agkf÷ sfe|] pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3sf] @)*! h]i7 !( ut] zlgaf/ x'g] $@ cf} aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf cWoIf kbsf nflu tLg hgfn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{] u/L pDd]bjf/L btf{ ePsf] 5 . lxhf] a'waf/ ;fFem k|sflzt clGtd gfdfjnL cg';f/ cWoIf kbdf tLg hgfn]k|lt:kwf{ug{]u/LpDd]bjf/Lsfod ePsf]5. cWoIf kbsf nflu al/i7 pkfWoIf k|tfk a}B, ljlzi6 cfdlGqt ;b:o /fhg dfgGw/ / cl3Nnf] lgjf{rgdf ;d]t cWoIfsf k|Tof;L /x]sf a;Gtgf/fo0f ef]lIfef]ofn] pDd]bjf/L btf{ u/fPsf 5g\ . k|tfk a}Bsf] g]t[Tjdf al/i7 pkfWoIf u|'j]g tf}hn], pkfWoIfx?df pd]z zfSo / ljsf; zdf{, dxf;lrj oz s'df/ /l~ht, sf]iffWoIf dfgsfhL k|wfg, d'Vo ;+of]hs /fh]zs'df/ >]i7, ;lrj s[i0fnfn >]i7, ;x d'Vo ;+of]hs led cfrfo{, ;x sf]iffWoIf Zofds'df/ efn' / ;x ;lrj ;/f]h >]i7 /x]sf 5g\ . kbflwsf/Ldf Ps hgf klg dlxnf 5}gg . cWoIf kbsf pDd]bjf/ k|tfk a}Bn] cfly{s dGbLdf Aoj;foLx?n] em]Ng' k/]sf ;d:of, ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux?sf] Aoj;foLstf, sfg"gL ;xlhs/0f, aflif{s Sofn]G8/ ;lxtsf sfo{qmd / pBf]uL Aoj;foLx?nfO{ cleefjs /x]sf] dx;'; u/fpg' d'Vo Ph]08f /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . pgL ;fwf/0f ;b:o x'Fb} ljleGg kbdf /x]/ ;+3sf] lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfln/x]sf 5g\ . al/i7 pkfWoIf kbdf plg bf]>f] k6s lglj{/f]w ePsfx'g\. /fhg dfgGw/sf] g]t[Tjdf al/i7 pkfWoIf /ljGb| a}bf/, pkfWoIfx?df /fh]Gb| hf]zL / ;'/]z ef]lIfef]of, dxf;lrj /lht knf~rf]s], sf]iffWoIf ;'ljGb| /fhe08f/L, d'Vo ;+of]hs lj1fg wf}uf]8f, ;lrj >Ls[i0f yfkf, ;x d'Vo ;+of]hs /lj tf}hn], ;x ;lrj /fds'df/ >]i7 / ;x sf]iffWoIf /fds'df/ >]i7 /x]sf 5g\ . kbflwsf/Ldf Ps hgf klg dlxnf 5}gg . cWoIf kbsf pDd]bjf/ /fhg dfgGw/n] ;du| Aoj;foLx?sf] ;f/yL aGg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . lhNnfsf pBf]uL Aoj;foLx?nfO{
#% kbsf nflu $( hgfsf] pDd]bjf/L btf{, ^ kb lglj{/f]w, * kbdf pDd]bjf/L g} k/]g lglj{/f]w x'g]x?df
If]qut ;b:o tkm nIdL >]i7, ag]kf If]q gDj/ ! eujtL >]i7, ag]kf If]q gDj/ @ sfo{sf/L ;b:o a:t'ut tkm{ – k|]daxfb'/ tfdfª sfo{sf/L ;b:o Pzf]lzo6 tkm{ – b'uf{nIdL dfgGw/ dlxnf ;b:o– k'l0f{df k|wfgfË / sdnf cjfn
s'g ;d'xaf6 s;sf] pDd]bjf/L
al/i7 pkfWoIf u|'j]g tf}hn] /ljGb| a}bf/ pkfWoIf pd]z zfSo /fh]Gb| hf]zL pkfWoIf ljsf; zdf{ ;'/]z ef]lIfef]of dxf;lrj ozs'df/ /l~ht /lht knf~rf]s] sf]iffWoIf dfgsfhL k|wfg ;'ljGb| /fhe08f/L d'Vo ;+of]hs /fh]zs'df/ >]i7 lj1fg wf}uf]9f ;lrj s[i0fnfn >]i7 >Ls[i0f yfkf ;x d'Vo ;+of]hs ledk|;fb cfrfo{ /lj tf}hn] ;x ;lrj ;/f]hsfhL >]i7 /fds'df/ >]i7 ;x sf]iffWoIf Zofds'df/ efn' -d'gfn_ /fds'df/ >]i7
v'Nnf sfo{ ;ldlt ;b:o
/fhg 9sfn, h+uaxfb'/ dxt, g/]z/fh sfoZy, /f]zg v'Kkf >]i7, Zofd;'Gb/ s'Fj/, lj>lht efn' >]i7, ldgaxfb'/ sdf{rfo{, ;'dg rf} k|wfg, lji0f'k|;fb g/fn, uf}td dfgGw/
k|tfk a}B /fhg dfgGw/ lgbf{]if knf~rf]s], >Lk|sfz k|wfg, /h]Gb| k;+If], /xb]j kf]6], ;hg dfgGw/, xl/rGb| clwsf/L, 8f]/gfy uf]tfd], ;'/]z >]i7, gf/fo0f k|;fb ltdlN;gf -lzj_, lbg]z clwsf/L
Aoj;fo ug{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug{], ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]uLx?nfO{ pBdtfdf lj:tf/ ug{], lhNnfdf ePsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ Aoj;foLstf / cf}wf]lusLs/0f ug{] d'Vo Ph]08f /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . ;+3sf ljleGg kbdf /x]/ lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfn]sf dfgGw/ xfn ljlzi7 cfdlGqt ;b:osf ?kdf sfo{/t5g\. a;Gtgf/fo0f ef]lIfef]ofn] Psn pDd]bjf/L 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . plg cl3Nnf] k6s jt{dfg cWoIf /fh]Gb|
k;FIf]sf] ;d'x;Fu k/flht ePsf lyP . Tolta]nf ef]lIfef]of / k;FIf]sf] ;d'xut k|lt:kwf{ ePsf] lyof] . ef]lIfef]ofsf] ;d'xaf6 plg / s]lx afx]s clwsf+z ljhoL ePsf lyP . Tolx abnf lng eGb} ef]lIfef]lofn] Psn cWoIf kbdf pDd]bjf/L 3f]if0ff u/]sf x'g\ . rf/ …;Ú sfod ug{ pDd]bjf/L /x]sf] ;fdflhs ;+hfn dfkm{t ef]lIfef]lofn] 3f]fif0ff u/]sf 5g\ . ;do, ;fem]bf/L, ;xsfo{ / ;t{stf pgn] cfkm\gf d'Vo Ph]08f agfPsf5g\.
