Wavelength #39

W

Year 2010, Volume 5, Issue

39

avelength The CENTROFIN Newsletter

In this issue

The Voice of Reason

pg 2

Friday 28 May 2010 by Peter Holloway

BWM - EPA

Why oil spills are not the environmental disasters second rate politicians would have you believe WHERE in all the hyperbole surrounding the Deepwater Horizon is the voice of reason?

'Gushing'!, 'Spewing'!, 'Ecological disaster'! 'Devastation'!

How is it that any time oil is released into the sea emotive words are dragged out of the dictionary by journalists and second rate politicians? How is it that rational people are bamboozled by these exaggerations? How is it the press cannot report honestly on the ample evidence that oil spills are not long term in impact and never cause lasting environmental damage?

An oil slick, if it is thick enough, has the power to smother seabirds and the inter-tidal zones in the short term, but once the source is stopped, the oil disperses by chemical and physical weathering, and diminishes by biodegradation.

Why is every oil spill an environmental disaster and the act of a criminal, instead of an industrial accident? Bhopal was an environmental disaster (20,000 dead). Chernobyl was an environmental disaster (More than 140,000 affected, untold numbers dead). Three Mile Island nearly was.

Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon, although unpleasant, are not. Nature can and does recover from oil within a short space of time in the marine environment and there is much supporting evidence for this worldwide,

pg 4

Decision Making Theory and to convince the public otherwise is at best cheap sensationalism, at worst a form of dishonesty.

It does not help the forces of reason either when grotesque comparisons are made by heretofore respectable champions of the environment such as Erin Brockovich (for whom I once held a huge respect) who has been wheeled in to whip up more hysteria by suggesting there are similarities between an accidental release of oil into a significant volume of sea water and a long term and deliberate poisoning of groundwater by a utility company.

This caused real human suffering by persistent deception even when the consequences of human ingestion of a truly toxic and deadly chemical were apparent.

Ms Brockovich's role, however, is not on the scene to clean up beaches, but “to connect 'victims' to lawyers�. So, as expected, it's actually all about money.

Last time I looked, oil, a hydrocarbon, which also happens to be the basis of most life-forms on this planet, is not in itself a deadly chemical at the exposure rates probable.

Oil in Gulf Poses Only Slight Risk, U.S. Says

pg 6

Icebergs across the North Atlantic pg 8

International Environmental Regulations pg 10

Origin of the Ocean pg 12

Notes on Nature pg 14

Leadership Skills

cont'd on pg 5

Piracy update

(News online)

16 July 2010 - ITF Seafarers

Fewer pirate attacks but almost 600 crew captured The government is expected to announce that three-quarters of the oil from the Deepwater Horizon leak has already evaporated, dispersed, been captured or otherwise eliminated -- and that much of the rest is so diluted that it does not seem to pose much additional risk of harm.

Read More: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/04/science/earth/04oil.html?emc=na

TO THE MASTER: Please circulate copies of this Bulletin to the CREW.

To reach our Seafarers

Somali pirates are continuing their attacks on shipping over a wider area, but the latest figures from the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) show that piracy declined in the first two quarters of 2010 compared with the same period a year ago. The IMB collects data recorded through its Piracy Reporting Centre (PRC).

The PRC recorded 196 incidents in the first half of 2010 compared with 240 in 2009. The latest figures include 31 vessels hijacked, 48 fired upon and 70 boarded. In this period, one crew member was killed, 597 taken hostage and 16 injured.

cont'd on pg 11

Gearing up for the MLC The International Labour Organisation's Maritime Labour Convention is due to come into force soon once a number of outstanding issues have been resolved (Lloyd's List Ship Manager)

Ballast Water Management (BWM) - EPA Vessels greater than or equal to 300gt or having the capacity to hold or discharge more than 8cumtr of ballast water and operating (or planning to operate) on the navigable waters of the US, an EPA must be now be submitted, a Notice of Intent (NOI) relating to continued discharges incidental to the normal operation of the vessel. Penalties for failure to submit a timely NOI can be onerous.

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) is a system under the US environmental protection rules (Clean Water Act) to minimise pollution into US territorial waters (3nm). To implement this for shipping, a document called Vessel General Permit (VGP) has all the requirements laid out. These requirements are additional to international environmental rules such as MARPOL. The VGP establishes technology based effluent limits for all vessels and for 26 specific discharges incidental to the normal operation of a vessel. In addition to these discharges and some vessel specific requirements, extensive requirements are included for inspections, monitoring, reporting and record keeping.

Note that for most companies the VGP will require a detailed review of environmental protection systems, crew training and record keeping. The rules have been in force since the beginning of 2009. It should be noted that any noncompliance with the VGP constitutes a violation of the US environmental rules and may lead to prosecution.

BIMCO is working on developing a guide describing the new rules and what to be aware of seen from the seafarer's side.

The guide is being prepared to help the ship to perform its duties in a way that fully comply with regulations in the US.

OWNERS and managers need to step up their preparation for implementation of the ILO Maritime Labour Convention 2006. The convention will come into force 12 months after 30 member states, representing 33% of global fleet gross tonnage, have ratified it.

The tonnage requirement has already been met, and the European Union is pressing its members to ratify it by next year. If this happens, then the MLC could come into force in 2011, a year earlier than was widely expected. But there are still a number of issues that need to be resolved and work that flag states, owners and managers need to do. There is concern about a widespread lack of information and understanding of its requirements. Under the convention, following an inspection, a ship will be issued with a Maritime Labour Certificate, valid for five years, with one intermediate inspection. Temporary six-month certificates will be given for new buildings and newly acquired vessels.

Flag states are responsible for issuing part one of a Declaration of Maritime Labour Compliance, with part two being the responsibility of the shipowner, but certified by a flag state or recognised organisation such as a class society. Leading class societies are developing checklists for owners. Flag states are currently in the process of revising their requirements, but there is a reluctance to be the first.

INSTRUCTIONS 1.

Take into account that great love and great achievements involve great risk 2. When you lose, don't lose the lesson 3. Follow the three Rs': +Respect for self +Respect for others, and +Responsibility for all your actions 4. Remember that not getting what you want is sometimes a wonderful stroke of luck 5. Learn the rules so you know how to break them properly 6. Don't let a little dispute injure a great relationship 7. When you realise you have made a mistake, take immediate steps to have it corrected 8. Spend time alone every day 9. Open arms to change, but don't let go of your values 10. Remember that silence is sometimes the best answer 11. Live a good, honourable life. Then when you get

- pg 3 There are likely to be some differences between flag states and some will be in excess of the minimum requirements in the convention.

