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Contemporary Antisemitism: A Campus Exhibition at Vassar February 2nd -11th, 2019
Sponsored by the
Chabad Jewish Community
From the Neo-Nazi Website, The Daily Stormer In October 2018, this flyer was found at Vassar College, UC Davis, UC Berkeley, and Marist College. According to the ADL, the Daily Stormer Book Club chapters, are “small crews of young white men who follow and support Andrew Anglin and his neo-Nazi website, the Daily Stormer.” Anglin has stated that “You cannot preserve the White race without addressing the Jews. You cannot address the Jews without addressing their [Holocaust] hoax. You cannot address their hoax without addressing Adolf Hitler.”
Table of Contents Why does Vassar need this exhibit How to read this brouchre What is Antisemitism? What’s Israel-Palestine got to do with it? Dual Loyalty Jewish Visibilty and Risk Holocaust Denial and Disortion Antisemitism and the Populist Wave White Nationalism American Religious Fundamentalism George Soros Sources 2
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Why does Vassar Need an Exhibit on Antisemitism? Antisemitism is not a matter of abstract speculation, it is a real phenomenon that Jews at Vassar have experienced and continue to experience. To provide two recent examples: At the beginning of the Fall 2018’ semester, a document was sent to hundreds of students containing rhetoric that President Elizabeth Bradley called “provocative of violence and anti-Semitism.” Later in the Fall, a Neo-Nazi from Poughkeepsie spread flyers on campus accusing Jews of controlling the American political system and fabricating accusations of sexual assault against Justice Brett Kavanaugh during his confirmation process. (See left side of page) Every member of the Vassar community committed to the fight for social justice should have an interest in understanding and combating antisemitism. In the words of UN Secretary-General António Guterres: “Jews continue to be attacked for no other reason than their identity. And antisemitism is not a problem for the Jewish community alone. Where there is antisemitism, there are likely to be other discriminatory ideologies and forms of bias – feeding each other in a cauldron of contempt.” Recognizing the ways that antisemitism is entangled with White Supremacy and other oppressions, this exhibition is offered in a spirit of solidarity and commitment to fighting the systemic prejudices many people, including many Jews, face on a daily basis. This exhibit cannot cover every facet of contemporary antisemitism, and cannot claim to be the definitive statement on this subject at Vassar. However, we hope that it provokes thought, productive discussions, and encourages the Vassar community to look deeper into the subject of antisemitism.
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Students discussing the exhibit
How to read this brochure:
All of the text and images you will see in this brochure were used in the exhibit. We structured the exhibit into categories with images. On the left side of the page, you will find the category title with text explaining this specific category of antisemitism. On the right side of the page, you will find the images and captions for that category.
Exhibit Opening
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What is Antisemitism? “Anti Semitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of anti semitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities. Contemporary examples of antisemitism in public life include, but are not limited to: • Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion. • Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions. • Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews. • Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust. • Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations.” From the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance Working Definition of Antisemitism
Is Antisemitism Increasing? A study by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) in 2017 found a 57% increase in antisemitic incidents in the United States compared to the previous year. FBI data shows that Jews are the religious group most frequently subjected to hate crimes, accounting for 58.1 percent of hate crime incidents against religious groups. French Prime Minister Edouard Philippe stated that antisemitic acts in France increased by 69% in the first nine months of 2018. The Community Security Trust (CST) in the UK recorded 727 anti-Semitic incidents across the UK in the first half of 2018 - the second highest figure in over two decades. The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) 2018 survey of European Jews reported that “a large majority of respondents (89 %) believe that antisemitism has increased over the past five years in the country they live in.” The overwhelming consensus of experts is that antisemitism is on the rise globally. 5
What’s Israel-Palestine Got to Do With It? What does a sukkah in New York City or a synagogue in Germany have to do with Israel’s treatment of the Palestinian people? The answer: nothing. And yet, both of these Jewish spaces were violated supposedly in retaliation for Israel’s policies towards Palestinians. Criticizing and protesting the State of Israel’s actions is not inherently antisemitic, and falls squarely within the bounds of protected expression. However, intimidating or attacking ordinary Jews participating in their communities is antisemitic, even if these acts are supposedly directed only at “Zionists” and not Jews as a whole. The average Jew outside of Israel has no more individual power to shape Israeli policy than anybody else. If anything, directing anti-Israel hostility towards Jews peacefully participating in Jewish life outside of Israel only undermines the credibility of efforts to bring about a peaceful and equitable solution to the IsraeliPalestinian conflict.
