History of architecture

BA (HONS) Architecture

ARC4010 History of Modern Architecture

Student: Clement Ellewelapahalage Student No: 17129417

DIGITAL BOOKLET

CONTENTS 1: What is Modernism?

2: The Bauhaus Movement 3: Notre Dame du Haut 4: The Pre-Repaelite Movement 5: Manifesto and the Avant Garde 6: How to write an essay 7: Essay Writing Pack 8: Essay Poster 9: Bibliography

The term modernism is used widely both for different styles of art as well as a description of different art movements, which developed in the 1960s with work from abstract artists. There are certain principles used to define modernist art.

Modernism saw a change in art from the realistic depiction of subjects to experimentation through the use of shapes, colours and lines. There was much more emphaiss on materials, techniques and processes.

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Modernism saw that builds were much lighter as the use of white and cream increased.

The symmetrical shape of normal housing was hone and the lack of symmetry brought about abstract shapes for houses such as Falling WAter by Frank Lloyd Wright.

In general shapes tended to be more cubic as well.

Modernism refers to the movement in arts in literature during the 1800s. The most distinguishing geatures being its rejection of styles of the past and looking more towards exploration and use of new materials, forms and techniques that can be used to reflect modern society better.

The Bauhaus strives to bring all the disciplines of art, painting and crafting together to form a new architecture. The line between monument and decorative art was supposed to be indistinguishable.

The aim of the Bauhaus was to educate up and coming artists, architects and sculptors of all levels to form a working community chat could function together. The result being workers that can design buildings and go on to finish the ornamentation and furnishing by themselves.

It was one of the most influential modernist art schools of the 20th century due to their approach to teaching and understanding the relationship between society and technology. It followed trends of the Arts and Crafts movements in the 19th and early 20th century, which sought to unify creativity and manufacturing, in turn avoiding the rigid regime of builds and allowing a certain creativity and freedom to express individual persons.

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The Wassily Chair Artist: Marcel Breuer

AUS

The Wassily chair embraced the ideals of the Bauhaus through its design and use of material. Firstly the use of a newly founded material seamless steel-bent tubing enabled the chair to endure physical tension. The structure resembled Breuers bicycle handlebars.

Its lightweight and simple structure and was easily mass produced.

The sheets of material almost made the chair appear like it was floating as you could see through it but it was this design that enabled the chair to sit well in tighter spaces. The design was ultimately simple yet efficient, enabling the chair to be mass produced easily and used by a wider market.

Stands on top of a hill on the Vosgues mountain and is south of east of Paris. The site had previously been a place of pilgrimage. He had been commissioned to design a new Catholic church in place of the previous church which was destroyed during World War II. The church is surrounded by trees and could be a method to show its importance in comparison to the busy streets of Paris.

It has a dark roof with pointed angles and a curvature or concave and convex nature. The walls have irregular square openings and whitewashed concrete walls. The structure is held together by three towers facing different directions. Once you move into the building the focus is aimed on the altar through a sloped floor. Smaller chapels are top lit whereas the central part is lit by south facing perforations in the walls. There is a slight gap between the walls and roof to enable light to creep through.

Its this interesting dynamic between a solid structure from outside to the much more frail existence indoors. The use of light is evident to shift the mood and focus of the room in order to create the atmosphere which he wants.

Its clear that Notre Dame Du hHaut was a build that was inspired by his precedence over the previous three decades. There are clear links to Le Corbusiers paintings and one being the crab shells and boats he painted in the 1930’s. The roof was inspired by crab shells, hence the resulting shape.

NOTRE DAME DU HAUT

PRE RAPHAELITES Sir John Everett Millais, Bt Ophelia 1851–2

Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Proserpine, 1874

The Pre-Raphaelites were a group of young artists founded in London in 1848. The group wanted to reform art due to their view that art became almost mechanistic after the works of Raphael and Michelangelo, hence the group represents their views against the Royal Academies promotion of artwork at the time. They believed in art being recreated to maximum realism and tackling serious subjects. The initial themes were religious however they diversified and began to look at literature and poetry dealing with sullen themes such as love and death. The main theme they were opposing was the genre painting of time. The principal members are William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

The group became highly influential, especially after their re-emergence in about 1860 with Rossetti’s work making breakthrough in symbolism through art.

