Pre-Thesis Research Fall 2023 Chava Baum

HEAT FARMERS

CATALYZING COMMUNITY THROUGH CULTIVATING AND HARVESTING HEAT IN POST-CLIMATE-MIGRATION MILWAUKEE CHAVA BAUM, PRE-THESIS RESEARCH, FALL 2023

1

CONTENTS FOREWORD

5

THEORY & SPECULATION

7

TYPE, SCALE, SYSTEMS & PROGRAM

33

SITE INFORMATION & ANALYSIS

59

2

3

4 DRAWING PRODUCED USING DREAM BY WOMBO TEXT TO IMAGE GENERATOR

FOREWORD THESIS STATEMENT

THE FARMER RETIRES AT THE END OF A LONG DAY IN THE FIELDS BY SEWING AN ABUNDANT LABOR OF LOVE ON HER FAVORITE CHAIR ON HER PORCH; THE FINISHED MASS OF HER QUILT IS BUNCHED ON THE GROUND. SHE CONTINUES TO SEW ONE PATCH AT A TIME, KNOWING THAT SOON IT WILL PROVIDE HER WITH ALL-ENCOMPASSING WARMTH. AS SHE SITS, IN THE FIELDS BEFORE HER EYES, A WILDCAT BUILDS A GRASS NEST AS THE FROST TAKES OVER HER FIELDS, BIRDS IN THEIR NESTS SIT ON THEIR EGGS AND HUDDLE TOGETHER FOR WARMTH. THEY ARE NOT SO DIFFERENT AFTER ALL. THE NOTION THAT OUR BODIES ARE COMPLETELY SELF-SUFFICIENT IS A MYTH THAT ONLY EMBOLDENS OUR FEELINGS OF A SEPARATE SELF, SEPARATE FROM OTHERS AND FROM THE PLANET. WE HAVE AN ESSENTIAL BLIND SPOT IN THE WAY WE PERCEIVE OURSELVES AS MEMBERS OF THE HUMAN RACE AND MAMMALS AT LARGE, SOMETHING SO INNATE THAT MANY NEVER THINK TO VOCALIZE IT: PART OF OUR CHARACTER IS INEXTRICABLY BOUND UP IN SEEKING RESOURCES OUTSIDE OF OUR OWN BODIES TO REGULATE OUR BODY TEMPERATURE. ALTHOUGH WE SOMETIMES NEED TO COOL OURSELVES DOWN, THE VERY NATURE OF OUR BODIES’ RELATIONSHIP TO THE REST OF THE PLANET IS THAT WE ARE A SYSTEM THAT MUST MAINTAIN ITSELF THROUGH THE INTAKE OF ENERGY, AND THUS THE STRONGEST EXAMPLES OF DEPENDENCE ON OUTSIDE ENERGY SOURCES TO SELF-REGULATE ARE IN THE FORM OF HEAT-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. WHETHER IT IS VIA THE BODIES OF OTHERS IN OUR GROUP, A GEOGRAPHICAL RESOURCE, OR TOOLS WE FASHION, WE ARE HUNGRY – RAVENOUS – FOR HEAT. HOT FOOD, HOT SPRINGS, THE BODILY WARMTH OF OTHERS. HOW SILLY OF US TO THINK THAT THE ONLY OBJECTIVE OF HOT FOOD IS THE FOOD ITSELF – THE SUSTENANCE IS BOTH THE HEAT AND THE FOOD, COMPLETELY CO-EVOLVED AND SYMBIOTIC. WE CAN ONLY IDENTIFY FARMING WHEN IT PERTAINS TO SUSTENANCE THAT WE CAN SEE WITH OUR EYES. YET, EVERY DAY WE CULTIVATE AND HARVEST HEAT. WE HAVE EVOLVED TO EXPERIENCE IT AS COMFORT, AS RELAXATION. BUT TRULY, IT IS OUR BODIES’ WAY OF SAYING “YES” TO SURVIVAL. WE TAKE PLEASURE IN WHAT SERVES US WELL. HEAT IS THERAPEUTIC BECAUSE WE NEED TO CULTIVATE IT FOR OUR SURVIVAL, AND BECAUSE WE NEED IT, IT BECOMES THERAPEUTIC. AS EACH DAY PASSES, IT SEEMS THE HUMAN RACE HAS GOTTEN MORE THAN WHAT IT HAS BARGAINED FOR. ALL GOOD THINGS COME IN MODERATION, AND WE ARE NO LONGER EXPERIENCING MODERATE AMOUNTS OF HEAT. AS WE ALL BECOME SICKER, IT BECOMES HARD TO THINK OF HEAT AS ANYTHING MORE THAN A DANGEROUS MENACE IN OUR RAPIDLY WARMING WORLD. AS THE THICKENED OZONE BLANKETS THE PLANET, ALL LIVING BEINGS ARE SWELTERING. IN DEVELOPED HUMAN SOCIETIES, THOSE WHO EXPERIENCE THE DEEPEST MOST UNWELCOME CONCENTRATION OF HEAT RESIDE WHERE THE CRACKS IN THE CONCRETE MEET, IN IMPOVERISHED URBAN ENVIRONMENTS CONSUMED BY THAT OVERLY-EFFICIENT BIOMASS AND NOT ENOUGH OXYGEN-PRODUCING PLANTS TO COUNTERACT IT. THESE ARE THE TRADITIONAL REDLINED AREAS OF OUR CITIES. MILWAUKEE GETS TO BOAST A FEW OF THEM. JUST WHEN IT MAY SEEM THAT ALL HOPE IS LOST IN THESE NEIGHBORHOODS FOR PROSPERITY, ALONG WITH RESIDENTS’ MENTAL, PHYSICAL, AND EMOTIONAL WELLNESS, ALL OVERSHADOWED BY UNFORGIVING HEAT, IN WALK THE HEAT FARMERS. THE HEAT FARMERS ARE OUR CHILDREN AND GRANDCHILDREN. THEY ARE WHAT CARRIES ON OF US, AND THEY DO WHAT WE DO AND HAVE ALWAYS DONE THROUGHOUT HUMAN EXISTENCE BUT HAVE FAILED TO NAME – FARM AND HARVEST HEAT. THEY INHERIT OUR DYING WORLD IN THE YEAR 2075 AFTER A BOUT OF CLIMATE MIGRATION TO MILWAUKEE, YET THEY DO NOT SHARE OUR CURRENT PERSPECTIVE. THEIR HEAT FARMING TECHNIQUES (UTILIZING HEAT FOR PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SYSTEMS) HAVE ADAPTED TO NEW TEMPERATURE EXTREMES, AND THEY ARE ABLE TO DO SO BECAUSE THEY HAVE RECLAIMED AN UNDERSTANDING OF HEAT AS THE THERAPEUTIC ELEMENT THAT IT IS. THE HEAT FARMERS ARE LEADERS OF A SELF-CONTAINED NETWORK OF INTENTIONAL COMMUNITIES – A MEGACOMMUNITY – WITH A FOCUS ON ACTUALIZING WELLNESS, AND A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ACHIEVING THEIR GOAL BY MOBILIZING HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES, WHICH THEY RECOGNIZE AS AN INSEPARABLE INGREDIENT OF WELLNESS. THEY KNOW IN THEIR BONES HOW THE HEARTH BROUGHT TOGETHER THE ORIGINAL COMMUNITY TO RALLY AROUND IT. THEY FOLLOW IN THIS TRADITION, FOR THEY KNOW THAT JUST AS HEAT HELPS AN INDIVIDUAL REGULATE THEIR BODY, THAT WELLNESS THE INDIVIDUAL GAINS BECOMES THE GLUE THAT HOLDS A HEALTHY COMMUNITY TOGETHER. INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY WELLNESS ARE SYMBIOTIC, NO DIFFERENT THAN THE SUSTENANCE WE DERIVE FROM HOT AND FOOD BOTH, AS MENTIONED EARLIER. THE MEGACOMMUNITY IS CENTERED AROUND HEAT. IT IS BECAUSE OF THIS SHIFT IN MINDSET THAT THE HEAT FARMERS VIEW THE REDLINED NEIGHBORHOOD OF WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS, MILWAUKEE AND ITS CONCRETE-EXCLUSIVE PARKING LOTS AS A GOLD MINE. ALTHOUGH ITS INTENSE HEAT CAN BE DEADLY WHEN UNTAMED, THE HEAT FARMERS VIEW WHAT WAS ONCE CONSIDERED AN UNSOLVABLE RIDDLE OF THE WORST OF HUMAN CONSEQUENCES FROM CLIMATE CHANGE, AS A MASSIVE SOURCE OF POTENTIAL ENERGY DIRECTLY ON-SITE. THEY WORK TO QUELL, EMBOLDEN, AND REDIRECT THE HEAT OF THE PAVEMENT AS THEIR MAIN OUTSIDE HEAT SOURCE TO SELF-SUSTAIN. THE HEAT OF THE REDLINED PARKING LOTS IS SO FULLY TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF, THAT IT IS WHAT KEEPS THE COMMUNITY. THE HEAT FARMERS TURN REDLINING INTO AN ADVANTAGE, DESTROYING THE INTENTIONS OF THOSE PREVIOUSLY IN POWER WHO PUT IT IN PLACE. AND BY SO THOROUGHLY REDIRECTING THE EXTREME HEAT OF THOSE PARKING LOTS IN 2075, THEY CULTIVATE A FULLY-ENCLOSED AND MOSTLY SELF-SUSTAINING COMMUNITY NETWORK THAT IS LESS PRONE TO THE EFFECTS OF EXCLUSION FROM RESOURCES THAN EVER BEFORE. NEVER AGAIN WILL THE RESIDENTS OF WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS BE TREATED LIKE A LIMB CUT OFF FROM THE REST OF SOCIETY AND EXPECTED TO SHRIVEL AND DIE. THEY ARE IMMUNE FROM BOYCOTT, ALIVE AND THRIVING IN THEIR INDISPENSABLE HEAT RESOURCE WHICH TIME AND SYSTEMIC FAILURES HAVE GIVEN THEM. THE MEGACOMMUNITY SERVES AS A BEACON OF LIFE FOR THE REST OF THE CITY IN THE MIDST OF THE CLIMATE CRISIS, AND ITS RESIDENTS - THE HEAT FARMERS - LEAD THE WAY. THIS BOOKLET EXPLORES THE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES DEPLOYED BY THE HEAT FARMERS ON THE SITE OF THEIR MEGACOMMUNITY IN WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS AT THE WALMART AND OFFICEMAX PARKING LOTS ADJACENT TO CAPITOL DRIVE. IT DELVES INTO A DEEPER THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT’S ROLE IN INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY WELLNESS, ITS TYPES AND MODALITIES, AND ITS TRANSLATION TO SCALE, PROGRAM, AND SITE FOR THE PROJECT. LIKEWISE, YOU WILL FIND HERE DISCUSSIONS ABOUT THE ROLE OF BIOMIMICRY IN SYSTEMS, THE LOGIC OF THE SCALE OF THE MEGACOMMUNITY (AS OPPOSED TO A MEGASTRUCTURE OR UTOPIA, OF WHICH IT IS NEITHER), AND POTENTIAL ON-SITE HEAT FARMING SOURCES AND TECHNIQUES, ALL AS THEY PERTAIN TO THE PROJECT SITE. 5

GOALS

DESIGN A SELF-SUSTAINING NETWORK OF BUILDINGS THAT MAKE UP A COMMUNITY CENTERED AROUND HEAT AS A NECESSARY INGREDIENT FOR INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY WELLNESS REDEFINE THE VALUE OF REDLINED NEIGHBORHOODS AND THEIR CURRENT HEAT DISADVANTAGES REIMAGINE HEAT SYSTEMS AS OPTIMIZED FOR RESOURCE USAGE AND WELLNESS BENEFITS EMPOWER OTHERS TO VIEW HEAT AS A SOURCE OF POTENTIAL ENERGY, NO MATTER HOW DISPROPORTIONATE IT MAY SEEM CREATE A MODEL FOR HEAT-BASED INTENTIONAL COMMUNITIES AND WELLNESS OF USERS IN BUILT SPACES THAT OTHER DESIGNERS CAN CONFIDENTLY USE AND ADAPT

6

A MODEL FOR INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS THROUGH HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES THAT SCULPTS AND SUSTAINS COMMUNITIES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

7

WORKING DEFINITION OF WELLNESS WELLNESS REFERS TO A HOLISTIC STANDARD OF MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND PHYSICAL HEALTH THAT ALLOWS THE HUMAN BODY TO SELF-SUSTAIN WHILE RETAINING ITS BASIC FUNCTIONS. IN SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE, “BASIC FUNCTIONS” CAN BE AS SIMPLE AS “TO MOVE AND BE OKAY”1. IN SOME CONTEXTS, WELLNESS IS USED SYNONYMOUSLY WITH WELLBEING AND PERTAINS TO MEETING THE ABOVE CRITERIA THROUGH A FRAMEWORK OF RESILIENCE, MEASURED AS THE ABILITY OF AN ORGANISM TO PERSIST WHEN FACED WITH VARIABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES WHICH CHALLENGE OUR EVOLVED REGULATION MECHANISMS2. WHERE HUMANS ARE SOCIAL ANIMALS AND RELY ON INTERACTION WITH OTHER HUMANS TO MEET THESE NEEDS, INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS AND COMMUNITY WELLNESS ARE INTERCONNECTED3. THE ACTUALIZATION OF WELLNESS FOR INDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITIES LARGELY DEPENDS ON THE ACTUALIZATION OF RESOURCES FROM ANY GIVEN NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AROUND THE WORLD4. THIS ACTUALIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES INVOLVES A UNIQUE COMBINATION OF: -NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND THE ATMOSPHERE5 -CLIMATE/SENSORY VARIATION6 -RESOURCES FOR SHELTER THAT PROTECT FROM CLIMATE DISCOMFORT/INCOMPATIBILITY7 , AND -GEOGRAPHICALLY-SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHER HUMANS8 FOR THE VAST MAJORITY OF TIME HUMANS HAVE EXISTED, THEY HAVE LIVED IN SMALL NOMADIC HUNTING AND GATHERING GROUPS. FROM AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW, OUR WELLNESS NEEDS ARE STILL LARGELY ADAPTED TO ASPECTS OF THAT LIFESTYLE9. PRIOR TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, AGRARIANISM, TRADE, OR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT BEYOND SIMPLE HAND TOOLS, EVERY VARIANT OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ON EARTH THAT PEOPLE FOUND THEMSELVES IN REQUIRED A UNIQUE COMBINATION OF THESE RESOURCES TO SATISFY THE SAME MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND PHYSICAL NEEDS PRESENT ACROSS THE ENTIRE HUMAN SPECIES, AS THEY HAD EVOLVED BEFORE HUMANS MIGRATED AND DISPERSED ACROSS THE PLANET. PEOPLE LIVING IN EACH ENVIRONMENT DEPLOYED THEIR RESPECTIVE RESOURCES AS SUCH, IN ORDER TO MAXIMIZE THEIR POTENTIAL FOR WELLNESS, WHETHER OR NOT THEY WERE CONSCIOUSLY AWARE OF IT. REGARDLESS OF WHAT WE CAN CLAIM FROM THEORIES ON HOW EARLY HUMANS LIVED AND EVOLVED, WE CAN SURMISE TODAY THAT ASIDE FROM INTERNAL POPULATION VARIATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS, HUMANS NEEDS REGARDING WELLNESS TODAY ARE RELATIVELY CONSISTENT ACROSS ALL ENVIRONMENTS ON THE PLANET.

FOUR ENVIRONMENTAL INGREDIENTS FOR INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

Masonry & wood stick, Timber

RESOURCES FOR SHELTER THAT PROTECT FROM CLIMATE DISCOMFORT / INCOMPATIBILITY

VITAMIN & MINERAL INTAKE THROUGH FOOD

MINERAL INTAKE THROUGH SUNLIGHT

Steel

Sheathing, facade wall

POST-INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES FOR SHELTER

B1 Mo F

C

Cave; GeographicallyExisting Structure

B5

Na

I

B2 K D

E

Ca

Mg H

Airborne mineral intake through slab systems; Sirewall

B12

Folate

B6

B3

NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND THE ATMOSPHERE

Fe

Cu H

Rough stone

Bamboo

Mn

B7

A

MINERAL INTAKE THROUGH THE AIR

B9

Ph

K Cr

PRE-INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES FOR SHELTER Logging

MINERAL INTAKE THROUGH MINERAL-BASED EATING AND DRINKING UTENSILS, SUCH AS CLAY AND COPPER VESSELS, & CAST IRON PANS

Se

Airborne mineral intake through slab systems; integrated hot compost for radiant slab

Zn

Leaves/ Branches

EXTREME FLUCTUATION

A grassy hill can host cushioned group seating

GEOGRAPHICALLY-SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHER HUMANS

(nervous system regulation, delight)

Built, enclosed

Geographical, unenclosed

INSTANT CLIMATE/ TEMPERATURE VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL)

A warm sandy beach offers soothing sensory experiences for bonding

MILD FLUCTUATION

Lush garden, Built/Geographical, unenclosed

(sensory regulation, awareness, delight)

Pre-industrial passive house, Built, enclosed

FIGURE 1.1

PODEBRADSKY, J. (2008). WELLNESS V ČR. EPO CONSULT, S.R.O., 7.

VILLANUEVA, CMS. “TRANSFORMATIONS OF URBAN SPACE IN COMMUNITY AND PEDESTRIAN WELLBEING.” IOP CONFERENCE SERIES. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND 3 ENGINEERING 636, NO. 1 (2019): 12002–.

THE COOPERATIVE HUMAN. NAT HUM BEHAV 2, 427–428 (2018). HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1038/S41562-018-0389-1 4 HASTY, J., G. LEWIS, D., & M. SNIPES, M. (2022). FOOD AS A MATERIAL ARTIFACT. INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY, 1, 14.1.

5 HASTY, J., G. LEWIS, D., & M. SNIPES, M. (2022). FOOD AS A MATERIAL ARTIFACT, 14.1.

6 HESCHONG, LISA. THERMAL DELIGHT IN ARCHITECTURE / LISA HESCHONG. CAMBRIDGE, MASS: MIT PRESS, 1979.

7 HESCHONG, LISA. THERMAL DELIGHT IN ARCHITECTURE, 1979.

8 VILLANUEVA, CMS. “TRANSFORMATIONS OF URBAN SPACE IN COMMUNITY AND PEDESTRIAN WELLBEING.” (2019) 9 WRANGHAM, RICHARD W. CATCHING FIRE : HOW COOKING MADE US HUMAN / RICHARD WRANGHAM. NEW YORK: BASIC BOOKS, 2009.

1 2

WELLNESS AS RESILIENCE THE GOAL OF LIVING THE BEST LIFE POSSIBLE WITHIN THE NATURAL HUMAN LIFESPAN ...

NOT IMMORTALITY

120 YEARS

MENTAL & PHYSICAL STRESS

COMPETITION

GRIEF & LOSS

BODY UNDERGOES NATURAL ENTROPY AND DIES

Mental, physical, and emotional delight

Mental, physical, and emotional delight

CLIMATIC CHANGES

Mental, physical, and emotional delight

DISEASE

Mental, physical, and emotional delight

Mental, physical, and emotional delight

Mental, physical, and emotional delight

Mental, physical, and emotional delight Mental, physical, and emotional delight

Mental, physical, and emotional delight

Mental, physical, and emotional delight

Mental, physical, and emotional delight

Mental, physical, and emotional delight

Mental, physical, and emotional delight

Mental, physical, and emotional delight Mental, physical, and emotional delight Mental, physical, and emotional delight Mental, physical, and emotional delight Mental, physical, and emotional delight Mental, physical, and emotional delight

Mental, physical, and emotional delight

Mental, physical, and emotional delight

Birth

CENTERED; WELL BODY AS CENTER OF GRAVITY

FIGURE 1.2

DURING MUCH OF THIS TIME, A GOAL FOR NEW CHEMICAL AND PROCEDURAL INTERVENTIONS WASN’T TO ACTUALIZE THE NATURAL HUMAN LIFESPAN, BUT RATHER TO PUSH FOR NEW HUMAN CAPABILITIES THAT SIMPLY BETRAY THE ENTROPY OF THE HUMAN BODY. OFTEN, MODERN MEDICINE PRIOR TO THE 1960S EQUATED IMPROVEMENTS IN WELLNESS AS EBBING CLOSER TO IMMORTALITY12.

BACKGROUND OF WELLNESS THEORIES, PERSONAL BACKGROUND/BIASES, EPISTEMOLOGY IT IS WORTHWHILE TO NOTE OTHER THEMES AND MEANINGS OF WELLNESS THAT I AM NOT INCLUDING HERE IN MY WORKING DEFINITION, AND WHY I AM CHOOSING NOT TO. “WESTERN MEDICINE,” SOMETIMES KNOWN AS “BIOMEDICINE, ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE OR MODERN HEALTH CARE” ATTEMPTS TO ADDRESS HUMAN HEALTH BY INTRODUCING WHATEVER CHEMICALS AND PROCEDURES NECESSARY TO ALLOW THE HUMAN BODY TO SELF-SUSTAIN WHILE RETAINING ITS BASIC FUNCTIONS, EVEN IF THESE TECHNIQUES ARE NOT PRESENT IN NATURE10. THROUGH THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES UNTIL THE 1960S, THE GOAL OF MODERN MEDICINE WAS NOT NECESSARILY TO PROMOTE A HIGH-QUALITY LIFE WITH A NATURAL HUMAN LIFE SPAN FOR THE SAKE OF INDIVIDUAL HAPPINESS, BUT RATHER TO CREATE A FULL HEALTH INDUSTRY THAT IMPROVED FACTORY WORKER PRODUCTIVITY AND CREATED NEW JOBS IN A NEW HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY. WESTERN MEDICINE ALSO OFTEN TOOK POWER OVER WELLNESS OUT OF THE HANDS OF INDIGENOUS FEMALE HEALERS AND MIDWIVES WHEN IT CREATED AN INDUSTRY OF MALE-ONLY CERTIFIED DOCTORS11. DURING MUCH OF THIS TIME, A GOAL FOR NEW CHEMICAL AND PROCEDURAL INTERVENTIONS WASN’T TO ACTUALIZE THE NATURAL HUMAN LIFESPAN, BUT RATHER TO PUSH FOR NEW HUMAN CAPABILITIES THAT SIMPLY BETRAY THE ENTROPY OF THE HUMAN BODY. OFTEN, MODERN MEDICINE PRIOR TO THE 1960S EQUATED IMPROVEMENTS IN WELLNESS AS EBBING CLOSER TO IMMORTALITY12. THE DISCIPLINE SAW CURES FOR ILLNESSES NOT IN PREVENTATIVE LIFESTYLES, BUT IN CHEMISTRY ALONE. THIS GREATLY BACKFIRED DURING THE 1960S, WHEN THE ATTEMPT TO SOLVE EVERY ILLNESS WITH A NEW CHEMICAL COMPOUND CAUSES HUMAN BODIES TO PRODUCE RESISTANT MICROORGANISMS AND REJECT TREATMENTS FASTER THAN NEW ONES COULD BE CREATED13. THE NOTION OF A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AS A FORM OF PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE TO PROMOTE WELLNESS HAD TO BE REINTRODUCED TO THE WESTERN PUBLIC.

WELLNESS: ITS ORIGINS, THEORIES AND CURRENT APPLICATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. (2010). FACULTY OF SPORTS STUDIES, MASARYK UNIVERSITY, 3.

RISKA, ELIANNE., AND KATARINA. WEGAR. GENDER, WORK, AND MEDICINE : WOMEN AND THE MEDICAL DIVISION OF LABOUR / EDITED BY ELIANNE RISKA AND KATARINA WEGER. LONDON ;: SAGE PUBLICATIONS, 1993.

12 POST, STEPHEN G., AND ROBERT H. BINSTOCK. THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH : CULTURAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON A BIOMEDICAL GOAL. CARY: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, INCORPORATED, 2004.

13 STARA & CHARVAT, WELLNESS: IT’S ORIGINS AND THEORIES (2010). FACULTY OF SPORTS STUDIES, MASARYK UNIVERSITY, 3 10 11

9

WHILE THE DEFINITION OF WELLNESS MAY BE SIMILAR IN PRE- AND POST-MODERN FORMS OF MEDICINE, THE OBJECTIVE OF ITS INTERVENTIONS WAS DIFFERENT UNTIL VERY RECENTLY. ANCIENT INDIGENOUS MEDICINE – SUCH AS AYURVEDIC MEDICINE – SAW ITS GOAL FOR WELLNESS IN THE CONTEXT OF PEOPLE LIVING FULFILLING LIVES WHERE THEY COULD FUNCTION AS A COLLECTIVE WHILE REACHING INDIVIDUAL SELF-ACTUALIZATION14. IT WAS ABOUT FEELING GOOD IN ONE’S BODY WHILE LIVING THE BEST QUALITY LIFE POSSIBLE AS A LIVING MEMBER OF THE COMMUNITY AND PLANET. WESTERN MEDICINE UNTIL THE 1960S SAW ITS GOAL FOR WELLNESS IN THE CONTEXT OF EXISTENCE AND POWER. IT WAS ABOUT LIVING AS LONG AS POSSIBLE AND BEING AS PRODUCTIVE AS POSSIBLE, GARNERING HAPPINESS SOLELY ON THAT BASIS.15 WHILE I DO NOT BELIEVE IN FULLY DISCOUNTING THIS ERA OF WESTERN MEDICINE (AS WE HAVE NOW ADAPTED TO REQUIRE IT IN MANY CASES), THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND NEOENVIRONMENTAL-DETERMINIST FRAMEWORK I HAVE ADOPTED IS MEANT TO BE MORE INCLUSIVE OF INDIGENOUS INTERPRETATIONS OF THE GOALS OF WELLNESS, NOT MERELY ITS DEFINITION. WESTERN PHYSICIANS AND OTHER INFLUENCERS STARTING INVENTING NEW CONCEPTS OF WELLNESS IN THE 1960S AND ONWARD AFTER PREVENTATIVE MEASURES WERE REINTRODUCED ALONG WITH THE INCLUSION OF POSITIVE THINKING AND EMOTIONAL WELLNESS (WHICH OFTEN EXTENDED INTO SPIRITUAL WELLNESS, WHICH THROUGH AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK CAN BE SAID TO STEM FROM A POSITIVE EMOTIONAL REACTION TO SENSORY STIMULI).16 SOME BORROWED THEMES FROM PRE-MODERN INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT, TO AN EXTENT. SOME PEOPLE LIKE JOHN TRAVIS IDENTIFIED SEVERAL MARKERS OF WELLNESS: RELAXATION, SELFEXPERIENCE, “REMOVING BARRIERS,” IMPROVING COMMUNICATION SKILLS, ENHANCING CREATIVITY, TAKING FULL 17 RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEMSELVES, ETC. OTHERS, LIKE DONALD ARDELL, RECOGNIZED THAT FACTORS OF WELLNESS COULD EXIST OUTSIDE OF A MEDICAL CONTEXT, SUCH AS PUBLIC POLICY.18

WELLNESS CHALLENGES

ITS ENVIRONMENT, WITHSTANDS ITS SHAPE THROUGH RESILIENCY

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

PHYSICAL MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

WELLNESS IS

A HOLISTIC STANDARD OF MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND PHYSICAL HEALTH THAT ALLOWS THE HUMAN BODY TO SELF-SUSTAIN WHILE RETAINING ITS BASIC FUNCTIONS

INDIGENOUS WELLNESS GOALS AGING IS WISDOM, GRACEFULLY

POWER.

GOAL TO AGE

MAKE A DIFFERENCE FOR OTHERS AND FOR THE PLANET DURING YOUR TIME ON EARTH YOU ARE A LIMB IN THE ORGANISM OF ONENESS USE OF LONG-EVOLVED CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS FOUND IN NATURE PREVENTATIVE LIFESTYLES ARE THE TRUEST FORM OF MEDICINE “I” AM A PART OF THE COLLECTIVE

[SHARED DEFINITION]

BODY IS A SPIRITUAL VESSEL; A KINGDOM

P O S T- I N D U S T R I A L WELLNESS GOALS

OVERCOME THE NATURAL ENTROPY OF THE HUMAN BODY

AYURVEDIC MEDICINE : AN INTRODUCTION. UPDATED JULY 2009. BETHESDA, MD: U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, NATIONAL CENTER FOR COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE, 2009.

15 RUBEIS, GIOVANNI. “LIQUID HEALTH. MEDICINE IN THE AGE OF SURVEILLANCE CAPITALISM.” SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE (1982) 322 (2023): 115810– 115810.

16 STARA & CHARVAT, WELLNESS: IT’S ORIGINS AND THEORIES (2010). FACULTY OF SPORTS STUDIES, MASARYK UNIVERSITY, 3 17 ARDELL, D. B. (N.D.A). WELLNESS: BASIC DEFINITIONS OF WELLNESS. SEEKWELLNESS.COM. DOSTUPNÉ Z HTTP://WWW.SEEKWELLNESS.COM/ WELLNESS/WHAT_IS_WELLNESS.HTM 18 ARDELL, D. B. (1977). HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS: AN ALTERNATIVE TO DOCTORS, DRUGS, AND DISEASE. EMMAUS, PA: RODALE PRESS. 14

LIVE AS LONG AS POSSIBLE AND BE AS PRODUCTIVE AS POSSIBLE

INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS RELATES DIRECTLY TO COMMUNITY WELLNESS

EXISTENCE & POWER USE OF NEW CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS NOT FOUND IN NATURE EVERY PROBLEM CAN BE SOLVED WITH TECHNOLOGY “I” AM GREATER THAN THE COLLECTIVE BODY IS A MACHINE

FIGURE 1.3

UNFORTUNATE DEPENDENCY ON WESTERN WELLNESS PRINCIPLES, “ANTHROPOCENCE” WE FACE MANMADE CHEMICAL EXPOSURE THROUGH OUR MODERN FOOD SYSTEMS AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS THE SCALE WE NEED TO BUILD AT TO SATISFY HUMAN DENSITY DEMANDS MANMADE SOLUTIONS NOT FOUND IN NATURE WE ARE FORCED TO BE MORE SEDENTARY THAN WHAT IS NATURAL SO WE CAN MAKE A LIVING

NECESSARY INTERPLAY BETWEEN WESTERN DEPENDENCY AND COMMUNITY FOCUS

THE RESILIENCY OF THE INDIVIDUAL DETERMINES THE COMMUNITY’S ABILITY TO SELF-SUSTAIN AND THRIVE

WELLNESS

SURVIVING WELL ENOUGH TO BE PRODUCTIVE

4

4 PROBLEM PROBLEM

GEOGRAPHICALLY-SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHERS

INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

MENTAL

AN INGREDIENT PEOPLE CANNOT CREATE ALONE YET THEY ALL NEED

MENTAL

RAW BUILDING MATERIALS FOR BUILDING RAWSHELTER BUILDING MATERIALS NATURAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

FOR BUILDING SHELTER

COMMUNITY WELLNESS

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

FOUR INDIVIDUAL ENVIRONMENTAL INGREDIENTS FOR WELLNESS INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL) THE ATMOSPHERE (UNENCLOSED)

MENTAL

AN INGREDIENT PEOPLE CANNOT CREATE ALONE YET SURVIVING THEY ALL NEED WELL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

WITH OTHERS, LIMITED

INSTANT

INDIVIDUAL POWER INDIVIDUAL POWER

INDIVIDUAL POWER

COMPONENTS, INDOOR AIR QUALITY

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

INDIVIDUAL POWER

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

ACCESS STRUCTURALLY INSTANT -SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE WITHVARIATION OTHERS, LIMITED (NOT SEASONAL) ACCESS

CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE NUTRIENT INTAKE INSTANT THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND (NOT SEASONAL) CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE VARIATION ARCHTIECTURAL VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL) COMPONENTS, INDOOR AIR QUALITY

NUTRIENT INTAKE INTAKE THROUGH BOTHNUTRIENT FOOD AND ARCHTIECTURAL THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND COMPONENTS, INDOOR AIR ARCHTIECTURAL QUALITY

NUTRIENT INTAKE

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

STRUCTURALLY -SUPPORTED MANUFACTURED BUILDING STRUCTURALLY -SUPPORTEDMENTAL PHYSICALEMOTIONAL OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE MATERIALS FOR BUILDING WITH OTHERS, LIMITED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE SHELTER ACCESS

ENVIRONMENTAL INGREDIENTS FOR

WITH OTHERS VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL)

NUTRIENT INTAKE COMMUNITY THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND THE ATMOSPHERE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND WELLNESS (UNENCLOSED) THE ATMOSPHERE AN INGREDIENT (UNENCLOSED) PEOPLE CANNOT CREATE ALONE YET INDIVIDUAL THEY ALL NEED AN INGREDIENT THE SOCIAL SUPPORT NECESSARY FOR MENTAL, PEOPLE CANNOTWELLNESS EMOTIONAL, AND PHYSICAL WELLNESS CREATE ALONE GREATER THAN THEYET SUM OF ITS PARTS THEY ALL NEED

COMMUNITY WELLNESS EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

FOUR ENVIRONMENTAL INGREDIENTS FOR INDIVIDUAL FOUR WELLNESS

INSTANT CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE INSTANT NUTRIENT INTAKE VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL) CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND

GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS

MENTAL

4

GEOGRAPHICALLY-SUPPORTED INSTANT OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE

THE SOCIAL SUPPORT NECESSARY FOR MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND PHYSICAL WELLNESS

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

4 4

GEOGRAPHICALLY-SUPPORTED GEOGRAPHICALLY -SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE RAW BUILDING MATERIALS WITH OTHERS FOR BUILDING SHELTER OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHERS

SOCIAL NEEDS ARE NOT FULLY MET, SO TRUE INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS CANNOT BE REACHED

ARE NOT FULLY MET, SO TRUE INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

CANNOT BE SOCIAL NEEDS ARE NOT REACHED FULLY MET, SO TRUE INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS CANNOT BE REACHED

SHELTER ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

WELL ENOUGH TO BE PRODUCTIVE

SURVIVING WELL

ENOUGH TO ARCHTIECTURAL BE MANMADE COMPONENTS, INDOORPRODUCTIVE AIR ENVIRONMENT QUALITY MANUFACTURED BUILDING MATERIALS MANUFACTURED BUILDINGFOR BUILDING MANMADE MATERIALS FOR BUILDING SHELTER

ENVIRONMENT

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

PHYSICAL

INDIVIDUAL SURVIVING WELL WELLNESS ENOUGH TO BE INDIVIDUAL INSTANT PRODUCTIVE WELLNESS CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE SURVIVING SOCIAL NEEDS VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL)

MANMADE NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND THE ATMOSPHERE NATURAL (UNENCLOSED)

MENTAL

STRUCTURALLY-SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHERS, LIMITED ACCESS

FOUR ENVIRONMENTAL INGREDIENTS FOR INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

INSTANT CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL)

COMMUNITY WELLNESS

INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS EMOTIONAL

MANUFACTURED BUILDING MATERIALS FOR BUILDING SHELTER

RAW BUILDING MATERIALS FOR BUILDING SHELTER

INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

MENTAL

MANMADE ENVIRONMENT

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

PHYSICAL

BLEM

FOUR VIRONMENTAL REDIENTS FOR NDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

PROBLEM

INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS MENTAL EMOTIONAL

MENTAL

SOCIAL NEEDS ARE NOT FULLY MET, SO TRUE INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS CANNOT BE REACHED

THE SOCIAL SUPPORT NECESSARY FOR MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND PHYSICAL WELLNESS MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

ENOUGH TO THE SOCIAL SUPPORT NECESSARY FOR MENTAL, BE EMOTIONAL, AND PHYSICAL WELLNESS PRODUCTIVE

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

MENTAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

SOCIAL NEEDS ARE NOT FULLY MET, SO TRUE INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS CANNOT BE REACHED

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

SOLUTION SOLUTION

GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS

MANMADE ENVIRONMENT MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MANUFACTURED BUILDING MATERIALS FOR BUILDING SHELTER

MENTAL

SOLUTION

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

STRUCTURALLY-SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHERS, LIMITED ACCESS

INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

INDIVIDUAL INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS WELLNESS

SOLUTION

INSTANT CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL) NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND ARCHTIECTURAL COMPONENTS, INDOOR AIR QUALITY

INDIVIDUAL POWER

MENTAL

MENTAL

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

MENTAL

4

WITH OTHERS VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL)

RAW BUILDING MATERIALS FOR BUILDING SHELTER

FOUR ENVIRONMENTAL INGREDIENTS FOR INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

SHELTER

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

STRUCTURALLY-SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHERS

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

RAW BUILDING MATERIALS FOR BUILDING SHELTER

4

SINGLE ENTITY FOUR ENVIRONMENTAL INGREDIENTS FOR INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

STRUCTURALLY-SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHERS

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

AN INGREDIENT PEOPLE CANNOT CREATE ALONE YET THEY ALL NEED

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

SUPPORT GROUPS

SUPPORT GROUPS

SHARED FOOD GATHERING AND PREPARATIONS

SHARED FOOD GATHERING AND PREPARATIONS

SHARED DIRECT SKIN CONTACT WITH NUTRIENTS

SHARED DIRECT SKIN CONTACT WITH NUTRIENTS

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

THE SOCIAL SUPPORT NECESSARY FOR MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND PHYSICAL WELLNESS FOR THE INDIVIDUAL GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS

INSTANT CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL) MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND ARCHTIECTURAL COMPONENTS, INDOOR AIR QUALITY

NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND THE ATMOSPHERE (UNENCLOSED)

COMMUNITY WELLNESS SINGLE ENTITY

MOTIONAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS

INSTANT CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL)

ARCHTIECTURAL COMPONENTS, INDOOR AIR QUALITY MANUFACTURED BUILDING MATERIALS FOR BUILDING SHELTER

AN INGREDIENT PEOPLE CANNOT CREATE ALONE YET COMMUNITY THEY ALL NEED WELLNESS MENTAL

THE SOCIAL SUPPORT NECESSARY FOR MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND PHYSICAL WELLNESS FOR THE INDIVIDUAL

MANMADE NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

INSTANT CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL)

GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS MENTAL

NUTRIENT INTAKE INSTANT THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE ARCHTIECTURAL VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL) COMPONENTS, INDOOR AIR QUALITY

SINGLE ENTITY MATERIALS FOR BUILDING

NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND THE ATMOSPHERE (UNENCLOSED)

GEOGRAPHICALLY-SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHERS

THE SOCIAL SUPPORT NECESSARY FOR MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND PHYSICAL WELLNESS FOR THE INDIVIDUAL

NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND ARCHTIECTURAL COMPONENTS, INDOOR AIR QUALITY MANUFACTURED BUILDING

FOUR ENVIRONMENTAL INGREDIENTS FOR INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

INSTANT CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL)

UAL ESS

STRUCTURALLY INSTANT -SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE WITHVARIATION OTHERS (NOT SEASONAL)

MANMADE ENVIRONMENT

4

UTION

4

SINGLE ENTITY

GEOGRAPHICALLY-SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHERS

EMOTIONAL

STRUCTURALLY MANUFACTURED BUILDING -SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE MATERIALS FOR BUILDING WITH OTHERS SHELTER

FOUR ENVIRONMENTAL INGREDIENTS FOR INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

GEOGRAPHICALLY-SUPPORTED INSTANT OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE

NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND THE ATMOSPHERE (UNENCLOSED)

COMMUNITY WELLNESS

PHYSICAL MANUFACTURED BUILDING

GEOGRAPHICALLY-SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE RAW BUILDING MATERIALS WITH OTHERS FOR BUILDING SHELTER

SHARED HOT/COLD EXPERIENCES SHARED HOT/COLD EXPERIENCES

AN INGREDIENT PEOPLE CANNOT CREATE ALONE YET AN INGREDIENT THEY ALL NEED PEOPLE CANNOT THE SOCIAL SUPPORT NECESSARY FOR MENTAL, CREATE ALONE EMOTIONAL, AND PHYSICALYET WELLNESS FOR THE INDIVIDUAL THEY ALL NEED GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS

PHYSICAL MANMADE MATERIALS FOR BUILDING SHELTER ENVIRONMENT

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

INSTANT NUTRIENT INTAKE CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL) THE ATMOSPHERE (UNENCLOSED)

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

INDIVIDUAL MANMADE WELLNESS ENVIRONMENT

RAW BUILDING MATERIALS FOR BUILDING SHELTER

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

COMMUNITY WELLNESS COMMUNITY WELLNESS

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

AND YET, NONE OF THESE MODERN WESTERN INFLUENCERS PINPOINTED A CONNECTION BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY WELLNESS; RECOGNITION OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN WELLNESS ONLY APPLIED TO THE INDIVIDUAL. AS I WILL ELABORATE FURTHER IN 3 – HEAT DEPLOYMENT FOR COMMUNITY-BUILDING BASED ON INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS (GENERAL OVERVIEW), MANY CULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT THAT PROMOTE INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS HAVE A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP WITH PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, AND COMMUNITY WELLNESS. HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES SUCH AS JAPANESE ONSEN CREATED ENVIRONMENTS FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION WHILE ATTENDING TO PHYSICAL NEEDS, AND SOCIAL INTERACTION WAS VERY MUCH RECOGNIZED AS A NEED ITSELF, WHICH THEN REENFORCED THE BEHAVIORS THAT PROMOTED PHYSICAL NEEDS IN THESE HEATED SPACES, WHICH RESULTED IN SCULPTING COMMUNITIES AROUND THESE SPACES.19 I BELIEVE THAT HEAT AS A CATALYST FOR COMMUNITY AS EVIDENCED IN INDIGENOUS WELLNESS INFRASTRUCTURE – AS WELL AS SOCIAL INTERACTION WITHIN A HOT/COLD COMMUNITY INSHARED GENERAL – IS A SUPPORT GROUPS EXPERIENCES PIECE OF BROADER WELLNESS THAT WESTERN WELLNESS PROMOTERS LARGELY MISSED. OUR HISTORY AS A SPECIES SUGGESTS THAT COMMUNITY-BUILDING DESERVES A PLACE IN THE BROADER APPLICATION SHARED OF HOT/COLD HEAT-BASED SUPPORT GROUPS WELLNESS INEXPERIENCES THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT.

