Year 26 issue 39

x'=b=g+=)#.)%(.)^), sf=k=lh=b=g+= )!.)%).)%!, sfe|]

k|b]z :t/sf] ‘s’ >]0fLsf] ;fKtflxs

@^cf}+ jif{ c;n ;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu ;To ;dfrf/sf] ;Dk|]if0f

CHESHTA WEEKLY jif{ @^ c+s #( @)&& ;fpg * ut] ljxLjf/ (Thursday, 23 July 2020) g]kfn ;+jt\ !!$), d"No ?= %. -pkTosfsf] nflu ?= &_ k]h ^ www.cheshtaweekly.com.np

;+qmd0fsf] ylk+bf] ;+Vof ag]kf÷dxfef/t ufpF k flnsfaf6 kf6g c:ktfndf kf7]3/sf] kl/If0f ug{ uPsL dlxnfdf kfFr lbg kl5 sf]/f]gf kf]h]l6e b]lvof] . c:ktfndf kl/If0f u/]/ k'gM ufpF kmls{P kl5 sf]/f]gf ePsf] hfgsf/Ln] ;Gqf; ylkof] . dxfef/t b]lv kf6g / kf6g b]lv dxfef/t . 8fF8fkf/Laf6 k'gM pkrf/sf nflu c:ktfn Nofpg sl7g lyof] . t/ klg b'O{ lbgsf] ofqf dfkm{t pgnfO{ w'lnv]n c:ktfn pkrf/ u/fpg] tof/L c:ktfn k|zf;gsf sf/0f ;Dej ePg . sdf08 kf]i6sf ;b:o ;lrj :jf:Yo sfof{no sfe|]sf k|d'v 8f= g/]Gb|s'df/ emfn] w'lnv]n c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/fpg] tof/L eP klg dWo/ftdf c;dy{ /x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fP kl5 dlxnfnfO{ 6]s' l/km/ ul/Psf] lyof] . lhNnfdf sf]/f]gf ;+qmldt x'g]x?sf] ;+Vof @& k'u]sf] 5 . t/ lgsf] afFsL @ k]hdf

$* k|ltzt d'2f km};nf

w'lnv]n÷e'sDk kl5 z'? ePsf] lghL cfjf; k'glg{df{0fsf] sfd ^% k|ltzt ;lsPsf] 5 . e'sDk kl5 Iflt eP/ cfjZos x'g]x?n] cfjf; k'glg{df{0f ul/;s]sf 5g\ eg] k'glg{df{0f ug{ g;Sg]x?sf nflu /fHon] hUuf vl/b ug{ / ;x'lnot k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . s]lx kl/jf/sf nflu yk %) xhf/ yk ug{] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . (* xhf/ !( 3/ kl/jf/ ;'lrs[t ePsf]df clGtd ls:tf

lnP/ lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug{] 3/ kl/jf/ %$ xhf/ ^ ;o (@ /x]sf 5g\ . &* xhf/ & ;o && 3/ kl/jf/ nfeu|fxL ePsf]df &$ xhf/ @ ;o 3/ kl/jf/n] ;Demf}tf u/L klxnf] ls:tf lnPsf lyP . ^@ xhf/ & ;o !% 3/ kl/jf/n] bf]>f] ls:tf lnPsf 5g\ eg] %$ xhf/ ^ ;o (@ hgfn] t]>f] ls:tf lnPsf 5g\ . ! ;o ^^ 3/ kl/jf/n] lnPsf] /sd lkmtf{ u/]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{, cg'bfg afFsL @ k]hdf

dxfdf/L 5Nb} cfDbfgL – vr{ 8 :yfgLo txdf kf}g] ^ ca{ lgsf;f 8 @ ca{ &* s/f]8 cfDbfgL 8 !! ca{ @) s/f]8 vr{ 8 Eof6 ;+sngdf pT;fx df]tL/fd ltdlN;gf w'lnv]n cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷)&& sf]/f]gf efO{/;sf sf/0f ;f]r]hlt pknAwL xfl;n ug{ c;kmn eof] . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? ;"rf? x'g g;Sbf cfly{s If]q rnfodfg x'g ;s]g . vr{ x'g} g;s]sf sf/0f cfDbfgL 36\g k'Uof] . tLg txs} ;/sf/n] nIo lgwf{/0f ug{ g;Sbf d'n'ssf yk cfly{s dlGb x'g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ dWogh/ ub{} df}lb|s gLlt ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5 . sfe| ] k nf~rf] s lhNnfdf sf]/f]gf dxfdf/Lsf afah't ljleGg sfof{nox?n] ul//x]sf cfly{s ultljlw, cfDbfgL, vr{ tyf d'n'ssf] /fhZj ;+sngdf b]lvPsf ljifox?n] rfn' cfly{s jif{nfO{ ;'wf/ u/L cufl8 a9\g] k|]/0ff lbPsf] 5 .

!! ca{ @) s/f]8 vr{

w'lnv]n÷lhNnf cbfnt sfe|]knf~rf]sn] aflif{s nIo cg';f/ sf]/f]gf efO{/;sf sf/0f d'2fsf] km};nf ug{ ;s]g . ns8fpg cjwLdf gful/sx?sf] ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lgoldt ;]jf pknAw u/fP klg d'2fsf] km};nf ug{] nIodf eg] cbfnt k'Ug g;s]sf] xf] . >]:t]bf/ uf]ljGb l3ld/]sf cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷)&& sf] cGTo;Dddf cbfntaf6 ( ;o $ yfg d'2fsf] km};nf ePsf] 5 . k|ltztsf cfwf/df $* k|ltzt xf] . cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{af6 lhDd]jf/L ;/]sf * ;o &^ yfg, gofF btf{ ! xhf/ !) yfg u/L ! xhf/ * ;o *^ yfg dWo] ( ;o $ yfg km};nf eO{ ( ;o *@ yfg d'2fsf] lhDd]jf/L rfn' cfly{s jif{sf nflu ;/]sf] 5 . gofF btf{sf] nIo eGbf sd btf{ ePsf] / aflif{s km5{\of{}6sf] ;+Vofsf] afFsL @ k]hdf

%$,^(@ cfjf; k'glg{df{0f

cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf ;/sf/n] cfDbfgL vr{sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L nIo u/]sf] of]hgf ;d]t k'/f x'g ;s]g . cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷)&& df lhNnfdf k|fKt /sd dWo] ;+3 ;/sf/sf] $) k|ltzt / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ^@ k|ltzt k'lhut tkm{ vr{ ePsf] 5 eg] rfn' tkm{ ;+3 ;/sf/sf] (& k|ltzt / k|b]z tkm{ &^ k|ltzt vr{ ePsf] 5 . ;+3 ;/sf/sf] lhNnfdf k|fKt rfn' vr{ !) ca{ @) s/f]8 %* nfv @& xhf/ @ ;o () ?k}ofF ah]6 k|fKt ePsf]df ( ca{ *^ s/f]8 $( nfv @@ xhf/ $ ;o % ?k}ofF vr{ ePsf] 5 . k|ltztsf cfwf/df (& k|ltzt rfn' tkm{ vr{ ePsf] 5 .

To:t} k'FhLuttkm{ k|fKt # ca{ #$ s/f]8 ^( nfv $) xhf/ & ;o $) ?k}ofFdf ! ca{ ## s/f]8 *@ nfv %& xhf/ @ ;o $! ?k}ofF vr{ ePsf] 5 . k|ltztsf cfwf/df ljsf;tkm{sf] vr{ lhNnfdf k|fKt ah]6sf cfwf/df $) k|ltzt xf] . rfn' / k'FhLuttkm{ u/L !# ca{ %% s/f]8 @& nfv ^* xhf/ #) ?k}ofF

ag]kf lg:6 bzsdf k|j]z ljut !) jif{b]lv sIff !! / !@ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] ag]kf lg:6 :s'nn] ljut # jif{b]lv /fHosf] gofF ;+/rgf cg';f/ dfWolds ljBfno -(–!@_ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . dfWolds txsf] cWoognfO{ pRr lzIffsf] k[i7e"ldsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] kfOG5 . ag]kf lg:6 :s'nn] dfWolds txnfO{ lj1fg / ul0ft ljifodf ljz]if Wofg lbO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf ¿kdf cWofkg ul//x]sf] 5 . kf7\oqmddf ePsf] ;}4flGts 1fgnfO{ l;sfO, a'emfO, ;sf/fTds ;f]r h:tf Jofjxfl/s 1fgdf abNb} k"0f{ ¿kdf k|of]uzfnfdf cfwfl/t /x]/ Jojl:yt cWoog u/fpg] ;f]rsf ;fy cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . ag]kf lgi6 :s"nsf] sIff !! / !@ df cWoog/t ;Dk"0f{ Science, Management / Law sf ljBfyL{x?sf] Online Revision sIff ;+rfng eO/x]sf] x'Fbf pQm l;i6ddf 5'6]sf ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsHo"x?n] cfjZos ;"rgf pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ul/lbg'x'g cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .

ag]kf lg:6 :s'n (A Complete 9-12 Secondary School) Science, Management & Law

ag]kf g=kf= (, gofFa:tL -gfnf /f]8_ ;Dks{ g+= )!!^^)&(@÷)!!^^@#%%÷(*$!@^*(@#

k|fKt ePsf]df !! ca{ @) s/f]8 #! nfv &( xhf/ ^ ;o $& ?k}of vr{ u/]sf] 5 . lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{ cg' b fg Aoj:yfkg tyf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/tkm{ @ ca{ ^* s/f]8 ($ nfv @ xhf/ * ;o $) ?k}ofFdf @ ca{ ^@ s/f]8 #* nfv $@ xhf/ @ ;o $& ?k}ofF vr{ ePsf] 5 . k|ltztsf cfwf/df of] vr{ (& k|ltzt ePsf] sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no sfe|]knf~rf]sn] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 . k|b]z ;/sf/ cGt/utsf] ljlgof]hg /sddf rfn' vr{tkm{ ! ca{ $!

sf]/f]gfsf sf/0f ;dod} ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ ;DkGg gx'Fbf ljsf; tkm{sf] /sd vr{ x'g g;s]sf] ;/f]sf/jfnf sfof{nox?n] atfPsf 5g\ . k|b]z tkm{sf] s'n $ ca{ !) s/f]8 #$ nfv ^^ xhf/ /sd k|fKt ePsf]df @ ca{ &% s/f]8 $@ nfv @( xhf/ # ;o !! ?k}ofF vr{ ePsf] 5 .

@ ca{ &* s/f]8 /fhZj

cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷)&& df lhNnfaf6 @ ca{ &* s/f]8 ^ nfv %# xhf/ @ ;o $$ ?k}ofF /fhZj ;+sng ePsf] 5 . ;+3Lo ;/sf/ cGt{ut @ ca{ &% s/f]8 ! nfv ## xhf/ @ ;o !( ?k}ofF hDdf ePsf] 5 eg] k|b]z ;/sf/ cGt{ut # s/f]8 % nfv !( xhf/ ( ;o $$ ?k}ofF cfDbfgL ePsf] 5 . cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no sfe|]n] @ cS{ $! s/f]8 !@ nfv $! xhf/ @ ;o ^& ?k}ofF /fhZj ;+sng u/]sf] 5 . ;+3Lo ;/sf/ cGt{utsf ## / k|b]z ;/sf/ cGt{utsf !# j6f

:yfgLo txdf kf}g] ^ ca{ lgsf;f sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no sfe|]knf~rf]s dfkm{t :yfgLo txx?nfO{ cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷)&& df k|b]z / ;+3 tkm{sf] ;dflgs/0f, ;zt{, ;dk"/s, :yfgLo lgsfo ;zt{ k'FhLut cg'bfg, /fli6«o kl/rokq tyf k~hLs/0f, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f, ul/a;Fu ljz]Zj/ sfo{qmd, /fi6«klt dlxnf pTyfg sfo{qmd, :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd / ;dfh sNof0f sfo{qmd -h]i7 gful/s sfo{qmd_ dfkm{t !# j6} :yfgLo txdf vr{ lgsf;f ePsf] 5 . lgsf;f ePsf] /sd vr{ ePsf] gePsf] ljj/0f eg] sf]n]lgsf;Fu 5}g . clwsf+z sfo{qmd ;a} kflnsfx?df 5 eg] s]lx s]lx sfo{qmd / cg'bfg s]lx kflnsfx?df 5'6]sf] 5 . w'lnv]n gu/kflnsfdf k|b]zaf6 $& s/f]8 @& nfv / ;+3af6 ^ s/f]8 &! nfv (( xhf/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf]df $& s/f]8 %* nfv !& xhf/ * ;o ($ ?k}ofF lgsf;f ePsf] 5 . gdf]a\'4 gu/kflnsfdf $& s/f]8 (# nfv $& xhf/, kgf}tL gu/kflnsfdf %* s/f]8 $# nfv %# xhf/, kfFrvfn gu/kflnsfdf %) s/f]8, ag]kf gu/kflnsfdf ^# s/f8 $* nfv, d08gb]pk'/ gu/kflnsfdf %@ s/f]8 ^# nfv /sd lgsf;f ePsf] 5 . To:t} vflgvf]nf ufpFkflnsfdf @% s/f]8 @! nfv, rf}/Lb]p/fnL ufpFkflnsfdf $* s/f]8 $) nfv, t]dfn ufpFkflnsfdf #^ s/f]8, a]yfGrf]s ufpFkflnsfdf #! s/f]8 ^@ nfv, e'Dn' ufpFkflnsfdf #% s/f]8 (# nfv, dxfef/t ufpFkflnsfdf #! s/f]8 / /f]zL ufpFkflnsfdf $* s/f]8 /sd lgsf;f ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo txx?df ^ ca{ ah]6 dWo] kf}g] ^ ca{ vr{sf nflu lgsf;f ePsf] 5 . slt /sd vr{ eof] / slt x'g ;s]g eGg] tYof+s k|fKt eO{;s]sf] 5}g . s/f]8 *! nfv %% xhf/ ?k}ofF dWo] ! ca{ * s/f]8 !$ nfv (& xhf/ @% ?k}ofF vr{ ePsf] 5 . of] rfn' tkm{sf] &^ k|ltzt vr{ xf] .

To:t} ljsf; tkm{sf] k'FhLut vr{df k|fKt @ ca{ ^* s/f]8 %# nfv !! xhf/ ?k}ofF dWo] ! ca{ ^& s/f]8 @& nfv #@ xhf/ @ ;o *% ?k}of vr{ ePsf] 5 . of] ^@ k|ltzt vr{ xf] .

sfof{non] /fhZj bflvnf u/]sf 5g\ . k'iknfn dWokxf8L /fhdfu{ of]hgf sfof{no w'lnv]nn] ! s/f]8 !@ nfv $# xhf/ ?k}ofF /fhZj bflvnf u/]sf] 5 eg] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no sfe|]n] # s/f]8 &$ nfv @^ xhf/ ! ;o #* ?k}ofF bflvnf u/]sf] 5 . k|zf;g sfof{nodf k|fKt cfDbfgL /fxbfgL nufotsf] /fhZj bflvnf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sf]if tyf n]vf

ljqmLdf !ljqmLdf !! ag]kf gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) l:yt c/lgsf] xfO{j] /f]8sf] ! lsQf k5fl8 ag]kfaf6 sf7df8f}+ hfg] k'/fgf] af6f]sf] ;]tf] kf6Laf6 #) ld6/ klZrd bfofF ;fO8sf] klZrdkl§sf] !! xft cufl8 df]x8f ePsf] hUuf ;lxt xf]6n t'?Gt laqmLdf .

xf]6n ck{0f

l;wf ;Dks{ M )!!–^^#((#, (*$&##($#&

lgoGqs sfof{non] @) s/f]8 ^) nfv !^ xhf/ *& ?k}ofF, lhNnf cbfnt sfe|]n] ! s/f]8 ( nfv $^ xhf/ # ;o !* ?k}ofF, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sfe|]n] @ s/f]8 @! nfv $% xhf/ & ;o #$ ?k}ofF /fhZj bflvnf u/]sf] 5 . dfnkf]t sfof{no sfe|]n] @ s/f]8 ^# nfv ^ xhf/ $ ;o %) ?k}ofF ;+sng u/]sf] 5 . z'Go /fhZj x'g] sfof{nox?df sf/fuf/, /fli6«o cg';Gwfg, l8lh6n gfkL, lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no, lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{ lzIff, ejg /x]sf 5g\ . lzIff ljsf; tyf ;dGjo OsfO{ sfof{non] ! s/f]8 #! nfv (% xhf/ ^ ;o $$ ?k}ofF /fhZj bflvnf u/]sf] 5 . k|b]ztkm{sf sfof{nox? dWo] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{non] ! s/f]8 &( nfv (^ xhf/ & ;o $% ?k}ofF bflvnf u/]sf] 5 . lhNnf cfo{'j]b :jf:Yo s]Gb| afx]s cGo !@ j6f sfof{non] /fhZj bflvnf u/]sf 5g\ . l8lehg jg sfof{non] !^ nfv !# xhf/ * ;o @& ?k}of, d;nfjfnL ljsf; s]Gb| kfFrvfnsf nflu @$ nfv $& xhf/ ($ ?k}ofF /fhZj bflvnf u/]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf /fhZj ;+sng / vr{ sd ePsf] sfof{non] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 . k|d'v sf]if lgoGqs gf/fo0fk|;fb pkfWofosf cg';f/ ;+3 / k|b]z ;/sf/n] ljlgof]hg u/]sf] ah]6nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ tyf sfof{nox? dfkm{t ePsf] vr{nfO{ cfGtl/s n]vf kl/If0f ug{], cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod u/fpg] / vr{nfO{ ldtAooL agfpg] sfo{ ul//x]sf] atfpg' eof] . sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] ;/sf/L b}lgs lx;fa /fVg], lx;fa le8fg ug{], k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{], cfGtl/s n]vfkl/If0f ug{], lgj[Qe/0f ;DjGwL sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgj[Qe/0f ;DjGwL sfo{ cGtu{ t @)&^÷)&& sf] c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf ! ;o @ hgfn] ;]jf lnPsf

5g\ . & j6f vftfaGbL, !! j6f cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ yk ul/Psf] , !& j6f kgf ;lsPsf]÷x/fPsf]n] gofF k§f hf/L ul/Psf], @) j6f kfl/jf/Ls sfod ul/Psf] / $& j6f lx;fa ldnfg ul/Psf] atfPsf] 5 . ;+3 cGt{utsf #& sfof{nox? dWo] @* sfof{no / k|b]zsf !# dWo] & j6f sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnaL k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf, /fhZj tyf cGo sfof{nox?df lgoldt /fo / k/fdz{ lbPsf] 5 .

