New Flight
• • • • • •
• • • • • Textbook Workbook Grammar Cd Teacher’s Book Eget nettsted http://newflight.cappelen.no
New Flight Extra
Textbook Workbook Cd Teacher’s Book Eget nettsted http://newflightextra.cappelen.no
ISBN 978-82-02-25072-0
9 788202 250720
www.cappelen.no
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NEW FLIGHT 2 A
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Bromseth/Wigdahl
Cappelens engelskverk for ungdomstrinnet
Berit Haugnes Bromseth • Lisbeth Wigdahl
New FLIGHT 2 TEXTBOOK
FLIGHT 2 A CD-710696_NEW FLIGHT tekstbook 01.02.12 10.44 Side 2
© J.W. Cappelens Forlag AS, Oslo 2006 Materialet i denne publikasjonen er omfattet av åndsverklovens bestemmelser. Uten særskilt avtale med Cappelen Damm AS er enhver eksemplarframstilling og tilgjengeliggjøring bare tillatt i den utstrekning det er hjemlet i lov eller tillatt gjennom avtale med Kopinor, interesseorgan for rettighetshavere til åndsverk. Utnyttelse i strid med lov eller avtale kan medføre erstatningsansvar og inndragning, og kan straffes med bøter eller fengsel. New Flight 1–3 følger læreplanene for Kunnskapsløftet i faget engelsk og er laget til bruk på grunnskolens ungdomstrinn. Grafisk formgiver: Mette Lund Damsleth Omslagsdesign: Séan Brewer Omslagsbilde: Scanpix Illustratør: Cecilie Okada Bilderedaktør: Una Thoresen Dimola Forlagsredaktør: Hege Rødahl Sats: Ellipse AS Repro: RenessanseMedia AS Trykk og innbinding: Livonia Print SIA, Latvia 2012 Utgave 1 Opplag 4 ISBN 978-82-02-25072-0 www.cdu.no http://newflight.cdu.no
CONTENTS p. 7
Chapter 1 When school’s out
A-text: Dennis trades a stamp p. 10 B-text: No mon’, no fun? p. 15 C-text: Chatting with “Mr Vallleyguy” p. 20 p. 27
Chapter 2 Native people
A-text: The beginning p. 30 B-text: A winter in the valley p. 33 C-text: There is more inside us than you people understand p. 38 D-text: People of the land p. 45 p. 51
Chapter 3 Sports
A-text: Mail from the USA p. 54 B-text: The big race p. 59 C-text: Football rules p. 63 D-text: Signing up for Manchester United p. 68 p. 75
Chapter 4 People on the move
A-text: The border of hope p. 78 B-text: From rags to riches? p. 82 C-text: Land of Hope and Glory p. 89 D-text: Jorvik, home of the Vikings p. 94
p. 101
Chapter 5 Is there anybody out there?
A-text: People of the third planet p. 104 B-text: Close encounters? Cuttings from the press p. 108 C-text: What’s your star sign, dear? p. 113 D-text: The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy p. 117 p. 125
Chapter 6 That’s entertainment!
A-text: The sugar and spice of your life p. 128 B-text: Goon’s big night p. 132 C-text: Harry Houdini – master of escape p. 142 D-text: How to tell good guys from bad guys p. 145 p. 151
Chapter 7 Fight for your rights
A-text: The suffragette movement p. 154 B-text: If you miss me at the back of the bus… p. 159 C-text: I have a dream p. 164 D-text: Nelson Mandela’s Long Walk to Freedom p. 167 p. 175
Chapter 8 Here and there in the USA
A-text: The perfect vacation p. 178 B-text: Surfin’ USA p. 183 C-text: Living in the past p. 189 D-text: The USA – land of fantastic names p. 195
Glossary p. 199
Wordlist p. 211 Key to phonetic symbols p. 222
Welcome to New Flight 2! Have a look at your new textbook – hopefully, you will find many interesting and exciting texts in it! New Flight 2 Textbook has 8 different chapters, and each chapter has a theme: spare time activities, sports, native people, the USA and others. Maybe you will work with some of these themes in other subjects, too, like Norwegian, Geography, Social Studies etc. Most of the chapters have texts numbered A, B, C, and D. You may think that some of them look a bit difficult, but not all pupils need to read all the texts! Also, some of the texts can be read in class simply for your pleasure and information. There are two headings in front of each chapter: Culture and Literature. Culture means that you will learn different things about life in English-speaking countries, for example about immigration, the struggle for civil rights, the history of football and so on. This year you will learn about various themes related to Great Britain, the USA, South Africa and other English-speaking countries. Literature means the different genres or types of literature that you will find in each chapter. You will for example find an e-mail, a short story, an article, an excerpt from an autobiography and other genres in chapter 3. At the back of the book there is a glossary for each chapter and an alphabetical wordlist, but you may need to look up other words – so keep your dictionary handy! We hope New Flight 2 Textbook will help you understand, speak and read English better – and have fun at the same time!
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Chapter
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When school’s out
In this chapter: Culture
Literature
• Spare time activities in Great Britain and the United States
• • • • • • •
Conversation Interviews Excerpt from a novel Poems Song Jokes Comic Strip
Welcome back to a new term at school! Now that you are here, think of it this way: if it hadn’t been for school, you wouldn’t have had those lovely afternoons, weekends and holidays to look forward to! Take a look at these pictures. What is your idea of a perfect afternoon and evening, or a successful weekend?
A
A
A lot of young people (and grown-ups) like to collect different things in their spare time. Can you think of things people collect? One of the most popular items to collect is stamps, and many stamp collectors hope to get hold of a really valuable stamp some day …
Dennis trades a stamp Nancy, who is ten, has a fourteen-year-old brother, Dennis. Nancy rushes into Dennis’s room. Nancy: Dennis:
Nancy:
Dennis:
Nancy: Dennis:
Nancy: Dennis:
Nancy: Dennis:
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Have you got a minute, Dennis? Can you help me with my homework? This English assignment is impossible! Don’t you know how to knock before you enter? I’ve told you a dozen times not to come barging into my room like that! And no, I haven’t got a minute. I’m busy, as you can see. Oh, playing with your stupid old stamp collection again, are you? Why don’t you give up collecting stamps – don’t you know that’s for nerds? It is not! Collecting stamps is the world’s most popular hobby – a lot of famous people do it. The British royal family has one of the world’s finest collections. See, I told you it was for nerds! Well, it’s much better than collecting those silly Barbie dolls and pop star pictures like you do. And I’m not a stamp collector, I’m a philatelist. If you know something about stamps you can make a fortune – some stamps are worth thousands of dollars. In fact, I think I’ve got a really valuable stamp right now. Really? Yes! You know, last night I went over to Bobby’s house to trade stamps with him? Well, look at these stamps I got hold of, these green and white ones here from Norway. What’s so special about them? Usually, it says NORGE on stamps from Norway, but this one says NOREG. It must be a misprint – stamps like that are worth a lot of money!
Nancy: Dennis:
(Later) Nancy: Dennis: Nancy: Dennis:
Nancy:
Dennis: Nancy: Dennis: Nancy:
No kidding? What do you think it could be worth? I don’t know, but I’m taking it over to Cindy’s house so her mother can have a look at it. She’s a real expert on stamps, so she might know.
Well, how did it go? How did what go? You know, the stamp? What was it worth? Oh, that. Well, it seems it wasn’t so valuable after all. Cindy’s mother said they have two official varieties of Norwegian in Norway, and in one of them the country’s called NOREG. How was I to know that? Ha ha! Seems you’ve had a real let-down there, Mister Philatelist! Why don’t you give up those stupid stamps and start on a nice pop star collection instead? Why don’t you just shut up? If you don’t, I’ll give you a ready-made collection of loose teeth! I’ll tell Mom you said that! All right, sorry! But I’d like to have my stamp collection to myself in the future, okay? Now get out and stay out! With pleasure!
Let’s talk!
Work with words
1 What do Dennis and Nancy collect? 2 How did Dennis get hold of the stamp from Norway? 3 Why did he think it could be valuable? 4 How did he find out that it wasn’t so valuable after all? 5 Have you got some kind of collection? Did you collect things when you were younger?
