Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions (Georgian and English)

nodar elizbaraSvili, heino meeseni, aSot xoeciani, giorgi melaZe, Tomas koleri koordinatori karl hervegi (bernis universiteti, Sveicaria) Nodar Elizbarashvili, Heino Meessen, Ashot Khoetsyan, Giorgi Meladze, Thomas Kohler For the coordination at CDE – Karl Herweg saxelmZRvanelo eZRvneba Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis daarsebis 100 da Tsu saqarTvelos geografiis kaTedris daarsebis 20 wlisTavs The text-book is dedicated to the100 Anniversary of Tbilisi State University and the 20th Anniversary of Department of Geography of Georgia th

mTiani regionebis mdgradi ganviTareba da resursebis marTva SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN REGIONS AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT saxelmZRvanelo umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebisTvis Textbook for students of higher educational institutions

saxelmZRvanelo gamocemulia Sveicariis nacionaluri samecniero fondis (SNSF) da bernis universitetis (Sveicaria) ganviTarebis da garemos centris (CDE) finansuri mxardaWeriT

This textbook was published with financial support of the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and of the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) / University of Bern (Switzerland)

Tbilisi – Tbilisi 2018

nodar elizbaraSvili, heino meeseni, aSot xoeciani, giorgi melaZe, Tomas koleri. mTiani regionebis mdgradi ganviTareba da resursebis marTva – Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „dani“, 2018, - 304 gv. saxelmZRvaneloSi, romelic gamoicema pirvelad, ganxilulia: mdgradi ganviTarebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi, principebi da meTodologia; mTiani regionebis bunebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri Taviseburebani; mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi; sakanonmdeblo regulaciebi; msoflios calkeuli regionebis, kavkasiis da saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis

aqtualuri sakiTxebi; mdgradi ganviTarebis savele kvlevis meTodologia. saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebisTvis da analogiuri TematikiT dainteresebuli farTo sazogadoebisTvis. saxelmZRvanelo momzadda analogiuri saxelwodebis saerTaSoriso proeqtis (SCOPES) farglebSi, romelic 2015-2018 wlebSi ganxorcielda iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi. masSi, garda saxelmZRvanelos avtorebisa, monawileobdnen: asoc. prof. Tengiz gordeziani, asoc. prof. besik kalandaZe, doqtoranti daviT svanaZe.

samecniero redaqtori: recenzentebi:

redaqtori:

profesori ioseb saluqvaZe

profesori zurab seferTelaZe asoc. profesori Tamar dolbaia manana darCiaSvili

Nodar Elizbarashvili, Heino Meessen, Ashot khoetsyan, Giorgi Meladze, Thomas Kohler (2018). Sustainable development of Mountain Regions and Resource Management. Textbook. – Tbilisi, Publish House “DANI”, - 304 p. This textbook has been prepared between 2015 and 2018 within SCOPES institutional partnership involving Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU), Armenian State Pedagogical University (ASPU) and the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) of Bern University (Switzerland). It has been elaborated in teamwork within TSU with the participation of Associated Professor Tengiz Gordeziani, Associated Professor Besik Kalandadze and Post-Doc David Svanadze. Scientific Editor: Professor Ioseb Salukvadze Reviewers:

Editor:

Professor Zurab Seperteladze Assoc. Professor Tamar Dolbaia

Manana Darchiashvili

© nodar elizbaraSvili, 2018 gamomcemloba „dani“ Publish LTD ‘DANI’ ISBN 978-9941-9560-7-2

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN REGIONS AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Institution and capacity development jointly with partner universities in Armenia and Georgia This study course compendium – as main and final product of this partnership – was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation in the framework of the programme SCOPES –“Scientific co-operation between Eastern Europe and Switzerland”. This compendium, which is the first on SMD in Caucasus transition countries, includes teaching packages, exercises for students and didactic guidelines for field study courses and considers the following specific issues of SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT (SMD): • • • • • •

Theoretical basis of SMD related to SDGs and 2030 Agenda Principles and methodologies of research for sustainable development, transdisciplinary and action research Principles of landscape planning and related case studies (European and Armenian/Georgian experience) Socio-ecological peculiarities of sustainable development Regional manifestations of global problems in mountain development Legal basis and existing regulations on SMD in Caucasus transition context

Case studies,best practices and lessons learned in SMD on three levels: • • • • •

Regional and national levels – worldwide in examples Caucasus as entire region Georgia Armenia Adaptation of joint case studies in Switzerland to transition context of the Caucasus

Didactic guidelines for conducting field study courses (FSC) on village level • • • • • •

Preparatory curriculum modules on socio-ecological baseline research Specific guidelines for university teaching staff about preparation and conducting FSC on local level Action and Transdisciplinary Research – hands-on – for local level Guidelines, code of conduct plus questionnaire for participatory work with local population Guidelines for proceeding with and implementation of local pilot projects / Seed Money Activities (SMA) Follow-up internships of master students related to Seed Money Activities

The compendium is designated for university teaching staff at institutions of higher educations and for institutions concerned with SMD and landscape planning in remote and mountain regions of transition context of Caucasus transition countries and as well for a wider interested audience, e.g. national ministries concerned with spatial planning, national and international NGO, and local government. Compendium contains basic information on the topics of “Sustainable Development” and “Education 3

for Sustainable Development” as well as practical concepts, tools, guidance, information, examples, links, and slide sets for the integration of these topics into teaching. Recent materials of Compendium/Textbook are continuously developed and complemented – your help and cooperation are welcome. This book “ucebnik” has been prepared between 2015 and 2018 within SCOPES institutional partnership involving Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU), Armenian State Pedogogical University (ASPU) and the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) of Bern University. It has been elaborated in teamwork within TSU with the participation of Associated Professor TengizGordeziani, Associated Professor BesikKalandadze andPost-Doc David Svanadze. Lead authors: Nodar Elizbarashvili, Heino Meessen, Ashot khoetsyan, Giorgi Meladze, Thomas Kohler and for the coordination at CDE – Karl Herweg(2018).

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sarCevi Sesavali ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regionebi ................................................................................... 9 1.1. mdgradi ganviTareba – arsi da principebi .......................................................................................... 9 1.2. mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi koncefciebi .................................................................................. 11 1.3. mTiani teritoriebis Taviseburebani da mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebi .................................................................................................................................... 12 1.4. mTiani teritoriebis geografiuli specifika ....................................................................................15 1.5. mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis mniSvneloba ......................................................19 1.6. mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi orientirebi ......................... 21 1.7. msoflios zogierTi mTiani regionis bunebrivi potenciali da ganviTarebis Taviseburebani ........................................................................................................................... 23 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 1. Sustainable Development and Mountainous Regions ................................................................ 30

davaleba ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi ...................................................................... 51 2.1. mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebi da indikatorebi ............................................................... 51 2.2. mdgradi ganviTareba da urbanuli dagegmareba ......................................................................... 54 2.3. mdgradi ganviTareba da garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba .................................................. 55 2.4. miwis resursebis mdgradi gamoyenebis problemebi da indikatorebi ................... 62 2.5. mdgradi ganviTarebis socialur-ekonomikuri indikatorebi ........................................ 65 2.6. turizmis mdgradi ganviTarebis indikatorebi ............................................................................. 69 2.7. mdgradi ganviTarebis landSafturi indikatorebi ................................................................. 70 2.8. mdgradi ganviTareba da sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis indikatorebi ........................... 73 2.9. mdgradi ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi regulaciebi ..................... 76 Chapter 2. Indicators of sustainable development Problems and indicators of sustainable development ............................................................................................................................................................................... 79 Tavi 3. mdgradi ganviTarebis globaluri problemebi ................................................................... 87 3.1. globaluri ekonomikuri problemebi .................................................................................................. 88 3.2. globaluri socialuri problemebi ....................................................................................................... 91 3.3. globaluri ekologiuri problemebi ................................................................................................ 102 3.4. globaluri politikuri problemebi ................................................................................................. 127 Chapter 3. Global problems of development ............................................................................................................... 130

davaleba .............................................................................................................................................................................. 135 5

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi ...................... 140 4.1. kavkasia: mcire istoriul – geografiuli eqskursi ............................................................... 140 4.2. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove problematika ....................................... 143 4.3. CrdiloeT kavkasiis geografiuli Taviseburebani da problemebi ......................... 146 4.4. samxreT kavkasiis geoekologiuri Taviseburebani da mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika .................................................................................................... 148 4.5. kavkasiis qveynebi .................................................................................................................................................... 155 Chapter 4. Particularities and Problems of the Sustainable Development of the Caucasia .................... 163

davaleba .............................................................................................................................................................................. 172 Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi .......... 179 5.1. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobis Taviseburebani ................................................ 179 5.2. saqarTvelo da msoflio ................................................................................................................................ 181 5.3. saqarTvelos bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi ....................................................................... 184 5.4. saqarTvelos mTis landSaftebis potenciali ............................................................................. 220 5.5. bunebrivi katastrofebi da riskebi ...................................................................................................... 236 5.6. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis dinamika da demografiuli problemebi ..................... 241 5.7. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri Taviseburebani da problemebi ............... 250 5.8. saqarTvelos Tanamedrove gamowvevebi, mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi miznebi da amocanebi .................................................................................................................... 253 5.9. saqarTvelos geografiis da mdgradi ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi ..... 255 5.10. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciebi da strategiuli mimarTulebani ........................................................................................................................ 262 Chapter5. Concepts and Strategic Trends of Sustainable Development of Georgia .................................... 283

davaleba .............................................................................................................................................................................. 288 Chapter 6. Transdisciplinary Field Study Course: Exposure to the Real-world Transtion Context in the Coucasus ....................................................................................................................................... 297

gamoyenebuli literatura ........................................................................................................................................... 303

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Sesavali

ukanaskneli ori saukunis manZilze, mosaxleobis swrafi zrdis Sedegad, arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebam, mniSvnelovnad Seicvala dedamiwis iersaxe da adamianTa sacxovrebeli garemo. Tu me-19 saukunis dasawyisisTvis dedamiwaze 1 miliardamde adamiani cxovrobda, 2018 wlisTvis misma raodenobam 8 miliards miaRwia. medicinis ganviTareba, zusti, sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis miRwevebi, axali teqnologiebis swrafi danergva da informaciis globaluri „xelmisawvdomoba“ msoflio mosaxleobis socialuri keTildReobis amaRlebas emsaxureba. Tqmulis dadasturebaa sicocxlis xangrZlivobis sayovelTao zrda, rac msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, ukanaskneli 2 saukunis manZilze saSualod 2-jer gaizarda. aseve masStaburi da globaluria ekologiuri problemebis zrdis tendenciebi, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba mosaxleobis keTildReobaze. erTis mxriv, yovelwliurad izrdeba tyiani teritoriebis da nayofieri niadagebis degradaciiT „gamorCeuli“ teritoriebi, gaudabnoebis da gaudaburebis masStabebi, meores mxriv ki, mcirdeba Warbteniani da myinvarebiT dafaruli teritoriebi, mtknari wylis da msoflio okeanis biologiuri resursebi, liTonuri da saTbob-energetikuli wiaRiseuli, TvalsaCino xdeba atmosferos da wylebis dabinZureba, urbanizaciis uaryofiTi procesebi da sxv. kidev ufro rTuladaa viTareba mTian regionebSi. isini gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri garemoTi gamoirCevian. msoflios mTiani teritoriebis udidesi nawili cnobilia mkacri klimaturi pirobebiT, miwis resursebis simwiriT, sustad ganviTarebuli infrastruqturiT, dabali SemosavlebiT da ganviTarebis upespeqtivobiT. Tumca aris adgilebi (evropa, CrdiloeTi amerika), sadac mTebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba Tavs komfortulad grZnobs, radgan aq mimzidveli socialur-ekonomikuri garemoa Seqmnili. adamiani mTebSi aTasobiT wlis manZilze cxovrobs da saqmianobs, qmnis bunebisa da sazogadoebis Tanacxovrebis ganumeorebel formebs, kulturasa da Cveulebebs. mTebi jer kidev gamoirCeva jansaRi ekologiuri garemoTi, mtknari wylis udidesi resursebiT, biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT, kulturuli da bunebrivi mcenareulobis endemuri saxeobebiT, soflis meurneobis, arqiteqturis, eTnokulturis ganumeorebeli da saintereso formebiT. miuxedavad aseTi mimzidvelobisa, mTian teritoriebis udides nawilSi mosaxleoba ukidures gaWirvebaSi da TiTqmis srul izolaciaSi cxovrobs. farTo masStabebs miaRwia migraciulma procesebma, ris gamoc araerT mTian regions gaudabureba emuqreba. amgvar viTarebaSi, Tanamedrove msoflioSi dRis wesrigSi aqtiurad dadga mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis aucilebloba, rac uzrunvelyofs momavali 7

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

TaobebisTvis xelsayreli socialuri, ekonomikuri da ekologiuri garemos formirebas. amgvari ganviTarebis miRweva mxolod ganaTlebuli, jansaRi da motivirebuli sazogadoebis prerogativaa, romlis formirebaSi arsebiTi roli interdisciplinur da sistemur mecnierebebs ekuTvnis. amgvaria Tanamedrove geografia, romelic mdgrad ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli gamowvevvebis fonze, civilizebul samyaroSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebas da mniSvnelobis warmoCenas cdilobs.

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Tavi 1 mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regionebi

1.1. mdgradi ganviTareba – arsi da principebi „mdgradi ganviTareba“, rogorc termini, aqtiurad iqna gamoyenebuli 1972 wels stoqholmSi (Svecia), garemos dacvisadmi iZRvnil pirvel msoflio konferenciaze. 1987 wels, gaeros im saerTaSoriso komisiis moxsenebaSi, romelic muSaobda garemos da ganviTarebis sakiTxebze, warmoCenil iqna mdgradi ganviTarebis arsi, raSic igulisxmeboda „winsvlis modeli, romlis meSveobiT miiRweva Tanamedrove sazogadoebis moTxovnaTa imgvari dakmayofileba, rac xels ar SeuSlis momavali Taobebis analogiur interesebs“. amgvari ganmarteba swrafad gavrcelda msoflioSi da dRemde miCneulia mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis yvelaze jerovan axsnad. 1992 wels rio-de-JaneiroSi (brazilia), gaeros mier gamarTul konferenciaze, romelic mieZRvna garemos dacvisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebs, mdgradi ganviTareba ganixileboda rogorc kacobriobis ganviTarebis axali koncefcia anu: 9 Tanamedrove civilizaciis mier ekologiuri safrTxis da problematikis daZlevis meTodi (saSualeba); 9 rogorc msoflios ganviTarebis arsebiTi winapiroba; 9 rogorc jansaRi garemos SenarCunebis instrumenti; 9 rogorc pasuxi bunebrivi garemos transformaciis, bunebrivi resursebis araracionaluri gamoyenebis procesebze, 9 rogorc mosaxleobis zrdis da garemos dabinZurebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba. rios 1992 wlis konferencia samarTlianad iTvleba globaluri problemebis warmoCenis yvelaze TvalsaCino da qmediT saerTaSoriso RonisZiebad. aq aqtiurad aseve ganixileboda klimatis cvlilebis, gaudabnoebis, ganviTarebadi qveynebis da regionebis demografiuli ganviTarebis, siRaribis, nacionaluri da saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciis, ekonomikuri uTanabrobis da sxva globaluri problemebis aqtualoba da maTi gadaWris mniSvneloba kacobriobis ganviTarebisTvis. rios konferenciidan moyolebuli, mdgradi ganviTareba popularuli, Tumca xSirad sxvadasxvagvarad aRqmuli saqmianoba gaxda. ufro metic, dRemde ar wydeba diskusia mis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiTac ki. amgvari viTareba ganpirobebulia terminebis – mdgradi, ganviTareba – filosofiuri gaazrebis da Sinaarsis sxvadasxvagvari aRqmiT. terminis mravalsaxeoba aseve ukavSirdeba rogorc sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis dones, ise samecniero, kulturuli, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri wreebis damokidebulebas ganviTarebis xedvasa da SesaZleblobebze. aTi wlis Semdeg anu 2002 wels, analogiuri Tematikis konferencia Catarda samxreT afrikis respublikaSi, qalaq iohanesburgSi. aq gaanalizebul iqna rios gadawyvetilebebis mimdinareobis xasiaTi da mdgradi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. iohanesburgis konferenciaze warmoCinda globaluri problemebis axali Tematikac, rac ukavSirdeba sacxovrebel da sasicocxlo garemos, bunebrivi resursebis mopovebis 9

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

da gamoyenebis masStabebs, alternatiuli energiis wyaroebs, biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebas, msoflio okeanes, mosaxleobis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofas, regionul da transasazRvro TanamSromlobas, meurneobis tradiciuli formebis mniSvnelobas da sxv. mogvianebiT anu aseve 10 wlis Semdeg, isev rio-de-JaneiroSi kvlav Catarda gaeros konferencia (rio – 2012), romelic ZiriTadad mieZRvna ganvlili periodis Sedegebs da analizs, siRaribis da socialuri uTanasworobis problemebs, ekologiur meurneobas, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gaumjobesebas da efeqtianobas, socialuri, ekonomikuri da ekologiuri problemebis erTianobas da urTierTdamokidebulebas. amJamad termini`ganviTareba~ ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba rogorc: • • •

procesi, romelsac mivyavarT sulier da gonebriv srulyofilebamde; kanonzomieri cvlilebebis procesi, rac ganapirobebs kacobriobis mdgrad socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas; aucilebel sazogadoebriv qmedebaTa procesi, romelsac mivyavarT Zvelidan axlisken, primitiulidan srulyofilisken, qaosidan organizebulobisken, raodenobrividan xarisxobrivisken.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebis amgvari xedva garkveuli terminologiuri qaosis da gauTavebeli diskusiis winapirobaa. Tumca arsebiTad yvela Tanxmdeba imaSi, rom ganviTareba sazogadoebis Tu qveynis socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli garemos gaumjobesebis winapiroba da mizania. aRiarebulia isic, rom ganviTarebis miRweva SeuZlebelia sayovelTao sazogadoebrivi Zalisxmevis, piradi iniciativis da saxelmwiofoebrivi nebis (politikis) gareSe. Tu uaxloes warsulSi ganviTareba mxolod ekonomikur winsvlas da keTildReobas ukavSirdeboda, amJamad igi socialuri, ekologiuri, kulturuli da sulieri problematikis daZlevasac gulisxmobs. amrigad, mxolod mosaxleobis ekonomikuri keTildReoba ver iqneba mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mizani. igi srulyofilad da efeqturad realizdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca saxelmwifosTvis aseve prioritetulia qmedeba momavali TaobebisTvis jansaRi sasicocxlo garemos SenarCunebis da sayovelTao keTildReobis uzrunvelyofisTvis. ekonomikuri ganviTareba ganapirobebs mosaxleobis keTildReobas da igi samarTlianad iTvleba wamyvan faqtorad. amgvari keTildReoba TvalsaCinod aisaxeba socialur ganviTarebaze, rac, ukuqmedebis formiT, aseve gansazRvravs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempebsa da SesaZleblobebs. mdgradi ganviTareba ver iqneba mxolod ekonomikuri Tu socialuri ganviTarebis sinonimi. igi sxvadasxva formis qmedebaTa urTierTdakavSirebuli sistemaa, romelic saboloo miznad isaxavs garkveuli socialur-ekonomikuri donis miRwevas. amgvari mizani ki ganxorcieldeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTdroulad an kompleqsurad gaumjobesdeba ekonomikuri, socialuri, ekologiuri, demografiuli da politikuri viTareba. termini `mdgradoba~ ukavSirdeba imgvar movlenebsa Tu procesebs, roca cvlilebebis Sedegad ar icvleba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove done, ar ikargeba winaaRmdegobis unari, ar irRveva sazogadoebrivi movlenebisa da procesebis saimedooba. masSi, upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeba bunebrivi Tu sazogadoebrivi movlenebisa da procesebis imgvari SeTanawyoba, romelic sivrcesa da droSi ar arRvevs arsebul wonasworobas. 10

Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regioni

zogierTi ganmartebis mixedviT, mdgrad ganviTarebaSi igulisxmeba: 9 ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da garemos dacvis erToblivi sistema, ekologiurad mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTareba, ekonomikisa da ekologiis upiratesi kavSiri; 9 sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis iseTi modeli, romlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia rogorc Tanamedrove sazogadoebis, ise momavali Taobebis ZiriTadi sasicocxlo moTxovnebis dakmayofileba; 9 iseTi ganviTareba, romelic uzrunvelyofs cxovrebis xarisxis realur gaumjobesebas, roca daculia dedamiwis bunebrivi mravalferovneba (World Conservation Strategy. IUCN, UNEP, WWF. 1980); 9 erToblivi kapitaliT kacobriobis SesaZleblobebis SenarCuneba da ganviTareba; 9 iseTi ganviTareba, romelsac ar mohyveba sacxovrebeli da bunebrivi garemos Seuqcevadi degradacia; 9 cvlilebaTa procesi, romelic TanxvedraSia Tanamedrove da momavali Taobebis interesebTan. amgvar ganmartebaTa raodenoba Zalian didia, radgan ZiriTadi aqcentebi keTdeba araerT problemaze. maTgan ZiriTadia: bunebrivi resursebis da bunebrivi mravalferovnebis SenarCunebaze, ekonomikuri saqmianobis da garemos mdgomareobis optimalur Tanafardobaze, ekonomikis mdgrad ganviTarebasa da zrdaze, TaobaTa samarTlian urTierTdamokidebulebaze, cxovrebis da sacxovrebeli garemos xarisxze, socialur da kulturul faseulobaTa SenarCunebaze, sazogadoebrivi miswrafebebis dakmayofilebaze, Tanabar regionul ganviTarebaze da a.S.

1.2. mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi koncefciebi mdgradi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri koncefcia efuZneba da iTvaliswinebs amowurvadi bunebrivi resursebis racionalur gamoyenebas, resursdamzogavi teqnologiebis ganviTarebas, orientacias amouwurav da aRdgenad resursebze, ekologiuri produqciis Seqnas, narCenebis minimalizacias da meorad gamoyenebas. mdgradi ganviTarebis socialuri koncefcia efuZneba da iTvaliswinebs socialuri da kulturuli sistemebis stabilurobas, erovnuli simdidris ekologiurad da samarTlebrivad gamarTlebul moxmarebas da ganawilebas, kulturuli da istoriuli faseulobebis dacvas, gadawyvetilebaTa sajaroobas, sazogadoebis maqsimalur CarTulobas marTvisa da dagegmarebis procesSi. mdgradi ganviTarebis ekologiuri koncefcia efuZneba da gulisxmobs ekologiuri (biologiuri, landSafturi) garemos erTianobas, ekosistemebis sicocxlisunarianobis da funqcionirebis meqanizmebis SenarCunebas, bunebrivi garemos mdgradobis da TviTaRdgenis meqanizmebis gaumjobesebas, bunebrivi landSaftebis socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebis jerovan gansazRvras, ekologiurad orientirebul teritoriul (landSaftur) dagegmarebas, landSaftis momsaxurebasa da marTvas, esTetikuri garemos Seqmnas. mdgradi ganviTarebis samive koncefcia, miuxedavad gansaxilveli sakiTxebis mravalferovnebisa, SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT rogorc erTiani sistemis Semadgeneli nawili. isini urTierdakavSirebuli da urTierTgamsazRvrelia, ris gamoc mdgradi ganviTareba, rogorc amocana, sakmaod rTulad gadasawyveti da xangrZlivi sazogadoebrivi da samecniero procesia. masTan dakavSirebulia araerTi samecniero mi11

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

marTuleba, romlebic dargobriv Tu komponentur doneze ganixilavs mdgradi ganviTarebis amocanebs da SesaZleblobebs. kacobriobis istoriis manZilze araerTi problema aRiniSna, romelTac umeteswilad kargad gamoxatuli geografiuli Taviseburebani axasiaTebs. isini nebismier – lokalur, regionul Tu globalur doneze vlindeba. amJamad gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria saubari globalur ekologiur, ekonomikur, socialur da politikur problemebze, rasac yvelaze TvalsaCinod geografia warmoaCens. geografiuli analizis kompleqsuri xasiaTi, bunebrivi, socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu ekologiuri movlenebis da procesebis sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebebis kvleva, bunebrivi da saxecvlili (bunebriv-anTropogenuli) landSaftebis Seswavla, planetaruli da regionuli ekologiuri problemebis urTierTdakavSirebis SesaZlebloba geografiul mecnierebas gansakuTrebiT aqtualurs xdis. amJamad mdgradi ganviTarebis sivrciTi (lokaluri, regionuli da globaluri) Taviseburebebis kvleva geografiis ZiriTadi amocanaa, riTac igi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba da gamoirCeva sxva mecnierebebisagan.