Eof6 ;+sngdf pT;fx

cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{ n o w'lnv]nn] sfe|]knf~rf]s, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, bf]nvf / /fd]5fksf s/bftfx?af6 @ ca{ &* s/f]8 %$ nfv ^^ xhf/ ?k}ofF /fhZh ;+sng u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷)&^ df pQm sfof{non] @ ca{ #% s/f]8 #% nfv !* xhf/ ?k}ofF ;+sng u/]sf] lyof] . k|ltztsf cfwf/df cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{ eGbf @)&^÷)&& df !* k|ltzt w]/} /fhZj ;sng u/]sf] eP klg nIodf k'Ug ;s]g . /fhZj p7fpg] nIo eGbf sd cyf{t *$=!( k|ltzt dfq} /fhZj ;+sng eof] . lhNnfsf] xsdf pQm sfof{non] @ ca{ $@ s/f]8 /fhZj ;+sng u/]sf] 5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{ b]lv bf]nvf / /fd]5fkdf /fhZj ;]jf sfof{no v'Nb}5g\ . To;kl5 cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no w'lnv]nsf] nIo klg sd x'g]5 . sfof{non] cfo s/ ! ca{ @( s/f]8 ^^ nfv ( xhf/ ;+sng u/]sf] 5 . utjif{ eGbf of] jif{ ^ s/f]8 w]/} xf] . sf]/f]gfsf afah't klg sfof{non] cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf w]/} /fhZj ;+sng u/]sf] cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no w\'lnv]nsf k|d'v 8Da? k/fh'nLn] atfpg' eof] . 3/ef8f afkt $ s/f]8 ^^ nfv %$ xhf/ ?k}ofF ;+sng ePsf] 5 eg] Aofh afkt @) s/f]8 %# nfv !* xhf/ ?k}ofF ;+sng u/]sf] 5 . Eof6 afkt ! ca{ # s/f]8 (% nfv ^) xhf/ ;+sng ePsf] 5 . ut jif{ ^* s/f]8 dfq} Eof6 ;+sng ePsf] lyof] . sfof{non] Eof6df nIo eGbf !$ k|ltzt w]/} /fhZj ;+sng u/]sf] xf] .

c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ bfof“jfof“ vfnL ug{] ljifodf

ag]kf gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{nosf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf -k|yd k6s k|sflzt ldlt @)&&.$.^_

ag]kf gu/kflnsf If]q leq c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ bfof“jfof“ ;8s ;Ldf leqsf] If]qnfO{ Jojl:yt / ;'Gb/ agfpg' xfdL ;a} gu/jf;Lsf] bfloTj xf] . ;8s ;Ldf leq x'g] cJoj:yfn] zx/L ;'Gb/tfdf x|f; cfpg'sf ;fy} ;do ;dodf ulDe/ b'3{6gfx? klg x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . log} ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ ag]kf gu/kflnsfn] l8lehg ;8s sfof{no eQmk'/;“usf] ;xsfo{df klxnf] r/0fdf c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ ag]kf v08 cGtu{t k'0odftf vf]nf b]lv k"j{ a'8f]n rf]s;Ddsf] If]qnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ nfluPsf] 5 . t;y{ of] ;"rgf k|yd k6s k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] !% lbg cyf{t @)&& ;fn ;fpg @) ut] leqdf b]xfo adf]lhd ug{ u/fpg x'g ;DalGwt ;a}sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . != c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ ag]kf v08 -k'0odftf vf]nf b]lv k"j{ a'8f]n rf]s;Dd_ ;8s ;Ldf leq b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{kg{] 5 . s_ tf]lsPsf] ;8s ;Ldf leq /x]sf ef}lts ;+/rgf -3/÷6x/f_, lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L tyf Jofkfl/s j:t' ;fg{] x6fpg] . v_ tf]lsPsf] ;8s ;Ldf leqsf] km'6kfydf s'g} k;n Joj;fo ;~rfng gug{] tyf lgdf{0f ;dfu|L jf Jofkfl/s j:t' g/fVg] . u_ tf]lsPsf] ;8s ;Ldf leq cJojl:yt ?kdf ;jf/L kfls{ª gu/L ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwg a;kfsdf{ ;z'Ns kfls{ª ug{] / lghL ;jf/L ;fwgx? :jod kfls{ªsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg{]5 . ;fy} /fhdfu{ bfof“jfof“sf] ;le{; /f]8df s'g} klg lsl;dsf ;jf/L kfls{· gug{] .

3_ tf]lsPsf] ;8s ;Ldf leq s'g} klg lsl;dsf Jofkf/ Joj;fo gug{] . @= o; ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt Dofb leq pNn]lvt adf]lhdsf sfo{ ;DalGwt JolQm :jodn] ;DkGg ug'{kg{] 5 . ;f] adf]lhd gul/Pdf ;"rgfsf] Dofb e'Qmfg eP kl5 gu/kflnsf :jodn] ;8s ;Ldf vfnL u/fO{ ePsf] vr{ ;DalGwt JolQmaf6 c;'n pk/ u/fOg] Joxf]/f ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .

@

r]i6f ;fKtflxs

klxnf] k':tfsf g]tfx¿ ca kf6L{sf] cleefjs dfq eP/ a:g' /fd|f] x'G5

;DkfbsLo== = = = = = = = = = =

k|lt/Iff ljZjljBfno kl5sf] cj;/ sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf sf7df8f+} ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgfn] k|fKt cj;/ g]kfns} uf}/jk"0f{ ag]sf] 5. w'lnv]n c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf;Fu} lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf sfe|] lhNnfn] k|fKt u/]sf] cj;/nfO{ yk lgdf{0f x'g] ;+/rgfn] cem} dha't agfpg]5. /fhwfgL;Fu hf]l8Psf] t/ ljsf;df alQ d'lgsf] cFWof/f] eP h:tf] k5fl8 kb{} cfPsf] sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf @)&$ sf] lgjf{rgaf6 lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw / tLg txs} ;/sf/n] uf}/jsf cfof]hgfdf Wofg lbg yfn]sf 5g\. uf}/jsf y'k|} cfof]hgfx? dWo] cfufdL tLg jif{ leq} ;+rfngdf cfpg] u/L lgdf{0f z'? ePsf] k|lt/Iff ljZjljBfno xf]. ag]kf gu/kflnsf j8f gDj/ !$ df lgdf{0f x'g nfu]sf] pQm ljZjljBfnosf] lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? ePsf] 5. o;n] lhNnfsf] ljsf;df yk cfofd yKg] lglZrt 5. /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o If]qdf k|fKt x'g] lhNnfsf] uf}/jk"0f{ Oltxf;nfO{ k|lt/Iff ljZjljBfnon] yk ;xof] u k' ¥ ofpg] 5. sf7df8f} ljZjljBfno, l;4fy{ ljZjljBfno -;+rfngdf cfpg afFsL_, k|lt/Iff ljZjljBfno, dbg e08f/L ljZjljBnfo, ;'/If0f d'b|0f s]Gb|, Po/kf]6{ lgdf{0f, kfFrvfndf vfg]kfgL, OGb|fjtL kl/of]hgf nufotsf uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx? z'? ePsf 5g\. o;cl3 ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu s]lGb|o txdf kx'Fr sd ePsf sf/0f lhNnfdf uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx? z'? x'g ;s]sf lyPgg\. ljut tLg jif{ b]lv sfe|]lhNnfsf ljleGg :yfgx?df uf}/jsf kl/of]hgf ;+rfng ePsf 5g\ eg] ag]kfdf cGt/fli6«o snf s]Gb| lgdf{0f nufotsf dxTjk"0f{ kl/of]hgfx? lgdf{0f z'? ePsf 5g\. k|lt/Iff ljZjljBfnosf] cnfjf af;'sL y'DsLdf ko{6g s]Gb|, lxn] hnhn], uf];fO{:yfg, r08]Zj/L / wg]Zj/ If]q, gfl;sf;fFuf, ljs6]Zj/, eQm]Zj/ gfnf pu|r08L h:tf dxTjk"0f{ wfld{s If]qsf] :t/f]GgtL ug{] sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] 5. tLg jif{ leq /fli6«o k|lt/Iff ljZjljBfno -g] z gn l8km] G ; o' l gel;{ 6 L -Pg8Lo" _ ;~rfngdf Nofpg] u/L k|lqmof cl3 a9]sf] 5. ljZjljBfnodf k|wfgdGqL s"nklt, /IffdGqL ;xs"nklt / k|wf;]gfklt pk–;x–s"nklt /xg] u/L cGo ljefuLo 9fFrf k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5. k|lt/Iff ljZjljBfnodf cd]l/sf, a]nfot, rLg, l;+ufk'/, kfls:tfg, a+unfb]z, dn]l;of nufotsf b]zdf k|lt/Iff ljZjljBfnox¿ 5g\ eg] ef/tdf klg o;vfnsf] ljZjljBfno k|:tfljt 5. ef/tdf db|f; ljZjljBfno cGtu{t k|lt/Iff sn]h 5. ToxfF klg ljZjljBfno aGg] r/0fdf 5. …xfdLsxfF cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu s]Gb|x¿sf] cefj 5. e"–/fhgLlts / /0fgLlts tj/df g]kfn dxTjk"0f{ :yfgdf 5. d'n'sdf /0fgLlts ljifodf cWoog cfjZos kg{] ePsfn] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] /]vb]vdf ;+rfng x'g] u/L ljZjljBfnon] ly+s 6\of+ssf] sfd ug]{5. ;]gfsf] lgu/fgLdf /xg] ePklg d'n'ssf] cfjZostf xf] eGg] efjgf ;lxt l;+uf] ;+u7gn] sfd ul//x]sf] 5. k|lt/Iff ;DalGw cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg';f/ kf7\oqmdsf] d:of}bf lgdf{0f, ljZjljBfno cGtu{tsf dxfljBfno, cWoog / cg';Gwfg s]Gb| tyf z}lIfs ljefux?sf] 9fFrf lgwf{/0f nufot sfd eO{/x]s]f 5. d'n'ssf] ;'/Iff;Fu hf]l8Psf] pQm ljBfnon] To; If]qsf] dfq} geO{ ;du| d'n'ss} ljsf;df yk of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] lglZrt 5. o;nfO{ cj;/sf ?kdf abNg :yfgLox?sf] ;xof]u / ;dGjo cfjZos 5.

;+qmd0fsf]=============================== eP/ kms{g] qmd klg a9]sf] 5 . c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/fO{/x]sf lj/fdLx?sf] ;+Vof @ dfq} 5 . kgf}tLdf /x]sf] Sjf/]lG6gdf /x]sf Ps hgf AolQmdf sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0f b]lvPsf] 5 . @* alif{o k'?if a}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 kmls{Psf lyP . kgf}tL gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf pgnfO{ 6]s' k7fO{Psf] lyof] . o;cl3 ag]kf gu/kflnsf !# e};]kf6L, ag]kf a'8f]n, ag]kf 7]ufgf eO{ afg]Zj/ a:b} cfPsL o'jtL, t]dfn ufpFkflnsf j8f gDj/ *, kgf}tL gu/kflnsf j8f gDj/ @ s'zfb]jL / j8f gDj/ ( ;'Gyfgdf /x]sf AolQmx?df sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0f k'li6 ePsf] 5 . To:t} ;f]daf/ kfFrvfn / d08gb]pk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] Sjf/]lG6gdf /x]sf] b'O{ AolQmdf ;+qmd0f b]lvPsf] 5 . plgx? b'a}hgf a}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 kmls{Psf lyP . lj/fdLx? ;a}sf] cj:yf ;fdfGo /x]sf] :jf:Yo sfof{no sfe|]sf k|d'v 8f= g/]Gb|s'df/ emfn] atfpg' eof] . To:t} d08g b]pk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] Sjf/]lG6gdf efG;] /x]sf j8f g+= & sf Ps o'jfdf sf]/f]gf kf]h]l6e b]lvPsf] 5 .

jif{ @^ c+s #( @)&& ;fpg * ut] ljxLjf/

g]skf kf6L{ leq clxn] km]/L ljjfbn] pTsif{ ?k lng k'u]sf] 5 . casf] b'O{rf/ lbgdf s'g} rdTsf/ kl/jt{g gcfPdf jt{dfg ;Qf¿9 g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ km]l/ ljefhg x'g] h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5 . kf6L{sf % zLif{:y g]tfx¿ / oLlgx¿ ;d]t ;ldlnt kf6L{ s]G›Lo ;lrjfnosf] cfGtl/s ljjfb a9\b} hfFbf of] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g k'u]sf] 5 . d"n?kdf tTsflng Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbL s]G› aLr ePsf] kf6L{ Pstf ;Demf}tfdf g} sfFrf] / ckl/kSj ;Demf}tfsf] a'Fbf g} clxn]sf] snxsf] lapm aGg k'u]sf] 5 . hxfF;Dd b'O{ kf6L{ Ps x'g] / ug]{ eGg]sf] d"n ;Demf}tfdf b'j} kf6L{sf cWoIfx¿ g} cWoIf x'g], ;/sf/sf]

;Demf}tf jf ;xdlt h] elgP klg To;nfO{ g} cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] clxn] k|r08n] cfwf sfo{sfn ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ug{ dfu ug{'nfO{ Tolt gfhfoh eGg ldNb}g / k|r08nfO{ ;fx|} a]OdfgL egL xfNg klg ldNb}g . of] cfkm}df unt xf] . ha ls csf{ cWoIf s]lk cf]nL g} k"0f{ clwsf/ k|fKt cWoIf /lx /x]sf] eP . t/ kf6L{nfO{ s[ofzLn agfpg cfjZos clwsf/ csf{ cWoIfnfO{ lbO{ ;s]sf]n] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ bf]if lbg' Gofof]lrt x}g . olb cWoIfsf] k"/f clwsf/ k|dd} /x] dgdf s'g}klg cfz+sf / låljwf g/fvL cfkm'nfO{ k|d sf] lhDd]jf/L cfpg] ljlts} kf6L{

cfhsf] ljrf/ hLPg k|wfg oxfF s= k|r08nfO{ cl3 ;f/]/ jf kbsf] 9fn agfP/ b'O{ cWoIf aLrdf kmf6f] NofO{ h:s]nfaf6 k|wfgdGqL aGg] sf]l;; klg ul/Psf] b]lvG5. To:t} cfˆg} kf6L{sf g]tf / ;fF;bx¿ k|ltkIfx¿ eGbf rsf]{ cfjfh u/]/ ;/sf/sf] la/f]w ug{df ;do vlr{Psf] klg b]lvof]. x]bf{ nfU5 g]skfsf ;f+;bx¿df kf6L{sf] nufd 5}g, h:tf] af]Ng h:tf] ug{ klg 5'6 5 . g]t[Tj klg b'j} cWoIfn] cfwf cfwf cyf{t ;fF9] @÷@ jif{sf] cjwLsf] cfnf]kfnf] x'g] u/L ;xdlt ug{' g} clxn]sf] ljjfbsf] d"n r'/f] ag]sf] 5 eg] To;/L ;Demf}tf ug{ k'Ug g} ;aeGbf 7"nf] e'n x'g k'u]sf] ;a}sf] 7x/ 5 . vf;u/L k|r08nfO{ % jif{sf] nflu Psn cWoIf lbP/ xfd|f] g]skfsf] cWoIf eg]/ uj{ ug{ kfpg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{' kYof{] eg] s]lk cf]nLnfO{ % jif{ ;/sf/ rnfpg ;xof]u u/]/ ;a}n] xfd|f] k|wfgdGqL egL uj{ ug{ kfpg] jftfj/0f agfpg' kYof{] . b'j} kf6L{sf g]tfx¿n] pbf/ / km/flsnf] efj lng' kYof{] To:tf] x'g / ug{ ;s]g . Pstf t ul/of] t/ z+sf / pkz+sfnfO{ kfn]/ ul/of] . h;n] ubf{ clxn];Dd klg k'iksdn bfxfn k|r08nfO{ k"j{ Pdfn]n] cfˆgf] kf6L{sf] cWoIf eg]/ lbn}b]vL vf]n]/ eGg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g eg] otf k|d s]lk cf]nLnfO{ klg k"j{ dfcf]jfbL s]G›sf sfo{stf{ tyf ;dy{sx¿n] klg xfd|f] k|wfgdGqL egL 9s km'sfP/ eGg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . x]bf{ nfU5 clxn]sf] g]skfsf] ;/sf/ b'O{ kf6L{sf] ;+o'Qm ;/sf/sf] cg'e"lt lbnfO /x]sf] 5 . hasL @)$* df tTsflng dfn] / dfS;{afbL aLr PsLs[t x'bFf tTsflng dfS;{afbLnfO{ cWoIf / dfn]n] dxf;lrj kb lnP/ kf6L{ s]G› ldnfPsf lyP . h;n] kf6L{ Ps ePsf] hgnx/ l5§} b]ze/ km}lnPsf] lyof] . o:t} Pstfsf] ;Gb]z clxn] klg lbg ;Sg' kYof{] . o;f] eOlbPsf] eP clxn]sf] g]skf ;zQm / cg'zfl;t x'GYof] eg] kf6L{ klg :yfoL, k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL aGg ;kmn x'GYof] . ;/sf/ / kf6L{ b'j} ultzLn / nf]slk|o eP/ cufl8 a9\g ;lsGYof] . clxn] kf6L{ k|lt ljt[i0ff hfu[t x'Fb} hfg' / ;/sf/nfO{ sf]lx s'g} kIfaf6 lta| lj/f]w ug{'df kf6L{ / ;/sf/ aLr Ps cfk;df ;dGjo sfod x'g g;Sg'n] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . kl/0ffddf clxn] kf6L{, ;/sf/ b'j} kIfn] lat[i0ff / cfnf]rgf Ps;fy v]Kg' k/]sf] 5 . t;y{ b'O{ kf6L{ aLr PsLs[t ug]{ ;Gbe{df h] h:tf] zt{, ;Demf}tf jf ;xdtL ul/P klg hgtfx¿sf] aLrdf /fd|f] tyf ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z lbgs} nflu klg pQm ;Demf}tfnfO{ ;RofP/ cufl8 a9\g cfjZos 5 / ;lsG5 klg . pQm Pstfsf]