SHARED HOT/COLD EXPERIENCES

SUPPORT GROUPS

SHARED FOOD GATHERING AND PREPARATIONS

SHARED DIRECT SKIN CONTACT WITH NUTRIENTS

AN INGREDIENT PEOPLE CANNOT CREATE ALONE YET THEY ALL NEED

THE SOCIAL SUPPORT NECESSARY FOR MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND PHYSICAL WELLNESS FOR THE INDIVIDUAL GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

SERBULEA, MIHAELA, AND UNNIKRISHNAN PAYYAPPALLIMANA. “ONSEN (HOT SPRINGS) IN JAPAN—TRANSFORMING TERRAIN INTO HEALING LANDSCAPES.” HEALTH & PLACE 18, NO. 6 (2012): 1366–1373.

19

FIGURE 1.4

11

IT IS WORTH NOTING THAT MY PERSONAL BACKGROUND PLAYS A ROLE IN MY EPISTEMOLOGICAL FORMULATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAT, WELLNESS, AND COMMUNITY-BUILDING. I FIRST BEGAN TO EXPLORE THE IDEA THAT CULTURALLY-DRIVEN HEATING SYSTEMS COULD SCULPT AN INTENTIONAL COMMUNITY AS A STUDIO PROJECT. THE ASSIGNMENT WAS TO DESIGN A HOUSE THEMED AROUND A CERTAIN DOMESTIC LABOR. I GREW UP IN A HASIDIC JEWISH BACKGROUND IN WHICH MY ALL-GIRLS SCHOOL TAUGHT A MODEL OF HOME ECONOMICS CONSISTENTLY THROUGH THE 11TH GRADE. AS MY DOMESTIC LABOR TOPIC, I CHOSE THE LAWS OF RETURNING FOOD TO A FIRE ON THE JEWISH SABBATH (HILCHOS HACHZARA) BECAUSE IT IS PART OF THE CULTURAL FRAMEWORK THROUGH WHICH I CONCEPTUALIZE DOMESTIC LABOR IN GENERAL. I DO NOT BY HABIT CONCEPTUALIZE DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES IN SECULAR TERMS, BUT RATHER HAVE TRAINED MYSELF TO DO THIS IN ACADEMIC DISCOURSE. ON THE ONE HAND, THIS CAN MAKE ME MORE SENSITIVE TO DIFFERENT CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL INTERPRETATIONS OF COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES THAT OCCUR IN, SAY, JAPANESE ONSEN WITH A DESIRE TO HONOR THOSE INTERPRETATIONS. ON THE OTHER HAND, I DO ENTER THIS RESEARCH WITH YEARS OF CULTURALLY-ENTRENCHED EXPERIENCE OF MY OWN THAT MAY LEAD ME TO EXPECT TO FIND SIMILAR COMMUNITYBUILDING PARALLELS IN DIFFERENT CULTURAL CONTEXTS OF HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES. ANOTHER CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO THIS BIAS IS THE BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE I HOLD IN SOCIOLOGY FOLLOWED BY THREE YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN LOCAL DISASTER RESPONSE IN A LARGE CITY, THROUGH WHICH I ENCOUNTERED MANY COMMUNITIES IN CRISIS AND TRIED TO MEET THEM IN A COLLABORATIVE, COMMUNITY-BASED MANNER. I KNOW HOW LITTLE I KNOW ABOUT THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF OTHER CULTURES AS THEY PERTAIN TO THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, AND YET – I FULLY BELIEVE IN THE CAPACITY OF DESIGN TO HEAL AND TO FLOURISH COMMUNITIES BASED ON UNIVERSAL HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS. AS I LEAN INTO THE HUMANISTIC ASPECT OF THE DESIGN APPLICATION OF HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES, I HOPE NOT TO LOSE CONTACT WITH QUANTITATIVE, THEORETICAL SYSTEM DETAILS AND ANALYSIS, WHICH OTHERS CAN HOPEFULLY APPLY TO THEIR OWN WORK IN THE FUTURE.

FIGURE 1.5

12

HEAT DEPLOYMENT FOR COMMUNITY-BUILDING BASED ON INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS (GENERAL OVERVIEW) THE DEPLOYMENT OF CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS, RADIANT ATMOSPHERES, AND CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES AS TOOLS FOR WELLNESS CAN BE INSTRUMENTAL IN COMMUNITY BUILDING. FIRST, I WILL EXAMINE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN NUTRITION, HEAT, AND WELLNESS. THEN, ITS RELATION TO TEMPERATURE AND SENSORY VARIATION FOR WELLNESS – AND FINALLY – GEOGRAPHICALLY-SUPPORTED AND HUMAN-BUILT OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHER HUMANS THROUGH HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES. THE GOAL OF THIS IS TO BOLSTER THE UNDERSTANDING OF WELLNESS THROUGH TANGIBLE EXAMPLES AS IT PERTAINS TO INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES, AND COMMUNITY-BUILDING. WE HAVE THE UNDERSTANDING THAT EACH NATURAL ENVIRONMENT DURING THE HOLOCENE THAT HUMANS FOUND THEMSELVES IN CONTAINED THE POTENTIAL TO FULFILL THEIR UNIVERSAL WELLNESS NEEDS AS OUTLINED ABOVE.20 A PIECE OF THIS KNOWLEDGE IS FOUND IN THE TRADITIONAL COLLECTIVES OF FOOD THAT EACH INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY ATE, KNOWN AS CUISINE. CUISINE REFERS TO THE COMPLETE DIET OF FOODS TAKEN TOGETHER THAT A GIVEN PEOPLE CONSUMED LOCAL TO THEIR REGION, PRIOR TO AGRARIANISM AND INDUSTRIALIZATION. IT DIFFERS FROM THE COLLOQUIAL UNDERSTANDING OF CULTURAL CUISINE THAT IS WIDELY USED TODAY. ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS OF ANCIENT NOMADIC PEOPLES SUGGEST THAT THEY HAD A BROADER, MORE NUTRITIOUS DIET THAN WHAT WE ENCOUNTER CONTEMPORARILY.21 THUS, CUISINE IS UNDERSTOOD TO BE AN ACTUALIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES FOR WELLNESS BECAUSE EACH VARIANT OF CUISINE FOUND AROUND THE WORLD PROVIDED THE “OPTIMAL” NUTRITION FOR PEOPLE IN ITS OWN WAY. EACH VARIANT HAD CAREFULLY BALANCED RATIOS OF DIFFERENT NUTRIENTS FROM WHATEVER PLANTS AND ANIMALS THAT WERE AVAILABLE IN A GIVEN AREA, YET EACH RATIO, AMOUNT, AND SOURCE AS A TOTAL SUM PROVIDED THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF NUTRITION FOR A HUMAN THAT COULD HAVE BEEN FOUND ANYWHERE. AND ALTHOUGH SOME SMALL GENETIC VARIATIONS HAVE OCCURRED THAT ALTER HUMAN METABOLISM BY POPULATION AFTER PEOPLE MIGRATED OUT OF AFRICA (FOR EXAMPLE: AN ACTIVATION/ DEACTIVATION OF THE GENES CONTROLLING LACTOSE DIGESTION SO THAT SOME POPULATIONS COULD RETAIN NUTRIENTS FROM DAIRY CONSUMPTION)22, BY AND LARGE ALL HUMANS AROUND THE WORLD HAVE THE SAME TOTAL NUTRITIONAL NEEDS. TO FURTHER THIS, WE SEE TODAY A CLEAR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUMANS AND OTHER PRIMATES’ ABILITY TO DIGEST RAW FOODS. WHEN HUMANS GAINED THE ABILITY TO USE TOOLS, THEY DISCOVERED THE HEARTH’S POTENTIAL FOR COOKING FOOD.23 COOKED FOOD IS EASIER TO DIGEST – NOT NECESSARILY BECAUSE OF ITS HEAT CONTENT – BUT BECAUSE THE COOKING PROCESS BREAKS DOWN PROTEINS THAT OUR BODY WOULD HAVE TO EXPEND ADDITIONAL ENERGY BREAKING DOWN IN RAW FOODS. THE HEAT CONTENT OF FRESHLY COOKED FOOD ALSO ALLOWS US TO SPEND LESS METABOLIC ENERGY REGULATING OUR BODY TEMPERATURE, SINCE WE CAN USE THE HEAT INTAKE AS A TOOL FOR THIS.24 BECAUSE COOKED FOOD MADE OUR LIVES EASIER, OUR BODIES CAME TO DEPEND ON IT – WE NO LONGER NEEDED TO METABOLIZE RAW MEAT AND HAD ACCESS TO OTHER HEATING AIDS IN COLD WEATHER, AND SO WE LOST THE ABILITY TO DO THOSE THINGS IN AN INBORN WAY. ESSENTIALLY, WE EVOLVED A DEPENDENCE ON FOOD CATALYZED THROUGH HEAT, AND BY EXTENSION: WE EVOLVED A DEPENDENCE ON OUTSIDE HEAT SOURCES IN GENERAL FOR SELF-REGULATION, TO MAINTAIN BOTH BODY TEMPERATURE AND NUTRIENT LEVELS, BEYOND THAT OF OTHER MAMMALS, INCLUDING OTHER PRIMATES.

FOOD TEMPERATURE AS EVIDENCE OF EVOLVED HUMAN HEAT DEPENDENCY FULLY COOKED

LOW

RAW FOOD HAS A HIGHER NUTRIENT CONTENT WE METABOLIZE COOKED FOOD MORE EFFICIENTLY BECAUSE COOKING PARTIALLY BREAKS DOWN PROTEINS SO OUR BODY HAS TO DO LESS METABOLIC WORK. THE INCREASED METABOLIC EFFICIENCY WE GAINED BY EATING COOKED FOOD MEANT OUR METABOLISMS DID NOT NEED TO BE AS POWERFUL AS THEY WERE WHEN WE ONLY ATE RAW FOOD. THUS, OUR BODIES STARTED TO PRODUCE LESS INTERNAL HEAT DUE TO A LOWERED METABOLIC RATE. THE ADDED HEAT CONTENT FROM FRESHLY COOKED FOOD ALONG WITH ITS EASIER DIGESTION FURTHER ADDED TO ITS HEAT-SEEKING ELEMENT SINCE OUR METABOLISM NEEDED THE ADDITIONAL HEAT AS WELL TO SELF-REGULATE. COOKED FOOD SPURRED A HUMAN DEPENDENCY ON OUTSIDE HEAT SOURCES TO SELF-REGULATE THE BODY’S MANY SYSTEMS.

FOOD

WE ARE DEPENDENT ON OUTSIDE HEAT SOURCES FOR OUR WELLNESS.

RAW

METABOLIC STRENGTH NEEDED TO DIGEST AND METABOLIZE NUTRIENTS NUTRIENT DENSITY OF FOOD NUTRIENT ABSORPTION RATE OF BODY HIGH

POTENCY

METABOLIC ABILITY TO PRODUCE BODY HEAT INTERNALLY VIA DEPENDENCY ON FOOD TYPE

FIGURE 1.6

WRANGHAM, RICHARD W. CATCHING FIRE, NEW YORK: BASIC BOOKS, 2009.

GREAVES, RUSSELL D., AND KAREN L. KRAMER. “HUNTER–GATHERER USE OF WILD PLANTS AND DOMESTICATES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR MIXED ECONOMIES BEFORE AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION.” JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE 41 (2014): 263–271.

22 HOLDEN, CLARE, AND RUTH MACE. “PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF LACTOSE DIGESTION IN ADULTS.” HUMAN BIOLOGY 81, NO. 5/6 (2009): 597–619.

23 WRANGHAM, RICHARD W. CATCHING FIRE, NEW YORK: BASIC BOOKS, 2009.

24 BORNHORST, GAIL M, MAXINE J ROMAN, SHANE M RUTHERFURD, BETTY J BURRI, PAUL J MOUGHAN, AND R. PAUL SINGH. “GASTRIC DIGESTION OF RAW AND 13 ROASTED ALMONDS IN VIVO.” JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 78, NO. 11 (2013): H1807–H1813.

20 21

ESSENTIALLY, WE EVOLVED A DEPENDENCE ON FOOD CATALYZED THROUGH HEAT, AND BY EXTENSION: WE EVOLVED A DEPENDENCE ON OUTSIDE HEAT SOURCES IN GENERAL FOR SELF-REGULATION, TO MAINTAIN BOTH BODY TEMPERATURE AND NUTRIENT LEVELS, BEYOND THAT OF OTHER MAMMALS, INCLUDING OTHER PRIMATES. AYURVEDIC OUTLOOK POSITS HOT FOOD AS CONTAINING MORE ENERGY/STIMULUS VIA ITS HEAT CONTENT, AND COLD FOOD CONTAINING LESS VIA ITS HEAT CONTENT HEAT AS A THERAPEUTIC ELEMENT IN FOOD BALANCED INDIVIDUAL, EMOTIONALLY ANS SENSORILY, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IS STABLE

EMOTIONALLY LOFTY, UNGROUNDED MIND AND BODY ARE SENSORY-SEEKING, SENSORY UNDERSTIMULATED, CHAOTIC, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IS IMBALANCED

EMOTIONALLY WITHDRAWN, LANGUID, MELANCHOLIC, OVERSTIMULATED, SHUT-DOWN, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IS IMBALANCED

This individual should consume an equal amount of hot and cold foods, or room-temperature foods, in order to maintain the emotional and sensory balance they have. Their body is producing the correct amount of heat stimulus internally.

Central Nervous System --> Peripheral Nerves, Spinal Cord --> Brain

Central Nervous System --> Peripheral Nerves, Spinal Cord --> Brain

ALTHOUGH I HAVE PRESENTED ONE THEORETICAL EVOLUTIONARY STREAM OF THOUGHT AS TO HOW WE MAY HAVE BECOME HEATDEPENDENT, WE NONETHELESS SEE IT TODAY, EVIDENCED IN OUR POSITIVE BIOFEEDBACK LOOPS REGARDING EXPOSURE TO HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT OUR EVER-PRESENT MODERN HEAT DEPENDENCE HAS ALSO BEEN PARTIALLY CAUSED BY OTHER FACTORS, SUCH AS A DECREASE IN TEMPERATURE RESILIENCE COUPLED WITH WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEMS IN RESPONSE TO YEARS OF EXPOSURE TO TEMPERATURE-CONSTANT ASHRAE STANDARDS FOR HVAC SYSTEMS.25 HARNESSING HEAT BEYOND SIMPLE WEATHER BARRIERS, REGARDLESS OF THE COCKTAIL OF CAUSES FOR OUR CURRENT HEAT-DEPENDENCE, BECAME ANOTHER ESSENTIAL INGREDIENT FOR WELLNESS. THIS BECOMES EVEN MORE APPARENT WHEN LOOKING AT ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF WELLNESS THROUGH HEAT CAPACITY OF FOOD. ONE ANCIENT WELLNESS SYSTEM THAT IS STILL REVERED TODAY IS AYURVEDIC MEDICINE. AYURVEDIC MEDICINE CLASSIFIES THREE MAIN BODY TYPES IN TERMS OF BOTH PHYSICAL AND MENTAL CHARACTERISTICS, OR TEMPERAMENT.26 IN AYURVEDIC MEDICINE, AMONG MANY OTHER FACTORS, THE TEMPERATURE OF FOOD AFFECTS THE BALANCE OF OUR NATURAL PHYSIOLOGICAL TEMPERAMENT. HOT AND COLD FOODS ARE VIEWED AS DIRECTLY TRANSMITTING THE AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY THEY CONTAIN TO THE HUMAN BODY, PROMOTING CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS WHILE DISCOURAGING OTHERS.

The low heat energy in cold food will help this individual ground his or herself by triggering more stimulus in their body; it triggers a stronger stimulatory response so the body can digest it and allows the individual to reset their body to perceive more of their surroundings. It will calm them emotionally as well.

Central Nervous System --> Peripheral Nerves, Spinal Cord --> Brain

The high heat energy in hot food will help this individual ground his or herself and relax since it is easier to metabolize, it triggers a weaker stimulatory response from the body and allows the individual the reset their body to perceive gentler sensory stimulation. It will calm them emotionally as well.

Tactile

Proprioception

Vestibular

Visual Emotional Core

Auditory

Olfactory

Gustatory

IN A LITERAL SENSE, AYURVEDIC MEDICINE RECOGNIZES THAT HOT FOODS CONTAIN A GREATER AMOUNT OF POTENTIAL KINETIC/HEAT ENERGY THAN COLD FOODS. YET, ITS PROMOTION IS NOT AS STRAIGHTFORWARD AS PEOPLE WITH CALMER TEMPERAMENTS BENEFITING FROM HOT FOOD, AND ENERGETIC PEOPLE BENEFITTING FROM COLD FOOD – THE PROCESS IS MUCH DEEPER. POTENTIAL ENERGY IN FOOD IS ALSO SEEN AS A “GROUNDING” ELEMENT, SIMILAR TO MODERN THERAPEUTIC NOTIONS OF SENSORY STIMULATION THAT “RESET” THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF AN OVERWHELMED INDIVIDUAL THROUGH DEEP PRESSURE RATHER THAN LIGHT TOUCH.27 ACCORDING TO AYURVEDIC MEDICINE, THERE ARE SOME CASES WHEN A “FIERY” INDIVIDUAL STRUGGLING TO GAIN CONTROL OVER EXCESS THOUGHTS, ENERGY, OR LOFTY IDEAS CAN BENEFIT FROM THE STIMULATION OF HOT FOOD AS A TYPE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM RESET; THE HEAT SERVING AS BENEFICIAL STIMULATION, AND THE FURTHER-BROKENDOWN NUTRIENTS (WHEN COMPARED TO RAW FOOD) AS SIGNALS TO THE BODY TO SLOW DOWN AND PROCESS INFORMATION ON A SIMPLER LEVEL.28 LIKEWISE, A PERSON WITH “SEDENTARY” CHARACTERISTICS CAN SOMETIMES BENEFIT FROM CONSUMING COLD FOODS, WHICH FORCE THE BODY TO METABOLIZE ON A HIGHER LEVEL, ENCOURAGING GREATER LEVELS OF INTERNAL STIMULATION FOR AN INDIVIDUAL WHO MAY BE LACKING IT. COLD FOODS FORCE THE BODY TO WORK HARDER TO SELF-REGULATE, WHICH CAN BE BENEFICIAL FOR SOMEONE WHO IS UNDERSTIMULATED. AYURVEDIC MEDICINE RECOGNIZES OUR FOOD AS A FORM OF BOTH STORED (NUTRIENT) ENERGY INTAKE AND ACTIVE (HEAT) ENERGY INTAKE, RENDERING HEAT FULLY INTEGRATED INTO THE EQUATION OF OUR WELLNESS.

FIGURE 1.7

BANHAM, REYNER. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WELL-TEMPERED ENVIRONMENT / REYNER BANHAM. CHICAGO: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, 1969.

AYURVEDIC MEDICINE : AN INTRODUCTION. UPDATED JULY 2009. BETHESDA, MD: U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, NATIONAL CENTER FOR COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE, 2009.

27 LEE, SEOYOUNG, HEEYOUNG MOON, YEONHEE RYU, IN-SEON LEE, AND YOUNBYOUNG CHAE. “SENSORY AND EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO DEEP PRESSURE STIMULATION AT MYOFASCIAL TRIGGER POINTS: A PILOT STUDY.” FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE 17 (2023): 1197302–1197302.

28 TELLES, SHIRLEY, SHIVANGI PATHAK, ANKUR KUMAR, PRABHAT MISHRA, AND ACHARYA BALKRISHNA. “AYURVEDIC DOSHAS AS PREDICTORS OF SLEEP QUALITY.” MEDICAL SCIENCE MONITOR 21 (2015): 1421–1427.

25 26

OUTSIDE OF THE SYMBIOSIS OF NUTRITION AND HEAT IN WELLNESS, WE CAN SEE PARALLELS TO AYURVEDIC MEDICINE’S TAKE ON SENSORY STIMULATION IN BUILDING SYSTEMS. IN LISA HESCHONG’S BOOK THERMAL DELIGHT IN ARCHITECTURE, SHE SUGGESTS THAN PRE-MODERN PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS (AS WELL AS THEIR NATURAL SURROUNDINGS) CONTAIN A LEVEL OF TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION THAT WE HAVE LIKELY EVOLVED ALONGSIDE AND ADAPTED TO SO THAT MILD TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION BECAME AN OPTIMAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION FOR US TO THRIVE IN. UNLIKE THE GOAL OF ASHRAE STANDARDS FOR MECHANICAL HVAC SYSTEMS – TO GENERATE A CONSISTENT SO-CALLED “OPTIMAL” TEMPERATURE THROUGHOUT A BUILDING (TYPICALLY ADJUSTED TO MALE METABOLISM)29, HESCHONG ARGUES THAT BECAUSE OUR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT PRIOR TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CONTAINED TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION, THE STIMULATION THAT IT PROVIDES US IN ITS ABILITY TO CALL OUR ATTENTION TO NEW DETAILS AT EVERY TRANSITION POINT ENABLES US TO “FEEL ALIVE” BY ACTIVATING ALL OF OUR SENSES; THAT MULTISENSORIAL STIMULATION IS A PIECE OF OUR HOLISTIC WELLNESS. ALTHOUGH SHE DID NOT VERBALIZE IT DIRECTLY, HESCHONG ALLUDES TO PARALLELS FOUND IN BOTH AYURVEDIC AND MODERN MEDICINE THAT EXPLAIN HOW TEMPERATURE VARIANCE REGULATES THE NERVOUS SYSTEM30, AND HOW A REGULATED NERVOUS SYSTEM ALLOWS US TO REACH A MENTAL STATE OF “CALM AND ALERT” SO CLOSELY RELATED TO A FEELING OF “ALIVENESS.”

BANHAM, REYNER. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WELL-TEMPERED ENVIRONMENT / REYNER BANHAM. CHICAGO: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, 1969.

ALAWI, KHADIJA, AISAH AUBDOOL, LIHUAN LIANG, ELENA WILDE, ABHINAV VEPA, PARASKEVI-MARIA PSEFTELI, SUSAN BRAIN, AND JULIE KEEBLE. “CONTROL OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM BY TRPV1 IN THE REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE.” NEUROPEPTIDES (EDINBURGH) 65 (2017): 131–132.

29 30

TYPOLOGY OF HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES THE DEPLOYMENT OF CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS, RADIANT ATMOSPHERES, AND CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES AS TOOLS FOR WELLNESS CAN BE INSTRUMENTAL IN COMMUNITY BUILDING. OBJECTS CAN BECOME CONDUCTIVE AFTER BEING RADIATED ONTO VIA A RADIANT OR CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE; THEY RECEIVE HEAT ENERGY FROM THE AIR AND THEN CONDUCT IT TO DIFFERENT OBJECTS

CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS CAN ALSO CONDUCT HEAT INTO THE AIR, WHICH THEN RADIATES AS A “RADIANT ATMOSPHERE” ONTO THE BODY OR CREATES A CONVECTION CYCLE HITS BODY DIRECTLY

CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS

SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS THAT TRANSMIT HEAT VIA DIRECT CONTACT WITH ANOTHER OBJECT, INCLUDING DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE HUMAN BODY. GEOGRAPHICAL

BUILT

WARM WATER (IF FULLY SUBMERGED, BECOMES CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE)

HOT STOVETOP

HOT ROCK

RADIANT FLOORS AND WALLS (WHEN YOU TOUCH THEM, NOT JUST SHARE THE SAME AIR SPACE AS THEM)

WARM SAND ON A BEACH

MUG WHEN FILLED WITH HOT TEA

OTHER PEOPLE/ANIMALS

STREAM OF WATER FROM A SHOWER

FURTHER, IF WE HAVE TRULY EVOLVED TO RELY ON TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION AS A MEANS TO SELF-REGULATE, IT WOULD EXPLAIN THE CALMING PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT THAT CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS HAVE FOR US. A CONDUCTIVE OBJECT REFERS TO A WARM OR COOL SURFACE THAT CONDUCTS HEAT TO OR AWAY FROM OUR BODIES, RESPECTIVELY, WHEN WE MAKE PHYSICAL CONTACT WITH IT. EXAMPLES OF CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS ARE THE WARM SAND ON A BEACH, THE GRASS ON A SHADY SIDE OF A HILL, HOT PAVEMENT, OR EVEN CULTURE-SPECIFIC BUILT DEPLOYMENTS SUCH AS THE KOREAN ONDOL HEATED FLOOR.31 WE KNOW ANECDOTALLY THAT WARM SURFACES TRIGGER POSITIVE EMOTIONS AND INDUCE RELAXATION FOR US. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THE POSITIVE EMOTIONS WE GAIN FROM CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS RELATE DIRECTLY TO THE POSITIVE PHYSICAL SENSATIONS WE GAIN FROM THEM. OUR BRAINS SEND US NEUROCHEMICAL SIGNALS FOR HAPPINESS AS BIOFEEDBACK SO THAT WE ASSOCIATE PLEASURE WITH A BEHAVIOR (ENGAGING WITH THE CONDUCTIVE OBJECT) THAT HELPS US PHYSICALLY REGULATE OUR BODIES. WE HAVE EVOLVED TO TAKE PLEASURE IN BEHAVIORS THAT SERVE OUR WELLNESS THROUGH HEAT.

FIGURE 1.8 SHIN, JUNG-HYE. “KEEPING WARM IN A CHANGING PLACE : SYMBOLISM, TRADITION, AND MODERNITY IN DOMESTIC LIVES ON ONDOL (KOREAN HEATED FLOOR) IN THE 20TH CENTURY / BY JUNG-HYE SHIN.” THESIS (PH. D. IN ARCHITECTURE)--UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN--MILWAUKEE, 2007., 2007.

31

15

CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS AND RADIATED AIR CAN ENGAGE IN A CONVECTIVE LOOP IN AN ENCLOSED ENVIRONMENT. IT IS MUCH LESS COMMON IN UNENCLOSED ENVIRONMENTS. CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES ENGAGE WITH CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS AND SOMETIMES RADIANCE IN THE SAME ATMOSPHERIC SPACE; CONVECTION SELDOM EXISTS IN A VACUUM AND TENDS TO REPRESENT MORE OF A PHASE THAN A COHESIVE “THING” FOR HEAT DEPLOYMENT

CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES

LIQUIDS AND GASES THAT MOVE FIELDS OF HEAT WAVES/PARTICLES IN A LOOP BASED ON HEAT’S KINETIC ENERGY: WARM/HIGH ENERGY RISES, COOL/LOW ENERGY FALLS GEOGRAPHICAL

BUILT

A RAINFOREST FROM THE FLOOR TO THE CANOPY

CONVECTION OVEN

WEATHER CYCLES OF EVAPORATION AND RAIN

SAUNA

A MOUNTAIN FROM THE BOTTOM TO THE TOP

FULLY SUBMERGED; “ENCLOSED” IN WATER

ONSEN ARE OPEN TO THE ENTIRE COMMUNITY – PEOPLE OF ALL AGES AND FROM MANY DIFFERENT HOUSEHOLDS. WEEKLY, PEOPLE GO THERE TO BATHE AND RELAX. AN INHERENT ASPECT OF ONSEN IS THE OPPORTUNITY TO DO BOTH OF THESE TASKS SIMULTANEOUSLY – BATHE AND RELAX [THROUGH THE CONDUCTIVE OBJECT OF THE HOT WATER AND THROUGH SOCIALIZATION WITH OTHERS]. WHEN PEOPLE SOAK THEIR FEET TOGETHER WITH FRIENDS IN WARM WATER, THEY RECEIVE “CALM” EMOTIONAL BIOFEEDBACK BECAUSE THE PHYSICAL ACT OF SOAKING IN THE WATER IS GOOD FOR THEIR BODIES’ TEMPERATURE REGULATION AND THE WATER IS A GOOD CATALYST FOR CLEANSING THE SKIN. THE POSITIVE EMOTION THAT THEIR BODY GENERATES FOR THEM MAKES IT EASIER TO SOCIALLY INTERACT WITH OTHERS, AND THERE ARE OPPORTUNE PEOPLE AROUND TO INTERACT WITH BY THE SHEER FACT THAT OTHERS MUST ALSO ROUTINELY BATHE. THE SOCIAL INTERACTION THEY EXPERIENCE REENFORCES THOSE POSITIVE EMOTIONS FROM THE WATER. WHEN PEOPLE CHOOSE TO RETURN TO THE ONSEN TIME AND AGAIN, ONE MUST ASK: ARE THEY GOING FOR THE WELLNESS BENEFITS FROM THE HEATED WATER, THE SOCIALIZATION, OR BOTH? THE TWO ARE SO TIED TOGETHER THAT IT IS UNCLEAR WHICH CAME FIRST. NOT ONLY IS THE LIVED EXPERIENCE OF THE CONDUCTIVE OBJECT OF THE ONSEN BOTH PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL – IT IS ALSO SIMULTANEOUSLY INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNAL.35 HERE, THE ENTIRE HOLISTIC MODEL OF WELLNESS FOR THE INDIVIDUAL IS FUSED WITH THAT OF THE COMMUNITY. AND THROUGH THE POSITIVE BIOFEEDBACK WE RECEIVE FROM BEHAVIORS SUCH AS VISITING ONSEN WHICH PROMOTE INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS, THE ONSEN – AS A CONDUCTIVE OBJECT - BECOMES A TOOL FOR COMMUNITY BUILDING AND SUSTAINING.

MAIN CAVITY OF KILN

A HOUSE FROM THE BASEMENT TO THE ATTIC

IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THERAPEUTIC HEAT FIELDS CAN EXTEND BEYOND CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS TO BECOME CONVECTIVE AND RADIANT ATMOSPHERES. THE LINE BETWEEN HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES IS OFTEN GRAY, SINCE CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS CAN ALSO RADIATE HEAT INTO AIR OR WATER, WHICH CAN THEN PROVOKE FLUID HEAT TO CIRCULATE THROUGH AIR OR WATER CONVECTIVELY.32 CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, AND RADIATION ARE PRESENT AT SOME POINT CHRONOLOGICALLY IN EVERY HEATING SYSTEM, EVEN IF ONE OF THEM SERVES AS A “PRIMARY” OR DOMINANT” HEAT TRANSFER MODALITY AT THE POINT WHEN THE HUMAN BODY INTERACTS WITH THE SYSTEM. A SITUATION THAT FINDS ITSELF AT THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN A HEATED OBJECT AND A HEATED ATMOSPHERE IS A MICROCLIMATE. IN A SIMPLE ENCLOSURE WITH FOUR WALLS AND A ROOF, THERE ARE AT LEAST SIX MICROCLIMATES.33 EACH MICROCLIMATE IS SITUATED ON OR NEAR A PART OF THE WALLS AND ROOF, AND INHABITANTS CAN ALTERNATE BETWEEN THEM TO SELF-REGULATE. ALTHOUGH NOT NECESSARILY ALWAYS AS SHARP A CONTRAST SENSORILY AS A CONDUCTIVE OBJECT, TRANSITION BETWEEN MICROCLIMATES CAN PRODUCE SIMILAR PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, AS CAN HEATED ATMOSPHERES WITH SHARPER TEMPERATURE CONTRASTS LIKE THE SAUNA, WHICH I WILL ELABORATE 34 MORE ON LATER. OUR EMOTIONAL REACTION TO HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES REACHES A POINT WHERE IT BECOMES COMPLETELY SYMBIOTIC WITH OUR PHYSICAL REACTION TO THEM, BOTH ON THE INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNAL LEVEL. THIS IS ONE PHENOMENON THAT OCCURS IN THE USAGE OF JAPANESE ONSEN (COMMUNAL BATHS).