1.3. mTiani teritoriebis Taviseburebani da mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebi mTebi did rols TamaSobdnen da TamaSoben kacobriobis istoriasa da ganviTarebaSi. isini warmoadgenen wylis, tyis da araerTi mineraluri resursis arsebiT wyaros, biologiuri da eTnikuri mravalferovnebiT gamorCeul areals, rekreaciuli meurneobis maRali potencialis mqone teritorias. amJamad msoflio mosaxleobis 10% cxovrobs mTebSi, xolo samjer meti iyenebs mTebSi formirebul bunebriv resursebs (gansakuTrebiT wyals). mTebSi aramdgradi bunebrivi garemoa, rac ramdenime faqtors ukavSirdeba. esenia: maRali temperaturuli amplituda (rac fizikur gamofitvas uwyobs xels), dabali wneva, eqspoziciuri sxvaobebi, wylismieri erozia, Tovlis didi safari, reliefis daxriloba, niadagis dabali nayofiereba, sagzao infrastruqturis ganviTarebis dabali done. amis gamoa, rom adamianis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, mTis ekosistemebi kargaven mdgradobas da ganicdian Zlier degradacias. mTebSi Sesustebulia bunebrivi garemos TviTaRdgenis meqanizmebic. mTebs uZvelesi droidan iTvisebdnen, rac ZiriTadad usafrTxo, TavdacvisTvis xelsayrel garemos ukavSirdeboda. magaliTad, ramdenime aTasi wlis win evropaSi, alpebis mTaTaSorisi xeobebi ufro mWodrod iyo dasaxlebuli, vidre mimdebare gorak-borcvebi da vakeebi. aq miwaTmoqmedebas zR.d. 2000 m-mde misdevdnen – didi raodenobiT mohyavdaT marcvleuli, bostneuli, kanafi, seli da sxv. amJamad mTian teritoriebze 700 mln-ze meti adamiani cxovrobs. maTi ZiriTadi nawili centraluri da samxreT amerikis, aziis da afrikis mTian regionebSia dasaxlebuli. aRniSnuli mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi pirobebidan da mciremiwianobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini didi simWidroviT anu Warbi mosaxleobiT gamoirCevian. evropaSi mTiani teritoriebidan mosaxleobis maRali simWidrove mxolod alpebs axasiaTebs. TiTqmis ukacrielia CrdiloeT naxevarsferos mTebi – kordilierebi, skandinaviisa da cimbiris mTiani sistemebi. mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi rTuli gamosayenebelia, ris gamoc mosaxleobas eqstremelur garemosTan Segueba da brZola uwevs. mTebSi mcxovrebma xalxebma aTaswleulebis manZilze Seqmnes meurneobis uCveulo da specifiku12

Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regioni

ri formebi, rac erTis mxriv, miwaTsargeblobais araxelsayrel (mciremiwianobis da arasakmarisi agroklimaturi resursebis fonze), xolo meores mxriv – mecxoveleobis ganviTarebisTvis xelsayrel garemos ukavSirdeba. mTebSi miwaTsargeblobis tradiciuli formebi mTis mdinareebis da xelovnurad Seqmnil terasebze ganviTarda, xolo mesaqonleoba maRalnayofier sazafxulo saZovrebsa da saTibebze. mTebi mdidaria araerTi saxeobis bunebrivi resursiT, romelTagan kacobriobisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sasmeli wyali, hidroenergia, mzis da qaris energia, Termuli da mineraluri wylebi. mTebSi warmodgenilia mravali saxis sasargeblo wiaRiseulis sabado, romelTagan mniSvnelovania feradi da Zvirfasi liTonebi, samSeneblo da mosapirkeTebeli qvebi. mTebi msoflioSi biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT, bunebrivi srulyofilebiT da unikalobiT gamoirCeva. amis gamo, mTebi mecnierebisTvis saukeTeso „eqsperimentuli“ dakvirvebis adgilia, sadac TvalsaCinoa teqtonikuri, geodinamiuri, klimaturi da biologiuri movlenebisa da procesebis globaluri mimdinareobis Taviseburebani. mTebis bunebrivi mravalferovneba damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze, kerZod: geografiul mdebareobaze, adgilis simaRlesa da eqspoziciaze, okeaneebisa da zRvebis siaxloveze, qarebis mimarTulebaze, adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis formebze da masStabebze. mTebSi jer kidev warmodgenilia cocxali samyaros endemebisa da reliqtebis Tavmoyris mniSvnelovani arealebi, rac kidev ufro zrdis maT ekologiur da saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobas. veluri bunebis dacvis msoflio fondi (WWF) erovnuli da globaluri garemosdacviTi proeqtebis SemuSavebisas, ZiriTad yuradRebas mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi mravalferovnebiT da faseulobiT gamorCeul arealebs uTmobs. samwuxarod, mTiani teritoriebis endemebisa da reliqtebis umravlesoba, araerTi qveynis „wiTel wignSi~ aRnusxulia, rogorc gadaSenebis da safrTxis piras myofi. mTiani teritoriebis biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba da gadaSenebis piras myofi cocxali samyaros dacva, civilizebuli msoflios erTerTi upirvelesi gamowveva da sazrunavia. mTebi gansakuTrebiT mdidaria rekreaciuli resursebiT, kerZod efeqturi da elamazesi peizaJebiT, esTetikuri adgilebiT, sufTa da gamWvirvale haeriT, mravalferovani mcenareulobiT da cxovelTa samyaroTi. mTebi erTdroulad warmoadgens cocxali samyaros araerTi saxeobis bunebriv TavSesafars da koridors. misi meSveobiT xorcieldeba barisa da maRali mTis cxovelTa Tavmoyra, Sereva da gadaadgileba sxvadasxvagvari geografiuli arealis mimarTulebiT. mTebi turizmis ganviTarebis potencialiT gamorCeulia mTel msoflioSi. aq adamians ganumeorebeli buneba, eTnikuri da kulturuli mravalferovneba, mineraluri da sasmeli wylebi, efeqturi peizaJebi da ekologiurad sufTa kvebis produqtebi izidavs. sworad organizebuli turistuli infrastruqtura jerovan doneze uqmnis Semosavlebs adgilobriv mosaxleobas, cvlis sameurneo profils da minimumamde amcirebs mTiani teritoriebze anTropogenul datvirTvas. mTebSi araerTi saxis turizmia ganviTarebuli, romelTagan gamoirCeva sportuli, ekologiuri, eqstremaluri da samedicino (gamajansaRebeli) saxeobebi. rTuli reliefuri pirobebi xels uwyobs mTebSi biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebas, rac maT 13

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

simaRlebriv ganawilebasTan erTad, umniSvnelovanesi resursia SemecnebiTi (samecniero, saganmanaTleblo) turizmis ganviTarebisTvis. mTebi Zalze faqizi, myife da aramdgradi bunebrivi garemoTi xasiaTdeba. aq myisierad fiqsirdeba garemoSi mimdinare procesebi, adamianis zegavlena, eqstremalur bunebriv movlenaTa Sedegebi. mTebi gansakuTrebiT mgZnobiarea havis cvalebadobisadmi, rac swrafad aisaxeba myinvarebis farTobze da moculobaze, mcenareulobis ganviTarebaze, wylis resursebze da sxv. amJamad mTebi klimatis globaluri cvlilebis saukeTeso indikatorad iTvleba. mTebi gamoirCeva maRali riskebiT, rasac bunebrivi da anTropogenuli faqtorebi ganapirobebs. bunebrivi faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia vulkanebi da miwisZvrebi, mewyerebi, Rvarcofebi, zvavebi, wyaldidobebi da sxv. aq sul ufro da ufro izrdeba adamianis faqtori, rac ZiriTadad mopovebiT mrewvelobasTan, tyeebis eqsploataciasTan da gzebis mSeneblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. swrafad cvalebadi klimaturi pirobebis da adamianis mzardi sameurneo saqmianobis gamo, mTebis bunebrivi mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba kacobriobis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa. mTebi uZvelesi droidan iTvleboda civilizaciis gavrcelebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes barierad. miuxedavad amisa, mTebSi Camoyalibda araerTi TviTmyofadi xalxi, kultura da tradicia. erTsa da imave mTian sistemaSi (magaliTad, kavkasionze) mcxovrebi xalxebis izolacia imdenad didi iyo, rom gansxvavebuli enebis formirebasac ki ganapirobebda. kargi magaliTia daRestani, sadac 30-mde sxvadasxva xalxi cxovrobs. amJamad mTebisadmi, misi bunebrivi resursebisadmi interesi izrdeba. mTebs srafad iTviseben mTel msoflioSi – aq Sendeba masiuri wyalsacavebi, amuSaveben wiaRiseulis axal sabadoebs, gahyavT gzebi da komunikaciebi, viTardeba turizmi, izrdeba sazafxulo saZovrebis gamoyenebis masStabebi da droebiT (sezonur) dasaxlebaTa raodenoba. mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi resursebis intensiuri gamoyeneba, rasac bunebrivi mravalferovnebis degradacia da gaRaribeba mohyveba, garkveuli tendenciebiT xasiaTdeba. maTgan globaluri xasiaTi aqvs: • • • • • • • •

subalpur da alpur saZovrebze pirutyvis suladobis zrdas da maTi produqtiulobis degradacias, maRali mTis mcenareulobis mravalferovnebis gaRaribebas intensiuri Zovebis da samkurnalwamlo balaxeulobis didi raodenobiT damzadebis gamo, maRali da saSualo mTis tyeebis degradacias, eroziuli (geodinamiuri) procesebis gaaqtiurebas, niadagis humusovani fenis intensiur gadarecxvas, wylis resursebis Semcirebas, cxovelTa adgilsamyofelis, maTi migraciis gzebis da ekologiuri koridorebis SezRudvas, mTiani regionebis mosaxleobis socialuri infrastruqturis da cxovrebis ukiduresad dabal dones.

cnobila, rom ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze mTiani regionebis tyianobis maC-venebeli mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, zogan ki (magaliTad, pamiri, tian-Sani da sxv.) ganaxevrda. arada, mTis tyeebs udidesi, xSirad gadamwyveti ekologiuri ganiSnu14

Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regioni

leba gaaCniaT. maT miekuTvneba niadagdacviTi, wyaldacviTi, wyaldidobis, wyalmovardnis da geodinamiuri procesebis Semaferxebeli, jansaRi garemos Semqmneli da biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis funqciebi. mTebSi mecxoveleobis ganviTareba ZiriTadad zeda mTis tyeebze moqmedebs, romlebic tyis ekosistemebidan yvelaze aramdgradia. Zovebisa da Tibvis masStabebi xels uSlis tyis TviTaRdgenis unars, ris gamoc mTebSi mecxoveleobis ragulireba, tyeebis racionalur gamoyenebasTan erTad, mTiani teritoriebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. mTian teritoriebze adamianis teqnogenuri saqmianoba sxvadasxva formebiT gamoixateba. Tumca maTi Sedegebi ZiriTadad wylis resursebis regulirebis problemas ukavSirdeba. gansakuTrebiT rTuli viTarebaa Seqmnili ariduli regionebis mTian teritoriebze wylis resursebis formirebasTan da gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. misi moculobis Semcireba pirdapir kavSirSia klimatis globalur cvlilebasTan da adamianis sameurneo saqmianobasTan. amgvar regionebSi mosalodnelia wylis resusebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gamwvaveba. igi aisaxeba ara marto mTis da baris mosaxleobis, aramed im saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebze, romlebic sargebloben tranzituli mdinareebis resursebiT. msoflios mTian regionebSi wyalsacavebis mSeneblobis istoria aswleulebs iTvlis. dadgenilia, rom garemoze zemoqmedebiT mxolod didi wyalsacavebi (100-150 m siRrmis mqone) gamoirCevian, romelTa raodenoba amJamad ramdenime aTeulia. wyalsacavebis umravlesoba zomieri, subtropikuli da tropikuli sartylis mTiani regionebis mdinareebzea agebuli. misi meSveobiT efeqturad regulirdeba wylis resursebi, Tumca izrdeba seismuri daZabuloba, itboreba mTis mosaxleobisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mdinarispira terasebi, tyeebi da mdeloebi, garkveulwilad icvleba mikroklimati, miwisqveSa wylebis done, cocxali samyaros saxeobrivi Sedgeniloba, maTi migraciis gzebi da a.S. amgvarad, mTiani teritoriebis aTviseba sworad da mizanmimarTulad, mdgradi ganviTa-rebis principebis gaTvaliwinebiT unda ganxorcieldes. sxva SemTxvevaSi, kidev ufro gaizrdeba mTiani regionebis mosaxleobis migracia, bunebrivi resursebis araracionaluri da mtacebluri gamoyeneba, kulturuli da eTnikuri faseulobebis degradacia, sxvadasxva formis konfliqtebi, mTis mosaxleobis siduxWire da sxv. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia mudmiv yuradRebas aqcevs mTebis ganviTarebas. aq miRebulia araerTi dokumenti, sadac yuradReba maxvildeba mTebis mdgradi ganviTarebis aucileblobaze, miznebsa da mosalodnel Sedegebze.

1.4. mTiani teritoriebis geografiuli specifika mTian teritoriebs msoflios xmeleTis TiTqmis meoTxedi ukavia, romlis mimdebare gorak-borcvebsa da vakeebze cxovrobs dedamiwis mosaxleobis 40%. amrigad, msoflio mosaxleobis naxevari damokidebulia mTebidan miRebul wyalsa da energiaze, kvebis produqtebsa da tyis resursebze. mTebi warmodgenilia yvela kontinentze. isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian mdebareobis, farTobis, simaRlis, orografiis, bunebrivi pirobebis, simaRlebrivi sartylurobis, barieruli Tvisebebis, warmoSobis, ganviTarebis, biomravalferovnebis, havis, resursebis, mosaxleobis, geopolitikuri viTarebis, ganviTarebis donis da sxva araerTi maCveneblis mixedviT. mTebSi spacifikuri formiTaa gadajaWvuli 15

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

bunebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebi, rac yvelaze mkafiod aisaxeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebebsa da problemebze. geografiuli (ganeduri) mdebareoba ganapirobebs mTebis araerT bunebriv maxasiaTebels. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia makroklimaturi maCveneblebi, rac Tavis mxriv ganapirobebs vertikaluri sartylurobis da landSaftSemqmneli faqtorebis Taviseburebebs. am maxasiaTeblebiT arsebiTad gansxvavdebian zomieri, subtropikuli da tropikuli sartylis mTiani sistemebi. orografiuli faqtori asaxavs mTiani teritoriebis seismuri aqtivobis da geologiuri agebulebis Taviseburebebs. es maxasiaTeblebi, klimatis xasiaTTan erTad, ganapirobebs reliefis danawevrebas da geodinamiur procesTa intensivobas, isini uSualod gansazRvraven mTebSi adamianis sasicocxlo da sameurneo sivrcis potencials. teqtonikuri moZraobis intensivoba axalgazrda mTiani sistemebis formirebis mkafio maCvenebelia, rac zrdadi maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba. magaliTad, Tu gasuli saukunis 80-ain wlebSi miiCneoda, rom kavkasionis azevebis siCqare weliwadSi 6 mm-s Seadgenda, amJamad saubaria 15 mm-ze. amave dros, sayuradReboa mTian regionebSi qvebulebis, platoebis, maRalmTiani, saSualo da dabalmTiani reliefis formebis Tanafardoba, rac ganapirobebs misi sameurneo gamoyenebis formebs. mTebisTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa simaRlebrivi sartylurobis Taviseburebani, rac araerT faqtors ukavSirdeba. maTgan mTavaria simaRlis matebasTan erTad temperaturis klebis tendenciebi da eqspozicia. temperaturuli gradienti yovel 100 metrze asvlisas saSualod 0.50-s Seadgens, Tumca igi gansxvavdeba adgilmdebareobis da klimaturi sartylis mixedviT. magaliTad, aq zRviuri havis pirobebSi haeris temperatura 0.20-iT ecema, xolo kontinenturi havis pirobebSi – 0.9-1.00-iT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas geografiul sartylebzec. magaliTad, zomieri sartylis mTebSi haeris temperaturis kleba simaRlis matebasTan erTad ufro intensiuria, vidre arqtikul an ekvatorul sartyelSi. simaRlebrivi sartyluroba anu simaRlebrivi zonaloba araerT geografiuli maxasiaTebels ukavSirdeba. maT Soris mniSvnelovania adamianis ekologia, biologiuri produqtiuloba da potenciali, miwis da wylis resursebis ganawileba, sameurneo saqmianobis tipebi da masStabebi, rekreaciulad efeqturi peizaJebi da sxv. aRsaniSnavia mTiani sistemebis barieruli Tvisebebic, rac mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs ara marto bunebrivi garemos formirebis an bunebrivi movlenebis xasiaTs, aramed geopolitikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis Taviseburebebs. istoriul warsulSi mTebi ZiriTad barierad warmoCindeboda, rac gansazRvravda havis, mdinareTa auzebis da Sesabamisad – saxelmwifoTa konfiguraciis formirebas. amJamad mTiani sistemebis barieruli Tvisebebi, geopolitikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, TiTqmis nivelirebulia, Tumca msoflios araerT regionSi (cenrtaluri azia, andebi, eTiopiis mTianeTi, himalaebi, tibeti da sxv.) kvlav rCeba arsebiT faqtorad. mTiani teritoriebis mosaxleoba, msoflios araerT regionSi migracias ganicdis. mosaxleobis gadaadgileba ZiriTadad ori mimarTulebiT xorcieldeba: mTis soflebidan baris soflebisken da mTis soflebidan qalaqebisken. maRalia sxva saxelmwifoebSi SromiTi migraciis maCveneblebic. amgvar process ramdenime faqtori uwyobs xels: saxelmwifos uyuradReboba, decentralizaciis problemebi, rTuli bunebrivi pirobebi, klimatis cvlileba, ekonomikuri da socialuri stimulirebis dabali done, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis pasiuri monawileoba marTvaSi. 16

Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regioni

geopolitikuri viTarebis analizi cxadyofs, rom mTebTan dakavSirebulia araerTi konfliqti, rac aferxebs amgvari regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs. konfliqtebi ukavSirdeba samxedro blokebs, ekonomikur potencials, mciremiwianobas, wylis da mineralur resursebs, religiebs, istoriul pretenziebs, gzebs, komunikaciebs da sxv. msoflios sxvadasxva regionis mTiani sistemebis socialur-ekonomikuri mniSvneloba arsebiTia. mTebis bunebrivi da eTnokulturuli ipotenciali iZleva mopovebiTi mrewvelobis, turizmis, SromiTi resursebis, daculi teritoriebis, kulturuli identobis, tradiciebis, transasazRvro TanamSromlobis, ekologiuri soflis meurneobis da sxva mimarTulebebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi, msoflios mTian regionebSi, gaizarda interesi bunebrivi da eTnokulturuli faseulobebis dacvisadmi. aRiniSneba arsebuli daculi teritoriebis gafarToeba da axlis Seqmna, rasac garkveulwilad mosaxleobis migracia da „Tavisufali“ arealebis arseboba uwyobs xels. daculi teritoriebidan gansakuTrebuli popularobiT erovnuli parkebi da biosferuli rezervatebi sargeblobs, sadac SenarCunebulia sazogadoebis da bunebis Tanacxovrebis gamorCeuli magaliTebi, bunebrivi da kulturuli mravalferovneba. garkveuli mTianis sistemebi inarCuneben geostrategiul mniSvnelobas, radgan maTze gadis umniSvnelovanesi samxedro da ekonomikuri daniSnulebis gzebi da uReltexilebi. xSirad mTiani teritoriebi warmoadgenen bunebriv sazRvars da wyalgamyofebs, romlebic emTxveva saxelmwifoTa an eTnikur sazRvrebs. cnobilia araerTi SemTxveva, roca samxedro moqmedebebi mimarTuli iyo amgvari wyalgamyofebisa da uReltexilebis dauflebisadmi. amgvari qmedebebi araerTxel aRiniSna alpebSi, sadac pirveli msoflio omis dros gadanawilebul iqna mTiani teritoriebi samxedro-strategiuli daniSnulebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mTebs dResac afareben Tavs sxvadasxva jris teroristuli organizaciebi, partizanuli da samoqalaqo dapirispirebaSi monawile dajgufebebi, kontrabandiT da aralegaluri vaWrobiT dakavebuli pirovnebebi. isini, rogorc wesi, TavSesafrad irCeven mTiani regionebis periferiul, sasazRvro nawils, raTa safrTxis SemTxvevaSi advilad Seafaron Tavi mezobel saxelmwifoebs. mTebi uZvelesi droidan iTvleboda civilizaciis gavrcelebis erT-erT umniSvnelo-vanes barierad. amasTanave mTebSi Camoyalibda araerTi TviTmyofadi xalxi, kultura, tradicia. erTsa da imave mTian sistemaSi (magaliTad, kavkasionze) mcxovrebi xalxebis izolacia imdenad didi iyo, rom gansxvavebuli enebis formirebasac ki ganapirobebda. amJamad mTebSi 700 mln-ze meti adamiani cxovrobs. maTgan, 3000 metrze maRla (himalaebsa da andebSi) 20 milioni mcxovrebia. dedamiwaze, zR. donidan 2000-3000 metris farglebSi ki 120 milionamde adamiani cxovrobs. mTebis ganviTarebisadmi sazogadoebrivi da samecniero interesi mudmivad izrdeba. misi globaluri, regionuli Tu lokaluri Taviseburebebis kvleva maTi ganviTarebis optimaluri modelebis Seqmnis winapirobad miiCneva. yuradRebis fokusSia mTebis bunebrivi, sameurneo, eTnokultururli Tu geopolitikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi, mosaxleobis socialuri interesebi, ekologiuri problematika da sxva mimarTulebebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sul ufro popularuli xdeba mTebis integrirebuli (interdisciplinuri) Seswavlis mniSvneloba, romlis meSveobiT mkafiod warmoCindeba maTi mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika da miznebi. 17

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

wyali samarTlianad iTvleba 21-e saukunis ZiriTad bunebriv resursad. mudmivad izrdeba moTxovna wylis rogorc raodenobaze, ise xarisxza. arada, msoflios mosaxleobis naxevari da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ZiriTadi nawili dakavSirebulia mtknari wylis im resursebTan, romlebic Tavmoyrilia mTis myinvarebsa Tu wyalsatevebSi. mTebidan iRebs saTaves da mTebSi formirdeba msoflios yvela didi mdinare. amitomaa, rom mTebSi formirebuli wylis resursebis racionaluri gamoyeneba da marTva mdgradi ganviTarebis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebadaa aRiarebuli. mTiani teritoriebis gamoyenebis formebi da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi pirdapir kavSirSia qveynis ganviTarebis donesTan. Tu ganviTarebad qveynebSi mTiani regionebi „gamoirCevian“ ekonomikuri CamorCenilobiT, socialuri daZabulobiT da migraciis maRali maCveneblebiT, sapirispiro viTarebaa ganviTarebul qveynebSi. aq mTiani regionebi ukve Camoyalibdnen turistul centrebad da xasiaTdebian cxovrebis maRali doniT. Tumca, mTebs gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. isini samarTlianad iTvleba wylis da hidroenergetikuli resursebis formirebis arealad, biologiuri da kulturuli mravalferovnebiT gamorCeul teritoriad. mTebi cnobilia ekologiurad sufTa garemoTi, ris SenarCunebasac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto geografiuli garsis normaluri funqcionirebisTvis, aramed kacobriobis momavlisTvisac. mTebSi intensiuria stiqiuri bunebrivi procesebi, rac ukavSirdeba: seismur aqtivobas, reliefis formebs (daxrilobas), wylis brunvis Taviseburebebs (maRal infiltracias), amindis swraf cvlilebas da sameurneo zemoqmedebis (Zovebas, gzebis mSenebloba, tyeebis eqspluatacia) masStabebs. isini gamoixateba mewyruli da denudaciuri procesebis, Rvarcofebis da Tovlis zvavebis saxiT. mewyruli da denudaciuri procesebis provocirebas, romlebic warmoSobis faqtorebis mixedviT msgavsia, xSirad miwisZvrebi ganapirobebs. zogjer isini uzarmazar masStabebs aRweven da SeuZliaT Secvalon rogorc reliefi, ise mdinari wylebis mimarTuleba da infrastruqtura. mewyerisa da denudaciis formebi da intensivoba damokidebulia amgebeli qanebis, gamofitvis intensivobis, tenbrunvis da reliefis daxrilobis Taviseburebebze. Tu denudaciuri procesebis Sedegad moZravi qanebi „tovebs“ adgilmdebareobas da ferdobis daxliobis mixedviT gadaadgildeba, igive ar iTqmis mewyerze. isini mTiani reliefis pirobebSi axal formebs qmnian da mudmiv saSiSroebas warmoadgenen. Rvarcofi, misi Sedegebidan gamomdinare, aseve miekuTvneba katastrofuli xasiaTis movlenas. igi ukavSirdeba naSali masis da wylis erTobliv gadaadgilebas, rac ZiriTadad mdinareTa xeobebSi viTardeba. Rvarcofis gamomwvev mizezebs Sorisaa Tavsxma wvimebi, Tovlis intensiuri (swrafi dnoba), miwisZvra, gamofitva (misi yvela forma), vulkanis amofrqveva da adamianis sameureno saqmianoba. isini, ganviTarebis mixedviT, impulsuri da eroziuli formisaa, xolo Sedegebis mixedviT – akumulaciuri. Sedgenilobis da simkvrivis mixedviT ganarCeven: wyal-qvian, talaxian da talax-qvian Rvarcofebs. isini, ganmeoradobis da formis mixedviT, SeiZleba saSualod ganviTardes erTxel 3 (Tavsxma wvimebTan dakavSirebuli), 10 (Tovlis dnobasTan dakavSirebuli) da 20 (myinvaris intensiur dnobasTan dakavSirebuli) wlis manZilze. Rvarcofis masa SeiZleba meryeobdes 1-dan 3 tona/m3-ze, romlis SedgenilobaSi wylis moculoba Sesabamisad 70 – 30%-s aRwevs. maTi dinamika da gadaadgilebis xangrZlivoba swrafad da mcire droSi xorcieldeba, Tumca isini aqtiurad cvlian 18

Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regioni

reliefis formebs, teritoriis biogeografiul maxasiaTeblebs da sameurneo infrastruqturas. Tovlis zvavi SeiZleba ganviTardes yvelgan, sadac Tovlis safari 0.5 metrs da reliefis daxriloba 150-s aRemateba. mis xelisSemSlel faqtorad mxolod tyis mcenareuloba da reliefis garkveuli formebi gvevlineba. zvavebis gaaqtiureba ramdenimedRian da intensiur Tovas, qarebs, Tovlis dnobas an arsebul Tovlis safarze mosul wvimas SeuZlia. zvavis siCqare gansxvavebulia misi Casaxvis, ferdobis Sua welis da daboloebis farglebSi. man SeiZleba 50 m/wm anu 180 km/sT miaRwios. zvavis bolo wertilSi Tavmoyrili Tovlis simaRlem ramdenime aTeul metrsac SeuZlia miaRwios, ris gamoc amgvar adgilze SeiZleba wlebis manZilze idos da ver dadnes. swored Tovlis narCenebis analizi iZleva saSualebas ganisazRvros zvavebis gavrcelebis arealebi da masStabebi.

