Organization, People, Knowledge, and Technology for Learning
OLIVIER SERRAT
Principal Knowledge Management Specialist Knowledge Management Center Regional and Sustainable Development Department Asian Development Bank
ADB INITIATIVES Strategy 2020 identifies Knowledge Solutions and Partnerships as two ON KNOWLEDGE of five drivers of change. PARTNERSHIPS Knowledge Management in ADB moves ADB to improve its organizational culture, management systems, business processes and information technology solutions, communities of practice, and learning and development mechanisms.
Enhancing Knowledge Management under Strategy 2020: Action Plan (2009-2011) delivers knowledge solutions and knowledge services from four strategic thrusts.
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ENHANCING KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT UNDER STRATEGY 2020: PLAN OF ACTION (2009-2011)
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STRENGTHENING EXTERNAL KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIPS
Some Challenges • The purpose and selection of knowledge partnerships need clarity. • Monitoring and evaluation systems are insufficient. • Performance vis-à-vis work plans is poor.
KEY ACTIONS 1. Develop criteria for the selection of knowledge partnerships including non-regional institutions. 2. Ascertain that expected outputs and outcomes are aligned to ADB and DMC priorities. 3. Ensure that knowledge partnerships are considered when ADB enters into agreements such as letters of intent and memorandums of understanding with other institutions. 4. Make sure that knowledge partnership agreements spell out the need to conduct proactive dissemination activities in ADB and DMCs.
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KNOWLEDGE Knowledge Partnerships PARTNERSHIPS • Are associations and networks of individuals or organizations
that share a purpose or goal. • Comprise of members who contribute knowledge, experience, resources, and connections, and participate in two-way communications. • Thrive when there is a strategic, structural, and cultural fit, and when members embrace a collaborative process, behave as a coherent entity, and engage in joint decision making and action.
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KNOWLEDGE SOME COMMON ATTRIBUTES PARTNERSHIPS AND • Groups of individuals or organizations... ORGANIZATIONS • With a shared, understood, and consistent purpose or goal...
• Who voluntarily contribute knowledge, experience, resources, and connections toward joint decision making and action and share learning to achieve the shared purpose or goal… • Who rely on the partnership to reach the shared purpose or goal WHY KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIPS ARE NOT ORGANIZATIONS • A knowledge partnership has a less formal structure than an organization and is more fluid. • Participation is largely voluntary and as needed, not full-time. • Participants have a high degree of freedom to make choices. • The nature of decision making is distributive.
FUNDAMENTALS OF KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIPS
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RELATIONSHIPS What Flows Through Knowledge Partnerships IN KNOWLEDGE • Knowledge PARTNERSHIPS • Experience • Resources • Connections
What Makes Knowledge Partnerships Work • Trust • Reciprocity • Diversity • Complementarity
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FUNCTIONS OF FILTERING KNOWLEDGE Organizing and managing information that is worth paying attention to. PARTNERSHIPS AMPLIFYING Taking new, little-known, or little-understood ideas, giving them weight, and making them more widely understood.
INVESTING AND PROVIDING Offering a means to give members the resources they need to carry out their main activities. CONVENING Bringing together different, distinct people or groups of people. COMMUNITY-BUILDING Promoting and sustaining the values and standards of individuals or organizations. LEARNING AND FACILITATING Helping members carry out their activities more efficiently and effectively.
Time and again, a subtle rationale behind strategic alliances is obscured by their explicit strategic motives. That rationale is the intent to learn—especially knowledge that is tacit, collective, and imbedded: and it is probably failure in this arena that explains shortcomings.