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A Vandalized Sukkah in Manhattan A sukkah is a temporary hut erected during the Jewish holiday of Sukkot. In October 2018, a sukkah manhattan was vandalized with the words “Free Gaza.” The sukkah was erected by private Jewish citizens with no ties to the Israeli government. In response to this incident, Assaf Weiss, director of programming and operations at the AJC, stated that “attributing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to all Jews is another example of modern anti-Semitism under the guise of ‘political struggle.’”
Credit: Ynetnews
The Synagogue in Wuppertal, Germany, that was firebombed in 2014. In 2014, a synagogue in Germany was firebombed by three men who wanted to “call attention to the Gaza conflict.” A German regional court ruled that the attack was not antisemitic, stating it was only meant to be a protest against Israel. The ruling was widely condemned by the German Jewish community. “I thought the time of packed suitcases was over forever,” Leonid Goldberg, the head of the Jewish Community in Wuppertal, told Der Spiegel. “I am now wondering — when would be the right moment to pack them again.” Credit: Alexander Koerner/Getty Images
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Dual Loyalty “Dual loyalty” is the antisemitic trope claiming that Jews are more loyal to the global Jewish community or to the State of Israel than to their own nations. Accusations of dual loyalty are used to cast suspicion over Jews and restrict their role in public life. A 2014 ADL US study found that 30% of adult Americans polled believed that Jews were more loyal to Israel than their own country, and a 2014 ADL World Study found that 41% of the world populations surveyed believe the same thing. Extrapolating from the total populations of the countries surveyed, roughly 1.7 billion people believe that Jews are more loyal to Israel than to their own nations. It is accurate to note that the majority of American Jews have positive feelings towards Israel. A 2018 survey by the American Jewish Committee (AJC) found that 79% of American Jews believe that “a thriving State of Israel is vital for the long-term future of the Jewish people.” Nevertheless, the line into antisemitism is crossed when this fact is used to cast doubt on the loyalty and trustworthiness of Jews.
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UCLA Sophomore Rachel Beyda, in the New York Times Rachel Beyda, a Jewish student at UCLA applying for a position on the student judicial board, was specifically asked about her Jewish identity during the interview process. A YouTube clip of the exchange shows an unidentified student asking, “‘Given that you are a Jewish student and very active in the Jewish community … given that recently … [inaudible] has been surrounding cases of conflict of interest, how do you see yourself being able to maintain an unbiased view … [inaudible]?’”
Credit: MSNBC/ Morning Joe
The judicial board initially rejected her application, but after the story gained national attention, the board apologized and voted her in.
Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro standing next to a portrait of late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez Over the course of the Bolivarian Revolution, Venezuelan Jews have increasingly been treated as a foreign element. In 2004 a Jewish school was raided by the government and in 2007 a Jewish community center was also raided. Neither raid found any illegalities and were purely to intimidate the country’s Jewish community, which does not have a high rate of support for the Chavista government. In 2010, Chávez implicated the Venezuelan Jewish community in Israel’s interception of a Turkish flotilla bound for Gaza. Nicolás Maduro, then foreign minister, demanded that Venezuelan Jews denounce statements against Venezuela allegedly made by an Israeli official. In 2013, leaked documents revealed that that the Bolivarian National Intelligence Service (SEBIN) was spying on prominent Venezuelan Jews and local Jewish organizations. As a result of this climate of suspicion, in addition to the severe economic crisis, two-thirds of Venezuela’s Jews have emigrated since Hugo Chávez took power in 1999. 9
Credit: Venezuela Analysis
Jewish Visibility and Risk Visibly religious Jews are particularly vulnerable to violence and harassment. The Fundamental Rights Agency of the European Union states that “Jewish people wearing visible symbols of their religion are the most likely to be targeted by anti-Semitic incidents.� A Jew who could otherwise avoid notice by exclusively wearing secular clothing can become a target by wearing Stars of David, kippot (skull-caps), shtreimel (fur hat), long sideburns, and the traditional black clothes of Chassidic Jews. Already, numerous European Jewish organizations discourage Jews from going out alone while wearing visibly Jewish clothing and encourage practices like wearing hats over kippot in public areas. There was a string of violent assaults against Chassidic Jews in Brooklyn in the latter half of 2018. In several cases, derogatory remarks about Jews were made by the assailants while they committed their assaults, which has led the NYPD to investigate these cases as hate crimes. Increasingly, some Jews feel like they have to choose between living an open dignified religious life and their basic safety.