1.5. mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis mniSvneloba miznebi da amocanebi msoflio Tanamegobroba erTxmad aRniSnavs, rom miuxedavad gaeros mowodebebisa da mTebis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis araerTi nacionaluri politikis gatarebisa, amJamad dadebiTi cvlilebebi naklebad aRiniSneba. miiCneva, rom socialur, ekonomikur da ekologiur sferoSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebi da investiciebi Sorsaa sasurveli donidan. amasTan erTad, globalizaciis procesebi, klimatis cvlileba da mTebSi mosaxleobis zrda moiTxovs siRmiseul cvlilebebs. arada, negatiuri procesebi saxezea – mTiani teritoriebis mosaxleoba xasiaTdeba masiuri siRaribiT, izrdeba katastrofuli xasiaTis bunebrivi movlenebis da procesebis raodenoba, gaizarda niadagebis degradaciis masStabebi, aRiniSneba wylis resursebis Semcireba, xolo migracia da sasursaTo usafrTxoeba kvlav rCeba mTiani regionebis erT-erT mTavar gamowvevad. mTebs msoflios 53 qveynis teritoriis naxevarze meti ukavia, xolo 45 qveynis saerTo farTobis 25 – 50%. mTebSi warmodgenilia moicaven turizmis msoflio industriis 20%, rac ganpirobebulia maRali biologiuri da istoriul-kulturuli mravalferovnebiT, religiuri obieqtebis mravali adgilsamyofeliT, maRali potencialis mqone rekreaciuli resursebiT. mTebs gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia mtknari wylis resursebis formirebaSi. mTis mdinareebi aRdgenadi bunebrivi resursebis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa TiTqmis yvela msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtis Tu mosaxleobis Tavmoyris arealebisTvis. aqve iwarmoeba msoflio hidroeleqtroenergiis naxevari. klimatis cvlilebam SeuZlia uaryofiTi roli iTamaSos wyliT momaragebis sakiTxebSi da araerTi qveynis dapirispirebis mizezi gaxdes. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im qveynebs, romlebic transasazRvro mdinareebiT sargebloben. msoflioSi am mimarTebiT dadebuli transasazRvro (romelic 263 mdinaris auzs exeba) TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebis 1/3, wylis resursebiT optimaluri sargeblobis da masTan dakavSirebuli an mosalodneli konfliqtis regulirebas ukavSirdeba. mTebi warmoadgens globaluri bio da agromravalferovnebis Tavmoyris areals. aq warmodgenilia marcvleulis da Sinauri saqonlis tradiciuli da adaptirebuli saxeobebis mniSvnelovani nawili. isini genetikur resursad miiCneva, ramac SeuZlia uzrunvelyos araerTi regionis sasursaTo usafrTxoeba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba 19

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

tropikuli, subtropikuli da zomieri sartylis dasaxlebul regionebs, sadac aRiniSneba mosaxleobis mateba da maRali koncentracia. mTebSi aseve warmodgenilia msoflio biomravalferovnebis „cxeli wertilebis“ naxevarze meti. isini ZiriTadad Tavmoyrilia tropikuli da subtropikuli sartyelis mTian regionebSi. mTebi cnobilia kulturuli memkvidreobis uamravi obieqtiT da wminda adgiliT. religiuri adgilebi da salocavebi uzrunvelyofen araerTi eris sulier energias da orientacias. aqvea msoflioSi cnobili terasuli meurneobis araerTi adgili, sadac soflis meurneobis gansakuTrebuli formebia Seqmnili. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero) mouwodebs da astimulirebs saxelmwifoebs, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcion da CarTon mTiani regionebi strategiuli ganviTarebis gegmebSi. es gansakuTrebiT exebaT ganviTarebad qveynebs, romelTvisac rekomendirebulia gaTvaliswinebul iqnas ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba. gaeros strategiuli mimarTulebebi da amocanebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba mTian regionebs, Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: • • • • • • • • • •

ekologiurad orientirebuli ekonomikis ganviTareba; brZola gaudabnoebasa da gaudaburebasTan; transsasazRvro TanamSromlobis gaZliereba; klimatis cvlilebasTan adaptacia; mTis mdgradi ganviTarebis programebis integracia qveynebis saerTo strategiuli ganviTarebis gegmebSi; mTisa da baris mosaxleobis, sasoflo da saqalaqo dasaxlebuli punqtebis integrirebuli ganviTareba; tradiciuli codnis da adgilobrivi kulturis SenarCuneba; mTiani regionebis samTavrobo, kerZo biznesis da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebis erToblivi marTva; mTiani regionebis marTvis, SenarCunebis da ganviTarebis miznebis Tanxvedra; saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gaZliereba da saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaziareba.

gaeros mierve SemuSavebulia qmedebebis miznebi mTiani regionebis strategiuli ganvi-TarebisTvis. maT Sorisaa: • • • • • • • • • 20

investiciebis zrda mTiani regionebis ekologiurad orientirebul ekonomikaSi; xelisuflebis da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis intensiuri CarTva „mwvane investiciebis“ realizebaSi; wylis resursebis efeqturi gamoyeneba da marTva Sida moxmarebisa da komerciuli miznebiT; mTis mosaxleobis sasursaTo uzrunvelyofa; energo damzogavi teqnologiebis danergva da gamoyeneba; mcire da saSualo biznesis xelSewyoba da ganviTareba; klimatis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli nacionaluri da lokaluri gegmebis SemuSaveba, mosaxleobis informirebuloba da monitoringis sistemis organizeba; stiqiur movlenebTan brZola, riskebis gamovlena da marTva; samecniero da praqtikuli (sameurneo) centrebis organizeba.

Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regioni

1.6. mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi orientirebi amJamad, mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTareba araerTi saxelmwifos erT-erTi Zi-riTadi mizani gaxda. amisTvis miRebulia specialuri kanonebi, rac aregulirebs mTebTan dakavSirebul problemebs, mosaxleobis socialur da ekonomikur stimulirebas, infrastruqturis ganviTarebas da a.S. miCneulia, rom saxelmwifo mxardaWeris gareSe mTian teritoriebze mosaxleobis SenarCuneba ver moxerxdeba. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba mTisni teritoriebis samecniero Seswavlas, misi bunebis SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebuli problematikis warmoCenas, mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebis da tradiciebis kvlevas, rekreaciuli da resursuli potencialis gansazRvras, mdgrad teritoriul dagegmarebas da sivrciT mowyobas. teritoriuli dagegmarebis efeqturoba ekologiuri problemebis prevenciis saSualebas ukavSirdeba, rac mxolod landSafturi midgomis da landSafturi dagegmarebis principebis realizebiTaa SesaZlebeli. mTebis samecniero kvlevis aqtualoba klimatis globaluri cvlilebasac ukavSirdeba. haeris temperaturis TiTqmis sayovelTao mateba, naleqebis raodenobis zrda ukve aisaxa araerTi mTiani sistemis landSaftur, glacialur, biogeografiul da hidrologiur maxasiaTeblebze. tropikuli, subtropikuli da zomieri sartylis mTebSi ukve mkafiod aRiniSneba myinvariT dafaruli teritoriebis farTobis, Tovlis xangrZliobis da simZlavris maCveneblebis Semcireba, tyis zeda sazRvris cvlileba (aRmasvla), zafxulis temperaturebis da naleqebis raodenobis zrda. amgvari procesebi mTebis mimdebare gorak-borcviani zonis aridizaciis fonze mimdinareobs, rac araerTi saxis bunebrivi resursis gamoyenebis da mopovebis politikis gadaxedvas moiTxovs. mTebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadawyveta meurneobis romelime erTi dargis prerogativad ar iTvleba. igi mxolod kompleqsuri, multidargobrivi midgomebis gziT SeiZleba gadaiWras. aseve miCneulia, rom nebismieri qmedeba miznad unda isaxavdes erTdroulad bunebrivi da kulturuli faseulobebis SenarCunebas, ekonomikur da socialur stimulirebas da ara SeRavaTebs. evropis mTian regionebSi, mxolod rekreaciuli faseulobebis warmoCena da turizmis ganviTareba, ar miiCneva mosaxleobis stimulirebis da depopulaciis SeCerebis realur gzad. amgvaradaa SesaZlebeli SenarCunebul iqnas mTis mosaxleoba, romelsac Rirseuli cxovrebis saSualeba da stimuli miecema. rogorc wesi, mTian regionebSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli dotaciuri midgoma anu sxvadasxva saxis SeRavaTebis daweseba. amgvari xedva akninebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis iniciativebs, resursebis racionaluri da efeqturi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs, mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis realizebas. evropis mTiani regionebi, optimaluri dagegmarebis xarjze, ukve aTwleulebis iTvleba mosaxleobis da biznesis dainteresebis arealad. es gansakuTrebiT exeba ekologiur soflis meurneobas, energiis alternatiuli wyaroebis ganviTarebas, adgilobriv rewvas, samkurnalo mcenareebis kultivacias, rekreacias da sxv. mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTareba rogorc adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, ise saxelmwifo da kerZo biznesis interesebis Sejerebul gaazrebas da dakmayofilebas saWiroebs. saxelmwifo politikis gatareba moiTxovs rogorc strategiuli anu globaluri, ise regionuli da lokaluri problematikis da ganviTarebis tendenciebis warmoCenas. am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi roli eniWeba globaluri da regionuli 21

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

gamowvevebis analizs da maTTan adaptaciis gzebis dasaxvas. amgvari gamowvevebi ki mdgradi ganviTarebis nebismier mimarTulebas exeba. aseve miCneulia, rom aucilebelia yvela mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis individualuri da mizanmimarTuli gegmebis SemuSavebis aucilebloba. amgvari gegmebi ar SeiZleba iyos universaluri da Tanabrad efeqturi yvela mTiani teritoriisTvis. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba aseve unda mieqces transasazRvro TanamSromlobas, rac ZiriTadad daculi teritoriebis erTiani qselis da sagzao infrastruquris ganviTarebaSi gamoixateba. msoflio Tanamegobroba aqtiurad TanamSromlobs mTiani teritoriebis mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebis da amgvari regionebis mdgradi ganviTarebis mizniT. cnobilia araerTi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, konvencia Tu transasazRvro TanamSromlobis magaliTi, romlebis xels uwyobs sasicocxlo garemos gaumjobesebas da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur mxardaWeras. mixedavad amgvari qmedebebisa, mTebi kvlav iTvleba „rTulad wvdomad“ arealad da ekologiurad aramdgrad garemod, ris gamoc xSirad rCeba xelisufrebis da biznesis yuradRebis miRma. es gansakuTrebiT exeba ganviTarebad qveynebs, sadac mTiani teritoriebis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili kvlav cxovrobs ukiduresi gaWirvebis da rTuli ekologiuri viTarebis fonze. sruliad axleburi viTareba Seiqmna rio-de-Janeiros 1992 wlis gaeros cnobili konferenciis Semdgom anu maSin, roca aq specialurad imsjeles mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi gaviTarebis principebze da saSualebebze, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis da Temebis xelSewyobaze, TanamSromlobis ganviTarebaze da gamocdilebis gaziarebaze. amis kargi magaliTia Sua aziis qveynebis (yazaxeTi, uzbekeTi, tajikeTi) da alpuri qveynebis (germania, Sveicaria, avstria, safrangeTi, italia da sxv.) mTiani teritoriebis soflis mosaxleobis sazogadoebebis Camoyalibeba gamocdilebis gaziarebis da TanamSromlobis mizniT. TanamSromlobis Sedeged ganisazRvra im qmedebaTa erToblioba, rac uzrunvelyofs mTiani teritoriebis dacvas biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis mizniT da ekologiuri koridorebiT daculi teritoriebis erTiani qselis formirebas. mogvianebiT analogiuri TanamSormloba ganviTarda centraluri amerikis, samxreT aRmosavleT aziis da karpatebis qveynebsa da evropis zemoTaRniSnul qveynebs Soris mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis mizniT. amrigad, rio-92 gadamwyveti aRmoCnda msoflios araerTi mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTarebis Tematikis „gaaqtiurebaSi“, rac saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis CarTulobiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo. ganvililma wlebma mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis ramdenime uaryofiTi tendencia warmoaCina: •

•

• •

22

mTian regionebSi klimatis swrafi cvlilebis fonze gamwvavda stiqiuri procesebis intensivoba da gaizarda maTi raodenoba, Semcirda myinvarebiT dafaruli farTobi, problemebi Seiqmna adgilobrivi da barSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis sasmeli wyliT momaragebis saqmeSi; aRiniSna ramdenime msxvili SeiaraRebuli konfliqti (kavkasia, pamiri, centraluri amerika, eTiopia da sxv.), ramac xeli SeuSala mdgradi ganviTarebis tendenciebs; urbanizaciis swrafi tempebi da migraciuli procesebis intensivoba; msoflio mosaxleobis da ekonomikis swrafma zrdam gazarda moTxovna sxvadasxva saxis wiaRiseulze, ramac xeli Seuwyo mTian regionebSi ekologiuri degradaciis masStabebis zrdas.

Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regioni

1.7. msoflios zogierTi mTiani regionis bunebrivi potenciali da ganviTarebis Taviseburebani alpebi (evropa) alpebs ukavia centraluri evropis 7 qveynis 190 aTasi kvadratuli kilometri, sadac cxovrobs 14 milioni adamiani. am mTian sistemas evropaSi gaaCnia araerTi mniSvnelovani roli. misi ekonomika ukavSirdeba meurneobis araerTi mimarTulebis ganviTarebas. maT Sorisaa turizmi, momsaxurebis araerTi saxeoba, mrewveloba, eleqtronergetika da soflis meurneoba. miuxedavad ganviTarebis maRali donisa, alpebi mosaxleobis, socialuri problemebis da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis mixedviT ramdenime nawilad iyofa. mas yovelwliurad 60 milioni adamiani stumrobs, romelTa momsaxurebas uwevs regionis mosaxleobis 12%. alpebSi Tavmoyrilia evropis floris saxeobaTa 40%, xolo daculi teritoriebi Seadgens misi saerTo farTobis ¼-s. alpebi axalgazrda mTiani sistemaa, romelic warmodgenilia evropis centralur nawilSi. misi farTobi 220 aTas kv.km-s aRwevs. umaRlesi mwvervalia monblani (4807 metri). Sedgeba ramdenime mTiani masivisgan, romelTac geografiuli ganlagebis (Tavmoyris) mixedviT yofen or – dasavleT da aRmosavleT alpebad. alpebis reliefis formirebaze didi roli iTamaSa gamyinvarebam, romelic pleistocenSi ramdenjerme ganviTarda. igi gansakuTrebiT aisaxa maRlmTian masivebze, sadac aRiniSneba gansakuTrebiT dabali temperaturebi da naleqebis didi raodenoba (barieruli Tvisebebis gamo). Sedegad, ganviTarda myinvaruli reliefis mosworebuli da yuTisebri formebi, romlebic Tanamedrove epoqaSi samTo – saTxilamuro sportis ganviTarebis safuZveli gaxda. sasargeblo wiaRiseulidan cnobilia rogorc liTonuri (rkina, tyvia-TuTia, spilenZi, manganumi da sxv.), ise saTbobi (qvanaxSiri) nedleulis sabadoebi. alpebi gamoirCeva mTis mdinareebis hidroenergetikuli potencialiT, romlis arsebiTi nawili aTvisebulia. alpebis klimati mravalferovania da ukavSirdeba rogorc geografiul mdebareobas (zomieri sartylis farglebSi), ise atmosferos cirkulacias, adgilis simaRles da mimdebare wyalsatevebis gavlenas. mudmivi Tovlis xazi warmodgenilia zRv.donidan 2500 – 3200 metrze, rac gansxvavdeba naleqebis ganawilebis mixedviT. naleqebis wliuri raodenoba icvleba alpebis ganapira da Sida regionebis mixedviT da Sesabamisad meryeobs 4000 – 500 milimetrs Soris. gansakuTrebiT mcire raodenobis naleqebi aRiniSneba mTaTaSoris qvabulebsa da mdinareTa viwro xeobebSi, Tumca aq tenis deficiti nalkebad aRiniSneba aorTqlebadobis dabali maCveneblebis gamo. gamyinvarebis saerTo farTobi 4 aTas kv.km-s aRwevs, rac 5%-iT naklebia gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebis maCvenebelze. yvelaze mZlavri vulkani warmodgenilia aleCis regionSi (Sveicaria), romlis ena zRvis donidan 2100 metramde ecema. bunebrivi zonaloba da sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba gamoirCeva simaRlebrivi sartylurobiT. mTiswinebi, reliefis formebisa da zomieri havis gamo, maqsimaluradaa aTvisebuli da dasaxlebuli. aq misdeven rogorc miwaTmoqmedebas, ise mesaqonleobas. dabali da saSualo mTebi, reliefis maRali danawevrebis, Tovlis xangrZlivi safarisa da zomierad civi klimatis gamo, SedarebiT naklebadaa aTvisebuli. gamoirCeva biologiuri mravalferovnebiT. meurneobis dargebidan aRsaniSnavia: mesa23

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

qonleoba, memarcvleba (xorbali, qeri, Wvavi), mekartofileoba da sxv. farTod da maRal donezea ganviTarebuli sakurorto meurneoba. maRali mTebis anu subalpur da alpur srtyelSi zamTari xangrZlivi da mkacria, ris gamoc soflis meurneoba mxolod mesaqonleobiTaa warmodgenili. aq bevria samTo-saTxilamuro kurorti, romlebic adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaroa. alpebis mdgradi ganviTareba ramdenime stabiluri aspeqtiTaa ganpirobebuli. maT Sorisaa: maRali ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT, stabiluri politikuri viTarebiT, SedarebiTi demografiuli stabilurobiT da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT (uzrunvelyofili sakanonmdeblo baziT). uaryofiT procesebs miekuTvneba: • • • •

•

miwaTsargeblobis formebis cvla sakurorto da saagarako meurneobis upiratesi ganviTarebiT (aisaxa fermebisa da fermerebis ricxvis Semcirebaze), periferiuli da centraluri regionebis ganviTarebis saxesxvaobebi, ekologiuri dabinZurebis xarisxis zrda (xmauri, atmosferos dabinZureba), axalgazrdobis SesamCnevi migracia Sida raionebidan periferiebisa da saganmanaTleblo centrebisken (rac amcirebs SromiTi resursebis raodenobriv da struqturul maCveneblebs), investiciebis SesamCnevi kleba mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi (gajerebis fonze).

meurneobis zogierTi forma (mesaqonleoba) da klimatis cvlileba uaryofiTad aisaxa alpebis biomravalferovnebaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli asi wlis manZilze haeris saSualowliuri temperatura 1.50-iT gaizarda, mkveTrad Semcirda Tovlis safaris simZlavre da xangrZlivoba, gaizarda simSralis maCveneblebi zafxulis TveebSi, wyaldidobaTa raodenoba da intensivoba, Semcirda wylis resursebis raodenoba da miwis bunebrivi nayofiereba. alpebSi mxolod turizmiT da sagzao infrastruqturiT gamorCeuli regionebi inarCuneben demografiul stabilurobas. alpebSi mdebare qalaqebi TandaTan kargaven funqciebs, rac aisaxeba alpebis mimdebare regionebis urbanizaciis procesebze. klimatis cvlileba alpebis arsebuli meurneobis sxvadasxva formis adaptacias moiTxovs. bunebrivi movlenebis intensivobis zrda turizmis ganviTarebis da garemos dacvis politikis axlebur gaazrebas moiTxovs. sxvadasxva mosazrebis mixedviT, alpebis mdgradi ganviTareba ramdenime prioritetuli mimarTulebis warmoCenas, adamianuri da bunebrivi resursebis optimalur gamoyenebas saWiroebs. maT Sorisaa: • • • • •

wylis resursebis dagroveba, optimaluri ganawileba da marTva; bunebrivi garemoTi mosargebleTa kompensireba (intensiuridan eqstensiur meurneobaze gadasvlis mizniT); daculi teritoriebis erTiani qselis Seqmna; dasaqmebis stimulireba; Tanamedrove teqnologiuri inovaciebis danergvis xelSewyoba.

andebi (samxreTi amerika) andebi samxreT amerikaSi TiTqmis 9 aTas kilometrzea gadaWimuli da moicavs 7 qveynis teritorias. igi udidesi klimaturi barieria da xels uSlis atlantis okeanidan notio masebis gadaadgilebas dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. 24

Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regioni

andebi axalgazrda mTiani sistemaa, sadac mTaTawarmoSobis procesebi intensiurad grZeldeba. igi ramdenime paraleruli qedisgan Sedgeba, romelTa Soris mTaTaSorisi xeobebi, qvabulebi da vrceli zegnebia warmodgenili. mTiani sistemebi gansxvavdeba simaRlis da ganfenilobis mixedviT. yvelaze maRalia andebis centraluri nawili, sadac TvalsaCinoa bunebrivi pirobebis simaRlebrivi cvla. andebSi xSiria miwisZvrebi da vulkanuri procesebi, rac regionis ganviTarebis erT-erT xelisSemSlel faqtorad iTvleba. andebi mdidaria wiaRiseuliT, romelTagan gamoirCeva spilenZi, tyvia-TuTia, Zvirfasi liTonebi da saTbobi wiaRiseuli. andebi moicavs ramdenime klimatur sartyels, ris gamoc didi sxvaobaa haeris temperaturasa da naleqebis ganawilebaSi. naleqebis raodenoba meryeobs 200-dan 10 aTas milimetramde. Tovlis xazi icvleba 5 aTasi metridan (CrdiloeTi nawili), 6 aTas metramde centralur nawilSi da 500 metramde samxreT nawilSi. andebs ukavia 2.5 mln km2, sadac cxovrobs 85 milioni adamiani. mis resursebze aseve damokidebulia 20 milioni adamiani, romlebic ZiriTadad cxovroben wynari okeanis sanapiro zolSi. aq warmodgenilia 17% im saxnavi miwebisa, romlebsac flobs andebTan dakavSirebuli 7 samxreT amerikuli qveyana. garda argentinisa da venesuelisa, andebSi formirebuli wylis resursebi uzrunvelyofen aqauri qveynebis energetikuli potencialis 85%. andebSi TvalsaCionoa klimatis cvlis tendenciebi, mosaxleobis zrda, miwaTsargeblobis problemebi, mTis ekosistemebis transformaciis masStabebi. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi myinvarebma „ukan daixia“ amdebis mTel perimetze, ramac didi problemebi ukve Seqmna wylis resursebis saxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gamoyenebis saqmeSi. aq mosaxleoba cxovrobs CvenTvis uCveulo simaRleebze, rac andebis geografiul mdebareobas da klimats ukavSirdeba. meurneobis dargebidan gavrcelebulia mesaqonleoba, samTo-mopovebiTi mrawveloba da memarcvleoba. andebis mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika ramdenime aspeqts ukavSirdeba, esenia: • • •

•

mosaxleobis maRali simWidrove, rac mTis ekosistemebis degradaciis winapirobaa; samTo mrewvelobis ganviTarebis maRali done, rac ver uzrunvelyofs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Semosavlebs da zrdis ekologiur problemebs; miuxedavad agrobiomravalferovnebisadmi maRali interesisa, tradiciuli soflis meurneoba ver uwyobs xels mosaxleobis keTildReobas (Tanamedrove teqnologiebis simwiris gamo soflis meurneobasa da kvebis mrewvelobaSi); klimatis cvlilebis Sedegad myinvarebiT dafaruli farTobebis Semcireba ukve aisaxa mosaxleobis sasmeli, sayofacxovrebo da sairigacio wyliT momaragebaze.

kordilierebi (CrdiloeTi amerika) da centraluri amerikis mTiani teritoriebi kordilierebi CrdiloeT amerikaSi 9 aTas kilometrzea gadaWimuli da moicavs aTeulze meti qveynis teritorias. igi arsebiTi klimaturi barieria da xels uSlis atlantis okeanidan notio masebis gadaadgilebas dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. kordilierebi axalgazrda mTiani sistemaa, sadac mTaTawarmoSobis procesebi intensiurad grZeldeba. igi ramdenime paraleruli qedisgan Sedgeba, romelTa Soris mTaTaSorisi xeobebi, qvabulebi da vrceli zegnebia warmodgenili. mTiani sistemebi 25

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

gansxvavdeba simaRlis da ganfenilobis mixedviT. yvelaze maRalia kordilierebis CrdiloeTi nawili. kordilierebi moicavs ramdenime klimatur sartyels, dawyebuli atqtikulidan da damTavrebuli subekvatoruliT. naleqebis raodenoba meryeobs 100-dan (CrdiloeTi da centraluri nawilis qvabulebi) 7 aTas milimetramde (ukiduresi samxreTi). Tovlis xazi icvleba 500 metridan (CrdiloeTi nawili), 3500 metramde centralur nawilSi). mosaxleoba ZiriTadad cxovrobs okeaneebis sanapiro zolSi, agreTve dabali da saSualo simaRlis mTebSi. kordilierebi mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika ukavSirdeba or regionul saxesxvaobas: CrdiloeT amerikis da centraluri amerikis qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs, kerZod:

centraluri amerikis SemTxvevaSi – ekologiuri problematika ukaSirdeba tyeebis intensiur Cexvas, xelovnuri wyalsatevebis intensiur mSeneblobas, klimatis cvlilebis Sedegad aridizaciis intensifikacias, samTo-mopovebiTi mrewvelobis maRal ganviTarebas da zemoqmedebas, mosaxleobis matebas da sasicocxlo sivrcis SezRudeulobas, niadagis eroziis maRal maCeveneblebs (rac kavSirdeba soflis meurneobas, qarisa da wylis moqmedebas). mTebisadmi interesi izrdeba, rac ganpirobebuli dablob regionebSi mosaxleobis maRali simWidroviT.