As well as shipowners and managers, manning agencies will have to be certified and regulated to ensure compliance. Even if an owner uses an agency from a country that has not ratified the convention, it will still have to show compliance.

The scope of the MLC is wide and takes in a broad range of aspects that will be subject to inspection and potential detentions for serious non-compliance. These include contracts and conditions of employment, including wages, working hours, rest hours, record keeping, leave entitlement, repatriation, compensation, crewing levels with more emphasis on fatigue, career and skill development, accommodation, recreational facilities, catering, medical facilities and training.

The ILO Convention requires much greater attention to human welfare issues and ships will be inspected by flag and port states on these issues.

Two charged in bilge dumping (21 Aug 2009) THE US has charged two tanker crew members with illegal bilge dumping in US ports.

There is a need for training for masters and superintendents. It is being stressed that inspections under MLC are not paper tick-box exercises, but will involve a detailed physical onboard inspection.

The US Department of Justice charged the Chief Engineers of the tanker YYY with violating federal pollution laws, making material false statements to the US Coast Guard and obstruction of justice.

The list of potential inspection items is extensive. One class society told LLSM that it had identified 52 potential deficiencies and 26 detainable items. Some trial inspections have shown a range of areas that owners need to address.

The two are accused of maintaining false oil record books in 2006-8 that concealed deliberate discharges of oil contaminated waste.

A key aspect is that shipowners will be liable with respect to any financial loss to a seafarer serving under an employment agreement. P&I clubs are concerned about the potential liabilities arising from the convention.

They were responsible for the records when the tanker entered Texas ports, including Corpus Christi, Texas City and Houston, according the DoJ indictment.

There are specific concerns about possible detentions by port state control due to serious breaches and related costs, which would fall on P&I clubs.

Discharging bilge waste containing more than 15 parts per million of oil without treatment by an oily water separator violates US and international law.

A significant agreement was reached earlier this year between the International Shipping Federation and the International Transport Workers' Federation on the principles of a solution regarding liability and compensation for death, personal injury and abandonment under the Convention. It includes compulsory insurance or other form of financial security.

Violations, which include making false statements, are punishable by up to six years in prison and a $250,000 fine. There have been nine convictions for such violations so far in 2009, according to one Washington law firm; that compares to 16 in all of 2008.

The deal will be incorporated under an amendment to the convention, but could have implications for P&I clubs.

(Compliments ICSW Monthly News Update)

FOR LIFE older and think back, you will be able to enjoy it a second time 12. A loving atmosphere in your home is the foundation for your life 13. In disagreement with loved ones, deal only with the current situation. Don't bring up the past 14. Share your knowledge. It's a way to achieve immortality 15. Be gentle with the earth 16. Once a year, go someplace you have never been before 17. Remember that the best relationship is one in which your love for each other exceeds your need for each other 18. Judge your success by what you had to give up in order to get it 19. Approach love & cooking with reckless abandon

DEFINITIONS COMPETENCY Competency describes a cluster of knowledge, skill, ability, or attitude an individual must possess or obtain (or circumstances that must exist) in order to perform one or more tasks in a particular job context.

KSAA Knowledge describes a body of information, usually of a factual or procedural nature, applied directly to the performance of a function/task.

Skill describes a present, observable competence to perform a learned act (could be motor, psychomotor, and/or cognitive).

Ability describes a general more enduring capability an individual possesses at the time when he/she begins to perform a task.

Attitude describes an internal state that influences an individual's choices or decisions to act in a certain way under particular circumstances

Decision Making Theory A good plan violently executed now is better than a perfect plan next week

General George S. Patton, Jr., U.S. Army (Leadership Skills. From the Military to the Commercial every day use) Making sound and timely decisions is a key objective of the command and control process. In military operations, several general principles of decision making apply. First, because war is a clash of opposing wills, we realise that we cannot make decisions in a vacuum. We must take our enemy into account -- recognising that, while we are trying to impose our will on him, he is trying to do the same thing to us. Second, whoever can make and implement sound decisions faster, gains a telling -- often decisive -- advantage. Third, a military decision is much more than a mathematical computation -- it requires intuition and analysis to recognise the essence of the problem and creativity to devise a practical solution. Such ability is the product of experience, education, intelligence, boldness, perception, and character. Fourth, because all decisions must be made in the face of uncertainty and every situation is unique, there is no perfect solution to any problem in military operations -- so we should not agonise over finding one. Instead, we should adopt a promising course of action with an acceptable degree of risk, and execute it before an adversary can get oriented and take action. Finally -- in general -- the lower the echelon of command, the faster and more direct decision making can be. An individual unit commander can normally base decisions on factors that he observes firsthand. At successively higher echelons of command, commanders are further removed from events by time and distance. As a consequence, in a well-trained force, imbued with initiative, the lower we can push the decision-making threshold, the swifter our decision and execution cycle will become.

The defining features of the command and control problem -- uncertainty and time -- exert a significant influence on decision making. As knowledge about a situation increases, our ability to make an appropriate decision also increases. Knowledge is a function of information so, as the quantity of information increases, the effectiveness of the decision also should increase. At some point in the process, however, when basic knowledge has been gained and the quest for information focuses more on filling in details, we reach a point of diminishing returns. At this point, the potential value of the decision does not increase in proportion to the information

Road Marvels of a Pre-WW II era.

Jewel-cars built by extraordinary craftsmen.

'Wavelength' will present one car in each issue.

We start with our first choice. Ed.

gained or the time and effort expended to obtain it. As the amount of information increases to this certain point, knowledge is increasing and the time needed to make an effective decision is decreasing. Beyond this point, additional information may have the opposite effect -- it may only serve to cloud the situation, impede understanding, and cause the commander to take more time to reach the same decision he could have reached with less information. Therefore it is not the quantity of information that matters; it is the right information made available to the commander at the right time.

One theory of decision making sees it as an analytical process. The commander generates several options, then identifies criteria for evaluating these options, assigns values to the evaluation criteria, and rates each option according to these criteria. The basic idea is to compare multiple options concurrently to arrive at an optimal solution. Analytical decision making tends to be thorough, but time-consuming. Theoretically, experience is not necessary for effective analytical decision making -reasoning power is enough.