MANIFESTO My manifesto is going to be aimed at looking at a certain theme, equality. I wanted to focus on certain aspects of this concept, one of the main ones being the refugee crisis. In a world where every coutnry is unwilling to take people migrating due to turmoil and the inability to providing a decent living for certain people. Britain has made it clear it doesnt want to be involved in the migrant crisis and has opted to leave the EU as a reason. The rising migrant crisis is an issue that needs to be tackled as the inequality shown between the poor and the rich really proves how much money moves. Currently money dictates the position these migrants stand in and which countries are willing to take them in and support them.

In my independent poster I want to portray more than one aspect of inequality. Another hot topic is the university fees. Is it really fair to have them? When the labour government introduced the university fees, which was a much lower ÂŁ3000 at the time, is it fair that current students have to pay a total of ÂŁ9000. This doesnt even take into the account the increased cost of living. Why should we have to pay when previous generations got to benefit in the same way at a fraction of the cost or even free.

BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS

1: BCU Harvard Referencing System (Year, Title, Author, Publisher, edition) 2: Author, Year, Title, Edition, Place of publication, Publisher 3: Title of sources are supposed to be in italics

Direct Citation - Authors name in sentence Indirect Citation - Authors name and publication year.

Alphabetically

Essay Poster Introduction: Briefly mention what i will be talking about in the essay.

Le Corbusier, Who is he? What has he produced?

Brief mention of Unite D’habitation and potentally Notre Dame Du Haut.

Context: WW2 at the time and France needed some major rehousing projects due to damages.

High Rise buildings were the solution to housing masses in smaller plots of land.

Main Body: 1: Le Corbusier, his beliefs, themes and work.

2: Unite D’habitation, information, themes and how does it relate to his ethos.

3: Public perception and modernist movement Conclusion: Le Corbusiers influence on architecture in general. How did his project Unite D’habitation cause a change in the way high rise buildings were constructed?

Bibliography: FUTAGAWA, Y. & YOSHIZAKA, T. 1971, LE CORBUSIER: Chapelle Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp .

A.D.A.Edita, TokyoCURTIS, W. (1996) Modern Architecture since 1900, (3rd ed. ) London, Phaidon Chapter 23 Form & Meaning in the late works of Le Corbusier FRAMPTON,K (1992) Modern Architecture – a Critical History.(3rd ed)London, Thames & Husdon Chpr 25 Le Corbusier and the monumentalization of the venacular FRAMPTON, K. 2001, Le Corbusier, Thames & Hudson, London.

SBRIGLIO, J. & FONDATION LE CORBUSIER 2004, Le Corbusier: The Unité d'habitation in Marseilles Fondation Le Corbusier, Basel;Paris;. .

BIBLIOGRAPHY page 1 image http://www.post-gazette.com/image/2015/12/15/1140x_q90_a10-7_cTC_ca16,5,1914,1220/PENNSYLVANIA-TRAVEL-FALLINGWATER.jp g (Accessed 15/10/17) page 1 image 2 https://www.trendir.com/modernist-architecture/ (Accessed 15/10/17) Bauhaus: http://www.theartstory.org/movement-bauhaus.htm https://www.archdaily.com/876564/architectural-adventures-bauhaus-and-beyond Bauhaus Manifesto and Programme (1919) (Accessed 18/11/17) Notre Dame https://www.archdaily.com/793424/studying-the-manual-of-section-architectures-most-intriguing-drawing/57b42adfe58ece8ae3000193-studying-the-manual-of-sectionarchitectures-most-intriguing-drawing-photo (Accessed 18/11/17) https://www.archdaily.com/84988/ad-classics-ronchamp-le-corbusier (Accessed 18/11/17) https://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/24/le-corbusier-notre-dame-du-haut-ronchamp-chapel-france-unesco-world-heritage-list/ (Accessed 18/11/17) Pre Raphaelites: http://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/pre-raphaelite https://www.artfund.org/what-to-see/art-and-artists/top-10-pre-raphaelite-paintings (Accessed 24/10/17)