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BENEFITS FROM • Increased access to knowledge, experience, resources, KNOWLEDGE and connections PARTNERSHIPS • Shared learning
• Shared good practices • Fostered creativity and innovation • Increased business process efficiencies • Increased visibility of concerns and issues • Strengthened capacity to advocate and influence policy • More effective responses to complex realities and scaled-up impact • Reduced isolation and increased credibility • Mitigated risks What Knowledge Partnerships Ought to Be Good at • Efficient search for data, information, and knowledge • Rapid dissemination • Efficient small-world reach to collect and connect with others and resources • Building adaptive and flexible capacity • Resilience to shock or change
A fool can learn from his own experience, the wise learn from the experience of others. - Democritus
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Self-governing and selfregulating
Partnership with a common name and collective identity
Legally recognized entities with institutional Members legitimacy; can articulate ways Guiding principles attract large to leverage some and norms for project funding arrangements decision-making from the state, and emerging or private sector Highly dependent well-established donors on informal governance leadership to structures Structures achieve purpose and systems or goal Small secretariat to manage facilitates and account functioning of for complex the partnership funded projects and is primarily and to rapidly accountable disseminate to partnership information members and promote creativity and innovation
Organization, People, Knowledge, and Technology for Learning
InterOrganizational Partnership
Partnership with some “Formal� Elements
Web of relationships, or loose ties of information transfer and reciprocity, fuelled by trust
Institutional Partnership
Informal Partnership
Attributes
Networking Partnership
COMMON FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIPS
Contractual relationships, agreements, and accountabilities, where funded projects and delivering on results are the main drivers of the partnership
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Partnership with some “Formal� Elements
Institutional Partnership
Connections and relationships
Space in which to share information, develop good practices, and mobilize as a partnership for change
Collective identity, combined with internal and external legitimacy
Capacity to scale up and to take on complex, internally and externally funded projects, as a partnership with greater impact
Access to knowledge, experience, resources, and connections
Capability to synthesize learning, to do research, to move things forward between meetings, to mobilize the partnership for joint action and to manage relationships
Organization, People, Knowledge, and Technology for Learning
InterOrganizational Partnership
Informal Partnership
Typical Benefits
Networking Partnership
COMMON FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIPS
Capacity to address complex local, national, regional, global, institutional or policy issues or integrated service delivery requiring collaboration among different stakeholder groups
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Informal Partnership
Partnership with some “Formal” Elements
Institutional Partnership
InterOrganizational Partnership
Typical Limits and Challenges
Networking Partnership
COMMON FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIPS
Benefits accrue mostly to individual members, with limited impact on the partner organizations
Limited internal and external legitimacy
Due to limits on available resources and the challenges of organizational complexity, there are risks that the secretariat can begin to substitute for the partnership or does not have the capacity to meet the expectations of the partnership’s members
The secretariat can become driven by funding imperatives and contracts
Fostering and preserving trust, joint ownership, and collaboration
Risk of dissention around the purpose or goal
Organization, People, Knowledge, and Technology for Learning
Competition for access to resources can arise in the partnership and lead to loss of trust and reduced willingness to share information
Possible competition or conflict over who holds power and accesses resources can lead to disengagement of actors, or loss of capabilities and legitimacy
Formalizing can reduce the flow of information and limit creativity and innovation
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COMPLEXITY IN KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIPS CONNECTIVITY Information
Connects individuals or organizations to allow easy flow of and access to knowledge, experience, resources, and connections
ALIGNMENT Identity
Aligns individuals or organizations to develop a collective value proposition and common identity Individuals come to share a set of ideas, language, and standards
On Organicity • Initiation and start-up • Status quo or growth • Renewal or decline • Long-term sustainability
PRODUCTION Initiative
Fosters joint decision making and action for agreed upon, specialized outcomes by aligned individuals or organizations • Mobilization • Advocacy • Learning and sharing • Delivering knowledge products and services • etc.
LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY INCREASES
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DESIGNING A 1. What kind of partnership do you wish to build? KNOWLEDGE 2. What is the value proposition that will attract participants? PARTNERSHIP 3. What is the (initial) membership? 4. How will the partnership be governed? 5. What will the partnership’s structure be? 6. What are the partnership’s operating principles? 7. Who will build the partnership?
Partnerships are self-regulating systems: if they have no value proposition individuals or organizations will exit them.
How Complicated is the Collaborative Task? • The task is not likely to be accomplished using only the skills in the organization. • The task must be addressed by a new arrangement designed specifically for the purpose or goal. • The task requires collective inputs from specialized individuals. • The task requires collective inputs from more than 10 individuals. • The members of the collaborative arrangement are in more than two geographical locations. • The success of the task depends on understanding the preferences or needs of individuals outside the organization. • The task must be accomplished under time pressure. • The outcome of the task will be influenced by uncertain, emerging events.