FIGURE 1.9 THE OBJECTS THAT RADIATE ARE NOT THEMSELVES RADIANT, BUT THEIR SURROUNDINGS ARE. RADIANT ATMOSPHERES CAN CAUSE OBJECTS TO BECOME CONDUCTIVE OR THE ATMOSPHERE TO BECOME CONVECTIVE/HYBRID

RADIANT ATMOSPHERES

SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS THAT TRANSMIT HEAT VIA THE AIR; THEIR HEAT CONTENT MAKES INDIRECT CONTACT WITH THE HUMAN BODY VIA THE AIR GEOGRAPHICAL

BUILT

THE SUN’S RAYS

KRAUS, ALLAN D., ABDUL AZIZ, AND JAMES R. WELTY. INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL AND FLUID ENGINEERING / BY ALLAN D. KRAUS, JAMES R. WELTY AND ABDUL AZIZ. FIRST EDITION. BOCA RATON, FL: CRC PRESS, AN IMPRINT OF TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, 2011.

33 HESCHONG, LISA. THERMAL DELIGHT IN ARCHITECTURE, 1979.

34 PILCH, WANDA, MARTA SZAREK, CZERWIŃSKA-LEDWIG OLGA, PIOTROWSKA ANNA, MAŁGORZATA ŻYCHOWSKA, SADOWSKA-KREPA EWA, ŠTEFÁNIA ANDRAŠČÍKOVÁ, AND TOMASZ PAŁKA. “THE EFFECTS OF A SINGLE AND A SERIES OF FINNISH SAUNA SESSIONS ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND HSP-70 LEVELS IN TRAINED AND UNTRAINED MEN.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYPERTHERMIA 40, NO. 1 (2023): 2179672– 2179672.

35 SERBULEA, MIHAELA, AND UNNIKRISHNAN PAYYAPPALLIMANA. “ONSEN (HOT SPRINGS) IN JAPAN—TRANSFORMING TERRAIN INTO HEALING LANDSCAPES.” HEALTH & PLACE 18, NO. 6 (2012): 1366–1373.

32

THE AREA AROUND A HEARTH

INCANDESCENT LIGHTING

RADIANT FLOORS AND WALLS (WHEN YOU SHARE SPACE WITH THEM, NOT TOUCH THEM)

THE AREA AROUND A SEMI-ACTIVE VOLCANO

CONCRETE PARKING LOT

THE WATER’S SURFACE, WHICH REFLECTS THE SUN’S RAYS

RADIATOR (WHEN SHARING SPACE, NOT TOUCHING)

FIGURE 1.10

I SUSPECT THAT IT IS NOT ONLY CULTURALLY-SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT THAT WORK AS COMMUNITY-BUILDING TOOLS IN THIS WAY, SINCE CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS CAN ALSO BE FOUND AS SIMPLE GEOGRAPHICAL ALLOWANCES (LIKE THE HOT SAND OF A BEACH, OR SHADY SIDE OF A HILL, AS MENTIONED EARLIER). THE POTENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY-BUILDING THROUGH WELLNESS IS FOUND IN NATURAL RESOURCES THEMSELVES AND NOT JUST THE WAYS DIFFERENT INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES HAVE TRADITIONALLY ACTUALIZED THEM FOR THIS PURPOSE.36 AS OUR PLANET CONTINUES TO CHANGE AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS SHIFT, I BELIEVE WE CAN LEARN FROM THE PROTOTYPING OF THESE TRADITIONALLY-BUILT HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES AS PRECEDENTS IN ORDER TO CONCEPTUALIZE NEW DEPLOYMENTS FOR COMMUNITY-BUILDING THROUGH WELLNESS WITHOUT DIRECTLY COPYING OR MISAPPROPRIATING THEM OUTSIDE OF THE CULTURAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT FROM WHICH THEY ORIGINATED. MORESO, ONE CANNOT ENTIRELY DISCOUNT POST-INDUSTRIAL MECHANICAL HEATING SYSTEMS AS POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS FOR COMMUNITYBUILDING THROUGH INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS SIMPLY BECAUSE WE ARE NOT BEST-ADAPTED TO THEM FROM THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW LAID OUT IN THE WORKING DEFINITION FOR WELLNESS. HERE, IT IS BEST TO RETURN TO THE TOPIC OF AYURVEDIC MEDICINE IN ORDER TO BRING FORTH A PARALLEL BETWEEN AYURVEDIC MEDICINE AND MODERN MEDICINE THAT WORKS THROUGH SIMILAR LOGIC BETWEEN PREAND POST-INDUSTRIAL HEATING SYSTEMS. AYURVEDIC MEDICINE IS MAINLY PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE, IN THAT IT WORKS BY PROMOTING A LIFESTYLE THAT REDUCES THE RISK OF DISEASE. IT CAN ALSO PROPOSE SOLUTIONS FOR EASING THE HEALING PROCESS OF DISEASES NOT CAUSED BY HUMAN OVERPOPULATION OR TOXIC CHEMICAL EXPOSURE, SUCH AS FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. MODERN MEDICINE – WHILE IT HAS PREVENTATIVE ELEMENTS – IS MAINLY GEARED AT SOLVING PROBLEMS CREATED OR EXACERBATED BY MODERN SOCIETY, SUCH AS VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES, IMMUNODEFICIENCIES, OR EVEN CANCER.37 MODERN MEDICINE CAN ALSO SOLVE SIMPLE PROBLEMS AS OUTLINED ABOVE (FUNGAL, BACTERIAL INFECTIONS) BUT IT DOES SO THROUGH CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS THAT ARE NOT NATURALLY OCCURRING IN OUR FOOD. AND MODERN MEDICINE IS KNOWN FOR ITS “SIDE EFFECTS” BECAUSE EVEN WHILE SOMETIMES NECESSARY AND ADVISABLE FOR OUR SURVIVAL, CONSUMING MODERN MEDICINE CAN LEAD TO OTHER HEALTH ISSUES. DESPITE THIS, WE LIVE IN A POST-INDUSTRIAL WORLD WHERE WE DO OFTEN HAVE TO SOLVE “UNNATURAL” PROBLEMS WITH “UNNATURAL” SOLUTIONS.38 WE MUST SOMETIMES SUBMIT TO MODERN MEDICINE TO TREAT HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT MAY NOT HAVE OCCURRED HAD WE BEEN SUBSISTING ON A HUNTING AND FORAGING DIET WHILE EXERCISING TO OBTAIN OUR FOOD EVERY DAY (OR AT LEAST, MAY NOT HAVE OCCURRED IN THE SAME FREQUENCY).

THE ROLE OF HEAT IN INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY WELLNESS

PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEMS EMPLOYED BY INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN EARLY ENCLOSED BUILT ENVIRONMENTS CONSIDERED COMMUNITY INTEGRATION AS PART OF THEIR MODEL OF WELLNESS. CULTURAL BUILT HEAT ARTIFACTS REFLECT THIS. THIS PROVIDES THE BEST BALANCE BETWEEN ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES NECESSARY FOR WELLNESS WITH AMPLE CONTROLS THAT ARE STILL BIOMIMETIC IN NATURE.

UNENCLOSED PRE-BUILT ENVIRONMENTS INTEGRATED INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP WELLNESS HEAT NEEDS, SUCH AS GATHERING AROUND A HOT SPRING. THESE CANNOT BE ADAPTED TO LARGER SCALES AND OFFER MINIMAL CONTROLS OR SOLUTIONS TO OUR CHANGING CLIMATE.

WE ARE NOW DEPENDENT ON ACTIVE SYSTEMS FOR THEIR ADAPTIVITY TO LARGER SCALES AND ABILITY TO TOTALLY SHIELD US FROM THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, BUT THEY DO NOT OFTEN MIMIC THE COMMUNITY-BUILDING OR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SENTIMENT OF INDIGENOUS PASSIVE BUILT SYSTEMS.

*NO PASSIVE OR ACTIVE HEATING SYSTEMS

*PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEMS *ACTIVE HEATING SYSTEMS

HEAT-BASED INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS TYPE B - PARTIALLY MANIPULATED NATURAL ENVIRONMENT “CULTURAL BUILT HEAT ARTIFACTS” ENCLOSED. DIRECT ACCESS TO NUTRIENTS AND MILD BUT NATURAL TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION, BALANCED ACCESS TO NATURE AND CONTROLS

HEAT-BASED INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS TYPE A UNMANIPULATED NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

HEAT-BASED INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS TYPE C - OBSTRUCTED NATURAL ENVIRONMENT - FULLY MAN MADE SETTING

UNENCLOSED. DIRECT ACCESS TO NUTRIENTS AND NATURAL TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION, LESS CONTROL

ENCLOSED. HIGHLY REGULATED HEAT/COOL ENVIRONMENT, LESS-THAN-OPTIMAL LEVELS OF TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION, LESS BIOPHILIA ACCESS

HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES

HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES

HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES

INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MENTAL

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

MANMADE ENVIRONMENT

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RAW BUILDING MATERIALS FOR BUILDING SHELTER

GEOGRAPHICALLY-SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHERS

INSTANT CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL)

NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND THE ATMOSPHERE (UNENCLOSED)

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

4

FOUR ENVIRONMENTAL INGREDIENTS FOR INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS

MANUFACTURED BUILDING MATERIALS FOR BUILDING SHELTER STRUCTURALLY-SUPPORTED OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHERS

INSTANT CLIMATE/TEMPERATURE VARIATION (NOT SEASONAL) NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH BOTH FOOD AND ARCHTIECTURAL COMPONENTS, INDOOR AIR QUALITY

POTENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY-SCULPTING

FIGURE 1.11 WEAR, A. (ANDREW). KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE IN EARLY MODERN ENGLISH MEDICINE, 1550-1680 / ANDREW WEAR. CAMBRIDGE: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2000.

38 BANHAM, REYNER. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WELL-TEMPERED ENVIRONMENT / REYNER BANHAM. CHICAGO: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, 1969.

2007.

37

17

THE SAME CAN BE SAID BETWEEN PRE-INDUSTRIAL PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEMS AND SETTINGS, VERSUS POST-INDUSTRIAL ACTIVE HEATING SYSTEMS AND SETTINGS. IN REYNER BANHAM’S BOOK ARCHITECTURE OF THE WELL-TEMPERED ENVIRONMENT, HE EXPLAINS THAT PART OF THE REASON THAT MECHANICAL HVAC SYSTEMS CAME INTO BEING IS BECAUSE THEY BECAME NECESSARY WHEN PEOPLE FIRST STARTED BUILDING LARGE FACTORY BUILDINGS. HUMANS HAD NEVER COME TOGETHER TO FORM SUCH MASSIVE COLLECTIVES IN CITIES BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL ERA, AND THE ADVENT CAME WITH A HOST OF NEW HEALTH ISSUES. FOR A BUILDING SUCH AS A SKYSCRAPER TO KEEP ITS INHABITANTS ALIVE AND THRIVING, PASSIVE HEATING AND VENTILATION WASN’T ENOUGH. HUMANS WERE NOT ADAPTED TO LIVING IN THIS KIND OF DENSITY, AND NEITHER WAS THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. THUS, MANY MECHANICAL HVAC SYSTEMS EMERGED TO SUPPORT OUR MODERN LIFESTYLE. TODAY, WE FIND OURSELVES STILL LIVING IN THE POST-INDUSTRIAL ERA AND NEEDING TO USE MANY MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, ESPECIALLY IN URBAN SETTINGS. BY NEEDING TO SOLVE DESIGN PROBLEMS IN “UNNATURAL” WAYS DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, HOWEVER, WE WERE LEFT WITH A NUMBER OF TOOLS THAT WE CAN STILL TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THAT – WITH THE CORRECT APPLICATION – HARKEN BACK TO THE WAY WE FULFILLED OUR NEEDS IN THE PRISTINE NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS WE ONCE LIVED IN. AMONG THESE TOOLS IS CLEANLY-GENERATED ELECTRICITY FROM NON-FOSSIL FUEL SOURCES. INDUSTRIALIZATION SHAPED THE CURRENT HUMAN CONDITION FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE, AND WE CANNOT – NOR SHOULD WE – ENTIRELY DISREGARD THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES WE INHERITED FROM IT, AS WE CAN NOW SATISFY HEAT-BASED WELLNESS TO PROMOTE COMMUNITY ON LARGER SCALES. CONVERSELY, WE CAN ALSO REDUCE MECHANICAL HEATING SYSTEM USAGE BY REDUCING THE SCALE OF BUILDINGS, AS MANY WELLNESS ISSUES ARE CAUSED BY THE SCALE OF THE BUILDING ITSELF. WE DO NOT NECESSARILY HAVE TO RETURN SOLELY TO THE HEARTH, EVEN THOUGH IT CONTINUES TO SERVE US WELL. WHILE NO HEATED OBJECT OR ATMOSPHERE – WHETHER PRE- OR POST-INDUSTRIAL - IS UNIVERSAL IN FORM, HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES ARE ENVIRONMENTALLY DRIVEN ACROSS MANY DIFFERENT INHABITABLE ZONES FOR HUMANS AND ARE, IN FACT, A UNIVERSAL INGREDIENT FOR WELLNESS. AND BY EXTENSION – ENTIRELY NECESSARY FOR SCULPTING COMMUNITY.

PEOPLE FEEL A SENSE OF RELIEF MENTALLY, PHYSICALLY, AND EMOTIONALLY THAT BEGINS PHYSICALLY IN THE BODY WITH REGULATION THROUGH HEAT.

IR O V N E

HOUSING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

E

LL Y

A

WELL DESIGNED AND BUILT

R

A

& L

A C

TI

V

E

& , IN A PE C S C O O A L FU P M FE U M N J L S LO D OI E A U IV PE O RA N IN RE NIT Y A O K ISI E RE P O N EV ALW SP , G L A N LO E A UT , F EN AY IRIT D W R FO E TS S I S S C A E O V NT LE TR R O TIV (E.G WE CR M IA I- VE E N A L M B SO L AT E LS . S CO EA UN LE C S O E A ). PO M TE ITY , EF IA F D F NO NE RT E D. -F FE L B CR AIR TH IGH S, TO RI C EH IM L ER B EN TI A E Y. . O D VE VI , D TH AL RS LY , A O R E L PO ND R W UG RE S ITH S, LIC C OC U IN LT IA G .

U L

INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE SOUND IN BODY AND MIND VIA HEAT TO SELF-REGULATE HAVE THE MOTIVATION TO PARTICIPATE BECAUSE THEY ARE FUNCTIONING AT THEIR BEST.

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

PEOPLE FEEL A SENSE OF RELIEF MENTALLY, PHYSICALLY, AND EMOTIONALLY THAT BEGINS PHYSICALLY IN THE BODY WITH REGULATION THROUGH HEAT.

PROGRAMMING IS CLUSTERED IN HEATED ATMOSPHERES AND AROUND SELF-REGULATING OBJECTS THAT SHARE FUNCTIONS WITHIN FAMILIES, ALLOWING THEM TO EXPERIENCE DELIGHT TOGETHER

HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES IN BLENDED NATURAL/BUILT ENVIRONMENTS

PEOPLE FEEL A SENSE OF RELIEF MENTALLY, PHYSICALLY, AND EMOTIONALLY THAT BEGINS PHYSICALLY IN THE BODY WITH REGULATION THROUGH HEAT. PEOPLE ARE NOT EXHAUSTED TRYING TO SPEND EVERY WAKING HOUR GETTING THEIR NEEDS MET.

MENTAL

HEATED OBJECTS AND SPACES CAN BE ACCESSED WITHOUT PHYSICAL LABOR, AND ARE WHEELCHAIR ACESSIBLE. PLACES LIKE A SAUNA PROVIDE RELIEF FOR EVERY KIND OF BODY, AS DO HEAT-CONCIOUS GROCERY STORES, BUSES, ETC.

HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES IN BLENDED NATURAL/BUILT ENVIRONMENTS

HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES IN BLENDED NATURAL/BUILT ENVIRONMENTS

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

HEAT GAINS ARE EMBRACED AND HARNESSED INSTEAD OF EXPELLED. HEAT-PRODUCING MEASURES ALSO INCLUDE THE GENERATION OF OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY AND NUTRIENTS. PEOPLE BECOME HEALTHIER IN MORE THAN ONE WAY WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT

MENTAL

FAIR FOR EVERYONE CREDIT: LEDELL THOMAS

PEOPLE FEEL BETTER IN ALL RESPECTS WHEN THEY HAVE EASY ACCESS TO ALL RESOURCES IN THEIR COMMUNITY.

WELL SERVED

HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES IN BLENDED NATURAL/BUILT ENVIRONMENTS

PEOPLE FORM EMOTIONAL BONDS WITH EACH OTHER AS NEIGHBORS IN SHARED HEAT SPACES AND DEVELOP AN ALTRUISTIC DESIRE TO SEE EACH OTHER SUCCEED.

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

D

TE

C

E

N

HIGH QUALITY SERVICES FOR FAMILIES AND CHILDREN (INCLUDING EARLY YEARS CHILD CARE). A GOOD RANGE OF AFFORDABLE PUBLIC, COMMUNITY, VOLUNTARY AND PRIVATE SERVICES (E.G. RETAIL, FRESH FOOD, COMMERCIAL, UTILITIES, INFORMATION, AND ADVICE) THAT ARE ACCESSIBLE TO THE WHOLE COMMUNITY.

EQUITY

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

PEOPLE FEEL A SENSE OF RELIEF MENTALLY, PHYSICALLY, AND EMOTIONALLY THAT BEGINS PHYSICALLY IN THE BODY WITH REGULATION THROUGH HEAT.

18

SERVICES

R

MENTAL

INGREDIENTS FOR SUSTAINING A COMMUNITY THROUGH INDIVIDUALS AND HEAT

PEOPLE OF ALL AGES, RACES, CULTURES, SEXES AND ABILITIES ARE GIVEN ACCESS TO SERVICES, JOBS AND EDUCATION IN THE COMMUNITY. THIS FAIRNESS IS NOT A LUXURY. IT IS NORMAL TO EVERYONE. THIS FAIRNESS LASTS TO PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS.

TH

PEOPLE USE THEIR MONEY AS A FORM OF “VOTING” IN A FREE AND FAIR ECONOMY, AND COLLECTIVE MONEY SERVES TO HELP SPECIFIC INDIVIDUALS WHEN NEEDED.

GOVERNANCE

Y

INDIVIDUALS TOGETHER CREATE COMMUNITY IDENTITY BECAUSE THEIR ARCHITECTURE BECOMES SYMBOLIC, AND A SOURCE OF SHARED PRIDE.

MENTAL

WHEN DECISIONS ARE MADE ABOUT A COMMUNITY, LOCAL PEOPLE ARE INCLUDED IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS. THE COMMUNITY ENJOYS A SENSE OF CIVIC VALUES, RESPONSIBILITY, AND PRIDE.

M D O E AN EY N TH EY . TH O E C P IR N E V E A O LIF U E G M F EN TH VE E E O P D O PL AK Y O N R .

O M LIT TO SPE IMP ES TE D S A N A PE L TO U D D LP ES E A R A Y Q E N E N R E, O .

C NIT D AG S A H USI S C PL F ITY LO TU OO UR SE TO S B SSE EO ING UN O S Y ’ E P R O A G C INE ALL PLE SIN RE LIV MM F O PP E EN S O AV RE BU LOC PEO L BU MO S O C H A LL S R U R D E E A E SF FO AR TH SM AG TH ES S D IN W O CC JOB TAN PLE SU RE R S EO G O TE P M BET RE IN O M IV

PEOPLE FEEL A SENSE OF RELIEF MENTALLY, PHYSICALLY, AND EMOTIONALLY THAT BEGINS PHYSICALLY IN THE BODY WITH REGULATION THROUGH HEAT.

WELL RUN

& T Y R T O I P IV S T N C A NE TR ON C

HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES ARE NOT JUST DEPLOYED EFFICIENTLY, BUT IN AESTHETICALLY PLEASING WAYS THAT INVITE OTHERS IN.

HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES IN BLENDED NATURAL/BUILT ENVIRONMENTS

PEOPLE FEEL A SENSE OF RELIEF MENTALLY, PHYSICALLY, AND EMOTIONALLY THAT BEGINS PHYSICALLY IN THE BODY WITH REGULATION THROUGH HEAT.

TRANSPORTATION THAT USES HEAT NOT JUST TO EASE DISCOMFORT BUT ALSO THERAPEUTICALLY BECOMES NOT JUST ACCESSIBLE, BUT ATTRACTIVE TO COMMUNITY MEMBERS, WHICH ALSO ENCOURGES LESS ENERGY USAGE.

N

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

HEATED SPACES THAT PROVIDE RELIEF FOR AN INDIVIDUAL WILL ALSO PROVIDE RELIEF FOR A GROUP, AND PROVOKE SETTINGS FOR COMMUNITY GROUPS TO GATHER WHICH STIMULATE A CALM MIND FOR ALL.

PEOPLE WHO FEEL A SENSE OF CONTROL IN THEIR LIVES EXPERIENCE BETTER EMOTIONAL WELLNESS. EMOTIONAL WELLNESS HELPS THEM COLLABORATE WITH A GROUP

O LP C S, HE E TIE T, D LL ILI R N UC E C PO A ED RE W FA NS HIN R E A E RT A IT D R AF .

O TR W AN HE S G SP C EL IES S. T GE LIN N LI A B AV IT R RA YC TR PU TR N A U C E G O MU N C O D TH IN E T M O NC AN D L O E E G LU P C C O C O N N T IN PE EE DE IES ALK N T TW E ILI W BE DEP AC AL F C LO

PEOPLE WHO FEEL GOOD IN THEIR OWN BODIES WILL MORE OFTEN THINK TO INVITE OTHERS TO PARTICIPATE IN ACTIVITIES THAT WILL MAKE THEM FEEL THE SAME POSITIVE WAY. HEATED SPACES ARE RELAXING AND FREE AND THUS DISCOURAGE DRUG USE.

HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES IN BLENDED NATURAL/BUILT ENVIRONMENTS

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

IN

MENTAL

HEATED OBJECTS AND SPACES CAN BE ACCESSED WITHOUT PHYSICAL LABOR, AND ARE WHEELCHAIR ACESSIBLE. PLACES LIKE A SAUNA PROVIDE RELIEF FOR EVERY KIND OF BODY, AS DO HEAT-CONCIOUS GROCERY STORES, BUSES, ETC. ALTHOUGH NOT REQUIRED, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS ENCOURAGED.

A SENSE OF PLACE/PLACE MAKING (E.G. A PLACE WITH A POSITIVE ‘FEELING’ FOR PEOPLE AND LOCAL DISTINCTIVENESS). BUILDINGS ARE ATTRACTIVE, SAFE AND USEFUL TO THE PEOPLE WHO USE THEM. BUILDINGS THAT PEOPLE WANT TO GO INTO, WITH LOTS OF OPEN SPACE FOR PEOPLE TO PLAY AND RELAX.

PEOPLE FEEL A SENSE OF RELIEF MENTALLY, PHYSICALLY, AND EMOTIONALLY THAT BEGINS PHYSICALLY IN THE BODY WITH REGULATION THROUGH HEAT.

MENTAL

N C M EN C TIV E E N M VIR HA LY TA EA O NG SE N EL E L E B SU M E K M CT UIL RE EN THR TO ET EA RI T F S - T F O M C C U I PR G . C SUR ITY EAT IND EAT G NIM O RE R ES , E UR IV UR H B IZ

BY PO EN EAT , BU MP ES IDU ES OT E C M GA ER E C ILT LO USE AL AN H B LIM S A TI N L O Y IN N EI EA N W M RE D S UIL ATE TA G G N W A IN C O T E IN SU HB ER A TER IM YC CIA N SP ING CH OR , SA STE -SA AL LE, L V HO F L V IR A B C CL UI O ER A IN ES E LD D , ND G S ON E .. AN IN S AN , N M PU GS BY D S E IT N BL A IC ND IV TA

HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES IN BLENDED NATURAL/BUILT ENVIRONMENTS

HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES IN BLENDED NATURAL/BUILT ENVIRONMENTS

PEOPLE FEEL A SENSE OF RELIEF MENTALLY, PHYSICALLY, AND EMOTIONALLY THAT BEGINS PHYSICALLY IN THE BODY WITH REGULATION THROUGH HEAT.

FIGURE 1.12

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

PRECEDENTS

HEAT-BASED WELLNESS TYPE B - PARTIALLY MANIPULATED NATURAL ENVIRONMENT “CULTURAL BUILT HEAT ARTIFACTS”

PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEMS EMPLOYED BY INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN EARLY ENCLOSED BUILT ENVIRONMENTS CONSIDERED COMMUNITY INTEGRATION AS PART OF THEIR MODEL OF WELLNESS. CULTURAL BUILT HEAT ARTIFACTS REFLECT THIS. THIS PROVIDES THE BEST BALANCE BETWEEN ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES NECESSARY FOR WELLNESS WITH AMPLE CONTROLS THAT ARE STILL BIOMIMETIC IN NATURE. THE IDEA DRIVING THIS SERIES OF PRECEDENT STUDIES IS THAT EACH CULTURAL AND/OR GEOGRAPHICAL HEAT ARTIFACT EXPERIENCES CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, AND RADIATION AT DIFFERENT PHASES OF ITS DEPLOYMENT. HEAT TRANSFERS BETWEEN ITS MODALITIES OFTEN. THE HEAT PHASE AT WHICH WE EXPERIENCE THESE HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES MAY FEEL LIKE ITS “FINAL PHASE,” I.E. THAT THE HEAT HAD BEEN TRASFERED AND TRANSFORMED UNTIL IT EVENTUALLY MADE CONTACT WITH THE HUMAN BODY. WHILE A CONDUCTIVE OBJECT MAY HAVE BEEN RADIANT OR CONVECTIVE PRIOR TO BECOMING CONDUCTIVE, IT MAY ALSO TRANSFER TO A DIFFERENT HEAT PHASE AFTER WE COME INTO CONTACT WITH IT. A CENTRAL QUESTION IN THESE PRECEDENT STUDIES IS: DOES SEQUENCE OF HEAT MODALITY IN THE LIFECYCLE OF HEAT MOVING THROUGH THESE ARTIFACTS MATTER?

ONDOL RADIANT ATMOSPHERE

STRUCTURED PHYSICAL DEMANDS (LIKE EXERCISE) ARE EASIER TO FOLLOW IN A GROUP SETTING.

PHYSICAL:

PHYSICAL:

PHYSICAL: MENTAL: PEER GROUPS CREATE BEHAVIORAL INCENTIVES, BOLSTER POSITIVE EMOTIONS

EMOTIONAL:

RELAX REDUCE ANXIETY ALLOW FOR BETTER SLEEP

COMMUNAL

MENTAL: INTERACTION WITH SENSORY RELIEF IMPROVES FOCUS

HUMAN CONTACT AIDED BY ADDED WARMTH

EMOTIONAL:

POSITIVE EMOTIONS MAKE IT EASIER TO CONNECT, CONNECTION BOLSTERS POSITIVE EMOTIONS

SOCIAL

MENTAL: NEUROLOGICAL/ SENSORY RELIEF

MUSCLE RELEASE INCREASE BLOOD FLOW LOWER METABOLIC RATE

3

AFTER DIRECT CONTACT WITH OBJECTS ON ITS SURFACE, THE ONDOL FLOOR RADIATES HEAT INTO THE AIR IN THE INTERIOR OF THE ROOM. WHILE NOT AS POTENT AS DIRECTLY TOUCHING THE HUMAN BODY, THE RADIANT HEAT FROM THE ONDOL CAN WARM THE ROOM FOR HOURS OR EVEN DAYS BECAUSE OF THE BIOMASS PROPERTIES OF CLAY MASONRY.

EMOTIONAL:

RELAX REDUCE ANXIETY ALLOW FOR BETTER SLEEP

POSTCONTACT/ INDIRECT

INDIVIDUAL

PLACES THAT REGULATE PEOPLE AND MAKE THEM FEEL GOOD BECOME NATURALLY ATTRACTIVE LOCATIONS TO PLAN COMMUNAL ACTIVITES. PEOPLE ARE INCENTIVIZED VIA THEIR INCREASED WELLNESS TO ATTEND. ONCE WE FEEL MORE REGULATED, WE CAN BETTER INTERACT WITH OTHERS. CHIMNEY

GUEMDOL (STONES FOR ADDED BIOMASS)

GOODLEJANG (OILED CLAY LAYERS FOR BIOMASS AND HEAT RETENTION

THE AREA CLOSEST IN PROXIMITY TO THE KILN WILL CONDUCT THE STRONGEST HEAT. FAMILY MEMBERS SLEEP ON THE FLOOR IN RINGS OF STATUS - THE OLDEST SLEEP CLOSEST TO THE KILN. THIS PROVIDES A PHYSIOLOGICAL BENEFIT: THE OLDER WE GET, THE MORE HEAT WE NEED TO SELF-REGULATE. HEAT REGULATES THE INDIVIDUAL EMOTIONALLY VIA RELAXATION, MENTALLY THROUGH SENSORY INPUT, AND PHYSICALLY THROUGH OUR NERVOUS SYSTEM.

CONDUCTIVE OBJECT

2

AT THE POINT IN WHICH THE ONDOL FLOOR MAKES CONTACT WITH THE HUMAN BODY, THE FLOOR CONDUCTS HEAT DIRECTLY TO THE HUMAN BODY. THIS IS THE STRONGEST HEAT TRANSFER, THE MOST POTENT FOR SELF-REGULATION.

ONDOL FLOOR (GRAVEL COATED WITH POROUS TILES)

BUTU-MAK (COOKING POT; DOUBLE USAGE OF FIRE/KILN)

DIRECT CONTACT

AGUNGI (FIREWOOD)

GAEJARI (COMPACTED EARTH)

WIND PROTECTOR (PREVENTS PRESSURE BUILD-UP IN CHIMNEY)

WIND PROTECTORS (BUNUMGI & JAE-AGUNGI, PREVENTS PRESSURE BUILD-UP OF SMOKE)

CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

1

WHILE SMOKE IS TRAVELIING AS FLUID HEAT THROUGH THE AIR WITHIN THE MASONRY NETWORKS BELOW THE FLOOR, IT RELIES ON HOT/COLD CIRCULATION, AIR PRESSURE, AND SHAPE OF TUNNELS AND DEAD ENDS TO CREATE CONVECTION LOOPS THAT ALLOW IT TO CIRCULATE THROUGHOUT ALL THE TUNNELS.

PRECONTACT

NOTES: THE LAYOUT OF THE MASONRY TUNNELS IN THE ONDOL FLOOR SYSTEM CAN CONTROL FOR THE HEATING CONDITIONS: CONCENTRATIONS OF TUNNELS IN CERTAIN PLACES CAN PROVIDE EVEN HEATING THROUGHOUT THE FLOOR, WHILE SIMPLE TUNNELS CAN CREATE A HEAT GRADIENT IF DESIRED, FOR THE TRADITIONAL AGE SLEEPING HIERARCHY. MANY MODERN ONDOL SYSTEMS AIM FOR EVEN HEATING THROUGHOUT THE FLOOR, BUT THIS MAY NOT ALWAYS BE IDEAL FOR OUR WELLNESS OR DESIRED FUNCTIONALLY.

FIGURE 1.13 HEAT MODALITY SEQUENCE

19

THE SAUNA IS A UNIQUE EXAMPLE OF A CULTURAL HEAT ARTIFACT BECAUSE HEAT REACHES MORE THAN ONE “DESTINATION” AS IT COMES IN CONTACT WITH THE HUMAN BODY. IT BEGINS AS A CONDUCTIVE OBJECT AS WOOD IS BURNED, YET IN THE STEAM ROOM, IT ENCOUNTERS THE HUMAN BODY VIA CONVECTION. IN THE “COLD” SAUNA OPTION, PEOPLE TYPICALLY INTERACT WITH COLD WATER OR SNOW - CONDUCTIVE. IF WE ARE THE DESTINATION, AND PEOPLE ARE ALTERNATING BETWEEN THESE OPTIONS, THE GOAL BECOMES CONFUSED. IF CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS - WITH THEIR HIGHEST POTENCY FOR HEAT TRANSFER - ARE NOT NECESSARILY THE END GOAL OR EVEN THE END OF THE SEQUENCE, WHAT ARE WE REALLY AIMING FOR IN THE SAUNA’S HEAT BENEFITS?

NOTES: CEDAR WOOD SIDING DOES NOT CONDUCT MUCH HEAT ITSELF, MAKING IT A VIABLE SURFACE FOR PEOPLE TO TOUCH INSIDE A HOT CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE. YET, CEDAR CONTAINS VITAMINS AND MINERALS THAT THE HUMAN BODY BENEFITS FROM - MAINLY ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS THAT ARE AIRBORNE BUT RELEASED IN GREATER AMOUNTS WHEN CATALYSED WITH HEAT.

CEDAR OR OTHER ANTIBACTERIAL WOOD SIDING

PHYSICAL: MENTAL:

PEER GROUPS CREATE BEHAVIORAL INCENTIVES, BOLSTER POSITIVE EMOTIONS. CONNECTING VIA NON-PROFESSIONAL MEANS CHANGES OUTLOOK

-INCREASES PRODUCTIVITY IN OFFICE SETTINGS -INCREASES EMPLOYEE MORALE

EMOTIONAL:

RELAX REDUCE ANXIETY ALLOW FOR BETTER SLEEP

PHYSICAL:

MENTAL: NEUROLOGICAL/ SENSORY INTENSITY CAUSES TEMPORARY DISCOMFORT, MAKES POSITIVE FEELINGS STRONGER

COMMUNAL

SAUNA

2

RADIANT ATMOSPHERE

-MUSCLE RELEASE -CARDIOVASCULAR CONSTRICTION/EXPANSION REDUCES RISK OF CARDIAC EVENTS -INCREASES METABOLIC RATE -HORMONE RELEASE

EMOTIONAL:

RELAX REDUCE ANXIETY ALLOW FOR BETTER SLEEP

INDIVIDUAL

PHYSICAL: MENTAL: INTERACTION WITHOUT DISTRACTION OF TECHNOLOGY IMPROVES FOCUS

THE AREA DRECTLY AROUND THE OVEN RADIATES HOT AIR, WHICH THEN FEEDS HEAT INTO THE CONVECTIVE CYCLE IN THE ROOM.

HUMAN CONTACT AIDED BY SHARED SENSORY/ METABOLIC EXPERIENCE

EMOTIONAL:

POSITIVE EMOTIONS MAKE IT EASIER TO CONNECT, CONNECTION BOLSTERS POSITIVE EMOTIONS

SOCIAL

CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

PRECONTACT

INDIVIDUALS DO NOT MAKE DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE OVEN OR THE IMMEDIATELY SURROUNDING RADIANT ATMOSPHERE. THEY SIT ON CEDAR (OR SIMILAR WOOD) BENCHES WHICH THEMSELVES DO NOT CONDUCT MUCH HEAT. THE MOST DOMINANT HEAT INTAKE IN THIS PHASE IS THE HOT AND COLD AIR IN THE ROOM CIRCULATING CONVECTIVELY. COLD WATER BATH; PEOPLE MAY OR MAY NOT BE FULLY SUBMERGED

OVEN WITH BARRIER RELEASES STEAM, NOT SMOKE TYPICALLY

FURTHER, WE HAVE INDIVIDUAL, SOCIAL, AND COMMUNAL ENCOUNTERS WITH THESE HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES. SOME EXPERIENCES AROUND THE HEAT ARE CENTERED ON COMMUNAL ACTIVITIES AT ITS PEAK POTENCY. YET, THE ACCESS TO THE HEAT MAKES ALL THREE OF THESE TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS EASIER TO MAINTAIN. THE ONSEN MAY SUGGEST THAT DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL, SOCIAL, AND COMMUNAL BENEFITS MAY BE TIES TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE HEAT CYCLE FOR CERTAIN HEAT ARTIFACTS, AND THOSE TIES MAY VARY FROM ONE HEAT ARTIFACT TO THE NEXT.

CONDUCTIVE OBJECT

CONDUCTIVE OBJECT

AS EITHER THE FIRST OR FINAL STEP IN AN INDIVIDUAL’S INTERACTION WITH THE SAUNA SYSTEM, THE HUMAN BODY SUBMERGES IN COLD WATER. THE WATER CONDUCTS HEAT AWAY FROM THE BODY.

1

IF BEGINNING WITH

3

IF ENDING WITH

INDIRECT CONTACT

1

THE INDOOR OVEN IS THE INITIAL HEAT SOURCE. INDIVIDUALS DO NOT MAKE DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE OVEN OR THE IMMEDIATELY SURROUNDING RADIANT ATMOSPHERE.

FIGURE 1.14

3

PRECONTACT

DIRECT CONTACT

HEAT MODALITY SEQUENCE

3

RADIANT ATMOSPHERE

POSTCONTACT/ INDIRECT

THE EFFECTS OF ADDED HEAT AND NUTRIENTS FROM RADIANCE FROM THE SUN ARE LONGER-TERM AND LESS DOMINANT THAN THE CONDUCTIVE HEAT IMPACT FROM THE ONSEN’S WATER, BUT THEY STILL ADD TO THE TOTAL HEAT/COOL TEMPERATURE VARIANCE AND HEAT CONTENT IN THE EXPERIENCE OVER ALL.