CrdiloeTi amerikis SemTxvevaSi (ZiriTadad aSS-s SemTxvevaSi) – aRiniSneba mTaSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis zrda, rac ukavSirdeba maRal rekreaciul „mimzidvelobas“ da turizmis ganviTarebis interesebs. orive mimarTuleba didi raodenobiT izidavs investiciebs, rasac emateba saxelmwifo politika infrastruqturis intensiuri ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT. regioni gamoirCeva adgilobrivi sazogadoebis maRali aqtivobiT, rac gamoixateba samecniero-kvleviTi centrebis SeqmnaSi, mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis specialuri programebis organizebasa da gaqtiurebaSi, daculi teritoriebis gafarToebasa da misi qselis formirebaSi. regionSi ekologiuri mimarTulebiT ramdenime problemis gaaqtiureba aRiniSneba. esenia: biomravalferovnebis degradaciis tendenciebi, klimatis cvla da misi gavlena mTis ekosistemebis geografiul cvalebadobaze, wylis resursebis moxmarebis zrda da misadmi maRali interesi, mTiani teritoriebis siaxloves urbanizaciis maRali done da bunebrivi resursebisadmi maRali interesi; adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis dawesebuli SeRavaTebi, rac xels uwyobs samTo-mopovebiTi mrewvelobis da bunebrivi resursebis mopovebis intensifikacias; msoflios sxva mTiani regionebi

afrikis mTian sistemebSi mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika ZiriTadad erTgvarovania. aq TiTqmis araferi keTdeba mTebis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis, saxelmwifos da biznesis mxridan praqtikulad ar xorcieldeba investiciebi; aRiniSneba ukiduresi siRatake, rac aisaxeba tyis ekosistemebis intensiur gamoyenebaze; adgilobrivi mosaxleoba praqtikulad ar flobs informacias axal teqnologiqbze da mdgradi ganviTarebis tendenciebze; Zalian bevri mTis Temi izolirebulad cxovrobs, rac aferxebs maT integracias investiciebis an turizmis ganviTarebis sferoSi. 26

Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regioni

axlo aRmosavleTSi mdgradi ganviTarebis tendenciebi ukavSirdeba: • • • • •

navTobis mopovebas da masTan dakavSirebul gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobas; mdgrad ganviTarebas xels uSlis mosaxleobis migracia msxvil dasaxlebul punqtebSi, rac dasaqmebis SesaZleblobasTan asocirdeba; intensiuria gaudabnoebis procesebi da klimatis cvlilebis Sedegebi, rasac xels uwyobs mesaqonleobis (mecxvareobis) ganviTarebis maRali done da tradiciebi; mkveTrad dgas wylis resursebis gamoyenebisa da marTvis problemebi, rac maRalSemosavliani soflis meurneobis Semaferxebeli faqtoria; regioni ukanasknel aTwleulebSi gamoirCeva politikuri arastabilurobiTac, rac aseve mkveTrad aisaxeba mdgradi ganviTarebis Sesazleblobebze.

himalaebSi, miuxedavad wylis resursebis didi potencialisa, regionSi mosaxleobis intensiuri zrdis gamo (amJamad aq 1.5 miliardi mcxovrebia) mkveTrad gauaresda wylis resursebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi; TvalsaCinoa klimatis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebic, rac iasaxa myinvarebis moculobis Semcirebaze; gaizarda bunebrivi katastrofebis rogorc raodenoba, ise maStabebi; regioni msoflioSi „gamorCeulia“ siRatakis doniT, mudmivad moSimSile mosaxleobis maRali xvedriTi wiliT da socialuri usamarTlobiT.

centraluri aziis mTian regionebSi (pamiri, tian-Sani) gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi mkveTri gadasvla mTis meurneobis araerTi mimarTulebis (gansakuTrebiT adgilobrivi rewvis) ganadgureba ganapiroba. aRiniSneba siRatakis maRali done, ekologiuri problematikis ugulvebelyofa, infrastruqtura moZvelebulia da ar pasuxobs Tanamedrove moTxovnebs. aq maRalia mosaxleobis migraciis maCveneblebi, samTo-mopovebiTi mrewvelobis obieqtebis gavlena mTis ekosistemebze, wylis resursebze moTxovna (rac ukavSirdeba soflis meurneobis da hidroenergetikis ganviTarebas).

samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis mTian regionebSi aRiniSneba biomravalferovnebis degradaciis da ganadgurebis procesi. mosaxleoba siRaribeSi cxovrobs, rac moqmedebs kulturuli memkvidrebis SenaCunebaze da mograciuli procesebis prevenciaze. maRal donezea naturaluri gacvla, rac ar iZleva ekonomikaSi reinvesticiis saSualebas. axalgardobas ar aqvs ganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba, rac aseve aisaxeba saganmanaTleblo centrebisken maT ltolvaze. adgilobrivi biznesi did interess iwvevs xe-tyis resursebis mopovebaze, rac did resursul da bunebrivi TviTaRdgenis potencials ukavSirdeba. maRalia aralegaluri biznesis xvedriTi wili, rac adgilobriv biujetSi saxsrebis mobilizebas uSlis xels. wylis energetikuli potencialis gamoyenebam da samTo-mopovebiTi mrewvelobis ganviTarebam gazarda Semosavlebi, Tumca aseve gaizarda mTis ekosistemebze zemoqmedebis masStabebi;

centraluri, aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis mTian regionebSi mgradi ganviTarebis problematika ukavSirdeba postsabWoTa ekonomikidan sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlis process. miuxedavad sirTuleebisa, miRebul iqna transasazRvro TanamSromlobis xelSekrelebebi (magaliTad, karpatebTan dakavSirebiT), rac praqtikulad imeorebs alpuri qveynebis TanamSromlobisa da saqmianobis principebs. negatiur procesad aseve SeiZleba CaiTvalos adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dabali interesi mTiani teritoriebis saTemo da sazogadoebrivi gamoyenebis, privatizirebisa da investirebis saqmeSi. aseve neli tempebiT viTardeba mTiani teritoriebis integrirebuli gamoyenebis mimarTulebiT, rac aferxebs xelisuflebisa da 27

sxvadasxva dainteresebuli organizaciebis saqmianobis efeqturobas. aseve problemurad rCeba ekosistemuri momsaxurebis gadasaxadebis daweseba, rac aferxebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrdas. formirebis procesSia koncefciebi da programebi, romlebic exeba mTiani regionebis mdgradi ganviTrebis miznebs, indikatorebs, Sefasebis kriteriumebs, finansirebas, gamoyenebis regulirebas da kontrols. gasaweria is qmedebebi da uflebebi, rac gaaCniaT adgilobriv mosaxleobas sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis reglamentirebis saqmeSi, rac aseve ukavSirdeba landSaftis marTvis da landSaftis momsaxurebis meTodologiis implementacias. aseve aRsaniSnavia im sainformacio saqmianobis aqtivobis dabali done, rac adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seuqmnis warmodgenas lokaluri, regionuli da globaluri procesebis urTierTkavSirze. regionis qveynebSi aqtualur problemad rCeba mosaxleobis mTidan barSi migraciis Seuqcevadi procesi, transasazRvro wylis resursebis gamoyeneba da marTva, mTebSi mineraluri nedleulis mopovebis Sedegebis prevencia da sxv. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba kvlav ganicdis dabal SemosavlebTan, samedicino momsaxurebasTan, profesiul ganaTlebasTan, sakvebis mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebul diskomforts. aq samecniero kvlevebSi ZiriTadi aqcentebi keTdeba klimatis cvlilebis gavlenaze tyeebze, sanapiro zolsa da wylebze, Tumca sasurvelad iTvleba amave zemoqmedebis Seswavla mTis ekosistemebis mdgradobas da mowyvladobaze. amrigad, mTiani regionebis mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika mkveTrad gansxvavdeba ekonomikurad ganviTarebadi da ganviTarebuli regionebis mixedviT. kerZod:

ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone mTiani regionebi orientirebuli arian mTis resursebis da ekologiuri garemos rekreaciulad mdgrad gamoyenebaze, rac ganapirobebs mTis ekosistemebis maRal mimzidvelobas.

ganviTarebadi ekonomikis mqone mTiani regionebi orientirebuli arian miwis da tyis resursebis maqsimalur, wylis resursebis energetikuli miznebiT, saZovrebis da mineraluri resursebis intensiur gamoyenebaze. amgvari viTareba mTis ekosistemebis da niadagebis degradaciis winapirobaa, rac gausaZlis qmnis sacxovrebel garemos da mosaxloebis masiuri migraciis mizezi xdeba.

28

INTRODUCTION

As a result of the rapid population growth in the last two centuries, the use of natural resources has reached unprecedented scales and the Earth and human’s living environment have changed a lot. If at the beginning of the 19th century, the Earth population was 1 milliard, by 2018 this figure increased to 8 milliards. The development of medicine, achievements in exact, natural and social sciences and swift introduction of new technologies and global “availability” of information serve the purpose of improving the welfare of the world population what is evidenced by the general increase in life expectancy showing average 2-fold growth in many countries of the world for the last two centuries. The trends of increasing environmental problems are also large-scale and global and have a negative impact on the welfare of the Earth’s population. On the one hand, the areas “distinguished” for the degraded forest areas and fertile soils and scales of desertification and depopulation increase every year after year and on the other hand, the wet areas and those covered with glaciers, fresh water and biological resources of the World Ocean, metal and fuel and energy fossils decrease, while the atmospheric and water pollution, negative outcomes of urbanization, etc. become more evident. The situation is even graver in the mountainous regions, which have quite peculiar economic, social and ecological environment. Most mountainous areas in the world have severe climatic conditions and scarce soil resources, poorly developed infrastructure, low incomes and poor developmental prospects. However, at some places in the world (Europe, North America), where the mountain dwellers feel comfortable, as they have quite attractive social-economic environment in the mountains. A man has been living and working in the mountains for thousands of years creating unique forms of co-existence of the nature and the society, culture and customs. The mountains still maintain sound ecology, bulk of fresh water resources, biological and landscape diversity, endemic species of cultural and natural vegetation and unique and interesting forms of agriculture, architecture and ethnic culture. Despite such attractiveness in the mountains, the mountain dwellers mostly live in extreme poverty and almost in total isolation. The migration processes have reached large scales and as a consequence, more than one mountain regions face a threat of depopulation. In such a situation, the need for sustainable development of mountainous regions has become an urgent issue of the modern world. Sustainable development will help create favorable social, economic and ecological environment for the future generation, and its achievement is the prerogative of only well-educated, healthy and motivated society, with an interdisciplinary and systemic sciences playing a decisive role in its formation. One such science is modern geography, which, on the background of challenges associated with the sustainable development, strives to establish its own place and demonstrate its importance in the modern world.

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CHAPTER 1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS

1.1. Sustainable Development. Concept and principles “Sustainable Development”, as a term, was actively used at the First World Conference dedicated to the environmental protection and held in Stockholm (Switzerland) in 1972. In 1987, the report of the UNO World Commission on Environment and Development, defined the concept of sustainable development as follows: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present-day society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. This explanation swiftly spread all over the world and to date, it is considered as one of the most relevant explanations of the concept of sustainable development. At the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, sustainable development was considered as a new concept of the humankind development, or as: 9 The techniques (means) to overcome the environmental threats and problems by the modern civilization; 9 An essential precondition for the world development; 9 A tool to maintain the sound environment; 9 A response to the transformation of natural environment and processes of irrational use of natural resources; 9 An action against an increase of the population and environmental pollution. The Rio Conference of 1992 is fairly considered the most visible and effective international measure to demonstrate the global problems. Among other things, the Conference thoroughly reviewed the topicality of such issues as climate change, desertification, demographic development in developing countries and regions, poverty, harmonization of national and international legislations, economic inequity and other global problems and significance of solving them for the mankind. Since the Rio Conference, sustainable development has become popular, though such an activity, which is often viewed in different ways. Besides, its definition has been permanently disputed to date. Such state of affairs is the result of different perceptions of the philosophy and essence of terms sustainable and development. The different interpretation of the term is also associated both, with the level of societal development and approach of the scientific, cultural, political and economic circles to the developmental views and opportunities. 10 years later, i.e. in 2002, a conference about a similar topic was held in Johannesburg, South African Republic. The Johannesburg Conference considered the nature of the Rio Conference decisions and perspectives of sustainable development and identified the new topics of global problems associated with the living and vital environments, scales of extracting and using natural resources, alternative energy sources, maintenance of biodiversity, World Ocean, foodstuff provision for the population, regional and transboundary cooperation, importance of the traditional forms of farming, etc. After another 10 years, a UNO Conference was held in Rio de Janeiro (Rio – 2012), which was mainly dedicated to the outcomes and analysis of the past period, problems of poverty and social inequality, ecological agriculture, improvement and efficiency of international cooperation, and integrity and interdependence of social, economic and ecological problems. 30

Chapter 1. Sustainable Development and Mountainous Regions

Presently, the term development is mainly defined as: • • •

The way to the spiritual and mental perfection. The process of regular changes making for the sustainable social-economic development of humankind. The process of necessary public actions leading us from the old to the new, from the primitive to the perfection, from the chaotic to the organized and from the quantitative to the qualitative.

It should be noted that such a view of development leads to a certain terminological chaos and continuous discussions. However, everyone agrees that development is the precondition for and goal of the improvement of social, economic and cultural environment of a country. It is also recognized that no development is possible without joint public efforts, personal initiative and state will (policy). If in the near past, development was related only to the economic growth and welfare, presently, it means overcoming social, ecological, cultural and spiritual problems. Thus, only the economic welfare of the population cannot be the main goal of sustainable development. Sustainable development can be thoroughly and efficiently realized provided an action to maintain sound living environment and general welfare of the future generations is a priority for the state. Economic development results in the welfare of the population and is fairly considered a leading factor in this respect. Such welfare has a clear effect on the social development, which, on its turn, determines the rate and opportunities of the economic development. Sustainable development cannot be a mere synonym of the economic or social development. Rather, it is an integrated system of different forms of actions, with its ultimate aim to reach a certain social-economic level. Such a goal can be realized provided the economic, social, ecological, demographic and political conditions are improved at the same time or in complex. Term sustainability is associated with such phenomena or processes when the level of the societal development does not change, force of resistance is not vanished and reliability of public events and processes is not disturbed as a result of changes. This, in the first instance, means a kind of complex of natural and public events and processes not violating the existing balance in space and time. As some interpretations suggest, sustainable development means: 9 A single system of economic development and environmental protection, ecologically sustainable economic development, prioritized link between the economy and the ecology. 9 Such a model of public development capable of meeting the principal vital requirements of both, the present and the future generations. 9 The development ensuring a real improvement of life quality in terms of maintained Earth’s natural diversity (World Conservation Strategy. IUCN, UNEP, WWF. 1980); 9 Safeguard and develop the mankind opportunities by means of joint capital. 9 The development not followed by the degradation of living or natural environment. 9 A process of changes compliant with the interests of the present and future generations. There are great many such interpretations, as the main accents are made on more than one problems, with the following major problems: conservation of natural resources and maintenance of natural diversity, optimal ratio between the economic activity and the state of environment, sustainable economic development and growth, fair relations between the generations, quality of life and living environment, maintenance of social and cultural values, meeting the public needs, equal regional development, etc. 31

Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions

1.2. Main concepts of sustainable development The economic concept of sustainable development relies on and considers the rational use of exhaustible natural resources, development of resource-saving technologies, focus on inexhaustible and restorable resources, ecological production, minimization and secondary use of waste. The social concept of sustainable development relies on and considers the stability of social and cultural systems, environmentally friendly and legally justified use of the national wealth, protection of cultural and historical values, publicity of decisions and maximum engagement of the society in the planning and management process. The ecological concept of sustainable development relies on and considers the integrity of ecological (biological, landscape) environment, maintenance of the viability and functioning mechanisms of ecosystems, improvement of stability and self-restoration mechanisms of the natural environment, due determination of the social-economic functions of the natural landscapes, ecology-oriented territorial (landscape) planning, landscape service and management, creation of the esthetic environment. All three concepts of sustainable development, despite the diversity of the considered issues, can be considered as components of a single system. They are interconnected and mutually determinative, and consequently, sustainable development, as a problem, is quite difficult to solve and is a long civic and scientific process, with more than one scientific branch related to it considering the objectives and opportunities of sustainable development at either branch, or component level. The history of mankind knows many problems, with most of them having clear geographical peculiarities. They are seen at all: local, regional and global levels. Presently, particularly topical is the talks about global ecologic, economic, social and political problems, which are most thoroughly reviewed by geography. The complex nature of geographical analysis, study of the spatial and time peculiarities of the natural, social, economic and ecological phenomena and processes, research of natural and modified (natural-anthropogenic) landscapes, possibility to interrelate planetary and regional ecological problems make the science of geography particularly topical. At present, the study of the spatial (local, regional and global) peculiarities of sustainable development is the main objective of geography what makes it outstanding among other branches of science.

1.3. Peculiarities of mountainous areas and problems of sustainable development Mountains always played a great role in the history and development of humankind. They are an essential source of water, forest and many mineral resources, biologically and ethically outstanding area and territory with a high potential for recreational economy. Presently, 10% of the world population lives in the mountains and three times more people use the natural resources formed in the mountains (water in the first instance). The natural environment of the mountains is instable due to several factors: high temperature amplitude (promoting physical weathering), low pressure, difference between the expositions, water erosion, high snow cover, relief inclination, low soil fertility and poorly developed road infrastructure. This is why, the mountain ecosystems lose stability and are subject to intense degradation under the human impact. The natural environment self-restoration mechanisms are also weak in the mountains. Mountains have been used by a man since the ancient times mostly as the safe environment suitable for self-defense. For example, several thousands of years ago, in Europe, the intermountain gorges in the Alps were populated more densely than their adjacent hills and plains. People were busy with land cultivation up to 2000 m above sea level. They gained rich harvest of cereal crops, vegetables, cannabis, flex, etc. 32

Chapter 1. Sustainable Development and Mountainous Regions

Today, more than 700 million people live in the mountains. Their majority lives in the mountainous regions of Central and South America, Asia and Africa. Following the natural conditions and little land areas of the mentioned mountainous regions, it can be said that the mountainous regions are distinguished for very high population density, i.e. they are over-populated. In Europe, high population density in the mountainous areas is fixed in the Alps only. The mountains of the Northern hemisphere: The Cordilleras and Scandinavian and Siberian mountain systems are almost deserted. The natural conditions and resources of the mountainous areas are difficult to use, and as a result, mountain dwellers have to adapt themselves to the extreme conditions and fight for survival. For millennia, the people living in the mountains have created unusual and specific forms of agriculture in response to the conditions unfavorable for land cultivation (in terms of insufficient lands and agroclimatic resources) on the one hand and conditions favorable for cattle-breeding on the other hand. Traditional forms of land use in the mountains were developed over the river and artificially created terraces, while cattle-breeding was a common activity on fertile summer pastures and in hey-meadows. Mountains are rich in many kinds of natural resources, with drinking water, water energy, solar and wind energy and thermal and mineral waters as the most valuable resources. Mountains have many kinds of ore deposits, with ferrous and precious metals, building and facing materials as the most important ones. The mountains in the world are distinguished for their biological and landscape diversity and wonderful and unique nature. Consequently, mountains are the best place for the scientists for experimental observations and clearly demonstrate the peculiarities of the global course of tectonic, geodynamic, climatic and biological phenomena and processes. The natural diversity of the mountains depends on several factors, in particular: geographical location, altitude and exposition of the site, distance from oceans and seas, wind direction and types and scales of human economic activities. The mountains still have vast areas where the wildlife endems and relicts are accumulated what further augments the ecological and scholastic importance of the mountains. The Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF), in developing the national and global environmental projects, makes the principal accent on the areas distinguished for the natural diversity and values of the mountainous areas. Unfortunately, most of the endems and relicts found in the mountainous regions are registered in the Red Books of a number of countries as critically endangered or threatened species. The conservation of the bio-diversity of the mountainous areas and protection of the endangered wildlife are one of the primary challenges and concerns of the civilized world. Mountains are particularly rich in recreational resources, in particular, in efficient and beautiful sceneries, esthetic sites, clear and transparent air, and diversified flora and fauna. Mountains are a natural shelter and corridor for many wildlife species and they are used by the lowland and high-mountain animals to get together, mix and move to different geographical areas. All over the world, mountains are distinguished for high potential for tourism development. People are attracted by the unique nature, ethnic and cultural diversity, mineral and drinking waters, efficient sceneries and ecologically pure foodstuff of the mountains. It is the well-organized tourist infrastructure generating incomes for local people, changing the economic profile and minimizing the anthropogenic load on the mountainous areas. More than one types of tourism are developed in the mountains, with sports, eco-, adventure and health (wellness) tourism being noteworthy. Complex relief conditions support the conservation of the biodi33

Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions

versity in the mountains, what, together their altitudinal distribution, is another most important resource to develop cognitive tourism (scientific, educational tourism). The nature in the mountains is extremely sensitive, vulnerable and instable. Mountains instantly reflect the natural processes, human impact and outcomes of different calamities. Mountains are particularly sensitive to climate changes, which have a speedy effect on the areas and volumes of glaciers, vegetation development, water resources, etc. At present, mountains are the best indicator of the global climate change. Mountains are distinguished for high risks as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors. The most important natural factors are volcanoes and earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, floods, etc. In the mountains, the human factor becomes increasingly important, mostly in connection to the mining industry, forest exploitation and road construction. Due to the rapidly changing climatic conditions and increasing economic activity of people, conservation of the natural diversity of the mountains is one of the most important objectives of the humankind. Since the ancient times, the mountains were considered one of the most important barriers to the spread of civilization. Despite this, many kinds of original peoples, cultures and traditions have been formed in the mountains. The isolation between the peoples living in the same mountain system (e.g. the Caucasioni) was so significant that it even led to the formation of different languages. Dagestan, which is the house of about 30 different peoples, is a good example. Presently, there is a growing interest in the mountains and their natural resources. Mountains are developed swiftly all over the world: people build big water-reservoirs, develop new ore deposits and build roads and communications in the mountains; besides, tourism develops and the scales of using summer pastures and number of temporal (seasonal) settlements increase in the mountains. An intense use of the natural resources in the mountainous areas followed by the degradation and depletion of the natural biodiversity has several trends. The following trends are global: • • • • • • • •

Increasing number of cattle on the subalpine and alpine pastures and degradation of their productivity. Depletion of the diversity of high-mountain vegetation following intense grazing and over-use of the mountain vegetation to make curative herbs. Degradation of high- and average-mountain forests. Activation of erosive (geodynamic) processes. Intense washout of humus soil layer. Reduction of water resources. Limitation of animal habitats, routes of their migration and ecological corridors. Extremely poor social infrastructure and extremely low quality of life of the population of the mountain regions.

It is known that for the last half a century, the forest index of the mountainous regions has decreased a lot and even halved at some locations (e.g. the Pamirs, the Tian Shan), while mountain forests have an extremely great and sometimes, a decisive ecological importance. They perform soil-protecting and water-protecting functions; they serve as a preventive measure against floods, freshets and undesirable geodynamic processes, and support the formation of sound environment and conservation of biodiversity. Development of cattle-breeding in the mountains mostly influences the upper mountain forests, which are most instable of the forest eco-systems. Large scales of grazing and haymaking hamper the forest self-restoration ability and because of this, the regulation of cattle-breeding in the mountains, together with the rational use of forests, is an important precondition for the development of the mountainous areas. 34

Chapter 1. Sustainable Development and Mountainous Regions

A man’s technogenic activity in the mountainous areas can take different forms, but its outcomes are mostly associated with the problem of water resource regulation. Particularly grave is the situation with the water resource formation and use in the mountainous areas of arid regions. The decreasing volume of water resources is immediately associated with the global climate change and human’s economic activity. The problems related to the use of water resources are expected to aggravate in such regions. Such state of affairs has its effect not only on the population of mountains and lowlands, but also on the relations between the states, which use the resources of transit rivers. Construction of the water reservoirs in the mountainous regions of the world has a several hundredyear-long history. It is established that only large water reservoirs (with the depth of 100 to 150 m) have an impact on the environment. Presently, there are several tens of such reservoirs in the world. Most water reservoirs are built across the rivers in the mountainous regions in the moderate, subtropical or tropical zones. On the one hand, they help regulate the water resources efficiently, but on the other hand, they contribute to an increasing seismic pressure, flooding the riverside terraces, forests and meadows, which are of a particular significance for the mountain dwellers, changes of the microclimate, underground water level, generic structure of the wildlife and their migration routes, etc. Thus, the development of the mountainous areas must be done in the right and purposeful manner, by considering the principles of sustainable development. Otherwise, the migration of the people of the mountainous regions, irrational and rapacious use of the natural resources, degradation of cultural and ethnic values, different kinds of conflicts and level of poverty of the mountain dwellers will intensify further. The United Nations Organization pays permanent attention to the development of mountains, and it has adopted a number of documents stressing the need for, goals and expected outcomes of the sustainable development of mountains.

1.4. Geographical specifics of the mountainous areas Mountainous areas occupy almost one-fourth of the land on the Earth, and 40% of the world population lives on the hills and plains adjoining the mountains. Thus, half of the world population rely on the water and energy, foodstuff and forest resources coming from the mountains. Mountains are found on all continents of the Earth. They differ with their location, area, height, orography, natural conditions, altitudinal zoning, barrier properties, climate, resources, population, geopolitical state, level of development and many other factors. In the mountains, the natural and social-economic processes are interwoven in a specific manner what is clearly seen in the peculiarities and problems of the sustainable development of the local people. The geographical (latitudinal) location makes for a number of natural characteristics of the mountains. Of them, microclimatic factors are worth mentioning, which on their turn result in the peculiar nature of vertical zoning and landscape-forming factors. The mountain systems of the moderate, subtropical and tropical zones show significant differences in these characteristics. The orographic factor shows the peculiarities of the seismic activity and geological structure of the mountainous areas. These indicators, together with the climate type, determine the relief dissection and intensity of geodynamic processes. They immediately determine the potential of the people’s living and economic areas in the mountains. The intensity of tectonic movement is a clear indicator of the formation of young mountain systems characterized by the growing indicators. For instance, if in the 1980s, the rate of elevation of the Caucasioni was considered to be 6 mm, presently they talk about 15 mm. At the same time, the ratio between the basins, plateaus, high-, average- and low-mountainous relief forms determining the types of their economic use is important. The peculiarities of altitudinal zoning are particularly important for the mountains and they are associated with a number of factors. The most important factors are the trend of a temperature decrease as the 35

Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions

altitude increases and exposition. The temperature gradient is 0.5ºC on average at every 100 m higher. However, it varies depending on the location and climatic zone. For example, in terms of marine climate, the air temperature falls by 0.2ºC, while in the continental climate it falls by 0.9-1.0ºC. The same is true with the geographical zones. For example, the fall of the air temperature in the mountains located in the moderate zone as the altitude increases is more intense than it is in the arctic or equatorial zone. Altitudinal zoning is associated with a number of geographical features, with human’s ecology, biological productivity and potential, distribution of soil and water resources, types and scales of economic activities, recreationally efficient sceneries, etc. as very important of them. Another worthwhile feature is the barrier properties of the mountainous systems greatly determining not only the character of the formation of the natural environment or natural phenomenon, but also the peculiarities of the geopolitical and social-economic processes. In the historical past, mountains were mainly seen as barriers determining the formation of the climate, river basins and configuration of different states accordingly. At present, the barrier properties of the mountain systems in the geopolitical and social-economic respect are almost leveled, but are still an essential factor in many regions of the world (Central Asia, the Andes, Ethiopian Highlands, the Himalayas, Tibet, etc.). In many regions of the world, the people of the mountainous area tend to migrate. They migrate mainly in two directions: from the mountain villages to lowland villages and from the mountain villages to the towns. The index of labor migration to other states is also high. This process is promoted by several factors: carelessness of the states, problems of decentralization, complex natural conditions, climate change, poor economic and social incentives, and low activity of the local people in the management system. The analysis of the geopolitical surroundings evidences that a number of conflicts are associated with the mountains thus blocking the prospects of social-economic development of this kind of regions. The conflicts relate to the military blocks, economic potential, shortage of land, water and mineral resources, religions, historical claims, roads, communications, etc. The mountainous systems of the different regions of the world have a great social-economic importance. The natural and ethno-cultural potential of the mountains offer good developmental opportunities for mining industry, tourism, labor resources, protected areas, cultural identity, traditions, transboundary cooperation, ecological agriculture and other branches. The last decades were marked by a growing interest in protecting the natural and ethno-cultural values in the mountainous regions of the world. The protected areas are being expanded and new ones are created and this process is more or less supported by the population migration and presence of “free” areas. Of the protected areas, the national parks and biosphere reserves are particularly popular. They present an outstanding example of the co-existence of the society and the nature and the natural and cultural biodiversity. Some mountain systems maintain their geostrategic importance, as important military and economic roads and passes run across them. Often, the mountainous areas are natural boundaries and watersheds, which coincide with the state or ethnic borders. The history knows many examples when the military actions were waged to capture such watersheds or passes. Such actions were seen in the Alps for several times, where during the First World War, the mountainous areas were distributed by considering their military-strategic importance. Even to date, the terrorist organizations of different armies, groupings participating in the partisan and civil oppositions and smugglers and illegal traders find shelter in the mountains. They usually choose peripheral, boundary areas of the mountainous areas as shelters as to easily escape to neighboring countries in case of a threat. Since the ancient times, the mountains were considered one of the important barriers on the way to civilization. In addition, more than one original peoples, cultures and traditions have been formed in the 36