a;Gtgf/fo0f ef]lIfef]of
ltg} hgf cWoIf kbsf pDd]bjf/ / ;d'xsf ;b:ox? oltv]/ Aoj;foLx?sf] 3/b}nf]df hfg yfn]sf 5g\ . ltg} hgf cWoIf kbsf pDd]bjf/n] Aoj;foLx?sf] xs lxtsf nflu cfkm\gf] g]t[TjnfO{ ljhoL u/fpg Aoj;foLx?nfO{ cfAxfg u/]sf 5g\ . Aoj;foLx?n] o; cl3sf] lgjf{rgdf b]v]sf] c:j:y k|lt:kwf{, lgjf{lrt sfo{;ldltn] ax'dt / cNkdtsf gfddf ug{ g;s]sf sfo{x?sf af/]df ;a} pBf]uL Aoj;foLx? kl/lrt 5g\ . lgjf{rgdf ! xhf/ @ ;o %! dtbftfsf] gfdfjnL k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . lgjf{rg sfo{tflnsf cg';f/ @)*! h]7 !% ut] clGtd gfdfjnL k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof] . $! cf} clwa]zgdf ! xhf/ # ;o eGbf w]/} Aoj;foLx?n] ;b:otf gljs/0f u/fPsf lyP . lxhf] a'waf/ cyf{t h]7 !^ ut] ljxfg ( ah] b]lv !! ah];Dd pDd]bjf/sf nflu kmf/fd ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . pDd]bjf/L btf{sf] ;do ljxfg ;f9] !! ah] b]lv lbp;f] @=#) ah];Dd /flvPsf] lyof] . pDd]bjf/sf] gfdfjnL lbp;f] #=#) ah] k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof] . pDd]bjf/L lkmtf{sf] ;do lbpF;f] ;f9] $ ah] b]lv ;f9] ^=#) ah];Dd /flvPsf] lyof] . pDd]bjf/x?sf] clGtd gfdfjnL k|sfzg;fFem&ah]nfO{ afFsL @ k]hdf
ag]kf÷g]skf Pdfn] sfe|]sf] !! cf}+ lhNnf clwa]zgsf] tof/L lta| ?kdfePsf]5.ef]lnz'qmaf//zlgaf/ b'O{ lbg !# j6f kflnsfsf ! ;o #% j8f / @! j6f hgalu{o ;+u7gn] clwa]zgsf] aGb ;qdf ;xefuL x'g] k|ltlgwL rog ug{]5g\ . & ;o eGbf w]/} k|ltlgwL clwa]zgsf] aGb ;qdf ;xefuL x'g]5g\ . aGb ;qdf ;xeflu x'g v'Nnfk|ltlgwLrogx'g]5g\. @)*! h]7 @* b]lv #) ut] ;Dd w'lnv]ndf x'g] clwa]zgsf] pb\3f6g Pdfn] cWoIf tyf k"j{ k|wfgdGqL s]kL zdf{ cf]nLn] ug{]5g\ . lhNnf clwj]zg kf6L{ hLjgsf] lgodLt sfo{sf] cnfjf kf6L{n] c3L ;f/]sf] gd'gf sfe|], ;Dj[4 sfe|]nLsf] kl/sNkgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ yk of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cj;/ ePsf] Pdfn] sfe|]n] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 . lhNnf
clwj]zgnfO{ eAotfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{ l;+uf] kf6L{k+lQm / cfd sfe|]nL hg;d'bfonfO{ g]skf Pdfn] sfe|] lhNnf sld6Ln] clkn u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn sDo"lgi6 kf6L{ -Pdfn]_ sfe]|knf~rf]s lhNnf sld6Lsf] !) cf}+ k"0f{ a}7sn] clwj]zgsf] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . cWoIf czf]s Aof~h'sf cg';f/ clwa]zg tof/Lsf nflu ul7t pk ;ldltx?n] lg/Gt/ sfo{ul//x]sf 5g\. clwj]zg tof/Lsf nflu kf6L{ cWoIf czf]s Jof~h"sf] ;+of]hsTjdf k|ltj]bg n]vg ;ldlt, pkfWoIf rGb| nfdfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf cfly{s Aoj:yfkg ;ldlt, ;lrj /fhg e't]{nsf] ;+of]hsTjdf k|ltlgwL Aoj:yfkg ;ldlt, pk;lrj /fhs'df/ ;fksf]6fsf] ;+of]hsTjdf :jo+;]js kl/rfng ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . clwj]zgsf] nfuL d~r / vfgf Aoj:yfkgsf] ;+of]hg kf6L{ w'lnv]n gu/ sld6Ln]ug]{5.
gful/stf ljqmLsf] * jifkl5 ‘hndf’
clws[tåonfO{ w/f}6Ldf 5f8\g cfb]z
df]tL/fd ltdlN;gf w'lnv]n
sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf cbfnt w'lnv]ndf d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf #@ adf]lhd gful/stf / /fxbfgL ;DjGwL s;"/ btf{ ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn k|x/L k|wfg sfo{fno s]G›Lo cg';Gwfg Jo"/f]sf] kq hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ sf7df8f}, sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf j8f gDj/ @^ sk'/wf/fdf a:g] bfjf lIfl/ª g]kfnL gfd lgdf tfdfª, af/f lhNnf lghu9 gu/kflnsf j8f gDj/ !@ 3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf #@ a:g] $& alif{o emk]G›/fh v/]n / u'NdL 3/ eO{ nlntk'/ lhNnf dxfnIdL gu/kflnsf j8f gDj/ % a:g] /fdrG› co{fn lj?4 /fxbfgL / gful/stf s;'/ lj?4 hfx]/L hfx]/Lbtf{ePsf]lyof]. lhNnf cbfnt sfe|]knf~rf]sn] gful/stf / /fxbfgL ;DjGwL s;"/df ljb]zL gful/s bfjf lIfl/ª elgg] lgdf tfdfªnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg] cfb]z lbPsf] 5 . pgnfO{ gful/stf ljqmL ug{] clws[t emk]G›/fh v/]n / tTsflng ;'Aaf xfn clws[t /fdrG› cof{nnfO{ w/f}6Ldf 5f8\g] cfb]z lbPsf] 5 . gful/stf vl/b ljqmL u/]sf] * jif{ kl5 pQm d'2fdf ;'g'jfO{ ePsf] xf] . r]i6f ;fKtflxs nufotsf ;+rf/dfWodx?n] lg/Gt/ ;dfrf/ k|sfzg u/] kl5 pQm cleof]udf u[x dGqfnon] 5fgljg ug{ ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] lyof] . lgdf ;lxt # ;o %)
hgfnfO{ gful/stf ljqmL u/]sf] k|dfl0ft eP klg cGosf xsdf cem} cg';Gwfg ePsf] 5}g . lhNnf GofofwLz lzjs'df/ kf]v/]nsf] Ohnfzn] cfO{taf/ u/]sf] y'g5]s ax;df ;'Aaf /x]sf cof{nnfO{ %) xhf/ / clws[t v/]nnfO{ ^ nfv w/f}6L dfuug{]cfb]zu/]sf]xf]. lhNnf cbfnt sfe|]knf~rf]ssL clws[t tyf ;"rgf clwsf/L lx/fs'df/L e08f/Lsf cg';f/ gful/stf / /fxbfgL ;DjGwL cleof]udf lhNnf GofofwLz lzjs'df/ kf]v/]nsf] Ohnfzaf6 ljb]zL gful/s lgdf tfdfªnfO{ y'gfdf /fv]/ cg';Gwfg ug{ / clws[t4o v/]n / cof{nnfO{ w/f}6Ldf l/xf ug{ cfb]z ePsf] 5 . cof{n w/f}6L /fv]/ cfO{taf/ g} l/xf ePsf 5g\ eg] v/]n w/f}6L a'emfpg g;s]sf sf/0f sf/fuf/ rnfg ePsf lyP . ;f]daf/ pgL w/f}6L a'emfP/ l/xf ePsf 5g\ . ljz]bL gful/s lgdf o; cl3 g} ca}B ;'g k}+7f/L cleof]udf k'k{Ifsf nflu sf/fuf/df lyP . v/]n / cof{n lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]zn] g]kfnL gful/s /fh' u'?ªnfO{ gful/stf ljqmL u/]sf] cleof]udf k'k{Ifsf nflusf/fuf/rnfgePsflyP. pRr cbfntsf] cfb]zn] plgx? b'a}nfO{ w/f}6Ldf 5f8\g cfb]z lbPsf] eP klg csf{] d'2fdf cg';Gwfg hf/L /x]sfn] w/f}6L ga'emfO{ sf/fuf/df g} a;]sf lyP . v/]nnfO{ pRrn] ^ nfv w/f}6L dfu u/]sf] lyof] eg] lhNnfn] klg ^ nfv w/f}6L dfu u/]sf] 5 . cof{nnfO{ eg] pRrn] %) xhf/ / lhNnfn] klg %) xhf/ w/f}6L dfu u/]sf] 5 . cj}w ;'g k}7f/L tyf ;+ul7t ck/fw d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;ndf kqmfpk/]sfa]lNhod afFsL @ k]hdf
sfe|] lhNnf ;fljs sf]lzb]vf uflj; j8f g+= & xfn kfrvfn g=kf= j8f g+= !# a:g] uf]kL s[i0f yklnofn] d]/f] gfdsf] ;fljs nutaf6 le8\g] d]/} gfddf lkmN8a's sfod eO{ btf{ afsL /x]sf] tklzndf pNn]lvt lsQf hUuf d]/f gfddf Psnf}6L btf{ u/L kfpF elg lbg' ePsf] lgj]bg adf]lhd lghsf gfddf gfddf Psnf}6L btf{ ubf{ c? s;}sf] xsef]u eP jf xs hfg ;Sg] jf ;fj{hlgs k|of]udf eP, dfu adf]lhd btf{ ug{ gldNg] ePdf xsbfjL ug{ cfpg'sf] nflu #% -k}lt;_ lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] #% -k}lt;_ lbgleq ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] bfjL ePdf cfkm";u ePsf] ;a'b k|df0fx? ;+nUg /fvL cfkm} jf jf/]z dfkm{t bfjL jf ph'/ ug{ cfpg'xf]nf Dofb leq ph'/ jf bfjL gk/L Dofb u'hf/L a;]df sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ eO{ hfg]5 . Dofb gf3L cfPsf] bfjL ph'/L dfly s'g} sf/jfxL gx'g] Joxf]/f o;} ;"rgfdfkm{t hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 .