A second approach to decision making is based on intuition. This approach relies on an experienced commander's ability to recognize the key elements of a problem, rapidly integrate them, and make a proper decision. Intuitive decision making thus replaces analysis with experience and judgment. The intuitive model credits an experienced commander with the ability to grasp the situation in its entirety, an ability sometimes called *coup d'oeil. Intuitive decision making strives to find the first solution that solves the problem, rather than waiting for the "best" solution. The speedier intuitive model is consistent with the view that war is ultimately an art rather than a science -- there is no absolutely correct answer to any problem. The intuitive model works on the assumption that, by drawing upon personal experience, the commander will generate a workable first solution, and therefore does not need to develop numerous options. If time permits, the commander may evaluate his decision; if he finds it defective, he moves on to the next reasonable solution.

Each model of decision making has its strengths and weaknesses; which is better depends on the nature of the situation, particularly on the time and information available. Typically, the analytical approach is more appropriate for deliberate planning prior to military action, when the time is measured in hours or days and extensive information can be gathered and processed. In this situation, modelling, simulation, and exercises may be useful in allowing the commander to evaluate his potential courses of action. The intuitive approach is clearly more appropriate for the fluid, rapidly changing environment of combat, when time and uncertainty are critical factors. In practice, the commander usually will incorporate certain analytical methods and decision aids into an essentially intuitive process whenever the situation warrants and time permits. *Literally, "stroke of eye" -- a quick view or survey.

- pg 5 from pg 1

The Voice of Reason Friday 28 May 2010

by Peter Holloway The residents of Hinckley, if the film was based on fact, were lied to, and they died because of it. No one is likely to die from exposure to the Deepwater Horizon oil leak except the unfortunate riggers who seem to have already become the forgotten victims, lost in a sea of hysterical reporting in what may happen to seabirds, coral reefs (last time I looked these were mostly underwater) and fish, also underwater.

What the doomsayers and 'experts' do not report is that it is unlikely that such levels of oil will be stopped by any booms in the open sea, that the spill is not a criminal act, but a result of an accident. It is almost certain that more birds are destroyed by vehicles than will be destroyed by this spill, but there is no oil major to blame for that.

Why the complete lack of rational thinking and the instant appearance of doomsday 'experts' prophesying environmental catastrophe, which to date has never occurred at any oil spill?

For the gullible, photographs in the press have already shown a desiccated seabird which had died of natural causes long before the oil spill and a very healthy looking cod on a sea shore without a trace of oil on it. Again, where is the voice of reason? Where is the evidence that oil, which floats on the sea surface, kills these fish.

Certainly oil can enter the water column below the surface of the sea as it disperses, but I am not aware of fish mortality from this.

It may be that the scale of the leak was underestimated but I would venture to say this is more a result of the insatiable demand for cheap oil that has driven exploration into these new and extreme working environments, and there has been complete transparency on what efforts are being made to kill the well, and how difficult the task is.

Where is the honest expert to explain that oil booms are an expensive waste of time and money in combating the spread of oil in even the most benign conditions? Why are the aircraft burning good aviation fuel

(increasing global warming) by spraying dispersant on oil that has clearly emulsified, which is also a complete waste of time and money?

This is not to minimise the immediate concerns that the Macondo oil well is uncontrolled (temporarily), and that there is a ban on fishing (temporarily) because of the exaggerated perception that fish will be contaminated, and that there may be beaches and mangroves that will be oiled (temporarily), and those who earn a living from holidaymakers in the region will have cancellations in 2010. So far the kind of smothering layers of oil that I have experienced in past spills has not materialised to any great extent, and if a higher concentration of oil than sheen or globs does reach the shore it will affect some sea birds and this is regrettable.

Activities to control and stop the spill are openly discussed, and the difficulties of controlling the well are equally apparent, but somehow the politicians find it more satisfying to rant that not enough is being done, without explaining how much more could be done, and that someone is to blame. It is a sad indictment of the morals of politicians that common sense and a balanced view will not be allowed to prevail, and that some understanding and an appreciation of the vast scale of the problem, and how much is actually being done, cannot be voiced. With three of the highest specification oil rigs in the world recovering oil and drilling relief wells, and an armada of support vessels it is undoubtedly the largest spill response in the history of marine oil spills.

Credit should be given to the huge efforts to control the well. It should be remembered that some people have lost their lives in this incident.

That is the already forgotten tragedy, that an oiled fish has more coverage than human life, buried under a xenophobic outpouring of hysteria. * Peter Holloway is a maritime surveyor with extensive industry experience working on oil spills and maritime casualties ¡ Article from Lloyd's List http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/ tankers/article169769.ece Published: Friday 28 May 2010 Š 2010 Informa plc. All rights Reserved. Lloyd's is the registered trademark of the Society incorporated by the Lloyd's Act 1871 by the name of Lloyd's

The well will be controlled and the spill will disperse, as they always do.

Animals thrive without oxygen at sea bottom Creatures found where only microbes and viruses were thought to survive.

Janet Fang (Some loriciferans live in anoxic sediments.R. Danovaro) Living exclusively oxygen-free was thought to be a lifestyle open only to viruses and single-celled micro-organisms.

A group of Italian and Danish researchers has now found three species of multicellular animal, or metazoan, that apparently spend their entire lives in oxygen-starved waters in a basin at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The discovery "opens a whole new realm to metazoans that we thought was off limits", says Lisa Levin, a biological oceanographer at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California.

Roberto Danovaro from the Polytechnic University of Marche in Ancona, Italy, and his colleagues pulled up the animals during three research cruises off the south coast of Greece. The species, which have not yet been named, belong to a phylum of tiny bottom-dwellers called Loricifera. Measuring less than 1 millimetre long, they live at a depth of more than 3,000 metres in the anoxic sediments of the Atalante basin, a place so little explored that Danovaro likens his team's sampling to "going to the Moon to collect rocks".

Researchers have previously found multicellular animals living in anoxic environments, but Danovaro says that it was never clear whether those animals were permanent residents. The new loriciferans, which he and his team reported this week (R. Danovaro et al. BMC Biol. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-30; 2010), seem to "reproduce and live all their life in anoxic conditions", he says.

The researchers identified an adaptation that helps these loriciferans to survive in their environment.

Instead of mitochondria, which rely on oxygen, the creatures have organelles that resemble hydrogenosomes, which some single-celled organisms use to produce energy-storing molecules anaerobically.

Angelika Brandt, a deep-sea biologist at Germany's Zoological Museum in Hamburg, says that the work by Danovaro's group is "highly significant". The discovery of metazoans living without mitochondria and oxygen, she says, suggests that animals can occupy niches that once seemed too extreme. www.nature.com/regions/europe

By Joshua J. Kearns, Marine Meteorologist, Weather Routing, Inc.