Explain these words in English: a an assignment b to trade c a nerd d a stamp e a misprint f an expert
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Did you know that … • • •
•
the first postage stamp was issued in England in 1840? The following year people were already collecting stamps as a hobby. today, there are more than 100 million stamp collectors? to begin with, collecting stamps meant collecting as many stamps as possible? People decorated ashtrays, lampshades and other things with them – some people even used them as wallpaper! the world’s most expensive stamp was sold for 2 240 000 dollars in 1996? This Swedish three shilling stamp was meant to have been green, but turned out yellow. It is the only one of its kind, and was found by a Swedish schoolboy in 1885. He then sold it for seven Swedish kroner (one dollar). If you go by weight, this stamp is the world’s most valuable object.
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TV Soap Addict
If there’s one thing my sister likes It’s Neighbours. Not so much as Coronation Street But better than Eastenders except at Tea-time when she Usually watches Home and away And my dad shouts “Turn that telly off will you And come and have your tea!” And she Goes “just a minute He’s just going to Kiss her!” and Dad says “Never mind that – your Tea’s getting cold!” And Mum says “Don’t shout, dear, It’s only a bit of escapism!” Then Dad says “Escapism be blowed! She ought to be thinking about Real Life!” Then my sister comes in And she goes “Real life? … What’s that?” Irene Yates
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It is said that “Money makes the world go round”, and it certainly seems that having a lot of money is important if you live in the Western world. Many people think expensive clothes, cars, houses and vacations are necessary if you want to “keep up” with the rest. What about teenagers – are they big money spenders too? Is it possible to have a good time without spending a fortune? We have asked two British and two American teenagers what they do in their spare time and how much money they spend.
B
No mon’, no fun? Joanna (15) Well, I have to admit that I use quite a lot of money – if I have it, mind you. I like to take the bus in to Birmingham with my friends and shop for clothes, jewellery and such, but mostly it’s window-shopping. Even if you go to a shopping centre just to hang out, it usually means that you go and have a Coke or something to eat at a burger restaurant. Otherwise, I spend my money on movies, CDs and magazines. I get some pocket money from my parents once a month, and I take babysitting jobs from time to time, but I usually have very little money left at the end of the month. I know I should probably be more careful with my money, but it just runs through my fingers like water. When I’m sixteen I plan on getting a part-time job in a shop if I can. Albert (15) So far, money doesn’t really mean a lot to me – maybe I will need more money when I get older, like 17 or 18 years old. I get 10 pounds every week, but if I need more money, for example to buy a pair of jeans, I get it from my parents. I use some money on CDs and computer magazines, but other things I like to do are free, like
When school‘s out
15
walking my dog, spending time with my friends and family, church activities and playing with my computer. I also love to read, but I don’t buy any books myself – I either get them as presents or I go to the library. My parents pay for my judo classes, and when I’m with my mates, we usually sit in our rooms and play computer games, talk or listen to music. Marcie (16) I’ve just got my driver’s license, so I drive a lot if I get the chance. I don’t have a car of my own, so Mom lets me borrow hers if she’s nice, but I have to pay for the gas myself. I also spend money on clothes, movies and bowling, so my allowance doesn’t anywhere near cover my expenses. It’s not so hard for teenagers to get part-time jobs here in the USA, and I work as a waitress on the weekends, and I do some yard work at home. This summer I worked as a camp counsellor at a summer camp for kids. I don’t mind working, but when I have some spare time, I don’t mind spending what I earn! Norman (15) The things I like to do in my spare time don’t cost much. Most of the time I just hang out with my friends and we have a good time on our skateboards, or we play basketball in our back yard. I’m a real basketball freak, so I go to games
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sometimes, but that’s about the only thing I spend money on. I also like to play video games, but I can swap games with my pals, and I often get games for my birthday or for Christmas. I don’t have a job, but I often babysit for my sister in the weekends. That’s cool, because I can always bring a friend, and we get something good to eat, like pizza, and we stay up late and watch TV or videos she has rented for us.
Let’s talk! 1 These teenagers have different interests in their spare time. Mention some of the activities that are: a free b cost money 2 How do they get their money? 3 Pick one of the teenagers and explain why you think he or she has the most interesting spare time activities. 4 What about yourself? Jot down things you do that cost money, and things you do that are free. Which list is the longest? 5 Discuss this: Are you big money spenders? Could you cut down on your expenses in any way and still have fun?
Work with words Find a word in the text that means: a looking at things without buying anything b a place where you lend books c a friend (two different words are used in the text) d a person who is extremely interested in something e to trade, to exchange f a paper that shows that you are allowed to drive a car g to look after a small child h pocket money
When school‘s out
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Not only young people do fun things in their spare time:
Gran Can You Rap?
Gran was in her chair she was taking a nap When I tapped her on the shoulder to see if she could rap. Gran, can you rap? Can you rap? Can you, Gran? And she opened one eye and said to me, man, I’m the best rapping Gran this world’s ever seen I’m a tip-top, slip-slap, rap-rap queen.
And And And And
she rose from her chair in the corner of the room she started to rap with a bim-bam-boom, she rolled up her eyes and she rolled round her head as she rolled by this is what she said, I’m the best rapping Gran this world’s ever seen I’m a nip-nap, yip-yap, rap-rap queen.
Then she rapped past my dad and she rapped past my mother, She rapped past me and my little baby brother. She rapped her arms narrow and she rapped her arms wide, She rapped through the door and she rapped outside. She’s the best rapping Gran this world’s ever seen She’s a drip-drop, trip-trap, rap-rap queen.
She rapped down the garden she rapped down the street, The neighbours all cheered and they tapped their feet. She rapped through the traffic lights as they turned red As she rapped round the corner this is what she said, I’m the best rapping Gran this world’s ever seen I’m a flip-flop, hip-hop, rap-rap queen.
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She rapped down the lane she rapped up the hill, And as she disappeared she was rapping still. I could hear Gran’s voice saying, Listen, man, Listen to the rapping of the rap-rap Gran. I’m the best rapping Gran this world’s ever seen I’m a – tip-top, slip-slap, nip-nap, yip-yap, hip-hop, trip-trap, touch yer cap, take a nap, happy, happy, happy, happy, happy, rap – rap – queen. Jack Ousbey
When school‘s out
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C
Many young people make on-line friends at home on their computers. Of course, this can be a nice hobby. Chat rooms are easy to log on to and can be fun to take part in. However, sometimes chatting with strangers can be dangerous. Katie Tarbox was 13 when she met someone in a teen chat room. Here’s how she started
Chatting with “Mr Vallleyguy” When I first began chatting, my screen name was Atarbox, for Abby Tarbox. It was something my sister picked out. I hated having Tarbox in the screen name. Nobody else used their actual names. Their screen names were more playful or original like Phanton92 or Skywalker2. I planned to get rid of Atarbox as soon as possible. Entering a chat room is like entering a party where you don’t know anyone. You start by telling everyone the same thing over and over again: the basics about age, gender, location, interests. Inevitably things get around to sex and appearance. All the guys on-line say they are at least six feet tall with brown hair and blue eyes. They all describe themselves as if they are Tom Cruise’s taller twin. And they all want to know what you look like, especially your body. You can be sure that every time you go on-line someone is going to ask you your breast size. I don’t really see why anyone bothers to ask. Everyone lies when they answer. It didn’t take me long to figure out that a lot of the guys in the teen chat rooms were not normal guys. They were animals that just wanted to be excited by someone they thought looked like Cindy Crawford with a breast size of 36F. Despite all of this – despite all of the weirdos and the creepy feeling of being detached from reality – a small part of me believed that there was someone out there on the Web like me. I knew that this person wouldn’t be easy to find, and he wasn’t. Every time I met someone we’d exchange basic data and then search around for something real to discuss, but I would slowly realize we had very little at all in common. As summer passed, what little bit of hope I once felt about locating a kindred soul in those chat rooms began to fade. But I didn’t stop visiting. On most days I’d spend a couple of hours on-line. Usually my parents weren’t home to even know what I was doing. When they did check on
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When school‘s out
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me, they warned me about giving out my real name and address or any information that would help a stranger find me. I wasn’t worried about that. I would never take such a risk. Aside from these warnings, they didn’t have much else to say. They trusted me, and they didn’t really understand how big and broad the Internet was, anyway. Neither did I, but I was learning fast. [...] On the Sunday before school started, I was scheduled to spend the whole day swimming laps to raise money for our swim team. I woke up at 5:30 A.M., and I don’t know if I was lonely or anxious about the new school, but I couldn’t go back to sleep. Dressed in my pajamas, I walked into Abby’s room and turned on the computer. (I had made sure to install AOL on it before Abby returned to school with her laptop.) I signed on and let it sit there for a couple of minutes while I went down to get some cereal. I brought my bowl of Lucky Charms up and sat on my sister’s bed. [...] I sat there with my cereal, pointing and clicking my way to my usual destinations in the teen chat rooms. There weren’t many people on-line that morning. I guess people weren’t eager to talk so early on a Sunday morning. In fact, there were so few people that I was debating whether to sign off and go running instead. But I compromised and decided I would stay just a little bit longer, to see if anyone had any interest in talking. Then I heard the small chime sound that signaled that I had an instant message at the upper-left-hand corner of my screen. Someone who called himself Vallleyguy – with three l’s – wanted to chat. Vallleyguy: Atarbox: Vallleyguy: Atarbox: Vallleyguy: Atarbox: Vallleyguy: Atarbox: Vallleyguy: Atarbox:
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Hi. Age/sex? I asked. How old is the oldest person you will speak to on-line? 27 That’s good, because I’m only 23. What are your age/sex? 13/f Do you have any interests? I am a swimmer and I play the piano. I live in New Canaan, Connecticut. I live in a valley outside of Los Angeles. I am pretty rich. I have sexy green eyes. Girls love to look into them. What do you look like? I have blue eyes, blonde hair, and I am short … What kind of music do you like?