;"rgf

;d[4 g]kfn ;'vL g]kfnL, ;fdflhs ;]jf ;a}sf] lhDd]jf/L g]kfn ;/sf/

;+rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu

cWoIfaf6 5f]8]sf] eP clt /fd|f] x'g] lyof] . clxn] s'g} klg 7fpF / kIfaf6 kb / ;Qfsf] nflu n8fOF ePsf] egL ;Gb]z hfFb}gYof] . g]skf kf6L{, ;/sf/ / g]tfx¿sf] OHht / k|lti7fdf gsf/fTds wSsf nfUg hfFb}gYof] . k|d s]lk cf]nLsf] 5flt ljzfn ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'GYof] / prfO{ cem ylkGYof]. clwa]zgaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf] Pp6f kf6L{sf] x}l;otn] cWoIfsf] kb 5f]8\g grfxg' :jefljs larf/ / s'/f ;lx ePklg b'j} kf6L{ Ps eP/ ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tjsf] lhDd]jf/L cfkm}nfO{ cfO{;s]sf] cj:yfdf cfufdL Pstf clwa]zg ;Dd b'j}kbaf6 5f]8\lbGg eGg' klg Tolt Gofo;Fut xf]Og . o;n] csf]{ cWoIfk|lt ljZjf; gug{' h:tf] b]lvG5 . o:t} cfd a'l4lhjLx¿sf] klg larf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|wfgdGqL eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf PsLs[t kf6L{sf] dfgfy{ cWoIf jf cfdlGqt cWoIfsf] ?kdf a:g' ePsf] eP w]/} /fd|f] x'GYof] / clxn] o:tf] ljjfb pTkGg x'g] lyPg ls eGg] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . t/ sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|r08nfO{ lbPsf] cj:yfdf k|wfgdGqL cf]nLn] kf6L{df s]xL sfd gu/L lgis[o agfof] egL cf/f]k nufpg klg ldNb}g . of] cfˆgf] sdhf]/L n'sfpg bf]if lbPsf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . oBlk tTsflng Pdfn]–dfcf]afbL s]G› ;d]tnfO{ ul/ sl/a b'O{ltxfOsf] ax'dt cfpg'sf] >]o Pdfn] cWoIfsf] xf] eGbfdf cGo s'g} klg g]tfx¿n] lvGgtf, lxgtaf]w cyjf ckh;af6 kl5 kg]{ eof}F eg]/ ;f]Rg'kg]{ klg 5}g . km]l/ o;}sf] cfwf/df xfdLx¿sf] prfO{ 36\of] eg]/ ;f]Rg' klg a]sf/ 5 . sb 36fpg k'u]sf]5 t cfˆg} kmf]x/L ultljlwn] 36fpg k'u]sf] 5, cfˆg} sf/0fn] 36\g k'u]sf]5 . k|dsf] b'j} kbaf6 Ps;fy /fhLgfdf dfUg] jf dfUg prfn]/ 36fPsf] 5 . ;/sf/nfO{ k"0f{ ;xof]u ug{'kg]{ a]nfdf ;/sf/ 9fNg] ultlalwdf nfu]/ 36fPsf] 5 . ef/tsf] g/]G› df]bL / :jb]zL k| l ts[ o fafbL zlQmx¿ jf g] s kf lj/f]wLx¿nfO{ v'zL t'NofP/ cfˆg} a]OHht sdfP/ 36fO /x]sf] 5 . kb / ;Qfsf nflu ¥ofn r'xfpFb} c¿nfO{ prfn]/ dfg, k|lti7f / OHht 36fO/x]sf] 5 . cfkm" l;Gsf] gefFRg]

c?nfO{ ;/sf/ 9fNg u'6aGbL l;h{gf ug{ k'u]/ kf6L{af6 ktg eP/ hfFb}5, o;n] emg sb 36fpFb}5 . oxfF s= k|r08nfO{ cl3 ;f/]/ jf kbsf] 9fn agfP/ b'O{ cWoIf aLrdf kmf6f] NofO{ h:s]nfaf6 k|wfgdGqL aGg] sf]l;; klg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To:t} cfˆg} kf6L{sf g]tf / ;fF;bx¿ k|ltkIfx¿ eGbf rsf]{ cfjfh u/]/ ;/sf/sf] la/f]w ug{df ;do vlr{Psf] klg b]lvof] . x]bf{ nfU5 g]skfsf ;f+;bx¿df kf6L{sf] nufd 5}g, h:tf] af]Ng h:tf] ug{ klg 5'6 5 .

Pstfsf] zt{ ;Demf}tf h:tf] ePklg jf:tjdf hgtfn] b'O{ cWoIfn] cfwf cfwf sfo{sfn ;/sf/ rnfpg' eg]/ dt lbPsf] klg x}g . k|i6 ?kdf eGg'kbf{ tTsflng Pdfn] cWoIf s]lk zdf{ cf]nLsf] /fli6«otfk|ltsf] c8fg / ;/sf/sf] sfo{z}nLaf6 k|efljt ePs}n] klg Pdfn] kf6L{df hgnx/ cfPsf] lyof] / o;}sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df b'O{kf6L{ Ps x'g] eGg] ;Gb]zn] klg b'O{kf6L{sf] ;femf pDd]bjf/nfO{ hgtfsf] cledt cfPsf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . cfd gful/sx¿n] g]skf / g]skfsf] s]lk cf]nL g]t[Tjdf cfzf, ck]Iff /fv]sf 5g Tof] k"/f ug{sf] nflu klg kf6L{ Psh'6 eP/ ;xof]u ug{ cfjZos 5 . hgtf g]skfsf] s]lk cf]nL g]t[Tjs} ;/sf/ % r} jif{sf] x]g{ rfx]sf 5g\ . c? s'g} klg g]tfsf] x}g . of] a]nf c? s'g} klg s v g]tf k|wfgdGqLdf cfP/ of] eGbf /fd|f] unf{h:tf] nfUb}g . a? ef/tsf] Ozf/fdf gfRg k'Ug] s7k'tnL ;/sf/ aGg;S5 . s] lk cf]nLsf] kl/jt{gn] g]kfnsf] gofF gS;f k|sfzgn] cfxt aGg k'u]sf ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]G› df]bL / b]zsf g]skf lj/f]wLx¿nfO{ v'zL t'Nofpgs} nflu /fd|f] x'g;S5 . /fli6«otf / b]zsf] :jfledfgnfO{ aGws /fVgsf] nfuL rfxg] xf] eg] klg s]lk x6fpg nfUg'k5{ . clg olt klg ;lDemg cfjZos 5 ls s]lk cf]nLsf] 7fpFdf hf] k|wfgdGqL ePklg pm klg b'O{lbg] kfx'gf k|wfgdGqL dfq aGg k'U5 . /, ;/sf/ km]l/ k'/fg} z}nLdf bf]xf]l/g k'U5 . clxn] k|wfgdGqLsf] /fhLgfdf dfu]/ km]/L nfvf}Fnfv sfo{stf{x¿ / z'e lrGtsx¿sf] cf:yf / lgi7fnfO{ dfg{ vf]Hb}5 . PsLs[t g]skfnfO{ hLljt /fVg / g]skfnfO{ dfof ug]{ hgtfx¿sf] efjgfnf ;Ddfg ug]{ xf] eg] of] k|d /fhLgfdfsf] cgfjZos d'2faf6 kl5 x6\g' k5{ . t;y{ kf6L{ km'6 ljefhg x'g' glbgsf] nflu g]tfx¿ uDeL/ / ;+j]bgzLn x'g} k5{ . h;n] kf6L{sf] g}lts d"No / dfGotfnfO{ hLjGttf sfod /fVg d2t u5{ . km]l/ clxn]sf] cj:yfdf s]lk cf]nLs} sf/0f kf6L{ km'6\g uPklg o;sf ;Dk"0f{ bf]ifsf efuLbf/ k|d s]lk cf]nLsf] /fhLgfdf dfu ug]{x¿ jf of] ;/sf/ 9fNg e'ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ g]tfx¿ g} x'G5g eg]/ klg ;f]Rg h¿/L 5 . Tof] ;/sf/n] hgtfaf6 s:tf] ckdfg Aoxf]g{' kg]{5 eg]/ klg eljiojf0fL ul/ /fv] x'G5 . o;}n] cfd sfo{stf{x¿sf] zL/ em'Sg glbg, g]skf k|ltsf] lgi7f / cf:yf dg{ glbg /, cfkm" nfu]sf] kf6L{ eGgdf uj{ ug]{

7fpF /fVgsf] nflu klg kf6L{nfO{ ljefhg x'gaf6 hf]ufpg} k5{ . clxn] ev{/} dfqsf] kf6L{ leqsf] pTkGg ljjfbn] w]/}sf] lgi7fnfO{ v:sfpg k'u]sf] 5 . dlyFËn xNnfO lbPsf] 5 . g]tfx¿sf] of] Aojxf/n] xfdL sfo{stf{ z'e lrGtsx¿nfO{ nfh nfUg yfn]sf] 5 . cfˆg} kf6L{af6 /fhLgfdf dfu]/ Ot/ kIfnfO{ tdf;f b]vfpg k'u]sf] 5 . lolgx¿ g} dWo]sf sf]xL g]tfx¿ ljjfb ldnfpg nflu kg{'sf] ;§f la:s]6 hfqfsf] v6 af]Sg sfFw xfn]em}F s= k|r08nfO{ sfFw xfn]/ prfNg k'Ug' b'vb\ laifo ag]sf] 5 . w]/} jif{ g]t[Tj txdf /x]/ kf6L{ xfFSg]x¿sf] of] rfn x]bf{ g]t[Tjdf /x]sfx¿sf] jf}lbs cjglt jf dfgsf] k/fsfi7f ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . cfkm}df kb / ;Qfnf]n'k clg km'6k/i6 g]tfx¿sf] lgb]{zg, k|lzIf0f / efif0f klg s] ;'gf}, s] kTofpmF x'g k'u]sf] 5 . g]tfx¿af6 o:tf] Jojxf/ b]vfpg' Oltxf;s} nflu sn+s ag]sf] 5 . o:t} hLljt efjgfaf6 k|]l/t g]tfx¿sf] efif0f ;'Gg, lgb]{zg ;'Gg klg ;/d nfu]/ cfpF5 . of] a]nf k|d"v k|ltkIf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;d]t ;a} lakIfLx¿ df}g ag]/ al;/x]sf] 5 . g]skfsf] cfˆg} cfGtl/s ljjfb tyf snxnfO{ dHhfssf] bz{s ag]/ x]l//x]sf] 5 . sltv]/ s'ga]nf km'6\nfg eg]/ tfnL ahfpg l7s k/]/ al;/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f g]tfx¿ kf6L{ cWoIf jf k|wfgdGqL s]lk cf]nLsf] of] jf Tof] ulNtx¿ sf]6\ofO sf]6\ofO{ /fhLgfdf dfUgsf] nflu lapmx¿ vf]Hb}5 . ;fob ef/tnfO{ s;/L v';L t'NofpF egL larf/ ub}{5 . clg cfd sfo{stf{x¿ tyf :jfledfgsf /Ifs hgtfx¿ klg s;n] s] ub}{5 egL lrofO{ /x]sf] 5, Ps Pssf] d"Nof+s0f u/L/x]sf] 5 . sltko g]skf k|]dL sfo{stf{x¿ kf6L{ ljefhs ldof]x¿nfO{ s7fnf] ;dfP/ ;8sdf k5fg]{ eg]/ klg tof/L cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . lgisif{df eGg'kbf{ Psfw AolQmx¿ afx]s kf6L{ k|]dL sfo{stf{x¿ km'6 laefhgsf lakIfdf /x]sf 5g\ . a? kf6L{nfO{ ;zQm ?kdf cl3 a9fpg'kg]{df hf]8 lbO{/x]sf 5g\ . rfx] k"j{ dfcf]jfbL s]G›sf x'g rfx] k"j{ Pdfn]sf x'g b'j} kIfsf sfo{stf{x¿ ljefhg gxf];\ / Pstf sfod xf];\ eGg] d} /x]sf] 5. oxfF ;d:of /x]sf] b]lvG5 ls kf6L{sf] lhDd]jf/L kbdf /x]sf AolQmx¿ h:n] cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{df kl5 /x]sf 5g\, plgx¿g} k|d s] lk cf]nLn] b'j} kb cf]u6]/ kf6L{ sdhf]/ eof] egL cf cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] sdhf]/L n'sfpg cf/f]k nufO /x]sf 5g\ . ;fob ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] e"ldsfx¿ lgjf{x ul/Psf] eP of] ljjfb cfpg] klg lyPg eGg ;lsG5 . cfzf 5 cf–cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;s[o x'g'xf];\ . kf6L{ laefhg x'gaf6 hf]ufpg'xf];\ . g]tfx¿k|lt ;b\a'l4sf] sfdgf 5 . cGtdf Psk6s kf6L{ cWoIf jf k|wfgdGqL eO;s]sf AolQmx¿ p;sf] nf]slk|otf / cfd sfo{stf{sf] k"gM dfu ePdf afx]s kf6L{sf cleefjs dfq eP/ a:g'kg]{ kf6L{sf] ljwfg x'g cfjZos 5 . kf6L{df w]/} ;do;Dd pRr kbdf /x]sfx¿af6} ljjfb / ljefhgsf] 36gfx¿ bf]xf]l//x]sf] Oltx; x]bf{ cWoIf / k|d ePkl5 kf6L{af6 lj>fd lng' /fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5 . of] g]skfdf dfq x}g ;a} kf6L{df x'g cfjZos 5 .