PHYSICAL: MENTAL:

MENTAL: NAKEDNESS AND LEAVING PERSONAL BELONGINGS IN OPEN BASKETS FORCE A HEALTHY SENSE OF VULNERABILITY AND DEMAND TRUST FROM OTHERS AND HUMILITY

PHYSICAL: MENTAL: PEER GROUPS CREATE BEHAVIORAL INCENTIVES, BOLSTER POSITIVE EMOTIONS. FORCES YOU TO SEE PEERS IN A HUMANIZING, VULNERABLE WAY

POSITIVE PEER PRESSURE TO MOVE AROUND AT THE SAME PACE AS OTHERS

INTERACTION WITH SENSORY RELIEF IMPROVES FOCUS

PHYSICAL:

-MUSCLE RELEASE -NUTRIENT INTAKE THROUGH SKIN OF SULPHUR, IRON, MAGNESIUM, SODIUM -HUAMNS ARE MOST ADAPTED TO THE HOT/COLD FLUCTUATION OF OUTDOOR NATURAL RESOURCES, SO THIS BOOSTS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND ,METABOLIC RATE IN THE MOST IDEAL WAY

HUMAN CONTACT AIDED BY ADDED WARMTH

EMOTIONAL:

POSITIVE EMOTIONS MAKE IT EASIER TO CONNECT, CONNECTION BOLSTERS POSITIVE EMOTIONS

EMOTIONAL: RELAX REDUCE ANXIETY ALLOW FOR BETTER SLEEP MORE OPEN TO SCOIALIZATION

SOCIAL

INDIVIDUAL

EMOTIONAL:

RELAX REDUCE ANXIETY DEEP, MEANINGFUL BONDS WITH PEER GROUPS

COMMUNAL

FIGURE 1.15

NOTES: ONSEN ARE NOT THE ONLY COMMUNAL BATHING OPTION IN JAPAN - IN URBAN SETTINGS, THERE ARE ALSO SENTO, WHICH ARE INDOOR COMMUNAL BATHS THAT DO NOT SOURCE WATER FROM NATURAL HOT SPRINGS. WHILE SENTO PROVIDE THE SAME PHYSIOLOGICAL BENEFITS FROM HEAT AND SOCIALIZATION, THEY DO NOT PROVIDE THE NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS FROM THE MINERALIZED HOT SPRINGS WATER OR EXPOSURE TO OUTDOOR AIR AND SUNLIGHT. SENTO ARE A POST-INDUSTRIAL PHENOMENON - NOT A CULTURALLY-BUILT ANCIENT PHENOMENON LIKE ONSEN. ONSEN SOURCE THEIR WATER FROM NATURALLY-OCCURRING HOT SPRINGS. WHILE ONSEN AND SENTO HAVE A LOT IN COMMON, ONSEN ARE MORE ACTUALIZED FOR WELLNESS AND SENTO ARE MORE ACTUALIZED FOR EFFICIENCY.

2 CONDUCTIVE OBJECT THE EXPERIENCE OF SITTING IN THE ONSEN INVOLVES BOTH SOAKING AND SOCIALIZING. PEOPLE TIE THEIR HAIR UP SO AS NOT TO CONTAMINATE THE WATER. AS SUCH, THE ONSEN IS NOT FOR FULLY SUBMERGING. THIS MEANS THAT PEOPLE EXPERIENCE IT AS A CONDUCTIVE OBJECT THAN A CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE.

20

1

CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

DIRECT CONTACT

UNDERGROUND WATER IN THE HOT SPRING MOVES UPWARD TO THE CONSTRUCTED POOL THROUGH A CONVECTION LOOP, IN WHICH HOT WATER RISES AND COOL WATER FALLS.

NO CONTACT

HEAT MODALITY SEQUENCE

PUBLIC ONSEN (OUTDOORS)

BEING ABLE TO MIMIC FEATURES OF THOSE BUILT HEAT ARTIFACTS THAT FAVOR SOCIAL, INDIVIDUAL, AND COMMUNAL INTERACTION BENEFITS FOR WELLNESS AT DIFFERENT HEAT DEPLOYMENT MODALITIES MAY BE AN ENTRY POINT FOR ADDRESSING UNFULFILLED MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL WELLNESS NEEDS IN DIFFERENT SETTINGS WITH ACCESS TO PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEMS AS COMMUNITY LANDMARKS. THE EXACT SEQUENCE, SIZE, AND DURATION THAT PEOPLE ENCOUNTER CULTURAL HEAT ARTIFACTS IMPACTS WHICH WELLNESS BENEFITS THEY RECEIVE.

PRECEDENTS

HEAT-BASED WELLNESS TYPE A UNMANIPULATED NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

UNENCLOSED, DIRECT ACCESS TO NUTRIENTS TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION, LESS CONTROL

4

3

RADIANT ATMOSPHERE

THIS IS A LIGHTLY-RADIATED ATMOSPHERE BECAUSE OF THE HUMID CLIMATE AND INTENSE VEGETATION IN THE SURROUNDINGS, UNLIKE THE SETTING OF THE WADI. RADIATION FROM THE SUN AND RE-RADIATION FROM THE SURROUNDING ROCKS CAN BE INTENSE OR MINIMAL, DEPENDING ON THE TIME OF DAY AND SEASON. IT CONTRIBUTES TO THE HEAT EXPERIENCE, BUT SUBTLY AND IN THE BACKGROUND.

INDIRECT CONTACT

PHYSICAL: MENTAL: PHYSICAL:

MENTAL: PEER GROUPS CREATE BEHAVIORAL INCENTIVES, CORE MEMORIES AROUND WATER AND GREENERY TOGETHER

EVERYONE COMES HERE TO GET NUTRITIONAL, MUSCULAR, CARDIOVASCULAR, AND CNS NEEDS SATISFIED TOGETHER

EMOTIONAL: RELAX REDUCE ANXIETY DEEP, MEANINGFUL BONDS WITH PEER GROUPS

INTERACTION WITH SENSORY RELIEF IMPROVES FOCUS

HUMAN CONTACT AIDED BY ADDED WARMTH

AND

NATURAL

CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE BECAUSE THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE AIR AND WATER CAN BE SO EXTREME, THE BODY MAY SENSE HEAT VIA STEAM AS IT APPROACHES (BUT NOT TOUCHES) THE WTER’S EDGE. THIS IS CONVECTION, BUT NOT WORKING TO THE BENEFIT OF HEAT - BECAUSE THE SPACE IS UNENCLOSED, THE HEAT ESCPAES THROUGH THE AIR, CONVECTING FROM THE WATER TO THE AIR.

INDIRECT CONTACT

EMOTIONAL:

POSITIVE EMOTIONS MAKE IT EASIER TO CONNECT, CONNECTION BOLSTERS POSITIVE EMOTIONS OASIS RESOURCES EASY TO APPRECIATE

PHYSICAL:

MENTAL: INTENSE SUNLIGHT AND BRIGHT CONTRASTS ALLOW EYE GAZE TO ADJUST TO DISTANCE VIEWING AND INCREASE PERCEPTION AND AWARENESS

-EXTREME TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION INVITES METALBOLISM STRENGTH -SENSORY SYSTEM RESET -WATER IS MINERAL-RICH FOR NUTRIENTS -BRAIN RELEASES CERTAIN HORMONES WHEN SURROUNDED

BY TREES

EMOTIONAL: RELAX REDUCE ANXIETY ALLOW FOR BETTER SLEEP MORE OPEN TO SCOIALIZATION

SOCIAL INDIVIDUAL

COMMUNAL

2

CONDUCTIVE OBJECT

HOT SPRINGS ARE OFTEN FOUND IN COLD CLIMATES, SO THE TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION WHEN SITTING IN THE WATER IS EXTREME, WHEN ONE HALF OF THE BODY IS SUBMERGED AND THE OTHER HALF HITS THE COLD, CRISP AIR. HEAT CONDUCTS INTO THE BODY AND THEN DISPERSES VIA CONVECTION IN THE AIR.

FIGURE 1.16

HOT SPRINGS

1

HEAT MODALITY SEQUENCE

CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE WATER BELOW GROUND IS PUSHED UPWARD VIA A CONVECTION CYCLE WHERE WARM RISES AND COOL FALLS. THSI CREATES PRESSURE AND ALLOWS THE HOT WATER TO ESCAPE.

DIRECT CONTACT

PRECONTACT

GEOGRAPHICAL HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES WHERE PEOPLE GATHER IN INDIVIDUAL, SOCIAL, AND COMMUNAL WAYS TO ENGAGE WITH HEAT DIFFER FROM CULTURAL BUILT HEAT ARTIFACTS IN THAT BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT BUILT BY PEOPLE, WE INHERENTLY HAVE LESS CONTROL OVER THEIR SIZE, FUNCTIONING, AND POTENCY. THAT SAID, UNDERSTANDING HOW PEOPLE ENGAGE WITH THE CYCLE OF CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, AND RADIATION IN GEOGRAPHICAL HEAT SETTINGS HELPS US UNDERSTAND THE PRECURSOR NEEDS AND MOTIES TO ESTABLISH THE PASSIVE BUILT HEAT ARTIFACTS THAT HAVE BENEFITTED US FOR SO LONG. WE LIKELY NEEDED OUR CULTURAL BUILT FIXTURES AS SOCIETIES AROUND THE WORLD GREW BECAUSE PRIOR TO THOSE, WE WERE GETTING THOSE SAME NEEDS MET IN GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXTS. GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXTS ARE TYPICALLY UNENCLOSED - LIKE A TRADITIONAL HOT SPRING - SO CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES ARE LESS COMMONLY THE CENTRAL CONTACT POINT FOR HUMANS. BECAUSE THEIR POTENCY CANNOT BE ALTERED AS EASILY, THE MOST POTENT THERAPEUTIC HEAT FORM - CONDUCTION - IS MORE COMMON THE “CENTRAL” POINT IN THE JOURNEY OF HEAT TO THE HUMAN BODY. EVEN WITH ACCESS TO CULTURAL BUILT PASSIVE HEAT ARTIFACTS, THE HUMAN DESIRE TO AT LEAST SOMETIMES ENGAGE WITH GEOGRAPHICAL HEAT FIXTURES INSTEAD MAY CONTINUE TO ENDURE. WE MAY WELL STILL BE ADAPTED TO FEELING THE ROCKS AND MINERALS ON OUR FEET, FEELING THE OPEN AIR, AND DIRECTLY VIEWING GREENERY. BIOPHILIA MAY INCREASE THE WELLNESS BENEFITS OF HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES AS A CATALYST OR SUB-BENEFIT AND INCREASE THE IMPACT OF THE EXPERIENCE (AND EVEN HEAT EXPOSURE) OVER ALL.

21

2

RADIANT ATMOSPHERE

BOTH THE SAND AND THE WATER ON THE BEACH ARE HIGHLY EFFECTIVE AS RE-RADIATING THE SUN’S RAYS, CREATING A HIGHLY RADIATIVE ATMOSPHERE THROUGHOUT THE BEACH. BECAUSE THE BEACH IS SO VAST AND UNENCLOSED AND BARELY HINDERED BY VEGETATION, THERE IS NOT A STRONG AMOUNT OF CONVECTION HAPPENING ON THE BEACH, SO THE ATMOSPHERIC QUALITY DOMINATES AS RADIATIVE. BECAUSE RADIATION IN THE WATER IS POTENT ENOUGH TO BURN PEOPLE OFTEN, I QUALIFY IT AS DIRECT CONTACT EVEN THOUGH IT IS THROUGH THE AIR.

SANDY BEACH

DIRECT CONTACT PHYSICAL:

MENTAL: -INTENSE SUNLIGHT AND BRIGHT CONTRASTS ALLOW EYE GAZE TO ADJUST TO DISTANCE VIEWING AND INCREASE PERCEPTION AND AWARENESS -WE ARE WIRED TO RESET OUR NERVOUS SYSTEM TO SOUNDS OF THE SEA

PHYSICAL: MENTAL: INTERACTION WITH REQUIRED MOVEMENT IN WATER IMPROVES FOCUS

PHYSICAL:

MENTAL: INTENSE HEAT FOR REGULATION AND SOUNDS OF WAVES RESET NERVOUS SYSTEM WELL ENOUGH TO RECEIVE GROUP DIRECTIONS

EVERYONE COMES HERE TO GET NUTRITIONAL, MUSCULAR, CARDIOVASCULAR, AND CNS NEEDS SATISFIED TOGETHER

HUMAN CONTACT AIDED BY ADDED WARMTH

-EXTREME HEAT COMPLETELY REGULATES BODY TEMPERATURE -SENSORY SYSTEM RESET -WATER IS MINERAL-RICH FOR NUTRIENTS -BRAIN RELEASES CERTAIN HORMONES WHEN SURROUNDED

BY THE SEA

EMOTIONAL: RELAX REDUCE ANXIETY ALLOW FOR BETTER SLEEP MORE OPEN TO SCOIALIZATION

EMOTIONAL:

POSITIVE EMOTIONS MAKE IT EASIER TO CONNECT, CONNECTION BOLSTERS POSITIVE EMOTIONS OASIS RESOURCES EASY TO APPRECIATE

INDIVIDUAL

EMOTIONAL: RELAX REDUCE ANXIETY DEEP, MEANINGFUL BONDS WITH PEER GROUPS, SENSE OF UNITY

SOCIAL

COMMUNAL

1 DIRECT CONTACT

3

CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

THE CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE IS MINIMAL ON THE BEACH IN TERMS OF ITS CONTACT WITH THE HUMAN BODY, BUT THE HEAT ON THE SHORE THAT THE SAND RADIATES DOES EFFECT THE STENGTH OF THE TIDES IN THE WATER (ALTHOUGH THIS ALSO HAS TO DO WITH THE MOON’S GRAVITATIONAL PULL).

LOOSELY SPEAKING, EXCESS CONVECTIVE HEAT FROM THE LAND DOES EFFECT WEATHER PATTERNS AT SEA.

CONDUCTIVE OBJECT

NO CONTACT

THE HOT SAND IS BOTH A CONDUCTOR AND A RADIATOR, AS ITS CRYSTALLINE FORM MAKES IT AN EFFECTIVE RE-RADIATOR OF THE SUN’S RAYS. AT THIS PHASE, THE SAND AS AN OBJECT CONDUCTS HEAT DIRECTLY TO THE HUMAN BODY. THIS IS IT’S PRIMARY AND MOST POTENT PHASE ON THE BEACH. THE WARMTH PEOPLE RECEIVE ON THE SAND CAN KEEP THEM REGULATED FOR THE REST OF THE DAY.

FIGURE 1.17

HEAT MODALITY SEQUENCE

3

RADIANT ATMOSPHERE

THE HOT SUN TURNS THE DRY, ARID HILLTOPS IN THE DISTANCE INTO CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS THAT RE-RADIATE OUT HEAT FROM THE SUN. WHILE NOT DIRECTLY PART OF THE WADI, THE VASTNESS AND SCALE OF THIS CONDITION TURNS THE LUSH VEGEATATION AND WARM WATER INTO AN ATTRACTION. AND ITS BIOMASS HEAT ABSORBING/RELEASING PROPERTIES CREATE A MASSIVE CONVECTIVE CYCLE BETWEEN THE WADI AND THE ADJACENT HILLTOPS.

INDIRECT CONTACT

PHYSICAL:

MENTAL: INTENSE SUNLIGHT AND BRIGHT CONTRASTS ALLOW EYE GAZE TO ADJUST TO DISTANCE VIEWING AND INCREASE PERCEPTION AND AWARENESS

-MILD TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION INVITES GENTLE REGULATION -SENSORY SYSTEM RESET -VEGETATION GIVES BODY NUTRIENTS -WATER IS MINERAL-RICH FOR NUTRIENTS -WATER IS WARM BUT NOT HOT COMFORTABLE BUT STILL REQUIRES METABOLISM WORK

EMOTIONAL: RELAX REDUCE ANXIETY ALLOW FOR BETTER SLEEP MORE OPEN TO SCOIALIZATION

INDIVIDUAL

PHYSICAL: MENTAL: PEER GROUPS CREATE BEHAVIORAL INCENTIVES, CORE MEMORIES AROUND EATING FRESH FOOD BY CLEAN MINERALIZED WATER TOGETHER

EVERYONE COMES HERE TO GET SUSTANENCE NEEDS SATISFIED TOGETHER

EMOTIONAL:

RELAX REDUCE ANXIETY DEEP, MEANINGFUL BONDS WITH PEER GROUPS

PHYSICAL:

COMMUNAL

1

MENTAL: INTERACTION WITH SENSORY RELIEF IMPROVES FOCUS

HUMAN CONTACT AIDED BY ADDED WARMTH

EMOTIONAL:

POSITIVE EMOTIONS MAKE IT EASIER TO CONNECT, CONNECTION BOLSTERS POSITIVE EMOTIONS OASIS RESOURCES EASY TO APPRECIATE

SOCIAL

CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

THE UNENCLOSED BUT SHADED AREA BETWEEN VEGETATION GROWING NEAR THE SHALLOW WATER, THE WATER, AND THE RADIANT SUN CREATES MILD TEMPERATURE FLUCTATION MUCH LIKE A GARDEN COURTYARD, HOT AND COLD CIRCULATING BETWEEN THE WATER AND THE AIR.

2

INDIRECT CONTACT

CONDUCTIVE OBJECT

THE WADI IS NOT EXACTLY A HOT SPRING OR A RIVER. IT IS A BUILDUP OF RAINWATER IN A VALLEY AND IS SOMETIMES PRESENT ONLY SEASONALLY. THIS BUILDUP OF WATER CREATES FERTILE SOIL AROUND IT WHERE RARE VEGETATION CAN GROW AND AID THE NUTRITIONAL NEEDS OF NOMADIC PEOPLES. THE WATER IS WARM AND SHALLOW BUT OFTEN DEEP ENOUGH TO SWIM IN.

WADI

FIGURE 1.18

HEAT MODALITY SEQUENCE

DIRECT CONTACT

22

CENTALIZATION

1

2

3

HEAT MODALITY SEQUENCE IN CULTURAL-BUILT PRECEDENTS

WHERE SYSTEM INTERACTS WITH THE HUMAN BODY; ACTUALIZATION OF WELLNESS & COMMUNITY-BUILDING POTENTIAL

...SOMETIMES THE HUMAN BODY INTERACTS WITH THE SYSTEM IN ITS MOST POTENT FORM: CONDUCTION

CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

CONDUCTIVE OBJECT

3

FIGURE 1.19

CONDUCTIVE OBJECT

POTENCY

2

POTENCY

RADIANT ATMOSPHERE

1

3

CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

RADIANT ATMOSPHERE

1

2

...SOMETIMES INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY WELLNESS CENTER AROUND A MILDER ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION: TYPICALLY CONVECTION

23

AT N E L S R H; E HEAT L EME HEAT CAN A; L Y Z CAN E T IACL AY LZ E ME ENMGI EC SA L A N FOR G E S ANT ORTANT FOR HEALTH; S I CHEALTH; A L Y FSI IT CS A ; L N U E FNI TE S ; M U N E NG

STING

HEAT-BASED WELLNESS BENEFITS HEAT-BASED WELLNESS BENEFITS HEAT-BASED WELLNESS BENEFITS HEAT-BASED HEAT-BASED WELLNESS WELLNESS BENEFITS BENEFITS

EXTREME HEAT THAT CAN C A T A L Y Z E SOURCES C H E M I C A L HEAT C H A N G E S AND SINKS THAT IMPORTANT FOR THE OUR HEALTH; MIMIC P H Y S I C A L N A T U R A L B E N E F I T S ; ENVIRONMENT; HEAT SOURCES I M M U N E M I THAT L D BOOSTINGAND SINKS

HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS THAT MIMIC THE N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT; M I L D TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. NO CHEMICAL C H A N G E S , MENTAL & EMOTIONAL B E N E F I T S ; AWARENESS BOOSTING

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN EITHER EXTREME RECYCLE/RENEW OR MILD HUMAN HEAT WASTE (E.J. FOOD THAT CAN CONTAINERS, O R G A N I C RECYCLE/RENEW M A T E R I A L , HUMAN WASTE EITHER EXTREME EXCREMENT, FOOD INDOOR AIR OR (E.J. MILD HEAT C O N T A I NPOLLUTION) ERS,

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, WATER QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY)

S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT T H A T

EITHER EXTREME INCORPORATES NATURALLY OR MILD HEAT OCCURRING THAT CAN VITAMINS AND RECYCLE/RENEW MINERALS INTO BUILT THEEITHER OUTDOOR EXTREME THE S Y S T E M ’ S ENVIRONEMENT N A T U R A L OR MILD HEAT A S AVOIDANCE OF E RTHE A T USOURCES RE SUPPLEMENTAL E NTHAT V I REXTREME O N M E NCAN T MIMICT E M PHEAT EITHER THAT EITHER CAN HARMFUL EXTREME S Y S T ETOXINS M ’ S TO OUR HEALTH U CRAND T UA A TLSINKS I O NSOURCES . THAT (E.J. SOIL HEAT EITHER N A FT L U O ROR G MILD A N EXTREME I HEAT C OR MILDEXTREME HEAT RECYCLE/RENEW EITHER S Y S T E M OF ’ S (E.J. MINERL AVOIDANCE RECYCLE/RENEW NO MIMIC CHEMICAL REGENERATION, AND SINKS THE THAT OR MILD OUTDOOR HEAT DUST, CLAY M ATHAT T EWASTE RMILD I A LCAN , THAT CAN ENVIRONMENT; OR HEAT AVOIDANCE OF THE HARMFUL TOXINS HUMAN SEDIMENT) C WATER THAT AG L RECYCLE/RENEW CTHAT R EFOOD M E N T ,CAN HARMFUL TOXINS M I H A LN NMIMIC DT EUS R, A THE N A QUALITY, T CAN U R A L (E.J.E X RECYCLE/RENEW N A T U & R A L RECYCLE/RENEW BIODIVERSITY) THE OUTDOOR RECYCLE/RENEW INDOOR AIR HUMAN WASTE T E M PMENTAL E R A ENVIRONMENT; TURE E N V I R O N M E N T C O N T A I N E R S , E M O T ENVIRONMENT; IONAL NTHE A(E.J. T OUTDOOR U R A L SOIL HUMAN FOOD WASTE POLLUTION) F L U C T U A TM I O N .I I L L D D O R G(E.J. A N I C AI RTOUN M R EAN TL B E NT E M F PI ETRSA ;T U R E M ENN V C (E.J. O N T A I N EFOOD RS, NO CHEMICAL WHAT BOTH CULTURAL-BUILT SHOWN US IS THAT POTENCY OF HEAT IS NOT ALWAYS THE GOAL M A T ARTIFACTS E R INAT AL I,N E R SHAVE MT E P EA U .R E GEOGRAPHICAL HEAT E N VREGENERATION, I R O N MSOIL E NIN T THERAPEUTIC HEAT U I AND OT N A W AF RL TUEECN S RTSA (E.J. OCROG A N I C , C H A N GNO EF SL U,C WATER QUALITY, TUATION. (E.J. EMOTIONAL SOIL EX C RMEOAMEXTREME NRTAI, A CHEMICAL BOOSTING RTEEG N LI ,C HEAT POTENCY FOR HEAT TO FULFILL ITS MENTAL, PHYSICAL, AND REGENERATION, AND THAT THE HUMAN BODY DOES NOT NECESSARILY NEED NEEDS. OFTEN, MENTAL BIODIVERSITY) REGENERATION, INDOOR AIR C NO H & A NCHEMICAL G E S , M A T E R I A L , WATER QUALITY, EXCREMENT, SOFTER “WARM” WILL NOT JUST EXTREME HEAT. CONTACT, THEY ARE ALWAYS G E&THIS, S , E M O HEAT T I O MENTAL NC A HL A NDO WATER QUALITY, E X CSO R E MWHILE EAIR N T , CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS MAY TRANSFER THE MOST HEAT UPON BIODIVERSITY) POLLUTION) INDOOR MENTAL BIODIVERSITY) E N E FIN IE TM SO; T I OOR N A NATURAL L& INDOOR AIR PREFERRED - BEITHER BUILT ENVIRONMENTS.POLLUTION) CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION SEEM TO BE FAVORED EQUALLY AS HEAT DESTINATIONS AS OPPOSSED NS O E TF II OT N SA ; L A W A R E NB EEESM POLLUTION) B EA N TO RADIANT BOOSTING HEAT. CONDUCTIVE AW R EE NF EI ST SS ; AND CONVECTION ALSO PROVIDE THE SAME NUMBER OF THE WELLNESS BENEFITS THAT ARE MEASURED HERE, AS OPPOSSED TO AWARENESS BOOSTING S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

POTENCY AND AMOUNT OF WELLNESS BENEFITS

POTENCY

RADIANT ATMOSPHERES. POTENCY IS ONLY ONE FACTOR IN HEAT’S POTENTIAL TO ADDRESS OUR NEEDS. BECAUSE COMING IN CONTACT WITH CONDUCTIVE BOOSTING OBJECTS OFTEN MEANS THAT ONE PART OF THE BODY REMAINS COLD WHILE ANOTHER BECOMES HOT, WE MAY BE BENEFITTING AS MUCH FROM POTENCY AS FROM CONTRAST AND THE STIMULATION THAT COMES WITH IT. CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES IMPLY THAT PEOPLE ARE FULLY SUBMERGED UPON CONTACT, ALLOWING THE BODY TO FULLY WARM AT ONCE. THIS MAY EXPLAIN THE EQUAL PRIORITY OF BOTH IN OUR QUEST FOR WARMTH AND HOW THAT INFLUENCES INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY WELLNESS.

POTENCY AND AMOUNT OF CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS

WELLNESS BENEFITS POTENCY AND AMOUNT POTENCY AND OF POTENCY ANDAMOUNT AMOUNT OF OF WELLNESS BENEFITS WELLNESS WELLNESSBENEFITS BENEFITS EXTREME HEAT THAT CAN C A T A L Y Z E C H E M I C A L C H A N G E S IMPORTANT FOR OUR HEALTH; P H Y S I C A L B E N E F I T S ; I M M U N E BOOSTING

HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS THAT MIMIC THE N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT; M I L D TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. NO CHEMICAL C H A N G E S , MENTAL & EMOTIONAL B E N E F I T S ; AWARENESS BOOSTING

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW HUMAN WASTE (E.J. FOOD CONTAINERS, O R G A N I C M A T E R I A L , EXCREMENT, INDOOR AIR POLLUTION)

S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, BOILING WATER, OVENS, DEHUMIDIFIER WITH FILTRATION PROPERTIES

EXAMPLES: ANY OBJECT THAT CONDUCTS HEAT THAT IS MADE OF NATURALLY-OCCURRING COMPOUNDS THAT ARE NOT RADIOACTIVE

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, WATER QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY)

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT T H A T INCORPORATES NATURALLY OCCURRING VITAMINS AND MINERALS INTO THE BUILT ENVIRONEMENT A S SUPPLEMENTAL TO OUR HEALTH (E.J. MINERL DUST, CLAY SEDIMENT)

EXTREME HEAT THAT CAN C A T A L Y Z E C H E M I C A L C H A N G E S IMPORTANT FOR OUR HEALTH; P H Y S I C A L B E N E F I T S ; I M M UEXTREME N E HEAT BOOSTINGTHATEXTREMECANHEAT C A THAT T A L Y Z ECAN A TI C AA L YL Z E C HC E M EXTREME HEAT M EI C C H CAHNE G S A L THAT CAN C H A NFOR G E S IMPORTANT C A T A L Y Z E OUR IMPORTANT HEALTH; FOR C H E M I C A L HEALTH; P H OUR Y S I C A L C H A N G E S P H B E N E FY IST I SC; A L IMPORTANT FOR E NU E NF I ET S ; I MB M EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, OUR HEALTH; I M M U N E BOOSTING WOOD STOVE, HEARTH, BOOSTING P H ELECTRICITY Y S I C A L B E N E F I T S ; I M M U N E BOOSTING

EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, WOOD STOVE, HEARTH, WOOD STOVE, HEARTH, ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY

EXAMPLES: WARM ROCKS AND SAND, ROOF ASPHALT HEATED FROM THE SUN, WATER SOURCES, BIOMASS MATERIALS LIKE MASONRY, ONDOL SURFACE

HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS THAT EXTREME HEAT MIMIC THE THAT CAN N A T U R A CCLHA ET MA IL CY AZ EL C H A N G E S ENVIRONMENT; IMPORTANT FOR OUR HEALTH; M I L D P H Y S I C A L T E M P E R A T U RBEE N E F I T S ; I M M U N E F L U C T U A T I O NBOOSTING .

NO CHEMICAL C H A NHEAT G E SSOURCES , MENTAL ANDHEAT & SOURCES SINKS THAT E M O T MIMIC I O AND N A LSINKS THETHAT EXAMPLES: SAUNA E N ENF A I MIMIC TT S U; R A L THE HEAT BSOURCES A ST U R A L AWA RENVIRONMENT; E NNE S AND SINKS THAT M ENVIRONMENT; I L D MIMIC BOOSTING THE I T U LR E D T E MMP E R A N A T U R A L TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. ENVIRONMENT; CTUATION. NO F L U CHEMICAL M I L D HNO CHEMICAL C A N G E S , EXAMPLES: WARM ROCKS T E M P E R A T U RMENTAL E C H A N G &E S , AND SAND, ROOF ASPHALT MENTAL F L U C T U A T I O NE .M O T I O N A L & HEATED FROM THE SUN, ENME OF TI ITOSN; A L NO CHEMICAL B EBIOMASS WATER SOURCES, E EF SI ST S ; CMATERIALS H A N G LIKE E SAMASONRY, , WBAERNE N BOOSTING MENTAL & AWARENESS ONDOL SURFACE E M O T I O N A L BOOSTING B E N E F I T S ; AWARENESS EXAMPLES: WARM ROCKS BOOSTING WARM ROCKS ANDEXAMPLES: SAND, ROOF ASPHALT

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT EXTREME THAT CAN EITHER OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW RECYCLE/RENEW HUMAN WASTE HUMAN WASTE (E.J. FOOD (E.J. FOOD CO ORNGT AAI NNE RI SC, C O N T A I N E R S , ME XACTREE RMIEAN LT ,, O R G A N I C INDOOR AIR POLLUTION) M A T E R I A L , E X C EITHER REMEN T, EXTREME INDOOR AIREXTREME OR EITHER MILD HEAT POLLUTION) OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN EXAMPLES: BEACHES, EXAMPLES: HEAT SINKS GARDENS, PLACED OUTSIDE THE THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW UPSTAIRS/DOWNSTAIRS OF BUILDING CAN CONVECT EITHER EXTREME TRADITIONAL HOMES, HEARTH HEATED CONTAMINATED AIR RECYCLE/RENEW WASTE PROXIMITY TO BEDROOM OUT OF THE BUILDING OR MILD HUMAN HEAT HUMAN FOOD WASTE (E.J. THAT CAN C O(E.J. N T A I N E RFOOD S, RECYCLE/RENEW O RC O G NAT ANI N I ECR S , HUMAN M WASTE AO T RE G R IAA NL ,I C (E.J. E FOOD XM CCOMPOST, RAETME ERNI TA, L , EXAMPLES: HOT CONTA IN EERXOVENS, SC , R E MAIR ENT, INDOOR BOILING WATER, INDOOR AIR O R G A POLLUTION) N WITH I C DEHUMIDIFIER M A T E R PROPERTIES I APOLLUTION) L , FILTRATION EXCREMENT, INDOOR AIR POLLUTION)

S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS THAT MIMIC THE N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT; M I L D TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. NO CHEMICAL C H A N G E S , MENTAL & EMOTIONAL B E N E F I T S ; AWARENESS BOOSTING

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, WATER QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY)

S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, WATER EITHER QUALITY, EXTREME BIODIVERSITY) OREITHER MILD EXTREME HEAT OR MILD CAN HEAT EXAMPLES: THAT PLACING HEAT SINKS INSIDE THE BUILDING THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW EITHER EXTREME SO THAT WARM AIR CONTAINING MINERALS RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR OR MILD HEAT FROM OUTSIDE IS DRAWN THE N A T UOUTDOOR R A L INTO THE BUILDING THAT CAN E NNV IAR OT NUMRE NAT L RECYCLE/RENEW E N V I R O NSOIL MENT (E.J. THE OUTDOOR (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, N REGENERATION, A T QUALITY, U R A L WATER EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, E NWATER VIRON MENT QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY) SOLAR-POWERED ELECTRIC BIODIVERSITY) (E.J. FILTRATION SYSTEMSSOIL IN WATERREGENERATION, BODIES , HEATED SALT QUALITY, LAMPSWATER THAT IONIZE THE AIR BIODIVERSITY)

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT T H A T INCORPORATES NATURALLY OCCURRING VITAMINS AND MINERALS INTO THE BUILT ENVIRONEMENT EITHER EXTREME A MILD EXTREME EITHER OR HEAT S S UHP MILD P L EA M EHEAT N TT A L T OR TTO EITHER H T OUR AHEALTH INCORPORATES EXTREME N INCORPORATES A T OR U R AMILD LMINERL L Y HEAT (E.J. ACTUURRR A LG LY ONC DUST, T HI NCLAY A T OSEDIMENT) C C U R RAND ING VITAMINS INCORPORATES VITAMINS AND MINERALS INTO N A T U R A MINERALS BUILT INTO L L Y THE C CCOMPOST, UBUILT RRING THE OHOT ENVIRONEMENT EXAMPLES: VITAMINS A ENVIRONEMENT S AND CLAY CLADDING WITHIN A S UAP P LMINERALS E M ECOPPER N T A L S INTO SAUNA, CLAY & UOUR P THE PLEM E UTENSILS N T A L BUILT TOSCOOKING HEALTH IRON TO OUR HEALTH (E.J. MINERL ENVIRONEMENT (E.J. A MINERL DUST, CLAY S DUST, CLAY SEDIMENT) SUPPLEMENTAL SEDIMENT) TO OUR HEALTH (E.J.COMPOST, MINERL EXAMPLES: HOT EXAMPLES: HOT WITHIN COMPOST, DUST, CLAY CLAY CLADDING A CLAY CLADDING WITHIN A SEDIMENT) SAUNA, CLAY COPPER & SAUNA, CLAY COPPER IRON COOKING UTENSILS&

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT T H A T INCORPORATES NATURALLY OCCURRING VITAMINS AND MINERALS INTO THE BUILT ENVIRONEMENT A S SUPPLEMENTAL TO OUR HEALTH (E.J. MINERL DUST, CLAY SEDIMENT)

S Y S T E M ’ S S Y S T E M AVOIDANCE OF’ S AVOIDANCE HARMFUL TOXINSOFWARM AIR CIRCULATING

EXAMPLES: CLEAN AIR AND WATER AND SAFE AND COMMON MEDIUMS FOR CONVECTING HEAT

EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, CLAY CLADDING WITHIN A SAUNA, CLAY COPPER & IRON COOKING UTENSILS

EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, SOLAR-POWERED ELECTRIC FILTRATION SYSTEMS IN WATER BODIES , HEATED SALT LAMPS THAT IONIZE THE AIR

S Y S THARMFUL E M ’ STOXINSBLADES OF GRASS CAN HELP SOIL DECOMPOSE AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS CONVECTIVELY BETWEEN

RADIANT ATMOSPHERES EXTREME HEAT THAT CAN C A T A L Y Z E C H E M I C A L C H A N G E S IMPORTANT FOR OUR HEALTH; P H Y S I C A L B E N E F I T S ; I M M U N E BOOSTING

EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, BOILING WATER, OVENS, BOILING WATER, DEHUMIDIFIER WITH OVENS, DEHUMIDIFIER WITH FILTRATION PROPERTIES FILTRATION PROPERTIES

EXAMPLES: ANY OBJECT THAT CONDUCTS HEAT THAT IS MADE OF NATURALLY-OCCURRING COMPOUNDS THAT ARE NOT RADIOACTIVE

HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS THAT MIMIC THE N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT; M I L D TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. NO CHEMICAL C H A N G E S , MENTAL & EMOTIONAL B E N E F I T S ; AWARENESS BOOSTING

S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

EXAMPLES: ANY OBJECT THAT EXAMPLES: ANYTHAT OBJECT CONDUCTS HEAT IS THAT CONDUCTS HEAT THAT IS MADE OF MADE OF NATURALLY-OCCURRING NATURALLY-OCCURRING COMPOUNDS THAT ARE NOT COMPOUNDS THATTHAT ARE NOT EXAMPLES: ANY OBJECT RADIOACTIVE RADIOACTIVE CONDUCTS HEAT THAT IS

EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, EXAMPLES: HOT ELECTRIC COMPOST, SOLAR-POWERED SOLAR-POWERED FILTRATION SYSTEMSELECTRIC IN FILTRATION INSALT WATER BODIESSYSTEMS , HEATED WATER BODIES , HEATED LAMPS THAT IONIZE THE AIRSALT LAMPS THAT IONIZE THE AIR EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST,

CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES CONVECTIVE CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES ATMOSPHERES CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES EQUAL PRIORITY

EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, WOOD STOVE, HEARTH, ELECTRICITY

EXAMPLES: SUN RAYS INTERACTING WITH PLANT CHLOROPHYL, OR AIDING IN VITAMIN D PRODUCTION WITH HUMAN SKIN, RADIATORS

ANDFROM SAND,THE ROOF HEATED SUN,ASPHALT HEATED FROMBIOMASS THE SUN, WATER SOURCES, WATER SOURCES, BIOMASS MATERIALS LIKE MASONRY, MATERIALS LIKE MASONRY, EXAMPLES: WARM ROCKS ONDOL SURFACE ONDOL SURFACE AND SAND, ROOF ASPHALT