Vallleyguy: Atarbox: Vallleyguy: Atarbox: Vallleyguy: Atarbox: Vallleyguy: Atarbox: Vallleyguy: Atarbox: Vallleyguy: Atarbox: Vallleyguy: Atarbox: Vallleyguy: Atarbox: Vallleyguy: Atarbox: Vallleyguy: Atarbox:
Well, almost all types. And you? I love everything too. I have played the piano for 9 years so I like classical. I like new music too, but I hate jazz and blues. Lol! (laughing out loud) Me too!!! But I especially like Mozart. Do you like going to concerts? Do you go out on dates? Not really. I don’t have time. I love going to concerts. I just saw REM, and I love to go at least once a month. By the way, I am Katie. Nice to meet you Katie, Mark here. Is it true what they say about everyone in LA being so into cars? Yes. We live in them. I have three; a four seater, Mercedes convertible – I love it – a BMW convertible, and a Jeep. I don’t much care about cars. I think it is more of a guy thing. How about clothes? I love clothes. I have a J. Crew obsession right now. But I also wear some Gap. I have some Ralph Lauren. I wear Ralph Lauren too. J. Crew is great as well. I just placed a large order there … but Katie, I have to go now. But why? I am going to Miami to visit my mother. I like going there. Well maybe I will talk to you again some time. I really liked talking to you. You’re very smart. Maybe I can call you from Florida. Can I have your phone number? It’s (203) 555-1234. Okay, bye Katie! Bye.
I really didn’t expect that he was going to use my phone number. But part of me hoped he would. And I was excited that I had met someone just like me, but of the opposite sex. He even liked Mozart! At last I had connected with another kind, intelligent soul. Best of all, he recognized me as someone different from the typical thirteen-year-old. And though it may sound silly, I was impressed by the fact that he typed with proper punctuation and capitalized proper nouns and the first word of his sentences. Excellent grammar. A good vocabulary. I thought he must be all right. Katherine Tarbox
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After six months Katie, who now thought she was in love with “Mark”, agreed to meet him at a hotel where Katie and her team-mates were staying for a swimming meet. She was shocked to find that “Mark” was actually a 41-year old man who wanted to have sex with her. In the book “Katie.com”, Katie writes about her bad experience and the problems she had to face afterwards.
Let’s talk! 1 What was Katie’s screen name? 2 How did the boys in the chat rooms usually describe themselves? 3 What kind of person was Katie hoping to find on the Internet? 4 How did her parents react to her chatting? 5 Mention some of the things “Mark” told Katie about himself (his looks, his interests etc.) 6 Why was Katie impressed by “Mark”?
Work with words Explain these words in English: a chat room b twin c cereal d classical music e obsession f vocabulary
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The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin’ Groovy)
Slow down, you move too fast. You got to make the morning last. Just kickin’ down the cobble stones, Lookin’ for fun and Feelin’ Groovy. Hello lamppost, Whatcha knowin’? I’ve come to watch your flowers growin’. Ain’tcha got no rhymes for me? Doot-in doo-doo, Feelin’ Groovy. Got no deeds to do, No promises to keep. I’m dappled and drowsy and ready to sleep. Let the morningtime drop all its petals on me. Life, I love you, All is groovy. Paul Simon
Words and Music by Paul Simon © 1966, 1967 Paul Simon (BMI). Intrnational Copyright Secured. All rights reserved Reprinted by Permission. Trykt med tillatelse av Edition Wilhelm Hansen AS, København
When school‘s out
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– What’s on TV tonight? – Some plastic flowers and a picture of the dog, same as always.
Woman to boy on diving board: – Don’t jump! There’s no water in the pool! – That’s OK. I can’t swim anyway!
A boy was helping his grandfather dig potatoes. After a while he felt tired. – Grandpa, he said – why did you bury them in the first place?
Man to another man, who is fishing: – Have you caught anything? – Oh yes. – What? – A cold.
– Golf, golf, golf, said the angry husband to his wife – that’s all you ever think of. I think I’d drop dead if you spent an afternoon at home! – Oh no, you can’t bribe me like that!
A little girl was watching ballet with her father, and was amazed that everybody danced on their toes. – Daddy, she said – why couldn’t they just use taller people?
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Chapter 1
Chapter
2
Native people
In this chapter: Culture
Literature
• • • •
• • • •
Native Americans The Inuit The Aboriginals The Maoris
Legend Article Excerpts from novels Poems
The Inuit are a people who live near the Arctic, from the North of Russia to Alaska, northern Canada and parts of Greenland.
The Native American people probably came from Asia some 35,000 years ago. They settled all over the American continent and formed different tribes.
Let’s talk! What do you know about these native peoples?
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The natives of Australia came from south-east Asia more than 60,000 years ago. They are called Aboriginals, which means “from the beginning�.
The New Zealand Maoris are Polynesian people that settled on the islands around 1000 A.D.
A
“We walk about with great respect, for the Earth is a very sacred place.”
The beginning A long, long time ago there were only the land and the animals. There were no voices crying, shouting, talking or laughing. There were no factories or cars destroying the land. There were no shops calling out for money. There were only the land and the animals. One day something happened. Unfamiliar sounds were heard; strange creatures seemed to be moving about the earth. An old tree stretched its branches as far into the sky as possible but could not see anything. “Fly little bird,” the tree said, “and find out what is going on.” The little bird rose to the sky, high above the trees. From its place it could see many figures moving forward, slowly shuffling their feet along. They were keeping close to each other, as if they were afraid to let go of each other. The bird flew back and reported what it had seen. “Let us welcome these tired strangers,” the tree said. Animals looked out from behind rocks and hills, afraid yet curious. From between the trees came creatures that walked on two legs only. Their faces looked haggard and tired, yet their eyes shone with hope and gratitude. “Look,” they said, “this is a fine place to settle down. The earth is rich with plants and trees and there is game for us to eat. Let us end our journey here.”
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They were the first people to settle down in that area. They had travelled far to find new land and were happy that Mother Earth had provided them with such a fine place in which to live. They were for ever thankful for all the gifts nature had given them and always took good care of the land. They never killed more animals than they needed and they never uprooted plants and trees. As time went by, they became as one with the earth. They did not think they owned the land, for they believed people can never own nature, only live from it. All over the world people once came to settle down for the first time. These people became the forefathers of many, many others. Their descendants are the indigenous peoples of our world of today.
Let’s talk! 1 What could be the reasons why groups of people, like the one in this text, moved great distances to settle down in another place? 2 Some indigenous peoples are presented on pp. 28–29, but there are many more. Do you know of any others? 3 What has happened to most groups of native people today?
Work with words 1 Pick out all the “nature words” you can find in this text. 2 Explain these words: a unfamiliar b to shuffle one’s feet c curious d forefathers e descendants 3 Find out what the difference is between people and peoples.