%$,^(@ =========== $* k|ltzt================================== Aoj:yfkg tyf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ sfof{non] lhNnfdf ePsf] k'glg{df{0f ;Gtf]ifhgs geP klg sfo{ eO{/x]sf] atfpg' ePsf] 5 . cfof]hgf k|d'v lzjk|;fb nD;fnsf cg';f/ k'glg{df{0fsf] sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf k'u] klg ^% k|ltzt dfq} k'glg{df{0f ePsf] 5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{ leq} yk & ;o &@ 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ %) xhf/ pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] u/L lg0f{o ePsf] cfof]hgf k|d'v nD;fnn] hfgsf/L lbg' eof] . e'ldlxgnfO{ al;/x]sf] :yfgdf 3/ agfpg glbg] lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

To:t} e'ldlxg / hf]lvdo'Qm kl/jf/nfO{ k'glg{df{0f ug{ ;xlhs/0f ug{] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . ;"rgf clwsf/L u0f]zk|;fb l3ld/]sf cg';f/ k'glg{df{0f;Fu} :yfgfLo k"jf{wf/sf ;8s / k'n lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ eO{/x]sf] 5 . hf]lvd ju{df ;"lrs[t ePsf e'sDk k|efljt kl/jf/nfO{ ;/sf/n] %) xhf/ yk cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] 5 . @)&& ;fndf e'sDkaf6 k|efljt nfeu|fxL klxrfg ;DjGwL sfo{ljlw dfkm{t hf]lvd ju{df k/]sf kLl8tx?n] gLlh cfjf; k'glg{df{0f ug{ g;s]sfx?sf] xsdf yk %) xhf/ lbg] lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . hf]lvd ju{df k/]sf dWo] lhNnfdf & ;o &@ 3/ kl/jf/sf] cfjf; k'glg{df{0f ug{ afFsL 5 . hf]lvdju{sf kl/jf/n] # nfv %) xhf/ k|fKt ug{]5g\ . k'glg{df{0fsf] sfd ;DkGg ug{] u/L /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fn] k|efljt ;a} lhNnfsf gful/sx?sf nflu of] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsf] xf] . klxnf] ls:tf lnO{;s]sf, bf]>f] ls:tf lnP/ 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ g;s]sf hf]lvd ju{df k/]sf kl/jf/sf nflu yk %) xhf/ ?k}of pknAw u/fP/ lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug{] lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] .

nIodf klg sld ePsf] >]:t]bf/ l3ld/]n] atfpg' eof] . …d'VotM nIodf k'Ug g;Sg' sf]/f]gf efO{/;s} sf/0f xf]Ú–>]:t]bf/ l3ld/]n] eGg'eof]–…cem} ns8fpg k'0f{ ?kdf v'n]sf] 5}g . k|fljlws sl7gfO{sf sf/0f nIodf k'Ug sl7g 5 .Ú km};nf ePsf dWo] b'lgofFafbL b]jfgL ^ ;o % j6f, b'lgofFafbL kmf}hbf/L ! ;o %#, ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L ! ;o @(, l/6 lgj]bg !!, s/f/ %, k'g/fj]bg kq ! /x]sf 5g\ . lhDd]jf/L afFsL /x]sf d'2fx?df b'lgofjfbL b]jfgL % ;o ^( yfg /x]sf 5g\ . aGbfaGbLsf] aLrdf lhNnf cbfntn] $% yfg cleof]ukq btf{ u/]sf] 5 . ^^ yfg d'2f btf{ u/]sf] 5 eg] !$ j6f lgj]bgdf ;'g'jfO{ u/]sf] 5 . ! ;o ^ k6s Dofb yk, @# yfg d'2fsf] lel8of] sGkm|]l;ª txaf6 Dofb yk ePsf] 5 . of] gofF Aoj:yf ns8fpgaf6} cbfntn] z'? u/]sf] xf] . kqmfp k"hL{sf] cg'dlt / :jLs[lt $) j6f d'2fdf ePsf] 5 eg] sn l86]nsf nflu #^ j6fnfO{ cg'dlt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . Dofb tfd]nL (@ j6f, $) j6f y'g5]s cfb]z, !^ j6f d'2f km};nf ePsf 5g\ . !! j6f d'2f ldnfkq ePsf 5g\ eg] # j6f d'2fdf s;'/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 . hUuf /f]Ssfsf nflu % j6f lgj]bg k/]sf lyP eg] afn Ohnf;df $ j6f, ljjfx btf{ # j6f / clws[t jf/]zgfdf # j6f k|df0fLt ePsf] >]:t]bf/ uf]ljGb l3ld/]n] hfgsf/L lbg' eof] . ns8fpgsf] cjwLdf ! ;o !! j6f d'2f btf{ ePsf 5g\ . lhNnfdf tLghgf GofofwLzn] d'2f x]g{] u/L Aoj:yf ldnfO{Psf] 5 . lhNnf GofofwLz k'?iff]tdk|;fb 9sfnn] ^ ;o #% j6f d'2f lhDd]jf/Ldf k/]sf]df # ;o $$ j6f cyft{ %@=^) k|ltzt d'2f km};nf ug{' ePsf] 5 . GofofwLz leid/fh k|;fO{n] % ;o !( j6f d'2fsf] lhDd]jf/L /x]sf]df ! ;o ^^ yfg cyft{ #!=(* k|ltzt km};nf ug{' ePsf] 5 . To:t} GofofwLz b'uf{ v8\sfnfO{ ^ ;o @( yfg d'2fsf] lhDd]jf/L /x]sf]df # ;o ! cyf{t $&=*% k|ltzt d'2f km};nf ug{' ePsf] 5 . s]lx ;do sfo{/t /xg' ePsf GofofwLz ;'o{k|;fb k/fh'nLsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf ! ;o # yfg dWo] ztk|ltzt km};nf ePsf 5g\ . k|ltztsf lx;fan] lhNnfdf $* k|ltzt d'2fsf] km};nf ePsf] 5 . cbfntn] km};nf sfof{Gjog tkm{ ^%=%% k|ltzt nIo xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . @ ;o ( nIo /x]sf]df ! ;o #& yfg d'2fsf] km5{of{}6 ePsf] 5 . b08 hl/jgf tkm{ ! xhf/ # ;o @ jif{ !) lbg s}b c;'n ug{' kg{]df # ;o () jif{ @% lbg c;'n ePsf] 5 . &% s/f]8 (% nfv $! xhf/ ( ;o #& ?k}of dWo] @ s/f]8 ^# nfv ^^ xhf/ * ;o ** ?k}ofF hl/jfgf c;'n ePsf] 5 . d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfof{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf !^)-@_ d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf @)&$ sf] bkmf $^ / kmf}hbf/L sfof{ljlw lgb{]lzsf @)&% sf] bkmf ## adf]lhd !$( j6f nut s§f ePsf] 5 . s}btkm{ (^ jif{ ( dlxgf !& lbg / !# nfv &% xhf/ * ;o !! ldgfxf ePsf] 5 . lhNnf cbfnt sfe|]knf~rf]sdf @)%# ;fn;Dd b'O{ GofofwLzsf] b/aGbL lyof] . Tolx Ohnfzsf nflu lgdf{0f ePsf] ejgdf clxn] tLgj6f Ohnfz, pk;lrj ;lxt % hgf clws[tx?sf] b/aGbL /x]sf] 5 . a}tlgs sfg"g Aoj;foLnfO{ 5'§} sIf, :tgkfg sIf, y'g'jf sIf pknAw u/fpg :yfg cefjsf sf/0f ;Dej gePsf] >]:t]bf/ uf]ljGb l3ld/]n] atfpg' eof] . cbfntn] ;/ndfu{sf d'2fx?nfO{ ! ;o *) lbg leq, ;fdfGo dfu{sf # ;o ^% lbg leq / ljz]if dfu{sf % ;o $% lbg leq km};nf ug{] u/L ;]jfu|xLnfO{ ;fpg ! ut] Sofn]G8/ pknAw u/fpg yfn]sf] 5 .

To;sf nflu tLg k|sf/sf kmfO{nx? tof/ x'g]5g\ . ;]jfu|xLn] d'2f btf{ u/]s} lbg d'2fsf] km};nfsf] ;do;Ldf lnP/ hfg ;Sg]5 . o;n] d'2fsf] l5gf]kmfgf] slxn] xf]nf < eGg] z+sf x6fPsf] 5 .

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dxfef/taf6 ue{jtLsf] @$ 306f kl5 p2f/ ‘sd pd]/d} ljjfx u/L ue{jtL ePsf sf/0f cg]s ;d:of b]lvP .’ sfof{no sfe|]sf k|d'v 8f= g/]Gb| s'df/ emfnfO{ dWo/ftL ! ah] 6]lnkmf]g u/];Fu} p4f/sf] kxn x'g ;Sof] . p2f/sf] kxn ePsf] !@ 306f kl5 x]lnsK6/ dfkm{t ;'lgtfnfO{ k|;'tL u[x k'¥ofO{Psf] lyof] . …lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no sfe|]sf k|d'v 8f= emfsf] kxn gePsf] eP ;fob x]lnsK6/ cfpg] ;Defjgf sd lyof], pxfFsf] kxnn] ;a}nfO{ kxn ug{ afWo agfof]Ú–uf]s'n] :jf:Yo rf}sLsf x]Ny cl;:6]06 s'Fj/n] eGg'eof] .

s;/L eof] p2f/ <

b]lv ;'Ts]/L Aoyfn] Rofk]sf] lyof] . lgoldt ue{sf] :jf:Yo kl/If0f u/fP klg lel8of] PS;/] cefjsf sf/0f x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . ns8fpgn] yk kl/If0f x'g gkfPsfn] ;'Ts]/L Aoyfn] Rofk]kl5 pkrf/df sl7gfO{ ePsf] xf] . …;'lgtfsf] aRrf hGdg' cl3 g} /Qm>fj eof], ldlt k'u]/ klg ;'Ts]/L x'g ;s]sf] lyPg, ue{ cj:yfdf x'g] /Qmrfk eof], kf7]3/ v'Ng ;s]gÚ–x]Ny cl;:6]06 s'Fj/n] eGg'eof]–…lbpF;f] !@ ah] b]lv nuftf/ k|of; eof], lrlsT;lso k/fdz{sf nflu al/i7 :qL/f]u ljz]if1 tyf jg x6{sf al/i7 ;Nnfxsf/ 8f= :j/fh /fhe08f/L / sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs ;'o{ e§sf] ;xof]u / ;dGjodf yk pkrf/ eof] . aRrf / cfdf b'a}sf] Hofg arfpg s'g} pkfo geP kl5 :jf:Yo sfof{no sfe|]sf k|d'v 8f= g/]Gb| s'df/ emfnfO{ ;Dks{ u/]/ 36gfsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fPF .Ú uf]s'n] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf aly{Ë ;]G6/ klg 5 . bIf k|;'ltsdL{ dlGb/f a}Bn] ;'lgtfsf] pkrf/df k|of; ug{'eof] ;Dej ePg . cGttM ;'lgtf / k]6df ePsf] aRrfsf] /Iffsf lglDt :jf:Yo

dxfef/t÷lhNnfsf] ljs6 If]q dxfef/t ufpFkflnsfsf] uf]s'n] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf egf{ ePsL ue{jtLnfO{ @$ 306f kl5 yk pkrf/sf nflu x]lnsK6/af6 sf7df8f+} nluPsf] 5 . c;f/ !* ut] ;'Ts]/L x'g'kg{] ldlt eP klg ;fpg @ ut] z'qmaf/ dfq} pgnfO{ ;'Ts]/L Aoyfn] Rofk]sf] lyof] . dxfef/t ufpFkflnsf j8f gDj/ @ uf]s'n] cdnaf; lgjf;L !( aifL{of ;'lgtf yf]s/nfO{ ;'Ts]/L Aoyfn] Rofk]kl5 yk pkrf/sf nflu sf7fd8f} l/km/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ljs6tf / ul/aLsf sf/0f tTsfn} l/km/ u/]/ c:ktfn k'¥ofpg ;Dej ePg . …z'qmaf/ lbpF;f] !@ ah] ;'Ts]/L Aoyfn] Rofk]/ uf]s'n] :jf:Yo rf}sL cfpg' ePsL ;'lgtf yf]s/nfO{ lbpF;f] #=#) ah] l/km/ ul/Psf] lyof]Ú–:jf:Yo rf}sL OGrfh{ Pj+ x] ] N y cl;:6] G 6 k| l j0f s' F j /n] eGg'eof]–…;'lgtfsf cfkmGtn] 6f9fsf] af6f], k};fsf] cefj b]vfpFb} n}hfg ;Sg' ePg .Ú b'O{ k6s P;Pn;L km]n eP kl5 !& aif{sf] pd]/df ljjfx ug{' ePsL ;'lgtf yf]s/nfO{ :jf:Yo rf}sLdf cfpg' cufj} laxfg !) ah]

j8f cWoIf sfG5fdfg lhDafn] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >j0fs'df/ ltdlN;gfnfO{ 36gfsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg' eof] . x]Ny cl;:6]G6 k|lj0f s'Fj/n] :jf:Yo sfof{no sfe|]sf k|d'v 8f= g/]Gb| s'df/ emfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' eof] . ;xof]uL ;+:yf jg x6{sf /ljg hf]zL / pxfF dfkm{t lrlsT;lso k/fdz{sf nflu al/i7 :qL/f]u ljz]if1 tyf jg x6{sf al/i7 ;Nnfxsf/ 8f= :j/fh /fhe08f/L / ;dGjo sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs ;'o{ e§ dfkm{t ;xof]u / ;dGjo eof] . /fi6«klt dlxnf p2f/ sf]ifdf ;Dks{ eP klg sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf b'u{d lhNnfdf gePsfn] ;Dej ePg . j8f cWoIf dfkm{t ufpFkflnsf cWoIf sfG5fnfn lhDaf, :jf:Yo sfof{no sfe|]sf k|d'v 8f= g/]Gb| s'df/ emf dfkm{t ;+l3 ;f+;b u+ufaxfb'/ bf]Ë, k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno, :jf:Yo dGqfnodf /flt g} va/ k'Uof] . nuftf/ kl//x]sf] kfgLsf sf/0f ;Dej ePg . ljxfg;Dd k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >j0fs'df/ ltdlN;gf, ufpFkflnsf cWoIf sfG5fnfn lhDaf, :jf:Yo sfof{no sfe|]sf k|d'v 8f= g/] G b| s ' d f/ emfsf] ;dGjo eof] . ufpFkflnsfn] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no

sfe|]nfO{ p4f/sf nflu kq n]Vof] eg] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non] u[x dGqfnodf kq n]Vof] . lgMz'Ns x]lnsK6/sf] ;Defjgf geP kl5 s}nfz Po/sf] ! nfv ?k}ofF ltg{] u/L zlgaf/ lbpF;f] !@ ah] x]lnsK6/ uf]s'n] k'Uof] . ;'lgtfsf] k|;'tL u[xdf aRrfsf nflu ck|];g ul/Psf] lyof] . aRrf / cfdf b'a} vt/fd'Qm 5g\ .

afnljjfx / ljs6tf

zx/L If]qdf ;d]t /f]lsg g;s] s f] afnljjfx 8fF 8 fkf/Lsf] dxfef/tdf ;fdGo h:t} 5 . aflif{s %) eGbf w]/} hf]8Lx? afnljjfx u5{g\ . sd pd]/d} ue{jtL eP kl5 ;'lgtfsf] h:tf] ;d:of ef]Ug] w]/} 5g\ . csfnd} Hofg kmfNg' kg{] ;d:ofaf6 8fF8fkf/L If]qsf gful/sx? cem} d'Qm x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;8s ;~hfn hf]l8P klg !@ dlxgf rNg] kSsL ;8s gx'g', pkrf/ u/fpg c:ktfn n}hfg] >f]t gx'g', ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx x'g' h:tf sf/0f dxfef/t If]qsf clwsf+z 3/df o:tf ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g\ . …k|b]z ;/sf/n] afn ljjfx /f]Sg sfo{qmd NofP klg k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}gÚ–j8f cWoIf sfG5fdfg lhDafn] eGg'eof]–…ufpFkflnsfn] klg ljz]if sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul//x]sf] 5 t/ klg afnljjfx /f]Sg ;lsPsf] 5}g .Ú ufpFkflnsf cWoIf sfG5fnfn lhDafn] ul/aL / ljs6tf b'a} x6fpg] u/L :yfglo ;/sf/n] sfd ul//x]sf] atfpg' eof] . PDa'n]G; vl/b ug{], gful/sx?nfO{ zx/;Fu ;xh ?kdf hf]8\g] p2]Zon] lg/Gt/ ;8s ;~hfn hf]8\g] / To;nfO{ klSstkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] sfo{ z'? ePsf] ufpFkflnsf cWoIf sfG5fnfn lhDafn] atfpg' eof] . s]lx jif{ cl3 agv'df Ps dlxnf ;'Ts]/L x'g g;Sbf x]lnsK6/ k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .

kf]N6«L ljz]if 8f= u0f]z aGhf/f

a|f]On/ s'v'/fsf] tf}n pTkfbgdf ljleGg df};dsf] k|efj df;' k|of]hgsf nflu kflnPsf a|f]On/ s'v'/fsf] j[l4 ljsf; ljleGg df};ddf km/s km/s kfOPsf] 5 . jftfj/0fsf] df};d kl/jt{g cyf{t slxn] cToflws lr;f] / slxn] cToflws udL{n] s'v'/fx?df k|lts'n c;/ kb{5 . h;af6 nlIft cg';f/sf] k|ltkmn lng ;lsb}g . $ xKtf dflysf a|f]On/ s'v'/fsf] nflu pko'Qm tfkqmd @!–@$ l8u|L ;]G6Lu|]8 nfO{ lnOG5 . o;nfO{ Thermo neutral zone sf] ?kdf lnOG5 h;df s'v'/fsf] nflu pko'Qm tfkqmd / pko'Qm ;fk]lIft cfb|tf kb{5 . Thermo neutral zone df s'v'/fn] cfˆgf] cg'jf+lzs Ifdtf /fd|f] b]vfp5g . aiff{tsf] ;dodf, aiff{t eGbf cl3 / aiff{t eGbf kl5sf] ;dodf udL{ a9\bf nlIft cg';f/sf] tf}n pTkfbg ug{ ufx|f] kb{5 . of] ;dodf bfgfsf] vkt klg sd x'g] x'bf tf}n sd cfpg] vfnsf ;d:of b]lvG5g . ljleGg df};ddf #) j6f a|f]On/ kmd{x?df ul/Psf] Ps cg';Gwfgsf] tYofª\s cg';f/ aiff{tsf] ;dodf s'v'/fsf] tf}n hf8f] ;dosf] eGbf sd pTkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 .

pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3sf] s]lGb|o ;b:odf

;'/s[i0f a}Bn] u/] pDd]bjf/L 3f]if0ff

ag]kf÷g]kfn pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3sf] cfufdL ;fpg @^ / @& ut] x'g] lgjf{rgdf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o kbdf lhNnf÷gu/ tkm{af6 sfe|]sf pBf]uL Aoj;foL ;'/s[i0f a}Bn] pDd]bjf/L 3f]if0ff ug{'ePsf] 5 . a}B o;cl3 klg s]lGb|o ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] . sfe|] pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf lhNnfsf k"j{ cWoIf ;d]t /x]sf a}Bn] k'gM s]lGb|o ;b:o kbsf nflu al/i7 pkfWoIf kbsf rGb| 9sfn ;d'xaf6 pDd]bjf/L 3f]if0ff ug{' ePsf] xf] . …tLg jif{ of] sfo{sfndf dxf;+3 ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] Ph]08fd} ?dlnof], yk sfo{ ug{ ;Dej ePgÚ–s] l Gb| o ;b:o ;' / s[ i 0f a} B n] eGg'eof]–…;d[4 b]z lgdf{0fsf nflu 9sfn ;d'xsf] Ph]08f sfof{Gjogsf nflu Kofgn g} ljhoL x'g' cfjZos 5 .Ú & ;o %# j6} :yfgLo ;/sf/, kb|z ] ;/sf/ / ;3+ ;/sf/;uFsf] ;dGjodf pBfu] :yfkgf u/L /fh ] uf/L l;hg{f ug]{ pbZ]o /xs ] f] 5 .

