUALA LUMPUR CITY CENTRE, 50050 KUALA LUMPUR, FEDERAL TERRITORY OF KUALA LUMPUR

ARCHITECTS

ARTHUR CHARLES ALFRED NORMAN

REGENT ALFRED JOHN BIDWELL

ARTHUR BENISON HUBBACK

1.2 HISTORY THE FOUNDATION STONE WAS LAID ON 6 OCTOBER 1894 BY THE GOVERNOR OF THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, SIR CHARLES MITCHELL.

1894

CONSTRUCTION OF SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD BUILDING WAS COMPLETED.

THE BUILDING HOUSED THE FEDERAL MALAY STATES ADMINISTRATION, INCLUDING THE PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT, GENERAL POST OFFICE, HOUSING THE SECRETARY'S OFFICE, DISTRICT SELANGOR STATE OFFICE, LAND & MINES ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT, ADULT OFFICE DEPARTMENT AND TREASURY.

1897-1957

1957-1974

1897

RESTORATION OF BUILDING FACADE COSTING RM 2.37 MILLION.

RENOVATION AND RESTORATION COSTING RM 17.2 MILLION, INCLUDING BEAUTIFYING THE DOMES. (ORIGINALLY MADE OF WOOD AND BRICKS AND PAINTED BLACK, THE DOMES WERE PLATED WITH COPPER, WITH THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTING RM 200,000 TO THE COST

2009-2010 MINISTRY OF INFORMATION, COMMUNICATIONS AND CULTURE.

1974-1978 HOUSING THE FEDERAL COURT, COURT OF APPEAL AND HIGH COURT OF MALAYA.

1978-2007

2007-2009

1.3 SPATIAL ANALYSIS

The Sultan Abdul Samad Building has an F shaped floor plan. This results in a very strong façade as the ‘backbone’ of the F is the front of the building. The centre courtyard also acts to separate the semi-private from the private zones.

SWOT Analysis S - The building serves as the backdrop for important events such as the National Day Parade on 31 August and the ushering in of the New Year.It has symbolized Malaysia with its multi-racial and multi-cultural societies and has played an important role in the country’s history.

O - Sultan Abdul Samad Building has become synonymous with Kuala Lumpur, attracting local and foreign tourists as well as the heritage building enthusiasts thanks to its immense architectural, historical and cultural significance.

W - It is suggested that the Kuala Lumpur City Hall should detour the traffic coming to the Merdeka Square or limit the types of vehicles using the Raja Road. This is to avoid traffic vibrations which may affect the foundations of the Sultan Abdul Samad Building.

T - The building does not hold well during floods after a huge rainfall as seen in 1971. Part of the building was not spared and a massive & expensive renovation was undertaken, costing RM 17.2 million.

1.4 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Repetition

Unity

Curving lines, space, and texture are repeated throughout the design to tie the structure together and produce visual consistency.

The layout, elevation, and section are all the same. The building achieves a sense of oneness through the use of simple geometrical forms.

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Balance Rhythm Progressive vertical rhythm of the window that implies a strong sense of motion, either from the small to the large and from the large to the small.

Due to emphasis of the cylinder clock tower on the centre , and the four corners of the building,consisting of four projecting cylinder towers with a hemisphere dome on top, are constructed to give balance to the building.

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1.5 ARCHITECTURE STYLE INDO-SARACENIC STYLE

Most Indo-Saracenic public buildings were constructed by parts of the British Raj government of India, the peak period around 1880. They partly reflected the British aspiration for an "Imperial style" of their own, rendered on an intentionally grand scale, reflecting and promoting a notion of an unassailable and invincible British Empire

CLOCK TOWER

TURRET Axis of clock tower is balaced by two turrets.

The turrets and both projecting ends help to break up a flat façade

41.2m high clock tower with two 17.2m high tower by the side. Spiral staircases in the turrets tend to point up to the tower, accentuating the importance.

HORSESHOE ARCHES

Emblematic arch of Islamic architecture. used throughout the building in both the verandahs and doorways.

COPPER DOME

43.6 metres high. two smaller domed towers near the main entrance. originally made of copper sheets placed over wooden frames and painted black

1.6 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL The construction used 4 million bricks, 2,500 barrels of cement, 18,000 pikuls of lime, 5,000 lbs of copper, 50 tons of steel and iron, and about 30,000 cubic feet of timber

Concrete

The arches, posts and sculptures are constructed of concrete

Hardwood & Glass

Facing brick

The hardwood is used for door opening and window frames. The glass used windows is to give more natural light to flow into the rooms.