Chapter 1. Sustainable Development and Mountainous Regions

mountains. The isolation between the peoples living in the same mountain system (e.g. the Caucasioni) was so great that they even led to the formation of different languages. Today, over 700 million people live in the mountains, with 20 million living above 3000 m above sea level (in the Himalayas and Andes), and about 120 million people live from 2000 to 3000 m altitude above sea level. There is an increasing public and scientific interest in the development of mountains, and the study of global, regional and local peculiarities of the mountains is seen as the precondition for forming the optimal models of their development. The focus is made on the natural, economic, ethno-cultural and geopolitical developmental trends of the mountains, social interests of the population, ecological problems and other fields. In this connection, the importance of the integrated (interdisciplinary) study of the mountains is gaining popularity, through which the problems and goals of their sustainable development are clearly identified. Water is fairly considered the main natural resource of the 21st century. There is an ever-increasing demand for both, the quantity and quality of water. On the other hand, half of the world population and major portion of the agricultural production is linked with fresh water resources accumulated in the mountain glaciers and water reservoirs. All great rivers of the world head and are formed in the mountains. This is why, the rational use and control of the water formed in the mountains is recognized one of the priorities of the sustainable development. The ways of exploiting the mountainous areas and associated problems are immediately linked to the level of the country development. If the mountainous regions of the developing countries “are distinguished” for underdevelopment, social tension and high migration rates, the picture is opposite in the developed countries, where the mountainous regions have been formed as tourist centers with high standards of living. However, mountains are much more significant than that. They are fairly considered the areas where the water and hydropower resources are formed and areas outstanding for their biological and cultural diversity. Mountains are known for their ecologically pure environment, which is very important to maintain not only for the right functioning of the geographical layer, but for the future of the humankind. Natural calamities usually take an intense course in the mountains what is associated with the seismic activity, forms of relief (gradient), water circulation peculiarities (high infiltration), swift weather changes and scales of economic impacts (grazing, road construction, forest exploitation). They are seen as landslide and denudation processes, as well as mudflows and snow avalanches. The landslide and denudation processes, which are similar with their reasons, are often caused by earthquakes. Sometimes, they reach vast scales and can change both, the relief on the one hand and the direction and infrastructure of river waters on the other hand. The forms and intensity of landslides and denudation depend on the peculiarities of the constituent rocks, weathering intensity, moist circulation and relief gradients. If as a result of denudation, the mobile rocks “move away” from their original location and move in the direction of the slope gradient, the same is hardly true with the landslides, which create new forms in terms of the mountainous relief and pose a permanent threat. Mudflow, with its outcomes, is another catastrophic phenomenon. It is associated with the combined movement of talus material and water, mostly seen in the river gorges. Some reasons causing mudflows are: downpour rains, intense (swift) snow melting, earthquake, weathering (all of its forms), volcanic eruption and man’s economic activities. Depending on their forms of development, mudflows are classified as pulse and erosive, and with their outcomes they can be accumulation mudflows. Depending on the content and density, they distinguish among water-stone, muddy and mud-stone mudflows; with their forms and frequency, average 3 mudflows a year are possible to occur due to the downpour rains, 10 mudflows a year may occur as a result of snow melting and 20 mudflows a year may occur as a result of intense melting of glaciers. The mass of a mudflow may vary from 1 to 3 t/m3, with the water volumes of 70% and 30%, respectively. Their dynamics and duration of movement are rapid and short-time. 37

Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions

However, they actively change their relief forms, bio-geographical properties of the area and economic infrastructure. Snow avalanches may be formed at any location where the snow cover reaches 0.5 m in height and relief gradient is more than 15Âş. The only factor capable of hampering snow avalanches is the forest vegetation and some relief forms. An avalanche may be activated as a result of several-day-long intense snow, winds, snow melting or rain pouring down on the snow cover. The avalanche velocity is different in the site of the avalanche origination, in the middle course of the slope and at the end point and may reach 50 m/sec, or 180 km/hr. The height of snow accumulated at the avalanche end point may reach several tens of meters. As a result, such a snow cover may survive for several years and not melt. It is the analysis of the snow remains allowing identifying the areas and scales of the avalanche spread.

1.5. Importance of the sustainable development of mountainous areas Goals and objectives The World Commonwealth unanimously states that despite the UNO appeals and realization of a number of national policies of sustainable development of mountains, positive changes are less seen presently. It is considered that the measures undertaken and investments made in social, economic and ecological fields are far from the desirable level. In addition, following the present-day processes of globalization, climate change and population growth in the mountains, thorough changes are needed, while one must admit that what we predominantly see, is the ongoing negative processes: the population of the mountainous regions experience mass poverty, the number of catastrophic natural calamities and processes and the scales of soil degradation tend to increase, and the water resources diminish, while migration and food safety issues are still one of the major challenges of the mountainous regions. Mountains occupy over half of the area of 53 countries of the world and 25 to 50% of the territories of 45 countries. 20% of the world tourism industry is in the mountains as a result of high biological and historical-cultural diversity, many religious sites and high-potential recreational resources. Mountains play a particular role in the formation of fresh water resources. Mountain rivers are the most important source of renewable natural resources for almost all large settled areas and areas with highly concentrated population. Half of the world hydropower energy is generated in the mountains. The climate change may have a negative impact on water-supply and may lead to the opposition between the countries. This is particularly true with the countries using transboundary rivers. 1/3 of the transboundary collaboration agreements concluded in the world (about 263 river basins) are concerned with the optimal use of water resources or regulation of the ongoing or expected conflicts in this field. Mountains are the area with a rich bio- and agro-diversity. A major portion of the traditional and adapted kinds of crop cereals and domestic animals are found in the mountains. They are considered a genetic resource capable of ensuring the food safety of more than one region. This is particularly true with the regions in tropical, subtropical and moderate climatic zones with a typical high population growth and concentration. Besides, over half of the world biodiversity “hotpoints� are found in the mountains. They are mostly concentrated in the mountainous regions of the tropical and subtropical zones. Mountains are known for a great number of cultural heritage objects and sacred places. Religious sites and places of worship are the source of the spiritual life and orientation of many nations. In the mountains, there are many places used for terrace farming with special forms of agriculture. The United Nations Organization (UNO) appeals and stimulates the states to pay particular attention to the mountainous regions and engage them in the strategic development plans. This is particularly true with the developing countries, for which it is recommended to consider the experience of the developed countries. 38

Chapter 1. Sustainable Development and Mountainous Regions

The UNO strategic directions and objectives associated with the mountainous regions are as follows: • • • • • • • • • •

Development of ecology-oriented economics. Combating desertification and depopulation. Strengthening the transboundary cooperation. Adaptation to the climate change. Integration of the sustainable mountain development programs with the general strategic development plans. Integrated development of the mountain and lowland population, and rural and urban areas. Maintenance of traditional knowledge and local culture. Management of the interests of the governmental and private businesses and local population in the mountainous regions in complex. Compliance of the goals of management, maintenance and development of the mountainous regions. Strengthening the international cooperation and sharing international experience.

The UNO has also developed the goals of actions for the strategic development of the mountainous regions, including: • • • • • • • • •

Increasing investments in the ecology-oriented economy of the mountainous regions. Ensuring intense engagement of the authority and local population in the realization of “green investments”. Ensuring efficient use and control of water resources for domestic use and commercial purposes. Providing the mountain population with foodstuff. Introducing and exploiting energy-saving technologies. Supporting and developing small and medium businesses. Developing the national and local plans related to the climate change, informing the population and organizing a monitoring system. Combating natural calamities, providing risk identification and control. Organizing scientific and practical (farming) centers.

1.6. Principal benchmarks of the sustainable development of the mountainous areas At present, the sustainable development of the mountainous areas is one of the principal goals of more than one states of the world, and special laws have been adopted to regulate the issues related to the mountains, ensure the social and economic motivation of the population, development of infrastructure, etc. It is assumed that without a state support, it will be impossible to retain people in the mountains. A particular importance is given to the scientific study of the mountainous areas, demonstration of the problems associated with the nature conservation in the mountains, study of the mountain people’s lives and traditions, identification of the recreational and resource potential, sustainable territorial planning and spatial development. The efficiency of territorial planning depends on the prevention of the environmental problems possible only through the realization of the landscape-based approach and landscape planning principles. One of the reasons for the topicality of the scientific study of the mountains is the global climate change. Almost universal rise in air temperature and increase in precipitations have had an effect on the landscape, glacial, bio-geographic and hydrological features of many mountain systems. A general decrease in the areas covered with glaciers, duration of snow cover and strength indicators, as well as the change (rise) of the upper limit of the forest, and rise in summer temperatures and precipitations are more intense in the mountains of the tropical, subtropical and moderate zones. Such processes take 39

Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions

place on the background of aridization of the hilly zones adjoining the mountains making it necessary to review the policy of using and obtaining many different kinds of natural resources. Solving the problems associated with the mountains is not a prerogative of a single branch of economy and can be reached only through complex and multisectoral approaches. It is also assumed that any action must aim at the simultaneous conservation of the natural and cultural values and economic and social motivation rather than preferences. In the mountainous regions of Europe, only the demonstration of the recreational values or tourism development is not deemed the real means to motivate the population or to combat depopulation. So, this is the way to maintain the mountain population, who will be given the possibility and incentive for a dignified life. As a rule, a subsidized approach, i.e. introduction of various kinds of preferences, is a widely spread practice in the mountains. Such an approach diminishes the populations’ initiative, rational and efficient resource use and realization of the principles of sustainable development. The mountainous regions of Europe, owing to optimal planning, have been deemed the areas of interest of people and business for recent decades. This is particularly true with the ecological agriculture, development of alternative power sources, local handicraft industry, cultivation of herbs, recreation, etc. Sustainable development of the mountainous areas needs a complex understanding and satisfaction of the interests of local people on the one hand and of the state and private businesses on the other hand. Realization of the state policy needs demonstration of both, strategic or global and regional and local problems and developmental trends. In this case, an essential role is given to the analysis of global and regional challenges and planning the ways to adapt to them. As for such challenges, they are seen with any field of sustainable development. The need for developing individual and purposeful plans of sustainable development of the mountainous region is also widely recognized. Such plans cannot be universal or equally efficient for all mountainous areas. A particular attention must be paid to the transboundary cooperation as well mainly in the form of the development of a single network of protected areas and road infrastructure. The World Community actively works to improve the welfare of the population in the mountainous regions and support the sustainable development of the mountains. There are a number of international agreements, conventions and examples of transboundary cooperation helping the improvement of the living environment and social-economic support of the local population. Despite such actions, mountains are still considered “difficult-to-reach” areas and ecologically instable environment and often stay beyond the concern of authorities and businesses. This is particularly true with the developing countries where most of the mountain population still live in extreme poverty and have complex ecological problems. The situation totally changed following the famous Rio de Janeiro Conference of 1992, i.e. after they had a special discussion of the principles and means of sustainable development of the mountainous areas, support of the local people and communities, development of cooperation and sharing experience. Development of rural communities of people of the mountainous areas in the countries of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) and Alpine countries (Germany, Switzerland, Austria, France, Italy, etc.) with the purpose of sharing experience and cooperating is a good example. As a result of cooperation, a set of actions ensuring the protection of the mountainous areas to conserve the biodiversity and form of a single network of the areas protected with ecological corridors was identified. Later, a similar cooperation was established for the purpose of sustainable development of the mountainous areas of the Central Americas and South-East Asian and Carpathian countries and the above-listed European countries. Thus, Rio-92 turned out to be decisive in “activating” the topic of sustainable development of more than one mountainous regions of the world what should have been realized through the sharing of the 40

Chapter 1. Sustainable Development and Mountainous Regions

international experience and engagement of the local people. The past years revealed some negative trends threatening the sustainable development: 9 On the background of the rapid climate change in the mountainous regions, the intensity and frequency of natural calamities increased, the areas covered with glaciers decreased and problems of drinking water-supply for the local and lowland population occurred. 9 Several major armed conflicts happened (in the Caucasus, Pamirs, Central America, Ethiopia, etc.) hampering the trends of sustainable development. 9 High rates of urbanization and intense migration processes. 9 The rapidly growing number of the world population and world economy has led to the increased demand for various ore deposits increasing the scales of environmental degradation of the mountainous regions.

1.7. Natural potential of some mountainous regions of the world and developmental peculiarities The Alps (Europe) The Alps occupy 190 thousand square kilometers in 7 countries of the world with 14 million people. This mountain system of Europe has many functions. Its economy is concerned with the development of many branches, including tourism, various services, industry, power engineering and agriculture. Despite the high level of development, the Alps represent a mixed picture depending on the kind of people, social problems and level of economic development. The number of annual visitors to the Alps is 60 million who are served by 12% of the population in the region. The Alps incorporates 40% of the plant species spread in Europe, and the protected areas are Âź of their territory. The Alps are a young mountain system in the central part of Europe. Its area is 220 thousand square kilometers. The highest peak is Mont Blanc (4807 m). The Alps are made up of several mountain massifs, which, depending on their geographical location (concentration), are divided into the Western and Eastern Alps. The formation of the relief of the Alps was much influenced by the Glaciation occurring for several times during the Pleistocene Age. The Glaciation had a particular impact on the high-mountainous massifs with particularly low temperatures and abundant precipitations (due to the barrier properties). As a result, flattened and box shapes of the glacial relief developed, which in the modern terms, have led to the development of Alpine skiing. Of the ore deposits, the ores of metal (iron, lead, zinc, copper, manganese, etc.) and fueling (coal) raw materials are known. The Alps are distinguished for high hydrodynamic potential of the mountain rivers, with its major portion exploited. The climate in the Alps is diverse and results from the geographical location (location in the moderate climate zone), atmospheric circulation, altitude of the location and impact of the adjoining water bodies. The eternal snow line lies at 2500-3200 m above sea level and varies depending on the precipitation distribution. Annual amount of precipitations is different in the inland and outlying regionsand is 4000 and 500 mm, respectively. Particularly little precipitations are fixed in the intermountain basins and narrow river gorges; however, moisture deficit is not so common here due to little evaporation. The total area of glaciation is 4 thousand sq.km what is 5% less the value in the 1970s. The strongest volcano is found in Aletsch region (Switzerland), with its tongue falling 2100 m from the sea level. The natural zoning and social activity depend on the altitude. The piedmonts, owing to the forms of the relief and moderate climate, are maximally used and inhibited. People here are busy with both, 41

Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions

land cultivation and cattle-breeding. Low and average mountains, due to the intensely dissected relief, prolonged snow cover and moderately cold climate, are less developed. They are distinguished for high biological diversity. Of the agricultural branches, cattle-breeding, crop cultivation (wheat, barley and rye), potato-growing, etc. are worth mentioning. Resort industry is well and widely developed. Winter in high mountains, i.e. subalpine and alpine zones is long and severe and consequently, the branch of agriculture is limited by cattle-breeding only. There are great many skiing resorts in the Alps, which are the major source of income for the local population. Sustainable development of the Alps is possible owing to several stable aspects, including highly developed economics, stable political situation, relative demographic stability and tax preferences (secured legislative base). Some negative processes are: 9 Changes in the types of land use with the preferential development of resort and summer economy (have resulted in the decreased number of farms and farmers). 9 Different types of development of peripheral and central regions. 9 Increasing environmental pollution (noise, atmospheric pollution). 9 Intense migration of the young people from the inland regions to the peripheries and educational centers (resulting in the decrease of the quantitative and structural properties of labor resources). 9 Obvious fall of investments in industry and agriculture (following the saturation). Some forms of economy (e.g. cattle-breeding) and climate change have had a negative impact on the biodiversity of the Alps. It should be noted that for the last one hundred years, the average air temperature has risen by 1.5ยบC; the strength and duration of snow cover have drastically decreased, the dryness indices in summer months and frequency and intensity of floods have increased and the amount of water resources and natural soil fertility have decreased. Only the regions of the Alps with well-developed tourist industry and road infrastructure remain demographically stable. The towns in the Alps gradually lose their functions evidenced by the urbanization processes in the regions adjoining the Alps. Due to the climate change, the various forms of present-day economy in the Alps need adaptation. Following an increased intensity of the natural events, it is necessary to comprehend tourism development and environmental protection policy in a new light. As various views suggest, the sustainable development of the Alps needs the exposure of some priorities and optimal use of natural and human resources, including: 9 Accumulation, optimal distribution and management of water resources. 9 Compensation of the users of the natural environment (with the aim to shift from intense to extensive farming). 9 Establishment of a single network of protected areas. 9 Stimulating the employment. 9 Supporting the introduction of modern technological innovations. The Ands (South America) The Ands in South America are stretched for about 9 thousand km and cover the areas of 7 countries. They are the greatest climatic barrier hampering the movement of humid air masses from the Atlantic Ocean to west. The Ands are a young mountain system, with the still ongoing intense mountain formation processes. The system contains several parallel ridges with intermountain gorges, basins and vast plateaus between them. The mountain systems differ with their height and stretch. The highest is the central part of the Ands with clear altitudinal variation of natural conditions. 42

Chapter 1. Sustainable Development and Mountainous Regions

Earthquakes and volcanic processes are common in the Ands and one of the factors on the way of the region development. The Ands are rich in ore deposits, with copper, lead, zinc, precious metals and fuel worth mentioning. The Ands cover several climatic zones resulting in a great difference between the air temperatures and precipitation distribution. The amount of precipitations varies from 200 to 10000 mm. The snow line varies from 5 thousand m in the north to 500 m in the south, lying at 6 thousand m in the central part. The Ands occupy 2,5 mln. km2 area with 85 million people. Additional 20 million people mostly living along the coastline of the Pacific Ocean depend on the resources of the Ands. The Ands contain 17% of the total arable lands owned by 7 South American countries related to the Ands. Except Argentina and Venezuela, the water resources formed in the Ands provide 85% of the power potential of the countries in the region. The trends of climate change, population growth, land use problems and scales of mountain ecological systems transformation are obvious in the Ands. In recent decades, the glaciers along the whole perimeter of the Ands retreated resulting in major problems of water use for different purposes. The population in the Ands lives at the altitudes unusual to us as a result of the geographical location and climate of the Ands. Of the branches of economy, cattle-breeding, mining industry and cereal crop growing are widely spread in the Andes. The problems of sustainable development of the Ands are associated with some aspects: • • • •

High population density, what is the precondition for the degradation of the mountain eco-systems. Highly developed mining industry failing to yield the incomes to the local population and aggravating the ecological problems. Despite the keen interest in agro-bio-diversity, the traditional agriculture fails to guarantee the wellbeing of the population (due to the scarce modern technologies in agriculture and food industry). The reduction of the areas covered with glaciers as a result of the climate change has already had its effect on the drinking, domestic and irrigation water supply of the population.

The Cordilleras and mountainous areas in Central America The Cordilleras in North America are stretched for 9 thousand kilometers and cover the area of more than tens of countries. This mountain system is an essential climatic barrier hampering the movement of humid air masses from the Atlantic Ocean to west. The Cordilleras are a young mountain system, with the still ongoing intense mountain formation processes. The system contains several parallel ridges with intermountain gorges, basins and vast plateaus between them. The mountain systems differ with their height and stretch. The highest is the northern part of the Cordilleras. The Cordilleras cover several climatic zones starting from the Arctic through the Sub-equatorial zone. The amount of precipitations varies from 100 (in the basins of the northern and central parts) to 7 thousand mm (in the extreme southern part). The snow line varies from 500 m in the north to 3500 m in the central part. The people mainly live on the coastlines of the Oceans, as well as in the low and average-height mountains. The problems of sustainable development of the Cordilleras are associated with two regions: the peculiarities of the social-economic development of North and Central Americas, in particular: 43

Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions

For Central America, the environmental problems are associated with intense felling of forests, intense construction of artificial water reservoirs, intensified aridization as a result of the climate change, highly developed mining industry and its effects, increasing population and limited living space, high soil erosion indices (as a result of intense agriculture and wind and water action). There is a growing interest in the mountains as a result of high population density in the lowland regions. The trend for North America (mostly USA) is the growing number of the mountain dwellers as a result of high recreational attractiveness and interests in the tourism development. Both fields attract large investments, plus state policy for the intense development of infrastructure. The region is distinguished for high activity of the local population evidenced by the establishment of the scientific-research centers, organization and activation of programs for sustainable development, extension of the protected areas and formation of their network. Some environmental problems have become extremely severe recently: trends of biodiversity degradation, climate change and its impact on the geographical changes of the mountain ecosystems, increased use of water resources and high interest in the water use, high level of urbanization near the mountainous areas; preferences introduced for the local population contributing to the intensification of the mining industry and extraction of natural resources. Other mountainous regions of the world The problems of sustainable development of the mountainous systems of Africa are mostly diversified. There is hardly anything done in the region for the sustainable development of the mountains and hardly any investments are made by the state or business sector in this direction. The region is extremely poor what is evidenced by the intense use of the forest eco-system. The local people are virtually unaware of modern technologies or trends of sustainable development. Very many mountain communities live in isolation what hampers their integration with the investment opportunities or tourism development. The trends of sustainable development in the Near East are associated with: 9 Oil extraction and associated processing industry. 9 Sustainable development is hampered by the population migration to large settled areas because of better employment opportunities. 9 The process of desertification is intense and outcomes of the Climate Change are severe in the region what is promoted by intense cattle-breeding (sheep-breeding) and traditions of this branch. 9 The problems of the water resources use and management are severe hampering agriculture, which is a profitable branch. 9 For the last decades, there has been certain political instability in the region having had a strong impact on the opportunities of sustainable development. In the Himalayas, despite high potential of water resources, due to the intense growth of the population (presently, 1,5 milliard people live in the region), the problems with the use of water resources have deteriorated a lot, and the problems associated with the Climate Change are obvious evidenced by the reduced volume of glaciers. Both, the frequency and scales of the natural calamities have increased a lot. The given region is “distinguished for� extreme poverty in the world, high specific weight of permanently starving people and social unfairness. In the mountainous regions of Central Asia (the Pamirs, Tian Shan), a swift shift to the transient economy has resulted in the destruction of more than one branches of mountain economy (particularly local industry). The region is distinguished for extreme poverty and little attention to the environmental problems. The infrastructure is outdated and fails to meet the modern requirements. The population migration indices are high; the impact of the minerals industrial objects on the mountain eco-systems is 44

Chapter 1. Sustainable Development and Mountainous Regions

strong and demand for water resources is high (as a result of the development of agriculture and hydropower engineering). In the mountainous regions of South-East Asia, the process of biodiversity degradation and destruction takes place. The population lives in poverty what has a negative impact on the maintenance of cultural heritage and prevention of migration processes. Natural exchange is well developed what hampers reinvestments in the economy. The youths are deprived of the opportunity to gain education and thus, they strive to the educational centers. Local business is of a great interest in respect of wood and timber production associated with great resource and natural self-restoration potential. The specific weight of illegal business is high hampering the mobilization of the funds in the local budget. The use of hydropower potential and development of mining industry have increased the people’s incomes; however, the scales of impact on the mountain eco-systems also increased. In the mountainous regions of Central, East and South-East Europe, the problems of sustainable development are associated with the process of shifting from the Post-Soviet economy to the market economy. Despite the difficulties, there were trans-boundary cooperation agreements concluded (e.g. regarding the Carpathians) what virtually reiterates the principles of the cooperation and activities of the Alpine countries. The low interest of the local people in the community and public use, privatization and investment can be considered as another negative process. The development of the mountainous areas in respect of integral exploitation is also slow reducing the efficiency of the activities of the government and various stakeholders. Introduction of the ecosystem service fees remains problematic what is the hampering factor on the way to increase the incomes of the locals. The concepts and programs related to the goals, indicators, evaluation criteria, financing, regulation and control of exploitation and sustainable development of the mountainous regions are being formed. The actions and rights of the local population in the regulation of the exploitation of the vitally important natural resources must be identified what is also associated with the implementation of landscape management and landscape service methodology. Poor information activity is another noteworthy problem, while the active information campaigns are needed to give the local population an idea of the interrelations between the local, regional and global processes. The processes of irreversible migration of population from mountains to the plains, use and control of transboundary water resources, prevention of the outcomes of extracting the mineral raw materials in the mountains, etc. remain problematic in the countries of the region. The local people still experience discomfort because of low incomes, poor medical service, lack of vocational training and unsatisfactory food diversity. In this connection, the main accents are made on the impact of the climate change on the forests, coastline and waters; however, the same impact on the stability and vulnerability of the mountain ecosystems is deemed desirable. Thus, the problems of the sustainable development of the mountainous region greatly differ between the economically developing and economically developed regions. The mountainous regions with developed economy are oriented on the recreationally sustainable use of forest resources resulting in the great attractiveness of the mountain eco-systems. The mountainous regions with developing economy are oriented on the maximum use of the land and forest resources, use of water resources with power engineering purposes and intense use of pastures and mineral resources. Such state of affairs is the precondition for the degradation of the mountain eco-systems and soils creating unbearable living conditions and leading to the mass population migration.