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Video still of an assailant about to punch a Chassidic man in Brooklyn, 2018. This December assault on a visibly Jewish man in Brooklyn was the latest in a string of attacks on visibly Jewish men and children in the borough. Only the week before, two Orthodox boys were attacked. Jude Werzberger, who was present at the time of the attack, said “You feel like you’re in a wilted country where people don’t like us.” Credit: WCBS880
“Wear a Kippa” Protest in Germany, 2018. After a daytime assault on two young men wearing kippot in Germany, 2,000 Germans of all faiths wore kippot in solidarity with the German Jewish community. This was also partly a rebuke of the practice of hiding one’s kippa in public encouraged by many European Jewish leaders and organizations. In response to the recent upsurge of antisemitism in Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel appointed the first ever commissioner for Jewish life in Germany to combat this disturbing phenomena. Credit: Tobias Schwarz/AFP
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Holocaust Denial and Distortion The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum defines Holocaust Denial as “an attempt to negate the established facts of the Nazi genocide of European Jewry. Holocaust denial and distortion are forms of antisemitism. They are generally motivated by hatred of Jews and build on the claim that the Holocaust was invented or exaggerated by Jews as part of a plot to advance Jewish interests.” Common forms of Holocaust distortion are claims that far fewer than 6 million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, that the diary of Anne Frank was a forgery, and that Jews engineered the Holocaust to guilt the world into creating the State of Israel. Historian Deborah Lipstadt states: “What we see more of today is soft core Holocaust denial… Soft core Holocaust denial is where people say ‘I’m so tired of hearing about this, why am I always hearing about the Holocaust, too much about the Holocaust, oh you Jews and the Holocaust, jokes about the Holocaust…’” More overt forms of Holocaust denial are not confined to the political fringes in every nation. In Iran, major leaders like Ruhollah Khomenei and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad have denied the occurrence of the Holocaust. Antisemites from all over the world, including former Grand Wizard of the Klu Klux Klan David Duke, have gone to Iran to participate in conferences and exhibitions denying the entirety or full scope of the Holocaust. Antisemitism is still a potent ideological tool that countries can exploit in building international sympathy. 12
A Poster from a Pro-Government Rally in Iran During the presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Iran hosted conferences for Holocaust deniers. Ahmadinejad’s stance was mainly influenced by Western Holocaust revisionist pseudo-scholars, and the Holocaust denying events were primarily attended by Western pseudo-scholars, White nationalists, and Neo-Nazis. Under the reformist presidency of Hassan Rouhani, the Iranian government has taken a softer line on the Holocaust, but the hardline Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance continues to sponsor an annual “Holocaust Cartoon Contest.” The contest was originally launched in response to Charlie Hebdo’s publishing of cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad, demonstrating how Jewish tragedy can be exploited as ammunition in broader cultural conflicts.
Credit: Raheb Homavandi/Reuters
Neo-Nazi and Holocaust Denier Republican Congressional Candidate Arthur Jones Arthur Jones ran for the third congressional district of Illinois to challenge a “two-party, Jew-party, queerparty system.” The local Republican party in Illinois failed to present a challenger to Jones in the congressional primaries, and missed the deadline to put forth a thirdparty candidate. In addition to claiming that the Holocaust never happened, Jones advocated for bans on interracial marriage and school integration. He lost the congressional race to Democrat Dan Lipinski, but still received over a quarter of the vote in the November 2018 midterms. Credit: Marcus DiPaola/Chicago Sun-Times
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Antisemitism and the Populist Wave The world is living through a populist moment, with India, the Philippines, Mexico, Brazil, and the US electing populist leaders. Bernie Sanders in the US and Jeremy Corbyn in the UK are populist politicians with devoted followings in their countries. Political scientist Cas Muddle defines populism as “an ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogenous and antagonistic groups: ‘the pure people’ and ‘the corrupt elite’, and argues that politics should be an expression of the volonté générale (general will) of the people.” Populism is not inherently bad, and populist politicians can often improve the general well-being of those they claim to represent. However, populism, by emphasizing the power of a small ruling elite, can be potentially exploited by antisemites to promote the false narrative that the Jews constitute that ruling elite, and people with no animosity towards Jews may unintentionally perpetuating harmful antisemitic stereotypes. As Journalist Ido Vock states: “It is only a few steps from an interrogation of the influence of capital and lobbyists on governments to an interrogation of specifically Jewish capital and lobbyists on the functioning of the state.”