If more than two of the above statements hold, the collaborative task requires special arrangements.
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DESIGNING A 1. What Kind of Partnership? • Choose carefully and wisely. Are you wiling to be partners KNOWLEDGE and is your partner? Is this an important and valuable partner? PARTNERSHIP
• Partnerships should be designed to serve the partnership’s function. • Take time to clarify what the purpose or goal of the partnership is. • Differentiate between the partnership design and partnership launch phases. 2. What is the Partnership’s Value Proposition? • Sharing knowledge • Building trust • Sharing experience • Building reciprocity • Sharing resources • Building diversity • Sharing connections • Building complementarity 3. What is the Partnership’s Membership? • Partnerships can be open or closed. • Membership should be aligned to the purpose or goal and required capacities. • There can be different categories of members, e.g., core group, inner circle, outer circle. 4. How Will the Partnership be Governed?
Who decides? • Core group • All members • Other arrangements
How are decisions reached? • By consensus • By democratic vote • By action (emergence) • By outsiders
Organization, People, Knowledge, and Technology for Learning
• • • • • • •
What is decided? Purpose or goal Values and beliefs Membership criteria Member responsibilities Plans and strategies Outputs Distribution of resources
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DESIGNING A 5. What Will the Partnership’s Structure Be? KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIP
6. What Are the Partnership’s Operating Principles? • Make the partnership do the work and minimize “delegation” opportunities. • Let connections flow to value. • Let variation create (unplanned) opportunities. • Keep plans and strategies flexible. • Encourage strategic learning from emergent strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. 7. Who Will Build the Partnership? Sample Roles for Partnership Builders Organizer
Establishes the partnership’s purpose or goal and its value proposition, links the first nodes, and attracts initial resources.
Funder
Provides initial resources.
Weaver
Increases links among nodes and connects to new nodes.
Coordinator
Helps establish the partnership’s shared value proposition, negotiates action plans for production, and coordinates production.
Coach
Advises organizers, funders, weavers, and coordinators.
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DESIGN CHECKLIST Purpose or Goal
What is the value proposition? What will the partnership produce? What values and principles will guide it? Membership Who will the members be? What are the membership criteria? Will there be different classes of members? What will be the obligations and benefits of members? Governance What decisions will need to be made? Who will make decisions? How will decisions be made? Structure What will the structure look like? What will the development path look like? Measures What is success? What are its specifics? How will the partners know when success is achieved? How will success be rewarded?
Organization, People, Knowledge, and Technology for Learning
Formation Who will build the partnership? Will an outside facilitator be used to facilitate alignment and production plans? Who will operate the partnership? Production What hypotheses will you test? How will you design joint undertakings? How will you evaluate results? What will give you confidence to scale them up? Communications Are open communications and information a visible indicator of the level of trust? Is the power of technology harnessed in support? Resources What resources will fuel the partnership? What contributions will members make? What are all the possible sources of funding? Who will manage the cash? Evaluation What factors do you want to assess? Who will do the evaluation? How will you design evaluation at the front end?
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GROUND RULES IN SETTING UP KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIPS
• Describe clearly the purpose or goal. • Clarify the roles and responsibilities of each party. • Develop mechanisms to resolve potential conflicts of interests or partner disputes. • Generate means to share information with other stakeholders. • Agree on principles of consultation: – Engaging diverse stakeholders – Instituting reliable operating structure and process management – Practicing transparency – Using effective communication channels – Fostering focus on interests, not positions or personalities – Allowing for independent verification – Being responsible to all concerned – Making use of existing networks – Incorporating capacity building – Allowing for process adjustments
MANAGING Partnership Management Tasks KNOWLEDGE • Weaving connections within the partnership and between the partnership and associated players. PARTNERSHIPS
• Facilitating alignment that leads to production agreements. • Coordinating the actual work of production and partnership development. • Operating the partnership and handling management issues. • Monitoring and evaluating partnership development and performance.
ASSIGNING RESPONSIBILITIES • Work plans lie at the core of a partnership’s value proposition. • In the voluntary, collaborative structure of a partnership, responsibilities still need to be made very clear. • It helps to have an “outsider” negotiate and structure the partnership’s relationships.