Indigenous peoples are: • peoples that were living in an area before it was colonised by a state • peoples that live within a nation, who lived there before the area became a nation, and who do not identify themselves with that nation • the descendants of such people
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Beginnings
32
In the beginning was one. Crouched in a cave where bats first hung, where webs were first woven, dreams first spun, crouched one, alone.
Soon winter passed, and into the sun from the dark of the cave one summer dawn crept three: the third was a child in arms, the three were a family, new-born.
And then one day into the gloom another came; the fire was lit the cave was warmed, the howl of the wind became a song and two were one.
Judith Nicholls
Chapter 2
Soun Tetoken is a young Native American boy who grew up in the 1870s as a member of the Nez Perce tribe. He is proud of his people, their history and their lives. Best of all, he likes to hear the old people tell stories and legends in the long winter nights.
B
A winter in the valley The day after the great feast and gift giving, the Wallowa Nez Perce began to pack for their journey to their winter home in the valley of the Imnaha River. The days were shorter now and the mountain meadows were often frostcovered in the morning. Several times the people woke up to snow on the ground. The great elk had stopped bugling. The leaf-bearing trees had dropped all their leaves. It was time to move to the valley before the deep snows came to the Wallowa. That winter there was a good supply of dried game meat and smoked fish. There were plenty of roots, berries, seeds, fruits, and nuts stored in woven baskets. All the work done during the spring, summer, and fall months would provide the Nez Perce families with enough food to last the whole winter. During the winter days the men went on snowshoes to hunt game in the high valleys. They also spent lots of time making arrow and spear points from black glasslike rock called obsidian. The women were busy every day making baskets, tanning hides, preparing meals and sewing clothing from animal skins. The hides of even the smallest animals were used to make articles of clothing. Women also took time to fashion jewelry and to do beautiful beadwork. Darkness came early and winter nights were long. There was plenty of time for stories around the fires in the lodges. The children loved to
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hear their favourite tales over and over again. Soun’s favourite story was the legend that told where people came from. The legend tells about a huge sea monster named Ilts-wet-six that roamed the Kamiah Valley. The monster was so large and so hungry that he had come out of the sea and was soon eating all the animals of the land. When Coyote heard what the monster was doing, he decided to do something about it. Coyote came to the Kamiah Valley and tied himself to the earth with a strong grapevine. Coyote called out to the giant Ilts-wet-six to try to eat him. The monster came and sucked and sucked until finally the grapevine came loose, and Coyote was pulled into the monster’s stomach. However, Coyote had not lost the battle yet. He had a knife hidden in his belt. He took the knife and cut out the sea monster’s heart, killing the great beast. Next Coyote used the knife to cut his way out of the monster’s body. Fox had watched the battle. When Coyote could not decide what to do with the monster’s body, Fox said, “Cut up the whole body and make people from its parts.” So from the head of the monster came the Flathead Indians, from the feet came the Blackfoot people, and from each part of the body a different Indian nation. In the end only the heart was left. Coyote lifted it high above the ground. More people sprang up from the blood dripping from the beast’s heart. These people were taller, stronger, kinder, and wiser than all the others. These were the Nez Perce people. The Great Spirit Chief, who rules the whole earth, was well pleased by Coyote’s victory and work. The Great Spirit Chief did not want the Nez Perce to forget what Coyote had done, so he took the monster’s heart and turned it into a large rock. This rock can still be seen in the Kamiah Valley. Every time Soun heard the sound of a coyote he remembered this famous Nez Perce legend. On this night when he heard the legend again, springtime was near. After the story was finished, Soun lay down on his buffalo robe and went to sleep. Ken Thomasma
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Let’s talk! 1 The Nez Perce nation is one of many Native American tribes. Do you know the names of any others? 2 What does the text tell us about how the tribe prepared for winter? 3 Where did they put up winter quarters? 4 What did they do during winter time? 5 Retell the legend about where the Nez Perce people came from.
Work with words 1 What is the opposite of a a valley b huge c hungry d forget 2 Describe an early winter morning. Use lots of adjectives!
Expressions of Native American origin: – to bury the hatchet – to go on the war path – to smoke a peace pipe
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Native words of wisdom • When you take care of the land, the land will nourish you. • Treat the Earth well. It was not given to you by your parents, it was loaned to you by your children. • When you leave the camp in the morning, clean up all rubbish, burn or bury it. Do not go about polluting the land or destroying its beauty. • If a man has more than he needs for himself and his family, he should call the people together and distribute his surplus to those that have need. • Every man must treat with respect all such things that are sacred to other people, whether he understands them or not. • Every man or woman who is in sickness or helpless old age has a right to the protection and support of the tribe, because in the days of their strength they also contributed to the common good.
Let’s talk! Can we learn something from these thoughts?
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About 25,000 Inuit live within the borders of Canada, most of them in the sparsely populated areas in the north. The name Inuit means the people or real people and comes from a language called Inuit-Inupiaq. This indigenous group of people live in one of the coldest and harshest regions of the world. To survive, they have had to live from what nature could offer in these areas. There were fish, seals, walruses and whales in the sea and caribou, musk oxen, polar bears and other, smaller animals on land. From this Inuit song that has been translated into English, we understand that survival was not always easy:
Hunger
Fear hung over me. I dared not try to hold out in my hut. Hungry and chilled, I stumbled inland, tripping, falling constantly. At Little Musk Ox Lake the trout made fun of me; they wouldn’t bite. On I crawled, and reached the Young Man’s River where I had caught salmon once. I prayed for fish or reindeer swimming in the lake. My thought reeled into nothingness like run-out fishing line. Anonymous Eskimo song, Canada
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C
Top fashion model Tracey and her photographer Charlie have an accident with their jeep in the Australian desert. They are rescued by an Aboriginal tribe and brought to their camp. Paul is a member of this tribe. He has some thoughts on the two different cultures they are a part of:
There is more inside us than you people understand The next morning when Tracey woke up, she opened her eyes and looked around the hut. It was empty; beams of sunlight were streaming through the holes in the roof. Tracey stood up and wrapped the coloured cotton blanket around herself and went out into the sunlight. A group of about ten Aboriginals were sitting crossed-legged in a circle talking. As she came closer they all turned and looked at her and smiled. She recognised Paul who came over to her. He told her that his four friends had brought Charlie to the camp safely and that his granny had already had a look at Charlie’s leg. Charlie was not going to die. “That’s great, can I see him?” “My granny gave him something to make him sleep, but as soon as he wakes up you can talk to him.” “I didn’t get to say ‘thank you’ last night, Paul. If you hadn’t found us we would have died for sure. By the way, my name’s Tracey.” “You don’t need to thank me. Do you fancy a little walk, or do you want breakfast straight away, Tracey?” “I’m not really hungry and it’s a wonderful morning. Let’s walk.” They walked towards the rocks behind the camp. The rocks were further away than Tracey had thought. Charlie was right, it was difficult to judge distances in the desert. “The air’s so clear out here, Paul.” “It’s because there are no factories out here in the desert. But if you go in a straight line in that direction,” said Paul pointing to the left, “then you end up in the old nuclear testing area they used years ago. The whole area is covered in radioactive hotspots. It’s best to keep away.”
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“Don’t worry. I’m not planning to go there.” “You know, Tracey. It doesn’t matter where you go on this planet. There is no way to escape the white man’s civilisation. In the end, you destroy everything you touch.” “I thought I was going to die yesterday, Paul. I really felt like I was face to face with death. From now on every day will feel like a gift, a bonus.” “That’s good. I hope you remember how you feel today. Remember how wonderful life is and don’t waste it.” “I’ll do my best, Paul.” Paul smiled at Tracey and they arrived at the foot of the rocks a short time later. There was a narrow path between the rocks and Tracey followed it upwards. After about ten minutes’ climbing they reached a flat area in front of a large, dark cave. Paul sat down on a rock near the entrance. Tracey sat beside him. The rock was so smooth and Tracey asked him how that could be. Paul answered that the rock was smooth because so many people had sat on it. Tracey looked out over the desert. She felt like she could see forever. Then she looked down at the scruffy huts below. “I know the camp isn’t very pretty. In fact it’s horrible, ugly. We plan to clear it up later. We’re just beginning, you see.” “What are you beginning, Paul?” “A new start.” “Have you always lived here?”