dfnkf]t sfof{no sfe|]knf~rf]ssf] xsbfaL ;DaGwL #% lbg ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ;"rgf k|sflzt ldlt M @)*!.@.!# tkl;n
uflj; j8f g+= ls=g+= lkmN8a'ssf] h=w=sf] gfd s}lkmot sf]lzb]vf * !@)@ If]qkmn uf]kL s[i0f yklnof )–!$–@– !
dfnkf]t sfof{no sfe|]knf~rf]ssf] xsbfaL ;DaGwL #% lbg ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ;"rgf k|sflzt ldlt M @)*!.@.!# tkl;n uflj; j8f g+= ls=g+= lkmN8a'ssf] h=w=sf] gfd s}lkmot sf]lzb]vf ( %*$ If]qkmn afns[i0f yklnof )–*–)–)
sfe|] lhNnf ;fljs sf]lzb]vf uflj; j8f g+= & xfn kfrvfn g=kf= j8f g+= !# a:g] afn s[i0f yklnof, /fwfb]jL yklnof / uf]kLs[i0f yklnof ;d]t hgf # n] xfd|f lktf tyf ;;'/f lzj k|;fb yklnofsf] ;fljs nutaf6 le8\g] afns[i0f yklnofsf] gfddf lkmN8a's sfod eO{ btf{ afsL /x]sf] tklzndf pNn]lvt lsQf hUuf lzjk|;fb yklnofsf] ldlt @)##.!.!^ df lghsf] >LdtL lji0f' nIdL yklnofsf] ldlt @)^*.$.!@ df cf–cfˆgf] sfnultn] d[To' ePsf] lghx?sf] # efO{ 5f]/f @ 5f]/Lsf] hfohGd ePsf] 5f]/Lx? ljjfx bfg eO{ uPsf] # 5f]/fx?df qmdzM h]7f] dfwj k|;fb yklnof, dfOnf] uf]kLs[i0f yklnof / sfG5f] afns[i0f yklnof ePsf]df h]7f] 5f]/f dfwj k|;fb yklnofsf] ldlt @)&*.(.% df cfkm\gf] sfnultn] d[To' ePsf] lghsf] @ >LdtLdf h]7L ;fljqL yklnof nufot kl/jf/n] @)&).#.% df sfg'g cg';f/ cfkm\gf] ;DklQ a'lem lnO{ uPsf] d[ts dfwj k|;fb yklnofsf] tkm{af6 xsvfg] glhssf] xsbf/df sfG5L >LdtL /fwfb]jL yklnof ePsf] xbf xfdL lgj]bsx?sf gfddf ;+o'Qm btf{÷gfd;f/L u/L kfpF elg dfu lgj]bg eP adf]lhd lghx?sf] gfddf ;+o'Qm btf{÷gfd;f/L ubf{ c? s;}sf] xsef]u eP jf xs hfg ;Sg] jf ;fj{hlgs k|of]udf eP, dfu adf]lhd btf{ ug{ gldNg] ePdf xsbfjL ug{ cfpg'sf] nflu #% -k}lt;_ lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] #% -k}lt;_ lbgleq ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] bfjL ePdf cfkm";u ePsf] ;a'b k|df0fx? ;+nUg /fvL cfkm} jf jf/]z dfkm{t bfjL jf ph'/ ug{ cfpg'xf]nf Dofb leq ph'/ jf bfjL gk/L Dofb u'hf/L a;]df sfg"g adf]lhd gf=;f=÷btf{ eO{ hfg]5 . Dofb gf3L cfPsf] bfjL ph'/L dfly s'g} sf/jfxL gx'g] Joxf]/f o;} ;"rgfdfkm{t hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 .
kgf}tL gu/kflnsf @ g+= j8f sfof{nosf] & lbg ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
kgf}tL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ l:yt gflu8fF8f Eo' 6fj/df ko{6g k|a4{gsf nflu l/;f]6{ ;d]t ;+rfng ug{'kg{] ePsf]n] kgf}tL gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] j}7saf6 dfl;s #),))).– -cIf]?kL tL; xhf/_ eGbf g36\g] ul/ 7]Ssf nufpg] eGg] lg0f{o ePsf] x'Fbf cfhsf ldltn] !% lbgleq O{R5's btf{jfn Joj;foLx?n] cfjZos sfuhft ;lxt kgf}tL g=kf= j8f g+= @ sf] sfof{no s'zfb]jLdf ;Dks{ ug{x'g cg'/f]w ul/G5 .
eO{ btf{ afsL /x]sf] tklzndf pNn]lvt lsQf hUuf d]/f gfddf Psnf}6L btf{ u/L kfpF elg lbg'ePsf] lgj]bg adf]lhd
.Dofb gf3LcfPsf] bfjLph'/L dflys'g} sf/jfxLgx'g] Joxf]/fo;} ;"rgfdfkm{thfgsf/L u/fO{G5. dfnkf]t sfof{no sfe|]knf~rf]ssf] xsbfaL ;DaGwL #% lbg ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ;"rgf k|sflzt ldlt M
nutaf6 le8\g] lghs} gfddf lkmN8a's sfod eO{ btf{ afsL /x]sf] tklzndf pNn]lvt lsQf hUuf lkmN8a'sdf n]lvPsf h=w= dfwjk|;fb yklnofsf] ldlt @)&*.(.% df d[To' ePsf] / lghsf] @ >LdtL ePsf]df h]7L >LdtL ;fljqL yklnof nufotsf] kl/jf/n] ldlt @)&).#.% df sfg'g adf]lhd cfkm\gf] ;DklQ lnO{ uPsf] lghsf] xs vfg] glhssf] xsbf/df sfG5L >ldtL /fwf b]jL yklnof d lgj]bs ePsf] xbf d d]/f gfddf Psnf}6L btf{÷gfd;f/L u/L kfpF elg dfu lgj]bg eP adf]lhd lghx?sf] gfddf ;+o'Qm btf{÷gfd;f/L ubf{ c? s;}sf] xsef]u eP jf xs hfg ;Sg] jf ;fj{hlgs k|of]udf eP, dfu adf]lhd btf{ ug{ gldNg] ePdf xsbfjL ug{ cfpg'sf] nflu #% -k}lt;_ lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] #% -k}lt;_ lbgleq ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] bfjL ePdf cfkm";u ePsf] ;a'b k|df0fx? ;+nUg /fvL cfkm} jf jf/]z dfkm{t bfjL jf ph'/ ug{ cfpg'xf]nfDofb leqph'/ jfbfjL gk/LDofb u'hf/La;]df sfg"gadf]lhd gf=;f=÷btf{eO{
tkl;n uflj; j8f g+= ls=g+= lkmN8a'ssf] h=w=sf] gfd s}lkmot sf]lzb]vf * &)%
!@)% !@)# sfe|] lhNnf ;fljs sf]lzb]vf uflj; j8f g+= & xfn kfrvfn g=kf= j8f g+= !# a:g] afns[i0f yklnofn] d]/f gfdsf] ;fljs
w'lnv]n÷s[lif ljsf; sfof{no sfe|]n] l;Gw'kfNrf]s / sfe|]df ;okqL km'n v]lt k|ljwL tyf pTkfbgf]k/fGt Aoj:yfkgsf nflu b'O{ lbg] tflnd ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . Aoj;foLs v]ltsf nflu cg'bfg k|flKtsf nflu 5gf}6 ePsf s[ifsx?sf nflu cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg ;Demf}tf ug{' cl3 pQm tflnd pknAw u/fO{Psf] sfof{no k|d'v s'nk|;fb bjf8Ln] hfgsf/L lbP . Aoj;foLs v]lt, lgoldt v]tLsf nflu cfjZos kg{] k"jf{wf/ ;lxtsf] Aoj:yfkg, km'nnfO{ nfdf] ;do l6sfpg] tyf ls6f0f' gi6 ug{] k|ljwL tyf 1fg, dfnf pGg] / Aoj;foLstfsf nflu ljljw kIfx?sf ;DjGwdf tflnd pknAw u/fO{g] sfof{no k|d'vbjf8Ln]atfP. sfo{qmddf ;xeflu s[ifsx?n] Aoj;foLs km'n v]ltsf nflu cfjZos kg{] tflnd / To;sf nflu k|fKt x'g] k|ljwLn] ;xh x'g] atfP . sfo{qmddf g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 sfe|] zfvfsf lgjt{dfg cWoIf df]tL/fd ltdlN;gf, sfof{nosfs[lifk|;f/clws[t