July 09, 2010 From the first voyages across the North Atlantic, icebergs have been a major threat to shipping interests. The most famous disaster was the sinking of the RMS Titanic on April 15th, 1912. On her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York, the vessel struck an iceberg approximately 400 nautical miles south of Newfoundland, Canada. Less than 3 hours later the Titanic sank beneath the surface, taking with her over 1500 passengers (http://www.titanicuniverse.com/).

Greenland. The remaining 10% come from the East Greenland glaciers and the ice shelves of northern Ellesmere Island (International Ice Patrol). By the time an iceberg reaches the Grand Banks, it has already lost approximately 85% of its' original mass. After being calved off the glaciers of western Greenland, icebergs are transported 1800 nautical miles over a 2-3 year period along the Baffin Island and Labrador currents before reaching the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Once the icebergs reach the waters of the Gulf Stream, they melt rapidly.

Occasionally an iceberg can be transported across the Gulf Stream waters in cold water eddy with minimal melting, though this is fairly rare.

There were many other ship-iceberg accidents before the Titanic. On April 14th, 1897, the French Brigt Vaillant collided with an iceberg near St. Pierre (French territory south of Newfoundland). Seventy-eight lives were lost with only four survivors who were picked up seven days later (Hill, 2005). On February 19th, 1893, the SS Naronic struck an iceberg in a snowstorm across the Grand Banks, killing all 74 people onboard (Hill, 2005). More recently, on March 18th, 2000, the Shrimp Trawler BCM Atlantic sank approximately 240 km east of Goose Bay, Labrador. The vessel struck a bergy bit (small iceberg) while in heavy snow. Everyone on the vessel was rescued safely (Hill, 2005).

However, it was the sinking of the Titanic that spurred the global marine community to create an iceberg patrol. The first ice patrol was sent by the United States Coast Guard in 1913 utilizing two Cutters. From then on, the International Ice Patrol (IIP) has been providing prudent iceberg information to vessels transiting the North Atlantic shipping lanes.

Iceberg season for the North Atlantic: Across the Grand Banks, the most active months of the iceberg season (from March to May) create the most problems for shipping lanes across the North Atlantic. During a typical season, icebergs can migrate as far south as 39N across the Grand Banks. The farthest south an iceberg has been spotted was in 1926 near 30-20N/62-32W, approximately 150nm northeast of Bermuda. Vessels typically maintain at least 30 to 60 nautical miles safe berth south of the limit of all known icebergs as issued by the IIP, which usually means additional distance steamed for trans-Atlantic vessels proceeding to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New England.

Icebergs Defined: An iceberg is a large piece of ice that has broken away (or calved) from a glacier and is at least 5m above sea level. Icebergs are categorized by size from very large (over 75 meters high and 200 meters wide) to growler (less than 1 meter high and less than 5 meters wide).

Approximately one-tenth of an iceberg's mass is above the surface.

Icebergs are usually 20% to 30% longer under water than above and twice as deep as they are long at the waterline (mollybawn.com/icebergs.html). About 90% of icebergs found near Newfoundland and the Grand Banks come from the glaciers of western

The International Ice Patrol (IIP) monitors the shipping lanes of the North Atlantic near the Grand Banks for icebergs year round. During the iceberg season, which generally runs from February 15th to June 01st, iceberg advisories and charts are issued by the IIP. These advisories delineate the southern limit of all known icebergs and show the icebergs' location and density. This information can be accessed by going to the IIP's website at www.uscg-iip.org. In the summer and fall months, when icebergs are usually north of 50N, the Canada Sea Ice Patrol (http://ice-glaces.ec.gc.ca) provides daily bulletins on the latest iceberg limits

- pg 7 -

Advances in Iceberg Detection:

Conclusion

Before the sinking of the RMS Titanic, the detection of icebergs was not an exact science. If a master saw an iceberg, he would report the date, time, and location and submit the information to the Hydrographic Office. The Hydrographic Office (during the iceberg season) would produce weekly charts of iceberg locations and climatological tracks.

Of course the coordinates of the icebergs were not exact in the early 1900s as ships used celestial navigation to estimate their location. Also, currents and winds cause the icebergs to move on a daily basis, which creates large discrepancies in their location.

Icebergs remain a major threat to shipping lanes across the North Atlantic. However, since the sinking of the RMS Titanic, there has been better detection and monitoring of icebergs thanks to the IIP and continuing advances in radar and satellite technology. With RADARSAT-2 in place, smaller icebergs are now being detected. These tools helps the IIP produce better iceberg warnings, which in turn allows for increased vessel safely while minimizing extra distance steamed and fuel consumed. Despite the improvements in technology that monitors and detects icebergs, vessels must continue to use extreme caution during the iceberg season when navigating near the Grand Banks.

In 1912, after the sinking of the RMS Titanic, the US Navy initially patrolled the North Atlantic for icebergs before the Coast Guard and the IIP replaced them in 1913 (Carlson, 2006). In 1943, the first trained ice observers were sent on an aircraft to detect icebergs. Shortly after that, in 1945, radar was also used in experiments to detect floating ice. In 1995, RADARSAT-1, Canada's first earth observation satellite was launched. The satellite images created by RADARSAT-1 are used to detect white spots along the ocean surface (these are known as radar targets). If a radar target is inconclusive, the IIP investigates further by flying over the coordinates of the given target to confirm if it is an iceberg or not. RADARSAT-2 was launched in December 2007 and has the capability to acquire better iceberg images with ultra-fine spatial resolutions (J.J. van der Sanden, 2004). Reconnaissance flights are still made on the average of five days every two weeks to confirm the southern limit of the iceberg area and to track individual icebergs (IIP).

Safely navigating ships away from icebergs: Vessels typically maintain at least 30 to 60 nautical miles safe berth south of the iceberg limit issued by the IIP. This means added distance and extra fuel consumed. During the peak of iceberg season, vessels must navigate south of the typical shortest routes, passing south of the icebergs, which typically reach as far south as 39N. The added distance means added cost to owners or charterers due to additional steaming time and more bunkers consumed, though this is a small price to pay compared to striking an iceberg and severely damaging or sinking the vessel.

However, vessels do travel through the iceberg limits at times. Icebergs are known to be located in groups (due to prevailing currents and winds as they break-up). Frequently there are broad areas within the iceberg limits where there are no known icebergs. Vessels have been known to transit across this area cautiously; however weather conditions must be ideal for this to occur. Especially in the spring and early summer, low visibilities due to fog frequently occur across the Grand Banks (fog across the vicinity caused by the interaction between the cold Labrador Current and the warm Gulf Stream). Vessels will not risk travelling through the iceberg limits in these conditions, as visual detection would be extremely limited.

References: - Canada Ice Service, http://ice-glaces.ec.gc.ca, 2010.