To;sf nflu 9sfn ;dx' ;Ifd /xs ] f] aB } n] atfpg' eof] . pDdb]jf/L 3fi]f0ff sfoq{mddf gk]fn kqsf/ dxf;3+ sfes |] f cWoIf dft]L/fd ltdlN;gfn] lhNnfsf uf/}jsf cfofh ] gfx?sf] lg/Gt/tfdf gLlh Ifq]sf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ cfjZos /xs ] f] atfpbF} ;v ' L gk]fnL ;d4 [ gk]fn lgdf0{f sfod{f aB } sf] pDdb]jf/Ln] yk ;xhtf xg'] atfpg' eof] . sfe]| pBfu] afl0fHo ;3+sf kj"{ cWoIf lboz ] /Tg zfSon] lhNnfsf] uf/}jsf nflu aB } ;lxtsf] Kofgnsf] ljhoL cfjZos /xs ] f] atfpg' eof] . ns8fpgn] lzlyn ags ] f] pBfu] Ifq]sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu rGb| 9sfn ;dx'sf] rg'fjL 3fi]f0ff kq dxTjk0"f{ ePsf] pxfn F ] atfpg' eof] . sfo{qmddf w'lnv]n pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3sf cWoIf d~h's'df/ sf]Fh'n] cfly{s xasf ?kdf d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu 9sfn ;d'xsf] Kofgn ;lxt a}Bn] s]lGb|o ;b:odf ljhoL x'g' kg{] dt AoQm ug{' eof] . sfo{qmddf lhNnf cWoIf k|sfz dfgGw/n] pBf]uL Aoj;foLx?sf] xs lxtsf nflu 9sfn ;d'xnfO{ ;dy{g ug{] ;+:yfut lg0f{o ePsf] atfpg' eof] . a}B 8fO{gflds g]t[Tj ePsfn] Aoj;foLx?sf] xs lxtsf nflu pxfFsf] ljho cfjZos /x]sfn] tg,dg b]lv pxfFnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cfAxfg ug{' eof] . al/i7 pkfWoIf k|tfk a}B, dxf;lrj s}nfz knf~rf]s], sf]iffWoIf u|'j]g tf}hn] nufotn] pBf]uL Aoj;foLx?sf] Pstf cfjZos /x]sf] atfpFb}{ d'n's ;d[4 agfpg 9sfn ;d'xn] cl3 ;f/]sf 3f]if0ffkqsf] ljho x'g'kg{] atfP . jt{dfg sfo{;ldtsf] sfo{sf/L

;b:o /x]sf a}Bn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] cf}Bf]lus If]q vf]Ng'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] pBf]uLn] g} hUuf vl/b u/]/ pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ g;Sg] rgf

ePsfn] ;/sf/n] cf}Bf]lus If]q tf]s]/ ToxfF ef}lts ;+/rgf agfP/ lbg'kg{] gofF g]t[Tjsf] d'Vo d'2f ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL hGd @)@).!!.!*

:juf{/f]x0f @)&&.$.@

:j= ;f]ddfof u'?ª u0f]zrf]s k/f]ksf/ ;d'xsf ;b:o df]xgaxfb'/ u'?ªsf] wd{kTgL ;f]ddfof u'?ªsf] c;fdlos lgwg ePsf]n] d[tsk|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/hgk|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f}+ .

o; tYofª\saf6 aiff{t ;dodf s'v'/fsf] tf}n hf8f] ofdsf] eGbf sd pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 . aiff{tsf] ;dodf jftfj/l0fo tfkqmd a9L / ;fk]lIft cfb|tfsf] k|ltzt klg a9L x'g] ePsfn] bfgfsf] vkt klg sd ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t} aiff{t ;do / udL{ ;dodf s'v'/fx?df lx6 :6]«; x'bf s'v'/fsf] /utdf Cortisol Hormone sf] dfqf a9\g hfG5 . clws Cortisol Hormone n] zl//df Un'sf]hsf] dfqf a9fpg uo/ sfaf]{xfO8«]6 >f]tsf] -k|f]l6g_ k|of]u ub{5 h'g k|lqmofnfO{ Gluconeogenesis elgG5 . of] k|lqmofaf6 df;'df ePsf] k|f]l6g gfl;G5 / tf}n a9\g ;Q}mg . t/ hf8f] ofddf lx6 :6]«; gx'gfn] bfgf vkt a9\g'sf ;fy} tf}n klg /fd|f] pTkfbg x'G5 . $@ lbg cjlwsf] FCR x]bf{ /fd|f] FCR -cyf{t sd FCR_ aiff{t\sf] cufl8 / aiff{tsf] k5fl8sf] ;dodf kfpg ;lsG5 . aiff{t / hf8f]ofddf FCR a9]sf] kfOG5 . hf8f] ofddf s'v'/fn] vfPsf] bfgfsf] zlQm z/L/sf] tfkqmd ;Gt'ng /fVg klg k|of]u x'Fbf bfgfsf] vkt a9\5 eg] ljleGg ;+qmfds /f]u h:t} Osf]nfO, l;=cf/=l8 cflb h:tf /f]ux?sf] hf]lvd a9\gfn] d[To'b/ klg a9]sf] kfOG5 . k|lt lsnf] a|f]On/ pTkfbg nfut aiff{tsf] ;dodf a9L b]lvG5 . To:t} bf];|f]df hf8f] ofd, t];|f]df aiff{t cufl8sf] ;do / rf}yf]df aiff{t k5fl8sf] ;do kb{5g . o;sf ;fy ;fy} olb rNnfdf g} sd a9\g] u'0f ePdf jf rNnf leq s'g} a9\g sd u/fpg] /f]u ePdf s'g} klg Ct'df jf ;dodf s'v'/fsf] j[l4 ljsfz /fd|f] x'b}g / nlIft tf}n pTkfbg ug{ ;lsb}g .

efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL

7fs'/ ahufO{ cWoIf tyf

u0fz ] rfs ] k/fk]sf/ ;dx " kl/jf/, agk]f, sfe]|

xflb{s s[t1tf

hGd !(&*.!.#

:juf{/f]x0f @)&&.$.!

:j= cfzdfof >]i7 gfnf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;ldltsf ;b:o xl/uf]kfn >]i7 / z'elrGts cd/axfb'/ >]i7sf ddtfdoL dftf cfzdfof >]i7sf] c;fdlos lgwg ePsf]n] d[tsk|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/hgk|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f}+ .

Zofd;'Gb/ >]i7 cWoIf tyf

gfnf vfgk]fgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;ldlt kl/jf/ hGd @)#%.#.!)

:j= z's'dfof lyª

:juf{/f]x0f @)&&.#.@#

xfd|f] a'xf/L z's'dfof lyªsf] cNkfo"d} c;fdlos lgwg ePsf]df d[tsk|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{5f}+ . zf]ssf] o; b'Mvb\ 38Ldf xfdLk|lt ;dj]bgf k|s6 ug{'x'g] ljleGg ;+3;+:yf, Oi6ldq, cfkmGthgx?k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf k|s6 ub{5f}+ .

>Ldfg\ M k|tfk lyª ;f;'÷;;'/f af]SrLdfof÷/fdbf; lyª tyf

;Dk"0f{ lyª kl/jf/

5f]/f÷5f]/L ;'lznf lyª hLjg lyª ldng lyª

dxfef/t ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= *, 3tL{5fk, cfFs'/f

xflb{s lgdGq0ff

M d[ts ;'s'dfof lyªsf] ;Demgfdf dnd tyf kf7k"hf ldlt @)&& ;fpg !$ / !% ut] lgjf;:yfgdf x'g] ePsf]n] ;Dk"0f{ Oi6ldq, cfkmGthg Pj+ z'elrGtsx?nfO{ xflb{s lgdGq0ff ub{5f}+ . – k|tfk lyª

agk]f g=kf–$, gfnf, sfe]|

efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL hGd !((!.!).!

:juf{/f]x0f @)&&.#.#)

:j= ljqmdaxfb'/ jfb] >]i7

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lqmofzLn ;b:o tyf k"j{ j8f cWoIf ljqmdaxfb'/ jfb] >]i7sf] c;fdlos lgwg ePsf]n] d[tsk|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/hgk|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f}+ .

gk]fnL sfu “ ; ]| agk]f gu/ ( g=+ j8f ;ldlt kl/jf/, agk]f

$

r]i6f ;fKtflxs

jif{ @^ c+s #( @)&& ;fpg * ut] ljxLjf/

w'lnv]nsf ;a} j8fdf l;l;l6eL h8fg

w'lnv]n÷w'lnv]n gu/kflnsfn] gu/sf ljleGg dxTjk"0f{ If]qdf gful/sx?sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu l;l;l6eL Sofd]/f h8fg ug{ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sfe|];Fu ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 .

gu/kflnsfn] cfjZos Aoj:yfkg ug{] / k|x/Ln] lgu/fgL ug{] ;DjGwdf w'lnv]n gu/kflnsf / lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sfe|] aLr ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . ;f]lx cj;/df klxnf] r/0fdf !@ j6f

lkm6g]; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf

gfnf÷gfnf km'6an Snasf] cfof]hgfdf ag]kf gu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ !, @, # / $ gDa/ j8f ;d]6\g] u/L j8f gDa/ $ gfnfdf lkm6g]; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm lkm6g];sf] ag]kf gu/kflnsf k|d'v nIdL g/l;+ afb]n] Ps sfo{qmdsf lar pb\3f6g ug{' ePsf] 5 . gu/kflnsfn] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f dfq geO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, z}lIfs / :jf:Yo If]qdf ;d]t ljsf; ub}{ nu]sf] afb]n] atfpg' eof] . gu/kflnsfsf] / j8fsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf :yfkgf ul/Psf] lkm6g];df ;Dk"0f{ o'jfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg cg'/f]w u/fpg' eof] . dflg;x?sf] Ao:ttf ;Fu} zfl//Ls s;/t / v]ns'bsf] ;d]t cfjZos /x]sfn] gfnf Snan] NofPsf] of]hgfdf gu/kflnsf / j8fn] ;xof]u u/]sf] atfpg' eof] . dflg;sf]

;DklQ eg]s} :jf:Yo ePsfn] :jf:YonfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fvL gu/kflnsfn] cfly{s aif{ @)&&÷)&* sf] ah]6df ;d]t v]ns'b, lzIff s[lif / ef}lts k'jf{wf/nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] atfpg' eof] . sfo{qmddf ag]kf gu/kflnsf pkk|d'v /]vf ;fksf]6f bfxfn, ag]kf gu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ $ sf j8f cWoIf Zofd ;'Gb/ >]i7, !) cf}+ ljZj lkm6g]; ljh]tf dx]Zj/ dxh{g :yflgojf;L nufotsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . Snasf cWoIf >L/fd >]i7n] zfl//Ls Aofofd ;DalGw ;Dk"0f{ v]n ;fdfu|L /x]sf] tyf afFsL qmdzM yKb} hfg] atfpg' eof] . sfo{qmd Snasf cWoIf >L/fd >]i7sf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] eg] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ;GWof >]i7n] ug{'ePsf] lyof] .

ag]kf sf+u|];n] u¥of] v'Nnf /Qmbfg ag]kf÷g]kfnL sf+u|]; ag]kf gu/ ;ldltn] #* cf}+ ljkL :d[lt lbj;sf] cj;/df ag]kfdf v'Nnf /Qmbfg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5 . gu/ ;efklt /fd hf]zLsf cg';f/ gu/ sfo{ ;ldltn] x/]s jif{ ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj axg ub{} ljkLsf]

ljrf/nfO{ cg'z/0f ub{} ;dfhs} nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . v'Nnf /Qmbfg sfo{qmddf &! hgfn] /Qmbfg u/]sf lyP . ag]kf l:yt kf6L{ e]Go'df cfof]lht sfo{qmddf lhNnfsf ljleGg txsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 sfe|]knf~rf]s zfvfsf] ;b:otf gljs/0f ;DjGwL ;"rgf g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 sfe|]knf~rf]s zfvfsf] ldlt @)&& ;fpg @ ut]sf] a}7ssf] lg0f{o cg';f/ aif{ @)&& sf] nflu ;b:otf gljs/0f ug{ ;fpg @! ut];Dd Dofb /xg] u/L gljs/0f v'Nnf ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] x'Fbf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox?nfO{ cfˆgf] s[oflzntf v'Ng] sfuhkq ;lxt g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 sfe|]knf~rf]s zfvfsf] sfof{nodf ;Dks{ ug{'x'g cg'/f]w ul/G5 . cfjZos sfuhkq

!= lgj]bg @= g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnkL #= sfo{/t ;+:yfaf6 Go"ttd kfl/>lds ;lxtsf] lgo'lQm kq, ;+:yfsf] l;kmfl/; / kl/rokq $= ;"rgf ljefusf] k|]; kf; %= s[oflzn /x]sf] k|df0f v'Ng] sfuhkq, cl8of] jf leh'cn ;fdu|L ^= b:t'/ M ? !))) .– -cIf/]kL Ps xhf/ dfq ._ yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu

g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 sfe|]knf~rf]s zfvf

)!!–^^@@((, (*%!)%&&%#, (*%!)(^*&^, (*%!)&!(@%

Sofd]/fsf] pb\3f6g ul/Psf] 5 . gu/ k|d'v czf]s Aof~h'n] l;l;l6eL Sofd]/fn] gful/sx?sf] zflGt ;'/Iff / cdg rog sfod ug{] ;Gb{edf k|x/LnfO{ yk ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] pb]Zon] l;l; Sofd]/f h8fg ul/Psf] atfpg' eof] . …klxnf] r/0fdf zx/df ljleGg :yfgx?df l;l;l6eL Sofd]/f h8fg ul/Psf] 5Ú–gu/ k|d'v Aof~h'n] eGg'eof]–…bf]>f] r/0fdf d'Vo–d'Vo rf]s, ko{6lso If]q, ljZjljBfno If]q, c:ktfn If]q, P]ltxfl;s / ;f+:s[lts If]qdf Sofd]/f h8fg ul/g]5 .Ú gu/kflnsfn] cl3Nnf] jif{ @) nfv ?k}of ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/] klg sf]/f]gf efO{/;sf sf/0f vr{ x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . w'lnv]nsf ;a} j8fx?df kmfO{a/ lj5\ofP/ yk ;xlhs/0f / ;xhtf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]lx kmfO{a/ dfkm{t gu/ leqsf cGo ;'rgfsf sfo{x? klg ul/g] gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v k|zf;lso clws[t

tf/fgfy n'O{6]nn] atfpg' eof] . l;l;l6eL Sofd]/f pb\3f6g sfo{qmddf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >j0fs'df/ ltdlN;gfn] sd hgzlQmdf w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsg] l;l;l6eL Sofd]/f h8fg dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] atfpg' eof] . o;sf] lgoldt ddt{ ;Def/ cfjZos /x]sfn] To;sf] sfo{df Wofg lbg cg'/f]w ug{' eof] . k|x/Lsf] hgzlQm cfwf dfq} ePsfn] l;l;l6eL Sofd]/fsf] h8fg lgoldt ug{'kg{] pxfFsf] egfO{ lyof] . lhNnf k|x/L k|d'v P;kL /ljs'df/ kf}8]nn] lhNnfsf] zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug{] ;Gb{edf l;l;l6eL Sofd]/f h8fg dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] atfpg' eof] . ck/fwd'Qm gu/kflnsf agfpg] cleofgdf l;l;l6eL Sofd]/f h8fgdf gu/kflnsfn] u/]sf] ;xof]udf pxfFn] wGojfb AoQm ug{' eof] . ;d'bfo k|x/L ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd cGt{ut pQm sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/Psf] xf] . w'lnv]ndf #) j6f Sofd]/f h8fg x'g]5 .

czQm kl/jf/nfO{ ljleGg If]qsf] ;xof]u ag]kf÷sfe|] pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3n] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj cGt{ut czQm kl/jf/nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 eg] s]lGb|o ;b:o ;'/s[i0f a}Bn] a}slNks lzIffsf nflu cfjZos kg{] df]jfO{n kmf]g x:tfGt/0f ug{' ePsf] 5 . ag]kf ^ a'8f]ndf 8]/f u/L a:g] nIdL sfsL{ !@ jif{ cl3 ?vaf6 n8]/ sDd/ efFlrP kl5 pkrf/fy{ /xFb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . cfly{s cefj eP ;Fu} b'O{ ;Gtfg 5f8]/ pxfFsf >Ldfgn] csf{] ljjfx ug{' eof] . sIff * df cWoog ug{] ;ljg sfsL{ / pgsL lbbL sIff !) df cWoog ug{] ;ljgf sfsL{nfO{ yk ;xof]u h'6fpg pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3n] !) xhf/ cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . ag]kfdf /x]sf] PljPd :s'nn] ljBfno txsf] lzIff lgz'Ns ug{] lk|lG;kn /fdk|;fb ltdlN;gfn] atfpg' eof] . yk lzIffsf nflu 1fgs'~h z}lIfs k|lti7fgn] ;xof]u ug{] cWoIf ;d]t /x]sf s]lGb|o ;b:o a}Bn] atfpg' eof] . sfsL{sf] pkrf/sf nflu :kfO{gn OGh/Ldf lgz'Ns

ug{] Aoj:yfsf nflu k|s[of z'? ePsf] 5 . ;f]lx sfo{qmddf sfe|] pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3n] cWoIf k|sfz dfgGw/ dfkm{t !) xhf/, afudtL l6k/ Aoj;foL ;+3sf] tkm{af6 cWoIf k|]d nfdfn] !) xhf/ ! ;o, kt~hnL of]u ;ldlt sfe|]af6 cWoIf bdgs'df/ >]i7n] !) xhf/ % ?k}of, cd]l/sfdf a;f]af; ug{] hoGtL tf}hn]n] efO{ u|'j]g tf}hn] dfkm{t k7fpg' ePsf] @) xhf/ ?k}of, sfe|] k'0ojtL oftfoft k|flnsf tkm{af6 cWoIf /fh]z;'Gb/ ;}h'n] !) xhf/, sfe|] a; k|fnLsf tkm{af6 cWoIf j0f{ zfSon] !) xhf/, xf]n;]n Aoj;foL ;+3sf tkm{af6 zDe' kf}8\ofnn] !! xhf/, xf]6n Aoj;foL dxf;+3sf tkm{af6 s[i0f >]i7n] ^ xhf/ / kt~hnL of]u ;ldltsf ;l/tf zfSosf] tkm{af6 !) xhf/ ?k}ofF nIdL sfsL{sf 5f]/f ;ljg / 5f]/L ;ljgfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . nIdL sfsL{ cf]5\ofgd} x'g'x'G5 . Aoj;foLx?n] pxfFx?sf] kl/jf/nfO{ vfBfGg ;lxt cGo ;xof]u ug{] atfpg' ePsf] 5 .