ljj]sfgGb dxt, cd[tf kf}8]n nufotn] Aoj;foLs v]tLsf nflu tflnd cfjZos /x]sf] atfPsf lyP . tflnddf k'ik ljsf; s]Gb| uf]bfj/Lsf afujfgL clws[t ;'dGt kf]v/]n / k'ik/fh cfrfo{n] k|lzIf0f lbPsf lyP.w'lnv]n#dfl;nfO{s6fO{ w'lnv]n÷w'lnv]n gu/kflnsf cGt{ut /x]sf] dlxnf kl/ifb\sf] ;xof]u tyf j8f gDj/ # sf] cfof]hgfdf j8f gDj/ # sf a]/f]huf/!%hgfdlxnfx?nfO{l;nfO{s6fO{ ;DjGwL $% lbg] cfwf/e't tflnd z'ef/De ul/Psf]5. gu/ k|d'v czf]s Aof~h'n] tflndsf] z'ef/De ub{} dlxnf kl/ifb tyf cGo kl/ifb\x?af6 x/]s a]/f]huf/ gful/sx?nfO{ l;k pknAw u/fO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] atfP . sfo{qmddf j8f cWoIf u0f]z cfrfo{n] j8fsf gful/sx?nfO{ l;k l;sfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg l;nfO{ s6fO{ tflnd k|f/De ul/Psf] atfP . l;k l;s]sfx?nfO{ Aoj;foLs hLjgdf ;lqmo /xg cg'/f]w
bfjL ePdf cfkm";u ePsf] ;a'b k|df0fx? ;+nUg /fvL cfkm} jf jf/]z dfkm{t bfjL jf ph'/ ug{ cfpg'xf]nf Dofb leq ph'/ jf bfjL gk/L Dofb u'hf/L a;]df sfg"g adf]lhd gf=;f=÷btf{ eO{ hfg]5 . Dofb gf3L cfPsf] bfjL ph'/L dfly s'g} sf/jfxL gx'g] Joxf]/f o;} ;"rgfdfkm{t hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 .
tkl;n uflj; j8f g+= ls=g+= lkmN8a'ssf] h=w=sf] gfd s}lkmot d]lyGsf]6 $ %@# %@$
ag]kf÷ag]kfsf ;dfh;]jL xl/eQm ef]l5ef]ofnfO{ :j= 5qaxfb'/ d':ofh' :d[lt k'/:sf/ @)*! af6 ;Ddflgt ul/Psf] 5 . :j= 5q axfb'/ d':ofh'sf] *& cf}+ hGdlbgsf] cj;/df ef]l5ef]ofnfO{ gub ? @% xhf/ gub ;lxt ;Ddfg ul/Psf] k|lti7fgsf cWoIf lgd{n d':ofh'n] atfpg' eof] . ;Ddfg sfo{qmddf ag]kf gu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ * sf j8f cWoIf lx6n/ zfSosf] k|d'v cfltYotfdf ePsf] lyof] . k|d'v cltyL zfSon] ef]l5ef]ofn] ag]kfdf /x]sf ljleGg ;3+ ;+:yfdf /lx ;fdflhs sfo{ ub}{ cfpg' ePsf]df :j= 5qaxfb'/ :d[ltaf6 ;Ddfg ul/Psf]df wGoafb k|bfg ug{' ePsf] lyof] . pQm k|lti7fgn] ;dfhdf /x]sf o:tf AolQmx?sf] ;Ddfg u/L yk xf};nf a9fpg' kg{] / :j= 5qaxfb'/ d':ofh'sf] cfTdfn] zflGt kfpg] zfSon] atfpg' eof] . sfo{qmddf ag]kf gu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ % sf j8f cwoIf an/fd clwsf/Ln] ;dfh;]jLnfO{ :yflgo ;/sf/,
ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfn] ;Ddfg u/]dfq sfd ug{ xf};nf ldNn] atfpg' eof] . xfdLn] klg xl/eQm ef]l5ef]of h:tf AolQmx?af6 w]/} s'/f l;Sg'kg{] clwsf/Ln] atfpg' eof] . ;dfh;]jL ef]l5ef]of ag]kfdf /x]sf ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfdf /lx ;dfh;]jf ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] / ag]kf gu/kflnsfsf] ag]kf tf/f kbsaf6 ;d]t ;Ddflgt AolQmTjn] ljleGg If]qdf k'¥ofpg' ePsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ pQm ;Ddfg ul/Psf] k|lti7fgsf cWoIf lgd{n d':ofh'n] atfpg' eof] . sfo{qmddf pQm, ;Ddfg–kq ;fhg d':ofh'n] afrg ug{' ePsf] lyof] eg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng l;d{n d':ofh'n] ug{' ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf an/fd d':ofh', zDe' d':ofh', rdgs[i0f sfo:y, ls/0f sfo:y, lg/0f >]i7, laho l;+ d':ofh' nufPtsf ;b:ox?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf :j= 5q axfb'/ d':ofh' k|lti7fgsf] af/]df ;+lugf d':ofh'n] hgfsf/L u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfn ;/sf/ s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfno
vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f sfof{no vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f l8lehg sfof{no
w'lnv]n, sfe|]knf~rf]s kmf]g g+= )!!–$()@@), Email: ftqcdodhulikhelkavre@gmail.com
vfB kbfy{sf] l;wf ;Dks{ -Direct Contact_ df cfpg] sfuhsf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf
ldlt @)*).!).@% sf] g]kfn /fhkq efu %, v08 &#, ;+Vof %# df k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] k|s/0f !&=! adf]lhd s'g} klg vfB pTkfbs, Joj;foL jf ljqm]tfn] vfB kbfy{sf] l;wf ;Dks{ -Direct Contact_ df cfpg] u/L d;Ln] n]lvPsf], 5flkPsf] jf /ËfOPsf] sfuhnfO{ k|of]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g egL dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ePsf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt ;a}df hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf o; sfof{non] ljleGg ;dodf u/]sf] cg'udg lgl/If0fsf] qmddf ljz]if u/L a]s/L, ld7fO{, r6k6], xf]6n÷/]i6'/]G6 nufotsf Joj;foLx?n] vfB kbfy{ k:sg jf Kofs ug{ d;Ln] n]lvPsf], 5flkPsf] jf /ËfOPsf] sfuhnfO{ k|of]udf NofPsf] kfO{Psf] x'Fbf ;f] sf] ljsNkdf cGo vfB u|]8 -Food grade_ sf ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|of]u ug{ / u/fpg x'g ;a}df ;"lrt ul/G5 . o; ;"rgfsf] alv{nfk u/]sf] kfOPdf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL x'g] Joxf]/f ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 .