With the natural color to suit the environment are widely used for wall surfaces, minarets and columns

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1.7 SUMMARY To conclude, the Sultan Abdul Samad Building is a symbol of Malaysia's fresh beginnings in contemporary architecture,

including features from Islamic architecture to reflect Malaysia as a multi-racial society.

The Sultan Abdul Samad Building has clearly influenced the growth of Malaysian architecture, as seen by the KL tower and the world-famous KLCC twin towers.

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02 GENERAL HOSPITAL KUALA LUMPUR 2.1Background + fast facts 2.2 History 2.3 Spatial Analysis 2.4 Design Principle 2.5 Architectural style 2.6 Construction materials 2.7 Summary

2.1 BACKGROUND GENERAL HOSPITAL KUALA LUMPUR'S MODERN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PARALLELED THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. FEWER WALLS, NATURAL VENTILATION, AND ILLUMINATION WERE ENCOURAGED IN THE POSTWAR BUILDING BOOM. THEY WERE ALSO TOPOGRAPHICALLY AWARE, EMPLOYING SIMPLE LINES AND GEOMETRIC FORMS. THE INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS OF GENERAL HOSPITAL KUALA LUMPUR MAY NOT LOOK REMARKABLE, BUT THEY SERVE AS A REMINDER AND REMEMBRANCE OF THE PAST AND THE SPIRIT OF THE TIMES, WHEN PEOPLE FOUGHT FOR IMPROVED HEALTHCARE WITH LESS ASSISTANCE. IN MALAYSIA, MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE, PARTICULARLY TROPICAL MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE, LINKS FUNCTIONALISM TO THE NATIVE TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT. AS A RESULT, ARCHITECTS PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE BUILDING'S ORIENTATION AND MATERIALS. LOCAL ARCHITECTS WERE TRAINED IN THE WEST AND ADAPTED THE USE OF CONCRETE TO REPLACE TRADITIONAL MATERIALS LIKE AS WOOD AND BAMBOO, GIVING RISE TO A GROWING INTEREST IN BRUTALIST ARCHITECTURE.

FAST FACTS

A PUBLIC HOSPITAL RUN BY THE MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT IN KUALA LUMPUR. FOUNDED IN THE YEAR 1870 AND BUILT ON 150 ACRES OF EXCELLENT CITY PROPERTY. HAS 84 WARDS AND 2,300 BEDS (MAKING IT THE WORLD'S LARGEST CLINIC).

THE KUALA LUMPUR HOSPITAL, OR HKL, IS DIVIDED INTO 54 DISTINCT DIVISIONS AND SECTIONS. THERE ARE 29 CLINICAL DIVISIONS AND 15 CLINICAL ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRATIONS IN ALL.

LOCATION

JALAN PAHANG, 50586 KUALA LUMPUR, WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN KUALA LUMPUR

ARCHITECT THE MATERNITY HOSPITAL OF KUALA LUMPUR HOSPITAL, DESIGN BY JKR (PWD) WITH KENNETH CAVENDISH DUNCAN AS THE HEAD ARCHITECT WHICH WAS DEVELOPED LATER ONE. THE COMPANY SETIA PRECAST SDN BHD. WAS ALSO INVOLVED.

2.2 HISTORY 1870 The British developed as a district hospital with three wards.

1920 The facilities were upgraded to 25 wards with 1st class, 2nd class and 3rd class wards classifications

1962 Maternity Hospital, North Ward Block, Radiotherapy Department and Hostels for staff were built.

1972-1975 · 1972: South Ward Block, Neurology Institute, Surgical Block, Radiology Block, National Blood Transfusion Centre and more hostels were added. · 1973: Specialist clinics, Outpatient Department and Doctor's hostel were constructed. · 1974: Trainee Nurses hostel and Clubhouse added. · 1975: Orthopaedic Institute, Urology Institute, Artificial Limb Centre and Radiology Block were established.