45

davaleba – garemos analizi 1. mTebis aTviseba – dasaxleba da garemo

sof. ananuri da Jinvalis wyalsacavi

aletCis raioni, Sveicaria 46

davaleba – garemos analizi

mTis kurorti – baxmaro

2. mTis klimati

eqspozicia da Tovli – arsianis qedi 47

Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regioni

3. mTebi da gza

sabagiro gza, Sveicariis alpebi

4. mTis reliefis formebi

reliefis aTviseba, mTiuleTi 48

davaleba – garemos analizi

mTis reliefis formebi – xevi

5. ekologiuri problemebi

zvavdamWeri nagebobebi, Sveicariis alpebi 49

Tavi 1. mdgradi ganviTareba da mTiani regioni

tyis xanZris Sedegebi, kurort waRveris midamoebi, TrialeTis qedi

saTibebi, xevsureTi 50

Tavi 2 mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

2.1. mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebi da indikatorebi mdgradi ganviTarebis indikatorebad miCneulia is maCveneblebi, romelTa meSveobiT fasdeba da romlebic warmoaCenen rogorc adgilobrivi, ise erovnuli, regionuli da globaluri ganviTarebis dones da ganviTarebis tendenciebs. amgvari maCveneblebis analizis meSveobiT xorcieldeba sxvadasxvagvari geografiuli garemos politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri ganviTarebis TaviseburebaTa prognozireba, mdgradi ganviTarebis Sedegebis Sefaseba. mdgradi ganviTarebis indikatorebis Sedgenis da gansazRvris araerTi magaliTia cnobili, romelTa aqtiuri ganxilva gaeros 1992 wlis rios konferenciis Semdeg daiwyo. magaliTad, gaeros ganviTarebis programa mdgradi ganviTarebis socialur indikatorad ganixilavs adamianuri potencialis ganviTarebis indeqss, romelic moicavs iseT maCveneblebs, rogoricaa adamianis sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba (dabadebis momentisTvis), zrdasruli mosaxleobis ganaTlebis done da erToblivi erovnuli produqtis moculoba erT mosaxleze gaangariSebiT. amJamad mdgradi ganviTarebis ekologiur indikatorebad ganixileba: 9 miwis, wylis, atmosferuli haeris, mcenareTa da cxovelTa, ekosistemebis da landSaftebis degradaciis done; 9 bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis masStabebi; 9 ekologiuri politikis da ekologiurad orientirebuli teritoriuli dagegmarebis da gatarebis masStabebi; 9 adgilobrivi ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis da saerTaSoriso konvenciebis realizaciis Sedegebi; 9 mecnierebis da ganaTlebis CarTulobis maCveneblebi ekologiuri problematikis kvlevasa da misi Sedegebis realizaciaSi; 9 mosaxleobis ekologiuri cnobierebis da informirebulobis done. mdgradi ganviTarebis indikatorebis klasifikacia SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva midgomis (sistemuri, kompleqsuri, miznobrivi) da qveynis strategiuli politikis (xedvis) safuZvelze. saklasifikacio erTeulebi SesaZlebelia ukavSirdebodes: •

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qveynis ganviTarebis dones da mdgomareobas (romelic axasiaTebs sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis procesebs, efeqturobas, usafrTxoebas, qmedebis Tavisuflebas, pasuxismgeblobas da Sedegebs), dagegmarebis da marTvis perspeqtivebs (romelic axasiaTebs reagirebis da prognozirebis SesaZleblobas).

mdgradi ganviTarebis indikatorebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc raodenobrivi, ise xarisxobrivi. raodenobrivi indikatorebis meSveobiT fasdeba konkretul safrTxeze sistemis reagirebis siCqaris Tanafardoba misi gavrcelebis siCqaresTan. magaliTad, mxolod ekonomikuri ganviTareba an erToblivi erovnuli produqtis maCveneblebis zrda ver asaxavs socialur an ekologiur safrTxeebs. igi maSin xdeba 51

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

efeqturi, roca Sedarebis meSveobiT warmoCindeba dasaqmebis, garemos dacvaze gankuTvnili xarjebis, resursebis gamoyenebis masStabebis da sxva ekologiuri problematikis prevenciaze gamoyofili saxsrebis moculoba erToblivi erovnuli produqtis saerTo raodenobaSi. mdgradi ganviTarebis erovnuli indikatorebi sasurvelia efuZnebodes saerTaSoriso gamocdilebas, meTodologias da specifikas. amgvari midgoma warmatebuli (efeqturi) SedarebiTi analizis winapirobaa. gansxvaveba SesaZlebelia warmoCindes imgvar indikatorebSi, romlebis axasiaTebs adgilobriv eTnokulturas (SexedulebaTa faseulobebs), eTnikur da istoriul faseulobebs, samarTlebriv tradiciebs, meurneobis calkeuli dargebis specifikas da a.S. Tanamedrove ekologiuri problematika, romlis winaSec aRmoCnda kacobrioba, arsebiTad aisaxeba mdgradi ganviTarebis socialur da ekonomikur Taviseburebebze. igi imdenad mZafria, rom kiTxvis winaSe dadga kacobriobis momavali. sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, rom adgilobrivi (lokaluri) da Sesabamisad – regionuli da globaluri ekologuri problemebis gadawyveta uSualod ukavSirdeba rogorc garemosdacviTi teqnologiebis ganviTarebas, ise mosaxleobis ekologiuri ganaTlebis da kulturis dones. amitom, ekologiuri ganaTlebis done anu amgvari problematikis saswavlo processa da programebSi asaxva, mdgradi ganviTarebis erT-erTi arsebiT ekologiur indikatorad miiCneva. ekologiuri ganaTlebis ZiriTadi fokusi sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis istoriul-geografiuli Taviseburebebis swavleba, Tanamedrove viTarebis warmoCena da perspeqtivebis gansazRvraa. ekologiuri problematikis masStaburoba da mravalmxrivoba mis geografiul diferenciacias moiTxovs. am mimarTebiT, yvelaze miRebulia ekologiuri problematikis sam doneze ganxilva. esenia: • •

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globaluri – ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba ekologiuri problematikis gadawyvetis rogorc planetarul Taviseburebebze, ise zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobaze; regionuli – ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba imgvar ekologiur problematikaze, romlis gadaWra SesaZlebelia erTi an ramdenime saxelmwifos erToblivi ZalisxmeviT; lokaluri (adgilobrivi) – ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba imgvar ekologiur problematikaze, romelic vlindeba calkeuli landSaftis an geografiuli obieqtis farglebSi da romlis gadawyvetis saSualeba xelewifeba adgilobriv mosaxleobas an administracias.

rogorc wesi, lokaluri ekologiuri Tu sxva saxis problemebi transformirdeba regionul, xolo regionuli – globalur problematikaSi. ekologiuri problematika aseve SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT geografiuli garsis calkeuli komponentis (liTosfero, atmosfero, hidrosfero, biosfero, pedosfero) mixedviT. amgvari midgoma efeqturi maSinaa, roca bunebrivi komponentebis mdgomareobis Sefaseba xorcieldeba maTi resursuli potencialis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, liTosferos Sefaseba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc reliefis formebis an adgilis simaRlis, ise sasargeblo wiaRiseulis an meurneobis sxvadasxva formis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobis mixedviT. ekologiuri ganaTlebisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqavs saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas da gamocdilebas. samxreT kavkasiaSi Sveicariis TanamSromlobis ofisis 52

Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

finansuri mxardaWeriT kavkasiis mTiani regionebis mdgradi ganviTarebis qseli axorcielebs proeqts: samxreT kavkasiaSiklimatis cvlilebisadmi adaptaciis SesaZleblobaTa gaZliereba. proeqti miznad isaxavs gaaZlieros dialogi da TanamSromloba sxvadasxva samizne jgufebs Soris – arasamTavrobo, samTavrobo, gadawyvetilebis mimReb da mecnierebs Soris. 2014 wlidan amave qselis, gaeros garemosdacviTi programis, Jenevis universitetis da sxva mxareTa mxardaWeriT Seiqmna codnis gacvlis onlain flatforma (www.caucasus-mt.net), sadac ganTavsebulia informacia kavkasiis regionis garemosdacviTi problematikis Sesaxeb. 2018 wlis 10 aprils gaimarTa Sexvedra kavkasiis regionSi bunberiv katastrofebsa da klimatis cvlilebaze mecnierebsa da praqtikosebs Soris regionuli dialogis da TanamSromlobis ganviTarebisa da dagegmvisaTvis. Sexvedraze ganisazRvra im qmedebaTa prioritetebi, romlebic zemoTaRniSnuli problemebis mimarT mosaxleobis mowyvladobis Semcirebas da saadaptacio gamowvevis dasaZlevad regionul TanamSromlobas Seuwyobs xels. maT Sorisaa saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi bunebriv katastrofebTan (mewyeri, Rvarcofi, zvavi, miwisZvra da sxv.) dakavSirebuli saswavlo disciplinebis efeturobis amaRleba da saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis implementacia. geografiuli garemo da masTan dakavSirebuli ekologiuri problematika mWidrod ukavSirdeba im socialur viTarebas, romelic aisaxeba sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis araerT sferoze. misi gavleniT formirdeba sazogadoebis sacxovrebeli garemo, adamianis fsiqologiuri ganwyoba, sulieri, piradi da materialuri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis SesaZlebloba. amgvari kavSirebis Seswavla aucilebelia rogorc sazogadoebis mdgradi socialuri ganviTarebis, ise misi socialur-ekonomikuri aqtiobis SesaZleblobaTa analizisTvis. meores mxriv, TviT socialur Tu ekonomikur problemaTa garkveuli nawili (umuSevroba, Semosavlebi, ganaTlebis SesaZlebloba, mosaxleobis dinamika da sxv.), pirdapir Tu iribad aisaxeba nebismieri donis ekologiur problematikaze da garemos mdgomareobaze. am mimarTulebiT garemoze zemoqmedebis arsebiT indikatorad miiCneva urbanizaciis procesi da samxedro konfliqtebi. ekologiur problematikas aseve amZafrebs is disbalansi, rac msoflios araerT regionSi arsebobs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesa da mosaxleobis zrdas (matebas an klebas) Soris. gansxvavebulia maTi gamovlinebis formebic. ganviTarebadi qveynebis garkveul nawilSi mosaxleobis Semcireba zrdis SromiTi migraciis maSstabebs, rac dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wilis garkveulwilad Sevsebas emsaxureba. ganviTarebad qveynebSi ki mosaxlebis zrdas imdenad CemorCeba ekonomikuri ganviTareba, rom Warbi mosaxleoba socialuri da ekologiuri `keTidReobis~ Semaferxebel faqtorad warmoCindeba. Warbi mosaxleoba zrdis sursaTis moxmarebasTan, sasicocxlo sivrcis racionalur gamoyenebasTan da bunebrivi resursebis mopovebasTan dakavSirebul problemebs. sursaTis nakleboba moiTxovs importis zrdas, rac kidev ufro amcirebs janmrTelobis dacvaze da bunebrivi garemos gaumjobesebaze gaweuli xarjebis moculobas. viTareba kidev ufro mwvavdeba klimatis globaluri cvlilebis fonze anu maSin, roca Cveni planetis aridul, semiaridul da semihumidur regionebSi mcxovrebTaTvis kidev ufro gamwvavdeba wylis resursebis gamoyenebis da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis problemebi. ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis ekonomikuri problemebi socialuri da ekologiuri viTarebis gamwvavebis mTavari mizezia. aq Zalze maRalia damokidebuleba bunebriv 53

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

resursebze, didia ekologiurad safrTxis Semcveli warmoebebis (qimiuri mrewveloba, saTbobi energetika, eqstensiuri soflis meurneoba da sxv.) saqmianobis, samrewvelo da toqsikuri narCenebis ganTavsebis masStabebi. msoflioSi muSaobs 200-ze meti atomuri eleqtrosadguri da aTasobiT msxvili qimiuri sawarmo, romlebic safrTxis Semcvelia. aseulobiT navTob da gazsadeniT, wiaRiseulis gadamzidi tankeriT da rkinigziT gadaadgildeba milionobiT tona ekologiuri safrTxis mqone tvirTi. maTi udidesi nawili ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ganviTarebuli qveynebisken miemarTeba. urbanizaciis procesi araerTi ekologiuri problemis gamwvavebas uwyobs xels. didi dasaxlebuli punqtebi bunebrivi garemos masStaburi transformaciis winapirobaa. qalaqebis farTobi umniSvneloa, Tumca maTi gavlena farTod vrceldeba mimdebare teritoriebze. qalaqebSi dabinZurebuli wyali da atmosfero did manZilze gadaitaneba. yovel qalaqs gaaCnia nagavsayreli, rekreaciuli da sagareubno zona, sadac garemos transformacia maqsimalur maStabebs aRwevs. myari narCenebis utilizacia ZviradRirebuli saqmianobaa, romlis saSualeba msoflios uamrav qveyanas ar gaaCnia.

2.2. mdgradi ganviTareba da urbanuli dagegmareba me-20 saukuneSi ganviTarebulma demografiulma procesebma ganapiroba qalaqebis da urbanizebuli teritoriebis arnaxuli zrda, ramac gansazRvra mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis SemuSavebis aucilebloba qalaqmSeneblobas, gansaxlebis strategiasa da teritoriul dagemarebaSi. urbanizebuli teritoriis mdgrad ganviTarebaSi igulisxmeba rogorc qalaqmSeneblobaSi adamianisTvis usafrTxo da xelsayreli sacxovrebeli garemos Seqmna, ise saqalaqo meurneobis garemoze negatiuri gavlenis Semcireba. dasaxlebul punqtebSi mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis realizeba iTvaliswinebs: sarTulianobis humanizacias (ara umetes 5 sarTulisa), xelsayreli da ekologiurad sufTa satransporto infrastruqturis (eleqtrotransportis) formirebas, socialuri, finansuri, savaWro da administraciuli obieqtebis xelmisawvdomobas, parkirebis usafrTxo arealebis gansazRvras, teritoriis funqciuri zonirebas (samrewvelo, satransporto, gansaxlebis, medicinis, ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturis da sportis infrastruqturis Tavmoyris arealebi), ganaxlebadi energiis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, qaris moqmedebis mimarTulebebis gaTvaliswinebas, energodamzogavi samSeneblo teqnologiebis gamoyenebas, wyalmomaragebis da kanalizaciis sistemebis efeqturobas, samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis ekologiurad mdgrad ganTavsebas (Tavmoyras) da Semdgom utilizacias, adgilobriv landSaftTan arqiteqturis SeTanawyobas da erovnul arqiteqturul tradiciebs. sazogadoebrivi ganaSenianebisas gamoiyeneba kvartluri principi, rac gulisxmobs mwvane ubnebis, parkebis, xelovnuri wyalsatevebis da xeivnebis mowyobas. qalaqebis geografiuli Taviseburebebis kvleva da “qalaquri� problemebis gadawyveta aqtualuri samecnier-praqtikuli amocanaa. amitom msoflioSi swrafad viTardeba landSafturi arqiteqturisa da dagegmarebis samecniero mimarTulebebi, romlebic umeteswilad dasaxlebuli punqtebis da maTi mimdebare teritoriebis bunebrivi da esteTikuri ier-saxis SenarCunebazea orientirebuli. qalaqebSi klimaturi pirobebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba mimdebare teritoriebis da sasoflo dasaxlebaTa klimaturi Taviseburebebisgan, kerZod: qalaqeb54

Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

Si maRalia haeris temperatura, gansxvavebulia atmosferos Sedgeniloba (maRalia naxSirorJangisa da mtvris Semcveloba), didia Rrublian dReTa ricxvi, gazrdilia elWeqian da setyvian dReTa ricxvi, Semcirebulia qaris siCqare, icis xangrZlivi da mkvrivi nisli. rac ufro didia qalaqi, miT ufro TvalsaCinoa klimaturi gansxvavebani. magaliTad, Tbilisis centraluri nawilis haeris saSualowliuri temperatura TiTqmis 20-iT gansxvavdeba gareubnebis analogiuri maCveneblisagan. haeris temperatura qalaqis centralur nawilSi gansakuTrebiT maRalia zamTris TveebSi. did qalaqebSi sagangaSo ekologiuri viTarebaa Seqmnili: aq 10-30 jer gazrdilia haerSi mtvrisa da sxvadasxva minarevebis raodenoba; erT mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT moixmareba da binZurdeba 10-jer meti wyali, vidre soflad; qalaqebSi mTlianadaa degradirebuli mcenareuli da niadaguri safari. did qalaqebSi administraciuli, saqmiani da finansuri organizaciebi ZiriTadad mis centralur nawilSia ganlagebuli. miwis siZvire maT aiZulebs aaSenon maRalsarTuliani ofisebi, rac qalaqis centrSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobisTvis praqtikulad gausaZlis ekologiur viTarebas qmnis. qalaqebis zrda gansakuTrebul safrTxes mis istoriul da kulturul faseulobebs uqmnis. uZveles qalaqebSi mudmivad dgas quCebis gafarToebis, mcire zomis sacxovrebeli kvartlebis ganaxlebis da qaoturi ganaSenianebis mowesrigebis problemebi. arada qalaqis ier-saxe, misi rekreaciuli miziduloba umeteswilad istoriul RirSesaniSnaobebs ukavSirdeba.

2.3. mdgradi ganviTareba da garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba garemoze zemoqmedebis jerovani Sefaseba mravalmxrivi samecniero saqmianobiTaa SesaZlebeli. zemoqmedebis mravalferovneba ukavSirdeba rogorc bunebriv movlenebsa da procesebs, ise adamianis saqmianobis Sedegebs. garemoze zemoqmedeba regulirdeba kanonmdeblobiT, rac garkveulwilad aiolebs amgvar saqmianobas. Tumca, zemoqmedebis mravalferovneba, misi sivrcesa da droSi cvlilebis maRali xarisxi, kvlevis ostatobas da Sefasebis maRal saimedoobas moiTxovs. mis obieqturobazea damokidebuli mdgradi ganviTarebis araerTi da aramxolod ekologiuri, aspeqti. Tanamedrove samyaroSi, garemoze zemoqmedebis ZiriTadi „wyaro“ adamiania. swored adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba zrdis sazogadoebisTvis im safrTxes, rasac gamousworebeli da sicocxlisTvis riskis Semcveli Sedegebic ki SeiZleba mohyves. civilizebuli msoflio amgvar saqmianobas rogorc saxelmwifo, ise sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT aregulirebs. garemoze zemoqmedebis SefasebaSi sazogadoebis CarTuloba misi efeqturi regulirebis mniSvnelovani garantiaa. garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis ZiriTadi mizania: 1. 2.

adamianis janmrTelobis, bunebrivi garemos, aseve kulturuli da materialuri faseulobebis dacva; saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis ekologiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri interesebis gaTvaliswineba.

garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba gulisxmobs dagegmili saqmianobis Seswavlis da garemos elementebis reaqciis kvlevis proceduras. swored misi meSveobiT xorcieldeba saqmianobis pirdapiri da arapirdapiri zegavlenis Sefaseba garemos Semadgenel komponentebze, landSaftze da ekosistemebze, bunebriv da kulturul memkvidreobaze, socialur da ekonomikur viTarebaze. 55

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba sajaro ganxilvis sagania. saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli valdebulia gamoaqveynos informacia dagegmili saqmianobis Sesaxeb, romelic unda gamoqveyndes periodul beWdviT organoSi. amgvari saqmianobis Sesaxeb informacia unda Seicavdes: dagegmili saqmianobis miznebs, dasaxelebasa da adgilmdebareobas; misamarTs, sadac sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs SeeZlebaT dagegmil saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli dokumentebis gacnoba; angariSis sajaro ganxilvis mowyobis drosa da adgils.

2.3.1. zemoqmedebis formebi bunebrivi garemos mdgomareoba mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia im procesebiT, rac gamowveulia masze anTropogenuri Tu bunebrivi zemoqmedebiT. zemoqmedeba ZiriTadad SeiZleba iyos: • • • • •

geneturi (bunebrivi, anTropogenuri, bunebriv-anTropogenuri); droSi gansazRvruli (xanmokle, perioduli, mudmivi); dargobrivi (bunebis komponentze, meurneobis dargze); procesualuri (kompleqsebze, movlenaze, procesze); masStaburi (susti, saSualo, Zlieri) da sxv.

zemoqmedeba aseve SeiZleba ganixilebodes saxeobis, wyaros, intensiobis, periodulobis, formebis, Sedegebis mixedviTac. yovelgvari saxis zemoqmedebisa da maTi negatiuri Sedegebis analizi Sromatevadi samecniero-kvleviTi procesia, rac ganpirobebulia amgvar zemoqmedebaTa mravalferovnebiT, masStabebiTa da sirTuliT. amgvari viTareba, upirveles yovlisa, moiTxovs zemoqmedebaTa gamovlenasa da klasifikacias ara marto formebisa da saxeebis, aramed bunebis komponentebis (geologiuri agebuleba, reliefi, hava, wylebi, cocxali samyaro, niadagebi), landSafturi erTeulebis da meurneobis dargebis mixedviTac. sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri aqtioba bunebaTsargeblobis sxvadasxva formebsa da masStabebs gulisxmobs. es gansakuTrebiT exeba mTian teritoriebs. nebismieri zemoqmedeba mTiani teritoriebis bunebriv garemoze moiTxovs teqnikur, ekonomikur, socialur SedegTa kompleqsur klvevas. am SemTxvevaSi mTavar amocanad rCeba ekologiuri optimumis SenarCuneba, mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobeseba, mosaxleobis dacva stiqiuri bunebrivi movlenebisagan da bunebriv landSaftTa SenarCuneba. bunebrivi zemoqmedebis formebi bunebrivi zemoqmedeba ZiriTadad eqstremalur da katastroful bunebriv movlenebTanaa dakavSirebuli. isini SeiZleba iyos egzogenuri da endogenuri. egzogenuria: • • • •

klimatogenuri (grigali, setyva, gvalva, yinva, qari da sxv.); hidrogenuli (wyaldidoba, mewyeri, daWaobeba, wylismieri erozia, zvavi da sxv.); biogenuri (mavneblebis gamravleba, mcenareTa avadmyofoba, tyis xanZrebi da sxv.); liTogenuri (gamofitva, gravigenuli nakadebi, qarismieri erozia da sxv.).

bunebrivi zemoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos kombinirebuli formis: hidrogenul-gravigenuli, gravigenul-biogenuri, biogenur-hidrogenuli, liTogenur-klimatogenuri da sxv. bunebrivi zemoqmedebis esa Tu is forma xSirad meore saxis movlenis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels. miwisZvrebi, romlebic ZiriTadad saSualo da maRali mTebisTvisaa da56

Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

maxasiaTebeli, xSir SemTxvevaSi zogierTi hidrogenuli an gravigenuli movlenis gaaqtiurebas uwyobs xels. amgvari jaWvuri reaqciebis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia rogorc garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisas, ise landSaftTa socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebis gansazRvrisas. im landSaftebisTvis, romlebic advilad „erTvebian“ aqtiur bunebriv movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebSi, garemosaRmdgeni an garemosSemqmneli funqcia unda ganisazRvros. eqstremaluri bunebrivi movlenebi xSirad iwvevs gaudabnoebas, damlaSebas, daWaobebas, fitogenur gaRaribebas da iseT uaryofiT movlenebs, romlebic myisierad aisaxeba socialur-ekonomikur viTarebaze. amgvari movlenebi ganpirobebulia rogorc regionuli (adgilobrivi), aseve globaluri, planetaruli da kosmosuri procesebiT. maTgan umniSvnelovanesia klimatis globaluri daTboba, regionebis aridizacia da Sesabamisad – gaudabnoeba. eqstremalur bunebriv movlenaTa mimdinareoba mravalmxrivi, mravalferovani da regionalurad gansxvavebulia. maTi Sedegebi pirdapir kavSirSia landSaftis struqturul-funqcionalur, eTologiur TaviseburebebTan da mdgradobis xarisxTan. calkeul SemTxvevebSi isini mTlianad cvlian aRniSnul maxasiaTeblebs. Tumca amgvari movlenebi (semiariduli mdgomareoba, didTovlianoba da zvavebi, gravigenuli nakadebi, intensiuri naleqebi da Camonadeni) mTis landSaftTa araerTi saxisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, rac unda ganixilebodes rogorc eTologiuri cvlis meqanizmi. zemoqmedebis ganxilvisas aseve mniSvnelovania misi zRvruli (maqsimaluri) normebis analizi, rac mis dadgenaSi, adamianis da garemos ekologiuri zRvris gaTvaliswinebaSi mdgomareobs. adamianis janmrTelobaze, fsiqikaze, mis ekonomikur Tu socialur aqtivobasa da mdgomareobaze (samedicino geografiuli TvalsazrisiT) moqmedi garemo Tu anTropogenuri (teqnogenuri) zemoqmedeba mTeli rigi SemTxvevebis mimarT principialurad SemuSavebulia. igive ar SeiZleba iTqvas landSaftTa da misi Semadgeneli komponentebis urTierTkavSiris meqanizmebze. landSaftebze bunebrivi Tu anTropogenuri (teqnogenuri) zemoqmedebis zRvruli normebis dadgena perspeqtiuli da saintereso samecniero problemaa. zemoqmedebis xasiaTze SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT landSaftis struqturis TviTaRdgenis meqanizmebis mdgomareobis mixedviT. miCneulia, rom Tu zemoqmedeba exeba mxolod biologiur komponents, landSafts unarCundeba TviTaRdgenis unari. TviTaRdgenis meqanizmis SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia, Tu: 1. 2.

3.

zemoqmedeba emTxveva an xels uwyobs (aZlierebs) uaryofiT bunebriv procesebs (daWaobeba, damlaSeba, daxramva, erozia da a.S.); roca zemoqmedebas ganicdis ZiriTadi landSaftwarmomqmneli komponenti – reliefi da hava. amgvaria Ria karieruli wesiT wiaRiseulis mopoveba, dateraseba, satransporto magistralebis mSenebloba da sxv.; erTi biocenozi ivleba meore, eqvivalenturi biocenoziT.