k'iknfnsf] $@ cf}+ :d[lt lbj; sfe|]÷g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf ;+:yfks dxf;lrj k'iknfnsf] $@ cf}+ :d[lt lbj;sf cj;/df pxfFsf] tl:a/df dfNofk{0f ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o o'jf ;+3 g]kfn / cg] / f:jlao' sfe| ] s f] cfof] h gfdf g]skfsf] kf6L{ sfof{nodf k'iknfnsf] tl:a/df dfNofk{0f ul/Psf] lyof] . sfn{dfS;{ / k|m]8l/s PË]n\;åf/f lnlvt ljZjk|l;4 sDo'lg:6 3f]if0ff kqsf k|yd g]kfnL cg'jfbs, g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf ;+:yfks g]tf, afd–nf]stflGqs ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf j}rfl/s k|0f]tf sd/]8 k'iknfn k|lt xflb{s >bf;'dg ck{0f ul/Psf] lyof] . k'iknfnsf] cu'jfO{df g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6{L :yfkgf ug{' cufl8 klg g]kfndf sDo'lg:6 g]tf / sfo{st{f lyP . t/, sDo' l gi6 cfGbf] n gsf] Aojl:yt /fhgLlts / ;f+u7lgs cfsf/ lyPg . sd/]8 k'iknfns} cu'jfO{df sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf] ;+:yfut yfngL, ;dfhsf] tTsfnLg cj:yfsf] ulx/f] ljZn]if0f, g]kfnL ;dfh / /fhgLltnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{] ljrf/, bz{g / ;+u7gsf] :yfkgfdf eof] . ljrf/sf lx;fjn] g]kfn s'g cj:yfdf 5, g]kfndf ug{'kg{] s] xf] / s;/L cufl8 a9\g] eGg] Jojl:yt j}rfl/s dfu{ b z{ g cl3 ;fb{ } k' i knfnn] ;fdGtjfbsf] cGTo / u0ftGqsf]

:yfkgfnfO{ /fhgLlts p2]Zo agfpg' eof] . ;fy;fy} kf6L{nfO{ ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfgtf / b]zelQmk"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf] kof{osf ?kdf cl3 a9fpg' ePsf] lyof] . k'iknfnn] ljrf/, bz{g / ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfsf] txaf6 Pp6f gofF jf:tljs ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf qmflGtsf/L, kl/jt{gsf/L, j}1flgs ljrf/ k|f/De ug{' eof] . g]kfnL /fhgLltdf k'iknfnsf] klxnf] of]ubfg xf] . pxfFn] ljrf/nfO{ ljrf/sf] ?kdf dfq} xf]Og, Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{ ;+u7g rflxG5 eg]/ ;+u7g lgd{f0f ug{'eof] . afd–nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng / ?kfGt/0fsf Jojl:yt ljrf/df k' i knfn;F u ;dsfnLg g]tfx?dWo] c? s;}sf] t'ngf x'g ;Sb}g, rfx] tL h'g;'s} /fhgLlts wf/sf ePklg ;fdflhs AolQmTj ePsf] sfo{qmddf atfO{Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;3+sf cWoIf Pj+ w'lnv]n gu/kflnsf k|d'v czf]s AofGh', kgf}tL gu/kflnsf k|d'v led Gof}kfg], w'lnv]n gu/kflnsf pk k|d'v ljdnf zdf{, lhNnf sld6L ;b:ox?, kf6L{sf sfo{stf{, z'elrGts, cg]/f:jljo' s]lGb|o ;lrafno ;b:o tyf g]skf lhNnf sld6L ;b:o h]lg; nfdf, o'jf ;+3 g]kfn lhNnf sld6L cWoIf ljqmd rf}nfufO{, cg]/f:jljo' lhNnf cWoIf pk]Gb| zdf{ nufotsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

u'“nf kj{sf ;Dk"0f{ hfqf aGb ag]kf÷sf]/f]gf ;+qmldtx?sf] ;Vof a9b} uPsf] ca:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ u'Fnf kj{sf] cj;/df ag]kfdf x'g] ;Dk'0f{ wfld{s hfqf tyf k+rbfg aGb ul/Psf] 5 . >fj0f z'Sn k|ltkbfsf lbg b]lv ebf} s[i0f cf}+;L ;Dd ag]kf tyf cf;kf;sf lhNnfdf dgfpg] ul/G5 . g]jf ;d'bfosf af]4 wdf{nDaLx?n] Ps dlxgf ;Dd :gfg u/L k/Dk/fut gf} afhf ahfP/

ljleGg a}4sf dlGb/ kl/qmdf ug{] rng /x]sf] lbk+s/ r'8fsd{ ;3+sf cWoIf Pj+ ag]kf gu/ kflnsf j8f gDa/ & sf cWoIf j0f{ zfSon] jtfpg' eof] . zfSon] ;Dk'0f{ wdf{nDaLx?nfO{ sf]/f]gf ns8fpgsf] ljifd kl/:ytLdf ;'/lIft /xg ;d]t cg'/f]w u/]sf 5g\ eg] lbk+s/ eujfgsf] lgoldt lgTok'hf dfq ;+rfng ul/g] atfpg' eof] . o; jif{sf] u'Fnf kj{ ;fpg ^ ut] d+unaf/ k/]sf] lyof] .

hglxt Snasf] k'gu{7g

Zofd ;fksf]6f÷hgfufn ;fljs pu|tf/f hgfufn uflj; – * xfn ag]kf gu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ !) df /x]sf] hglxt o'jf Snasf] cfof]hgf ePsf] e]nfn] ;ldlt k'gu{7g u/]sf] 5 . e]nfn] czf]s lji6 cWoIf, uLtf s'+j/ pkfWoIf, /fd;'Gb/ yfkf ;lrj, cg'k lji6 sf]iffWoIf / ;b:ox?df ;'/]Gb| vqL, pd]z lji6, ?krGb| yfkf, hLjg e'h]n, /fh' s];L / /ljGb| b]phf rog ePsf 5g\ .

To;}u/L e]nfn] ( ;b:o ;Nnfxfsf/ ;ldlt / % ;b:o ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmddf Snasf ;+:yfks ;b:ox? ofba yfkf, xl/z/0f b]phf, >L/fd vqL,

;dfh;]jL k|w'Dg Gof}kfg], ;fg'efO{ lji6 ;xefuLsf] tkm{af6 ;'/h s];L, ?krGb| yfkf, /fh' s];L / ;'/]Gb| s];L nufotn] z'esfdgf dGtJo /fVg' ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf Snan] gfd h:t} hglxtdf ;]jf ug'{ kg{] wf/0ff AoQm ePsf lyP . ;a} ju{ hflt pd]/ / ljrf/sf cfwf/df dflg;x?nfO{ ;fdflhs ;]jfdf ;+nUg u/fO{ ;fdflhs ;xofqf ug{ ;'emfa lbO{Psf] lyof] . ;+:Yffsf] hgfufndf $ cfgf hUufdf ag]sf] cfkm\g} @ sf]7] ejg /x]sf] 5 . @)#& ;fndf :yfkgf eO{ lhNnfs} k'/fgf] / k|ltli7t ;fdflhs ;+:yf s[oflzn cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 .

;gnfO6{sf] gof“ sfofn{oaf6 ;j]f

;l/tf ;fksf]6f÷>Lv08k'/ ;gnfO{6 art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+ : yf lnld6] 8 n] gofF sfof{noaf6 ;]jf z'? u/]sf] 5 . ;b:ox?sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf a9fO{ yk Aoal:yt ug{sf] nfuL gofF sfof{noaf6 ;]jf z'? ul/Psf] ;+:yfsf cWoIf k"0f{ ;fu/ /l~htn] atfpg' eof] . gofF sfof{nosf] pb\3f6g w'lnv]n gu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ % sf j8f cWoIf u+uf ;fu/ /l~htn] ug{' ePsf] lyof] . /l~htn] Pp6} k|sf/ ePsf ;xsf/Lx? dh{ u/L ;~rfng ug{ cfu|x ug{'eof] . ;xsf/Lsf] gLlt cg';f/ klg ;xsf/L ylkg] eGbf klg ePsf ;xsf/Lx? af6 ;b:ox?nfO{ yk Aoa;foLs sfof{ndf

nufgL u/L dh{ ug{'kg{] atfpg' eof] . kl5Nnf] ;do ;xsf/Lk|lt hgdfg;sf] z+sf /x]sfn] pQm b]lvPsf] z+sf x6fO{ ;b:od'vL aGg ;d]t cfu|x u/]sf lyP . sfo{ q mddf lhNnf art ;3+ s L låtLo pkfWoIf lty{ d fof k| w fg, k" j { j8f cWoIf k" 0 f{ a xfb' / sdf{ r fo{ , >Lv08k' / dfljsf k" j { k| W ofgfWofks ho/fd >] i 7, ;+ : yfsf ;Nnfsf/ ej;fu/ /~hLt nufotsf] ;xeflutf /x] s f] lyof] . sfo{ q mddf ;+ : yfsf] s' n sf/f] a f/ $ s/f] 8 %) nfv / z] o / kF ' h L #& nfv /x] s f] ;lra ;' / ] G b| z' 4 fsf/n] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . sfo{ q md ;+ : yfsf cWoIf k" 0 f{ ;fu/ /l~htsf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .

xflb{s awfO{

xfd|f cfTdLo ldq d08g b]pk'/ gu/kflnsf–% lgjf;L ltns 8f]6]n gfªn]ef/] z+v/fk'/ gu/kflnsf lgjf;L dlgiff 9+ufn;Fu j}jflxs hLjg ;'?jft ug{'ePsf]df xflb{s awfO{ 1fkg ub{} bfDkTo hLjg ;kmntfsf] z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ . ;fyLx?

8f= u0f]z aGhf/f ljj]s ltdlN;gf

;'dg uf}td lbkf ;Tofn

%

r]i6f ;fKtflxs

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;l/tf xTof k|s/0f

‘>Ldfg\’nfO{ hGd s}b, cGo rf/nfO{ ;kmfO{

w'lnv]n÷kl/jf/ g} ldn]/ a'xf/Lsf] xTof ul/Psf] cleof]udf kqmfp k/]sf Ps} kl/jf/sf kfFr hgfnfO{ lhNnf cbfnt sfe|]knf~rf]sn] k'k{Ifsf nflu y'gfdf /fVg cfb]z lbPsf] !$ dlxgf kl5 clGtd km};nf ;'gfPsf] 5 . clGtd km};nfdf >LdfgnfO{ hGd s}b ;'gfpFb} cGo rf/ hgfnfO{ ;kmfO{ lbPsf] 5 . pRr cbfntn] lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ pN5fpFb} ;f;' / ;;'/fnfO{ w/f}6Ldf 5f8\g cfb]z lbPsf] lyof] . d08gb]pk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f gDj/ $ 3/ ePsL @% alif{of ;l/tf b'nfnnfO{ d08gb]pk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f gDj/ ^ a:g] lktfDa/ b'nfnsf] 5f]/f @% alif{o ;'lbk b'nfn, ^# alif{o lktfDa/ b'nfn, lktfDa/ b'nfnsf] >LdtL ^% alif{of /f]ds'df/L b'nfn, lktfDa/ b'nfnsf] 5f]/f #^ alif{of s]zak|;fb b'nfn, s]zak|;fb b'nfnsf] >LdtL #% alif{of ;+lutf b+ufn b'nfn_ ;lxtnfO{ Hofg ;DjGwL s;'/ st{Jo Hofg_ cleof]udf d'2f btf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;l/tfsf] >Ldfg ;'lbk b'nfnnfO{ lhNnf cbfnt sfe|]knf~rf]sn] @)&^ c;f/ @! ut] GofofwLz b'uf{ v8\sfsf] Ohnfzn] hGd s}bsf] ;hfoF ;'gfpFb} cGo rf/hgfnfO{ ;kmfO{ lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . alxgLsf] xTof kl5 bfh' s[i0fk|;fb bfxfnn] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sfe|]df ls6fgL hfx]/L lbPsf lyP . cbfnt k'u] kl5 >Ldfg ;'lbkn] cfkm' PSn}n] >LdtL ;l/tfsf] xTof u/]sfn] kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox?sf] ;xof]u gePsf] aofg lbPsf lyP . lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, sfe|]n] 36gf:yn tyf nfzhfFr d'r'Nsf, k|x/L k|ltj]bg, hfx]/L b/vf:t, vfgtnf;L tyf j/fdbL d'r'Nsf, zj kl/If0f k|ltj]bg, k|ltjfbLx? ;'lbk b'nfn, s]zj b'nfn, ;+lutf b'nfn / lktfDj/ b'nfn / /f]d s'df/L b'nfnn] u/]sf] aofgsf cfwf/df d[ts ;l/tf bfxfn -b'nfn_ sf] kmf]6fx? nufotsf k|df0fsf cfwf/df d08g b]pk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+=^ l:yt k|ltjfbLx?sf] cfˆg} 3/df k|ltjfbLx? ;'lbk b'nfn, lktfDj/ b'nfn, s]zj b'nfn, ;+lutf b'nfn / /f]ds'df/L b'nfn ;d]tsf] cfk;L of]hgf, ;Nnfx, ;+nUgtf / ;xdltdf d[ts ;l/tf bfxfn -b'nfn_ sf] xftv'§f ;dfO{ 3fF6L lyrL jfFwL st{Jo u/L df/]sf] lgZsif{ lgsfn]sf] lyof] . kLl8tn] kfpg] Ifltk"lt{ kmf}hbf/L s;'/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf

sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf $* / ck/fw lk8Lt ;+/If0f P]g,@)&% jdf]lhdsf] kLl8t /fxt sf]ifdf hDdf x'g d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf !*^ jdf]lhd dfu ul/Psf] lyof] . k|x/Lsf] dfu cg';f/ cbfntn] ;hfoF ;'gfPg . d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] kl/R5]b !@ Hofg ;DjGwL s;'/df ePsf] Joj:yfdf bkmf !&& Hofg dfg]{ lgotn] s'g} sfd ug{ gx'g] -!_ s;}n] s;}sf] lgotk"j{s Hofg dfg{ jf Hofg dfg{ s'g} sfd ug{ jf u/fpg x'Fb}g eGg] pNn]v 5 . pkbkmf -!_ jdf]lhdsf] s;'/ ug]{ jf u/fpg] JolQmnfO{ hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g]5 .

s] lyof] bfh' s[i0fk|;fb bfxfnn] lbPsf] hfx]/Ldf <

@)&@ a}zfv ( ut] k|ltjfbL ;'lbk b'nfn;Fu ;fdflhs k/Dk/fg';f/ dfuL ljjfx eO{ ;fdfGo hLjg ljtfO{ /x]sf] cj:yf eP klg ljjfx ePsf] s]xL ;do b]lv g} jlxgLnfO{ k|ltjfbLx?n] k6s–k6s zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s oftgf lbg'sf ;fy} wDSofpg] s'6lk6 ug]{ eP klg pQm Jojxf/df lj:tf/} ;'wf/ x'Fb} cfpnf elg lrQ a'emfpb} cfPsf lyof} . jlxgL ;l/tfn] klg h;f]t;f] cfˆgf] 3/ u/L cfPsL lyO{g\ . @)&^ a}zfv !# ut] lbgsf] !@ ah] d]/f] alxgLsf] 3/ ufpFn]n] d]/f] df]afOndf kmf]g u/L alxgLsf] d[To' ePsf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . d]/f] h]7fg gf/fo0f k|;fb 9sfn / efO lx/fd0fL bfxfn ;lxt jlxgLsf] 3/ -36gf:yn_ k'Ubf Toxf ufpFn], k'ln; / d[tssf >Ldfg jfx]s cGo k|ltjfbLx? 36gf:yndf g} lyP . 36gf:yn k|s[lt / alxgLsf] d[t zf/L/ x]bf{ c:jefljs cj:yfsf] lyof] . k| l tjfbLx?n] xfdLnfO{ 36gfsf] ;"rgf;Dd lbg' ePg eg] xfdL Toxf k'Ubf xfdL;Fu} s'/fsfgL tyf 5nkmn ug{ ;d]t rfxg' ePg . xfdLn] 36gfsf] ljifodf j'‰g vf]Hbf d[tssf h]7fh' s]zj b'nfnn] xfdLn] k|s[of k'¥ofP/ sfd u/]sf 5f} ltdLx?nfO{ s] rf;f] k¥of], ;s]sf] u/ elg ;a} ufpFn] tyf k|x/Lsf ljrdf pN6} xfdLnfO{ wDsLk"0f{ hjfkm lbP kl5 d[t z/L/, 36gf:yn 3/sf] cj:yf ;d]t x]bf{ alxgLsf] 3fF6Ldf lgnf] 8fd b]lvPsf] lyof] . jlxgLsf] nf; e'O{df ljgf vf]nsf] l;/s dfly ndtGg x'g] u/L ;'tfPsf] cj:yfdf lyof] . csf]{tkm{ 3/sf] 36gf:yn cj:yf x]bf{ alxgLsf] nf; ePsf] sf]7fdf tGgf gxfn]sf] cj:yfdf alxgLsf] nf; lyof] . 3/sf] efG;fdf cfwf vfPsf] cj:yfdf b'Oj6f Kn]6 / alxgL ;'Tg] sf]7fdf l6eL em/]sf] cGo ;fdfg / nQf sk8fx? c;/Nn ?kdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] cj:yfdf lyof] . 36gfl:yt j'‰bf lgh k|ltjfbLx?n] d]/L jlxgLnfO{ of]hgfj4 tl/sfjf6 st{Jo u/L df/]sf x'gfn] k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ kqmfp u/L d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] Hofg ;DjGwL s;'/sf] bkmf !&& jdf]lhd sf/jfxL u/L kfpF .