2013

Specialist Complex & Ambulatory Care Centre was opened, comprising 16 clinical offices, support administrations like drug store, pathology, radiology, Central Sterile Supply Unit and allied wellbeing administrations. SCACC gives 30 beds to childcare patients, 184 meeting rooms, 7 workshop rooms and the Clinical Research Center .

1992

Paediatric Institute was constructed.

1997 Upgrading of the Institute of Radiotherapy, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine.

2013

2017 A new 12-storey Women and Children’s Hospital with 600 beds built. Future plans include a "school within a hospital" facility for children who are on long-term treatment and hospital-bound.

2.3 SPATIAL ANALYSIS Layout

Floor Plan

Site Analysis

Elevation

SWOT Analysis S - Many researches have been undertaken in HKL in the past, and there are many more researches being conducted now, as well as upcoming researches in the future.

W - Lack of facilities in the direct proximity of the hospital to handle the large number of patients in the region; the area is congested.

O - Due to its extensive medical experience, the hospital provides education and curriculum assistance to other hospitals.

T - Congested roads and parking lots result in excessive traffic and make it difficult for individuals to get to, drop off, and pick up patients.

2.4 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Repetition The continuous use of cuboids in rectilinear shapes provides a consistent rhythm that promotes brutalism.

Grid The grid-like structure of the eggcrates window form an aesthetical look to make the hospital look bulky.

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Symmetrical The main block of structure of the building has the formed of the central axis, henced the hospital's form is balanced

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Organition of Form It consists of rectangles of various sizes. Most hospital walls contain cement frames of various sizes, giving them a hard and bulky look.

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2.5 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE BRUTALIST ARCHITECTURE BRUTALIST DESIGN IS A STRUCTURAL STYLE THAT EMERGED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM DURING THE 1950S AS A RESULT OF MILITARY RESTORATION PROJECTS. BRUTALIST BUILDINGS ARE PORTRAYED BY MINIMALIST DEVELOPMENTS THAT FEATURE THE UNCOVERED STRUCTURE MATERIALS AND PRIMARY COMPONENTS OVER DECORATIVE DESIGN. THE STYLE REGULARLY UTILIZES UNCOVERED, UNPAINTED CEMENT OR BLOCK, PRECISE GEOMETRICAL SHAPES AND A PREVALENTLY MONOCHROME SHADING RANGE; DIFFERENT MATERIALS, LIKE STEEL, LUMBER, AND GLASS, ARE LIKEWISE INCLUDED.

MACHINE REGIONALISM MACHINE REGIONALISM CONSIDERS THE STRUCTURE TO BE A MACHINE SHELTER DESIGNED IN RESPONSE TO THE LOCAL CLIMATE. THE STRUCTURE IS VIEWED AS NOTHING MORE THAN A MECHANISM THAT SIEVES THE CLIMATE THROUGH IT IN THIS APPROACH. THIS DESIGN IS DISTINGUISED BY ITS USE OF STEEP OVERHANGS, RECESSED 'EGG CRATES' WINDOWS, LOUVRED SHADING AND APERTURES WITH EXPOSED CONCRETE STRUCTURE.

EGG CRATES WINDOW

DEEP OVERHANGS

LOUVRED SHADES

THIS HOSPITAL'S SEVERAL BUILDINGS ARE SHIELDED BY A SYSTEM OF SQUARE CONCRETE LOUVRES THAT ALLOW FOR ADEQUATE VENTILATION WHILE KEEPING THE SUN AND RAIN OUT. THE GENERAL HOSPITAL IN KUALA LUMPUR IS LIKELY ONE OF THE GREATEST INSTANCES OF THE CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN RESPONSE TO THE BRUTALIST MOVEMENT. BASED MORE CLOSELY ON THE IDEALS OF INTERNATIONAL STYLE, LE CORBUSIER AND HIS FELLOW BAUHAUS COLLEAGUES CONTINUED TO APPLY RESTRAINT AFTER THE 1950S.

2.6 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS The Kuala Lumpur General Hospital is suggestive of Le Corbusier's High Court building and the Secretariat offices in Chandigarh, India. went through a significant exercise to redo its exterior. Uncovered substantial areas were painted dazzling beige.The louvers were given traces of orange or lilac to give contrast from superstructure.

ALUMINIUM GLASS WINDOWS It can be rapidly powder covered for different looks and wraps up, regardlessly of the shape or size of the entryways and windows, they can be modified to according to the requirenments, durability and maintenance.