THAT CAN BOOSTING C A T A L Y Z E C H E M I C A L C H A N G E S IMPORTANT FOR OUR HEALTH; P H Y S I C A L SAUNA B E N E F I T S ; EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: SAUNA I M M U N E BOOSTING

EXAMPLES: SAUNA

EXAMPLES: OVENS MADE OF NATURAL MATERIALS SUCH AS CLAY AND IRON, THE SUN’S RAYS MOVING THROUGH CLEAN AIR

EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, BOILING WATER, OVENS, DEHUMIDIFIER WITH FILTRATION PROPERTIES

HEATED FROM THE SUN, WATER SOURCES, BIOMASS MATERIALS LIKE MASONRY, ONDOL SURFACE

EXTREME HEAT THAT CAN C A T A L Y Z E C H E M I C A L C H A N G E S IMPORTANT FOR OUR HEALTH; P H Y S I C A L B E N E F I T S ; I M M U N E BOOSTING EXTREME HEAT THAT EXTREME CAN HEAT C A TTHAT A L Y Z E CAN C H ECMAI TCAAL LY Z E C H C H A N EGME I SC A L C H A FOR N G E S IMPORTANT OUR IMPORTANT HEALTH; FOR P H YOUR S I C AHEALTH; L P H Y S I C A L EXAMPLES: SAUNA B E NB EE FNI ET FS I; T S ; I M M U N E EXTREME HEAT I M M U N E BOOSTING

EXAMPLES: THE AIR CLOSEST TO WARM SAND ON A BEACH, THE AIR IMMEDIATELY AROUND AN ONDOL SURFACE

HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS THAT MIMIC THE N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT; M I L D TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. NO CHEMICAL C H A N G E S , MENTAL HEAT &SOURCES HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS THAT EMOTIO NA L THE THAT B E N E FMIMIC I T AND S ; SINKS A W A R ENN A E MIMIC ST S U R A L THE N A T U R A L BOOSTINGENVIRONMENT; M ENVIRONMENT; I L D D TEMM P E R AIT U RLE RA F L U CT TEUMAPTEI O N T. U R E UCTUATION. NO F LCHEMICAL EXAMPLES: BEACHES, NON GCHEMICAL C H A E S , GARDENS, HEAT SOURCES C H A N G& E S , MENTAL UPSTAIRS/DOWNSTAIRS OF AND SINKS THAT E M OMENTAL & TIONAL TRADITIONAL HOMES,EHEARTH MIMIC THE M O T I O B E N E F I T S ;N A L TO LBEDROOM B RE ENNEE FS IS T S ; N PROXIMITY A T U R A AWA A W A R E N E S S ENVIRONMENT; BOOSTING

BOOSTING M I L D TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. EXAMPLES: BEACHES, NO CHEMICAL EXAMPLES: BEACHES, C H A N G GARDENS, E S ,GARDENS, UPSTAIRS/DOWNSTAIRS OF MENTAL &UPSTAIRS/DOWNSTAIRS OF TRADITIONAL HOMES, HEARTH EMOTION A L TRADITIONAL HOMES, HEARTH PROXIMITY TO BEDROOM B E N E F I T S ;PROXIMITY TO BEDROOM AWARENESS BOOSTING

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW HUMAN WASTE (E.J. FOOD CONTAINERS, O R G A N I C M A T E R I A L , EXCREMENT, EITHER AIR EXTREME INDOOR EXTREME OR EITHER MILD HEAT POLLUTION) THATOR MILD CANHEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW RECYCLE/RENEW HUMAN WASTE WASTE (E.J. HUMANFOOD (E.J. CON T A I N E R SFOOD , N TNA II NCE R S , O R CGO A OT ER RGI A A LN, I C M ASINKS EXAMPLES: HEAT MR A T EE N R TI ,A L , E X CTHE EM PLACED OUTSIDE EITHER EXTREMEE X C R E M E N T , INDOOR BUILDING CONVECT AIR OR MILD CAN HEAT INDOOR AIR POLLUTION) HEATED CONTAMINATED AIR THAT CANPOLLUTION) OUT OF THE BUILDING

S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

S Y S T E M ’ S S Y S T E OF M ’ S AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE HARMFUL TOXINS OF HARMFUL TOXINS

EXAMPLES: CLEAN AIR AND WATER S Y SAND T ESAFE M ’AND S COMMON MEDIUMS AVOIDANCE OF FOR CONVECTING HEAT

HARMFUL TOXINS

RECYCLE/RENEW HUMAN WASTE (E.J. FOOD CONTAINERS, O R G A N I C EXAMPLES: HEAT SINKS M A T EPLACED R I EXAMPLES: A LOUTSIDE , HEAT THE SINKS OUTSIDE THE E X C R EBUILDING M EPLACED N T ,CAN CONVECT BUILDING CAN CONVECT INDOORHEATED AIR CONTAMINATED AIR CONTAMINATED AIR POLLUTION) OUT HEATED OF THE BUILDING

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, WATER QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY) EITHER EXTREME OR EITHER MILD EXTREME HEAT OR MILDCAN HEAT THAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW THERECYCLE/RENEW OUTDOOR THET U OUTDOOR N A R A L N I RAO TN M U ERN TA L ENV MENT (E.J.E N V I R O N SOIL (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, WARM AIR CIRCULATING REGENERATION, WATER QUALITY, CONVECTIVELY BETWEEN EITHERWATER EXTREME QUALITY, BLADESBIODIVERSITY) OF GRASS CAN HELP

EXAMPLES: CLEAN AIR AND EXAMPLES: CLEAN WATER AND SAFE AND AIR AND WATER MEDIUMS AND SAFE FOR AND COMMON COMMON HEAT MEDIUMS FOR CONVECTING CONVECTING HEAT

EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, CLAY CLADDING WITHIN A SAUNA, CLAY COPPER & IRON COOKING UTENSILS

OR

MILD HEAT BIODIVERSITY)

SOILTHAT DECOMPOSECAN

RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT (E.J. SOIL WARM AIR CIRCULATING REGENERATION, WARM AIR CIRCULATING CONVECTIVELY BETWEEN WATER QUALITY, CONVECTIVELY BETWEEN BLADES OF GRASS CAN HELP BIODIVERSITY) BLADES OF GRASS CAN HELP

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT T H A T INCORPORATES NATURALLY OCCURRING VITAMINS AND MINERALS INTO THE BUILT ENVIRONEMENT EITHER EXTREME S A OR S UEITHER P MILD P L E MEXTREME EHEAT NTAL MILD HEAT TTOORH AHEALTH T OUR T H MINERL A T INCORPORATES (E.J. INCORPORATES NDUST, A T U R A LCLAY LY NC A UT RU RRI A OSEDIMENT) C N LGL Y O C C U R AND RING VITAMINS VITAMINS INTO AND MINERALS INTO THEMINERALS BUILT EXAMPLES: PLACING HEAT THE BUILT SINKSENVIRONEMENT INSIDE THE BUILDING EITHER EXTREME A ENVIRONEMENT SO THAT WARM AIR S MILD A S UOR PPLEM E N T AHEAT L S CONTAINING TS U P PH LMINERALS EHEALTH M EA NTAL T OUR FROMTO OUTSIDE IS DRAWN TO OUR HEALTH INCORPORATES (E.J. MINERL INTO THE BUILDING (E.J. MINERL N A T U RCLAY ALLY DUST, DUST, O C C U R RCLAY ING SEDIMENT)

PRIORITY RADIANTLESSER ATMOSPHERES OUT OF THE BUILDING

IRON COOKING UTENSILS

SOLAR-POWERED ELECTRIC FILTRATION SYSTEMS IN WATER BODIES , HEATED SALT LAMPS THAT IONIZE THE AIR

MADE OF NATURALLY-OCCURRING COMPOUNDS THAT ARE NOT RADIOACTIVE

SOIL DECOMPOSE SOIL DECOMPOSE

SEDIMENT) VITAMINS MINERALS

AND INTO

EXAMPLES: PLACING HEAT THE PLACINGBUILT EXAMPLES: HEAT SINKS INSIDE THE BUILDING INSIDE THE ENVIRONEMENT SOSINKS THAT WARM AIR BUILDING SO THAT AIR A WARM S CONTAINING MINERALS CONTAINING S U P P LISEMINERALS MENTAL FROM OUTSIDE DRAWN FROM OUTSIDE DRAWN OURIS HEALTH INTO THE TO BUILDING INTO THE BUILDING

(E.J. MINERL DUST, CLAY SEDIMENT)

RADIANT RADIANT ATMOSPHERES POTENCY ISATMOSPHERES NOT ALWAYS THE GOAL EXAMPLES: BEACHES, GARDENS, UPSTAIRS/DOWNSTAIRS OF TRADITIONAL HOMES, HEARTH PROXIMITY TO BEDROOM

EXTREME HEAT THAT CAN C A T A L Y Z E

HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS THAT MIMIC THE N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT; M I L D TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. NO CHEMICAL C H A N G E S , MENTAL & EMOTIONAL B E N E F I T S ; AWARE N E HEAT S SSOURCES BOOSTING HEAT THAT SOURCES AND SINKS

S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF

EXAMPLES: CLEAN AIRHARMFUL AND TOXINS WATER AND SAFE AND COMMON MEDIUMS FOR CONVECTING HEAT

EXAMPLES:CHEAT H E M ISINKS C A L C H A N G E S PLACED OUTSIDE IMPORTANTTHE FOR OUR HEALTH; BUILDING CAN CONVECT P H Y S I C A L HEATED CONTAMINATED AIR B E N E F I T S ; I M M U N E OUT OF THEBOOSTING BUILDING

EXTREME HEAT THAT EXTREME CAN HEAT C A T THAT A L Y Z E CAN C IACT A A LL Y Z E C H E M C H A CNHGE EM SI C A L C H AFOR N G E S EXAMPLES: SUN RAYS IMPORTANT INTERACTING WITHOUR PLANTIMPORTANT HEALTH; FOR CHLOROPHYL, OR PAIDING H Y OUR S IN I C A LHEALTH; VITAMIN D PRODUCTION B E N EP FH I YT SS I; C A L WITH HUMAN SKIN,I M MB EU NNE FE I T S ; I M M U N E BOOSTING RADIATORS

WARM AIR CIRCULATING CONVECTIVELY BETWEEN BLADES OF GRASS CAN HELP SOIL DECOMPOSE

EXAMPLES: PLACING HEAT SINKS INSIDE THE BUILDING SO THAT WARM AIR CONTAINING MINERALS FROM OUTSIDE IS DRAWN INTO THE BUILDING

S Y S T E M ’ S S Y S T OF E M ’ S AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS HARMFUL TOXINS

SPECIFIC WELLNESS BENEFITS - NOT RADIANT ATMOSPHERES AMOUNT OF WELLNESS BENEFITS MIMICAND SINKS THE THAT N A TMIMIC U R A L THE N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT; EXAMPLES: THE AIR M CLOSEST IENVIRONMENT; L D D TO WARM SANDT ON AM EMP E R A TIU R EL MTPI O E RNA. T U R E BEACH, THE AIR FIMMEDIATELY L U C TTUEA FCHEMICAL LUCTUATION. AROUND AN ONDOL NO C H A NO N G ECHEMICAL S , SURFACE C H A N &G E S , MENTAL & E M O MENTAL TIONAL B E N EE M FO I TT SI O; N A L B E N E F I T S ; AWARENESS AWARENESS BOOSTING

BOOSTING

EXAMPLES: OVENS MADE OF NATURAL MATERIALS SUCH AS CLAY AND IRON, THE SUN’S RAYS MOVING THROUGH CLEAN AIR

BOOSTING

EXAMPLES: SUN RAYS EXAMPLES: SUN RAYS INTERACTING WITH PLANT INTERACTING WITH PLANT CHLOROPHYL, OR AIDING IN CHLOROPHYL, OR AIDING

VITAMIN D PRODUCTION EXTREME HEAT VITAMIN D PRODUCTION WITH HUMAN SKIN, THAT CAN WITH HUMAN SKIN, C A T A L Y Z RADIATORS E RADIATORS C H E M I C A L C H A N G E S IMPORTANT FOR OUR HEALTH; P H Y S I C A L B E N E F I T S ; I M M U N E BOOSTING

IN

EXAMPLES: THE AIR CLOSEST EXAMPLES: THE AIR CLOSEST TO WARM SAND ON A TO WARM SAND ON A BEACH, THE AIR IMMEDIATELY BEACH, THE AIR IMMEDIATELY

HEAT SOURCES AROUND AN ONDOL AROUND AN ONDOL SURFACE AND SINKS THAT SURFACE MIMIC THE N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT; M I L D TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. NO CHEMICAL C H A N G E S , MENTAL & EMOTIONAL B E N E F I T S ; AWARENESS BOOSTING

EXAMPLES: OVENS MADE OF EXAMPLES: OVENS MADE OF NATURAL MATERIALS SUCH AS NATURAL MATERIALS SUCH AS CLAY AND IRON, THE SUN’S CLAY AND IRON, THE SUN’S

THROUGH S Y SRAYS T E MOVING M ’ SMOVING RAYS THROUGH CLEAN AIROF AVOIDANCE CLEAN AIR HARMFUL TOXINS

ARE THE GOAL

EXAMPLES: SUN RAYS INTERACTING WITH PLANT CHLOROPHYL, OR AIDING IN VITAMIN D PRODUCTION WITH HUMAN SKIN, RADIATORS

EXAMPLES: THE AIR CLOSEST TO WARM SAND ON A BEACH, THE AIR IMMEDIATELY AROUND AN ONDOL SURFACE

EXAMPLES: OVENS MADE OF NATURAL MATERIALS SUCH AS CLAY AND IRON, THE SUN’S RAYS MOVING THROUGH CLEAN AIR

FIGURE 1.20

EQUAL PRIORITY EQUAL PRIORITY PRIORITY EQUAL LESSER PRIORITY EQUAL LESSERPRIORITY PRIORITY LESSER PRIORITY

24

SEDIMEN

POTENCY

CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS CONDUCTIVE EXAMPLES: HOT COMPOST, WOOD STOVE, HEARTH, ELECTRICITY

EITH OR T INC NA OC VITAE EITHER MIN EITHER E OR MILD MILD TOR THE H ENV T H INCORP INCORP N A TAU R NC AC TS UUPRR O OCC TOU R VITAMINS VITAMINS MINERAL (E.J. MINERAL THE DUS THE SEDI ENVIRON ENVIRON A SAU P P L E M S U P OUR PLEM TO TO OUR (E.J. (E.J. DUST, DUST, SEDIMEN

POTENCY IS NOT ALWAYS THE GOAL POTENCY IS IS NOT NOTALWAYS ALWAYS THE THE GOAL GOAL POTENCY LESSER PRIORITY SPECIFIC WELLNESS NOT SPECIFIC WELLNESSBENEFITS BENEFITS --- NOT NOT SPECIFIC WELLNESS BENEFITS AMOUNT OF WELLNESS BENEFITS AMOUNT OF OFWELLNESS WELLNESS BENEFITS BENEFITS --AMOUNT POTENCY ISARE NOT ALWAYS ARETHE THEGOAL GOAL THE GOAL ARE THE GOAL

SPECIFIC WELLNESS BENEFITS - NOT AMOUNT OF WELLNESS BENEFITS -

POTENCY POTENCY POTENCY

CONVECTION AS A FEATURE OF AN ENCLOSED SYSTEM CONVECTION HAPPENS AS A CIRCULATORY MOVEMENT; IT IS FIELDS OF HOT AND COLD (WHETHER LIQUID OR GAS) THAT ALWAYS MOVE TOWARD THE OTHER. HEAT CAN ONLY RISE AND COOL CAN ONLY FALL WHEN THEIR FIELDS REMAIN INTACT IN A CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM

CONVECTION LOOPS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ARE TYPICALLY EITHER MASSIVE OR TINY ENVIRONMENTS WITHOUT AIR ENCLOSURE LIMIT TYPES FOR CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES.

SCALE AND TYPE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES ARE MUCH EASIER TO CONTROL IN BUILT ENCLOSURES WHEN AIR IS ENCLOSED AT A SCALE MANIPULABLE BY HUMANS (STANDARD INDOOR ROOM), ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO BE FULLY “SUBMERGED” IN A DIFFERENT MATERIAL TO EXPERIENCE CONVECTION.

THE EARTH ITSELF AS ENCLOSURE RIDGE

TRENCH

HEARTH IN ROOM

LITHOSPHERE

“SLAB PULL” TRENCH ASTHENOSPHERE MANTLE

700 KM

OUTER CORE

INNER CORE

LOW

HIGH

LOW

THE AREA BETWEEN EARTH’S CORE AND SURFACE IS ENCLOSED AS THE FORM OF THE PLANET ITSELF - AT THE SCALE WE EXIST, WE MAY NOT EVEN REGISTER IT AS ENCLOSED, BUT IT IS. CONVECTION BETWEEN THE MANTLE AND ASTHENOSPHERE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SHIFTING OF TECTONIC PLATES.

IN A BUILT ENCLOSURE, THE WALLS DEMARCATE THE BOUNDARIES. HEAT AND COOL CIRCULATE EXACTLY WITHIN THOSE BOUNDARIES THROUGH THE AIR.

HIGH

SCALE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

SCALE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

SAUNA LAND & SEA

SOIL TO ROOTS

LOW

HIGH

LOW

THE AIR BETWEEN THE LAND AND THE SEA IS ENCLOSED BY THE EARTH’S OZONE. AS AIRT AND WATER HAVE A DIFFERENT DENSITY, THEY HAVE DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES BOTH DAY AND NIGHT, AND IN EVERY SEASON. AS SUCH, THERE WILL ALWAYS BE A HEAT/COOL EXCHANGE BETWEEN THEM.

FIGURE 1.21

IN A BUILT ENCLOSURE, THE WALLS DEMARCATE THE BOUNDARIES. HEAT AND COOL CIRCULATE EXACTLY WITHIN THOSE BOUNDARIES THROUGH THE AIR.

HIGH

SCALE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

SCALE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP

25

SCALE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

SCALE AND TYPE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES ARE MUCH EASIER TO CONTROL IN BUILT ENCLOSURES IN A BUILT ENCLOSURE, THE WALLS DEMARCATE THE BOUNDARIES. HEAT AND COOL CIRCULATE EXACTLY WITHIN THOSE BOUNDARIES THROUGH THE AIR.

HIGH

THE AIR BETWEEN THE LAND AND THE SEA IS ENCLOSED BY THE EARTH’S OZONE. AS AIRT AND WATER HAVE A DIFFERENT DENSITY, THEY HAVE DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES BOTH DAY AND NIGHT, AND IN EVERY SEASON. AS SUCH, THERE WILL ALWAYS BE A HEAT/COOL EXCHANGE BETWEEN THEM.

HIGH

LOW

CONVECTION LOOPS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ARE TYPICALLY EITHER MASSIVE OR TINY

LOW

SCALE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

ENVIRONMENTS WITHOUT AIR ENCLOSURE LIMIT TYPES FOR CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES.

WHEN AIR IS ENCLOSED AT A SCALE MANIPULABLE BY HUMANS (STANDARD INDOOR ROOM), ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO BE FULLY “SUBMERGED” IN A DIFFERENT MATERIAL TO EXPERIENCE CONVECTION.

THE EARTH ITSELF AS ENCLOSURE SOIL TO ROOTS

HEARTH IN ROOM GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP

RIDGE

TRENCH

LITHOSPHERE

“SLAB PULL” TRENCH ASTHENOSPHERE MANTLE

700 KM

OUTER CORE

INNER CORE

HIGH

IN A BUILT ENCLOSURE, THE WALLS THE BUILDING ENGAGES WITH THE DEMARCATE THE BOUNDARIES. HEAT IT, GROUND DIRECTLY BENEATH AND COOL CIRCULATE EXACTLYLOOP MOVING THE CONVECTION WITHIN THOSE FROMBOUNDARIES BEING SOLELYTHROUGH ENCLOSED IN THE AIR. THE GROUND, TO BEING ENCLOSED BETWEEN THE EARTH AND BUILDING THROUGH A SERIES OF DUCTS.

HIGH

LOW

LOW

HEAT/COOL TRAVELS FROM THE STEM TO THE ROOTS OF THE PLANT, WHICH PENETRATES THE ENCLOSURE OF THE SOIL, THEBRIDGING AREA BETWEEN EARTH’S CORETO AND SURFACE IS (TINY) THE TWO TOGETHER CREATE A NEW ENCLOSED AS THECONVECTIVE FORM OF THE PLANET ITSELF - AT THE LOOP. CHANGES SEASONALLY SCALE WE EXIST, WE MAY NOT EVEN REGISTER IT AS ENCLOSED, BUT IT IS. CONVECTION BETWEEN THE MANTLE AND ASTHENOSPHERE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SHIFTING OF TECTONIC PLATES.

SCALE OFOF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE SCALE CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

HIGH HIGH

LOW LOW

SCALE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE SCALE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

SAUNA POOL - ENCLOSED

POOL - UNENCLOSED LAND & SEA

SCALE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

SCALE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

LOW

IN A BUILT ENCLOSURE, THE WATER IN THE POOL HAS TWO CONVECTION LOOPS: IT CIRCULATES WITHIN ITSELF, AND WITH THE SURROUNDING AIR, IN THE ENCLOSURE OF THE BUILDING.

SOIL TO ROOTS

HIGH

DEMARCATE THE BOUNDARIES. HEAT AND COOL CIRCULATE EXACTLY WITHIN THOSE BOUNDARIES THROUGH THE AIR.

HIGH

LOW

SCALE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE IN A BUILT ENCLOSURE, THE WALLS

HIGH

THE EARTH’S OZONE. AS AIRT AND WATER HAVE A DIFFERENT DENSITY, THEY HAVE DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES BOTH DAY AND NIGHT, AND IN EVERY SEASON. AS SUCH, THERE WILL ALWAYS BE A HEAT/COOL EXCHANGE BETWEEN THEM. THE ONLY ENCLOSURE IN A POOL OUTDOORS IS WITHIN THE WATER, IF FULLY SUBMERGED. THE WATER AND AIR DON’T HAVE A CLOSED CIRCULATION LOOP, SO HEAT/COOL RISES AND FALLS WITHIN THE WATER.

HIGH

LOW

LOW

THE AIRCONVECTIVE BETWEEN THE LAND AND THE SEA IS ENCLOSED BY SCALE OF ATMOSPHERE

GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP FIGURE 1.21

UNDERSTANDING THAT CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES ARE JUST AS IMPORTANT FOR COMMUNITY WELLNESS AS CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS, THE BENEFITS OF INCORPORATING BUILT HEAT FEATURES INTO OUR LIVES COME INTO PLAY. CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERES ARE HARDER TO CONJURE IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT THAN THAN IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, ON SCALES THAT WE CAN APPRECIATE AS HUMAN BODIES COMING INTO CONTACT WITH HEAT. WHILE TAKING CUES FROM GEOGRAPHICAL HEAT ARTIFACTS, WE MUST APPRECIATE THAT THE DRIVE IS NOT TO BE SO BIOMIMETIC THAT WE RETURN FULLY TO NATURE, BUT TO RECOGNIZE THOSE NEEDS WHICH IT PREVIOUSLY ADDRESSED FOR US AND HOW WE CAN CONTINUE TO ADDRESS THEM BETTER WITH ARCHITECTURE. THE MAIN ADVANTAGE OF BUILT HEAT ARTIFACTS IN THE ABILITY THEY GIVE US TO CONTROL FOR SCALE. FOR THE PROJECT, THIS WILL MATTER SPECIFICALLY AT IT RELATES TO WELLNESS THEORY AROUND DUNBAR’S NUMBER.

26

POOL - UNENCLOSED

THE BUILDING ENGAGES WITH THE GROUND DIRECTLY BENEATH IT, MOVING THE CONVECTION LOOP FROM BEING SOLELY ENCLOSED IN THE GROUND, TO BEING ENCLOSED BETWEEN THE EARTH AND BUILDING THROUGH A SERIES OF DUCTS.

POOL - ENCLOSED

HIGH

LOW

PLANT, WHICH PENETRATES THE ENCLOSURE OF THE SOIL, BRIDGING THE TWO TOGETHER TO CREATE A NEW (TINY) CONVECTIVE LOOP. CHANGES SEASONALLY

HIGH

LOW

THAT SAID, THERE IS AN INHERENT ATMOSPHERE INTERPLAY BETWEEN NATURAL AND BUILT EXAMPLES, EVEN AS WE TURN CONFIDENTLY TOWARD THE IMPACT OF THE BUILT SCALE OF CONVECTIVE SCALE OF CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERE EXAMPLES IN THEIR CONTROL OF CONVECTIVE SCALE. NO MATTER THE SCALE, THE PLANET HAS ENGINEERED CONVECTIVE LOOPS FOR MUCH LONGER THAN WE HAVE. UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP OF SOIL TO ROOTS, OR LAND AND SEA, PROVIDES US A SPRINGBOARD AS TO WHICH FORMS AND MATERIALS WILL HELP US BUILD EFFECTIVE CONVECTIVE HEAT ENVIRONMENTS. HEAT/COOL TRAVELS FROM THE STEM TO THE ROOTS OF THE

ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST BIOMIMICRY IN TYPE B (PASSIVE BUILT, CULTURAL) AND TYPE C (ACTIVE BUILT, POST-INDUSTRIAL) HEATING SYSTEMS IS IT BENEFICIAL WHEN BUILT HEAT SYSTEMS MIMIC PATTERNS FOUND IN THE GEOGRAPHICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ORGANIC ENVIRONMENT? FACTORS: STRUCTURE, FORM, SCALE, POTENCY, CHEMICAL MAKEUP, ADJACENCIES

FOR BIOCHEMICAL STRUCTURE, DOSAGE, & BIOFEEDBACK

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

THE BUILDING BLOCKS THEMSELVES ARE NOT TOXIC - THEY ARE THE SAME ELEMENTS FOUND IN NATURALLY OCCURRING COMPOUNDS. BUT THEIR DOSAGES MAKE THEM PROBLEMATIC TO THE BODY ONCE INGESTED.

THE BUILDING BLOCKS ARE THE SAME ELEMENTS FOUND IN SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS. BUT THEIR DOSAGES ARE ONES THAT THE BODY EVOLVED TO INGEST WITH OPTIMAL RESULTS.

NATURALLY OCCURING CHEMICAL STRUCTURES

IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE TRIGGERS NECESSARY HORMONE RELEASE AND IMMUNE CELL PRODUCTION IMMUNE SYSTEM PRODUCES A COUNTEROFFENSIVE ON PAR WITH THE DOSAGES AND RATIOS OF ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE COMPOUND, WHICH THE BODY IS ALSO ADAPTED TO FOR OTHER REGULATORY FUNCTIONS

IF SUBSTANCE CONTAINS A LOW DOSAGE OF A TOXIC COMPOUND WITHIN A NATURALLY-OCCURRING STRUCTURE, THE BODY MAY BE CHALLENGED BUT WILL ULTIMATELY FIGHT IT OFF THE BODY MAY TAKE A HIT, BUT NOT NECESSARILY A CATASTROPHIC HIT OR SOMETHING THAT CANNOT HEAL WITHOUT MODERN MEDICAL INTERVENTION

SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCED CHEMICAL STRUCTURES

IMMUNE SYSTEM OVERREACTS IMMUNE SYSTEM IDENTIFIES FOREIGN COMPOUND AS A THREAT, DOES ITS JOB WELL. EXCEPT THAT IT ISN’T AN INTENDED THREAT. EXPOSURE AND TREATMENT ULTIMATELY FAIL.

IMMUNE SYSTEM UNDERREACTS IMMUNE SYSTEM CANNOT IDENTIFY FOREIGN COMPOUNDS IT DOES NOT RECOGNIZE THAT ARE ACTUALLY THREATS. ELEMENTAL BREAKDOWN OF NEW COMPOUNDS PROVOKES DIFFERENT KINDS OF CELLS TO MUTATE, CREATING CANCEROUS CELLS.

FIGURE 1.22

27

SKIN MEMBRANE

THERMOREGULATION

AIR TRAPPED BETWEEN “LOUVERS” RETAINS HEAT AT WALL SURFACE

SINCE OUR SKIN MEMBRANE IS AN ULTRA-EFFICIENT THEROREGULATOR WHICH ADJUSTS FOR HEATING AND COOLING OF THE BODY, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT WE CAN VIEW STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE SKIN MEMBRANE AS IDEAS TO INTEGRATE INTO AN EFFICIENT WALL OR FLOOR SYSTEM FOR HEAT-BASED ENVIRONMENTS.

MINI “LOUVER” TYPE WALL COMPONENTS THAT REACH OVER THE SURFACE THAT AID IN TRAPPING WARM AIR BETWEEN THEM TO VARYING DEGREES BASED ON THEIR ANGLE

AIR TRAPPED BETWEEN HAIR FOLLICLES RETAINS HEAT UPPER LAYERS OF SKIN CELLS DIE AS THEY BECOME MORE EXPOSED TO AIR, AND CONDENSE MORE AS THEY DIE AND REACH THE SURFACE. HAIRS BEND OR STAND UP STRAIGHT DEPENDING ON MUSCLE SQUEEZING, CAUSES THE AIR BETWEEN THEM TO RETAIN/RELEASE HEAT ACCORDINGLY

DRYWALL MATERIAL THICKENS IN A GRADIENT UP TO THE SURFACE; MAKES IT STRUCTURAL, BUT ALSO PERMEABLE ENOUGH TO ALLOW FOR CHANGES IN HEAT

MUSCLES ATTACHED TO HAIRS EXPAND WHEN HEATED AND CONTRACT WHEN COLD; ACT AS SQUEEZING TOOLS

PV PANEL CONNECTS TO A SQUEEZE TOOL THAT CONNECTS TO A SMALLER LOUVER SYSTEM; PANEL PROVIDES SENSOR FEEDBACK TO ADJUST LOUVER ANGLE TO RETAIN/RELEASE HEAT FROM AIR HELD BETWEEN LOUVERS

LIPID BYLAYER; ACTS AS INSULATION, IMMUNE CELLS REACTING TO HOT OR COLD CAN INFORM THICKER OR THINNER LIPID GROWTH OVER TIME

BLOOD VESSELS THAT CONNECT TO CAPILLARIES THAT CARRY WATER EXPAND WITH HEAT AND CONTRACT WITH COLD; THE MORE WATER THAT ESCAPES THROUGH THE SURFACE, THE MORE HEAT THE BODY LOSES

IMMUNE CELLS; ACTS AS A “CLEANSING” LAYER - BEYOND ANTIBACTERIAL, ALSO ANTIVIRAL

PRESSURIZED CHANNEL DIRECTS WATER INTO/OUT OF THE SPACE FOR CONVECTIVE PURPOSES; EXPANDS/CONTRACTS VIA FEEDBACK FROM THE SAME PV PANEL AS ABOVE

CELL DIVISION; SKIN MEMBRNE IS SELF-PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING

SKIN MEMBRANE

METABOLIC RATE

PASSIVE HEAT AND THE HUMAN BODY’S 24-HOUR CYCLE BUILDINGS IN WHICH PEOPLE BOTH SLEEP AND SPEND TIME THROUGHOUT THE DAY BENEFIT FROM TRADITIONAL PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEMS, SUCH AS THE TUNISIAN COURTYARD HOME, IN WHICH BIOMASS ABSORBS EXCESS HEAT DURING THE DAY AND RELEASES IT AT NIGHT, AS WELL AS STACKING, WHERE PEOPLE CAN RETREAT TO THE WARMER SECOND FLOOR AT NIGHT TO SLEEP.

WALL SYSTEM POTENTIAL INNOVATIONS FOR HEAT BASED ON SKIN MEMBRANE

FIGURE 1.23

AU AUTOMATED SYSTEM SELF-PRODUCES EITHER INSULATION OR STRUCTURAL MATERIAL, DEPENDING ON EVOLVING NEEDS OF THE WALL, AND THEN DISPERSES NEW LAYERS OF MATERIAL WHERE IT IS NEEDED

70° F 50° F 62° F

**THE THING ABOUT PASSIVE HEATING AND/OR A TRADITIONAL HEARTH IS THAT IT EVENS OUT TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS BETWEEN THE DAY AND NIGHT, IT DOES NOT COMPLETELY ELIMINATE TEMPERATURE VARIANCE. WITR PASSIVE SYSTEMS, IT IS STILL SLIGHTLY COLDER AT NIGHT THAN DURING THE DAY. IN ORDER FOR US TO FALL ASLEEP, OUR BODY’S METABOLISM MUST LOWER. METABOLIC FUNCTIONS GENERATE HEAT. THUS, COOL AIR CAN HELP CONVECT HEAT OUT OF OUR BODIES FOR US TO FALL ASLEEP FASTER AND SLEEP BETTER. THIS IS WHY WE SLEEP BETTER IN COOLER ROOMS.

NO HEARTH/ NO PASSIVE HEAT

PASSIVE COOLING

DAYTIME

HEARTH/ PASSIVE HEAT

NIGHTTIME

NIGHTTIME

LOW

NIGHTTIME

DAYTIME

HIGH

FIGURE 1.24

“GREEN” BUILDING INPUT VS OUTPUT; MATERIAL ENTROPY INPUT

OUTPUT

BIOHAZARDS

LOW

IMMUNOLOGICAL ISSUES

SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCED CHEMICAL STRUCTURES THESE WILL CREATE “SMART” MATERIALS THAT WILL LAST LONGER AFTER PRODUCTION, BUT HAVE HIGH HEALTH AND RESOURCE COSTS AT THE OUTSET

BUILDING WILL TAKE LONGER TO DETERIORATE. PARTS MAY NOT NEED TO BE REPLACED AS OFTEN. IT CAN HAVE SPECIAL PROPERTIES, LIKE FIRE RESISTANCE. BUT, ITS CHEMICAL STRUCTURES ARE NOT NECESSARILY CONDUCIVE TO INDIVIDUAL WELLNESS, BOTH IN TERMS OF NUTRIENCE AND HEAT RETENTION. MATERIALS MIGHT GET HOTTER THAN WHAT IS FOUND IN NATURE THAT WE ARE ADAPTED TO. NO MENTAL OR EMOTIONAL BENEFITS AS THE MATERIALS DO NOT RESEMBLE NATURE AND WILL NOT HELP REGULATE OUR NERVOUS SYSTEM.

HIGH

BUILDING LIFESPAN

NATURAL RESOURCE DEPLETION (OFTEN WATER)

SOMETIMES USAGE OF RARE RESOURCES IS NOT ACTUALLY WELL-CONTROLLED AND DAMAGE ECOSYSTEMS

NATURALLY OCCURING CHEMICAL STRUCTURES

BUILDING WILL DETERIORATE FASTER AND MAY NOT BE AS COST-EFFECTIVE IN THE LONG RUN, BUT THE MATERIALS WITH PROMOTE INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY NTRITION, AND WILL RETAIN AND RELEASE HEAT AT TEMPERATURES THAT WE ARE ADAPTED TO WITHSTAND. WILL PROVIDE MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL BIOPHILIC PROPERTIES.

HIGH

NATURAL RESOURCES (OFTEN FARMED AND CONTROLLED)

LOW

BUILDING LIFESPAN

FIGURE 1.25

SHIVERING

HEAT SINKS AS EVOLVED COOLING MECHANISM

WE TYPICALLY ASSUME THAT PEOPLE HAVE BEEN SHIVERING IN UNCOMFORTABLY COLD TEMPERATURES SINCE BEFORE THE ADVENT OF MODERN CONSTRUCTION.

WE TYPICALLY ASSUME THAT PEOPLE HAVE BEEN SWEATING IN UNCOMFORTABLY HOT TEMPERATURES SINCE BEFORE THE ADVENT OF MODERN CONSTRUCTION.

SHIVERING PROVOKES A MILD CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE THAT WILL NOT OVERWHELM THE BODY, AND NATURALLY STOPS ONCE THE BODY HAS REACHED ITS IDEAL TEMPERATURE.

SWEATING PROVOKES A CONDUIT FOR WHICH EXCESS HEAT IN THE BODY CAN ESCAPE, IN WATER DROPLETS ON THE SURFACE OF THE SKIN. IT NATURALLY STOPS ONCE THE BODY HAS REACHED ITS IDEAL TEMPERATURE. IT IS A FULL-BODY INVOLVEMENT, IN THAT WATER DROPLETS DISPERSE THROUGHOUT THE SKIN’S SURFACE, NOT JUST WHERE THE HEAT SOURCES ARE, IN ORDER TO COOL US.

THUS, IMPLEMENTING FRICTION-BASED HEATING SYSTEMS THAT “SHIVER” - LIKE SHIFTING PLATES UNDER A RADIANT FLOOR - COULD GENERATE HEAT AT LEVELS THAT WILL NOT OVERWHELM THE BODY - SENSORY, IMMUNE, OR OTHERWISE. IF DRIVEN BY WIND OR ELECTRICITY, IT ALSO HAS THE POTENTIAL TO HAVE ZERO CARBON EMISSIONS.

28

SWEATING

FRICTION AS EVOLVED WARMING MECHANISM

THUS, IMPLEMENTING “SWEAT”-BASED HEATING SYSTEMS - LIKE BODIES OF WATER AROUND A BUILDING, BUT MORE UNIVERSAL AND CONTROLLABLE - COULD HELP US RESPOND MORE OPTIMALLY SENSORY AND IMMUNE WISE.