/fli6o« afl0fHo as }+ wl'nvn]n] u¥of]

$!=@& kl|tztn] dg'fkmfdf al[4

nf]saxfb'/ yfkf÷w'lnv]n /fli6«o afl0fHo a}+s w'lnv]n zfvfn] cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷)&& df sf]/f]gf efO{/;sf afah't C0f nufgL / lgIf]kdf a[l4 u/L d'gfkmf a9fPsf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf a}+sx?sf] ;]jf lj:tf/ eO{ u|fxsx?sf] ;+Vof sd x'Fb} uP klg a}+sn] nufgL, c;'nL / sf/f]jf/nfO{ lta| kf/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o afl0fHo a+}s w'lnv]n zfvfsf k|aGws ljgf]bk|;fb ;fksf]6fsf cg';f/ ut cfly{s jif{df a+}sn] shf{ nufgLdf @% k|ltztn] a[l4 u/]sf] 5 . …nufgL;Fu} c;'nL b/ klg a9]sf] 5Ú–zfvf k|aGws ;fksf]6fn] eGg'eof]–…v/fa shf{df pNn]vgLo c;'nL eO{ )=^^ k|ltztn] sdL ePsf] 5 .Ú nufgL a9\bf a}+sn] cfly{s jif{ leq $!=@& k|ltztn] d'gfkmf xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . sf]/f]gf efO{/;sf afah't klg a}+sn] ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . ;b/d'sfd w'lnv]ndf /x]sf] pQm a}+sdf ;/sf/L / AolQmut vftfx? w]/} 5g\ . :yfgLo txx?df a}+s uP ;Fu} Tolx /x]sf a}+sx?af6 sf/f]af/ x'g] u/] klg b'u{d :yfgsf a}+sx?df w]/} /sd gx'g] ePsfn] afl0fHo a}+saf6} sf/f]jf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;l~rt wg Ps} k6s w]/} e'Qmfg ug{ g;Sg] ePsfn] afl0fHo a}+sdf /x]sf vftfx?nfO{ s[oflzn agfO{/x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o afl0fHo a}+s w'lnv]n zfvfn] dfnkf]t sfof{no sfe|]df a}+s sfpG6/ ;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . @)&^ kmfu'g ! ut]af6 sf/f]jf/ z'? u/]sf] a}+sn] lgoldt ;]jf pknAw u/fpbFf

;]jfu|xLx?nfO{ ;'ljwf x'g'sf ;fy} dfnkf]t sfof{nodf x'g] clgoldttf sd u/fPsf] 5 . …u|fxssf] rfxgf / ;dosf] dfu cg';f/ cfw'lgs :df6{ a}+ssf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ sfd ul//x]sf 5f}+Ú–k|jGws ljgf]bk|;fb ;fksf]6fn] eGg'eof]–…;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj axg ub{} cfjf;, Aofkf/, xfo/ kr{]h, AolQmut, ljkGg nufotsf lzif{sdf shf{ nufgL u/L ;/sf/L lgb{]zg tyf lgofds lgsfosf] lgb{]zg cg';f/sf If]qdf ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ nufgL u/]sf 5f}+ .Ú h;sf sf/0f lhNnfsf sd cfo :t/ ePsf, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf AolQmx?sf] ;xh kx'r F k'u]sf] 5 . yf]/} sd{rf/Lsf x'bFf ;d]t r':t Aoj:yfkgsf sf/0f a}+sn] u|fxsx?sf] rfxgf adf]lhd ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;s]sf] k|jGws ;fksf]6fn] atfpg' eof] . a}+ssf] w'lnv]n zfvfn] @)#@ ;fn r}q ! ut] b]lv a}+sdf /x]sf hnfpg ldNg] k|s[ltsf & xhf/ lsnf] sfuhft gi6 u/]sf] 5 . gi6 ug{ gldNg] sfuhftnfO{ gofF sfof{nodf Aojl:yt / ;'/lIft agfPsf] 5 . …sfg'gn] tf]s]sf dxTjk"0f{ gi6 ug{ gldNg] sfuhftx?nfO{ ;'/lIft / Aojl:yt agfPsf 5f}+Ú– zfvf k|aGws ljgf]bk|;fb ;fksf]6fn] eGg'eof]–…@)&^ kmfu'g clGtd ;ftfaf6 gofF sfof{noaf6 ;]jf k|bfg ug{ cl3 @)#@ ;fn b]lv ylGsPsf hnfpg ldNg] sfuhftx? gi6 ul/Psf] 5 .Ú a}+sdf k|s[lt cg';f/sf sfuhftx? # jif{, % jif{ / !) jif{ k'/fgf] eP kl5 gi6 ug{ ;lsg] Aoj:yf 5 eg] s]lx sfuhftx? slxNo} gi6 ug{ ldNb}g .

s] lyof] cj:yf <

36gf:ynsf]

d08gb]pk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ^ l:yt dfxfb]a kf]v/L eGg] :yfgsf] ;'lbk b'nfnsf] @ tNn] h:tfsf] 5fgf] ePsf] k'a{ df]x8f ePsf] sRrL 3/sf] dflyNnf] tNnfsf] pQ/ tkm{sf] 9f]sfaf6 e'O{df Dof6 laR5fO{ ;f] Dof6 dfly /ftf] a'§f ePsf] 8:gf laR5fPsf] ;f]xL 8:gf dfly d[ts ;l/tf bfxfn b'nfnsf] d[t nfz klZrd 6fFpsf] k'a{ v'§f eO{ pQfgf] ca:yfdf b'a} xft sDa/df ;6L /ftf] ;'?jfn / /ftf] a'§] s'tf{ aflx/ /ftf] sf]7f a'§f ePsf] rf]nL 5ftLdf lgnf] /Ësf] a|f, gfssf] afFof tkm{ gyL b'a} sfgdf l/Ë / unfdf l;qmL nufO{ d[t ca:yfdf /x]sf] lyof] . d[ts nfz /x]sf] 8:gf d'gL 5]psf] v'§] vf6df sfnf] /Ësf] df]afO{n yfg ! u/L @ j6f df]afO{n /x]sf] pQm df]afO{n 8f]/Ldf nufPsf] uf]nL cfsf/sf] wft' r'/f]6sf] a§f ;d]t 36gf:ynaf6 k|x/Ln] a/fdb u/]sf] lyof] . ;'lbk b'nfnsf] efG;f sf]7fsf] 9f]sf dfyL ufx|f]sf] Rofkdf u'n]lnsf] /j/ sfnf], /ftf] /+usf] # j6f u'n]lnjf6 vf]nL jfF;sf] b'O{j6f u'n]nLdf k|of]u x'g] 6'qmfdf j]l/Psf] cj:yfdf km]nf k/]sf] lyof] .

;l/tfsf] >Ldfg b'nfnsf] aofg

;'lbk

d !^÷!& aif{sf] pd]/ x'Fbf b]lv g} ;fyL efO{sf] ;+utdf nfu" cf}ifw ufFhf ;]jg ub}{ cfpg] x'Fbf k|foh;f] 3/df ga:g] aflx/ lx8\g] u/]sf] lyPF . $ aif{ hlt ;x–rfns sfd u/L sdfO{ vfO{ cfPsf]df d]/f] 3/ kl/jf/df ;d]t d}n] ufFhf vfO{ lx8\g] s'/f yfxf kfO{ ;'l„G5 sL elg ;l/tf bfxfn b'nfn ;+u kl/jf/n] dfuL ljjfx u/L lbPsf lyP . ljjfxsf] @ aif{ hlt >LdtL;Fu tyf kl/jf/ ;+u ldnL a;L ljjfx u/]sf] ! aif{ kl5 d]/f] bfh' tyf a'afn] 5'§L leGg a:g] s'/fsfgL eO{ d]/f] >LdtLn] ;d]t 5'§} a:g ;xdtL hgfPsf]n] 5'§leGg eO{ cf–cfˆgf] Joaxf/ u/L cfO{/x]sf]df d}n] rfns cg'dtL kq ;d]t k|fKt u/L ;s]sf] x'Fbf l6k/ uf8L rnfO{ sdfO{ vfO{ >LdtLsf] ;d]t nfng kfng ub}{ cfPsf] lyPF . d]/f] nfu'cf}ifw ufFhf ;]jg ug]{ afgL g5'6]sf]n] d]/f] 3/ kl/jf/sf] ;Nnfxdf d]/f] legfh'n] dnfO{ pkrf/ ug{ nfg] elg ldlt @)&%.)^.)* ut] eQmk'/ lhNnf eft]l9s'/ l:ytdf /x]sf] gFof laxfgL ;'wf/ u[xdf nuL /fVg' eof] . d ;'wf/ u[xdf g} a;L d]/f] kl/jf/ tyf cfkmGtn] dnfO{ @)&% ;fnsf] kmfNu'0f dlxgf lt/ ;'wf/ u[xaf6 lgsfnL 3/df NofO{ 3/fo;L s[lif k]zf u/L >Ldfg >LdtL ldnL a:b} cfPsf]df lgh >LdtL ;l/tf bfxfn -b'nfn_ ;w} h;f] sf]7f leq a:g] Dof;]hdf cGo s]6fx? ;+u s'/fsfgL ug]{ ub}{ cfPsf]df lgh >LdtLnfO{ d}n] ltdLn] sf] ;Fu s'/fsfgL u/]sf] d t xfn

ufFhf ;]ag ug{ ;d]t 5f8L ;'l„ ;s]sf] 5' eGbf ;d]t s]xL s'/f gatfO{ d}n] o:tf] lsl;dsf] lqmofsnfk u/]sf] 5}g elg 9fs5f]k dfq u/L cfO{g\ . d]/f] dgdf s'/f v]Ng yfnL lghnfO{ ca afFsL g/fVg] larf/ u/]+ . @)&^ a}zfv !@ ut] lbgsf] ;dodf ;+u} cfˆg} v]tdf ds} uf]8\g uof}+ . ds} uf]8L a;]sf] ;dodf ufFpsf] l5d]sL gftfn] sfsf kg{]n] d]/} cuf8L >LdtLnfO{ lh:sfO{ af]nfpFbf ;d]t >LdtLn] cfh x'Gg kl5 e]6\5' elg d':s'/fpb} eg] kl5 dnfO{ p k|lt l/; p7L dg dg}n] cfh gdf/L 5fl8\bg eGg] ;f]rL lbge/L sfd ;sL b'a} hgf 3/df cfO{ d}n] a]n'sfsf] vfgf ksfO{ lgh >LdtLn] ufO{ uf]7sf] wGbf ul/g\ .

To;;Fu} xfdLn] vfgf vfO{ cGbfhL ;fF9] ( ah] ;dodf b'a} hgf ;'Tg sf]7fdf uP kZrft dnfO{ >LdtLn] ug{'kg]{ Joaxf/df kl/jt{g ePsf] dx;'; eof] . lbpF;f] d]/f] cufl8 u/]sf] Joaxf/ ;DemL emg l/; p7\of] .

To; nuQ} d}n] Ps lvNnL r'/f]6 vfO{ ;+u} e'O{df ;'t]sf]df laxfgL kv lapFemL lgh >LdtL k|lt clt g} l/; p7\of] . @)&^ a}zfv !# ut] laxfgL kv p7L aflx/ lg:sL s]xL ;do kl5 sf]7fdf cfPF . >LdtLnfO{ sxfF uP/ cfPsf] oqf] ;dod ;Dd elg ;f]wgL ubf{ lghn] lk;fa ug{ uPsf] xf] ToxL klg lsg s] sf] rf;f] xf] hxfF uP klg elg afblajfb x'Fbf ;Fu}sf] csf]{ sf]7fdf ;'t]sf] a'af, cfdf, bfO{ / efph' ;d]t cfP kZrft of] w]/} a];L ePsL 5 o;nfO{ gdf/L x'Gg o;n] xfd|f] 3/ kl/jf/ / s'n ;d]tsf] O{Hhtdf cfFr cfpg] sfo{ ug{ ;S5 o;nfO{ dfg{'k5{ elg a'af, bfO{, cfdf / efph' ;d]tn] dnfO{ p:sfP kl5 >LdtLsf] z/L/ 5ftLdfly r9L b'a} xftn] s]xL a]/ 3fF6L lyrL a'af lktfDa/ b'nfnn] v'§f ;dftL bfO{ s]za b'nfnn] b'a} xft ;dft] kZrft d}n] ;f]xL sf]7fsf] blngdf /x]sf] u'n]nL agfpgsf] nflu k|of]u u/Lg] sf7 ;lxtsf] /a/nfO{ vf]nL pQm sn]hL /ftf] /+usf] /a/n] lgh >LdtLsf] 3fF6Ldf b'O{ kmGsf 3fF6Ldf a]/L s;L rNg r6\k6fpg 5f8] kZrft ca d/L elg 3/ ;Nnfx adf]lhd 3/af6 efu]+ . d efuL 3/ glhs} l;Gw'kfNrf]s l:yt O{G›fjtL vf]nfsf] au/df /x]sf] nfdf qm;/ glhs jgdf uO{ lbg e/ ;f]xL :yfgsf] h+undf PSn} a;L /x]s} ca:yfdf 3/ kl/jf/ ;a}nfO{ k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/L nu]sf] eGg] s'/f] xf]–xNnf u/L ;'gL yfxf kfO{ a]n'sL kv sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf 9f8vf]nf l:yt tNnf] ahf/df cfO{ rfprfp / la:s'6 lsgL vfO{ d]/f] 3/ glhs dfG5] ga:g] bfp/f /fv]sf] uf]7df uO{ a;]+ . ljxfg % ah]sf] ;dodf k|x/Ln] kqmfp ug]{ 8/n] sf7df8f} l:ytdf n'sL a:5' egL uf8Ldf uPdf dfG5]n] yfxf kfFp5 e]6\5 eGg] ;f]rL 9f8vf]nf tkm{af6 gu/sf]6 hfg] ;8s g} ;8s lx8\b} uO{ /x]sf] ca:yfdf afn'jf kf6L l:ytdf k'u] kZrft kqmfp u/]sf] xf] .

KofA;gn] u/fof] :yfgLo kflnsfx?sf] Wofgfsif{0f

nId0f ltdlN;gf÷ag]kf lhNnf KofA;g sfof{no sfe|n] :yfgLo txx?nfO{ sf]le8– !( sf sf/0f ljBfnox? aGb /x]sfn] a}slNks Aoa:yf u/L ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ Wofgfsif{0f u/fPsf] 5 . sf] l e8—!( af6 ;[ l ht ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgfy{ 5ftf ;+u7gx?sf] tk{maf6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfox? ;dIf k6s—k6s ul/Psf cfu|xsf afah'b s'g} 7f]; lgisif{ k|fKt gx'Fbf ljBfnox?sf bfloTjx? k"/f u/L cfˆgf ultljlwx? ;~rfng ug{ cfly{s tyf g}lts b[li6sf]0fn] lbgfg' lbg cˆ7\of/f] kb}{ uPsf sf/0fn] xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf l;sfO{sf j}slNks ljlwx? csf]{ ;"rgf k|fKt geP ;Dd aGb /xg] lgb]{zg ;+u7gsf tk{{maf6 k|fKt Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . sf]le8 !( sf sf/0fn] tx; gx; ePsf] ljBfyL{ x ?sf] k7gkf7gnfO{ ;'rf? ug{sf nflu gofF ljBfyL{ egf{ , :yfgLokflnsfx?n] cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?sf] clen]vLs/0f u/L kf7\ok':ts nufot lzIf0f ;fdfu|Lx? Joj:yfkg ug]{ jftfj/0f oyfl;3| lgdf{0f ug{, cgnfOg sIff / er'{cn sIffx? a}slNks lzIf0f k4lt dfq ePsf] / g]kfnL ;dfhdf clxn] g} of] k4tLsf] kx'Frdf ;a} ljBfyL{x? x'g g;Sg] oyf{ynfO{ dgg ub}{ kflnsfx? leq sf]le8—!(sf] k|efjsf] ;d]t cWoog u/L oyf ;Dej ljBfnox?df cfjZos k"jf{wf/ Joj:yfkg ;lxt hf]/—ljhf]/ jf cfnf]kfnf] k|0ffnLdf sIff ;+rfng ul/ ljBfyL{x?sf] k7g–kf7g ug]{ Joj:yf ug{,

Sjf/]G6fOgsf nflu ljBfnox?sf] k|of]u ePsf eP csf]{ :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f u/L lgd{nLs/0fsf] Joj:yf ug{, jt{dfg lzIff lgodfjnL cg';f/ Ps z}lIfs ;qsf nflu !*)—!(@ lbg k7g—kf7g ug'{kg]{ x'bFf ;f]xL cg';f/ z}lIfs ;q @)&& sf nflu s]xL ;fj{hlgs ljbfx?, hf8f] ljbf nufot cGo ljbf s6f}tL ul/ gofF z}lIfs Sofn]08/ lgdf{{0f cg'/f]w u/]sf 5g\ .