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A Tweet from then Presidential candidate Donald Trump in 2016 Donald Trump tweeted a graphic of Hillary Clinton against a background of money and a six-pointed star. The image had previously been featured on 8chan’s /pol/ board, a haven for the alt-right modeled on 4chan. Jewish and Civil Rights organizations claimed that the graphic used the six-pointed star (the Star of David is also six-pointed) to draw a connection between Jews, money, and secret political power.
Credit: Twitter/@RealDonaldTrump
A French “Yellow Jacket” Protestor with a Sign Saying “Rothschild Resign” The Rothschild’s are a European Jewish banking family that rose to prominence in the 19th century. Many anti semitic conspiracy theories say that the Rothschilds secretly control the world’s governments and major financial institutions. In the “yellow jacket” protests in France, some protestors have claimed that French President Macron, who once worked for Rothschild & Cie Banque, is a puppet of the Rothschild family. Signs and banners state that Macron is a “whore of the Jews.”
Credit: Reuters
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White Nationalism: “Jews will not Replace Us” Antisemitism is a central tenet of White Nationalism. Anti-Racist activist Eric Ward writes: “The successes of the civil rights movement created a terrible problem for White supremacist ideology… How could a race of inferiors have unseated this power structure through organizing alone? For that matter, how could feminists and LGBTQ people have upended traditional gender relations, leftists mounted a challenge to global capitalism… How do you explain the boundary-crossing allure of hip hop? The election of a Black president? Some secret cabal, some mythological power, must be manipulating the social order behind the scenes… It is, of course, the Jews” and that “At the bedrock of the [White Nationalist] movement is an explicit claim that Jews are a race of their own, and that their ostensible position as White folks in the U.S. represents the greatest trick the devil ever played.” White Jews, let alone the many Jews of color, are not immune from White Nationalist violence. White Jews inhabit a unique and contradictory position in American society because they benefit from structural White Supremacy while remaining a major target of those most committed to the perpetuation of White power.
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Attendees of the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia in 2017 The Unite the Right Rally brought together White Nationalists, Neo-Nazis, Neo-Confederates, and the Alt-Right. The attendees chanted “Jews will not replace us,” influenced by the belief that Jews were engineering demographic changes to bring about a “White Genocide.” Activist Heather Heyer was murdered by James Field Jr. as she protested the event. President Donald Trump initially blamed the violence in Charlottesville on “both sides.”
Credit: Getty Images
Memorials to the Dead at the Tree of Life Synagogue, Pittsburgh The Pittsburgh Synagogue shooting in October 2018, which left eleven people dead and seven injured, was the deadliest antisemitic attack in US history. Robert Gregory Bowers, the shooter, targeted the synagogue for its affiliation with the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) , an organizations that assists Jewish and non-Jewish refugees in the USA. Bowers wrote, “HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can’t sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I’m going in.” At the time, the Trump administration and right-wing media were making inflammatory statements on the Honduran migrant “caravan” before the midterm elections.
Credit: Matt Rourke/AP
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American Religious Fundamentalism Before the advent of pseudo-scientific racial antisemitism in the 19th Century, anti-Jewish prejudice was primarily expressed in theological terms. Jews, considered to be the killers of Jesus, were painted as a deceitful people whose presence threatened the moral constitution of Christian civilization. Jews and Judaism functioned as a symbol for all that was corrupt. Martin Luther, the seminal leader of the Protestant Reformation, claimed that the Catholic Church was “the Devil’s Synagogue” and that Catholic orthodoxy was “Jewish” in its alleged greedy materialism. The legacy of theological antisemitism is present in certain contemporary religious fundamentalist organizations. The most extreme of the organizations claim that Jews, the majority of whom vote Democrat and hold liberal social views, are to blame for the decline of the nuclear family and the successes of movements for LGBTQ rights. For example, the Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) has released statements containing rhetoric like “Beware! Jews killed the Lord Jesus, and their own prophets, and have persecuted us; and they please not God, and are contrary to all men” and have protested synagogues for their pro-LGBTQ stances. Jews, despite making up only 2% of the US population, are seen as prime movers of social change. In this way, antisemitism and other forms of prejudice like queerphobia are combined and reinforced in the fundamentalist imagination. 18
Minister Louis Farrakhan “The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews: How Jews Gained Control of the Black American Economy.” Louis Farrakhan is the leader of the Nation of Islam, a Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) -classified hate group whose antisemitic and queerphobic belief system has been rejected by most mainstream Muslim organizations. Farrakhan has told his followers that “The Jews, a small handful, control the movement of this great nation, like a radar controls the movement of a great ship in the waters” and “The Jews were responsible for all of this filth and degenerate behavior that Hollywood is putting out: turning men into women, and women into men.”