FIGURE 1.26

AGAINST LARGER-THAN-NATURAL SCOPES OF DEPLOYMENT NEEDED FOR SYSTEMS IN INCREASED POPULATION DENSITY WITH THE TECHNOLOGIES WE CURRENTLY HAVE, SYNTHETICALLY-PRODUCED MATERIALS ARE OFTEN THE ONLY WAY TO CREATE THE SPANS NECESSARY TO ACCOMMODATE LARGE URBAN POPULATIONS CULTURALLY-BUILT HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES CANNOT ALWAYS TRANSLATE TO MASSIVE URBAN SCALES, BECAUSE IT TAKES A DIFFERENT SET OF CONTROLS TO MANAGE CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, AND RADIATION IN A LARGER ENVIRONMENT. THE FURTHER AWAY IN SCALE A BUILDING GETS FROM THE HUMAN BODY, THE LESS IT CAN APPLY TECHNIQUES SIMILAR TO THE HUMAN BODY FOR HEAT REGULATION.

FIGURE 1.27

THE HUMAN BODY IS NEITHER CARBON-NEUTRAL NOR NET-ZERO ENERGY DEPENDENCY ON OUTSIDE HEAT SOURCES AND OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY TO SELF-SUSTAIN

CARBON EMISSIONS

SUCCESSFUL NET-ZERO BUILDINGS COMPLEMENT THE HUMAN BODY FOR WELLNESS - THEY ARE NOT AN EXTENSION OF IT! TURNING TO HUMAN FORM, STRUCTURE, AND CHEMICAL-MAKEUP FOR ARCHITECTURAL INNOVATION WILL NOT DIRECTLY LEAD US TO MORE EFFICIENT SOLUTIONS WHEN WE ARE TRYING TO IMPROVE THE HUMAN CONDITION, IN WHICH WE MUST CONSUME OUTSIDE RESOURCES FOR OUR SURVIVAL AND IN TURN GENERATE CO2 WASTE, IF NO INTERVENTIONS ARE TAKEN.

PRE-MODERN HUMAN CONDITION

THERE IS A REASON THAT STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN HOME DESIGN NEVER EVOLVED INTO THE SHAPE OF THE HUMAN BODY - A HOME IS NOT A DIRECT EXTENSION OF OUR BODIES, ALTHOUGH IT SHARES CERTAIN SIMILARITIES. WE WANT THE HOUSE TO WITHSTAND GREATER TEMPERATURES THAN WE CAN, TO REMAIN IN ONE PLACE, AND TO CHANGE AT OUR WILL.

LARGER SCALES REQUIRE LARGER SURFACE AREAS TO CONNECT PEOPLE TO NATURE & TO EACH OTHER

FIGURE 1.28

FIGURE 1.29 SURFACE AREA OF WALLS AND ROOF IN A SMALL STRUCTURE WILL BE CLOSER TO THE SIZE OF THE HUMAN BODY

HABITAT ‘67, MOSHE SAFDIE; EXAMPLE OF MAXIMIZED SURFACE AREA FOR ACCESS TO NATURE

29

THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS IN HYPOTHETICAL BIOMIMETIC SYSTEMS

METABOLISM “HOT WALL” POSSIBILITIES FOR NEW WAYS COMPOST OF DEPLOYMENT METABOLISM

“HOT COMPOST WALL” CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB HOLLOW AREA BETWEEN SHEATHING HOSTS WATER PIPES CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB

HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS THAT MIMIC THE N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT; M I L D TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. NO CHEMICAL C H A N G E S , MENTAL & EMOTIONAL B E N E F I T S ; AWARENESS BOOSTING

WEEP HOLES IN RAMMED EARTH SIREWALL SLAB ARE MORESO FOR WATER VAPOR (STEAM) THAN LIQUID WATER; THE HEAT IN THE STEAM RELEASED FROM THE HOT WEEP HOLES IN RAMMED COMPOST CATALYZES EARTH SIREWALL SLAB MINERALS ESSENTIAL TO ARE MORESO FOR THE HUMAN BODY WATER VAPOR (STEAM) FOUND IN THE RAMMED THAN LIQUID THE EARTH SLABWATER; AND ALSO HEAT IN THE STEAM IN THE DECOMPOSING RELEASED FROM THEWALL HOT COMPOST IN THE COMPOST CATALYZES INTERIOR. THIS CAN MINERALS ESSENTIAL TO CREATE A THERAPEUTIC THE HUMAN BODY STEAM CONDITION FOUND INROOM THE RAMMED INSIDE THE WHERE EARTH SLAB HOLES AND ALSO THE WEEP ARE INPRESENT, THE DECOMPOSING AS WELL AS COMPOST IN THE WALL CLEANSE AND INTERIOR. THIS MINERALIZE THECAN AIR CREATE A THERAPEUTIC STEAM CONDITION INSIDE THE ROOM WHERE THE WEEP HOLES ARE PRESENT, AS WELL AS CLEANSE AND MINERALIZE THE AIR

HOLLOW AREA BETWEEN SHEATHING HOSTS SPRINKLER SYSTEM WATER WATERSPIPES THE COMPOST RAMMED EARTH SIREWALL SYSTEM

HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS THAT MIMIC THE N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT; M I L D TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. NO CHEMICAL C H A N G E S , MENTAL & EMOTIONAL B E N E F I T S ; AWARENESS BOOSTING

EXTREME HEAT THAT CAN C A T A L Y Z E C H E M I C A L C H A N G E S IMPORTANT FOR OUR HEALTH; P H Y S I C A L B E N E F I T S ; I M M U N E BOOSTING

SPRINKLER SYSTEM REBAR WATERS THE COMPOST

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, WATER QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY)

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, WATER QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY) EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT T H A T INCORPORATES NATURALLY OCCURRING VITAMINS AND MINERALS INTO THE BUILT ENVIRONEMENT A S SUPPLEMENTAL TO OUR HEALTH (E.J. MINERL DUST, CLAY SEDIMENT)

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT T H A T INCORPORATES NATURALLY OCCURRING VITAMINS AND MINERALS INTO THE BUILT ENVIRONEMENT A S SUPPLEMENTAL TO OUR HEALTH (E.J. MINERL DUST, CLAY SEDIMENT)

RAMMED EARTH SIREWALL SYSTEM POWERFUL MIXER PANELS ARE MOUNTED TO SIREWALL RAMMED REBAR EARTH SLABS, AND ENSURE THAT EVEN THOUGH THE COMPOST IS INSERTED AT ONE POWERFUL MIXER SPECIFIC LOCATION, IT IS PANELS ARE MOUNTED THOROUGHLY MIXED TO SIREWALL RAMMED AND CIRCULATED EARTH SLABS, AND THROUGHOUT THE WALL ENSURE THAT EVEN THOUGH THE COMPOST IS INSERTED AT ONE 30 CARBON: 1 SPECIFIC LOCATION, IT IS NITROGEN RATIO THOROUGHLY MIXED COMPOST CIRCULATES AND CIRCULATED THROUGHOUT WALL, THE WALL PROVIDING EVEN MIXING AND HEAT DISPERSEMENT 30 CARBON: 1 NITROGEN RATIO COMPOST CIRCULATES THROUGHOUT WALL, FLASHING AND A PROVIDING EVEN SLIDING AND DOOR OPENING MIXING HEAT IN THE WALL PROVIDE DISPERSEMENT AN INSERTION POINT FOR COMPOSTABLE FOOD SCRAPS

EXTREME HEAT THAT CAN C A T A L Y Z E C H E M I C A L C H A N G E S IMPORTANT FOR OUR HEALTH; P H Y S I C A L B E N E F I T S ; I M M U N E BOOSTING

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW HUMAN WASTE (E.J. FOOD CONTAINERS, O R G A N I C M A T E R I A L , EXCREMENT, INDOOR AIR POLLUTION)

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW HUMAN WASTE (E.J. FOOD CONTAINERS, O R G A N I C M A T E R I A L , EXCREMENT, INDOOR AIR POLLUTION) S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

FLASHING AND A SWEEPING PUSHPLATE SLIDING DOOR OPENING EJECTS READY-TO-USE IN THE WALL PROVIDE COMPOST OUT OF THE AN INSERTION POINT WALLCOMPOSTABLE TO A PICKUP FOR POINT OUTDOORS. THIS FOOD SCRAPS ENSURES CONSISTENT SPACE AVAILABLE FOR SWEEPING NEW FOODPUSHPLATE SCRAPS TO EJECTS READY-TO-USE BE DEPOSITED INTO THE COMPOST OUT OF THE WALL WALL TO A PICKUP POINT OUTDOORS. THIS ENSURES CONSISTENT SPACE AVAILABLE FOR NEW FOOD SCRAPS TO BE DEPOSITED INTO THE WALL

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, WATER QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY)

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, WATER QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY)

CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB AND FOUNDATION

30

CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB AND FOUNDATION

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT T H A T INCORPORATES NATURALLY OCCURRING VITAMINS AND MINERALS INTO THE BUILT ENVIRONEMENT A S SUPPLEMENTAL TO OUR HEALTH (E.J. MINERL DUST, CLAY SEDIMENT)

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT T H A T INCORPORATES NATURALLY OCCURRING VITAMINS AND MINERALS INTO THE BUILT ENVIRONEMENT A S SUPPLEMENTAL TO OUR HEALTH (E.J. MINERL DUST, CLAY SEDIMENT)

FIGURE 1.30

FRICTION-BASED FRICTION-BASED TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE REGULATION REGULATION UPON DISCUSSING THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS AND PITFALLS OF INCORPORATING BIOMIMICRY INTO HEATING SYSTEMS FOR WELLNESS, WE FIND THAT THERE ARE WAYS TO INCORPORATE HEAT FEATURES FOUND IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT (METABOLISM, SHIVER/SWEAT MECHANISMS,AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS, TO NAME JUST A FEW EXAMPLES) IN ORDER TO OPTIMIZE THE AMOUNT OF WELLNESS BENEFITS MEASURED IN THIS RESEARCH AS PASSIVE SYSTEMS AND IN WAYS NOT USED PREVIOUSLY. THESE HYPOTHETICAL SYSTEM DETAILS MAY NOT ONLY ALLOW FOR AN INCREASE IN THE TYPES OF WELLNESS BENEFITS WE RECEIVE, BUT MAY ALSO PROVIDE NEW WAYS OF THINKING ABOUT PASSIVE HEATING SOLUTIONS THAT INCREASE OUR CHANCES OF BEING FULLY NET ZERO OR NET POSITIVE ENERGY IN INCREASINGLY DENSE URBAN ENVIRONMENTS. THE MORE NEW WAYS WE CAN FIND TO SUSTAINABLY AND IMPACTFULLY INCORPORATE HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES INTO THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, THE MORE LIKELY WE ARE TO CULTIVATE AND SUSTAIN COMMUNITY, AND HAVE ENERGY RESOURCES TO EXPEND ELSEWHERE.

“‘SHIVER’ PLATES “‘SHIVER’ PLATES RADIANT FLOOR” RADIANT FLOOR”

STANDARD WALL SYSTEM STANDARD WALL SYSTEM

S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS THAT MIMIC THE N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT; M I L D TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. NO CHEMICAL HEAT SOURCES C H ASINKS N G THAT E S , AND MENTAL & MIMIC THE E MAOTT U I ORNAA LL N B E N E F I T S ; ENVIRONMENT; A W AI R E N S M L E SD BOOSTING TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. NO CHEMICAL C H A N G E S , MENTAL & EMOTIONAL B E N E F I T S ; AWARENESS BOOSTING

IMPLEMENT FOR CATCHING AND IMPLEMENT FOR REDIRECTING WIND CATCHING AND REDIRECTING WIND

HEAT FROM FRICTION PRODUCED WITHIN THE HEAT FROM FRICTION FLOOR SYSTEM BELOW PRODUCED WITHINAND THE RISES UPWARD FLOOR BELOW ENTERSSYSTEM THE SPACE AS RISESRADIANT UPWARD HEAT AND ENTERS THE SPACE AS RADIANT HEAT

SLIDER SYSTEM ATTACHED TO THE UNDERSIDE OF BOTH WOOD SLIDER SYSTEM ATTACHED TO SLABS AND WOOD BLOCKING THEABOVE UNDERSIDE OF BOTHALLOWS WOOD AND BELOW, SLABS AND BLOCKING SLABS TOWOOD SLIDE ALONG THE ABOVE AND BELOW, ALLOWS HORIZONTAL AXIS SLABS TO SLIDE ALONG THE HORIZONTAL AXIS

WOOD BLOCKING

SILICONE STOPPERS

WOOD BLOCKING

SILICONE STOPPERS

S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

CARPETING MATERIAL STRIPS ON FACING CARPETING MATERIAL SIDES OF BOTH WOOD STRIPS ON FACING SLABS PRODUCE HEAT SIDES BOTH WOOD VIA OF FRICTION WHEN SLABS PRODUCE HEAT THEY RUB AGAINST VIA FRICTION EACH OTHERWHEN - THE THEY RUB AGAINST “SHIVER” EFFECT EACH OTHER - THE “SHIVER” EFFECT

TUNNELS CONSTRICT WIDTH OF WIND TUNNELS CONSTRICT MOVEMENT, WIDTH OF WIND INCREASING ITS MOVEMENT, VELOCITY INCREASING ITS VELOCITY

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, EITHER EXTREME WATER QUALITY, OR MILD HEAT BIODIVERSITY) THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, WATER QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY)

FIGURE 1.31 CONCRETE FOUNDATION CONCRETE FOUNDATION

WIND PROVIDES A FORCE ACTING AGAINST SLIDING WIND A FORCE WOODPROVIDES SLABS WITH SILICONE ACTING AGAINST SLIDING STOPPERS THAT BUMP AGAINST WOOD SILICONE SLABS WITH SILICONE OTHER STOPPERS STOPPERS THAT BUMP AGAINST OTHER SILICONE STOPPERS

31

OXYGEN-PRODUCING AND FEEDING

“DOUBLE MEMBRANE PLANT WALL”

EXTREME HEAT THAT CAN C A T A L Y Z E C H E M I C A L C H A N G E S IMPORTANT FOR OUR HEALTH; P H Y S I C A L B E N E F I T S ; I M M U N E BOOSTING

TOPPING CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB

SHEATHING

STRUCTURAL SUPPORT RODS TO SUPPORT THE BEAMS THAT SUPPORT THE SLIDING DOORS

GLAZING USED FOR SLIDING DOOR SYSTEM IS HIGHLY ABSORPTIVE, TRAPPING HEAT INSIDE THE WALL AND ENSURING A GREENHOUSE EFFECT IDEAL FOR PLANT GROWTH

KAWNEER MULLIONS

4-PLY REFLECTIVE GLAZING SYSTEM (VERY TIGHTLY SEALED, YET LETS IN MAXIMUM LIGHT AND HEAT)

BEAMS TO SUPPORT MULLIONS FOR SLIDING DOORS

HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS THAT MIMIC THE N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT; M I L D TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. NO CHEMICAL C H A N G E S , MENTAL & EMOTIONAL B E N E F I T S ; AWARENESS BOOSTING

S Y S T E M ’ S AVOIDANCE OF HARMFUL TOXINS

PLANTING BEDS ARE AFFIZED TO SLIDING DOOR MULLIONS AND ALLOW FOR A 30-60 CM SOIL DEPTH, DEPENDING ON WHAT NEEDS TO BE GROWN

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT THAT CAN RECYCLE/RENEW THE OUTDOOR N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT (E.J. SOIL REGENERATION, WATER QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY)

REBAR CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB AND FOUNDATION

FIGURE 1.32

32

EITHER EXTREME OR MILD HEAT T H A T INCORPORATES NATURALLY OCCURRING VITAMINS AND MINERALS INTO THE BUILT ENVIRONEMENT A S SUPPLEMENTAL TO OUR HEALTH (E.J. MINERL DUST, CLAY SEDIMENT)

TYPE, SCALE, & SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: PROGRAM

33

?

MILWAUKEE’S POPULATION IS PROJECTED TO INCREASE SIGNIFICANTLY BY 2075 FOR SEVERAL REASONS...

DOES THIS MEAN A MEGASTRUCTURE “UTOPIA” WITHIN THE CITY BOUNDS WOULD BE A VIABLE SOLUTION TO ADDRESS THE COMMUNAL NEEDS OF A GREATER NUMBER OF PEOPLE?

SITE AND COUNTY POPULATION INCREASE PREDICTIONS FOR 2075 ANALYSIS ON URBAN DENSIFICATION DYNAMICS AND FUTURE MODES IN SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN, USA Lingzhi WangID, Hichem Omrani, Zhao Zhao, Dante Francomano, Ke Li, Bryan Pijanowski

*Percent change is lower than that predicted from the above analysis, but is still significant

FIGURE 2.2

*Prediction largely dependent on birth and death rates; less so climate migration - If from 2001-2011 high density areas in cities increased by 2.54%, the rate of increase could dramatically rise with climate migration, not only the general percentage of high-density areas rising over time. Assuming the rate of high-density area increase doubles each decade from now until 2075: (26.92%) 1.05 = 28.26% in 2021 (28.26%) 1.10 = 31.09% in 2031 (31.09%) 1.20 = 37.31% in 2041 (37.31%) 1.40 = 52.23% in 2051 (52.23%) 1.80 = 94.01% in 2061 ....by 2075, if this rate of increase was followed, nearly all of the Greater Milwaukee Area would be High-Density Area

DENSER AND OLDER [ADAPTED FROM STUDY]

Percentage of Population Age 65 & over, 2010 Census

Percentage of Population Age 65 & over, 2040 Projection

Less than 20% 20-25% 25-30% 30-35% Greater than 35%

WISCONSIN’S FUTURE POPULATION; PROJECTIONS FOR THE STATE, ITS COUNTIES AND MUNICIPALITIES, 2010 - 2040 David Egan-Robertson - This study suggests that the population growth rate may plateau at some point - It estimates in the 2040s, which appears to be very early compared to more recent research into climate migration.

- If climate migration were not an extremely pressing factor - As we regard it today - Lower birth rates and number of deaths from Baby Boomers in the 2040s would not yield a consistently increasing population growth rate through 2075. In this project, climate migration is a dominant factor in this prediction, even though this study does not reflect that.

MILWAUKEE COUNTY POPULATION DENSITY, PROJECTED 2075 [ADAPTED FROM STUDY]

MILWAUKEE COUNTY POPULATION DENSITY, 2023 [ADAPTED FROM STUDY]

FIGURE 2.3

LD

LD

MD

MD

HD

HD

NU

NU

N

N 0

2.25

4.5

9

13.5

Kilometers 18

0

2.25

4.5

9

13.5

Kilometers 18

FIGURE 2.1

CLIMATE MIGRATION PREDICTIONS FOR 2075 FUTURE OF THE HUMAN CLIMATE NICHE

Chi Xu, Timothy A. Kohler, Timothy M. Lention, Marten Scheffer [Data Visualizations from ProPublica)

A

CURRENT

LOW

SUITABILITY

HIGH

B

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

WISCONSIN WILL BECOME PART OF THE MOST DESIRABLE AREA TO LIVE IN THE US CLIMATE-WISE BY 2070

2070

LOW

SUITABILITY

HIGH

C

FIGURE 2.4

LOW

DIFFERENCE

SUITABILITY CHANGE

HIGH

NOAA GREAT LAKES COASTAL FORECASTING SYSTEM + HTTPS://WWW.AXIOS.COM/2023/12/18/CLIMATE-CHANGE-MIGRATION-US

0

1

- THESE STUDIES SUGGEST THAT AS THE OZONE LAYER THICKENS, BOTH EVAPORATION AND RAINFALL WILL INTENSIFY, RENDERING THE LEVEL OF THE WATER IN LAKE MICHIGAN MORE UNSTABLE, FLUCTUATING THROUGHOUT THE YEAR - SINCE THE WATER LEVEL WILL BE MORE UNSTABLE, THE DIRECT AREA AROUND IT NOW WILL LIKELY BECOME A CLIMATE ABANDONMENT AREA, AND PEOPLE WILL MOVE INTO INNER PARTS OF THE CITY AWAY FROM THE SHORELINE, SUCH AS THE PROJECT SITE LOCATION

5 10 15 25 40 70

LAKE MICHIGAN WATER LEVELS (1984-2019)

DAYS WITH HIGH WET BULB TEMPERATURES 582.35 580.71 FEET

ONE CLIMATE FACTOR THAT MIGHT OFFSET SOME OF THE PREDICTIONS SHOWN BELOW IS MILWAUKEE’S HIGH NUMBER OF DAYS/YEAR WITH HIGH WET BULB TEMPERATURES

579.07 577.43 575.79 1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2006

2009

2011

2014

2017

2019

FIGURE 2.6

PEOPLE WILL MOVE TO MORE INLAND NEIGHBORHOODS OF MILWAUKEE FROM THE SHORELINE

FIGURE 2.5

LAKE MICHIGAN SHORELINE 2023

LAKE MICHIGAN SHORELINE 2075

NO!

THE FAILURE OF THE MEGASTRUCTURE

POPULAR MYTHS: WHY MEGASTRUCTURES WON’T PROMOTE INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY WELLNESS FIGURE 2.7

UNITY IN CONFORMITY

CONFORMITY LEADS TO EXCLUSION

MYTH WE NEED A STANDARDIZED URBAN FORMAT IN THE FORM OF A “UTOPIA” IN ORDER TO SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN SOCIETY AND CREATE BETTER SOCIAL COHESION.

PEACEFUL NATIONAL CAPITOL MALL, CENTRAL TO THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

MYTH BIG SCALES = BIG BEAUTY, AND BEAUTY INSPIRES MORALITY

36

FACT MANY OF THE UTOPIAN CITIES THAT WERE BUILT WERE - AS MENTIONED PREVIOUSLY - BUILT DURING THE MODERNIST ERA. AS SUCH, EVEN WITH SOME “SOCIALIST” INTENTIONS, THESE DESIGNS HAD A LOT OF BLIND SPOTS WHEN IT CAME TO SOCIAL INCLUSION, AND MAY HAVE FURTHER SOLIDIFIED DEFUNCT HIERARCHIES. EBENEZER HOWARD’S “GARDEN CITIES OF TOMORROW” PLACED MOST URBAN HOMES CENTRALLY IN A RING SURROUNDED BY GARDENS, BUT PLANNED SPECIAL FARMLAND FOR MISFITS AND DISABLED PEOPLE OUTSIDE OF THE CENTRAL RING OF BUILDINGS. AND WHILE HIS DESIGN BROUGHT BACK THE “WALKING SCALE” CITY AND RID PEOPLE OF RELIANCE ON CARS, IT DID NOT NECESSARILY PLAN FOR A THIRD NARRATIVE INCLUDING ACCESSIBLE OPTIONS FOR PEOPLE WITH MOBILITY ISSUES. INCLUDING DISABLED PEOPLE IN SOCIETY BOLSTERS THEIR OWN WELLNESS, CREATES JOBS FOR OTHERS, AND IMPROVES THE EMOTIONAL HEALTH OF THEIR FAMILIES. AND THIS INDIVIDUAL HEALTH TRANSLATES INTO COMMUNITY HEALTH.

JANUARY 6TH CAPITOL RIOTS

FACT THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT POSITED THAT “BEAUTIFUL” (AKA BIG AND EXPANSIVE) CITY CENTERS WOULD BRING CIVILITY BACK TO THE CITY. THIS WAS NOT INTENDED FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE AVERAGE CITIZEN, BUT RATHER FOR THE SAKE OF ATTRACTING WEALTHY PEOPLE BACK TO CITY CENTERS, AS THEY HAD ALREADY STARTED MOVING TO SUBURBS. ELIOT G. FITCH PURPORTED THESE EXACT VIEWS IN MILWAUKEE IN 1959: “BEAUTY IS AN ENORMOUSLY STENGTHENING VITAL FORCE IN A CITY. IT IS A PROTEST AGAINST DISORDER...UNECONOMIC SLUM-RIDDEN AREAS...IN THE CORE OF EVERY CITY...” THE MILWAUKEE MARINE PLAZA IS A PRODUCT OF THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT, ULTIMATELY GREENLIGHTING REDLINING PROJECTS TO RELEGATE POOR PEOPLE TO OTHER PARTS OF THE CITY.

INSIDE THE BERNAL SPHERE

TOMATOES IN GARDEN VS TOMATOES IN GREENHOUSE

MYTH WE CAN ENTIRELY RECREATE ATMOSPHERIC QUALITIES & EXPECT THE SAME LEVEL OF HEALTH FROM IT AS INTERACTING WITH THE NATURAL WORLD

LE CORBUSIER’S PLAN FOR PARIS, L’ESPRIT NOUVEAU

MYTH

FACT SOMETIMES THIS IS HELPFUL - LIKE CREATING/USING GREENHOUSES. BUT IT IS ALSO RISKIER THAN AMPLIFYING WHAT WE HAVE LEFT OF OUR ACTUAL PLANET & ACTUALIZING IT IN OUR BUILDING, SINCE WE ARE NOT FULLY AWARE OF ALL THE CONDITIONS WE HAVE ADAPTED TO - NUTRITIONALLY, STURCUTRALLY, UV EXPOSURE-WISE, GEOGRAPHICALLY, TEMPERATURE-FLUCTUATION-WISE, ETC.

TRYING TO EVACUATE FROM THE 50TH FLOOR OF A BUILDING

FACT

BUILDING EXTREMELY TALL SKYSCRAPERS TO DENSELY HOUSE PEOPLE IN CITIES WILL GIVE PEOPLE MORE ACCESS TO GREEN SPACE, SINCE THERE WILL BE A LARGER FOOTPRINT AVAILABLE WITHIN THE CITY BOUNDS FOR EXPANSIVE GREEN SPACES THE MORE WE STACK PROGRAM. (LE CORBUSIER, L’ESPRIT NOUVEAU PLAN FOR PARIS)

EVEN IF MASSIVE SKYSCRAPERS PROVIDE A LARGER FOOTPRINT WITHIN THE CITY FOR GREEN SPACES, IT WILL BECOME SIGNIFICANTLY HARDER FOR INDIVIDUALS TO ACCESS THESE GREEN SPACES. 1) IT WILL BE HARDER FOR PEOPLE TO EXIT LARGE BUILDINGS WHEN THEY ARE ON VERY HIGH FLOORS (WHICH IS ALSO A FIRE HAZARD) 2) THE TALLER A BUILDING IS, THE THICKER IT MUST ALSO BECOME, EVEN AT THE THINNEST POSSIBLE RATIO OF WIDTH-TO-HEIGHT (LOOK IT UP). AT SOME POINT, THE BUILDING WILL HAVE TO BECOME THICK ENOUGH IN WIDTH THAT DAYLIGHT CANNOT REACH THE INNERMOST CORE, WHICH ACTUALLY MAKES THAT DAYLIGHT LESS ACCESSIBLE THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING 3) ASIDE FROM BEING A FIRE HAZARD, EVEN WITHOUT AN EMERGENCY, PEOPLE WITH MOBILITY ISSUES MAY NOT BE ABLE TO TRAVEL FAR ENOUGH IN A SINGLE DAY TO ACTUALLY EXIT THE BUILDING AND ACCESS GREEN SPACE 4) PART OF BIOPHILIA IS DIRECT CONTACT WITH OTHER PLANTS AND ANIMALS, NOT JUST LONG-DISTANCE VISION AND DAYLIGHT THROUGH A WINDOW. WHEN THE BUILDING BECOMES SO TALL THAT EVEN TREES ARE MOSTLY OUT OF SIGHT, GLAZING CAN ONLY DO SO MUCH TO ACHIEVE THE SAME LEVEL OF BIOPHILIA POSSIBLE AT LOWER FLOORS OF THE BUILDING

TOKYO 2121 BY ALAN MARSHALL; NULCELAR RADIATION-RESISTANT HOMES

CHANDIGARH CAPITOL BUILDING BY LE CORBUSIER IN WESTERN BRUTALIST STYLE, AND HOMELESS PEOPLE

MYTH WE NEED A STANDARDIZED URBAN FORMAT IN ORDER TO ACTUALIZE BUILDINGS TECHNOLOGICALLY. THIS IS WHY THE IDEA OF A “UTOPIA,” A HYPER-TECHNOLOGICAL, PLACELESS CITY, IS USEFUL.

FACT THE IDEA OF A UTOPIA IS GROUNDED IN MODERNISM, WHICH IS CONVROVERSIAL. MAY BUILT “UTOPIAN” CITIES WERE REALIZED DURING THE MODERNIST ERA, SUCH AS BRASILIA, SONGDO, MASDAR CITY, AND CHANDIGARH. EVERY REGION ON EARTH PRESENTS DIFFERENT CHALLENGES, ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SOME OVERLAPS: GEOGRAPHICALLY AND CULTURALLY THEY ARE DIFFERENT. THEREFORE, ENTIRELY “PLACELESS” BUILDINGS CANNOT EFFECTIVELY ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF THEIR ORDINARY INHABITANTS. WHILE SOME TECHNOLOGIES CAN GENUINELY BE APPLIED EVERYWHERE, THEY MAY NOT BE APPLIED AT THE SAME SCALE OR RATIO TO BE MOST USEFUL IN DIFFERENT PLACES. IF ANYTHING, MODERNIST AIMS SUCH AS THE “INTERNATIONAL STYLE” CAN MAKE WEALTH DISPARITIES EVEN MORE APPARENT.

37

UTOPIAN PRECEDENTS UTOPIAN PRECEDENTS THEIR FAILURES TO ADDRESS WELLNESS THEIR FAILURES TO ADDRESS WELLNESS

WHAT WEWE CAN ADAPT FROM WHAT CANSTILL STILL ADAPT FROM THEM THEM

DEMONSTRATES INCLUDES AND F O R M A L MIXES PEOPLE VARIATION FROM A DIVERSE GROUP OF SOCIAL CLASSES AND ABILITIES

MONSTRATES O R M A L RIATION

INCLUDES AND MIXES PEOPLE M P L O Y S FROMEA DIVERSE GROUP OF U N E I M M SOCIAL B CLASSES OOSTING AND ABILITIES

TEMPERATURES AND MATERIALS

E M P L O Y S I M M U N E INCORPORATES BOOSTING BIOMIMICRY TEMPERATURES AND MATERIALSINCORPORATES

BIOMIMICRY

AVOIDS AND MINIMIZES

AVOIDS AND HUMAN WASTE MINIMIZES HUMAN WASTE

A V O I D S H A R M F U L A V O I TOXINS

D S H A R M F U L TOXINS

USES BUILDING MATERIALS FOUND IN THE E N E WN AS T U R A L ENVIRONMENT OUTDOO R

U

R E N E W S OUTDOOR R ENVIRONMENT

S

E

S

EQUALITY AND MEANING U S IN E S PLACEMAKING NATURALLY

ATURALLY USES N BUILDING M A TGE RR I O A LWS N FOOD FOUND IN THE N A T U R A L ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT

TEN FACTORS TO CONSIDER

EQUALITY MEANING PLACEMA

G R O W N FOOD

TEN FACTORS TO CONSIDER

THE WALKING CITY, ARCHIGRAM

THE WALKING CITY, ARCHIGRAM STANDARDIZED FORM ERODES PERSONAL IDENTITY A N D GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE PLANET

DESIGNED FOR A CLASS OF “WORLD TRAVELLER-WORKERS ” DOES NOT NECESSARILY PROMOTE FAMILY UNITS OR INCLUSIVITY

NO INTEGRATION OF EXTREME TEMPERATURES OR CONTACT WITH N A T U R A L MATERIALS, BAD FOR IMMUNE SYSTEM

DOES NOT INCORPORATE ANY CONTACT WITH N A T U R A L MATERIALS, AS POEPLE LIVE IN CLOSED METAL CAGES

STANDARDIZED FORM ERODES PERSONAL IDENTITY A N D GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE PLANET

DESIGNED FOR A CLASS OF “WORLD TRAVELLER-WORKERS ” DOES NOT NECESSARILY PROMOTE FAMILY UNITS OR INCLUSIVITY

NO INTEGRATION OF EXTREME TEMPERATURES OR CONTACT WITH N A T U R A L MATERIALS, BAD FOR IMMUNE SYSTEM

DOES NOT INCORPORATE ANY CONTACT WITH N A T U R A L MATERIALS, AS POEPLE LIVE IN CLOSED METAL CAGES

AVOIDS SOME EXCESS HUMAN WASTE BUT DOES NOTHING SPECIFIC TO ADDRESS RECYCLING TECHNIQUES, DUMPS WASTE

RENEWS OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT BY AVOIDING AS MUCH DIRECT CONTACT AS POSSIBLE.

THE BIOMIMICRY ASPECT OF WALKING PEOPLE DO NOT EXPERIENCE ON THE HUMAN SCALE

SYSTEM AVOIDS HARMFUL TOXINS

MIGHT INCREASE ACCESS TO NATURAL FOOD PRODUCTION

NO REDLINING BUT ALSO NO CENTRALIZATION

THE BIOMIMICRY ASPECT OF WALKING PEOPLE DO NOT EXPERIENCE ON THE HUMAN SCALE

FIGURE 2.8

WHAT IS CONSIDERED A “UTOPIA” TENDS TO FALL INTO TWO CATEGORIES: THE FIRST, BEING MEGASTRUCTURES THAT ARE REGARDED AS SUCCESSFULLY INTEGRATING INTO A FUTURE SOCIETY. THE SECOND, AS CITIES THAT ARE THE SIZE AND SCALE OF MODERN CITIES ON EARTH THAT WERE ACTUALLY BUILT - ESPECIALLY DURING THE UTOPIAN CRAZE OF THE MODERNIST ERA - AND CARRY WITH THEM SOME DEGREE OF PRACTICALITY AND SUCCESS. MOST MEGASTRUCUTURES ARE CONCEIVED OF AS UTOPIAS, BUT NOT ALL UTOPIAS ARE MEGASTRUCTURES EITHER IN THEORY OR PRACTICE. UNLIKE THE MEGASTRUCTURE, THE UTOPIA - WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT CARRY ELEMENTS OF A MEGASTRUCTURE STILL CARRIES SOME OF THE WELLNESS BENEFITS IT WAS PURPORTED TO HAVE DURING AND AFTER THE MODERNIST ERA. ALTHOUGH NOT UTOPIA SUCCESSFULLY BUILT ON EARTH TO DATE INCORPORATES THE CLIMATE-ADAPTED FEATURES OF A “MEGACOMMUNITY” THAT THIS PROJECT WILL HAVE (SUCH AS INVENTIVE HEAT SYSTEMS, INVENTIVE DOUBLE ENVELOPE SYSTEMS, ETC.) THE CONCEPT OF A MEGACOMMUNITY REMAINS SOMEHWAT UTOPIAN, AS WILL BE EXPLAINED ON PAGE 41, AND WE CAN STILL LEARN FROM THE ASPECTS OF THEORETICAL AND BUILT UTOPIAS THAT ARE RELEVANT IN TODAY’S DISCUSSION OF MENTAL, PHYSICAL, AND EMOTIONAL WELLNESS. NO REDLINING BUT ALSO NO CENTRALIZATION

38

AVOIDS SOME EXCESS HUMAN WASTE BUT DOES NOTHING SPECIFIC TO ADDRESS RECYCLING TECHNIQUES, DUMPS WASTE

MIGHT INCR ACCESS NATURAL F PRODUCTION

THE CONTINUOUS MONUMENT, SUPERSTUDIO COULD WREAK FURTHER HAVOC ON THE REGIONAL CLIMATE BY PROVOKING HEAT SPELLS AND WIND REDIRECTION

GIVES PEOPLE ACCESS TO LIGHT AND AIR, BUT NOT NATURAL PLANTS OR SOIL

DIVERSE FORMS OF THE CITY REMAIN, BUT AS SECONDARY TO THE MONUMENT PLAZA

SYSTEM AVOIDS HARMFUL TOXINS

ENCOURAGES GREENHOUSE F O O D PRODUCTION AND PESTICIDE USAGE

IMMUNE SYSTEM DAMAGE CAUSED

BY VAST STRETCHES OF THE CITY EITHER COVERED OR UNCOVERED; TEMPERATURES TOO CONSTANT

PV PANELS ON THE MONUMENT COULD POWER THE ENTIRE CITY, POSSIBLY P O W E R I N G AUTOMATED WASTE DISPOSAL

BIOMIMICRY IS PRESENT BECAUSE IT TURNS THE VAST CITY SCALE INTO A WALKABLE SCALE

C L E A R CENTRALIZATION THAT SPANS ACROSS ANY REDLINING

AS IT KEEPS THE MODERN CITY BUT PROVIDES SELECTIVE SHADING AND U N I F I E S THROUGHOUT, IT IS INCLUSIVE

FIGURE 2.9

BRASILIA; NIEMEYER, COSTA, CARDOZO

NO APPARENT REDLING AND VERY C L E A R CENTRALIZATION

RENEWS OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT BY AVOIDING AS MUCH DIRECT CONTACT AS POSSIBLE.