CONCRETE Strength, toughness, life span and flexibility, improve energy effectiveness through thermal mass , sturdiness in any climate. A structure material that doesn't burn, rust or decay.

Construction details ROOF

FACADE

Flat roofs need to be used symmetrically for residential use, and reinforced concrete is a way to protect the concrete roof from temperature changes by keeping the humidity constant.

The rectilinear frame of the louvered windows on the façade takes air and sunlight into the building. A common façade uses a repeating cement frame to create the classic brutal look of an egg crates structure.

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2.7 SUMMARY From a county hospital with only three wards to the main government hospital we know today, Hospital Kuala Lumpur has gone a long way. With the introduction of materials such as reinforced concrete and the usage of functionalism, it has undoubtedly contributed to modern architecture in Malaysia. Since then, numerous Malaysian government buildings, like Wisma Equity and the Penang Central Bank, have followed suit in adopting brutalist design to convey a feeling of formality.

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COMPARISON

GENERAL HOSPITAL KUALA LUMPUR STYLE

SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD BUILDING

Influenced by Brutalist architecture, the hospital is made up of concrete & has precise geometrical shape. It focuses the emphasis on graphic expressions in the exterior elevation.

MATERIAL

It has Indo-Sarasenic influences as seen in the contrasting colours of voussoirs, towers & horseshoe arches

Bricks are the main material used for Sultan Abdul Samad Building

BALANCE

The four projecting cylinder towers with a hemisphere dome on top, are constructed to give balance to the building. Clock tower act as the axis of symmetry for the building

Concrete was the main material used to build the hospital

The hospital is symmetrical with a vertical axis of symmetry on the facade

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Lee, S. A. (2017, June 22). A History of the Sultan Abdul Samad Building in 60 Seconds. Culture Trip. https://theculturetrip.com/asia/malaysia/articles/a-history-of-the-sultan-abdul-samad-building-in-60seconds/ Story behind Sultan Abudul Samad Building. (2021, January 24). Freemalaysiatoday. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/top-lifestyle/2021/01/24/the-story-behind-the-sultan-abdulsamad-building/ Sultan Abdul Samad Building Drawing. (n.d.). [Sketch]. https://www.joshualegalartgallery.com/products/sultan-abdul-samad-building sydtlkdr. (2018, December 24). Sultan abdul samad building. Slideshare.Net. https://www.slideshare.net/sydtlkdr/sultan-abdul-samad-building Wikipedia contributors. (2021, October 29). Sultan Abdul Samad Building. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Samad_Building

General Hospital Kuala Lumpur A.Z.R.U.L.K.A.B.D.U.L.L.A.H. (2002). Brutalism’s Brutal Practicality.

Https://Www.Mir.Com.My/Rb/Photography/Portfolio/Azrul/Html/Prac1.Html. Retrieved November 2, 2021, from https://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/portfolio/azrul/html/prac1.html Wikipedia contributors. (2021, April 29). Kuala Lumpur Hospital. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Hospital The Benefits of Concrete | Rediscover Concrete. (n.d.). Http://Rediscoverconcrete.Com/En/Sustainability/a-BetterBuilding-Material/the-Benefits-of-Concrete.Html. http://rediscoverconcrete.com/en/sustainability/a-betterbuilding-material/the-benefits-of-concrete.html Wikipedia contributors. (2021b, October 21). Brutalist architecture. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture PHOTOGRAPHS S.P., & R.K.S. (n.d.). Brutalist architecture [Photograph]. https://www.google.com/url? sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmymodernmet.com%2Fbrutalistarchitecture%2F&psig=AOvVaw3RfUHg0p_k4bQX7lPHMZ_y&ust=1635907172785000&source=images&cd=vfe&v ed=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCMDAgqrT-PMCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD Concrete Bricks. (n.d.). [Photograph]. Https://Www.Dezeen.Com/2021/06/15/Carbon-Capturing-ConcreteCarbicrete/. https://www.dezeen.com/2021/06/15/carbon-capturing-concrete-carbicrete/ Egg Crates Windows. (n.d.). [Photograph]. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cc/f3/82/ccf3827ce7e5549c4cdf794dac451e4b.png ALUPRO. (n.d.). Louvred shades [Photograph]. Alupro.Com. https://www.alupro.com/en/reference/sunshading-louvers/