2.3.2. anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis formebi anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba gansxvavdeba meurneobis formebis mixedviT. amgvaria: sasoflo-sameurneo, teqnogenuri (mrewveloba, mSenebloba, transporti da sxv.), teqnoekologiuri (tyeebis eqspluatacia, xanZrebi da sxv.) rekreaciuli saqmianoba da sxv. 57

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba SesaZlebelia iyos sinqronuli (erTdroulad ramdenime saxis – teritoriis mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi) an dublirebadi (roca erTi zemoqmedeba icvleba meoreTi). sinqronuli zemoqmedeba ZiriTadad warmodgenilia selitebur teritoriebze, iseT landSaftebSi, sadac erTdroulad xorcieldeba sasoflo, satyeo da wylis meurneoba. dublirebadia zemoqmedeba im regionebSi, sadac didia sezonuri sameurneo Tu rekreaciuli datvirTva. amgvari landSaftebi ZiriTadad mTebSia warmodgenili. bunebriv landSaftebze ama Tu im saxis anTropogenuri Semoqmedeba SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT misi intensiobis, zemoqmedebis xarisxis mixedviT igi SeiZleba iyos intensiuri, zomieri, eqstensiuri. intensiuri zemoqmedeba aRiniSneba im regionebSi, sadac maqsimaluria mosaxleobis Tavmoyra, sameurneo Tu rekreaciuli saqmianoba. intensiur zemoqmedebas ganicdian msxvili saqalaqo dasaxlebis, maT maqsimalur miaxloebaze da rekreaciul zonebSi warmodgenili landSaftebi. intensiuria zemoqmedeba selitebur da samTamadno resursebis mopovebis adgilebSi. isini garkveul landSaftis farglebSi viTardebian, warmoadgenen rTul socialur-ekonomikur sistemebs, romelTa funqcionirebac mizanmimarTuli da mudmivi saqmianobiTaa ganpirobebuli. intensiuria zemoqmedeba sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobisas, Tumca igi periodul xasiaTs atarebs. miuxedavad periodulobisa, agroteqnikuri zemoqmedeba imdenad arsebiTia, rom agrarul landSaftTa struqtura da funqcionireba mTlianadaa damokidebuli amgvar zemoqmedebaTa mizanmimarTulebaze. agrolandSaftebSi agroteqnogenuri zemoqmedeba mimarTulia sasurveli agrokulturis mdgradi ganviTarebis da funqciis SenarCunebisaTvis. rac ufro naklebad Seesabameba agrokultura landSaftur-ekologiur pirobebs, rac ufro naklebadmdgradia igi garemo faqtorebisadmi, miT ufro intensiuria agroteqnikuri zemoqmedeba, miT ufro ararentabeluria warmoeba. erTwliani an mravalwliani agrokulturebiT dakavebul bunebriv-agrarul teritoriul kompleqsTa landSaftur-geofizikuri mdgomareobebis dinamikis SedarebiTi analizi gviCvenebs, rom miuxedavad zemoqmedebis xanmokle xasiaTisa, maTi bunebrivi reJimi srul SesabamisobaSi sistematurad modis sawyisi landSaftis bunebriv reJimTan. intensiur anTropogenur zegavlenas aseve ganicdian seliteburi, samrewvelo, satransporto miznebiT gamoyenebuli landSaftebi. eqstensiuri anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba dakavSirebulia garemoSi „energetikuli narCenebis“ (xmauri, siTbo, radiaqtiuri narCenebi, „teqnogenuri narCenebis“ (Txevadi – samrewvelo, sayofacxovrebo da melioraciuli wylebi; gazobrivi – Wvartli, mtveri, mZime metalebi), sayofacxovrebo narCenebis (nagavi, jarTi da sxv.) gabnevasTan. anTropogenuri warmoSobis narCenebis bunebaSi gabneva xorcieldeba meqanikuri, bunebrivi an Sereuli formiT. narCenebis meqanikuri gadatana umeteswilad mizanmimarTul, iSviaTad ki stiqiur xasiaTs atarebs. narCenebis bunebrivi meqanizmebiT ganpirobebuli gabneva ZiriTadad qarebiT, mdinari wyliTa da geodinamiuri procesebiTaa gamowveuli. Sereuli formis SemTxvevaSi narCenebis gadatanis meqanikuri meqanizmi icvleba bunebriviT. garemoze anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes bunebriv procesebTan ama Tu im saqmianobis zemoqmedebis identifikaciiT, zemoqmedebis prognozirebis da Sedegebis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gansaR58

Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

zvris gziT. anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sefaseba unda uswrebdes sameurneo Tu socialuri proeqtebis dagegmva-ganxorcielebas. anTropogenur zemoqmedebas, iseve rogorc nebismier geografiul movlenas, kargad gamoxatuli sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebani axasiaTebs. xanmokle xasiaTis zemoqmedebas (mavne nivTierebebis gabneva garemoSi, mdinari wylebis dabinZureba da sxv.) ukuqmedeba garkveuli drois Semdeg da sxva sivrciT ganzomilebaSi gaaCnia. amis gamo, teqnogenuri naerTebis moxvedra niadagSi, cocxal organizmebSi da saboloo jamSi, adamianis „kvebiT jaWvSi“, sivrce-droiTi cvalebadobis gamo xSirad naklebad prognozirebadia. Tumca, amgvar movlenaTa landSafturi prognozirebis ZiriTad kanonzomierebaTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.

2.3.3. zemoqmedebis Sedegebi da masStabebi nebismieri xasiaTis zemoqmedebas SesaZlebelia mohyves rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi Sedegebi. yoveli, bunebisaTvis eqstremaluri, zemoqmedeba iwvevs dinamiuri wonasworobis darRvevas, komponentTa Soris sistemuri kavSirebis gardaqmnas, struqturisa da funqcionirebis cvlas da a.S. zemoqmedebis Sedegebi, miuxedavad zemoTaRniSnulisa, or aspeqtSi unda ganixilebodes: pirveli – rogoraa SenarCunebuli zemoqmedebis Semdeg ama Tu im landSaftis struqturul-funqcionaluri Taviseburebani da meore – rogor asrulebs mocemuli landSafti socialur-ekonomikur funqcias. umetes SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ar iTvaliswinebs landSaftis potenciur SesaZleblobas (resursul potencials), aramed gansazRvravs zemoqmedebis masStabebsa da formebs. amis gamo, zemoqmedebis formebi ganpirobebulia: warmoebis interesebiT (roca araa gaTvaliswinebuli garemoze zrunva), sameurneo an rekreaciuli miznebiT (iTvaliswinebs landSaftis calkeuli elementebis dacvas), teqnikuri avariebiT, arasworad gaTvlili normebis mixedviT saqmianobiT (satyeo meurneoba), gansazRvruli, normirebuli saqmianobTi (romelic ar an ver iTvaliswinebs landSaftis fonur mdgomareobas), arasasurveli zemoqmedebis aRkveTis dagvianebiT da sxv. bunebrivi zemoqmedeba da misi Sedegebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT ori formiT: pirdapiriT da arapirdapiriT. pirveli SemTxveva eqstremaluri hidroTermuli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi ganixileba (mag., gvalva, Warbi tenianoba), roca uSualod icvleba biogeohorizontebi, Tumca sxva geomasebi (hidromasebi, fitomasebi, pedomasebi) arapirdapiri saxiT TandaTanobiT saxesxvaobas ganicdian. amis gamo, mniSvnelovania landSaftebSi pasiuri da aqtiuri faqtorebis, struqturis mdgradobis ganmsazRvreli komponentebis gaTvaliswineba. landSaftebSi pasiuria reliefwarmomqmneli procesebi, aqtiuri – tenbrunva, biogeocikli da mzis energiis transformacia da sxv. aqtiuri procesebis SenarCuneba zemoqmedebis formebis ZiriTadi, ganmsazRvreli kriteriumi unda iyos. anTropogenuri zemoqmedebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas isic, rom landSafts SeunarCundes TviTaRdgenis unari, raTa droulad aRdges sawyisi mdgomareoba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im landSaftebs, romlebic resurswarmoebiTi da garemosaRmdgeni funqciiT gamoirCevian. mag. Tuki gvsurs gaCexili tyis adgilze aRdges igive saxeobis mcenareuloba, saWiroa mizanmimarTulad vimoqmedoT im axali saxeobebis mimarT, romlebic meoradi tyeebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da romlebic xels uSlian pirveladi mcenareulobis aRdgenas. 59

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

bunebrivi zemoqmedeba unda ganixilebodes im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi ganapirobebs landSaftis struqturuli, funqcionaluri, geofizikuri an geoqimiuri maxasiaTeblebis saxecvlilebas. bunebrivi Tu anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis ganxilvisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli landSaftis rogorc struqturul-funqcionaluri, aseve komponentebis da komponentTSorisi urTierTkavSiris mdgomareoba. komponentebisa da maTi urTierTkavSirebis mdgomareoba mkafiod asaxavs landSaftze ama Tu im zemoqmedebis Sedegebs, ris mixedviTac SesaZlebelia gakeTdes movlenis ganviTarebis prognozi. yoveli komponentis mdgomareoba, ganpirobebuli eqstremaluri zemoqmedebiT, pirdapir kavSirSia nivTierebisa da energiis mudmivi cvlis procesTan (funqcionirebasTan), romelTa xasiaTic, saboloo jamSi, ganapirobebs landSaftis mdgomareobas. funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT, reliefis zedapiri nivTierebisa da energiis transformaciiT, biokomponenti da niadagi – akumulaciiT, haerisa da wylis masebi – „transportirebiT“ gamoirCeva. landSaftebze anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis xarisxis mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia mosaxleobis simWidrovis ganawileba landSaftebis mixedviT. qalaqTa umravlesoba administraciuli funqciiT gamoirCeva, Tumca is qalaqebi, sadac saqalaqo mosaxleobis udidesi nawili (75%) cxovrobs, polifunqciuri, an damuSavebiTi da satransporto funqciis matarebelia. sasoflo gansaxlebas, miuxedavad misi dinamizmisa, mkveTrad gamoxatuli mdgradi damokidebuleba gaaCnia teritoriis landSaftur diferenciaciasTan. sasoflo gansaxlebis simWidrove mcirdeba simaRlebrivi zonalobis mixedviT, maqsimums ki qveda mTis tyisa da mTaTaSorisi baris landSaftTa mijnaze aRwevs.

2.3.4. bunebis komponentebis da landSaftis Sefasebis indikatorebi zemoqmedeba niadagze niadagze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisas ganixileba: humusovani fenis moxsnis masStabebi da misi Sedegebi, niadagis gadarecxvis an qarismieri eroziis SesaZlebloba, gamofitvis produqtis gavlena mimdebare teritoriebsa da wylebze. niadagis xarisxze da stabilurobaze zemoqmedeba ZiriTadad mosalodnelia miwis samuSaoebis procesSi. misi dabinZurebis ZiriTadi wyaroebi SeiZleba iyos Sxamqimikatebi, myari da Txevadi narCenebi, romelic ganibneva gamoyenebuli teqnikidan, samarago rezervuarebidan, agreTve navTobproduqtebis da sxva damabinZureblebis gaJonva. prevenciis mizniT sasurvelia amgvari wyaroebis swori marTva da ganTavseba. calkeuli sameurneo qmedebebis SemTxvevebSi saWiro xdeba humusovani fenis moxsna da dasawyobeba, romelTa moculoba gansxvavdeba arsebuli niadagis tipebis mixedviT. niadagis nayofierebis da stabilurobis SenarCunebis mizniT, kanonis `niadagis dacvis Sesaxeb~ mixedviT, aucilebeli im adgilebis gansazRvra, sadac moxdeba niadagis nayofieri fenis moxsna da dasawyobeba. amgvari adgilebSi minimalizebuli unda iqnes dasawyobebuli fenis wylismieri da qarismieri erozia, an meqanikuri zemoqmedeba. rogorc wesi, sameurneo saqmianobis dasrulebis Semdgom niadagis nayofieri fena gamoyenebuli unda iqnes dazianebuli da erodirebuli ubnebis rekultivaciisTvis. niadagis/gruntis dabinZurebis prevenciis mizniT gasaTvaliswinebelia Sesabamisi garemosdacviTi moTxovnebi, maT Soris: kontroli narCenebis saTanado 60

Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

marTvaze, sameurneo-fekaluri wylebi Segrovdeba hermetul saasenizacio ormoebSi, dabinZurebis maRali potencialis mqone stacionaluri obieqtebis (magaliTad sawvavis samarago rezervuarebi) SemozRudva avariuli daRvris Semakavebeli barierebiT, SemTxveviTi daRvris SemTxvevaSi dabinZurebuli fenis drouli moxsna da gatana teritoriidan. garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Semdgom etapze zustdeba im saproeqto ubnebis ekologiuri Taviseburebani da xarisxobriv-raodenobrivi maCveneblebi, sadac warmodgenilia Sesabamisi tipis niadagis humusovani fena. amgvari kvlevis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba mosaxsneli nayofieri fenis miaxloebiTi moculoba da droebiTi dasawyobebis adgilebis saimedooba. garda amisa, ganisazRvreba niadagis zedapiruli fenis dabinZurebis maRali riskis mqone ubnebi da maTTvis damatebiT muSavdeba Sesabamisi prevenciuli/Semarbilebeli RonisZiebebi da dagegmili sarekultivacio RonisZiebebis programa. zemoqmedeba mcenareul safarze garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisas, kvlevis pirvel etapze, xorcieldeba sakvlevi regionis mcenareulobaze arsebuli botanikuri literatura, arsebuli monacemebis damuSaveba, iSviaTi da endemuri saxeobebis inventarizacia, sameurneo saqmianobis midamoebis mcenareuli safaris mravalferovnebis analizi, mcenareulobiT dasaxlebuli sensituri habitatebisa da endemuri da reliqturi mcenareebis aRricxva. kvlevis meore etapisTvis garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis saboloo daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT igegmeba savele-botanikuri eqspedicia, romlis drosac mcenareulobis Sefasebis meTodologia iTvaliswinebs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

„wiTeli nusxis� mcenareebis aRricxvas; reliqturi da endemuri saxeobebis gamovlenas; garemoze zemoqmedebis zogad Sefasebas; mSeneblobisa da eqspluataciis ubnebze mcenareulobaze zemoqmedebis Sefasebas; obieqtis eqspluataciis Sesvlis etapze mosalodneli uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis Sefasebas. goze mosalodneli uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis Semarbilebeli RonisZiebebis dasaxvas da Sesabamis rekomendaciebs.

zemoqmedeba klimatur maxasiaTeblebze klimatze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisas ganisazRvreba misi parametrebis geografiuli ganawilebis Taviseburebani sakvlev raionSi arsebuli meteorologiuri sadguris dakvirvebaTa monacemebis analizis safuZvelze. klimaturi parametrebidan mniSvnelovania: haeris saSualo temperatura (absoluturi maqsimumi, absoluturi minimumi), naleqebi (raodenoba, wliuri jamebi), sinotive (absoluturi, SefardebiTi, deficiti), qari (mimarTuleba, siCqare, Stili), Tovlis safaris simaRle da Tovlian dReTa ricxvi. haeris xarisxze zemoqmedebis ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgens miwis samuSaoebi, gruntis an sxva samSeneblo masalebis Senaxva da gadatana, satransporto nakadebiT warmoqmnili mtveri, manqana-danadgarebisa da mZime satvirTo manqanebis gamonabolqvi. avtotransporti SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc haerze zemoqmedebis 61

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

umTavresi wyaro. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom transporti iqneba „saTburis gazebis“ erT-erTi mTavari wyaro. atmosferuli haeris xarisxze zemoqmedebis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba is normatiuli dokumentebi, romlebic adgens haeris xarisxis standarts. normativebi gansazRvrulia janmrTelobis dacvisTvis, radganac masze zemoqmedeba damokidebulia rogorc mavne nivTierebaTa koncentraciaze, aseve zemoqmedebis xangrZlivobaze. atmosferul haerSi mavne nivTierebaTa emisiebis Semarbilebeli RonisZiebebi ZiriTadad muSavdeba mosamzadebeli da mSeneblobis fazebisTvis. samuSaoTa mwarmoebeli valdebulia uzrunvelyos Semdegi saxis Semarbilebeli RonisZiebebis gatareba: • • • •

teqnikis da satransporto saSualebebis teqnikuri gamarTulobis uzrunvelyofa; mSral da qarian amindSi oTx saaTSi erTxel araasfaltirebuli gzis an gaSiSvlebuli gruntis safariani teritoriebis morwyva; nayari samSeneblo masalebis da narCenebis Senaxvis wesebis dacva, raTa ar moxdes maTi amtvereba; transportis moZraobis optimaluris siCqaris dacva.

landSaftebze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba landSaftebze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisas ganixileba misi geografiuli Taviseburebani, bunebrivi da anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis masStabebi, mdgradobis maxasiaTeblebi da transformaciis parametrebi, kerZod: • • • •

•

• • • • •

landSaftis tipi, qvetipi, gvari; geografiuli mdebareoba – geografiuli (mdinaris auzi, orografiuli erTeulebi), dasaxlebuli punqtebi, adgilis simaRle; reliefi – ferdobebis dominanturi daxriloba, reliefis formebi da tipebi geomorfologia – geomorfologiuri procesis dominanti tipi (ras ukavSirdeba), geologiuri agebuleba (ras uwyobs xels), geodinamiuri procesebis xasiaTi da intensivoba; klimati – zogadi Tavisebureba, sezonuri saSualo temperaturebi, naleqebis saSualo wliuri raodenoba da sezonuri ganawileba, simSralis indeqsi, klimaturi maxasiaTeblebis komfortulobis (diskomfortulobis) maCveneblebi; niadagi – tipi da simZlavre, vertikaluri da meqanikuri struqtura; mcenareuloba – tipi, simZlavre da sixSire, transformaciis xarisxi; sameurneo gamoyenebis forma mdgradobis xarisxi; landSaftis transformaciis xarisxi.

2.4. miwis resursebis mdgradi gamoyenebis problemebi da indikatorebi miwis resursebis gamoyeneba aTaswleulebs iTvlis. misi mniSvneloba TvalsaCinoa imiT, rom miwis resursebis meSveobiT kacobrioba TiTqmis mTlianad (95%-iT) ikmayofilebs sursaTze moTxovnas. miwis resursebis (129 mln km2 anu xmeleTis 86.6%) mxolod 1/5 SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas saxnav-saTesad. igive maCvenebeli msoflios qveynebis ZiriTadi nawilisTvis kidev ufro umniSvneloa. cnobilia, rom erTi adamianis gamosakvebad saWiroa minimum 0.1 ha miwis damuSaveba. saxnavi miwis farTobis xvedriTi wili swrafad mcirdeba – Tu ramdenime aTeuli wlis win (1960 w.) dedami62

Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

wis erT mcxovrebze 0.5 ha saxnav-saTesi farTobi modioda, amJamad es maCvenebeli (0.21 ha) mniSvnelovnadaa Secvlili. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas miwis resursebis da misi gamoyenebis problemebi mTian da mosaxleobis raodenobiT “gamorCeul” saxelmwifoebSi. saukuneebis manZilze eqstensiuri soflis meurneoba XX saukunis dasawyisSi intensiurma Secvala, Tumca anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis masStabebze da mis uaryofiT Sedegebze aqtiuri saubari mxolod gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebidan daiwyo. amJamad niadaguri safaris struqturis da nayofierebis SenarCuneba msoflios araerTi saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi problemaa. amgvari maxasiaTeblebis SenarCuneba rogorc socialuri an ekonomikuri, ise ekologiuri aucileblobacaa. niadagebis struqturis cvlaze ZiriTadad anTropogenuli faqtori moqmedebs, xolo nayofierebaze anTropogenulic da bunebrivic. msoflio miwis resursebi 130 mln km2-s aRwevs, rac xmeleTis 87%-ia. dedamiwaze saxnav teritoriebs da mravalwlian nargaobas 15 mln km2, xolo saTibebsa da saZovrebs 40 mln km2 ukavia. mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad yovelwliurad mcirdeba miwis resursebis da gansakuTrebiT, saxnavi teritoriebis xvedriTi wili. Tu gasuli saukunis Sua xanebSi igi 0.5 ha-s Seadgenda, amJamad erT sul mosaxleze 0.2 ha saxnavad gamoyenebuli farTobi modis. miwis resursebis aTvisebis masStabebi pirdapir kavSirSia ara marto qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobasa da ganviTarebis donesTan, aramed bunebriv pirobebTanac. magaliTad, Tu evropis teritoriis 1/3 ixvneba, igive maCvenebeli afrikaSi 3-jer, xolo avstraliaSi 10-jer naklebia. ganviTarebad qveynebSi kvebis produqtebis warmoebis zrda sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis resursebis gafarToebiT miiRweva, rac meurneobis eqstensiuri tipis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. miuxedavad zrdis masStabebisa, amgvar qveynebSi kvebis produqtebis warmoebis moculoba da saheqtaro mosavlianoba 4-5 jer CamorCeba ganviTarebuli samyaros analogiur maCveneblebs. Tu ganviTarebul qveynebSi miwis resursebis gamoyenebis Sedegad Zalzed saSiS masStabebs maTi qimiuri dabinZureba aRwevs, ganviTarebad qveynebSi ZiriTadi problema niadagebis degradacia (nayofierebis Semcireba, erozia, damlaSeba) da gaudabnoebaa (bedlendebis farTobebis zrdasTan erTad). ZiriTadad amis gamoa, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi yovelwliurad izrdeba damSeuli mosaxleobis raodenoba, ise importirebuli sursaTis moculoba (magaliTad, aq marcvlis importi 1950 – 2010 wlebSi 12-jer gaizarda). msoflioSi mimdinare demografiuli Tu ekologiuri procesebi miwis resursebis degradaciis arsebiTi winapirobaa. msoflios araerT regionSi mosaxleobis simWidrove aRemateba zRvrulad dasaSveb normebs, ris gamoc aq mwvaved dgas miwis resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis problema. amJamad gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria miwis resursebis nayofierebis SenarCunebis da qimiuri sasuqebiT dabinZurebis problema. miwaTsargebloba da miwis resursebis simcire araerTi konfliqtis winapiroba gaxda. klimatis globaluri cvlileba, tyiani farTobebis Semcireba da miwis intensiuri gamoyeneba eroziuli procesebis da gaudabnoebis xelSemwyobi faqtoria. gaudabnoebam moicva semiariduli da semihumiduri havis gavrcelebis mniSvnelovani teritoriebi, sadac soflis meurneobis ganviTareba safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. mosavlianobis Semcireba kritikuls xdis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sakvebiT uzrunvelyofas, rasac afrikis, centraluri amerikis da centraluri aziis da sxva regionebis qveynebidan mosaxleobis masiur migracias uwyobs xels. 63

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

gaeros mier miRebulia araerTi rekomendacia, romlebic iTvaliswinebs: 9 miwis degradaciis aRkveTas an Semcirebas; 9 miwis resursebis gamoyenebis samarTlebriv regulaciebs; 9 meurneobis sxvadasxva dargis da gansaxlebis formebis urTierTdamokidebulebas miwis resursebis gamoyenebasTan; 9 informaciisadmi xelmisawvdomobis zrdas; sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebis arealebSi degradirebuli miwebis rekultivacias; 9 biologiuri mravalferovnebis aRdgenas da SenarCunebas; 9 saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis xelSewyobas Tanamedrove teqnologiebis danergvis mizniT. niadagebze adamianis zemoqmedeba ramdenime formiT vlindeba, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovania: meqanikuri, agromelioraciuli, qimiuri, cocxali samyaros ganadgurebiT da sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobiT ganpirobebuli zemoqmedeba. meqanikuri zemoqmedeba xvna-Tesvas, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebas, mSeneblobas da sabrZolo moqmedebebs ukavSirdeba. miwis resursebis mdgomareobaze garkveulwilad metyvelebs teritoriis moxvnis masStabebi, rac pirdapir kavSirSia bunebriv pirobebTan da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan. magaliTad, Tu evropaSi ixvneba teritoriis 1/3, igive maCvenebeli afrikaSi 14%, xolo avstraliaSi 4% aRwevs. sasargeblo wiaRiseulis Ria karieruli wesiT mopovebisas an mSeneblobisas mTlianad nadgurdeba niadagis fena. agromelioraciul zemoqmedebaSi rwyva, daSroba da gruntis wylebis specialuri, xelovnuri gadaadgileba (aweva an daweva) igulisxmeba. sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis istoria 7 aTas wels iTvlis, Tumca ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis manZilze sarwyavi miwebis farTobi msoflioSi 25-jer gaizarda. gansakuTrebiT didia sarwyavi miwebis xvedriTi wili CineTSi (45%), indoeTsa (21%) da aSS-Si (16.5%). daSroba tenian niadagebs esaWiroeba, rac ZiriTadad drenaJiT an gruntis wylebis daweviT miiRweva. rogorc rwyvisas, ise daSrobisas mniSvnelovnad icvleba niadagis rogorc sinotivis, ise siTburi maxasiaTeblebi. garda amisa, niadagSi didi raodenobiT Tavs iyris marilebi, rac mis gamkvrivebas da fizikuri Tvisebebis gauaresebas ganapirobebs. cnobilia, rom msoflioSi sarwyavi miwebis TiTqmis naxevari ukve damlaSebulia. amJamad niadagebis damlaSebis problema awuxebs sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebiT “ganTqmul” axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebs, avRaneTsa da irans, erays da egviptes, CineTs, meqsikasa da aSS, avstralias, indoeTs da sxv. qimiuri zemoqmedeba mineralur sasuqebs da pesticidebis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba, romlis moxmarebis masStabebi yovelwliurad matulobs. amgvari qimiuri elementebi rCeba da grovdeba niadagSi, xvdeba miwisqveSa wylebSi da atmosferoSi. niadagSi dagrovili qimiuri elementebi anadgurebs mikroorganizmebs, cvlis nivTierebis ganawilebisa da energiis gardaqmnis procesebs, amcirebs niadagis nayofierebas. msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis, samrewvelo sawarmoebis da avtomagistralebis gaswvriv niadagSi damatebiT xvdeba sxvadasxva qimiuri elementi (tyvia, kaliumi, nikeli, vercxliswyali da sxv.). myari narCenebi auaresebs niadagebis aeracias da spobs cocxal organizmebs, xolo qimiuri elementebi Warbi raodenobiT xvdeba kulturul mcenareebSi. dedamiwaze mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad matulobs eroziisadmi aramdgradi teritoriebis aTvisebis tempi, rac maTi degradaciis, gaudabnoebis da Semdgom – gaudaburebis winapirobaa. gaudabnoebis procesi sxvadasxva bunebriv garemoSi sxvadasxva 64

Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

faqtors ukavSirdeba. Tumca misi gamowvevi ZiriTadi mizezia niadagebis fizikuri Tvisebebis gauareseba, mcenareulobis ganadgureba, gruntis wylebSi marilebis raodenobis zrda, ekosistemebis TviTaRdgenis unaris Semcireba. gaudabnoebas gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mixedviT landSaftis `sikvdili~ uwodes. gaeros monacemebiT, msoflioSi gaudabnoebam ukve moicva 40 mln ha sarwyavi teritoriebi, Tanac yovelwliurad 6 mln ha izrdeba misi masStabebi. gaudabnoeba emuqreba samxreT amerikis teritoriis 10%, aziis 19%, afrikis 23% da avstraliis 45%. magaliTad, afrikaSi saharis udabno samreTis mimarTulebiT 6 km/weli siCqariT farTovdeba. amJamad msoflio mosaxleobis 10% cxovrobs gaudabnoebis intensiuri procesebiT cnobil regionebSi.