Credit: Getty Images
Partly because of prior associations between members of the Women’s March national leadership and Louis Farrakhan, organizations including the SPLC, Emily’s List, the Human Rights Campaign, and NARAL Pro-Choice America pulled their sponsorship of the 2019 Women’s March.
The Westboro Baptist Church protesting outside of Yeshiva University in 2017 The Westboro Baptist Church protested the predominantly Jewish Yeshiva University as part of its “God Hates Your Idols Preaching Tour.” They sang “wrath will soon pour on you, for your harmful sins, your great affliction, it will soon begin” to the melody of the Israeli national anthem. ProLGBTQ students held a counter-protest, holding signs with messages like “Hate is not a Yeshiva value.”
Credit: Twitter/@simonesomekh
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George Soros and Mainstream Right-Wing Antisemitism
In mainstream right-wing antisemitic discourse in the United States and Europe, the politically-liberal Hungarian Jewish Billionaire George Soros has come to symbolize supposed global Jewish social and financial domination. Soros conspiracy theories were mostly confined to the dark corners of the internet, but with the advent of the Trump presidency, they have increasingly entered the mainstream through outlets like the president’s twitter, right-wing talk radio, Fox News, and the Wall Street Journal. In October 2018, President Trump tweeted that protests against the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh were “Paid for by Soros and others.” That same month, a pipe bomb was sent to Soros’ home by the extremist Cesar Sayoc. Hungary’s authoritarian president, Viktor Orbán, launched a campaign called “Stop Soros,” which claimed that George Soros was engineering the European migrant crisis with the goal of undermining Christian civilization and Hungary’s ethnic homogeneity. The antisemitic demonization of George Soros in the United States and Europe indicates that antisemitism has grown more prevalent in mainstream political discourse and demonstrates that antisemitism is a global phenomenon where antisemites of different nations reinforce each other’s views and policies. 20
A poster of George Soros, saying “Let’s not allow Soros to have the last laugh!” with “Dirty Jew” written over his forehead. The Hungarian government spent an estimated 16.3 million euros/21 million dollars on their anti-Soros poster campaign, which followed an earlier series of poster campaigns meant to stir up anti-immigrant sentiment. The posters are often covered in anti-semitic graffiti. Andras Heisler, head of the Federation of Hungarian Jewish Communities, personally appealed to Hungarian President Viktor Orbán to end the campaign. Orban rejected Heisler’s appeal and suggested that Hungarian Jews support the government’s campaign against Muslim immigration instead.
Credit: Akos Stiller
A Segment from “Tucker Carlson Tonight” Tucker Carlson’s show routinely attacks minorities, immigrants, and people of color. In December 2018, several advertisers ended their sponsorship of the show after he claimed that immigrants were making the USA “poorer, dirtier, and more divided.” He has been influential in mainstreaming anti-semitic rhetoric about George Soros, claiming that “George Soros hates the United States, and I’m judging that by the projects that he funds, all of which are designed to change the country as it is now or to thwart U.S. interests.”
Credit: Fox News
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‘softcore Holocaust Denial’, Dr Deborah Lipstadt Says.” The Telegraph. July 02, 2018. https://www. telegraph.co.uk/education/2018/07/02/labourresponsible-rise-softcore-holocaust-denial-drdeborah/. “UCLA Student’s Jewish Background Questioned During Vote For Judicial Board.” CBS. February 23, 2015. https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2015/02/23/ ucla-students-jewish-background-questioned-duringvote-for-judicial-board/. Vandoorne, Saskya, and James Masters. “France Hit by 69% Rise in Anti-Semitic Acts.” CNN. November 09, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/09/europe/ france-anti-semitic-acts-increase-intl/index.html “Venezuela ‘Spying’ on Jewish Community.” The JC. February 5, 2013. https://www.thejc. com/news/world/venezuela-spying-on-jewishcommunity-1.41431
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