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“No, my parents moved to Sydney before I was born. My father had heard a lot about the city and he went to have a look for himself. In those days lots of our people were fascinated by the big city. I went to a white school and learnt lots of useless stuff about England and Europe. I didn’t like going to school very much, but I’m not stupid, Tracey. I just didn’t fit in.” “I can hear you’re not stupid, Paul. What happened after school?” “After school I had lots of low-paid, dead-end jobs. But I’m not complaining. I didn’t have any qualifications. It wasn’t a very good time for me, Tracey. I started drinking heavily. Alcohol is a huge problem for my people. It’s the white man’s secret weapon. Anyway, one morning I woke up on the beach, bloody, beaten and naked. I should have been dead, but I wasn’t. I looked over the ocean towards the sun. It sounds crazy. I heard this voice calling me by name. The voice told me to clean up and go home where I belonged.” “Wow!” “I know it sounds strange, Tracey, but the words went right to the centre of my soul. I stood up, threw my bottle into the water, turned around and began to walk home. It took me a couple of months, but when I came here, I knew I had arrived. This was the right place to start all over again.” Tracey looked over her shoulder towards the mouth of the cave and then back towards Paul. “Are you going to stay here? Are you never going to go back to the city?” “No, I’m never going back to the city. There’s nothing in the city I want. Here I’m learning about the ways of our people. Our people have so much knowledge. What I want to do is find my roots again.” “Sometimes I feel like I don’t have any roots. I pulled up my roots years ago. I’m a model and I’m always travelling. I don’t have time to grow roots. Roots slow you down.” Then Paul said something that surprised Tracey. “Are you happy with your life, Tracey?” “Of course I’m happy. I’ve got everything I ever dreamed of having. I’ve got money. A flat in London. A nice car. I know lots of great people.” “That’s good. In my dream about you I had the feeling that you were unhappy.” “No, I’m not unhappy. I’m just a little bit tired. I’ve been working hard for years. Maybe I need a holiday. Maybe I need a rest from
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modelling. Sometimes I get sick of the sight of my own face looking back at me from magazines.” They sat in silence for a few minutes. “What are you thinking about, Tracey?” “Don’t you ever feel very small out here? I mean the desert is so enormous.” “I used to feel very small. Then I realised that I was part of something much, much bigger than me. I’m part of all this. We all can be part of nature, if we want to.” “I don’t feel like I’m part of nature, Paul.” “You will do eventually, Tracey. All you white people will have to learn that again. You can’t fight nature forever. Your world is slowly falling apart.” Tracy didn’t know how to reply to this, so she tried to change the subject. “How long have your people been in Australia, Paul?” “My people have been here in Australia for about a hundred thousand years. For tens of thousands of years we lived in perfect harmony and balance with nature. We know a lot about nature. We have an old and very sophisticated culture.” “It doesn’t look very ‘sophisticated’, Paul.” Tracey pointed at the scruffy camp below them. “That’s because our culture isn’t based on materialism like yours is. Your God is money. What we really value is wisdom and knowledge, not wealth and things. Did you know we have the oldest stories in the world? They’ve been handed down from generation to generation. Stories that are twenty, thirty, forty thousand years old. They’re important stories. We understood this planet, nature and the universe thousands of years before the pyramids or your cities were built. I’ve started to learn about so many amazing things here. You white people travel into space in rockets and think you’ve made fantastic progress. But I know an old man who travels through space and time using his mind. He travels faster than the speed of light.
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He’s visited other worlds and planets!” “And do you believe him, Paul?” “I believe in God and God can do anything. It’s like I told you, we’ve had tens of thousands of years to explore our minds. There is more inside us than you people understand. You think you know everything, but you don’t. You’re only just beginning to ask the right questions. I hope it’s not too late for you.” Linda Blake
Let’s talk! 1 2 3 4 5 6
What could Tracey see when she was sitting on the smooth rock? Why was the rock so smooth? What did Tracey feel about her own life? What had Paul’s life been like before he came to join the tribe? What does this text tell you about the Aboriginals and their culture? What does Paul mean when he says, “You’re only just beginning to ask the right questions”?
Work with words 1 What words from the text are described here: a a dry area b a narrow “road” made from people walking there over time c a large hole in a mountain d a sandy area by water 2 All of the words above have a connection to nature. Think of words that have a connection to the city and make descriptions in the same way.
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The Aboriginals did not have a written language. The different tribes spoke around 200 different languages, but like the Native Americans they developed a common sign language that everybody could understand. Also, the early Aboriginals have left us lots of paintings and carvings in caves and on rocks. Here are some of them:
Bama – people
Gun – the spirit of a dead man
Miga, Nalu – camp, water
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Bingan – footprints
Yugan – rain
Gara – centipede
Jabu – holy place
Guyngan – the spirit of a dead woman
When the Maori people approached what we know as New Zealand around one thousand years ago, the first thing they saw were long, low clouds on the horizon, almost covering the land itself. They decided to call their new homeland Aotearoa, which means The land of the long white cloud.
D
People of the land The indigenous people of New Zealand are the Tangata Whenua, people of the land, the Maoris. There are many different theories as to how the Maoris happened to come to New Zealand, why they migrated and also when this happened, but there is little doubt where they came from. In wooden canoes they crossed the waves and made their way from the islands of Polynesia to new settlements in uninhabited New Zealand. Like all Polynesian people the Maoris believe their original roots are in the mythical land of Hawaiki – Hawaii was named in honour of this place – and that they will return there after death. In their eyes, life is a journey from Hawaiki to Hawaiki. Like most indigenous people, the first Maoris lived from what nature could offer. There were fish in the sea, animals to be hunted, plants and berries to be picked and crops to be grown. Among these was the kumara, a sweet potato that they had brought with them from Polynesia. They led a physically hard life and on average they only lived to be in their thirties. Consequently, it was not uncommon for children to grow up without their parents. From Polynesia this people brought with them a culture that was rich in literature, song, dance, arts and crafts. A master carver was very highly respected. It was believed that the gods communicated through him, and pieces of wood that would fall down where he worked were never thrown away or used for other things, like cooking. They were sacred and were not to be touched by women or ordinary people. Maori wood and bone carvings were not only decorative; they were also created to symbolise a story for generations to remember. In this way, legends and stories were handed down both orally and through carvings and weavings. There was no written language, but the Maoris were great story-tellers. Some of their stories
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and legends were related to the lives of the gods, others to nature or to their own history. An important part of their culture was the art of tattooing. According to Maori mythology, tattooing was brought to the people by a young man named Mataora who fell in love with Niwareka, a young princess from the underworld. They had a disagreement and she left him to go to her father. Heartbroken, Mataora followed to beg her forgiveness. It was a long and hard journey, and when he finally got there, his facial paint was smeared all over his face. Niwareka and her family laughed and made fun of him when they saw him, but he was forgiven – and he was taught the sacred act of tattooing, a painting that would never be ruined by sweat, rain or tears. Tattoos were performed with bone chisels. Deep cuts were made in the skin before some sort of natural colouring was put into the wound. It was an extremely painful and long process. The tattooed area would be swollen and sore for a long time and since most tattoos were performed in the face, the person would also have difficulties eating and drinking for a while. A boy would normally have his first tattoos when he reached puberty, to mark the fact that he was now a man. Women were also tattooed, but not to the extent that men were, and there were Maoris that did not have tattoos at all. The Maori society was divided into social classes, and the lowest class did not bear the tattoo markings. Then again, they were looked upon as people of no importance. Tapu was an important concept in Maori life. This meant something was sacred, not to be touched by everybody, or had rules and restrictions connected to it. A person could also be tapu, like the chief, the priest and the tattoo craftsman. Even the clothes of a priest or a chief were tapu, as were burial grounds and places of death. Life was strictly regulated around this concept. Breaking a tapu would
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make the gods extremely angry and you could be killed for it. The Maoris were not always a very peaceful people. The different tribes were often at war with each other, though mainly in the summer season, from November to April. During that period the warriors would be able to find enough food while they were on the war path. Before going to war, the warriors performed ritual dances, using body language and facial expressions to describe feelings and actions. Rolling eyeballs and tongues sticking out say it all! This kind of dance could be used for many purposes, though, also when welcoming a high-ranking guest or when expressing sorrow and grief. The Maori culture has been relatively well taken care of in today’s New Zealand. Pakehas – white people whose ancestors came from Europe – and Maoris live side by side, each contributing to the society they are a part of. However, it is important to the Maoris that the old traditions live on even in our modern world. It is important for a Maori girl or boy to be in touch with his or her roots. Roots are strings to our individual history.