- Carlson, Kathryn. 2006. Technology Timeline – Canadian Geographic.

- Hill, Brian T., 2005. Database of Ship Collisions with Icebergs.

- International Ice Patrol, http://www.uscg-iip.org, 2010.

- J.J. van der Sanden, 2003. Anticipated Applications Potential of RADARSAT-2 data.

- MacLellan, Ainslie., 2006. Tracking Monsters - Canadian Geographic.

- Molly Bawn, Whale and Puffin Tours, www.mollybawn.com/icebergs.html, 2010.

- Titanic Universe, http://www.titanicuniverse.com/, 2010.

About the Author Joshua J. Kearns – Marine Meteorologist at Weather Routing, Inc. Glens Falls, NY. Route Analyst and Forecaster for commercial ships and private yachts around the world. Graduated with B.S. in Meteorology from Lyndon State College. Joshua or Weather Routing, Inc. (WRI) can be contacted via email at wri@wriwx.com or phone at (518)-798-1110.

Trying to get people to reason in a way that is not natural for them is like trying to teach a pig to sing.

You don't accomplish anything and you annoy the pig.

E. Jeffrey Conklin & William Weil Wise men learn many things from their enemies.

Aristophanes The destiny of every human being is decided by what goes on inside his skull when confronted with what goes on outside his skull.

When you get to the fork in the road, take it.

Yogi Berra

- pg 9 -

> Origin of the Continued from W38 e-mail this editor for a copy

There are various points of view regarding the origin and development of continents and oceans, some of which sometimes contradict each another: According to one of these points of view, the bottom of the oceans represents primary basalt from the earth's crust, and the continents were formed later as a result of the accumulation of very great thicknesses of sedimentary rocks which were deposited in great, shallow ocean basins, which, because of the great weight, became compressed into folds, forming folded mountain systems.

Another hypothesis assumes that modern ocean basins (or their parts) occurred in areas where earlier, huge continents partially collapsed, compressing these materials into the basins and transforming them from "continental" into "oceanic" deposits, during a cycle called "oceanisation."

There is another hypothesis which shows that the Earth has expanded over long periods, during which time, the area of the bottom of the oceans between the continents began moving apart. The distance between these continents increased, and the water, earlier only the lower parts of continents, completely flowed into the ocean basins.

The hypothesis of horizontal movements of lithospheric plates is the most widely accepted today. According to this hypothesis, the uppermost part of the Earth - the lithosphere - is joined by a number of adjacent, rigid plates, under which the effects of convection currents in the mantle cause these plates to move relative to one-another.

Where the plates diverge due to spreading, there is an upwelling of mantle material into the crust in the rifted area. As this hot mantle material (magma) rises, it cools and crystallises. As more magma upwells into the rift zone, it pushes the crystallised material upward and away from the rift zones, causing midocean ridges to form. Moreover, the iron minerals in the magma take the exact properties of the Earth's magnetic field at the time that these minerals crystallise, and are sometimes used in geophysical measurements.

Where these plates converge upon each other, one of the plates is pushed downward beneath the other plate. This is called "subduction" and occurs at all convergent plate boundaries. As the one subducting plate is being pushed down, the other plate rides up and over the downward moving plate. Very deep trenches are formed in these subduction zones (for example, the Kurile Islands Trench), and just behind them, island arcs (such as the Kurile Islands and Japan), or mountain systems (such as the Andes and Rocky Mountains in the western hemisphere.

Along the edges and borders of plate divergence and convergence, because of the active tectonic processes beneath them, high seismicity and intensive volcanic activity occurs. The movement of the plates have resulted in continental drift, closing and opening of oceans, but the water of the ocean remained, flowing from one depression to another.

What is the practical value of the study of these geological processes? The knowledge of the history of the formation of the Earth permits us to understand the formation of useful minerals which have come to us from deep within the core of the Earth. By tracing the different continents and oceans, geological structures and borders of lithosphere plates, scientists can reconstruct their previously adjoining areas, and predict the formation of petroleum and other exploitable minerals and ores.

They can also try to predict disastrous earthquakes and other natural hazardous phenomena.

Main lithosphere plates

1.Direction of plate movement Intensity of plate movement: 2.At spreading 3.At subduction

I wish You enough

I wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright no matter how grey the day may appear.

I wish you enough rain to appreciate the sun even more.

I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive and everlasting.

I wish you enough pain so that even the smallest of joys in life may appear bigger.

I wish you enough gain to satisfy your wanting.

I wish you enough loss to appreciate all that you possess.

I wish you enough hellos to get you through the final good-bye.

They say it takes a minute to find a special person, an hour to appreciate them, a day to love them but then an entire life to forget them. Ed.

- pg 11 -

Ocean < INTERNAL MECHANICS OF LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOVEMENT

...from pg1

Piracy update The IMB reports that the use of firearms, including rocket-propelled grenades, was particularly marked in the waters off Somalia and in the Gulf of Aden. Attacks in this region, and more recently in the Red Sea, made up half the incidents reported in the first six months of 2010 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; with 100 attacks in 2010, including 27 hijackings.

The IMB notes that the incidence of piracy in the region has declined with the continuing presence of the multinational naval task force in the Gulf of Aden. The application of best management practices by vessels had also reduced the number of hijacks. The pirates have, however, moved further out into the Indian Ocean.

The constant rise of mantle material (magma) along an axis of a mid oceanic ridge causes divergence of lithosphere plates.

Meanwhile, pirate activity has grown in the South China Sea, where incidents off Malaysia and Indonesia more than doubled. Nigerian waters also continue to pose a threat, although the number of incidents in the first half of the year remained stable.

The IMB continues to urge that all incidents are reported to its Piracy Reporting Centre, not only to aid a response but also to ensure that governments allocate adequate resources to deal with the problem.

Collision of oceanic and continental plates. The subducting of an oceanic plate under a continental plate creates a deep trench adjacent to the continental coast and a great mountain range on land.

In the most recent incidents, two tankers came under attack in the Red Sea. On 8 July, an Iranian oil tanker escaped an attack by Somali pirates in the Bab el-Mandeb straits. The crew were assisted by a military helicopter from the naval taskforce.

On the same night, the Italian-owned and flagged Peonia chemical tanker evaded capture in the Red Sea. There have also been reports of a suspicious incident in the Caspian Sea. A cargo ship, the Ukrainian-managed, Iran-flagged Saman, was chased by four small craft on 8 July, who then abandoned an apparent attempted boarding.

Down-drag of an oceanic plate in the mantle results in the formation of an volcanic island-arc system in the ocean and deep trench seaward of the island-arc.