efjk"0f >4f~hnL
ag]kfdf % lbg] a[xt of]u lzla/
ag]kf÷kt+hln of]u ;ldtL sfe|], dlxnf kt+hln of]u ;ldtL sfe|] / kt+hln of]u o'jf g]kfn sfe|]sf] cfof]hgfdf h]i7 !# ut] b]lv !& ut] ;Dd] j[xt lgMz'Ns of]u lj1fg lzlj/ ;~rfng e}O{/x]sf] 5 . lzla/sf] pb\3f6g ag]kf gu/kflnsf k|d'v zflGt /Tg zfSon] ug{' ePsf] lyof] . k|d'v cltyL zfSon] of]u k|To]s dflg;nfO{ clgjfo{ ePsf] atfpg' eof] . lzlj/df s]lGb|o dlxnf k|ef/L k'Hof ;fWjL b]jflbltaf6 ;xefuL of]u ;fws ;flwsfx?nfO{ of]u bz{g af/] k|jrg / of]u cEof; ul/Psf] lyof] . lzla/df kt+hln
of]u ;ldtL s]lGb|o ;b:o lx/f clwsf/L, ag]kf gu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ % sf an/fd clwsf/L, j8f gDa/ & sf j8f cWoIf lx6n/ zfSo, j8f gDa/ * sf j8f cWoIf z'enIdL dfgGw/, j8f gDa/ ( sf sf= jf= j8fWoIf dlgiff tfdfª, j8f gDa/ !) sf j8f cWoIf rGb| axfb'/ v8\sf, afudtL k|b]z kbflwsf/Lx? nufot lhNnf e/Lsf of]u ;fwgf s]Gb|sf of]u ;flwsfx? pkl;xeflutf /x]sf] . lzla/sf] ;efkltTj kt+hln of]u ;ldtL sfe|]sf cWoIf k|sfz sfoiyn] ug{' ePsf] lyof] eg] :jfut\ dGtJo dlxnf kt+hnL of]u ;ldtL sfe|]sf cWoIf
OlGb/f tf}hn]n] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . lzlj/ pb\3f6g sfo{qmd ;~rfng dxfdGqL Zofds'df/
/fli6«o nlntsnf k'/:sf/af6 ag]kfsf
kmf]6f]u|flkm a}B
ag]kf÷…/fli6«o nlntsnf k|bz{gL–@)*!df ;dfa]z ePsf snfs[ltx? dWo] kmf]6f]u|fkmL ljwfdf ag]kfsf /fduf]kfn -uf]kfn_ a}B pTs[i6 x'g' ePsf] 5 . a}BnfO{ /fli6«o nlntsnf k'/:sf/af6 ;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf gful/s p•og dGqL tyf k|lti7fgsf ;+/Ifs lxtaxfb'/ tfdfªn] k'/:s[t ug{' ePsf] 5 . u0ftGq lbj;sf cj;/df ePsf] /fli6«o nlntsnf k|b{zgL @)*! df a}BnfO{ gub ;lxt ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] . k|b{zgL u0ftGq lbj;sf] lbg h]7 !% ut] g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg gS;fndf ul/Psf] lyof] . …/fli6«o nlntsnf k|bz{gL–@)*! dª\njf/af6 ;'? ePsf] 5 . k|bz{gLsf] ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p•og dGqL tyf k|lti7fgsf ;+/Ifs lxtaxfb'/ tfdfªn] pb\3f6g ug{'ePsf] lyof] . k|bz{gLdf k'/:s[t x'g'x'g] ;h{s snfsf/x¿ cem
k'/:s[t
;lqmotfsf ;fy snf l;h{gfdf nfUg tfdfªn] cfu|x ug{' ePsf] lyof] . k|lti7fgsf s'nklt gf/bdl0f xft{D5fnLn] g]kfnL nlntsnfnfO{ :yfgLo tx, k|b]z / s]G› x'Fb} cGt/{fli6«o :t/;Dd km}nfpgsf nflu k|lti7fgn] sfd ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] . k|lti7fgsf pks'nklt Pj+ …/fli6«o nlntsnf k|bz{gL @)*! sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf ;+of]hs nfnsfhL nfdfn]
k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} x'Fb} cfPsf] o; …/fli6«o nlntsnf k|bz{gLÚ sf] ljz]if dxQ\j /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . k|lti7fgn] …;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f M nlntsnfsf] cleofgÚ eGg] d"n efjdf /x]/ ;DkGg u/]sf] …k|fb]lzs nlntsnf k|bz{gL–@)*) dfkm{t 5flgPsf snfs[lt ;dfj]z u/]/ o; jif{ …/fli6«o nlntsnf k|bz{gL–@)*!Ú u/]sf] xf] .
cg';Gwfg ljlw;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;DkGg
kgf}tL÷OG›]Zj/ SofDk;sf] cfof]hgfdf / ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf] ;xof]udf h]i7 !) b]lv !@ ut] ;Dd :gftsf]Q/ txdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?sf] Desertation Writing sfo{nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{] / SofDk;df cWofkg/t k|fWofksx?sf] j[lQljsf;sf] p2]Zo /fvL MBs\ Dissertation and ArticleWriting ljifodf # lbg] sfo{zfnf uf]li7 ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;+sfosf ;xfos l8g k|f=8f=lblnk k/fh'nL, ;x–k|fWofks 8f= k|sf; >]i7, pkk|fWofks dl5G› yfkfn] ljifoj:t' dfly uxg k|lzIf0f lbg'ePsf] lyof] . uf]li7df lhNnfdf /x]sf sfe|] ax'd'vL SofDk;, t]hu+uf SofDk;, kfj{tL ax'd'vL SofDk;, a]n/ SofDk;, ;~hLjgL SofDk;, w'lnv]n SofDk;x?df cWofkg ug{] k|fWofkssf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . SofDk; k|d'v >Ls'df/ ;'jfnn] sfo{qmddfly k|sfz kfg{' ePsf]
pQm sfo{qmddf k|f=8f= lblnk k/fh'nLn] z'ef/De ug{'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] cWoIftf SofDk; Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf t'o'sfhL tfd|fsf/ / ;~rfng ;xfos SofDk; k|d'v ho/fd sd{frfo{n] ug{'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf SofDk; Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf sf]iffWoIf led;]g a:g]t nufPtn] z'esfdgf dGtAo /fVg' ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ;xefuL k|fWofksx?n] sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L / pknAwLd"ns /x]sf] k|ltlqmof lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
hGdM @))#.^.!# :juf{/f]x0fM @)*!.@.!%
efjk"0f >4f~hnL
hGdM @)!*.$.!@
w'lnv]n gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !! sf @)&( df hglgjf{lrt j8f ;b:o xl/ehg ;]9fO{ tyf ;dfh;]jL xl/x/ ;]9fO{sf ddtfdoL dftf dxfnIdL ;]9fOsf] c;fdlos lgwg ePsf]n] d[tsk|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{ zf]s;GtKt kl/jf/hgk|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6
gf/fo0f a8fn j8f cWoIf :j= dxfnIdL ;]9fO
w'lnv]n gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !!
sfof{no kl/jf/, kftn]v]t, sfe|]
efjk"0f >4f~hnL
w'lnv]n gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !! sf @)&( df hglgjf{lrt j8f ;b:o xl/ehg ;]9fO{ tyf ;dfh;]jL xl/x/ ;]9fO{sf ddtfdoL dftf dxfnIdL ;]9fOsf] c;fdlos lgwg ePsf]n] d[tsk|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{ zf]s;GtKt kl/jf/hgk|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f}+ . hGdM @))#.^.!# :juf{/f]x0fM @)*!.@.!% w'lnv]n gu/kflnsf kl/jf/, w'lnv]n czf]s Jof~h" gu/ k|d'v :j dxfnIdL ;]9fO
zfSo/Tg zfSo
cWoIf k|ldnf zfSo–;b:o
af]wk|;fb tf}hn] ;b:o cg'kf tf}hn]–;b:o
:juf{/f]x0fM @)*!.@.!# ;/f]h efn' pkfWoIf
o; rl08sf artsf k"j{ cWoIf tyf jt{dfg sfo{ ;ldlt ;b:o cd[t/Tg zfSosf] wd{kTgL tyf ;+rfns ;ldlt ;b:o lbnzf]ef zfSosf] c;fdlos lgwg ePsf]n] d[tsk|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{ zf]s;GtKt kl/jf/hgk|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f}+ .