Let’s talk!
Work with words
1 What is meant by “Life is a journey from Hawaiki to Hawaiki”? 2 Describe the wooden carving in the picture on p. 46. 3 What differences are there between the tattooing of the old Maoris and the tattooing done today? 4 Do you see any natural reasons why certain things or people would be tapu? 5 Describe the ritual dancer in the picture on p. 49. 6 Why is it important to take care of traditions and cultures – your own, for instance?
1 What is the singular of theories and berries? Explain the rule. 2 What is the plural of potato and life? Explain the rules. 3 What is the plural of these words: child, man, woman? Do you know other irregular nouns? 4 Explain the following words in English: a approach b migrate c uninhabited d communicate e mythology f culture
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Did you know that… • to Native Americans the buffalo was the most important of all animals? A good hunt would provide the tribe with clothes, covers and food for a whole winter. • the circle was a sacred figure to a Native American? Their tepees (tents) were put up in a circle, for instance, because the circle symbolised the cycle of life. • when a Native American boy reached puberty, he was sent off to some lonely place to stay with no food and no sleep for several days? He would pray and meditate and wait for a special vision sent from the spirits. He then had his own spirit guardian that would help him through life. • the Inuit were formerly called Eskimos? • most Inuit today live in modern homes instead of igloos, use motor boats instead of kayaks and snowmobiles instead of dog teams? • one of the most important parts of Inuit culture is isuma? Isuma means respecting other people’s thoughts and feelings. • the word kangaroo means what did you say? in the Aboriginal language? When Captain Cook saw this animal for the first time he asked the natives what strange animal this was. The Aboriginals did not understand what he said, so they replied Kangaroo? • the first Aboriginal to visit Great Britain was called Bennelong? He was dressed in European clothes, introduced to the king and kept in Britain for 3 years, homesick all the time. • the same Bennelong was then considered “tame” and installed in a cottage in Sydney, at the place where the Opera House is today? • the lizard is the only animal pictured in Maori carving? • the Maoris considered the head the most sacred part of the body? • when the Maoris went to war, they aimed to kill all enemy warriors? With no survivors, there would be less risk of revenge.
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Chapter
3 Sports
In this chapter: Culture
Literature
• Popular sports in the USA • The history of soccer • David Beckham and Manchester United
• • • • • • • •
E-mail Short story Article Excerpt from an autobiography Song Poems Comic strips Jokes
Do you know the English names of these sports? Are you interested in any of them? Choose one of the sports, jot down a few key words and tell your group or partner what you know about it. Maybe you know something about a sport there is no picture of on these pages?
A
Mail from the USA
Date: From: To: Subject:
15 July 2005 8:50 pm julie@mail.com larry@mail.com Westhaven
Dear Larry, Well, here I am again, enjoying my second week with my American relatives in Connecticut. They are extremely nice and friendly to me – I almost feel like Aunt Emily and Uncle Bill’s daughter sometimes, and Linda and I are having a great time. The other day Linda asked me if I wanted to go and watch some football, and of course I said YES! But what a disappointment to a Manchester United fan – it turned out to be American football! I had forgotten that European football is called soccer over here! The teams we watched were called the Walford Wildcats and the Riverside Rebels – Linda tells me it’s common for football teams to have daft names like that. The only thing I knew about American football was that the ball is egg-shaped, not round, and that the
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game is something like rugby, only tougher. Uncle Bill says it’s the toughest ball game in the world, and after seeing that match I believe him. Linda tried to explain the rules to me, but I didn’t understand very much. Frankly, I felt a bit bored – there were quite a lot of breaks and time-outs. I grasped that a goal isn’t just one point. For example, a touch-down (when you carry the ball to the goalline) is 6 points and a field goal (when you kick it across) is only 3. One thing was good, though: the crowd was much more wellbehaved than they are at home. There were no hooligans calling names or throwing toilet paper. Cheerleaders were jumping around, urging the supporters to chant and wave their flags. (Both Linda and I think cheerleaders are silly and old-fashioned.) On Wednesday night we all went to New York to watch a baseball game. I thought it was fun to see Shea Stadium, and the hotdogs were good: people seemed to be eating all the time! But the game didn’t interest me much. (Baseball looks a bit like rounders.) I’d better finish this mail now, because I’ve promised Linda to watch TV with her at 9.00 pm. We’re probably going to watch some sports event. I hope it’s basketball. That’s great fun, and the American teams are really smashing! Give my love to everybody, and have a nice trip to Bournemouth. If I don’t write again, I’ll see you in three weeks’ time. Take care! Love, Julie PS I hope my goldfish are alive and well?
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Let’s talk! 1 2 3 4
Where is Julie spending her holidays? Which country is she from? What kinds of sports has she seen? Which English sport is American football like? What about baseball? 5 What is the difference between a touch-down and a field goal? 6 Julie says that American football is different from soccer. In what ways are the two games different? 7 Julie says they watch a lot of sports on TV. What about you? Is there any kind of sport you like to watch? Why or why not?
Work with words Explain the following words in English: a goalkeeper b helmet c time out
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d hooligan e cheerleader f supporter
This song was written in 1908 by a man named Jack Norworth. One day when he was riding a New York City subway train, he spotted a sign that said “Ballgame Today at the Polo Grounds.” Some baseball-related lyrics popped into his head, that were later set to music by Albert Von Tilzer, to become the well known baseball song, “Take Me Out To The Ballgame.” Despite the fact that neither Norworth nor Tilzer had ever been to a baseball game at the time the song was written, it is one of the most widely sung songs in America.
Take me out to the ballgame
Take me out to the ballgame Take me out to the crowd. Buy me some peanuts and crackerjacks, I don’t care if I ever come back. Let me root, root, root for the hometeam If they don’t win it’s a shame, For it’s one, two, three strikes you’re out At the old ballgame.
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Not everybody is crazy about sports:
Ready, Steady? No!
My dad’s a keep-fit fiend. You know, press-ups and sit-ups, jogging and squash; toe-touch and leg-stretch, lunch on the dash. No time for an old-fashioned ploughman’s and beer, ‘The pool’s open now, We can sprint it from here!’ Even on Sundays he’s up with the lark: tennis in summer weights after dark. Arms bend and neck twist, runs on the spot, scissor-jumps, rugby – he does the lot. As for me I hate sport, prefer bed until three; a mere game of draughts is exhausting to me. He’ll always hike; well, I’ll join the queue and travel by train, as we were meant to! Judith Nicholls
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B
The big race The day of my swimming race was wet and dreary. I was going to swim two lengths’ backstroke that afternoon. As I walked into the changing rooms, I noticed a man and a boy sitting in one corner, talking. I recognised the boy – he was called Gordon Hayes and I had swum against him before. He was fast – his best time for two lengths’ backstroke was only one second slower than mine. He was tall with long legs and strong muscles. He had a pleasant face and a lot of dark brown hair. The man, who I guessed was his father, was the opposite. He was short and stocky with an almost square face and very little hair. I stood still, just out of sight. Something told me I should not disturb them. I heard the end of the conversation, although I did not really want to spy on them. Gordon’s father said: “If you don’t win that race I’ll really belt you one!” “But, Dad …” “No buts. You can beat the lad from Durham.” “But I can’t.” “You will or else.” Then his father marched off, leaving Gordon in the corner, shaking like a leaf. I walked up to him. “What’s the matter?” “It’s him. He says he’ll hit me if I don’t beat you in the backstroke.” “I’m sure he wouldn’t. You’re his son.” “He will.” “Well, if you just do your best, that’s all anyone can ask for.” “My best won’t be good enough,” he said hopelessly. I changed into my trunks and, with my bag hanging from my shoulder, walked out through the footbath and on to the side of the pool. The pool was 25 metres long and had six lanes. I went over to lane one and dived in. The water felt freezing – so cold I could hardly breathe. I swam up and down for a few lengths, thinking about one thing – Gordon Hayes and his father’s threats if he did not win the race. I got out and walked over to my bag and took out my towel and track-suit. I dried myself off, put on my track-suit and sat down. All the heats before mine passed one after the other. The coach came up to me and said, “It’s nearly time for your race so you had better do some loosening-up exercises.”