1 Core 2 Earth's crust 3 Mid-ocean ridge 4 Convection currents 5 Island-arc 6 Trench The arrows show the directions of movement of the lithosphere plates moved by convection currents in the mantle.

Information provided by HDNO: http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/ContactInfoForHDNO.html

In other recent incidents reported to the Piracy Reporting Centre: >Nine pirates attempted to board a cargo vessel off Muri Island, Indonesia but abandoned their attempt after the alarm was raised and the vessel took evasive manoeuvres. >Four robbers armed with knifes boarded a bulk carrier anchored in Chittagong, Bangladesh on 12 July, but escaped empty-handed after the alarm was raised. >A small boat approached a container ship north of Bab el-Mandeb on 9 July but abandoned its approach after the ship increased speed, began evasive manoeuvres, and activated fire hoses and searchlights. >Two boats approached a bulk carrier in the Red Sea on 9 July, later joined by three more boats.

The captain took evasive manoeuvres, raised the alarm and fired rocket flares before the boats abandoned the attempted attack.

All attacks and suspicious sightings should be reported to the IMB Piracy Reporting Centre, Tel: +603 2031 0014 (24 hours), Email: imbkl@icc-ccs.org

4

2 1

We love nature... from every little bug on a blade of grass to birds, butterflies, otters and oaks!

People like to think they are fairly familiar with what goes on within its boundaries during the day.

But what goes on under cover of darkness?

To find out, RSPB has been dabbling in the world of moths. Mention moths to many people and they might well say 'Moths? They eat clothes!'

Well, yes, the larvae of clothes moths do eat some clothes, but they're much less common these days because we wear less wool and fur.

We don't keep our clothes in the garden, so moths are very welcome there.

(Compliments RSPB)

In fact, a garden with lots of moths shows a healthy environment. And let us not forget that many birds eat moths, and their caterpillars are crucial for feeding young chicks in spring and summer. All those green caterpillars in the beaks of your local blue-tits have to come from somewhere.

Using a special bit of kit - a 'moth trap' â&#x20AC;&#x201C; members have been able to find out which moths are lurking in and around their garden. The trap is basically a wooden box with a bright light on the top. A sloping lid of clear plastic means that moths which are attracted by the light can't easily find their way out again, and by stacking empty egg boxes inside for them to hide under. The bulb is left on overnight and one goes and checks what's

every idea that is offered by any member of the group. There are some simple ideas for working creatively in groups.

Rules for Brainstorming Brainstorming is a process which has been used extensively in value engineering and other areas where innovative alternatives must be found.

It is best done in small groups led by a recorder who simply lists

inside it in the morning. Then they're released unharmed.

1

Onto the moths. This is the aforementioned 'elephant' - an elephant hawk moth, that is! With that garish colouring, it certainly won't win any prizes for camouflage. Perhaps it doesn't taste very good, so the brightness is to deter predators?

Do elephants rampage through your garden at night?

Ever wondered what goes on in your garden at night? Perhaps you sometimes hear an owl, or see a hedgehog shuffling its way across your lawn. If you're lucky, you might see badgers (last year's Make Your Nature Count survey found 10 % of people do!).

3

Notes on Nature

This big fella is a privet hawk moth. One night we had 11 of these big beasts in the trap - it's amazing there was room for anything else! Despite their size - they have a wingspan of up to 12 cm! - all the hawk moths seem pretty friendly and docile.

They perch on your finger quite happily.

2

In the moth world, you don't have to be big to be impressive.

Though it's much smaller than the hawk moths, this little beautiful golden y is one of my favourites. It has lovely intricate markings.

3

One of the things that fascinates about these moths is that they're mostly active in the dark! Not quite sure of the purpose of all the bright colours, beautiful markings and fancy shapes. People enjoy seeing them. You've got to smile when you see a fluffy, big-nosed creature like this male drinker.

4

Starting to love the weird, wonderful world of moths? They have some splendid names: there's the leopard moth, the ruby tiger, the large emerald, the bright-line brown-eye and the brown-line bright-eye. (Hmm. Not sure about those last two)

The good news is that none of these species is rare. Though they look exotic in their different ways, they'll be in many of your gardens too. Why not spend some time looking for them? You don't need a special moth trap; you could try leaving an outside light on. Or put a white sheet on the ground, and place a bright torch on top of it. You can even make wine-based concoctions to attract some moths! Lots of RSPB nature reserves run moth-trapping events too.

We need to find out more about our moth populations, so you can help conserve them by sending in what you've seen to Moths Count.

But as to why moths fly towards light, it seems nobody really knows!

Tags moths wildlife gardening moth trapping

people will simply keep their ideas to themselves. The recorder or facilitator stress before the brainstorming begins that there will be no criticism of ideas during the brainstorming, but in most cases, someone will ignore this prohibition a few minutes after the brainstorming begins.

The key to successful brainstorming is to withhold criticism until the group has exhausted its creativity. Criticism can be very difficult to resist, especially when water experts brainstorm with stakeholders, because many of the ideas stakeholders provide will have technical flaws, and the ideas experts provide may not address the real problems of stakeholders.

As soon as that happens, the facilitator or recorder must quickly stop the criticism and repeat the prohibition or the brainstorming effort will be a waste of time.

But criticism at this point will kill creativity. In order to avoid the embarrassment of being criticized in front of a group,

Encouraging all participants to freely offer solutions achieves many ends: it can allay fears that possible solutions have been

overlooked; provide the insight of a fresh perspective to an expert; force the examination of good ideas that have powerful foes; or allow interesting, but ultimately unsuitable ideas to be raised and rejected in an equitable and public manner.

After the uncritical brainstorming, participants should eliminate redundant ideas, and then use preliminary screening criteria to reduce the number of alternatives.The remaining alternatives can then be organized if that serves a purpose. The use of 8" x 11" paper rather than flip charts allows participants to group ideas before having to agree on category names.

:)

- pg 13 -

Funny though True (Compliments Cargo.Law.com) Truck on fire? Forget Calling 911...

Brown of Carlton just drove a few more blocks to the McMinnville (Oregon) Fire Station when smoke started to billow from under the hood of his pickup. McMinnville Fire Marshal Eric McMullen said a fire fighter who'd been outside May 9 morning washing an ambulance rushed inside to get help. Fire fighters opened the hood and found flames licking around the engine. They quickly grabbed a hose and put out the fire. McMullen said the crew was happy to be able to help without leaving the station. And he adds, "We were joking today about our new drive-up service.”

