Critical Thinking PARTICIPANT WORKBOOK LEADING @ARxWP June 2022
What Is Critical Thinking? Leadership Benefits 1. Increase Trust: Be open, respectful and inclusive 2. Face New Challenges: Regard information inclusively and objectively 3. Problem-Solving: Effectively analyze, synthesize and conceptualize data 4. Communication: Gain confidence and present ideas
Definition “Critical thinking is a desire to seek, patience to doubt, fondness to meditate, slowness to assert, readiness to consider, carefulness to dispose and set in order; and hatred for every kind of imposture.” – Francis Bacon, Philosopher
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Thinking Styles Divergent Thinking
Convergent Thinking
• Web-like
• Narrows down ideas to one solution
• Flexible
• Linear
• Open-ended
• Systematic
• Takes creative risks
• Focuses on what’s best
• Asks “why not?”
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Questions Are Essential to Critical Thinking Six Modes of Questioning Clarity
Accuracy
Relevance
Can you be more specific?
What evidence supports/ contradicts this solution?
How is that related?
How can we verify that?
Depth
Breadth
Logic
What other points of view are we missing or who has a contrary viewpoint?
Can you give more details?
How would people of different races, genders, ages and socioeconomic backgrounds view this solution?
How is it possible to be both X and Y. Is there a contradiction? What could go wrong?
What other options have you come up with?
Situations Choices
Ladder of Inference Actions Beliefs Conclusions Assumptions Filtering • Selected Data Experience • Observable Data • Reality
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Critical thinking allows us to challenge our assumptions, data and conclusions.
Homework Assignment • IDEO Video: https://youtu.be/M66ZU2PCIcM • BOB Course: Turning Imagination Into Action With the Disney Creative Strategy – Dream, Believe, Dare, Do – A Mermaid, a Nanny, and a Cowboy – Video: What If We Rubbed That Lamp? https://youtu.be/SLNwXE_kFTE (3 minutes) • BOB Course: Building a Culture of Critical Thinkers – Turning Down the Happy Talk – What? No Doughnuts?
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Reversed Brainstorming Focus on the idea of what causes a problem or how to achieve an opposite result of what is expected.
Steps
Problem Website users do not engage with the site as expected.
How do we drive users away and reduce interaction on the site?
Reverse
Collect Use complex navigation, slow server, hard-to-read fonts and strange color schemes.
Use easy navigation, easyto-read fonts, fast servers, etc.
Evaluate
Which are applicable?
Reverse
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Critical Thinking: The Disney Method What do we want? What is the solution? How do we imagine the solution? What are the benefits of applying this solution?
The Dreamer
How can we apply this idea in reality? What is the action plan to apply the idea? What is the timeline to apply this idea? How do we evaluate the idea?
The Realist
What could be wrong with the idea? What is missing? Why can't we apply it? What are the weaknesses in the plan?
The Critic
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Critical Thinking: What If ?
Rules
What if?
Imagine if?
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Case Study: Restaurant Chain Attempts To Recover From E. Coli • Fast-casual restaurant chain founded 10 years ago; counter service, dine-in or carryout (no drive-thru) • Standout in the marketplace with a brand that emphasizes fresh and healthy ingredients (nothing frozen, no microwaves) • Grown to 1,000 locations; 20-30 employees per location; turnover is standard within the industry • Lunch/dinner menu; vegan options; seasonal items • Brand has some very loyal customers, but most customers visit once every 1-2 months • Leadership had plans to add 500 more restaurants in the next 12-24 months and still wants to hit this target You are part of a group of consultants brought in to provide solutions to bring back customers.
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Getting Others Comfortable With Critical Thinking Execute
Synthesize
Recommend
Generate
Do they complete their assignments in entirety?
Can they identify all important insights while leaving out the unimportant ones?
Do they offer answers instead of waiting for you or others to do so first?
Do they propose original highlevel work that is separate from existing assignments?
Do they meet deadlines?
Are they able to arrange insights by level of importance?
Are they open to understanding the counter arguments?
Are they able to turn your and others’ ideas into actionable plans?
Do they accept constructive criticism?
Can they generate answers to questions they previously didn’t know how to answer?
Is their work satisfactory?
Do they communicate their findings clearly and concisely?
Are their recommendations backed by facts and logic?
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Next Steps • Consider other thinking styles and methods when challenged • Introduce styles, methods and questions to your team • Coach team members to the “Generate” phase • Challenge: Find an unowned problem and adopt it
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