To;}u/L z}lIfs ;q @)&& df ljBfnox?n] lzIff lgodfjnL cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug]{ k|lta4tfsf cfwf/df ! dlxgfsf] dfl;s k9fO{{ z'Ns 5'6 ul/ cGo z'Nsx? ;+sng ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug{, lghL ljBfnox?n] z}lIfs ;q @)&^ sf] afs F L jSof}tf p7fpg g;s]sf] / @)&& ;fndf s'g}klg zLif{sdf z'Ns ;+sng gug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgb]{zg u/]sf] cj:yfdf xfd|f ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfs—sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnj—eQf nufot cGo vr{sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ g;lsPsf] x'bFf xfd|f lzIfs sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ plrt ;xof]usf] Joj:yf ug{, 3/—hUuf, jxfn s/, Joj;flos s/ nufot cGo dxz'nx?df 5'6sf] Joj:yf ug{sf] nfuL Wofgfsif{0f kflnsfx?df a'emfPsf 5g\ . s]lGb|o ;lrafno ;b:o lx/f zdf{ g]kfn, s]lGb|o ;b:o ;Togf/fo0f >]i7, KofA;g cWoIf k'0f{ s'df/ >]i7, ,ag]kf KofA;g cWoIf s'df/ dfgGw/, /fd k|;fb ltdlN;gf g];gn KofA;g cWoIf nufPtsf] 6f]lnn] gu/kflnsf k|d'vnfO{ Wofgfsif{0f kq a'emfPsf lyP . To:t} cGo kflnsfx?df klg KofA;gsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?sf] pkl:yltdf Wofgfsif{0f kq a'emfO{Psf] 5 .

ofq' af]Sg] PDa'n]G; k|x/L lgoGq0fdf

ag]kfn] u¥of] kz' ljdf lk|ldod cg'bfg ljt/0f

ab|Lk|;fb ltdlN;gf÷gfnf ag]kf gu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ !,@, # / $ df kz' ljdf ug{] s[ifsx?nfO{ gu/kflnsfn] &% k|ltzt cg'bfg ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷)&& df kz'x?sf] ljdf ug{] s[ifsx?nfO{ pQm kz' ljdf lk|ldodsf] cg'bfg /sd ljt/0f ul/Psf] gu/ pk–k|d'v /]vf ;fksf]6fn] atfpg' eof] . gu/n] s[lif kz'kG5L ;DalGw sfo{ljlw agfO{ ;s]sf] x'bfF ;f]lx sfo{ cg';f/ cuf8L a9]sf] ;fksf]6fn] atfpg' eof] . gu/n] s[lif, kz' :jf:Yo, k"jf{wf/, ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] / of]hgf 5gf}6 ubf{ g} s[lif / kz' ;DalGwsf of]hgf dfu ug{ bfxfnn] cfu|x ug{' eof] . s[ifsx?nfO{ t/sf/L v]tL ;DalGw tflnd, ljleGg t/sf/Lsf ljp ljhg ljt/0f, uf]7 ;'wf/, t/sf/L ;+sng s]Gb| ;~rfng u/]sf] bfxfnn] jtfpg' eof] . sfo{qmddf gu/

el/sf $ ;o #* hgf s[ifsx?sf] ufO{ * ;o &), e};L @ ;o !*, afv|f (* u/L hDdf ! xhf/ ! ;o *^ j6fsf] & nfv #) xhf/ ( ;o jLdfsf] lk|ldod cg'bfg /sd ljt/0f u/]sf] zfvf k|d'v Zofdgf/fo0f dxtf]n] atfpg' eof] . s[ifsx?nfO{ &% k|ltzt cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] lhNfns} klxnf] gu/kflnsf ePsf] dxtf]n] eGg'eof] . s[ifsx?nfO{ jflif{s sfo{qmd w]/} ePsfn] j8f, gu/kflnsf, e]6]l/g/L zfvfdfdf ;Dks{ ug{ cfu|x ug{' ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ag]kf gu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ ! sf j8f cWoIf lktfDa/ b'nfn, j8f gDa/ @ sf j8f cWoIf xl/z/0f l3ld/], j8f gDj/ # sf j8f cWoIf s[i0f k|;fb bfxfn / j8f gDj/ $ sf j8f cWoIf tyf k|jQmf Zofd ;'Gb/ >]i7sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmd ;~rfng kz' k|flalws kjg s];Ln] ug{' ePsf] lyof] .

w' l nv] n ÷lj/fdL af] S g] PDa'n]G;df ofq' af]s]sf] km]nf k/]kl5 lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sfe|]n] PDa'n]G; ;lxt rfnsnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnP/ sf/jfxL z'? u/]sf] 5 . …;nf{lx lhNnfsf] aa/u~haf6 sf7df8f} ofq' lnP/ cfpFb} u/]sf] PDa'n]G;nfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnP/ sf/jfxL z'? u/]sf 5f}+Ú–lhNnf k|x/L k|d'v P;kL /ljs'df/ kf}8]nn] atfpg' eof]–…lj/fdL af]Sg] PDa'n]G;n] ofq' af]Sg gkfO{g] eP klg k};fsf] k|nf]egdf ofq' af]s]sf] km]nf k/]sf] xf] .Ú lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sfe|]n] c/lgsf] /fhdfu{sf] ;fuFf r]skf]:6df pQm PDa'n]G; lgoGq0fdf lnPsf] P;kL kf}8]nn] atfpg' eof] . ;nf{lxaf6 sf7df8f};Ddsf] !$ xhf/ ?k}ofF

l/he{df ofq' af]s]sf] cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPsf] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sfe|]sf l8P:kL Pj+ ;"rgf clws[t s'df/ ljqmd yfkfn] atfpg' eof] . jf % r *^#* gDj/sf] PDa'n]G;n] ;nf{lxaf6 sf7df8f};Dd ^ hgf ofq' /fv]/ NofpbF} u/]sf] cj:yfdf lgoGq0fdf lnO{ cg';Gwfg z'? u/]sf] l8P:kL yfkfn] atfpg' eof] . lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sfe|]n] ;fj{hlgs oftfoft grNbf ofq'x? cf];f/ k;f/ ul//x]sf dfnjfxs ;jf/L ;fwgsf] r]shfFrdf s8fO{ u/]sf] 5 eg] gLlh gDj/ Kn]6sf uf8Lx?n] ofq' cf];f/ k;f/ u/]sf] kfO{Pdf sf/jfxL u/]sf] 5 . dfkb08 ljkl/t ;+rfng ePsf ;jf/L ;fwgx?nfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnO{ sf/jfxL u/]sf] lhNnf k|x/L k|d'v P;kL kf}8]nn] atfpg' eof] .

ljut @% jif{b]lv

^

r]i6f ;fKtflxs

jif{ @^ c+s #( @)&& ;fpg * ut] ljxLjf/

/fwfsi[0f art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;:+yf ln= ag]kf–&, sfe|]

tx]f|+} jflifs { ;fwf/0f ;ef ;DaGwL ;r"gf o; ;+:yfsf] ldlt @)&&.$.% ut] a;]sf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] lg0f{o cg';f/ tkl;nsf] ldlt ;do / :yfgdf lgDg ljifox?df 5nkmn ul/ lg0f{o lngsf nflu o; ;+:yfsf] t]x|f}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef a:g] ePsf]n] o;} ;"rgfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL pkl:yt eOlbg'x'g xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ . ;fy} pkl:yt x'g g;Sg] dxfg'efjx?n] ;+:yfdf ;Dks{ ug{x'g cg'/f]w ul/G5 . sfoq { md ldlt M @)&&.$.@$ ut] zlgjf/ ;do M ljxfg !)M)) ah] :yfg M sfof{no ejgdf 5nkmnsf ljifox? !_ cf=j= @)&^.&& sf] ;lrjsf] jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg kfl/t ug{] ;DaGwdf . @_ cf=j= @)&^.&& sf] n]vf ;'kl/j]If0f ;ldltsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg kfl/t ug{] ;DaGwdf . #_ cf=j= @)&^.&& sf] sf]iffWoIfsf] cg'dflgt cfo Joo ;DaGwdf . $_ cf=j= @)&^.&& sf] n]vfkl/If0f k|ltj]bg kfl/t ug{] ;DaGwdf . %_ cf=j= @)&&.&* sf] n]vfkl/Ifs lgo'lQm / kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ug{] ;DaGwdf . ^_ ;]jf s]Gb| vf]Ng] ;DaGwdf . &_ ;xsf/L PsLs/0f ug{] ;DaGwdf . *_ ljlgod ;+zf]wg ug{] ;DaGwdf . (_ ;fwf/0f ;efsf] lg0f{o k'l:tsfdf b:tvt ug{ k|ltlglw 5gf}6 ;DaGwdf . !)_ ljljw . ;lrj gf6] M ljxfg !) ah]b]lv @ ah];Dd :jo+ pkl:yt x'g] ;b:ox?sf nflu kl/jxg vr{sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5, ;fwf/0f ;efdf pkl:yt x'bFf lrl7 jf kf;a's clgjfo{ ?kdf lnP/ cfpg'kg{]5 .

agk]f sfofn{o kmfg] g=+ M )!!–^^$^$@ gdfa]4' ;j]f sG]b| kmfg] g=+ )!!–$)$!&$

>L ?kfGt/0f art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;:+yf ln= put|f/f–!, kn'ahf/, agk]f, sfe]|

sfofn { o :yfgfGt/0f ;DaGwL ;r " gf o; >L ?kfGt/0f art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=sf] cfly{s sf/f]af/ ;xhtfsf] lglDt ldlt @)&&.$.!%ut] -ljxLjf/_ b]lv sfof{nosf] b}lgsL sf/f]af/ >L dx]Gb|nfn k|hfkltsf] lgjf; tLgbf]af6f] ag]kf xl:k6n -s?0ffdo_ glhs ;/]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpFb5' . ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]af/L ;b:o dxfg'efjx?k|lt c;xhtfsf] nflu Ifdf JoQm ub{5' . wGojfb . cWoIf -GxR'5] ufR]5_] kmfg] g=+ )!!–^^#)&^, (*$(!)&##^, (*^!@()((*

xflb{s awfO{ o; SofDk;sf ;b:o tyf pkk|fWofks Zofd ;'Gb/ ;fxn] sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnoaf6 mathematics operations research (Queuing and Reliability ljifodf ljBfjfl/lw (PHD) pkflw xfl;n ug{ ;kmn x'g'ePsf]df pxfFsf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgfsf ;fy xflb{s awfO{ 1fkg ub{5f}+ .

SofDk; k|d'v tyf

ag]kf gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{no zf}rfno b:t'/ p7fpg] ;DaGwL af]nkq cfJxfgsf] ;"rgf -k'gM k|yd k6s k|sflzt ldlt @)&&.$.@_

o; ag]kf gu/kflnsfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ag]kf gu/kflnsf j8f g+= * a;kfs{ l:yt k'/fgf] ;lkª sDKn]S;sf] bfof“jfof“ /x]sf b'O{j6f / gof“ ;lkª sDKn]S;df /x]sf] Pp6f ;d]t hDdf tLgj6f zf}rfnox? cf=j= @)&&.)&* sf] calwe/sf] nflu ;~rfng ug{ 7]Ssfdf lbg of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . zf}rfno /x]sf] If]q j/k/ ;d]t ;/;kmfO{ ug{] u/L pNn]lvt zf}rfno ;~rfng u/L gu/kflnsfn] tf]lslbPsf] b/df z'Ns c;'n ug{ rxfg] OR5's g]kfnL gful/s jf btf{jfnf ;+:yfn] jflif{s ?kdf slt;Dd /sd o; gu/kflnsfnfO{ a'emfpg] xf] ;f] sf] c+s / cIf/df ;d]t :ki6 pNn]v u/L lgDg zt{x?nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL pNn]lvt k|yd k6s ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf ldltn] PstL;f}+ lbg leq lznaGbL af]nkq k|:t't x'g of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . != af]nkq kmf/d ?=!,))). -Psxhf/ dfq_ lt/L o; sfof{nosf] /fh:j zfvfaf6 pNn]lvt k|yd k6s ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] tL;f}+ lbg sfof{no ;dodf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] 5 . @= vl/b ul/Psf af]nkq kmf/dx? of] ;"rgf k|yd k6s k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] PstL;f}+ lbg lbgsf] @M)) ah] ;Dddf btf{ ug{ ;lsg] 5 . #= btf{ ePsf af]nkq kmf/dx? of] ;"rgf k|yd k6s k|sflzt ePsf ldltn] PstL;f}+ lbg lbgsf] @M!% ah] lgodfg';f/ o; sfof{nodf vf]lng] 5 . $= af]nkq kmf/d vl/b ug{], bflvnf ug{ / vf]Ng] lbg ljbf k/]df qmdzM ;f]sf] ef]lnkN6 vl/b ug{], bflvnf ug]{ / vf]Ng ;lsg] 5 . %= lznaGbL af]nkq kmf/d vf]Ng] ;dodf af]nkqjfnf jf lghsf] cflwsfl/s k|ltlglw pkl:yt gePdf klg lznjGbL kmf/d vf]Ng afwf kg{] 5}g . ^= cfkm'n] jflif{s a'emfpg saf]n u/]sf] c+ssf] kf“r k|ltzt /sd g]kfn a}+s ln= ag]kf zfvfdf /x]sf] o; sfof{nosf] w/f}6L vftf g+= )!%)#)))))#))))))))! df hDdf u/]sf] ;Ssn ef}r/ af]nkq kmf/d ;fy k]z ug'{ kg{]5 . ;fy} :jLs[t af]nkqbftfn] saf]n c+s k'/} clu|d hDdf u/]df kf“r k|ltzt / 5 dlxgfsf] clu|d hDdf u/]df c9fO{ k|ltzt 5'6 lbOg] 5 . &= :jLs[t af]nkqjfnfn] zt{ g+= ^ adf]lhd clu|d /sd hDdf gu/]df 7]Ssf ;+emf}tf ubf{ 7]s /sdsf] slDtdf Ps ltxfO{ a/fa/sf] /sd k|yd ls:tf afkt a'emfpg' kg{]5 . Pjd l/tn] bf];|f] ls:tf /sd klxnf] ls:tfsf] ;do e'Qmfg x'g'eGbf Ps dlxgf cufj} a'emfO{ ;Sg' kg{]5 . (= :jLs[t af]nkq bftfn] aflif{s saf]n c+s clu|d a'emfPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s cfkm'n] saf]n u/]sf] s'n /sdsf] krxQ/ k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sd a/fa/sf] dfGotf k|fKt a}+s af6 ldlt @)&* ;fn ;fpg kGw| ut] ;Ddsf nflu hf/L ePsf] a}+s Uof/]06L k]z ug'{kg{] 5 . obL ;+emf}tf adf]lhd ;dodf ls:tf /sd ga'emfPdf o;/L /flvPsf] a}+s Uof/]06L /f]Ssf /fvL lng' p7fpg' kg{] /sd c;'n pk/ ul/g] 5 . !)= zf}rfno 7]Ssfdf lnP afkt a'emfpg' kg{] ;Dk"0f{ s/b:t'/ a'emfpg] bfloTj :jLs[t af]nkqbftfdf /xg] 5 . ;fy} gu/kflnsfn] kl/ro kq pknAw u/fPsf JolQmx?af6 zf}rfno z'Ns lng kfOg] 5}g . !!= :jLs[t af]nkq bftfn] hgxL lb;flk;fa u/]afkt ?= %. sf b/n] dfq zf}rfno z'Ns c;'n ug{ kfOg] 5 . !@= :jLs[t af]nkq bftfn] zf}rfno ;+rfngsf qmddf cfOkg{] zf}rfno hfd x'g] nufotsf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg :jodn] ug'{kg{] 5 . !#= cl:js[t af]nkqjfnfsf] w/f}6L lgodfg';f/ lkmtf{ ul/g] 5 . !$= s'g} klg af]nkq ljgfsf/0f :jLs[t jf c:jLs[t ug{] clwsf/ ag]kf gu/kflnsfdf ;'/lIft /xg] 5 . !%= ag]kf gu/kflnsfnfO{ ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg{] /sd aSof}tf x'g] JolQmsf] af]nkq :jLs[t x'g] 5}g .

sfdsf] ljj/0f

lkkN; ax'd'vL SofDk; kl/jf/ ag]kf–&, sfe|]knf~rf]s

r]i6f ;fKtflxs k|sfzgsf nflu k|sfzs.;Dkfbs M czf]s Jof~h", sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbs M df]tL/fd ltdlN;gf, sfof{no M ag]kf !), sfe|], kmf]g g+= )!!^^@$($ email: cheshtaweekly@yahoo.com/website: www.cheshtaweekly.com.np, d'b|0f M ;Gtf]if lk|lG6ª k|];, ag]kf, sfe|]