MANAGEMENT ISSUES THAT REQUIRE ATTENTION • Balancing between the needs of the “parts” and those of the “whole.” • Balancing autonomy with collective control, and stability with change. • Ensuring effective communications. “Policing” the partnership
Planning must, eventually, degenerate into work. Organization, People, Knowledge, and Technology for Learning
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SUCCESS CRITERIA INFORMAL LEADERSHIP FOR KNOWLEDGE • Coordinators are active and committed, give space to others, PARTNERSHIPS act as leaders of the cause the partnerships stands for,
make connections, facilitate relationships, and make good use of resources. • The partnership relies on a core group of coordinators with complementary skills and usually includes a governing committee, secretariat, and working groups. ALIGNMENT AND IDENTITY • The partnership connects individuals across functions, locations, and organizations and creates a third space for learning, creativity, innovation, and development of joint practice. • In the partnership, legitimacy is earned, not declared. • The partnership fosters the emergence of collective identity among members. TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AND RESOURCES • Cooperation increases when the roles of individuals members are sharply defined. • The partnership is able to tap the technical expertise and professionalism of members and connect them to the higher purpose or goal that motivates them. • The partnership offers possibilities for individuals to use their knowledge outside of their organizations to create new knowledge and spark energy for change that, potentially, can be used by others. • The partnership is looked to and recognized by key stakeholders (e.g., policy makers) as a place to visit or consult for deep expertise. • Resources come in various forms: in-kind; grants; member funding; etc. “Sweat” equity is the key to most successful partnerships.
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SUCCESS CRITERIA COORDINATION FOR KNOWLEDGE • Coordinators are both task- and relationship-oriented. PARTNERSHIPS • Coordinators focus first on serving partnership members.
They earn and maintain the commitment of members by ensuring that the partnership responds to explicit (not constructed) needs. • Coordinators create a gift culture by coaching and mentoring. They encourage activity and interaction among members of the partnership and build networks to foster a sense of community. • Coordinators provide technical advice and scan the environment for opportunities to advance the partnership’s purpose or goal and benefit its members. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS • The partnership has significant capability to use information and communications technology to facilitate rapid and broad-based interaction among members. • The partnership strengthens and supplements online communications with face-to-face interactions. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY • Coordinators have strong analytical and adaptive capabilities and effectively anticipate and respond to changing circumstances. • The partnership invests in information and communications technology, relies on information exchanges to gather intelligence from a range of sources, and establishes spaces for processing and sharing data, information, and knowledge. • The partnership reinvents its working forms as needed.
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MAKING KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIPS WORK BETTER
From
To
Defining the right business arrangements
Developing the right working relationship
Creating ends metrics
Creating means metrics
Eliminating differences
Embracing differences
Establishing formal management systems and structures
Enabling collaborative behavior
Managing the external relationship with partners
Managing one’s internal stakeholders
EVALUATING The DAC Principles for Evaluation of Development Assistance KNOWLEDGE The OECD-Development Assistance Committee sets five criteria PARTNERSHIPS for evaluating development programs and projects: 1. Relevance 2. Efficiency 3. Effectiveness 4. Sustainability 5. Impact
The OECD-DAC criteria should be considered when evaluating knowledge partnerships but also during their design and for monitoring purposes.
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EVALUATING RELEVANCE KNOWLEDGE Relates to whether or not the purpose or goal of the partnership PARTNERSHIPS is suited to the priorities and policies of the partners and those that the partners wish to influence, and is aligned with broader development priorities.