Car Driving – International Licence (Humour – ruomuH) Now that the summer vacations are on the…way, tourists & business travellers the world over are given below some tips (not! to follow) whilst driving their vehicle on foreign country roads. Obviously a widely read bulletin, as 'Wavelength', should not recall countries' names.

1. Never indicate - this will give away your next move. A real local driver never uses them.

Imitation Pilot ...

A maintenance engineer became a Boeing 737 pilot by flying a few nights in a flight simulator and printing a fake airliner pilot license. Amazingly enough, he flew passengers for thirteen years without any incidents. Thirteen years of back and forth from Sweden to everywhere else in Europe.

Nobody noticed until a couple of months ago, when 'A. Salme' was caught by the police in March as he was getting ready for take off. He was in the cockpit of a Corendon Air Boeing 737, with 101 passengers at Amsterdam's Schipol airport. He admits that it was all a crazy idea: "I got the crackpot idea to apply as a co-pilot at a real airline so I made myself a Swedish flying permit with a logo out of regular white paper. It wasn't laminated, and looked like something I'd made at home. It was surprisingly easy. The documents look different everywhere in Europe.

An Italian airline doesn't know what a Swedish licence looks like. And you can forge all the IDs you need. I'd train there for two or three hours at a time—at least 15 to 20 times over one and a half years." Despite putting the lives of thousands at risk, Salme only got fined a couple thousand dollars this month and was banned from flying for a year.

2. Under no circumstance should you leave a safe distance between you and the car in front of you; this space will be filled by at least 2 taxis and a BMW, putting you in an even more dangerous situation. Tail-gating is a national sport!

3. The faster you drive through a red light, the smaller the chance you have of getting hit.

4. Never, ever come to a complete stop at a stop sign. No one expects it and it will only result in you being rear-ended.

5. Braking is to be done as hard and late as possible to ensure that your ABS kicks in, giving you a nice, relaxing foot massage as the brake pedal pulsates. For those of you without ABS, it's a chance to stretch your legs.

6. Never overtake on the outer lane when you can pass on the inner. It's a good way to check if the people entering the highway are awake.

Warning #1. Brainstorming can be used to assemble a collective response better than the best ideas of any participant. But if none of the participants know much about a subject, the collective answer will also be uninformed. Unfortunately, it has become much more common to see brainstorming used in this way.

the planning process, brainstorming with stakeholders is a valuable supplement to review of previous reports on water resources problems in the basin.

Warning #3. Brainstorming with stakeholders alone will not guarantee solutions that are technically adequate.

Warning #2. Brainstorming with agency staff alone is not sufficient to identify stakeholders' needs.

Especially during the first step of

Stakeholders should be encouraged to express their ideas for alternatives, but the preliminary screening process should allow

7. Speed limits are arbitrary figures, given only as a guideline. They are especially not applicable in some countries during rush hour. That's why it's called 'rush hour'....

8. Just because you're in the left (right, for some countries) lane and have no room to speed up or move over doesn't mean that a local driver flashing his high beams behind you doesn't think he can go faster in your spot.

9. Always slow down and rubberneck when you see an accident or even someone changing a tyre. Never stop to help - you will be mugged.

10. Learn to swerve abruptly. Many countries are the home of the high-speed slalom driving thanks to the government, which puts holes in key locations to test drivers' reflexes and keeps them on their toes.

11. It is traditional to hoot at cars that don't move the instant the light turns green. This prevents storks from building nests on top of the traffic light and birds from making deposits on your car.

12. Remember that the goal of every local driver is to get there first, by whatever means necessary.

13. On average, at least three cars can still go through an intersection after the light has turned red. It's people not adhering to this basic principle that causes the big traffic jams during rush hour.

Enjoy your holiday with prudent driving; your…company is eagerly awaiting your safe return. Ed.

experts to use their knowledge to explain why some ideas should not be studied further.

A Delphi process can accomplish some of the same purposes over a longer period of time, but without a physical meeting. In a Delphi process, experts are asked to respond to a series of questionnaires about problems or solutions.

A central analyst reviews their answers, and then develops

another questionnaire if needed to clarify or resolve disputes among the experts, or to address new issues suggested by the previous round of responses.

Message from DPA: "Please do not think for a minute that brainstorming is just a fancy word. You already use it every day as part of your Risk Assessment process.

Please think of ways to implement the guidelines herein in your RAs."

Leadership Skills "The law of service: He who wishes to live long must serve, but he who wishes to rule does not live long."

- Hesse, "Journey to the East”

Though they are by no means exhaustive, however, they do serve to communicate the power and promise that this concept offers: 1. Listening Traditionally, leaders have been valued for their communication and decision making skills. Servant-leaders must reinforce these important skills by making a deep commitment to listening intently to others. Servant-leaders seek to identify and clarify the will of a group. They seek to listen receptively to what is being and said (and not said).

Listening also encompasses getting in touch with one's inner voice, and seeking to understand what one's body, spirit, and mind are communicating.

2. Empathy Servant-leaders strive to understand and empathise with others. People need to be accepted and recognised for their special and unique spirit. One must assume the good intentions of coworkers and not reject them as people, even when forced to reject their behaviour or performance.

Ten Principles of ServantLeadership Here are 10 characteristics that have been identified as being critical to the development of servant-leaders.

3. Healing Learning to heal is a powerful force for transformation and integration. One of the great strengths of servantleadership is the potential for healing one's self and others. In "The Servant as Leader", Greenleaf writes, "There is something subtle communicated to one

Drowning in paperwork Lloyds List Comment (excerpts) Thursday 13 May 2010 IT IS hard to pin down how fatigue affects safety, because of the accumulative effect that weariness has on alertness and judgment.

Who is to say that an error in navigation is definitively incompetence or fatigue? In our world of quantified management any condition without a number becomes suspect to land-based bean counters.

Fatigue then becomes a grey area connected with the unforgiving economics of modern crewing. At what minimum level will a crew be able to function effectively before errors begin to threaten a voyage?

Reminding us that this issue is far more than a matter of finetuning operating costs, Pradeep Chawla, Hong Kong-based director of quality and assurance and training at Anglo-Eastern, the ship manager, has called for minimum crewing scales to be revised upward.

who is being served and led if, implicit in the contact between the servantleader and led is the understanding that the search for wholeness is something that they have.”

4. Awareness General awareness, and especially selfawareness, strengthens the servantleader.

Making a commitment to foster awareness can be scary--one never knows that one may discover! As Greenleaf observed, "Awareness is not a giver of solace - it's just the opposite.

It disturbed. They are not seekers of solace. They have their own inner security.”