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I got up slowly and began to swing my arms to loosen them up. Then I bent over and touched my toes ten times to loosen my stomach muscles and the backs of my legs. I sat down again and went over the coming race in my mind, to plan my strategy. Then I remembered Gordon Hayes. I saw a picture in my mind of his father raising his fist. I tried to concentrate on the race but I found that I could not.
At last it was time for the race. I stood behind the starting block of lane three and looked along the line of swimmers, but I did not know any of them except Gordon Hayes who was in lane four, next to me. The starter blew his whistle for silence and told us to jump into the water. I jumped in last and went down to the bottom, gave a big kick and was up to the surface again. I caught hold of the side just as the starter said, “Take your marks.” I tensed waiting for the gun. When it came the line of swimmers all did a back dive away from the wall. It was only two lengths so I started swimming flat out straight from the start. I looked up and saw the flags which meant that I was near to the end of the first length. My left hand found the wall. I quickly turned my body round on my back and pushed off. As I came to the surface I glanced at the spectator’s gallery. There I saw Mr Hayes shouting at Gordon to go faster. I looked to my left and saw Gordon only a half of a body behind. No one else was anywhere near us. Again I saw the flags and behind them Mr Hayes’s shouting mouth and threatening fist. I slowed down and saw Gordon catch up and
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swim past me to finish a split second ahead. I climbed out of the water, panting heavily, and shook Gordon’s hand. The officials lost no time in presenting us with our medals. As I stood on the second place block and looked up to see Gordon on the winner’s block, I felt a sharp pang of regret that I had let him win. However, when I looked up the spectators’ gallery and saw Mr Hayes smiling for once in his life, I thought it was worth it. I was wrong. As we were walking away, Gordon turned to me with an unpleasant sneer on his face and said, “You’re pathetic, I beat you by miles, I don’t know how you ever beat me before. Well, you’re never going to do it again. So there!” Toby Sweet (14)
Let’s talk 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
What did the boy (let’s call him Toby) notice in the changing room? What did he overhear? What did Toby do to loosen up before the race? Why was it difficult for him to concentrate? How did Gordon win the race? How can you say that Gordon was “a bad winner”? Do you think Toby did the right thing? What do you think will happen the next time the two boys meet in a race?
Work with words Find a word in the text that means: a swimming on your back b when two people talk together c a person who trains you d part of the pool where you swim in a race e the top of the water f a person who watches something
It was the Cup Final, and a little girl showed her ticket at the entrance. “This can‘t be your ticket, can it?” said the man who let people in. “No,” said the girl, “it‘s my father‘s.” “Well, where is your father?” “At home looking for his ticket”.
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Sports in ‘shorts’ • Knut Rockne (1888-1931), a Norwegian from Voss, was the best football player in the USA for many years and later a successful coach. His refinements to the game, such as the forward pass and the backfield shift, changed American football forever. • Many people have swum the English Channel, but in 1981, Jon Erikson, a 26year-old American, swam the Channel three times without stopping!
• Here’s another, and perhaps even more amazing swimming record: in 1930, Fred Newton swam 2,938 km down the Mississippi River in the USA. The trip took him six months, and he stayed under water for a total of 742 hours! • In 1984, Arvind Pandya from India ran across the United States from Los Angeles to New York City. He used 107 days and he was running – backwards! • In one minute, the American Dan Netherland broke 55 concrete blocks with his hands. The blocks were 76.2 x 20.3 x 7.3 cm and were piled in stacks of one, two, three and up to, finally, ten blocks.
• The world championship in “wife carrying” is arranged in Finland every year. The woman doesn’t have to be the man’s wife, but she has to be at least 17 years old and wear a protective helmet. The prize is the woman’s weight in beer. • Other peculiar sports are: pea shooting, elephant polo, rubber boot throwing, grape spitting, coalsack carrying and toe wrestling.
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C
Football rules! Maybe your wish for Christmas is a Manchester United shirt? Is your highest dream a trip to Old Trafford to watch a football match? Do you eagerly discuss the weekend’s games with your friends on Monday morning? If this is the case, you are in company with thousands of others. Today you can say that football rules: it is the number one international sport. Of course, there is more than one game called football. There are several types of international football, for example American football, Rugby football and soccer. Soccer is by far the most popular game of these three, and to most people around the world, football and soccer mean the same thing. The name “soccer” comes from the official English name of the game: Association Football. About 100 years ago, some English students took out the letters SOC in Association and started calling the game soccer. There is evidence that some kind of ball-kicking game has been played on this planet for about 3000 years. A game involving kicking a ball into a net was used by the Chinese military around the 3rd century BC, and even earlier some ball game resembling football was played in Japan. Both the Greeks and the Romans played a soccer-type game, but their teams could consist of up to 27 players. However, there is no doubt that the birthplace of modern football is England. Football was a popular sport of the masses in England and Scotland from the 8th century onwards, but at that time it was a war game. The story goes that the first football game in England was played when local men played “football” with the cut-off head of a Danish prince they had beaten in battle. In the Middle Ages, British towns and villages played against rival towns and villages. Hundreds of people took part, and games could last all day. The idea of “fair play” did not exist: you could kick, bite and punch your opponent or even try to gauge out his eyes! These games became so violent that laws were passed to ban football playing. In 1424, James I of Scotland proclaimed in Parliament “That na man play at the Fute-ball” (“No man shall play football”.) Queen Elizabeth I of England had a law passed which said that people who played football would be put in jail for a week and had to do penance in church. No laws helped. Football was by now so popular that it was impossible to stop. Up through the next centuries, football continued as a wild, free-
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for-all sort of game, but in 1815 an important change came. The famous English school Eton College then decided on a set of rules, later known as the Cambridge Rules, which several schools and colleges started to use. These rules stated that tripping, shin-kicking and carrying the ball were not allowed. Other schools preferred to follow the rules drawn up by the Rugby school, and English football became divided into two separate camps. Football finally split in 1863, when a meeting was held to try to agree on a single set of rules. The Rugby school supporters walked out, and the Cambridge supporters stayed behind and established the Football Association, better known as the FA. This was the beginning of modern soccer. In 1872, the FA decided to give a cup to the best team. Fifteen teams played against each other, and the Wanderers won the first FA Cup Final. At that time, the football players were all men and all amateurs: they either played in their free time after work, or they were so rich they didn’t need the money. The first professional football clubs started in the 1880s. In 1888, the English Football League was started with twelve clubs, amongst them Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Everton, Stoke City and West Bromwich, teams that are still playing today. More and more teams joined in. Nowadays teams are usually in groups of twenty, called divisions. The FA Premier League is of course the most popular one. In this division, football is big business. The
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media follow these clubs closely, and people all over the world are Manchester United, Liverpool, Chelsea or Arsenal fans. The best players earn millions of pounds a year and are treated like pop stars. Some of them act like pop stars too, with their stylish clothes, fast cars and celebrity girlfriends. After the successful start in Britain, football quickly became popular in other countries as well. In 1904, FIFA was established. FIFA is an organization which makes the international rules of soccer, like how wide the goal must be, the weight of the ball, offside and penalty rules etc. Soccer was played in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1908. Only amateurs could play in the Olympics, so in 1930 the first World Cup for professional players was held in Uruguay. Then, only thirteen teams played. Today, more than 170 countries enter the competition. This tournament is probably the world’s most popular sports event. When the World Cup is on every fourth year, everybody goes sports-crazy for a few weeks. More and more countries play soccer at a high level, including many countries in Africa and Asia. The Americans used to say: “Soccer is the sport of tomorrow in the USA – and always will be.” The 1994 World Cup was held in the USA and millions of Americans watched soccer for the first time. Now thousands of American children play soccer and 40 % of them are girls, for soccer is no longer a game for men only. Many countries have a national women’s team, and more than 20 million women across the world play football. Of course, watching football can be dead boring. It’s raining, you are cold, your team is playing badly and no goals are scored. On the other hand, football can be exciting and wonderful, full of surprises. So put on your supporter’s colours and go watch your local team, big or small. Join the crowd and enjoy the magic of football!
A young couple were watching a football match on TV. When one of the players scored, the other players hugged and kissed him. “I wish you would kiss me like that”, said the boy. “If you score a goal like that, I will,” the girl replied.
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Let’s talk! 1 What are the three different types of international football? 2 How was the name soccer “invented”? 3 Describe a British football match in the Middle Ages. 4 What important change came in 1815? 5 When was the FA established? 6 What does FIFA do? 7 What was the background for starting the World Cup? 8 Discuss in your group: what is positive and what is negative about today’s soccer?