1. Does the partnership have a clear, shared purpose or goal that meets defined needs? 2. Will the partnership help each organization to achieve more than it could on its own? 3. Will the partnership help each partner to define its own areas of influence more clearly? EFFICIENCY Measures the qualitative and quantitative outputs in relation to the inputs. Attention should be given to alternative approaches to achieve the same outputs, and the extent to which the partnerships made optimal use of all available resources. 1. Have you explored different delivery options, including whether a partnership is the best approach? 2. Are the necessary resources available, properly allocated, and well-matched for planned activities? 3. Is there scope for adjustment of processes, activities, and resources during the lifespan of the partnership? 4. Is there clarity on management of the assets (funds, intellectual property, and brand) of the partnership? EFFECTIVENESS Refers to the extent to which the knowledge partnerships attains its purpose or goal. 1. Does the partnership have a clear outcome identified? 2. Are there processes, infrastructure, and resources with sufficient flexibility in place for • Quality exchange of knowledge and experience? • Regular communication and meetings? • Communicating beyond the partnership? 3. Have you mutually agreed upon a framework for monitoring work over time? Organization, People, Knowledge, and Technology for Learning
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EVALUATING SUSTAINABILITY KNOWLEDGE Gauges the likelihood that the achievements of the partnership PARTNERSHIPS and the partnership itself can be sustained, that last concern resting on four dimensions: • Relevance – whether the purpose or goal of the partnership is still relevant • Relationships – whether the partners are still active • Resources – whether resources are still available • Time – whether continuation of the partnership is necessary
1. How can the outcome of the partnership work be sustained? 2. Should the partnership itself be sustained and, if so, how? 3. Do you know what motivates the partners to want to continue to participate? 4. Are there mechanisms in place to jointly reflect, learn, and adapt over an extended life span of the partnership? IMPACT Refers to the positive and negative changes produced by the partnership activities, directly or indirectly, intended or unintended. The impact should be examined at two levels: • The contribution that the partnership as a whole makes to the attainment of development priorities; and • The improvement of each partner’s institutional capacity to have impact. 1. How will you ascertain whether the outcome led to impact? 2. How will you ascertain whether people outside of the partnership are aware of the knowledge generated and use it? 3. How will you ascertain whether the partners’ capacities increased as a result of the partnership? 4. Does the partnership have flexibility for the unexpected to emerge?
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QUALITIES CHECKLIST FOR EFFECTIVE PARTNERSHIPS
1. The partnership has a solid base of joint commitment and understanding. 2. There is a clear and appropriately detailed plan for achieving the purpose or goal of the partnership. 3. Each partner clearly benefits from the partnerships. 4. Sufficient and appropriate resources are committed from all partners for achieving the purpose or goal of the partnerships. 5. The partnership has an appropriate level of formality. 6. The partnership has good leadership. 7. The partnership has clear and effective lines of accountability. 8. Partners communicate in a productive and supportive way. 9. There is trust in the function of the partnership. 10. Accurate and appropriate indicators are used to evaluate and improve the success and progress of the partnership.
FURTHER READING • ADB. 2008. Building Communities of Practice.
Available: http://www.adb.org/documents/information/ knowledge-solutions/building-communities-practice.pdf • ADB. 2009. Building Networks of Practice. Available: http://www.adb.org/documents/information/ knowledge-solutions/building-networks-of-practice.pdf • ADB. 2008. Creating and Running Partnerships. Available: http://www.adb.org/documents/information/ knowledge-solutions/creating-running-partnerships.pdf • ADB. 2009. Enhancing Knowledge Management Strategies. Available: http://www.adb.org/documents/information/knowledge solutions/enhancing-knowledge-management-strategies.pdf • ADB. 2009. Learning in Strategic Alliances. Available: http://www.adb.org/documents/information/ knowledge-solutions/learning-in-strategic-alliances.pdf • ADB. 2009. Strengthening Communities of Practice in ADB. Available: http://www.adb.org/documents/reports/consultant/ strengthening-communities-of-practice.pdf • ADB. 2011. Guidelines for Knowledge Partnerships. Manila. Available: http://beta.adb.org/publications/guidelines-knowledge partnerships
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ABOUT THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to two-thirds of the world’s poor: 1.8 billion people who live on less than $2 a day, with 903 million struggling on less than $1.25 a day. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance.
For more information, contact Knowledge Management Center Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 6710 Fax +63 2 632 5264 knowledge@adb.org www.adb.org/knowledge-management/
Knowledge Primers serve as quick introductions to knowledge management and learning applications in development work. In an attractive package, they are suitable for interactive presentations and self-learning for action. They are offered as resources to ADB staff. They may also appeal to the development community and people having interest in knowledge and learning.
© 2012 by Asian Development Bank. All rights reserved.
March 2012