ljh]zs'df/ kf]6] ;lrj h'lgtf kf]6]–;b:o xl/rGb| knf~rf]s] ;b:o /Tgs]z/L knf~rf]s]–;b:o
z'e/fh hf]zL ;b:o kfj{tL hf]zL –;b:o ;/f]hsfhL knf~rf]s]
;'/s[i0f j}B ;b:o /hgL j}B–;b:o :j lbn zf]ef zfSo
k|lj0fs[i0f sfo:y ;b:o ;'lgtf sfo:y–;b:o
ljZjgfy tf}hn] sf]iffWoIf lgd{nf tf}hn]–;b:o
gf/fo0fs[i0f >]i7 lg= cWoIf lbndfof >]i7–;b:o
;b:o ;l/tf knf~rf]s]–;b:o /ljGb| tfd|fsf/ ;b:o ;'dgf tfd|fsf/–;b:o s[i0fuf]kfn e}n ;b:o lg? e}n–;b:o
;'/]Gb| s'= >]i7 ;b:o k|f0f]Zj/L >]i7–;b:o
tyf
c?0fsfhL j}B ;b:o ;l/tf j}B–;b:o
lw/h ef]l5ef]of ;b:o
rl08sf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf kl/jf/, ag]kf–&, sfe|]
ag]kf, sfe|]
o; dfsfb'd ;fd'bflos art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=af6 JolQmut shf{ lzif{sdf shf{ lnO shf{sf] efvf, cjlw ;ls shf{ r'Qmf ug{sf] nflu ;+:yfaf6 k6s k6s df}lvs tyf lnlvt tfs]tf ubf{ ;d]t j]jf:tf u/L ;+:yfnfO{ ltg{, a'´fpg afFls ;fFjf, Aofh nufot cGo xh{gf e"QmfgL ug'{ x'g of] !% -kGw|_ lbg] ;fj{hgLs ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . ;+:yfn] tf]s]sf] !% -kGw|_ lbg leq shf{ r'Qmf ug{ gcfPdf o; ;+:yf;Fu ePsf] lnlvtsf] zt{ cg';f/ C0fL tyf hdfgL b'j} lj?4 cfjZossfg'gLk|s[ofcuf8La9fOg];d]t;"rLtul/G5. shf r'Qmf ug cfpg af/]sf !% lbg ;"rgf ;"rgf k|sflzt ldlt M @)*!.@.!&
C0fLsf] ljj/0f C0fLsf] kmf]6f] hdfgLx?sf] ljj/0f hdfgLx?sf] kmf]6f] dfsfb'd ;fd'bflos art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=
gfd, y/ M zGt dfof >]i7 kltsf] gfd M ;To gf/fo0f >]i7 ;;'/fsf] gfd M OGb| axfb'/ >]i7 7]ufgf M :ofpn]—#, l;Gw'kfNrf]s C0fsf] k|sf/ M Jofkf/Ls shf{
gfdM /fh s'df/ >]i7 afa'sf]gfdMk"0f{s'df/>]i7 afh]sf]gfdMk"0fla/>]i7 7]ufgfMag]kf—&,sfe|]
hdfgLsf] gfd M rGb| dfof >]i7 kltsf] gfd M /fh s'df/ >]i7 ;;'/fsf] gfd M k"0f{ s'df/ >]i7 7]ufgf M ag]kf—&, sfe|]
xflb{s awfO
1fg]Zj/ >]i7
xfd|f cfb/0fLo bfh' /fduf]kfn -uf]kfn_ j}B u0ftGq cj;/df g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fgåf/f cfof]lht /fli6«o nlntsnf k|bz{gL @)*! df kmf]6f]u|fkmL ljwftkm{ pTs[i6 kmf]6f]u|fkmLdf gub ;lxt k'/:s[t x'g'ePsf]df xflb{s awfO{ 1fkg ub{} pHjn eljiosf] sfdgf ub{5f}+ . tyf
Zofd sfo:y
k|zfGt >]i7 ;lgn ;}+h"
G5 ;d"x kl/jf/ sfe|]
dWodf~rn e]6 ;]G6/
lwtf aGws ;DklQ lnnfd ;DaGwL !% lbg cToGt h?/L ;"rgf
bf];|f]k6s ;"rgf k|sflzt ldlt M @)*!÷@÷!& o; ;+:yfsf] tklznsf] C0fL ;b:on] crn ;DklQ lwtf] ;'/If0f /fvL C0f lnPsf]df pQm C0fsf] lgoldt ?kdf ;+:yfnfO{ ltg{' a'emfpg' kg{] ;fFjf, Jofh Pj+ cGo b:t'/ ;do leq glt/L ga'emfO{ o; ;+:yf;Fu ug{'ePsf] zt{ ;Demf}tf pNn+3g u/L a;]sf]df ;+:yfn] k6s k6s df}lvs tyf lnlvt hfgsf/L u/fO{ ldlt @)*).)^.!! ut] r]i6f ;fKtflxs klqsf dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L C0f r'Qmf ug{ cg'/f]w ubf{ ;d]t cfhsf ldlt ;Dd pQm C0f r'Qmf gu/]sfn] C0fL ;b:o Pj+ hdfgLstf{ / ;DalGwt lwtf]jfnfn] C0f lnFbf u/]sf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq ;fFjf Jofh xh{gf / cGo b:t'/ /sdx? ;+:yfdf bflvnf ug{'xf]nf . olb /sd lt/L a'emfO{ ;lsPsf] eP ;f]sf] lg:;f k|df0f k]z ug{x'g o;} ;"rgfåf/f hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 . cGoyf ;"rgf
gfdM ;/f]h l3l;ª a'afsf]gfdMOGb|dfg afh]sf]gfdMgh/dfg gf=k|=g+=M#).)!.^(.)#))) 7]ufgfMlzv/cfDjf]6](,sfe|] lhNnf Msfe|]knf~rf]s lzv/cfDjf]6] ( lsQf g+= @#!^,If]qkmnM!)–)–@–!,ls;LdM/}s/lglh gfdM u+ufdfof nfdf kltsf]gfdMOGb|dfg ;;'/fsf]gfdMgh/dfg gf=k|=g+=M#)#)*#.^^ 7]ufgfMlzv/cfDjf]6](sfe|]knf~rf]s
/sd eGbf sd d'Nodf lnnfd ljqmL eof] jf d]/f]÷xfd|f] ;DklQsf] plrt d"No k|fKt geO{ ;+:yfn] sd d'Nodf lnnfd ljqmL u¥of] egL slxst} ph'/ afh'/ ug{ kfpg 'x'g] 5}g . ;'/If0fdf /x]sf] ;DklQ lnnfd ljqmL ubf{ klg ;+:yfsf] ;Dk"0f{ n]gf /sd c;'n pk/ gePdf ;xsf/L P]g @)&$, lgodfjnL @)&% ;+:yfsf] ljlgod / C0f c;'nL gLlt tyf k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd C0fL ;b:osf] rn crn ;DklQx?af6 lwtf]n] gvfd]sf] aSof}tf C0f /sd c;'n pk/ ul/g]5 . k'gZrM !_ ldlt @)*!÷@÷#@ ut] z'qmaf/sf lbg o; ;+:yfsf] sfof{nodf lnnfd
. ;f]
k/] ;f] sf] ef]lnkN6 ul/g]5 . @_ lnnfdlaqmL ;+:yfsf] sfof{nodf laxfg !!M)) ah] b]lv $M)) ah] ;Dd x'g]5 . #_ lnnfd laqmL laleGg ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf :yflgo lgsfoaf6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf k|ltlglw tyf C0fLsf] /f]xa/df ul/g]5 . ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf :yflgo lgsfoaf6 k|ltlglw / C0fL pkl:ylt gePdf lnnfd laqmL ug{ afwf k/]sf] dflgg] 5}g . $_ lnnfd laqmL ;sf/ ug{ ;a}eGbf a9L saf]n ug]{ AolQmn] cfkm'n] saf]n u/]sf] c+ssf] !) k|ltzt /sd ;f]lx ;+:yfdf
sfe|] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3
;Dk"0f{ KofgnnfO{ dtbfg u/L ljhoL u/fpg'x'g cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .
t]dfn ufp“kflnsf
kf]v/Lgf/fo0f:yfg, sfe|]knf~rf]ssf]
ufp“jf;Lx?df cg'/f]w
– j8faf6 k|fKt ug]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfsf nflu j8fut ?kd} ;Dks{ /fvf}+ .
– ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfnodf k7fcf}+ .
– hGd, d[To', a;fO{;/fO{, ;DaGw ljR5]b / ljjfx btf{ ;DaGwL JolQmut 36gf btf{sf nflu cf–cfˆgf] ;DalGwt j8fdf ;Dks{ /flv ;dod} 36gf btf{ u/f}+ .
– ;a} 3/df zf}rfno lgdf{0f u/f}+ .
– ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf k|fKt ug{ cfjZos of]Uotf / sfuhft af/] ;DalGwt j8fdf ;Dks{ /fvf}+ .
– /fli6«o ejg ;+lxtfsf] k"0f{ kfngf ul/ dfkb08 cg';f/ 3/ lgdf{0f u/f}+ .
– cfdf / aRrf b'j}sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu aly{ª ;]G6/df ;'Ts]/L u/fpg] u/f}+
.
– ;a} lsl;dsf] kmf]xf]/nfO{ Ps]} 7fpFdf gy'kf/L juL{s[t u/f}+, s'lxg] gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/ 5'6\ofpF .
– Knfli6shGo kmf]xf]/ gafnf}+ .
– s'g} klg Joj;fo btf{ u/]/ dfq ;+rfng u/f}+ .
– s'g} klg gful/sn] afn>dsf] k|of]u gu/f}+ .
– cfw'lgs s[lif k|0ffnL ckgfO{ Joj;flos s[ifs agf}+ .
– pGgt gZnsf kz'kfng u/L :j/f]huf/L ;[hgf u/f}+ .
– wd{, ;F:s[lt, ;Dkbfsf] hu]gf{ u/f}+, df}lns klxrfgnfO{ ;+/If0f u/f}+ .
– ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f u/f}+ .
kgf}tL÷kgf}tL gu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ $ nfO{ afn>dd'Qm j8f 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{qmddf kgf}tL gu/kflnsfsf gu/ k|d'v /fdz/0f e08f/L, pk–k|d'v uLtf a~hf/f, k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t /fdk|;fb cfrfo{, lgb]{zs k|0f/fh Gof}kfg], j8f gDa/ $ sf j8f cWoIf lbks bfxfn, gu/kflnsfsf afnd}qL ;Dks{ JolQm s]zj a~hf/f, sfo{kflnsf ;b:o /flwsf ljZjsdf{, j8f gDa/ $ sf j8f ;b:o k|sfz a~hf/f, ;ljtf yfkf, s'df/ a:g]t, j8f ;lrj s[i0fsfhL >]i7 nufot ljleGg j8fsf j8f cWoIf, sfo{kflnsf ;b:o, :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf, /fhgLlts bnsf k|d'v Pj+ k|ltlglw, afnd}qL ;xhstf{ nufot afnaflnsfsf] pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof] . afn>dd'Qm j8f 3f]if0ffsf] s/bkq gu/ k|d'v e08f/Ln] j8f gDa/ $ sf j8f cWoIf lbks bfxfn ;lxt hgk|ltlglw / sd{rf/LnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf lyP . g]kfn ;/sf/ >d /f]huf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dGqfnoaf6 hf/L ePsf] afn>dd'Qm :yfgLo tx 3f]if0ff sfo{ljlw @)&& Pj+ kgf}tL gu/kflnsfaf6 hf/L ePsf] afn>dd'Qm gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff sfo{ljlw @)*) adf]lhd k|s[ofx? k'/f u/]sfn] afn>dd'Qm j8f 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] gu/ k|d'v
e08f/Ln] atfP . e08f/Ln] afn>dd'Qm cleofgsf] lbuf]kgf /lx /xg ;sf];\ eGg] z'esfdgf ;d]t JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L pk–k|d'v lutf a~hf/fn] anaflnsfnfO{ >daf6 d'Qm u/fpg] cleofgn] ;fy{stf kfPsf] eGb} v';L JoQm u/]sL 5g\ . pgn] lbuf]kgfsf nflu cfkm'x? k|lta4 /x]sf] atfOg\ . j8f cWoIf bfxfnn] afn>dd'Qm cleofgn] ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] eGb} v';L JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . lg/Gt/tf r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x] klg ;a}sf] k|of;n] lbuf]kgfdf ;xhtf x'g] ljZjf; JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . afnd}qL ;xhstf{ nlntf lwtfnn] j8f sfof{non] u/]sf k|of;sf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fPsL lyOg\ . ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu cGt/lqmof, tYof+s ;+sng, xf]6n k;n, s[lif kmd{, js{zksf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg, Ps 3/, Ps ldg]6 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] pgn] atfOg\ . o:t} ;a} j8fjf;L, pBf]uL, Joj;foLnfO{ afn>d k|of]u gug]{ k|ltj4tfkqdf x:tfIf/ u/fOPsf] 5 . afn>dd'Qm j8f 3f]if0ff sfo{qmddf afn>d k|of]u gug]{ pBf]uL Joj;foLnfO{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] eg] afn>dd'Qm j8f 3f]if0ffdf ;xof]u k'of{pg]x?nfO{ k|;+;fkq4f/f ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o:t} :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf, ljBfyL{x?n] hgr]tgfd'ns lut, gf6s, g[To k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
Rofd|fªa];Ldf ( s/f]8 nufgLdf
ljsf; ltdlN;gf÷Rofd/fËa]zL a]yfgrf]s ufpFkflnsf j8f gDa/ ! Rofd|fªj]zLdf dbfgL 8]/L ;~rfngdf cfPsf] 5 . lhNnfsf] ljs6 If]q dflgg] Rofd|fªa];Ldf 7'nf] nufgLdf ;fd'lxs Joj;fo ;'? ul/Psf] xf] . pQm 8]/Ldf b}lgs ^ xhf/ ln6/;Dd b'w ;+sng x'G5 . clxn] ;'Vvfofddf ;d]t b}lgs $ xhf/ % ;o ln6/ b'w ;+sng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . lhNnfsf] Rofd|fªa];L, ;'s'd, km]bL, lxn6f/, ;lxt nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] 7'nfb'n{'ª, sfn]Zj/, gdg nufotsf :yfgaf6 b'w ;+sng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . @@ hgfn] ufpFdf g} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ kfPsf 5g . dbfgL 8]/L pBf]un] klg/, s~rg lrh, df]h/]nf lrh, a6/, 5'kL{, l3p pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt b'w nufot b'UwhGo kbfy{ sf7df08f}+ pkTosfdf a9L
dbfgL 8]/L
vkt x'G5 . u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgs} sf/0f pkef]Qmfsf] dg lhTg ;kmn ePsf] pBf]usf] ljZjf; 5 . pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt b'UwhGo kbfy{ ljqmLljt/0fdf s'g} ;d:of g/x]sf] ;~rfns ltdlN;gfn] atfP . pBf]un] ag]kfaf6 ;d]t b'UwhGo kbfy{ ljlqmljt/0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgsf sf/0f dfu a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;fd'lxs k|of;sf sf/0f g} pBf]un] ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] ;~rfns atfpF5g\ . a9\bf] a;fFO{;/fO{sf sf/0f ufpF g} l/lQFb} uPkl5 ;Defjgf b]vfpg] pb]Zo cg'?k 8]/L ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] ;~rfns led;]g ltdlN;gfn] atfP . lj:yflkt x'g nfu]sf] ufpFdf cfzf hufpg] sfd pBf]un] u/]sf] pgsf] j'emfO{ 5 . pgn] cfzfsf]lbof]df t]nyKg] sfd :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;/f]sf/jfnf
r08]Zj/L ;fsf];sf] cfof]hgfdf #@ cf}+ kfd js{zk
ag]kf÷r08]Zj/L art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] cfof]hgfdf tyf g]kfn art tyf C0f s]lGb|o ;xsf/L ;+3g]ˆ:s'g_ sf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf a'waf/ PS;]; afudtL k|yd ;d'xsf] #@ cf}F sfo{s'zntf tyf l;sfO{ Joj:yfkg sfo{zfnf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;+:yfsf cWoIf glageQm jfb] >]i7sf] ;efktLTj / afudtL k|b]z art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+3 -k|f]:s'g_ sf cWoIf p4jk|;fb ;fksf]6fsf] k|d'v cfltYotfdf uf]i7L ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;xsf/Lsf c;n cEof;x? l;Sg] l;sfpg] tyf sfo{s'zntf Joj:yfkg ub}{ hfg] p2]Zosf ;fy pQm sfo{zfnf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . uf]i7Ldf art tyf C0f sf/f]af/ ug]{ sfe|], bf]nvf,
gjnk/f;L, dGynL / eQmk'/ lhNnfdf ;+rflnt !) j6f ;xsf/Lsf cWoIf, kbflwsf/L, k|=sf=c= nufotsf k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:yltdf ;fsf];x?n] ub}{ cfPsf ljleGg sfo{x?, c;n cEof;x? / xfnsf] lalQo cj:yfsf] af/]df a[xt 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . cfhsf] cj:yfdf ;xsf/Ldf ;'zf;g / ;'/lIft ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] ljifodf 5nkmn s]lGb|t /x]sf] lyof] . ;+:yfdf ;'zf;g / lbuf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu uf]li7 dfkm{t !& j6f lg0f{ox? u/]/ 5nkmn ;dfKt ul/Psf] r08]Zj/L ;fsf];sf cwoIf gljgeQm afb]n] atfpg' eof] . sfoqmdsf] ;xhLs/0f gˆ:sgsf al/i7 sfoqmd clwst kdgfy jfUnn ugePsf] lyof] . ;dfkg sfoqmd gˆ:sgsf cWoIf rGb| k;fb 9sfnsf] ;dt pkl:ylt /xsf] lyof] .