INCORPORATES CONTACT WITH N A T U R A L MATERIALS, AS PEOPLE ARE IMMERSED IN NATURE WHENEVER THEY STEP OUTSIDE

MIGHT INCREASE ACCESS TO NATURAL FOOD PRODUCTION

MODEST-SCALE HOUSING WITH A VARIETY OF MONUMENTS C U L T I V A T E S PERSONAL IDENTITY AND UNIQUENESS

NO INTEGRATION OF EXTREME TEMPERATURES, BUT M A N Y INTERACTIONS WITH NATURAL MATERIALS

SOME HARMFUL TOXINS IN M O D E R N I S T B U I L D I N G MATERIALS, BUT OFFSET BY EXCELLENT ACCESS TO NATURE

EXPANSIVE GREEN SPACES PROVIDE MANY OPTIONS FOR WASTE REDUCTION AND DISPOSAL

BIOMIMICRY CENTERS WATER IN THE CITY JUST LIKE THE HUMAN BODY, BUT BUILDING SYSTEMS ARE TRADITIONAL

DESIGNED WITH EGALITARIANISM AND LEISURE IN MIND. BUSES AND WALKING AREAS, VERY INCLUSIVE OF ALL MEMBERS OF SOCIETY

39 FIGURE 2.10

SONGDO, KOHN PEDERSEN FOX

DESIGNED FOR A CLASS OF “WORLD TRAVELLER-WORKERS ” DOES NOT NECESSARILY PROMOTE FAMILY UNITS OR INCLUSIVITY

STANDARDIZED FORM ERODES PERSONAL IDENTITY A N D GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE PLANET

DOES NOTHING SPECIFIC TO ADDRESS R E C Y C L I N G TECHNIQUES, DUMPS WASTE

THE SKYSCRAPERS AND LIMITED PUBLIC SPACES FOR FAMILIES DO NOT R E S E M B L E BIOMIMICRY, BUT THE AMOUNT OF WATER PRESENT DOES

SYSTEM DOES NOT AVOID HARMFUL TOXINS

SURROUNDED BY WATER, CONTACT WITH NATURAL MATERIALS BUT ONLY BUILDING M A T E R I A L S APPROVED BY LEED, NO EXTREMES

NO REDLINING AND HAS CENTRALIZATION DOES NOT INCORPORATE ANY CONTACT WITH N A T U R A L MATERIALS, AS POEPLE LIVE IN CLOSED CONCRETE AND METAL BUILDINGS

FIGURE 2.11

RENEWS OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT BY AVOIDING AS MUCH DIRECT CONTACT AS POSSIBLE.

MIGHT INCREASE A C C E S S GREENHOUSE F O O D PRODUCTION RECLAIMED SOIL MAY BE WEAK

CHANDIGARH, LE CORBUSIER HAS CENTRALIZATION, REDLINING PRESENCE IS UNCLEAR FORMS ARE S O M E W H A T VARIED, BUT BRUTALISM ERODES INDIGENOUS IDENTITY

DESIGNED FOR A CLASS OF “WORLD TRAVELLER-WORKERS ” DOES NOT NECESSARILY PROMOTE FAMILY UNITS OR INCLUSIVITY

NATURAL FOOD PRODUCTION NOT ENCOURAGED OR DISCOURAGED

SYSTEM OFFSETS HARMFUL TOXINS BY CONTROLING SCALE AND ACCESS TO NATURE

NO INTEGRATION OF EXTREME TEMPERATURES OR CONTACT WITH N A T U R A L MATERIALS, BAD FOR IMMUNE SYSTEM

INCORPORATES WAYS TO MAKE CONTACT WITH N A T U R A L MATERIALS

DOES NOTHING SPECIFIC TO ADDRESS R E C Y C L I N G TECHNIQUES, DUMPS WASTE

AVOIDS NEEDLESS CONTACT WITH ENVIRONMENT BUT INDUSTRIALIZED WATERWAYS

BRUTALISM DOES NOT DEAL WITH HEAT THE WAY THE HUMAN BODY DOES

40

FIGURE 2.12

NOT A MEGASTRUCTURE, BUT A

“MEGACOMMUNITY” CREVICES AND SURFACE AREA PROVIDE ACCESS TO BIOPHILIA THROUGHOUT EACH DISTRICT; ACCESS TO AIR AND GROUND-BASED LIGHT & HEAT OFFSET POWER SUPPLY FOR HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES IN DISTRICTS

MEGACOMMUNITY

MEGATSTRUCTURE MIGHT FIT INTO AN EARTH CITY AS A FEATURE OF A UTOPIA, OR MIGHT BE THE SIZE OF EARTH OR SEVERAL FACTORS LARGER. IT IS A SINGLE STRUCTURE THAT HOSTS ALL THE BUILT AND NATURAL ASPECTS OF A PLANET, INCLUDING SEVERAL CULTURES AND COMMUNITIES. ITS SCALE DOES NOT NECESSARILY PROMOTE BETTER MENTAL, SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL, OR PHYSICAL WELLNESS AS IT IS MORESO A PHENOMENON THE SIZE OF OUR OWN PLANET WITH STRUCTURAL AND BIOPHILIC IDEAS IMPOSSIBLE TO ACTUALIZE

UTOPIA AN URBAN PLAN THAT INCLUDES MODERN LARGE-SCALE BUILDINGS INTERMIXED WITH PUBLIC PLAZAS AND OFTEN ACCESS TO NATURAL WATERWAYS AND FORESTS. WHILE THE CITY LAYOUT ITSELF MIGHT IMPROVE SOME MENTAL, SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL, AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF WELLNESS, IT LARGELY FEELS LIKE A SLIGHTLY-IMPROVED STANDARD CITY. THE BUILDINGS THEMSELVES OFTEN RELY ON STANDARD TECHNOLOGY THAT INVOLVES BASIC ACTIVE SYSTEMS, BUT DOES NOT ADDRESS HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES, THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, AND HUMAN-ADAPTED IDEAL COMMUNITY SIZES.

A SINGLE STRUCTURE OR CLUSTER OF STRUCTURES. COULD BE A FEATURE OF AN URBAN UTOPIA, OR RURAL

CONTAINS MULTIPLE “DISTRICTS” THAT FUNCTION AS COMMUNITY “HEAT VILLAGES” FOR WELLNESS

THE SUBDISTRICT COMMUNITIES ARE BASED ON HUMAN-ADAPTED MANAGEABLE SIZES FOR HEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS; DUNBAR’S NUMBER; 150

CENTRALIZED ACTIVE SYSTEMS CONTRIBUTE TO POWER SUPPLY THAT FEEDS CULTURAL HEAT ARTIFACTS IN MANAGEABLE SUBDISTRICTS

CENTRALIZED ACTIVE SYSTEMS, AS WELL AS A DOUBLE-MEMBRANE FOR CLIMATE-ADAPTED HEAT NEEDS. “CLUSTERS” FORM A SINGLE BUILDING / SUBUNITS

FIGURE 2.13

DUNBAR’S NUMBER [EXCERPT FROM ARTICLE: DUNBAR’S NUMBER: WHY THE THEORY THAT HUMANS CAN ONLY MAINTAIN 150 FRIENDSHIPS HAS WITHSTOOD 30 YEARS OF SCRUTINY] “ROBIN DUNBAR THEORIZED HUMANS CAN MAINTAIN A FRIENDSHIP GROUP OF 150 PEOPLE, WITH FIVE INTIMATE FRIENDSHIPS. DESPITE MANY ATTEMPTS TO CHALLENGE THE THEORY, DUNBAR’S NUMBER HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME...HUNTER-GATHERERS LIVE IN MULTILEVEL SOCIETIES, WITH GROUPINGS OF INDIVIDUALS FORMING A HIERARCHICALLY LAYERED STRUCTURE – FAMILIES WITHIN BANDS, BANDS WITHIN COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITIES WITHIN TRIBES.

150

50

TRIBE

A

CLAN

15

THE COMMUNITY LEVEL OF ORGANISATION TURNED OUT TO BE ALMOST EXACTLY 150.

THUS WAS BORN THE “SOCIAL BRAIN HYPOTHESIS” AND “DUNBAR’S NUMBER”, THE FORMER REFERRING TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROUP SIZE AND BRAIN SIZE IN PRIMATES AND THE LATTER REFERRING TO THE NATURAL GROUP SIZE OF ABOUT 150 FOR HUMANS.”

5

SUPER FAMILY

HTTPS://NEUROSCIENCENEWS.COM/DUNBAR S-NUMBER-SOCIAL-BRAIN-19210/

CLOSE FRIENDS

-PERSON DISTRICT HOUSED INSIDE A MEGACOMMUNITY

150

WHAT WOULD THE PROGRAM INCLUDE?

OCCASIONAL ACTIVITIES (HOUSED IN OTHER PARTS OF THE SEMI-ENCLOSED MEGACOMMUNITY LARGER PUBLIC PARKS COURT SYSTEM TOWN HALL GOVERNMENTAL BUILDINGS SPECIALTY MEDICAL CLINICS MAIN HOSPITAL LARGE THEATRE SPORTS STADIUM MAIN ACTIVE ENERGY SYSTEM FIRE STATIONS POLICE STATIONS POST OFFICES RESTAURANTS

FIGURE 2.14

A SELF-CONTAINED SUBCOMMUNITY WITH LIVING SPACE FOR 150 PEOPLE AND MOST DAILY ACTIVITIES FOR 150 PEOPLE

DAILY/WEEKLY ACTIVITIES LIVING SPACES SCHOOL SPIRITUAL BUILDING GROCERY STORE/GENERAL STORE SMALL PUBLIC PARK CULTURAL HEAT/RECREATIONAL AREA SMALL ASSEMBLY AREA/HALL TRADE SPECIALITY OFFICE/FACTORY URGENT CARE BANK POLICE HUB

41

TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE = 45685 FT^2 @150 FT^2/PERSON (150) = 22500 FT^2 [SMALL ASSEMBLY AREA] 2 FT^2 (150) = 300 FT^2

@50 FT^2/PERSON (5) = 250 FT^2 [COMMUNAL HEAT AREA] @15 FT^2/PERSON (100) = 1500 FT^2 5 FT^2 (150) = 750 FT^2

DAILY/WEEKLY ACTIVITIES

[URGENT CARE] 50 FT^2 (20) = 1000 FT^2 15 FT^2 (25) = 375 FT^2

LIVING SPACES SCHOOL SPIRITUAL BUILDING GROCERY STORE/GENERAL STORE SMALL PUBLIC PARK CULTURAL HEAT/RECREATIONAL AREA SMALL ASSEMBLY AREA/HALL TRADE SPECIALITY OFFICE/FACTORY URGENT CARE BANK POLICE HUB

6 FT^2 (60) = 360 FT^2

@100 FT^2 (5) = 500 FT^2 [POLICE HUB, NOT MAIN STATION] @400 FT^2 TOTAL

@40 FT^2 (50) = 2000 FT^2 @40 FT^2 (50) = 2000 FT^2

@50 FT^2 (75) = 3750 FT^2

IBC 2015

TOTAL = 45685 FT^2

X = TOTAL NUMBER OF DISTRICTS @2 FT^2 (150)(X) = 300 FT^2 (X)

@50 FT^2 (150)(X) = 7500 FT^2 (X)

@100 FT^2 (150)(X) = 15000 FT^2 (X)

@85 FT^2 (150)(X) = 12750 FT^2 (X)

OCCASIONAL ACTIVITIES (HOUSED IN OTHER PARTS OF THE SEMI-ENCLOSED MEGACOMMUNITY

@100 FT^2 (150)(X) = 15000 FT^2 (X)

@100 FT^2 (150)(X) = 15000 FT^2 (X) @30 FT^2 (150)(X) = 4500 FT^2 (X) @15 FT^2 (150)(X) = 2250 FT^2 (X)

LARGER PUBLIC PARKS COURT SYSTEM TOWN HALL GOVERNMENTAL BUILDINGS SPECIALTY MEDICAL CLINICS MAIN HOSPITAL LARGE THEATRE SPORTS STADIUM MAIN ACTIVE ENERGY SYSTEM FIRE STATIONS POLICE STATIONS POST OFFICES RESTAURANTS MUSEUMS NIGHTCLUBS BOUTIQUE SHOPS

@100 FT^2 (150)(X) = 15000 FT^2 (X) @ 100 FT^2 (25)(X) = 2500 FT^2 (X) @5 FT^2 (50)(X) = 250 FT^2 (X)

@10 FT^2 (150)(X) = 1500 FT^2 (X) @5 FT^2 (150)(X) = 750 FT^2 (X)

IBC 2015

FIGURE 2.15

@50 FT^2 (150)(X) = 7500 FT^2 TOTAL = 119800 FT^2 (X)

TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE = 119800 FT^2 (X) 42

POTENTIAL LIVING UNIT CONFIGURATIONS LIVING UNIT PROPORTIONS PER 50-PERSON CLAN

50

15

CLAN

TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE = 7500 FT^2 20.00

50.00

37.50

75.00

CLOSE FRIENDS

TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE = 2250 FT^2

86.60

10.00

50.00

30.00

25.00

TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE = 750 FT^2 10.00

60.00

15.00

20.00

60.00

25.00

30.00

37.50

75.00

50.00

37.50

75.00 90.00

86.60

375.00

225.00

200.00

150.00

100.00

45.00

12.50

10.00

5

SUPER FAMILY

750.00

LIVING UNIT CONFIGURATIONS PER 50-PERSON CLAN

COMBO 1

COMBO 2

COMBO 3

TOTAL LIVING UNIT PROPORTIONS FOR 150 PEOPLE

TOTAL LIVING UNIT CONFIGURATIONS FOR 150 PEOPLE, SINGLE FLOOR LEVEL

COMBO 1

COMBO 2

COMBO 3

FIGURE 2.16

43

POTENTIAL LIVING UNIT CONFIGURATIONS WITHIN REMAINING DISTRICT PROGRAM [LIVING SPACE + REMAINING DISTRICT PROGRAM]

150 TRIBE

TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE = 45685 FT^2 65.00

90.00

125.00

250.00

210.00

507.60

365.48

217.54

182.74

50.00

702.80

POCKET PARK = 10000 ft^2 20.00

35.00

100.00

75.00

500.00

285.70

200.00

133.33

913.70

100.00

50.00

SCHOOL = 4000 ft^2 20.00

25.00

100.00

80.00

66.66

60.00

160.00 200.00

18.75

50.00

30.00

12.50

20.00

15.00

15.00

10.00

25.00

30.00

37.50

27.00

40.00

75.00

50.00

25.00

37.50

20.00

15.00

27.77

10.00

25.00

GROCERY/ GENERAL STORE = 375 ft^2

SPIRITUAL BUILDING = 750 ft^2

SMALL ASSEMBLY AREA = 300 FT^2

66.66

20.00

30.00

37.50

50.00

17.30

150.00

100.00

100.00

15.00

12.00

17.30

10.00

40.00

25.00

30.00

25.00

60.00

16.60

20.83

25.00

15.00

10.00

20.00

15.00

12.00

CULTURAL HEAT/ RECREATIONAL AREA = 1500 FT^2

12.50

10.00

20.00

25.00

BANK = 250 FT^2

50.00

31.62

25.00

31.62

20.00

15.00

40.00

15.00

26.60

18.00

18.97

10.00

10.00

16.00

20.00

18.97

URGENT CARE = 1000 FT^2

40.00

15.00

24.00

36.00

10.00

POLICE HUB = 400 FT^2 20.00

TRADE SPECIALTY OFFICE/ FACTORY = 360 FT^2

LIVING UNIT CONFIGURATIONS WITHIN THE REMAINING DISTRICT PROGRAM

44

COMBO 1

COMBO 2

COMBO 3

COMBO 4

COMBO 5

COMBO 6

FIGURE 2.17

POTENTIAL CONFIGURATIONS FOR DISTRICTS AND SHARED PROGRAM [NON-DISTRICT/ SHARED PROGRAM]

150 (X) TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE = 119800 FT^2 (X) SHARED PROGRAM IF 1 DISTRICT 200.00

150.00

FIGURE 2.18

346.12

250.00

500.00

798.66

599.00

479.20

346.12

239.60

100.00

ALL (1)(X)

FIRE STATIONS = 15000 FT^2

10.00 75.00

50.00

20.00

15.00

25.00

27.00

86.60

150.00

300.00

100.00

86.60

75.00

50.00

200.00

30.00

27.77

20.00

30.00

122.47 150.00

20.00

SPORTS STADIUM = 750 FT^2

COURT SYSTEM = 7500 FT^2

17.30

17.30

15.00

12.00

25.00

30.00

10.00

37.50

THEATRE = 300 FT^2

12.50

20.83

25.00

16.60

500.00

20.00

15.00

12.00

BOUTIQUE SHOPS = 1500 FT^2 15.00

30.00

25.00

40.00

150.00

100.00

60.00

10.00

37.50

166.66

125.00

83.33

62.50

RESTAURANTS = 250 FT^2 10.00

50.00

40.00

50.00

30.00

375.00

20.00

50.00

15.00

250.00

POST OFFICES = 2500 FT^2

74.00

30.00

141.42

100.00

75.00

50.00

100.00

30.00

122.47

75.00

50.00

100.00

122.47

122.47 200.00 500.00

500.00

500.00

400.00

375.00

300.00

300.00

266.66

250.00

200.00

200.00

150.00

150.00

150.00

141.42

122.47

100.00

50.00

SPECIALTY MEDICAL CLINICS = 15000 FT^2

86.60

40.00

GOVERNMENTAL BUILDINGS = 15000 FT^2

TOWN HALL = 7500 FT^2

LARGER PUBLIC PARK = 20000 FT^2

45

MUSEUMS = 4500 FT^2 50.00

10.00

50.00

30.00

25.00

30.00

60.00

75.00

50.00

100.00

MAIN HOSPITAL = 12750 FT^2 50.00

30.00

122.47

75.00

90.00

150.00

127.50

122.47

90.00

170.00

150.00

225.00

200.00

180.00

500.00

425.00

300.00

255.00

225.00

DISTRICTS AND SHARED PROGRAM CONFIGURATIONS COMBO 1 - IF 1 DISTRICT

COMBO 2 - IF 1 DISTRICT

COMBO 3 - IF 2 DISTRICTS

COMBO 4 - IF 2 DISTRICTS

FIGURE 2.19

46

112.91

100.00

75.00

67.08

45.00

67.08

112.91

30.00

25.00

POLICE STATIONS = 15000 FT^2

37.50

20.00

NIGHTCLUBS = 2250 FT^2

COMBO 5 - IF 3 DISTRICTS COMBO 6 - IF 3 DISTRICTS

FIGURE 2.19

THIS IS BY NO MEANS AN EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF THE POSSIBLE CONFIGURATIONS OF THE PROGRAM WITH X NUMBER OF DISTRICTS AND SITE FOOTPRINT. THESE ARE MERELY A SMALL SURVEY OF SOME OF THE POSSIBILITIES IN ORDER TO GIVE THE READER A SENSE OF SCALE AND SQUARE FOOTAGE PER DISTRICT INCREASE. ON PAGE 64, THE NUMBER OF DISTRICTS ACCORDING TO THESE SPATIAL CALCULATIONS WITH DUNBAR’S NUMBER THAT CAN ACTUALLY FIT ONTO THE SITE WILL BE CALCULATED AND REVEALED. THIS SECTION IS MEANT TO LAY THE INITIAL GROUNDWORK FOR APPLYING DUNBAR’S NUMBER TO THE INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS OF THE PROGRAM TO MAXIMIZE WELLNESS.

47

DUNBAR’S NUMBER: APPLICATION BEYOND SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL WELLNESS (MENTAL & PHYSICAL WELLNESS TOO)

IF

HUMAN BEINGS - LIKE ALL LIVING BEINGS - HAVE EVOLVED TO MAXIMIZE THEIR WELLNESS

WELLNESS INCLUDES A THREE-PRONGED SYSTEM OF MENTAL, PHYSICAL, AND EMOTIONAL DELIGHT

MENTAL

EMOTIONAL PHYSICAL

WE ARE ADAPTED BEST SOCIALLY TO INTERACT WITH 150 PEOPLE

150

THEN

WE ARE LIKELY ALSO ADAPTED MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY TO THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS PRESENT IN LIVING STRUCTURES OF 150 PEOPLE

48

FIGURE 2.20

HOW WE ARE ADAPTED TO 150 PEOPLE IN HOLISTIC WELLNESS INFORMATION FOR 150 PEOPLE

ARCHITECTURAL INCENTIVES

BUILT ENVIRONMENT SCALE BEING ADAPTED TO 150 PEOPLE EXTENDS TO BEING ADAPTED TO THE SIZE OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH A GROUP REQUIRES TO FUNCTION. SO, OUR BRAINS CAN BETTER PROCESS SMALLER BUILDINGS THAN SKYSCRAPERS, AND WE WILL FEEL MORE AT EASE IN THEM

MENTAL

BUILT ENVIRONMENT SCALE WHEN LVING AMONGST 150 PEOPLE ONLY - EVEN IN A POST-MODERN ERA, ONE WOULD NOT NEED A CAR. INDEED, OUR BODIES AND PROCESSING SPEED ARE BEST ADAPTED TO WALKING THROUGH A VILLAGE. IT IS EXERCISE AND EXPOSURE THAT WE NEED

RELATIONSHIPS THRIVE ON REMEMBERING THINGS ABOUT ONE ANOTHER, INCLUDING PEOPLE’S FEATURES, LIKES AND DISLIKES. OUR MENTAL CAPACITY FOR TRULY PROCESSING WHO SOMEBODY IS CAPS AT 150 PEOPLE

150 PHYSICAL

EXAMPLE 1: ONSEN VS SENTO

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES POPULATION DENSITY IS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH A CANTAGIOUS DISEASE’S ABILITY TO SPREAD. 150 PEOPLE CONSTITUTES A MUCH LESS DENSE SOCIETY, MAKING IT HARDER FOR US TO GET SICK THAN IN AN URBAN SETTING

EXAMPLE 2: PRIVATE VS PUBLIC SAUNAS

[SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL INCENTIVE]

[PHYSICAL INCENTIVE]

BUILT ENVIRONMENT DEMAND

ONSEN ARE JAPANESE HOT SPRINGS TYPICALLY FOUND IN SMALL TOWNS. THEY ARE IN RISING POPULARITY TODAY, AS OPPOSED TO SENTO JAPANESE URBAN COMMUNAL BATHHOUSES. SOCIALIZING AT AN ONSEN IS TYPICALLY WITH THE SAME VILLAGE PEOPLE TIME AND AGAIN, TO STRENGTHEN OLD BONDS. SENTO, HOWEVER, ARE IN A SPRAWLING CITY WHERE YOU MAY NEVER SEE THE SAME FACES TWICE. ONSEN BETTER FEED OUR NEED FOR 150 OR LESS HEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS.

BECAUSE WE FEEL MORE EMOTIONALLY ENGAGED WITH 150 PEOPLE OR LESS, WE ARE MORE MOTIVATED TO USE SPACES WHERE WE CAN SEE FAMILIAR FACES, INSTEAD OF SPACES WHERE WE SEE NEW FACES EACH TIME

EMOTIONAL 150 HEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS BECAUSE WE ONLY HAVE SO MUCH TIME AND ENERGY, AND WE NEED ENERGY TO BE HAPPY AND FOCUS ON OTHERS, AND NEED TO BE HAPPY AND EMPATHETIC TO INTERACT WITH OTHERS WELL: OUR ENERGY FOR RELATIONSHIPS CAPS AT 150 PEOPLE POPULATION DENSITY IS THE MAIN CONTROL OVER HOW FAR AND FAST CONTAGIOUS DISEASES SPREAD. FAMILY OR SMALL-COMMUNITY (150 PEOPLE OR LESS) SAUNAS ARE NOT ONLY CLEANED MORE OFTEN THAN PUBLIC SAUNAS THE LOWER NUMBER OF PEOPLE USING THEM MAKES IT HARDER FOR PEOPLE TO CATCH CONTAGIOUS DISEASES THROUGH THE MOIST AIR. BECAUSE OF ITS MOIST AIR, A SAUNA’S CLEANLINESS IS ONLY ONE FACTOR IN WHETHER IT SPREADS CONTAGIOUS DISEASE OR NOT.

FIGURE 2.21

49

BIOMIMETICS OF DAYLIGHTING AND GREENERY AT THE SCALE OF A MEGACOMMUNITY DAYLIGHTING IN WELLNESS

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMNS LIGHT RAYS ENTER THE EYE, AND THE RETINA SENDS NERVE SIGNALS TO THE BRAIN ABOUT WAKE/SLEEP CYCLES. OUR BODIES ARE ADAPTED TO SLEEP.WAKE CYCLES THAT CORRESPOND TO THE SUN

DAYLIGHTING IN HOLISTIC WELLNESS

MENTAL

HAPPINESS THROUGH NUTRIENTS

LIGHT ENTERING THROUGH A SIDE WINDOW OR SKYLIGHT CAN BE INTENTIONALLY CONVERTED TO HEAT AS INTERNAL GAINS, CREATING A SELECTIVE HEAT ENVIRONMENT AND THE WELLNESS BENEFITS THAT COME ALONG WITH IT

SUN

VALUE THROUGH VISUAL CONTRAST WE IDENTIFY THE EXISTENCE OF OBJECTS AND ASSIGN THEIR VALUE CASED ON THEIR CONTRAST WITH THEIR SURROUNDINGS. LIGHT QUALITY AFFECTS HOW WE INTERPRET AND UNDERSTAND MATTER, WHICH CAN AFFECT OUR SENSE OF SELF

HEAT HARVESTING; LIGHT AS SOURCE OF WARMTH

PHYSICAL

VITAMIN D PRODUCTION JUST LIKE PLANT CELLS PRODUCE CHLOROPHYLL FROM SUNLIGHT, OUR SKIN PRODUCES VITAMIN D FROM SUNLIGHT, WHICH AFFECTS OUR HAPPINESS, SLEEP, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

EMOTIONAL

WE DERIVE HAPPINESS FROM THE VITAMIN D OUR BODY PRODUCES ON CONTACT WITH SUNLIGHT. LIKEWISE, WE CAN DERIVE IT FROM FRUITS AND VEGETABLES WE GROW FROM SUNLIGHT, WHETHER IN AN ENCLOSED OR UNENCLOSED ENVIRONMENT

CONNECTION TO ONENESS OF THE SUN EXPOSURE TO DAYLIGHT OFTEN CORRESPONDS TO EXPOSURE TO GREENERY. OUR BRAINS MAY RELEASE FEEL-GOOD CHEMICALS FROM BIOPHILIA FOR A NUMBER OF REASONS, BUT ONE IS THAT IT MAY MAKE US FEEL MORE CONNECTED TO OTHER LIVING BEINGS AND THE PLANET

FIGURE 2.22

50

HARVESTING HEAT FROM DAYLIGHT HARVESTING HEAT FROM DAYLIGHT

COLOR COLOR

WHENGLASS GLASS ACTS ACTS AS WHEN ASBIOMASS BIOMASS (ABSORBS HEAT), IT TAKES AWAY (ABSORBS HEAT), IT TAKES AWAY OPPORTUNITY FOR INTERIOR OPPORTUNITY FOR INTERIOR BIOMASS BIOMASS REFLECTIVE GLASS GIVES MORE

REFLECTIVE GLASS INTERIOR HEATGIVES GAINS MORE INTERIOR HEAT GAINS

REFLECTANCE

ABSORPTANCE

REFLECTANCE

ABSORPTANCE

CLEAR GLASS

7.4

REFLECTIVE CLEAR GLASS BRONZE GLASS

7.4

0 SPECTRALLY SELECTIVE

20

GLASS TRANSMITTANCE

75% GLASS TRANSMITTANCE

CONTENTS FOR INCIDENT RADIATION AT NORMAL INCIDENCE. DATA FROM DIETZ (1954). ADAPTED FROM DUFFIE AND BECKMAN (1991).

VISIBLE

40

0

20

WATER WHITE 0.02% FE203

NEAR INFRARED

WATER WHITE 0.02% FE203

50%

STANDARD GLASS

HEAT ABSORBING 0.1% FE203 0.5% FE203

25%

50% 0% 0.2

25%

HEAT 1.0 ABSORBING 0.5% FE203

2.0

3.0

4.0

RADIATION WAVELENGTH - UM

0% 0.2

1.0

60

SOURCE: WASLEY, 2023

NEAR INFRARED

STANDARD GLASS 0.1% FE203

40 WASLEY, 2023 SOURCE:

HEAT GAIN (WATTS) PER 1000 LUMENS

RANGE OF SOLAR RADIATION VISIBLE

60

HEAT GAIN (WATTS) PER 1000 LUMENS

*COATINGS REFLECT SOLAR RADIATION

SPECTRAL TRANSMITTANCE OF 6 MM THICK GLASS WITH 100% VARIOUS IRON OXIDE CONTENTS FOR INCIDENT RADIATION AT NORMAL SPECTRALINCIDENCE. TRANSMITTANCE OF DIETZ DATA FROM 75% (1954).

ADAPTED 6 MM THICK GLASS FROM WITH DUFFIE 100% AND BECKMAN VARIOUS IRON OXIDE (1991).

DAYLIGHTING

13.5

FIGURE 2.23SOLAR RADIATION TINTED LOW-E GLASS 4.6 *TINTS ABSORB *TINTS ABSORB SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR RADIATION *COATINGS REFLECT RANGE SOLAROF RADIATION

DAYLIGHTING

13.5

REFLECTIVE SPECTRALLY SELECTIVE BRONZE TINTED LOW-E GLASS 4.6 GLASS

2.0 RADIATION WAVELENGTH - UM

3.0

GREEN GLASS GOT ITS NAME 2.24 FROM THE GREEN COLOR OF FIGURE THE GLASS DUE TO HIGH IRON OXIDE CONTENT. THIS HEAT ABSORBING GLASS WAS GREEN GLASS GOT ITS NAME DEVELOPED TO CUT DOWN BOTH ON GLARE ANDTHE AIR GREEN COLOR OF THE FROM CONDITIONING LOADS GLASS DUE TOIN HIGH IRON GLASS SKIN OFFICE BUILDINGS, OXIDE CONTENT. THIS HEAT BUT FELL OUT OF FAVOR ABSORBING GLASS WAS BECAUSE THE ABSORBED HEAT DEVELOPED TO CUT CAUSES THE GLASS ITSELF TO DOWN BOTH GLARE BECOMEON QUITE HOT, AND AIR CONDITIONING LOADS IN PRODUCING UNCOMFORTABLE SKIN RADIANTGLASS EFFECTS IN AOFFICE SPACE BUILDINGS, EVEN WHILE ON BUT CUTTING FELL OUTDOWN OF FAVOR THE OVERALL HEAT THE GAIN. WITH BECAUSE ABSORBED HEAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLASS LOW-E ITSELF TO CAUSES THE FILMS AND MULTILAYER BECOME QUITE HOT, GLAZING SYSTEMS, AN OUTER UNCOMFORTABLE PANE OFPRODUCING HEAT ABSORBING RADIANT EFFECTS IN A SPACE GLASS CAN NOW BE EVENISOLATED WHILE CUTTING EFFECTIVELY FROM THEDOWN ON INSIDE SPACE, AND ITS HEAT GAIN. WITH THE OVERALL RERADIATED HEAR ENERGY OF LOW-E THE DEVELOPMENT MORE EFFECTIVELY TO FILMS ANDDIRECTED MULTILAYER THE OUTSIDE.

4.0

FIGURE 2.25

GLAZING SYSTEMS, AN OUTER PANE OF HEAT ABSORBING GLASS CAN NOW BE EFFECTIVELY ISOLATED FROM THE INSIDE SPACE, AND ITS RERADIATED HEAR ENERGY MORE EFFECTIVELY DIRECTED TO THE OUTSIDE.

51

BIOMASS “PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING”

LIGHT RAYS HIT HEAT-ABSORBING MATERIALS AND RERADIATE THE HEAT INTO THE SPACE MASS CAN BE ENCLOSED (INTERIOR FINISHES) OR UNENCLOSED (TROMBE WALLS)

FIGURE 2.26

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE

1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0° 10°

20°

30°

40° 50°

60°

70°

80°

90°

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE TRANSMITTANCE

REFLECTANCE

ABSORPTANCE

FIGURE 2.27

SURFACE AREA FOR GLAZING

52

FIGURE 2.28

1:5 RATIO OR NARROWER BETWEEN WINDOW HEIGHT AND FLOOR LENGTH ENSURES LIGHT REACHES THE ENTIRE FLOOR AREA TO KEEP THIS RATIO FOR VERY TALL BUILDINGS, USE STEEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

H

H

2H

GLAZING

WINDOW HEIGHT TO DEPTH OF LIGHT EXPOSURE RATIO

5 FT FROM WINDOW

1 FT FROM WINDOW

2H

10 FT FROM WINDOW

15 FT FROM WINDOW

POTENCY OF LIGHT AND HEAT

H

ZONE 1

ZONE 2

FIGURE 2.29 H/2

H

H/2

H

OPTIONS FOR RADIANT HEAT REACHING ENTIRE BUILDING INTERIOR

FIGURE 2.30

+ STEEL STRUCTURE ADD SURFACE AREA SO HEIGHT-WIDTH RATIOS REMAIN SMALL

USE A STEEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM TO KEEP 1:5 RATIO OR NARROWER RATIO AT TALLER HEIGHTS

THESE TWO T E CH NI Q U E S COMBINED CAN ENSURE THAT HEAT CAN BE H A R V E S T E D VIA LIGHT AT THE SCALE OF A MEGACOMMUNITY, THROUGHOUT ITS ENTIRETY

CREVICES AND SURFACE AREA PROVIDE ACCESS TO BIOPHILIA THROUGHOUT EACH DISTRICT; ACCESS TO AIR AND GROUND-BASED LIGHT & HEAT OFFSET POWER SUPPLY FOR HEATED OBJECTS AND ATMOSPHERES IN DISTRICTS

=

MEGACOMMUNITY CONTAINS MULTIPLE “DISTRICTS” THAT FUNCTION AS COMMUNITY “HEAT VILLAGES” FOR WELLNESS

A SINGLE STRUCTURE OR CLUSTER OF STRUCTURES. COULD BE A FEATURE OF AN URBAN UTOPIA, OR RURAL CENTRALIZED ACTIVE SYSTEMS CONTRIBUTE TO POWER SUPPLY THAT FEEDS CULTURAL HEAT ARTIFACTS IN MANAGEABLE SUBDISTRICTS

CENTRALIZED ACTIVE SYSTEMS, AS WELL AS A DOUBLE-MEMBRANE FOR CLIMATE-ADAPTED HEAT NEEDS. “CLUSTERS” FORM A SINGLE BUILDING / SUBUNITS

THESE TWO TECHNIQUES COMBINED CAN ENSURE THAT HEAT CAN BE HARVESTED VIA LIGHT AT THE SCALE OF A MEGACOMMUNITY, THROUGHOUT ITS ENTIRETY

53

(DENSITY OF BUILDINGS DOES MATTER THOUGH)

THERE IS NO “MAXIMUM SCALE” OR “TIME” TO MAINTAIN CONNECTION TO DAYLIGHT BECAUSE

LIGHT RAYS ARE ALWAYS PARALLEL

THE TALLER THE BUILDING, THE MORE CLEARANCE IT NEEDS FOR FULL DAYLIGHT ACCESS

THIS IS WHY SURFACE AREA - NOT HEIGHT - WILL BE THE FIRST WAY TO HARVEST RADIANT HEAT FROM THE SUN IN A “MEGACOMMUNITY”

FIGURE 2.31

UNLIKE DAYLIGHT,

HEIGHT MATTERS MORE FOR ACCESS TO GREENERY WHILE THE SCALE OF PLANTS VARIES GREATLY, THERE IS A MAXIMUM HEIGHT AT WHICH THE TALLEST TREES CAN GROW AND BE SEEN FROM ONE’S WINDOW

54

[WITHOUT AN INTERVENTION]

TRADING HEIGHT FOR SURFACE AREA WHEN WORKING WITH LARGE SCALES IS ONE PROTECTION AGAINST THIS

FIGURE 2.32

MENTAL

PHYSICAL

EMOTIONAL

WELLNESS AND SEEING PLANTS THROUGH YOUR WINDOW STUDIES

MENTAL

PHYSICAL

EMOTIONAL

BIOPHILIA: DOES VISUAL CONTACT WITH NATURE IMPACT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING? Bjorn Grinde, Grete Grindal Patil

Grinde B, Patil GG. Biophilia: does visual contact with nature impact on health and well-being? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009 Sep;6(9):2332-43. doi: 10.3390/ijerph6092332. Epub 2009 Aug 31. PMID: 19826546; PMCID: PMC2760412.

EMOTIONAL

-”...contact with Nature has been reported to have psychological benefits by reducing stress [12,22], improving attention [16], by having a positive effect on mental restoration [23–25], and by coping with attention deficits [26,27].”

-...”being in Nature tends to correlate with physical activity, which obviously promotes health.”

PHYSICAL

EMOTIONAL

EMOTIONAL

-”Nature activities often implies socializing, e.g., in the form of walking together or sitting in a park with friends. Building social networks has a well documented potential for improving health.”

-”Nature offers temporary escape from everyday routines and demands.”