5. Persuasion Servant-leaders rely on persuasion, rather than positional authority in making decisions. Servant-leaders seek to convince others, rather than coerce compliance. This particular element offers one of the clearest distinctions

“The manning scales have not looked deeply enough into the consequences of watch-keeping and safety standards on board.”

He should know. Capt Chawla runs assurance for one of the world's largest ship managers. During his speech he featured slide of a hapless master juggling an impossible array of small, distracting, but necessary tasks, including paperwork regarding everything from SOx and NOx compliance, port state control ballast water compliance schemes, and the owner's cost cutting initiatives.

These distractions collude to keep senior officers from their key operational roles. Capt Chawla suggested the reintroduction of pursers and administrative officers on ships to tackle some of this mountain of paperwork.

The strain on seafarers has reached an unacceptable level. Any upward revision of crewing scales should take into account that the crewing shortage is probably worse than the current numbers indicate.

The Japan International Transport Institute estimates that there will be a 3.5% shortage of officers and ratings by 2015 equalling 15,796 officers and 671,946 ratings. By 2020 the figures will more than double in each case to a 7.2% shortage.

“Seafarers have been burdened with many new tasks over the last two decades,”

These numbers, starting from what appears to be a shortage today, could well be underestimated, depending on how the recovery and the industry's demand profile proceeds.

Capt Chawla said, speaking at a conference.

All of this makes Capt Chawla's call powerful, timely advice.

M

CE 9. Commitment to the Growth of People Servant-leaders believe that people have an intrinsic value beyond their tangible contributions as workers. As such, Servant-leaders are deeply committed to a personal, professional, and spiritual growth of each and every individual within the organisation.

6. Conceptualisation Servant-leaders seek to nurture their abilities to "dream great dreams." The ability to look at a problem (or an organization) from a conceptualising perspective means that one must think beyond day-to-day realities. Servantleaders must seek a delicate balance between conceptualisation and day-today focus.

7. Foresight Foresight is a characteristic that enables servant-leaders to understand lessons from the past, the realities of the present, and the likely consequence of a decision in the future. It is deeply rooted in the intuitive mind.

8. Stewardship Robert Greenleaf's view of all institutions was one in which CEO's, staff, directors,

10. Building Community Servant-leaders are aware that the shift from local communities to large institutions as the primary shaper of human lives has changed our perceptions and caused a sense of loss. Servantleaders seek to identify a means for building community among those who work within a given institution. http://www.butler.edu/studentlife/hampt on/principles.htm#top#top

:)

Dogs Compared + Contrasted

(Compliments Maritime Advocate Online)

How Dogs are Better Than Women How Dogs and Men Are Alike 1. Both keep moving, even when they are lost.

2. Both take up too much space on the bed.

3. Both have irrational fears about the vacuum cleaner.

4. Both are threatened by their own kind 5. Neither understands what people see in cats.

6. Both want dominance.

7. Both do the dishes by licking them clean.

8. Both chase cars.

9. The larger ones tend to drool.

10.The smaller ones tend to be more nervous.

How Dogs Are Better Than Men 1. Dogs don't have problems expressing affection in public.

2. Dogs miss you when you are gone.

3. You can train a dog.

4. Dogs are very direct about wanting to go out.

5. Dogs understand what "NO!" means.

6. Dogs mean it when they kiss you.

7. When dogs play "fetch," they don't laugh at how you throw.

8. Dogs are colour-blind.

9. Dogs understand if some of their friends aren't allowed to come inside.

1. Dogs understand that instincts are better than asking for directions.

2. Dogs don't hate their bodies.

3. Dogs don't criticise.

4. Dogs never expect gifts.

5. Dogs don't want to know about every other dog you've ever had.

6. Dogs don't let a magazine article guide their lives.

7. Dogs love it when your friends come over.

8. The later you are coming home, the more excited they are to see you.

9. Dogs don't notice if you call them by another dog's name.

10.A dog's parents never visit

C.

and trustees all play significance roles in holding their institutions in trust for the great good of society.

AGEMENT I N AN

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between the traditional authoritarian model and that of servant-leadership.

The servant leader is effective at building consensus within groups.

- pg 15-

NTROF

QUOTATIONS ! â&#x20AC;&#x153;The dogmas of the quiet past

are inadequate to the stormy present. The occasion is piled high with difficulty, and we must rise with the occasion. As our case is new, so we must think anew and act anew.â&#x20AC;?

Abraham Lincoln ! The surest way to corrupt a

young man is to teach him to esteem more highly those who think alike than those who think differently.

Nietzsche ! The illiterate of the 21st century

will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.

Alvin Toffler ! Writing, the art of communicating

thoughts to the mind through the eye, is the great invention of the world ... enabling us to converse with the dead, the absent, and the unborn, at all distances of time and space.

Abe Lincoln, from a lecture before the Springfield Library Association, 22 February 1860 ! I keep six honest serving-men

(They taught me all I knew); Their names are What and Why and When And How and Where and Who. (Rudyard Kipling, from "The Elephant's Child" in Just So Stories) [Ed. - answering those six questions is often a good place to begin] ! Not everything that can be

counted counts and not everything that counts can be counted.

Albert Einstein ! If a man will begin with

certainties, he shall end in doubts.

But if he will be content to begin with doubts he shall end in certainties.

Francis Bacon

Leading for Safety Confidence and Authority

3 Draw on knowledge and experience It is self-evident that adequate knowledge

Why is it important?

and experience are prerequisites for

Without factual safety knowledge, leaders

effective leadership. In the context of safety

cannot convince their crews that they are

leadership this means in particular:

on top of safety issues and take it seriously themselves.

pGood knowledge of safety-related regulations, codes and standards

pExperience and skills not only in technical and operational issues but also in people management.

Without people management skills, effective implementation of written safety regulations, codes and standards is very difficult.

Research indicates that people management is an area for further improvement in the maritime industry.

There is little dedicated formal training in this area at present.

M

AGEMENT I N AN

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CENTRO-NEWS

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avelength

The Articles written and the Views expressed in this bulletin do not necessarily reflect those of CENTROFIN and/or its members.

Queries to: wavelength@centrofin.gr Disclaimer. The contents provided herewith are for general information purposes only; not intended to replace or otherwise contradict the detailed instructions/procedures issued by the owners/managers, flag etc.

Editor: Cmdr Nicholas A. ILIOPOULOS - Master Mariner - Human Resources Tel. +86.1347.8526 865. Email: ilioship@yahoo.com.sg Comments. This editor welcomes readers' responses to all articles & Editorials.

Design-Production: www.paradox.com.gr Tel.+30.210.6560 574

CE

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