ag]kf÷sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] ag]kfdf /x]sf] Un]l;o/ Ph's]zgn kmfpG8]zgdf cWoog/t t]>f] txsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnodf Aofrn/ Og k|f]km];gn xl:k6fln6L sfo{qmdsf af/]df cled'vLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt k|fWofks 8f= ef]nf yfkfn] z'? u/]sf lyP . …b]zsf ljZjljBfno leq eO/x]sf ultljlw / ljBfyL{x? ljb]lzg] qmd lsg /f]Sg ;lsPg <Ú– pks'nklt yfkfn] eg]–…Psn] csf{]nfO{ bf]if lbP/ pDsg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . g]kfndf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbg] ljZjd} lrlgPsf] sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfno h:tf y'k|} z}lIfs ;+:yf x'Fbf x'Fb} ljBfyL{ knfog lsg eO/x]sf 5g\ <Ú …of] lhDd]jf/L s'g} Pp6f ;+:yf / JolQmsf] dfq} xf]O{gÚ– pgn] eg]– …;a} lhDd]jf/ aGg ;lsPg eg] xfdL w]/} kl5 kg{]5f}F .Ú …g]kfnsf] eljio 5 . g]kfndf eljio 5 . b]zsf] d'xf/ km]g{] xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj 5Ú–sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt k|fWofks 8f=ef]nf yfkfn] eg] –…;+;f/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf ljBfyL{x? sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnon] pTkfbg ul//x]sf] 5 .Ú ag]kfdf /x]sf] Un]l;o/ Ph's]zgn kmfpG8]zgn] pTkfbg u/]sf ljBfyL{x?af6 ToxL ck]Iff ul/Psf] pks'nklt 8f=yfkfn] atfP . To;sf cnfjf sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnon] cGo If]qsf ljBfnox?df ;d]t pQm sfo{qmddf sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnosf /lh:6«f/ k|f=8f=cRo't jfUn]n] sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnon] l;k;Fu} lzIff eGg] cleofgsf ;fy x/]s sfo{qmdx?nfO{ Jojxfl/s lzIff;Fu} hf]l8/x]sf] Aofrn/ Og k|f]km];gn xl:k6fln6L t]>f] txsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cled'lvs/0f atfP . g]kfndf ko{6gsf] ;Defjgf
& ah];Dd . 8fS6/ e'if0f >]i7 ljxfg !! ah]b]lv lbpF;f] @ ah];Dd . :qL /f]u ljz]if1 lbpF;f] !@ ah]b]lv ! ah];Dd . xf8 hf]gL{ ljz]if1 lbpF;f] !@ ah]b]lv $ ah];Dd . afn/f]u ljz]if1 x/]s lbg a]n'sf % ah] / zlgjf/ ljxfg !) ah]b]lv % ah];Dd . gfs sfg 3fF6L lbpF;f] ! ah]b]lv $ ah];Dd . dfgl;s /f]u ljz]if1 dlxgfsf] bf]>f] zlgjf/ lbpF;f] @ ah]b]lv $ ah];Dd . lel8of] PS; /] (Ultra Sound) ljxfg !!M#) ah]b]lv lbpF;f] $ ah] ;Dd . lgMz'Ns ;'u/ hfFr x/]s dlxgfsf] ! ut] . ;:tf
pknAw ;]jfx? M–
alx/ª\u ;]jf cGtu{t lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo pkrf/ tyf k/fdz{ ljleGg @# k|sf/sf cf}iflwx¿sf] lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ;z'Ns kmfd]{;L Ho]i7 gful/s :jf:Yo k|jw{g dft[lzz' :jf:Yo k|jw{g k~rsd{ cGtu{t k"j{sd{ ;]jf k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f cfo'j]{bn] lgb]{z u/]sf] hLjgz}nL ;DaGwL k/fdz{ of]u cGtu{t cf;g, k|f0ffofd tyf Wofg ;DaGwL k/fdz{
yfxf kfO/fVg'kg{] s'/fx?
cdof{lbt ¿kdf ;8sk]6Ldf, rf]sdf jf ;fOsndf /fv]sf, emf]n] Jofkf/L;Fu tyf lj1fkg ahfpFb} lxF8]sfx¿;Fu cfo'j]{bsf] gfd lnO{ lalqm ul/Psf cf}ifwL lsg]/ hyfefjL ;]jggu/f}+. dfGotfk|fKt cfo'j]{b lrlsT;s tyf :jf:YosdL{;Fu k/fdz{ lnP/ dfq cfo'j]{b cf}+iflw ;]jg ug]{ afgL a;fnf}+ . cGoyf :jf:Yodf xfgL klg x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf nflu cfo'j]{b :jf:Yo s]G› h:tf cfo'j]{b :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿df ;Dks{/fVg]afgLu/f}+.
afudtL k|b]z ;/sf/ pBf]u jfl0fHo e"ld tyf k|zf;g dGqfno pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo sfof{no w'lnv]n, sfe|]knf~rf]s
pkef]Qmf vfB kbfy{ v/Lb tyf pkef]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/f
n]an gnufPsf] jf k"0f{ n]an ljj/0f pNn]v gePsf] -h:t}M vfB kbfy{sf] gfd, vfB kbfy{sf] ;ld>0f, tf}n, d'No, pTkfbssf] gfd / k'/f 7]ufgf, pTkfbg ldlt, pkef]Uo ldlt, cg'1fkq gDa/ nufotsf] ljj/0f vfB kbfy{ v/Lb tyf pkef]u gu/f}+ . ;8s 5]p5fp v'Nnf cj:yfdf tof/ tyf e08f/0f ul/Psf] vfB kbfy{ v/Lb tyf pkef]u gu/f}+ . n]lvPsf]÷5flkPsf] sfuh tyf kqklqsfdf Kofs ul/Psf] vfB kbfy{ v/Lb tyf pkef]u gu/f}+ . cvfB /Ë k|of]u u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] vfB kbfy{ v/Lb tyf pkef]u gu/f}+ . l:js[t vfB /Ësf] xsdf tf]lsPsf] l;df / tf]lsPsf] ljlw adf]lhd /ªsf] k|of]u ul/ tof/ ul/Psf] vfB kbfy{ dfq v/Lb tyf pkef]u u/f}+ . kmf]xf]/L jf lj/fdL dflg;n] tof/ u/]sf], ;8]un]sf], lemËf eGs]sf], g5f]kL /fv]sf], kmf]xf]/ :yfgdf tof/ ul/Psf] vfB kbfy{ v/Lb tyf pkef]u gu/f}+ .
Od]n M csiokavre123@gmail.com, j]j;fO{6 M sciokavre.gov.np ;Dks{ g+= )!!–$()!%$÷$()(&*