-”the air may be more healthy in that it contains less air pollutants and more humidity”

PHYSICAL

-”the plants may emit fragrances that humans find pleasant or react to in various ways [17,44]” MENTAL

MENTAL

PHYSICAL

-”Velarde et al. [50] found that natural landscapes have a consistent positive health effect, while urban landscapes can have a negative effect” -”...it was found that having a view to plants from the work station decreased the amount of self-reported sick leave [53].”

A META-ANALYSIS OF EMOTIONAL EVIDENCE FOR THE BIOPHILIA HYPOTHESIS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOPHILIC DESIGN Jason S. Gaekwad, Anahita Sal Moslehian, Philip B. Roos, Arlene Walker Gaekwad, Jason S, et al. “A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Evidence for the Biophilia Hypothesis and Implications for Biophilic Design .”

Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 13, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.750245.

“The results indicate that the effects of environment on positive and negative affect are medium to large. This outcome appears to support the proposed emotional dimension of the biophilia hypothesis, and through this, the concept of biophilic design... Furthermore, the increases to positive affect are of comparable magnitude to the reductions of negative affect. This may indicate that natural environments are beneficial not only in supporting recovery from physiological stress (Corazon et al., 2019), but supporting recovery from a negatively perturbed affective state also.”

FIGURE 2.33

55

INTEGRATING GREENERY ALONG WITH DAYLIGHT AT THE SCALE OF A MEGACOMMUNITY A FEW SOLUTIONS

MAIN INCENTIVE

2

SINCE THE MAIN TWO WAYS OF HEAT HARVESTING WILL BE: (1) THE CONCRETE SLAB OF THE EXISTING PARKING LOT AT THE GROUND FLOOR

3

AND SINCE CLIMATE CHANGE MAY HAVE TURNED THE OUTDOOR HEAT OF THE PARKING LOT UNBEARABLE WITHOUT EXTRA PROTECTIONS

1

MEGACOMMUNITY 1

(2) PASSIVE RADIANT HEAT FROM GLAZING ACROSS ALL LEVELS OF EACH STRUCTURE

DOUBLE MEMBRANE SYSTEM AS BIODOME AROUND ENTIRE CLUSTER OF COMMUNITIES

WE WOULD NEED TO RELY ON BUILT-ENVIRONMENT BIOPHILIC SPACES IN THE FIRST PLACE, AND SO WE WILL NOT EXPERIENCE A “TRADE-OFF” OF QUALITY OR AUTHENTICITY IN GREEN SPACES BY BUILDING AT A LARGE SCALE

FEATURES: -CREATES THE POTENTIAL FOR A RELATIVELY LARGE “OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT” SIMULATION AS PEOPLE MOVE BETWEEN DISTRICTS -CREATES EASE OF MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT; NO DISRUPTIONS WITHIN THE MEGACOMMUNITY

FIGURE 2.34

2

FEATURES:

BIODOME AROUND EACH 150-PERSON DISTRICT

-CAN REPLICATE DIFFERENT REGIONAL CLIMATES FROM AROUND THE WORLD FOR VARIED PRODUCE GROWING AND NUTRIENTS, AND BODILY TEMPERAMENTS OF RESIDENTS; DOMES WITH INTENTIONALLY DIFFERENT FEATURES -PEOPLE WOULD HAVE TO EXIT THEIR BIODOME AND ENTER A POTENTIALLY UNENCLOSED AREA FOR THE CENTRAL CORE PROGRAM (MORE OF AN INDUSTRIAL ZONE) -ALOWS FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF MORE CONTROLLED EXPOSURE TO FULLY UNENCLOSED AIR

FIGURE 2.35

3

INTERNAL GREENHOUSES WITHIN DISTRICTS FEATURES: -MORE CONTROLLABLE THAN A LARGER BIODOME -CONSUMES LESS ENERGY THAN A LARGER BIODOME

=

-EFFORT GIVEN TO RESTORE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF MILWAUKEE IS NOT LOST FOR LACK OF INCENTIVE -MORE OPPORTUNITIES FOR SELECTIVE TEMPERATURE THROUGHOUT DISTRICT -SOME AREAS OF THE DISTRICT REMAIN INDUSTRIAL

56

FIGURE 2.36

4

RAISED BRIDGES AS GREEN COURTYARDS FEATURES: -TRANSPORTATION AREA OF BRIDGE COULD BE ENCLOSED OR UNENCLOSED, IDEALLY FOR WALKING -CREATES SOCIAL INCENTIVE TO VISIT OTHER DISTRICTS AND CORE AREA -SOCIAL PASTIME OF WALKING INTEGRATED WITH GRAZING OF HEALTHY FOODS GROWN ALONG STRETCH

FIGURE 2.37

5

-PLANTS ON BRIDGES CREATE A COOLING EFFECT IN A PARTIALLY-ENCLOSED “ALLEY” BETWEEN DISTRICTS - MAY MAKE UNENCLOSED AIR MORE TOLERABLE AFTER CLIMATE CHANGE

PLANTINGS ON BALCONIES FEATURES: -PASSIVELY COOLS EACH HOME/UNIT -PASSIVELY COOLS THE AREA BETWEEN BUILDINGS -CREATES POSITIVE EMOTIONS/HORMONE RELEASE UPON VIEWING GREENERY FROM OUTSIDE ONE’S WINDOW, LOOKING AT THE BUILDING -ENCOURAGES WILDLIFE TO INTEGRATE INTO THE DISTRICT AND THE MEGACOMMUNITY AT LARGE FIGURE 2.38

6

ROOFTOP GARDENS FEATURES: -PROVIDES SIMULATIONS OF GROUND-FLOOR-ACCESS GARDEN SPACES AT MUCH HIGHER FLOOR LEVELS -PROVIDES OUTDOOR GREEN SPACES WITH DISTANCE-VISION VIEWS OF BEYOND THE BUILDING -RELATIVELY EASIER TO GET TO THAN LEAVING THE DISTRICT -USAGE OF ROOF FOR FOOD GROWING AND PASSIVE COOLING FIGURE 2.39

7

PENTHOUSE GARDENS WITH SKYLIGHTS FEATURES: -COMPLETELY ENCLOSED IN CASE CLIMATE CHANGE MAKES OUTDOOR CLIMATE TOO DANGEROUS -DOES NOT DEPEND ON SPECIFIC WEATHER PATTERNS EASY TO ACCESS VIA AN ACCESSIBLE ELEVATOR -FREES UP ADDITIONAL SPACE ON THE ROOF -PERFECT AS EVENT SPACES AND/OR COMMUNAL DINING

57 FIGURE 2.40

DOUBLE ENVELOPE POTENTIAL AND RELEVANCE

COULD BE AT THE LEVEL OF A HOME OR BUILDING INSIDE THE DISTRICT

COULD BE AT THE LEVEL OF A 150 PERSON DISTRICT

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

COULD BE AT THE LEVEL OF THE FULL MEGACOMMUNITY ENCLOSURE

GREENHOUSE

AIRLOCK VESTIBULE SELECTIVE HOT/COLD TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM

STRUCTURAL SELECTIVE HOT/COLD TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM

SELECTIVE LATCH OPENINGS (HRV SYSTEM)

SELECTIVE LATCH OPENINGS (HRV SYSTEM)

SPACE FRAME SYSTEM INSIDE TWO PANES OF GLASS

WALL SYSTEM REFLECTIVE GLASS PANE ABSORPTIVE GLASS PANE REFLECTIVE PANE LETS MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF LIGHT AND HEAT IN, WHILE ABSORPTIVE PANE ABSORBS HEAT AND PREVENTS IT FROM EXITING. HOT AIR TRAPPED BETWEEN THE PANES CIRCULATES CONVECTIVELY

58

SUN CORRIDOR

WALL SYSTEM REFLECTIVE GLASS PANE

REFLECTIVE GLASS PANE

ABSORPTIVE GLASS PANE REFLECTIVE PANE LETS MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF LIGHT AND HEAT IN, WHILE ABSORPTIVE PANE ABSORBS HEAT AND PREVENTS IT FROM EXITING. HOT AIR TRAPPED BETWEEN THE PANES CIRCULATES CONVECTIVELY. IT WARMS THE INNERMOST ROOMS OF THE BUILDING ADJACENT TO IT, AND PROVIDES A WARM, SUNNY ENVIRONMENT FOR SOCIALIZING OR PRODUCTIVITY

ABSORPTIVE GLASS PANE HOT AIR TRAPPED BETWEEN PANES CIRCULATES CONVECTIVELY, WITH EXCEPTIONS AS OPENINGS IN ENVELOPE. PLANTS GROW IN WARM ENVIRONMENT, AND COOL THE ADJACENT SPACE VIA ENVELOPE PERFORATIONS

SUN CORRIDOR

WALL SYSTEM REFLECTIVE GLASS PANE

REFLECTIVE GLASS PANE

ABSORPTIVE GLASS PANE ABSORPTIVE GLASS PANE

HOT AIR TRAPPED BETWEEN THE PANES CIRCULATES CONVECTIVELY. IT WARMS THE INNERMOST ROOMS OF THE BUILDING ADJACENT TO IT, EXCEPT FOR THE AREA OF THE ENVELOPE PERFORMATED AND NEAR PLANTS, WHICH HELP COOL THE AIR. THE CHAMBER BALANCES THE BUILDING TEMPERATURE WHILE PROVIDING A WARM AREA FOR PLANTS TO GROW AND PEOPLE TO SOCIALIZE

AIR WARMED FROM SUN TRAPPED BETWEEN PANES CIRCULATES CONVECTIVELY. DEPENDING ON HEATING/COOLING NEEDS, THE AIR IS THEN WARMED/COOLED AND EITHER RELEASED OR LET INTO THE BUILDING VIA AN HRV SYSTEM

SUN CORRIDOR

WALL SYSTEM REFLECTIVE GLASS PANE

REFLECTIVE GLASS PANE

ABSORPTIVE GLASS PANE ABSORPTIVE GLASS PANE

AIR WARMED FROM SUN TRAPPED BETWEEN PANES CIRCULATES CONVECTIVELY. DEPENDING ON HEATING/COOLING NEEDS, THE AIR IS THEN WARMED/COOLED AND EITHER RELEASED OR LET INTO THE BUILDING VIA AN HRV SYSTEM. HAVING THIS AT THE ENTRY/EXIT OF A BUILDING MEANS THAT LESS ENERGY AND COMFORT IS LOST IN THE INTERIOR WHEN DOORS ARE OPENED TO THE OUTSIDE

AIR WARMED FROM SUN TRAPPED BETWEEN PANES CIRCULATES CONVECTIVELY. A SPACE FRAME SYSTEM SITUATED BETWEEN BOTH GLASS PANES MAKES THIS WALL BOTH STRUCTURAL AND RADIANT HEATING

SUN CORRIDOR REFLECTIVE GLASS PANE STRUCTURAL MASONRY WALL (ABSORBTIVE) AIR WARMED FROM SUN TRAPPED BETWEEN A REFLECTIVE PANE AND AN ABSORBING BIOMASS BRICK MASONRY WALL CIRCULATES CONVECTIVELY. THE SPACE IS STILL RADIANTLY HEATING THE INNER ADJACENT ROOMS BY RELEASING HEAT INTO THOSE ROOMS, BUT THE MASONRY WALL ALSO MAKES THE INTERIOR WALL OF THIS DOUBLE MEMBRANE CORRIDOR STRUCTURAL

FIGURE 2.41

SITE-SPECIFIC INFORMATION

59

?

MILWAUKEE’S POPULATION IS PROJECTED TO INCREASE SIGNIFICANTLY BY 2075 FOR SEVERAL REASONS...

CRT-CLIMATE-EXPLORER.NEMAC.ORG

AVERAGE DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (F)

75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52

1960

1950

1970

15

10

DOES THIS MEAN A MEGASTRUCTURE “UTOPIA” WITHIN THE CITY BOUNDS WOULD BE A VIABLE SOLUTION TO ADDRESS THE COMMUNAL NEEDS OF A GREATER NUMBER OF PEOPLE?

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

MODELED HISTORY

OBSERVATIONS

2030

2040

LOWER EMISSIONS

2050

2060

2070

5

0

2080

DIFFERENCE FROM OBSERVED AVERAGE (F)

WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS, MILWAUKEE, WI - AVERAGE DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE, ANNUAL (F)

2090

FIGURE 3.1

HIGHER EMISSIONS

SITE AND COUNTY POPULATION INCREASE PREDICTIONS FOR 2075 ANALYSIS ON URBAN DENSIFICATION DYNAMICS AND FUTURE MODES IN SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN, USA Lingzhi WangID, Hichem Omrani, Zhao Zhao, Dante Francomano, Ke Li, Bryan Pijanowski

*Percent change is lower than that predicted from the above analysis, but is still significant

*Prediction largely dependent on birth and death rates; less so climate migration - If from 2001-2011 high density areas in cities increased by 2.54%, the rate of increase could dramatically rise with climate migration, not only the general percentage of high-density areas rising over time. Assuming the rate of high-density area increase doubles each decade from now until 2075: (26.92%) 1.05 = 28.26% in 2021 (28.26%) 1.10 = 31.09% in 2031 (31.09%) 1.20 = 37.31% in 2041 (37.31%) 1.40 = 52.23% in 2051 (52.23%) 1.80 = 94.01% in 2061 ....by 2075, if this rate of increase was followed, nearly all of the Greater Milwaukee Area would be High-Density Area

DENSER AND OLDER [ADAPTED FROM STUDY]

Percentage of Population Age 65 & over, 2010 Census

Percentage of Population Age 65 & over, 2040 Projection

Less than 20% 20-25% 25-30% 30-35% Greater than 35%

WISCONSIN’S FUTURE POPULATION; PROJECTIONS FOR THE STATE, ITS COUNTIES AND MUNICIPALITIES, 2010 - 2040 David Egan-Robertson - This study suggests that the population growth rate may plateau at some point - It estimates in the 2040s, which appears to be very early compared to more recent research into climate migration.

- If climate migration were not an extremely pressing factor - As we regard it today - Lower birth rates and number of deaths from Baby Boomers in the 2040s would not yield a consistently increasing population growth rate through 2075. In this project, climate migration is a dominant factor in this prediction, even though this study does not reflect that.

MILWAUKEE COUNTY POPULATION DENSITY, PROJECTED 2075 [ADAPTED FROM STUDY]

MILWAUKEE COUNTY POPULATION DENSITY, 2023 [ADAPTED FROM STUDY]

FIGURE 3.3

LD

LD

MD

MD

HD

HD

NU

NU

N

N 0

2.25

4.5

9

13.5

Kilometers 18

0

2.25

4.5

9

13.5

Kilometers 18

FIGURE 3.2

CLIMATE MIGRATION PREDICTIONS FOR 2075 FUTURE OF THE HUMAN CLIMATE NICHE

Chi Xu, Timothy A. Kohler, Timothy M. Lention, Marten Scheffer [Data Visualizations from ProPublica)

A

CURRENT

LOW

SUITABILITY

HIGH

B

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

WISCONSIN WILL BECOME PART OF THE MOST DESIRABLE AREA TO LIVE IN THE US CLIMATE-WISE BY 2070

2070

LOW

SUITABILITY

HIGH

C

FIGURE 3.4

LOW

DIFFERENCE

SUITABILITY CHANGE

HIGH

NOAA GREAT LAKES COASTAL FORECASTING SYSTEM + HTTPS://WWW.AXIOS.COM/2023/12/18/CLIMATE-CHANGE-MIGRATION-US

0

1

- THESE STUDIES SUGGEST THAT AS THE OZONE LAYER THICKENS, BOTH EVAPORATION AND RAINFALL WILL INTENSIFY, RENDERING THE LEVEL OF THE WATER IN LAKE MICHIGAN MORE UNSTABLE, FLUCTUATING THROUGHOUT THE YEAR - SINCE THE WATER LEVEL WILL BE MORE UNSTABLE, THE DIRECT AREA AROUND IT NOW WILL LIKELY BECOME A CLIMATE ABANDONMENT AREA, AND PEOPLE WILL MOVE INTO INNER PARTS OF THE CITY AWAY FROM THE SHORELINE, SUCH AS THE PROJECT SITE LOCATION

5 10 15 25 40 70

LAKE MICHIGAN WATER LEVELS (1984-2019)

DAYS WITH HIGH WET BULB TEMPERATURES 582.35 580.71 FEET

ONE CLIMATE FACTOR THAT MIGHT OFFSET SOME OF THE PREDICTIONS SHOWN BELOW IS MILWAUKEE’S HIGH NUMBER OF DAYS/YEAR WITH HIGH WET BULB TEMPERATURES

579.07 577.43 575.79 1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2006

2009

2011

2014

2017

2019

FIGURE 3.6

PEOPLE WILL MOVE TO MORE INLAND NEIGHBORHOODS OF MILWAUKEE FROM THE SHORELINE

FIGURE 3.5

LAKE MICHIGAN SHORELINE 2023

LAKE MICHIGAN SHORELINE 2075

TODAY, HISTORICAL REDLINING AND RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION HAVE TURNED THIS SITE INTO WHAT IT IS: LARGE PARKING LOTS AND BOX STORES IN THE WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS NEIGHBORHOOD OF MILWAUKEE. THIS IS THE GOLDMINE OF THE HEAT FARMERS. WE WILL SEE HOW THEY PLAN TO TURN THE TRAPPED HEAT OF THESE PARKING LOTS INTO A MEGACOMMUNITY. THE CONCRETE IS THEIR FERTILE SOIL FOR REBUILDING A HEALTHY RELATIONSHIP WITH HEAT, EVEN AS TEMPERATURES CONTINUE TO RISE AND THE HEAT BECOMES MORE THREATENING IN NATURE.

AREA

TWO LARGE COMMERICAL LOTS IN WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS, MILWAUKEE N. HOLTON ST

N. RICHARDS ST.

SITE

RAINBOW

882,000 SQUARE FEET 600’-0”

DOLLAR TREE

CAPITAL CENTRE SHOPPING CENTER

PHOENIX LOGISTICS OFFICE DEPOT

DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS ROSS DRESS FOR LESS

CAPITOL DRIVE

CAPITOL DRIVE

1470’-0”

CAPITOL DRIVE CAPITOL DRIVE

1470’-0”

LIFE STORAGE RIVERWEST PLAZA

N. HOLTON ST

TACO BELL

N. RICHARDS ST.

ABANDONED BUILDING

N. HOLTON ST

N. RICHARDS ST.

CITGO PNC BANK

UHAUL

AUMOR TRUCK WASH

GAMESTOP

RAINBOW

FIGURE 3.7 ANTHONY’S AUTO GARAGE

BAREFOOT ITNL & FLY HIGH MFG

STRONG MICROBIALS INC

WALMART SUPERCENTER

VALENT’S

E. ABERT PL.

62

N. HOLTON ST

D & D’S LOUNGE

N. RICHARDS ST.

LEGENDS TOWING

DAIRYLAND BUSES

600’-0”

TURNING HEAT ISSUES FROM HISTORICAL REDLINING INTO AN ADVANTAGE

MAP FROM MILWAUKEE COUNTY GIS

FIGURE 3.14

URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT

=

BRAIN FOG, INABILITY TO FOCUS, BLURRY VISION

BECAUSE CONCRETE ABSORBS AND RERADIATES MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF HEAT, AND TREES AND PLANTS OFFSET HEAT, AREAS HEAVY IN CONCRETE WITH A LACK OF TREES HARBOR AND TRAP EXCESS CO2, LEADING TO BECOMING OVERHEATED. IN A TYPICAL HEAT WAVE - WHICH IS ALREADY EXACERBATED BY CLIMATE CHANGE - REDLINED NEIGHBORHOODS - WHICH OFTEN FEATURE LOTS OF CONCRETE AND VERY FEW TREES - CAN EXPERIENCE HEAT WAVES MORE INTENSELY, AND IN WAYS THAT BECOME DANGEROUS. HEAT CAN BE THERAPEUTIC, BUT TOO MUCH OF IT AND TOO MUCH OF IT CONCENTRATED IN A CERTAIN WAY, CAN BE BAD FOR OUR HEALTH.

EMOTIONAL

MENTAL PHYSICAL HEAT STROKE, HEAT EXHAUSTION, SHOCK, TIREDNESS

DEPRESSION, FLAT EFFECT, FRUSTRATION

FIGURE 3.15

THE BIOMASS PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE CAN BE HARNESSED TO REDIRECT THE HEAT A FEW SOLUTIONS CONCRETE RETAINING AND RELEASING EXCESS CO2 INTO REDLINED NEIGHBORHOODS WITH TREES AND WITHOUT OTHER HEAT SINKS IS WHAT MAKES IT SO DANGEROUS. ITS POTENTIAL ENERGY IS BEING WASTED AS UNCONTROLLED RELEASED HEAT. ADDING TREES AND BODIES OF WATER SELECTIVELY, USING CONDUCTORS TO “FUNNEL” HEAT INTO DIFFERENT LOCATIONS, AND USING THERMOELECTRIC CONVERTERS ARE A FEW WAYS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE MASSIVE ENERGY SOURCE CONCRETE POSES, ESPECIALLY IN CREATING THERAPEUTIC HEAT SPACES.

TA

TD A

TN

CO2

HE

DI

CO2

Y

DA

RE RA

E TH

CO2

A

G

TE S

IN

HE A

CO2

UR CO2

IG

HT

S RB O

BS

A

CO2 CO2

CO2 DENSE AIR OF 2075 CO2

CO2 -NEGATIVE CONCRETE - EMPA’S CONCRETE & ASPHALT LAB

THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) [SEEBECK EFFECT] TCOLD ELECTRONS HOLES +

MASSIVE STORAGE OF POTENTIAL ENERGY

THOT

SMART MATERIALS

BODIES OF WATER

ADDING TREES

RESISTIVE LOAD

THOT

ELECTRON FLOW

GEOSTRUCTURAL TUNNELS THAT TRANSFER HEAT VIA A CONDUCTOR

FIGURE 3.16 63

RELEVANCE POST-CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLIMATE MIGRATION

LOGIC

2075

MAJOR HEAT FARM SOURCE 1

MAJOR HEAT FARM SOURCE 2

EXISTING PARKING LOT PROVIDES CONCRETE BIOMASS BASE FOR HEAT HARVESTING AND CARBON NEUTRALIZING

POTENTIAL FOR ENOUGH HEIGHT AND CLEARANCE TO HARVEST RADIANT HEAT FROM THE SUN

THE TALLER THE BUILDING, THE MORE CLEARANCE IT NEEDS FOR FULL DAYLIGHT ACCESS

CO2

IG

RB

HT

O

BS

A

CO2

TA

TD

A

HE

CO2

CO2 DENSE AIR OF 2075

Y

DI A RA

DA

CO2

RE

E

TH

TE

G

S

IN

HE

A

CO2

UR CO2

TN

S

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2 -NEGATIVE CONCRETE - EMPA’S CONCRETE & ASPHALT LAB

MASSIVE STORAGE OF POTENTIAL ENERGY

64

FIGURE 3.8

2075 N. HOLTON ST

N. RICHARDS ST.

WITH EXISTING SITE FEATURES

RAINBOW

N. RICHARDS ST.

TODAY

WITH PROPOSED MEGACOMMUNITY PROGRAM + CLIMATE MIGRATION DEMAND

N. HOLTON ST

SITE DENSITY 2023 + PROJECTED 2075

DOLLAR TREE

CAPITAL CENTRE SHOPPING CENTER OFFICE DEPOT

N. RICHARDS ST. N. RICHARDS ST.

N. HOLTON ST

N. HOLTON ST

RIVERWEST PLAZA

N. HOLTON ST

N. RICHARDS ST.

ROSS DRESS FOR LESS

CAPITOL DRIVE CAPITOL DRIVE

N. HOLTON ST

N. RICHARDS ST.

CITGO

N. HOLTON ST

N. HOLTON ST

N. RICHARDS ST.

WALMART SUPERCENTER

AVERAGE 300 PEOPLE ON SITE DURING BUSINESS HOURS

2250 PEOPLE LIVING ON SITE FIGURE 3.9

3 PEOPLE

HOW MUCH OF THE PROGRAM CAN FIT ONTO THE SITE, ANYWAY? X = TOTAL NUMBER OF DISTRICTS

[LIVING SPACE + REMAINING DISTRICT PROGRAM]

[NON-DISTRICT/ SHARED PROGRAM]

150

150 (X)

1(X) = 45685 FT^2

TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE = 119800 FT^2 (X)

TRIBE

TOTAL ALLOTTED SPACE FOR 1 DISTRICT + IT’S CORRESPONDING SHARED PROGRAM SPACE = 45685 + 119800 = 165485 FT^2

SITE: 882000 FT^2 882000/165485 = 5 DISTRICTS MIMIMUM (WITHOUT STACKING PROGRAM)

5 DISTRICTS PER STORY, STACKING PROGRAM UP TO 3 STORIES WHILE STAGGERING HEIGHT FOR SURFACE AREA FOR DAYLIGHTING (WILL BE 3 FULL STORIES SPREAD OUT TO BE MUCH HIGHER) 5(3) = 15 DISTRICTS TOTAL + SHARED SPACES

150 PEOPLE PER DISTRICT 150 (15) = 2250 PEOPLE TOTAL ON SITE, PER NEW PROGRAM + NEARLY ALL LIFE AMENITIES65

HEATING DEGREE DAYS VS COOLING DEGREE DAYS 2023 + PROJECTED 2075 IF CURRENT PATTERNS PERSIST

HEATING DEGREE DAYS 2019-2023 HDD 65

COOLING DEGREE DAYS 2019-2023

% ESTIMATED

CDD 65

% ESTIMATED

JAN

1193.8

0.01

JAN

0

0.01

FEB

1085.3

0

FEB

0

0

MAR

853

0.006

MAR

0.2

0.006

APR

564.3

0.2

APR

12.1

0.2

MAY

308.5

0.006

MAY

64

0.006

JUN

68.8

0.007

JUN

177.8

0.007

JUL

5.1

0.01

JUL

305.3

0.01

AUG

7.7

0

AUG

263.7

0

SEP

69.2

0.01

SEP

120.5

0.01

OCT

386.9

0.006

OCT

25.9

0.006

NOV

713.1

0.007

NOV

5.2

0.007

DEC

953.2

0

DEC

0.1

0

6208.9

0.02

TOTAL

TOTAL

974.8

0.02 FIGURE 3.10

6000

INFERENCES MADE BASED ON DATA FROM UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONS AGENCY CHANGE IN ANNUAL HEATING DEGREE DAYS WISCONSIN, 1958-2020 VS 1895-1957

DEGREE DAYS

5000

WISCONSIN AVERAGE ANNUAL HEATING DEGREE DAYS HAVE DECREASED BY 255.17 DEGREE DAYS IN 1958-2020 AS COMPARED TO 1895-1957.

4000 HEATING DEGREE DAYS (COLDER THAN 65° F)

3000

COOLING DEGREE DAYS (WARMER THAN 65° F)

2000 1000 0 1890

1910

1930

1950

1970

1990

2010

2030

2050

2070 2090 FIGURE 3.11

YEAR

HEATING DEGREE DAYS PROJECTED 2070-2075 HDD 65 400

FEB MAR APR MAY

-350

-250

CDD 65

% ESTIMATED

0.05

JAN

300

600

0.1

FEB

400

0.05

350

0.008

MAR

150

0.018

200

0.5

APR

50

0.4

100

0.003

MAY

115

0.080

JUN

28

0.002

JUN

300

0.091

JUL

0

0.08

JUL

600

0.05

AUG

0

0.15

AUG

500

0.02

SEP

15

0.01

SEP

250

0.04

OCT

75

0.004

OCT

80

0.023

NOV

285

0.005

NOV

30

0.034

520

0

DEC

5

0.08

2573

0.07

DEC TOTAL

TOTAL

2780

0.50

0.06 FIGURE 3.13

66

-150

-50

50

150

250

350

500

FIGURE 3.12

COOLING DEGREE DAYS PROJECTED 2070-2075

% ESTIMATED

JAN

-500

RACIAL AND ETHNIC BREAKDOWN, 2023 ARCGIS

FIGURE 3.17 SITE IS DESOLATE BECAUSE OF OVERCONSTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL ZONES, SITS AT THE DIVIDE BETWEEN WHITE AND BLACK COMMUNITIES

SITE IS CONSIDERED A DEFACTO PORTION OF THE TRADITIONAL REDLINED AREA, ITS CREATION ON PAR WITH MILWAUKEE’S HISTORY OF FORCED FOOD DESERTS AND HEAT ISLANDS, AND FORCING PEOPLE OF COLOR TO RELOCATE THERE

67

PROXIMITY TO FEATURES NOT PROXIMITY TO FEATURES NOT ININ MEGACOMMUNITY MEGACOMMUNITY PROGRAM PROGRAM

N. HOLTON ST

N. HOLTON ST

N. RICHARDS ST.

N. RICHARDS ST.

PUBLIC TRANSIT, AIRPORTS, MAIN PUBLIC TRANSIT, AIRPORTS, MAIN ROADS, BODIES OF WATER ROADS, BODIES OF WATER

RED RED

15 15

49U 49U

68 68

FIGURE 3.19

49U, 68, 49U, 68, RED RED

49U, 68, 49U, 68, RED RED

CAPITOLCAPITOL DRIVE DRIVE 15

N. HOLTON ST

N. HOLTON ST

N. RICHARDS ST.

N. RICHARDS ST.

BUS BUS STOPS STOPS

CAPITOLCAPITOL DRIVE DRIVE CAPITOLCAPITOL DRIVE DRIVE

15, 68

CAPITOLCAPITOL DRIVE DRIVE

15, 68

15

GASGAS STATION, STATION, 0 MILES 0 MILES FROM FROM SITE SITE

N. HOLTON ST

N. HOLTON ST

N. RICHARDS ST.

N. RICHARDS ST.

CITGO CITGO

MAIN ROAD; CAPITOL DRIVE MAIN ROAD; CAPITOL DRIVE (ROUTE 190),190), ADJACENT TO SITE (ROUTE ADJACENT TO SITE OTHER MAIN ROADS NEARBY: OTHER MAIN ROADS NEARBY: ROUTE 57 (GREEN BAY BAY AVE)AVE) ROUTE 57 (GREEN ROUTE 45 (FOND DU LAC AVE)AVE) ROUTE 45 (FOND DU LAC ROUTE 32 (LAKE DRIVE) ROUTE 32 (LAKE DRIVE)

NEARBY HIGHWAYS: NEARBY HIGHWAYS: INTERSTATE 43 43 INTERSTATE

N. HOLTON ST

15

N. HOLTON ST

N. RICHARDS ST.

E. ABERTE. PL.ABERT PL.

N. RICHARDS ST.

15

AIRPORT: AIRPORT: MILWAUKEE MITCHELL MILWAUKEE MITCHELL INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, 11 MILES FROM SITE SITE 11 MILES FROM

FIGURE 3.18

NEARBY BODIES OF WATER NEARBY BODIES OF WATER [HEAT SINKS THATTHAT MAYMAY LOSTLOST THEIR [HEAT SINKS THEIR EFFICACY IF POLLUTED] EFFICACY IF POLLUTED]

MILWAUKEE MILWAUKEE RIVER, RIVER, 1 MILE 1 MILE FROM SITE SITE FROM LAKELAKE MICHIGAN, MICHIGAN, 1.7 MILES 1.7 MILES FROM SITE SITE FROM

68

FIGURE 3.20

HISTORY OF THE WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS NEIGHBORHOOD SOURCES: MILWAUKEE COUNTY WISCONSIN GENEOLOGY: HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG

Authors Unknown https://www.linkstothepast.com/milwaukee/williamsburg2.php

NORTH SIDE WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS

Authors Unknown https://neighborhoodsinmilwaukee.org/Williamsburg%20Heights.pdf

HARAMBEE NEIGHBORHOOD OVERVIEW [INCLUDES BOUNDS OF WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS]

UWM SARUP https://issuu.com/uwmsarup/docs/harambeecommunityownedgrocerystore_apw2020/s/11318955

1867

1890 1891

1900

1903

1910

LARGE SWATHS OF LAND AND A RAILROAD CONNECTION ATTRACT COMMERICAL ACTIVITIES

SEAMAN BODY CORP IS ESTABLISHED, EMPLOYS 6500 WORKERS AT ITS PEAK

GREAT MIGRATION BEGINS TO AFFECT AFRICAN AMERICAN’S CHOICE OF WHERE TO LIVE, AND THEY SLOWLY START MOVING NORTHWARD TO SETTLE IN PLACES LIKE WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS

...

JOHN GROOTEMAAT BUILDS GROOTEMAAT FLOUR MILL

WILLIAMSBURG ANNEXED TO THE CITY OF MILWAUKEE; BECOMES WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS

ESTABLISHME NT OF ELKERT TANNERY, JUNEAU AVENUE MARKET

1940

1930

INDUSTRIALISTS RECRUIT AFRICAN AMERICANS TO WORK IN HARAMBEE (THE COMMUNITY IS FORCED TO MOVE NORTH TO WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS LATER)

1920

GERMANS SLOWLY BECOME OUTNUMBERED IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD, AS IMMIGRANTS PREVIOUSLY ON THE LOWER EAST SIDE MOVE IN POLES, JEWS, ITALIANS, & PUERTO RICANS

AS NEIGHBORHOODS IN MILWAUKEE ARE REDLINED, WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS BECOMES SITUATED BETWEEN 3RD CLASS ZONES, YET IS ITSELF RELATIVELY DESOLATE AND UNOFFICIALLY MARKED, ALTHOUGH SOCIALLY IT BECOMES REGARDED AS THE LOWER CLASS ZONES AROUND IT

1950

1960

MILWAUKEE CITY GOVERNMENT’S URBAN RENEWAL PROGRAM DISPLACES THE BLACK COMMUNITY OF HARAMBEE, FORCING PRIOR HOMEOWNERS TO SELL THEIR HOMES AND MOVE NORTHWARD TO WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS. THE CITY ALSO BUILT A FREEWAY DIRECTLY THROUGH HARAMBEE/BRONZEVILLE TO FURTHER SOLIDIFY THIS DISPLACEMENT OF THE BLACK COMMUNITY THAT UNTIL THEN WAS SLOWLY GAINING WEALTH

1970

AS LARGE FACTORIES AND RETAILERS BUILD UP ON THE PREVIOUSLY LARGE SWATHS OF LAND IN WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS WHO WERE FORCED TO RELOCATE THERE ALSO BECOME FORCED INTO UNSKILLED LABOR POSITIONS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD, PERPETUATING POVERTY.

AS CEMENTED AREAS INCREASE AND MOST POOR RESIDENTS ARE UNABLE TO AFFORD CARS, FOOD DESERTS EMERGE, AS WELL AS INCREASED HAZARDS FROM HEAT WAVES

2000

1990

1980

[CONTINUED] RESIDENTS PROTEST SCHOOL AND HOUSING SEGREGATION, FORM SOCIAL SERVICES ORGANIZATIONS

[CONTINUED] RESIDENTS PROTEST SCHOOL AND HOUSING SEGREGATION, FORM SOCIAL SERVICES ORGANIZATIONS

RESIDENTS PROTEST SCHOOL AND HOUSING SEGREGATION, FORM SOCIAL SERVICES ORGANIZATIONS

2010

SLOWLY, COMMUNITY GARDEN INITIATIVES BECOME ESTABLISHED IN THE HARAMBEE & WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS AREAS

2016

2020

BADER PHILANTHROPIES MOVES TO HARAMBEE, SERVING THE ADJACENT WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS COMMUNITY AS WELL

2024

WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS HAS AROUND 2500 RESIDENTS - 90% ARE BLACK. 40% OF RESIDENTS ARE MINORS. OVER 50% LIVE IN HOUSEHOLDS WITH AN ANNUAL INCOME OF $25000 OR LESS.

FIGURE 3.21

69

SUN STUDIES

SUNEARTHTOOLS.COM LOCATION USED FOR DATA: 401 E CAPITOL DR

JUNE 21ST

DECEMBER 21ST

07:00

07:00

FIGURE 3.25

FIGURE 3.23 FIGURE 3.24

FIGURE 3.22

12:00

12:00

FIGURE 3.27 FIGURE 3.26

FIGURE 3.29 FIGURE 3.28

17:00

17:00

FIGURE 3.33

FIGURE 3.31 FIGURE 3.30

FIGURE 3.32

22:00

22:00

FIGURE 3.35 FIGURE 3.34

70

FIGURE 3.37 FIGURE 3.36

SUN STUDIES SHADEMAP.APP

JUNE 21ST

DECEMBER 21ST

07:00

07:00

FIGURE 3.38

12:00

FIGURE 3.39

12:00

FIGURE 3.41

FIGURE 3.40

17:00

17:00

FIGURE 3.42

22:00

FIGURE 3.43

22:00

FIGURE 3.44

FIGURE 3.45

71

E. ABERT PL.

1

2

3

72 N. RICHARDS ST.

N. HOLTON ST

N. RICHARDS ST.

3

CAPITOL DRIVE

6

8 N. HOLTON ST

N. RICHARDS ST.

4 N. HOLTON ST

N. HOLTON ST

N. RICHARDS ST.

SITE IMAGES GOOGLE EARTH PRO

1

2

CAPITOL DRIVE CAPITOL DRIVE

5

7

N

FIGURE 3.46

SITE IMAGES GOOGLE EARTH PRO

4

5

6

7

8

FIGURE 3.47

73

74