Work with words Explain these words in English: a a team b an opponent c to ban d tripping e fair play f an amateur
What do these English football teams have in common?
Did you know that many English football teams have nicknames? Here are some of them:
Tottenham Hotspurs Chelsea Fulham West Ham Watford Crystal Palace Arsenal Queen’s Park Rangers Wimbledon
Red Devils Gunners Spurs Hammers Pensioners Saints Toffees Seasides Magpies Eagles Blades Gasmen
Manchester United Arsenal Tottenham Hotspurs West Ham United Chelsea Southampton Everton Blackpool Newcastle United Crystal Palace Sheffield United Bristol Rovers
They are all London teams
D
The famous English footballer David Beckham grew up in London. Both his father and his grandfather were football crazy. From an early age on, David had taken a lively interest in the game. In his book My Side he tells his readers about his dream of playing for Manchester United. In his pre-teen years he played for a boys’ club in London called Ridgeway Rovers, where he learned a lot.
Signing up for Manchester United Happy at home and playing as much football as I was, there was only one worry in my life: I thought Manchester United were never going to notice me down in London. The Ridgeway policy of young boys not going off straight away to professional clubs didn’t bother me. I was having a great time playing and training with the team and, because of my dad, there was only one professional club I ever wanted to play for. In the back of my mind I just had to trust that, if I got on and worked hard, United would hear about me. What else could I do? Word got around about the success of Ridgeway Rovers and we got used to the scouts turning up at our games every week. I know my dad was approached by scouts from West Ham and Wimbledon as well as from Arsenal and Spurs. When the time came to train with a professional club, I had to choose between the two North London clubs, as I couldn’t have gone to United anyway, unless we’d moved up to Manchester. I chose Spurs. Maybe it had something to do with my granddad being Tottenham mad. I remember saying to Mum at the time: “Granddad will be pleased, won’t he?” Tottenham seemed a friendly club; back then David Pleat was the manager. I just felt more at home there. The coaching was good and Spurs had some excellent players of my age: Nick Barmby was in the same group and so was Sol Campbell, who already had this great presence about him. I don’t know what the coaches and the other lads thought about me turning up to train in my Manchester United kit. I wasn’t going to hide the fact that I was a United fan, even though I enjoyed my time at White Hart Lane. Despite the interest from London clubs, for me it was always Manchester United. I might have ended up being a supporter or
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playing for them anyway, but I’m sure Dad was the main factor. He was the original Cockney Red. And he was passing the passion on to me even before I knew he was doing it. Dad was ten years old at the time of the 1958 Munich Air Crash. He had already been following United but the disaster turned it into a lifelong obsession for him. I think it was the same for a lot of supporters of his generation. When I was young, we used to talk about the United team of the time: Robson, Strachao, Hughes and the rest. But he used to tell me about the Busby Babes, about the European Cup at Wembley, about Best and Stiles and Law and Charlton. What other club could there have been for me? Here I was, almost a teenager, with people saying they thought I had half a chance of someday making it as a professional player. I don‘t know about United born; I was definitely United bred. And what kept me going was the idea that, eventually, I’d get the call I’d been waiting for ever since I’d first kicked a ball. Before he is a teenager his wish comes true. Tottenham Hotspurs and Manchester United both show interest in the talented young cockney. On his thirteenth birthday, David and his parents drive up to Manchester to have a talk with Alex Ferguson, the manager of Manchester United. I drove up with Mum and Dad and we had this conversation on the way up, pulled over in a motorway services of all places. We knew what Tottenham had offered, and Dad and I agreed that the actual amount of money involved wasn’t the important thing. This wasn’t some kind of auction. All I needed was a sense of security. I wanted to know I’d get a chance to prove myself. If United offered the same sixyear commitment that Tottenham had, then my mind would be made up: the wages wouldn’t come into it. If not, we’d drive back to London and I’d sign a contract with Spurs. It was 2 May 1988, my thirteenth birthday. United were at home to Wimbledon and Alex Ferguson was waiting for us: “Hello, David.” This bloke knew me. I knew him. And I trusted him. So did my mum and dad. I’d had a special blazer bought for the occasion and United gave me a red club tie that I wore for the rest of the day. We went away to have lunch in the grill room where the first team had their pre-match meal: there was even a birthday cake. Not that I felt much like eating. At 5:30, after the game, we went up to Mr Ferguson’s office. He was there with Les Kershaw, who was in charge
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of Youth Development at the club. Malcolm Fidgeon was there too. It was all pretty simple. United wanted me to sign and the boss set out the offer: “We’d like to give you two, two and two.” I looked over to Dad, who was in another world. He’d been looking forward to this moment even longer than I had. I could see that he hadn’t taken in what Alex had just said. I knew, though, I’d just heard what I’d been wanting to hear: two, two and two equalling the six years I’d been offered at White Hart Lane. I didn’t need to wait for the details. “I want to sign.” And out came that pen. How long had it taken? A minute? It didn’t matter. I’d been ready, waiting to say those words, for the best part of ten years. “You know I’m Man’United, but I don’t want that to put pressure on you. If you decide to sign for somebody else, I won’t be upset.” Dad had always made that clear to me. Of course: I’d always known he was lying about the last bit. So the day I signed at Old Trafford was as fantastic for him as it was for me. By the time we left Mr Ferguson’s office, Mum was in tears. She was happy for me but she knew it meant that, sooner rather than later, I was going to be leaving home. She’d put so much love and so many hours into a kid who was mad about football; and the moment we’d got to our destination was also the moment she was going to have to get used to the idea of her boy heading north to start a career. She did a fair bit of crying in the months between me signing up and starting my YTS at United. But I knew,
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deep down, she was as proud of me as my dad was. Not letting my parents down meant everything to me. They never made me feel like I owed them for the support they’d given me, but I felt I had to do all I could to make sure they didn’t end up disappointed. Think about it: if I let them down, it would mean I’d let myself down as well. It’s never been a case of me having to match up to their expectations. It’s just that I’ve taken my parents’ expectations of me and made them the starting point for what I expect of myself. Even now, when my own family and career mean I don’t see as much of them, I think I still judge myself by the standards I learnt from Mum and Dad. What could have been more exciting than that day? Everybody shaking hands, me in my blazer and club tie, a United player; or, at least, a lad from Chingford who’d just taken the first step towards becoming a United player. Out in the corridor, Dad and I met up with the United captain, Bryan Robson. We’d spent hours in front of the television watching videos of this man, our absolute all-time hero. Dad had tried to hammer his qualities into me: courage, commitment, energy, vision and the ability to inspire players around him. I’d met Bryan before, but this was the boss introducing me to him as United’s latest signing: “Congratulations, David. You’ll find out for yourself but, I’d say, you couldn’t be joining a better club.” I don’t remember us driving back to London at all. At least Dad didn’t forget we were on a busy motorway. I couldn’t have thought about anything else that evening, and I didn’t want to. I’d just lived through the happiest day of my life.
© Footwork Productions Ltd 2004
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The Munich Air Crash
Let’s talk! 1 What did David worry about when he played for Ridgeway? 2 What did he wear when he came to train with Tottenham? 3 Why was David such a Manchester United fan? 4 Say something about David’s relationship to his parents. 5 Why did David and his father admire Bryan Robson? 6 Do you have a favourite sports star? Try to find at least three reasons why you think he or she is so great.
Work with words Look in the text and find the opposite of these words: a amateur b failure c complicated d arrive e ashamed f boring g cowardice
On February 6th 1958 an airliner carrying players and staff of Manchester United, plus some journalists and supporters, crashed in a blizzard on its third attempt to take off from Munich airport. Twenty-three of the fortythree passengers on board the aircraft lost their lives. Among those who died were eight Manchester United players: Geoff Bent Roger Byrne Eddie Colman Duncan Edwards Mark Jones David Pegg Tommy Taylor Billy Whelan
All through the hockey game the loyal fan had cheered his team to victory. He grew hoarser and hoarser, and finally he whispered to the woman beside him: – What do you know? I‘ve lost my voice. – Don‘t worry, the woman said. You‘ll find it in my left ear.
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Oh, Brother!
My brother’s a motorbike freak. Each week He rides races In the oddest places. He climbs hills, Has spills. He speeds And cruises. He gets action, Satisfaction, But mostly, He gets bruises. Max Fatchen
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