2.5. mdgradi ganviTarebis socialur-ekonomikuri indikatorebi globaluri ekonomikuri procesebi mniSvnelovnad zRudavs ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis ekonomikur keTildReobas, adgilobriv warmoebas da vaWrobas, akninebs mosaxleobis socialuri ganviTarebis da stabilurobis dones. ekonomikuri da socialuri viTarebis SefasebisTvis aucilebelia Semdegi maCveneblebis ganxilva: 9 sasicocxlo garemos (sivrcis) arsebuli da perspeqtiuli aTviseba, gansaxlebis da mosaxleobis Tavmoyris ZiriTadi arealebi; 9 wylis, miwis, wiaRiseulis da tyis resursebis ganawileba erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT; 9 meurneobis struqtura (mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis, transportis, vaWrobis, momsaxurebis da mSeneblobis xvedriTi wili erTobliv erovnul produqtSi); 9 meurneobis da gansaxlebis ganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli arealebis arseboba; 9 erToblivi erovnuli produqtis raodenoba erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT; 9 samedicino momsaxurebis done (maT Soris eqimebis raodenoba yovel 10 aTas mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT); 9 ganaTlebis done (umaRlesi da saSualo ganaTlebulTa raodenoba yovel aTas mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT); 9 sicocxlis arsebuli da mosalodneli xangrZlivoba; 9 mosaxleobis migracia (maT Soris ekologiuri migrantebis raodenoba); 9 mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis (klebis) tendenciebi; 9 sakvebi produqtebis moxmarebis raodenoba da xarisxi; 9 samomxmareblo kalaTis struqtura da saarsebo minimumis moculoba; dedamiwaze warmoebuli sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia, Tanabari ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi, mTlianad daakmayofilebda mosaxleobis moTxovnas kvebis produqtebze. Tumca Tanamedrove mdgomareoba sxvagvaria – msoflioSi amJamad 600 mln adamiani „zedmetad“ ikvebeba, maSin roca 800 mln adamiani SimSilobs an arasrulfasovnad ikvebeba. mosaxleobis keTildReobis erTerTi maCvenebeli moxmarebuli kvebis produqtebis raodenoba da xarisxia. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba iseTi maCvenebeli, romelic gviCvenebs dRis manZilze miRebuli kaloriebis raodenobas. kveba iTvleba normalurad, Tu adamiani dReSi iRebs 2600-2800 kilokalorias (kkal). miRebuli kaloriebis mixedviT, zogadad msoflioSi mosaxleobis mdgomareoba, ukanasknel aTwleulSi gaumjobesda. Tumca gansxavebanic TvalsaCinoa. Tu ganviTarebul qveynebSi erT sul mosaxleze 3400 kkal modis, igive maCvenebeli laTinur amerikaSi 2700-is, xolo centralur afrikaSi 2000-s aRwevs. kvebis produqtebSi, ganviTarebul qveynebSi, cxoveluri warmoSobisaa 1/3, xolo ganviTarebadSi 7%. cxoveluri warmoSobis 65

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

produqtebs didi raodenobiT moixmaren laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi, rac mesaqonleobis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebiTaa ganpirobebuli. ama Tu im qveynis socialuri ganviTarebis doneze, sxva maCveneblebTan erTad, TvalsaCinod metyvelebs saarsebo minimumis moculoba. igi gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT – ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi es maCvenebeli ramdenjer aRemateba ganviTarebadisas. saarsebo minimumi gamoixateba im TanxiT, romelsac gamoiyenebs adamiani kvebisa da sayofacxovrebo moTxovnebis minimaluri dakmayofilebisaTvis. saarsebo minimumze dabali Semosavlis mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili umniSvneloa dasavleT evropis, dabali CrdiloeT amerikis da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, saSualo samxreT amerikasa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi, maRali – centralur afrikaSi. samomxmareblo kalaTis ganawilebis Taviseburebani naTlad warmoaCens mosaxleobis cxovrebis dones da socialur interesebs. ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis samomxmareblo kalaTis ZiriTadi nawili momsaxurebis sferoze da rekreaciaze modis, maSin roca ganviTarebad qveynebSi mosaxleoba danaxarjebs sursaTis SesaZenad iRebs. mrewvelobis obieqtebis zegavlena bunebriv garemoze ganuzomlad didia. isini masze zemoqmedeben gazobrivi airebiT, myari da Txevadi narCenebiT, rac zrdis anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis masStabebs. amgvari ekologiuri problema zemoqmedeba aisaxeba ekonomikur efeqtianobasa da socialur mdgradobaze. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli „efeqturobiT“ metalurgiuli, qimiuri da samTo-gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi gamoirCevian. amgvari sawarmoebis gavlenis arealSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba, Tu iq araa daculi warmoebis ekologiuri normebi, udidesi safrTxis qveS imyofebian. gavlena imdenad didia, rom mas sruliad SeuZlia Secvalos demografiuli viTareba, daavadebaTa geografia da struqtura, cocxali samyaro, miwisqveSa da zedapiruli wylebis Sedgeniloba, niadagis nayofiereba, mikroklimati da sxv. dabinZurebuli garemos TviTwmendis maCveneblebi sxvadasxva qimiuri elementisTvis Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: cinki – 500 wlamde, kadmiumi – 110 wlamde, spilenZi – 1500 wlamde, tyvia ki 6 aTas wlamde. garemoSi gafrqveuli qimiuri nivTierebebis garkveuli nawili „Seiwoveba“ kulturuli mcenareebis mier an im sakvebidan, rasc moixmars Sinauri saqoneli. isini saboloo jamSi xvdeba kvebiT jaWvSi, rac aisaxeba adamianis janmrTelobaze. garemoze zemoqmedebis aranaklebi masStabebiT xasiaTdeba soflis meurneoba. igi ramdenime aspeqtiT warmoCindeba. •

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66

pirveli ukavSirdeba bunebrivi landSaftebis transformacias da aramdgradi agrolandSaftebis formirebas. zogierTi kulturiT (magaliTad, vazi, bostneuli, xexili da sxv.) warmodgenili agrolandSaftebi gamorCeulia anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis sixSiriT da intensivobiT. isini mudmiv da mizanmimarTul fizikur da qimiur zemoqmedebas saWiroeben, raTa SeinarCunon mdgradoba da miRweul iqnas maTi daniSnulebis maqsimaluri Sedegi. meore aspeqti melioracias ukavSirdeba. sistematuri wyva, gansakuTrebiT semiaridul da aridul regionebSi, niadagebis damlaSebis winapirobaa. damlaSebuli niadagebi praqtikulad kargav sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebas, xolo maTi nayofierebis aRdgenas ramdenime aTeuli weli esaWiroeba.

Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

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mesame miwaTmoqmedebiT anu miwis meqanikuri damuSavebiTaa ganpirobebuli. miwis damuSavebis Sedegebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: bunebrivi mcenareulobis sruli ganadgureba anu ekosistemuri ekocidi, niadagis struqturis cvla, mdgradobis degradacia, niadagis meqanikuri daSla, qarismieri da wylismieri eziis gaaqtiureba, qimiuri nivTierebebis Setana, bunebrivi nayofierebis degradacia.

miwis damuSavebas araerTi jaWvuri ekologiuri reaqcia mosdevs. mineraluri sasuqebi abinZurebs zedapirul da miwisqveSa wylebs, aRwevs sxvadasxva tipis wyalsatevSi da ganapirobebs evtrofikaciis intensivobas. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca niadagis damuSaveba, mcenareulobis ganadgureba da wylis reJimis cvla, iwvevs gaudabnoebis process. miwaTmoqmedeba aseve damRupvelad moqmedebs cxovelTa samyaroze da maT adgilsamyofelze. gacilebiT naklebi zemoqmedebiT xasiaTdeba mesaqonleoba, rac Zovebas da sakvebis mopovebas ukavSirdeba. mTebi garkveul rols TamaSoben sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebaSi. miuxedavad mTiani teritoriebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli „mkacri“ bunebrivi garemosi, msoflios araerT regionSi Seiqmna tradiciuli soflis meurneobis tipebi, sadac adamianis da bunebis Tanaarsebobis gamorCeuli formebia warmodgenili. es gansakuTrebiT exeba mravalwlian nargaobas, romlebic araerTi funqciis Sesrulebasa da ganxorcielebas uwyobs xels. maT Sorisaa: ekologiuri funqcia – nargaoba xels uSlis eroziuli da denudaciuri procesebis ganviTarebas, amcirebs aorTqlebas da zedapirul gadarecxvas; ekonomikuri (sasursaTo) funqcia – xexili, Tavisi qimiuri SedgenilobiT, mTis mosaxleobisTvis kvebis racionSi vitaminebi miwodebis arsebiTi wyaroa. aq moyvanili xili maRali kvebiTi TvisebebiT gamoirCeva da didi mowonebiT sargeblobs sxva regionebSi mcxovreb mosaxleobaSi. mTebSi mdgradi soflis meurneoba mxolod sworad gansazRvruli agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebiT, kulturul mcenareTa ekologiuri maxasiaTeblebis bunebriv garemos potencialTan maqsimaluri miaxloebiT, biologiuri sasuqis gamoyenebiT da melioraciis Tanamedrove meTodebis sayovelTao gamoyenebiTaa SesaZlebeli. mTebSi ekologiur arastabilurobas iwvevs saavtomobilo transporti da saavtomobilo gzebi. msoflioSi aqtiurad mimdinare procesi, rac eleqtro da hibriduli transportis ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba, mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs garemoze negatiuri zemoqmedebis masStabebs. saavtomobilo gzebis xarisxi, satransporto sainJinro komunikaciebi da infrastruqtura, xSirad gamxdare anTropogenuli uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis zrdis mizezi maT mimdebare teritoriebze. saavtomobilo gzebi, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis mxriv, SeiZleba daiyos ekologiuri zemoqmedebis calkeuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. maT mimdebare teritoriebze dabinZurebulia atmosferuli haeri, zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebi, niadagebi, mcenareuloba da saboloo jamSi, adamianis sasicocxlo sivrce. saavtomobilo gzebis garemoze zemoqmedeba ramdenime aspeqts ukavSirdeba, romelTa Sorisaa: •

reliefi da geologiuri agebuleba – saavtomobilo gza praqtikulad mTlianad cvlis egzogenuri zemoqmedebis formebsa da masStabebs, geidinamiur aqtivobas, gamofitvis intensivobas da tipebs. igi aCqarebs an anelebs amgvar procesebs. mTian teritoriebze gzebis mSenebloba xels uwyobs mewyruli da denudaciuri procesebis gaaqtiurebas, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi cvlis reliefis formebs. sa67

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

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siSroebas qmnis gzebis mSeneblobisas „moxsnili“ qanebic, romelTa dagrovebis (dayris) arealebi didi raodenobiT Seiwovs tens, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba gadaadgildes; zedapiruli wylebi – saavtomobilo gza garkveulwilad cvlis zedapiruli wylebis mimarTulebas da intensivobas. es gansakuTrebiT saSiSi xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arasworadaa agebuli wyalgamtari nagebobebi. gzis mimdebare teritoria xSirad itboreba, rac ukavSirdeba mis SemaRlebul mdebareobas mimdebare teritoriasTan. datborili adgilebi, rogorc wesi Waobdeba, tenis mateba ki gavlenas axdens rogorc ekosistemebze da niadagis nayofier fenaze (Carecxvis Sedegad), ise gzis infrastruqturasTan dakavSirebul sainJinro nagebobebs; cocxal samyaro – saavtomobilo gzis mSenebloba ganapirobebs cocxali samyaros ekocids, maTi adgilsamyofelis degradacias, migraciis gzebis gadakveTas da nivelirebas; landSaftis esTetikuri (bunebrivi) ier-saxe – saavtomobilo gza da misTvis saWiro infrastruqtura cvlis landSafts da „amdidrebs“ mas teqnogenuri elementebiT. amis gamoa, rom gzebis daproeqtebisas sasurvelia gaTvaliswineul iqnas arsebuli landSaftis formirebis bunebrivi meqanizmebi, garemomcveli peizaJebi, mosaxleobis interesebi da sxv. amave dros, saWiroa garemo dadebiT STabeWdilebas axdendes da emociurad ganawyobdes rogorc mZRols, ise mgzavrebs; socialuri da ekonomikuri garemo – cnobilia, rom saavtomobilo gza socialur-ekonomikuri garemos ganviTarebis da gaumjobesebis arsebiTi winapirobaa, Tumca garkveuli ekologiuri problemebi eqmnebaT gzebis siaxloves mcxovreb mosaxleobas. saavtomobilo transportis moZraoba zrdis xmauris, vibraciis, eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis da mikroklimatis maCveneblebs da dones.

gaeros prognoziT, uaxloes aTwleulebSi gansakuTrebiT gaizrdeba satransporto saSualebebiT energiis moxmarebis maCveneblebi, rac ganpirobebuli iqneba saerTaSoriso gadazidvebis moculobis matebiT. transporti msoflios qveynebis udides nawilSi rCeba atmosferos da niadagis dabinZurebis ZiriTad wyarod, rac kidev ufro intensiuri gaxdeba misi masStabebis mosalodneli zrdis fonze. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gaero mouwodebs msoflio Tanamegobrobas, maqsimalurad ganviTardes ekologiurad usafrTxo transporti, Semcirdes tyviis Semcveli navTobproduqtebis sawvavad gamoyeneba, gaizardos energiis alternatiuli wyaroebis (eleqtroenergia, biosawvavi, gazi) moxmareba, Seiqmnas sazogadoebrivi da satvirTo transportis ekonomiurad xelmisawvdomi da ekologiurad efeqturi sistemebi. ekologiurad usafrTxo energetika mdgradi ganviTarebis arsebiTi qvakuTxedia. gaeros monacemebiT, msoflio mosaxleobis TiTqmis 1/3 ganicdis „energetikul SimSils“ anu ar miuwvdeba xeli energiis Tanamedrove wyaroebze (gansakuTrebiT eleqtroenergiaze). cnobilia isic, rom energiaze moTxovna yovelwliurad izrdeba, rac ukavSirdeba rogorc mosaxleobis matebas, ise mrewvelobasa da transportSi moxmarebuli energiis mzard raodenobas. energetikis mdgradi ganviTarebis mizniT, gaeros mier dasaxulia araerTi qmedeba, romelTagan mniSvnelovania: • • 68

ekologiurad sufTa energetikis ganviTareba (aRdgenadi da alternatiuli energiis wyaroebis – mzis, qaris, geoTermuli, miqceva-moqcevaTa); energodamzogavi teqnologiebis da wyaroebis ganviTareba.

Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

aRniSnuli qmedebebis xelSewyoba energetikis mdgradi ganviTarebis winapirobaa, romlis masStabebi naTlad asaxavs ama Tu im qveynis wvlils zogadsakacobrio qmedebebis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi. energetikuli mrewveloba umeteswilad garemos degradacias ganapirobebs. nebismieri sabado (navTobis, qvanaxSiris, gazis, torfis, sawvavi fiqlebis da sxv.) garemos dabinZurebis wyaroa. es gansakuTrebiT exeba Ria karieruli wesiT qvanaxSiris mopovebas, rac mimdebare teritoriebis geocids ganapirobebs. gamoyenebuli saTbobi energia atmosferos dabinZurebis wyarocaa, rac klimatis globaluri cvlilebis xelSmwyobi faqtoria. sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebisas reliefis deformacia da moZraoba aRiniSneba im regionSi, sadac qanebis zedapiruli fena 300-jer naklebia mis qveS gamomuSavebul siRruvis sisqeze. amgvar procesebs xels aseve uwyobs mineraluri resursebis narCenebi, rac ZiriTadad sabados gavrcelebis arealSi iyris Tavs. reliefis deformacia ukve dadgenilia qvanaxSiris Saxturi wesiT mopovebis regionebSi germaniaSi, iaponiaSi, did britaneTSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, ruseTSi da sxv. teqtonikur aqtivobas aseve zrdis miwisqveSa samSeneblo, sameurneo da samxedro afeTqebebic, romelTa raodenoba yoveldRiurad 5 aTas aRwevs. gansakuTrebiT ,,efeqturiakk birTvuli afeTqebebi, romelTa magnitudam SeiZleba miaxwios 5-7 bals. navTobisa da gazis mopovebisas miwisqveSa danaleq fenebSi did farTobebze icvleba wneva, hidro da siTburi reJimi, aqtiuria reliefis saxecvlileba. amgvari procesebi ukve dafiqsirebulia aSS-s araerT StatSi, venesuelaSi, italiaSi da sxv. (magaliTad, qalaq longdbiCSi, los-anJelesTan, ,,daZirvis“ siCqarem miaRwia 30-50 sm/wl-Si. amJamad qalaqi TiTqmis 9 metriT dablaa im doneze, romelzec XX saukunis Sua xanebSi mdebareobda. Sedegad, dazianda araerTi samrewvelo sawarmo, navsadguri, rkinigza, WaburRilebi da navTobsadenebi, xidebi da Senobebi. navTobisa da gazis mopovebis regionebSi, miwisqveSa wnevis Semcirebis Sedegad ukve aRiniSna sakmaod Zlieri miwisZvrebi (ruseTsa da aSS-Si – 3-jer, avRaneTSi – 2-jer, meqsikaSi da ukrainaSi TiTojer).

2.6. turizmis mdgradi ganviTarebis indikatorebi turizmis mdgradi ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb pirvelad aRiniSna 2000 wels gaeros mier miRebul im dokumentSi, romelic eZRvneba siRaribis daZlevis strategiul miznebs da amocanebs. turizmis arsis da misi rolis Sesaxeb saubaria aRniSnuli dokumentis im mimarTulebebSi, romelic eZRvneba SimSilisa da siRatakis daZlevas, qalTa uflebebis dacvas da Tanasworuflebianobis xelSewyobas, ekologiuri mdgradobis uzrunvelyofas da mdgrad ganviTarebaSi msoflio TanamSromlobas. mogvianebiT (2004 wels) gaero-s msoflio turizmis organizaciam (UNWTO) da amave organizaciis ganviTarebis programam (UNDP) gamosces turizmis politikis ganmsazRvreli saxelmZRvanelo. turizmis mzardi industria, romelic gamoirCeva Tavis kompleqsurobiT, popularobiT da garemosTan mravalmxrivi kavSirurTierTobiTaa cnobili. amis gamoa, rom turizmis mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefcia iTvalswinebs: 1. 2.

turizmis ganviTarebis interesebis Tanxvedra momavali Taobebis moTxovnebTan; turizmis, adgilobrivi biznesis, mosaxleobis, administraciis da sxva dainteresebuli mxareebis interesebs; 69

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

3.

4.

turizmis ganviTarebis kavSirs garemos mdgrad ganviTarebasTan (misi Semadgeneli nawilebis – bunebrivi, anTropogenuli da bunebriv-anTropogenuli – ganviTarebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT); turizmis da garemos mdgradi ganviTarebis urTierTdakavSirebul sistemas (dargis gavlena geografiul sistemebze da garemos gavlena turizmis ganviTarebaze).

turizmis da geografiuli garemos mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis ZiriTadi yuradReba unda gamaxvildes ekologiur da SemecnebiT (saganmanaTleblo, samecniero, saTavgadasavlo, safexmavlo da sxv.) turizmze, rac bunebrivi Tu istoriul-kulturuli faseulobebis SenarCunebis winapiroba gaxdeba. cnobilia, rom stiqiurad ganviTarebuli turizmi bunebrivi garemos degradaciis erT-erTi gamomwvevi mizezia, rac xSirad adgilobrivi mosaxleobis rekreantebTan dapirispirebis mizezic gamxdara. 2.7. mdgradi ganviTarebis landSafturi indikatorebi mdgradi ganviTarebis landSafturi indikatorebi evropis landSafturi konvenciis ZiriTadi moTxovnebis realizacias ukavSirdeba. igi warmoaCens landSaftis gansakuTrebul rols sazogadoebriv ganviTarebaSi. konvencias TiTqmis yvela evropuli qveyana miuerTda, ris gamoc dRis wesrigSi dgeba erTiani meTodologiis anu landSaftis Sefasebis, analizTan, sinTezTan, dagegmarebasTan, marTvasTan, momsaxurebasTan da dacvasTan dakavSirebuli aqtualuri amocanebis ganxilvis da gadaWris aucilebloba. evropis ropis landSafturi konvenciis ZiriTad debulebebSi aRniSnulia, rom: ¾ landSaftze met-naklebi intensivobiT moqmedebs meurneobis TiTqmis yvela sfero; ¾ landSafti warmoadgens pirovnuli da socialuri keTildReobis ZiriTad elements; ¾ landSaftis dacva, marTva da dagegmareba TiToeuli adamianis ufleba da pasuxismgeblobaa. konvenciis mixedviT, landSafti aris teritoria, romelic aRqmulia xalxis mier da romlis xasiaTic ganpirobebulia bunebrivi da/an adamianuri faqtorebis qmedebis da urTierTqmedebis DSedegad. amgvari urTierTqmedebis Sedegebis analizi warmodgenas gvaZlevs landSaftis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb. maT srulyofil Sefasebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs landSaftis analizis, sinTezis da landSafturi dagegmarebisTvis. Tanamedrove geografiul garsSi warmodgenili bunebrivi landSaftebis mniSvnelovanma nawilma TiTqmis dakarga pirvandeli ier-saxe. cnobilia isic, rom TiTqmis mTlianadaa gardaqmnili zomieri sartylis Sereuli, farTofoTlovani, tyestepisa da stepis bunebrivi landSaftebi, subtropikuli da tropikuli sartylis tyis landSaftebi, dabali da saSualo mTis landSaftebi. Tumca igives ver vityviT arqtikuli, subarqtikuli da zomieri sartylis taigis, tropikuli da ekvatoruli sartylis Warbtenian da aridul ekosistemebze, mTis nivaluri da subnivaluri, alpuri da subalpuri zonis landSaftebze. amis gamo, landSaftis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba transformaciis masStabebis, zemoqmedebis intensivobis da gamoyenebis formebis mixedviT SeiZleba SevafasoT. imis mixedviT, Tu romeli saxis zemoqmedeba (bunebrivi, anTropogenuri da Sereuli) aisaxeba ZiriTadad landSaftze, SesaZloa ganisazRvros landSaftis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba. bunebrivi zemoqmedebis upiratesobis SemTxvevaSi, landSaftis struqturisa 70

Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

da funqcionirebis Taviseburebani mTlianad ganpirobebulia bunebrivi procesebiT. aq SeiZleba Candes sameurneo saqmianobis garkveuli zegavlena, Tumca igi ver cvlis landSaftis rogorc garegnul (indikaciur) iers, ise ekologiur (struqtura, funqcionireba, mdgradoba da sxv.) da eTologiur (dinamika, ganviTareba, funqciebi da sxv.) maxasiaTeblebs. anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis upiratesobis SemTxvevaSi landSaftis mdgomareoba umeteswilad ganpirobebulia sazogadoebis moTxovnebiT da im socialur-ekonomikuri procesebiT, romlis xasiaTi da intensioba ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis ama Tu im dones. rac ufro xangrZlivi da intensiuria anTropogenuli zemoqmedeba, miT ufro naklebadaa damokidebuli amgvari landSafti bunebriv procesebze. mesame anu Sereuli saxis (buneba, adamiani) zemoqmedebisas landSaftis mdgomareobas gansazRvravs rogorc sazogadoebis moTxovnebi, ise bunebrivi movlenebi da procesebi. amgvar landSaftebSi anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba epizodur, xolo bunebrivi zemoqmedeba mudmiv xasiaTs atarebs. 2011 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos parlamentis gadawyvetilebiT ratifikacirebul iqna „evropis landSafturi konvencia“, romlis mixedviTac, esTetikurad da funqciurad jansaRi landSaftis SenarCuneba saxelmwifos ekologiuri politikis erTerTi prioritetuli mimarTuleba gaxda. konvenciis mixedviT, esTetikurad da funqciurad jansaRi landSaftis SenarCuneba landSafturi dagegmarebis meTodologiis da principebis mixedviT unda ganxorcieldes. landSafturi dagegmareba miiCneva im aucilebel instrumentad, romlis meSveobiTac jansaRi garemos SenarCuneba, gaumjobeseba da ganviTarebaa SesaZlebeli. landSafturi dagegmareba uSualo kavSirSia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier SemuSavebul mdgradi ganviTarebis strategiasTan, rasac civilizebuli msoflio XX saukunis bolodan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs. amgvari strategiis mixedviT kacobrioba valdebulia politikur, kulturul, socialur da ekonomikur sakiTxebTan erTad, uzrunvelyos mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTareba. amisTvis erT-erT aucilebel qmedebad ganixileba nacionaluri (adgilobrivi) da regionuli ekologiuri politikis integracia, rasac aseve iTvaliswinebs „evropis landSafturi konvencia“. landSafturi dagegmarebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia mdgradi ganvitarebisaTvis, radgan misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia: •

• •

bunebrivi garemos calkeuli komponentebis da kompleqsebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis, mniSvnelobis, potencialis, mdgradobis da socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebis Sefaseba; teritoriis marTvis efeqturi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba, rac gulisxmobs sameurneo da saxelmwifo uwyebebis efeqtur da produqtiul TanamSromlobas; sazogadoebriobis farTod Cabma SemuSavebuli programebis informatiulobis da xelmisawvdomobis principis gamoyenebiT.

landSafturi dagegmarebis procesi mimdinareobs rogorc dainterebuli organizaciebis, ise adgilobrivi xelisuflebis da mosaxleobis monawileobiT. amgvari midgoma xels uwyobs sazogadoebis demokratizacias, qveynis mdgrad ganviTarebas, saerTaSoriso da regionuli garemosdacviTi programebis da proeqtebis harmonizacias, sazogadoebis xangrZlivvadiani interesebis gaTvaliswinebas. landSafturi dagegmarebis principebi da meTodebi ganixileba regionuli ekologiuri politikis an zogadad teritoriuli dagegmarebis konteqstSi. regionulad 71

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

iTvleba ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis iseTi mimarTuleba, romelic iTvaliswinebs calkeuli regionebis specifikas da orientirebulia maT interesebze. amgvari politika realizdeba regionuli dagegmarebis meSveobiT, romelic uSualo kavSirSia saerTo (qveynis) teritoriul dagegmarebasTan. evropaSi regionuli politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebad dasaxulia sxvadasxva ganviTarebis mqone regionebis cxovrebis donis gaTanabreba, samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis harmonizacia, bunebriv resursebze da garemoze anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis Semcireba. amgvari midgoma ar miiCneva universalurad, Tumca iZleva safuZvels samomavlod Seiqmnas regionis da qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebis modeli. miiCneva, rom landSafturma dagegmarebam mniSvnelovani roli SeiZleba Seasrulos regionebis mdgradi ekologiurad ganviTarebis saqmeSi. yvela evropuli qveyana da maTi dagegmarebis sistema, romelic grZnobs globalizaciis gavlenas da CarTulia saerTo evropul politikis formirebaSi, erTiania gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. amis gamo, evrokavSiris qveynebSi TvalsaCinoa tendenciebi, rac ukavSirdeba imgvari instrumentebis SemuSavebas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen socialur-ekonomikur TviTorganizacias da mdgrad ganviTarebas. amgvari miznebis misaRwevad saWiroa gaaqtiurdes swrafva teritoriul dagegmarebaSi ekologiuri da esTetikuri Rirebulebebis warmosaCenad. landSafturi dagegmarebis procesSi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba da administraciuli organizaciebi iReben mravalmxriv informacias landSaftTa Tanamedrove mdgomareobis (struqturis) da bunebrivi procesebis TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb, bunebaTsargeblobis problemebze da maTi daZlevis gzebze. amgvarad, landSafturi dagegmareba iZleva codnas bunebisa da landSaftis Sesaxeb da amaRlebs kompetenturobas moqmedebaTa programis gansazRvrisas. landSafturi dagegmareba, dargobrivi dagegmarebisTvis, warmoadgens fundamentur bazas maTi garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebis damuSavebisa da SefasebisTvis. igi amave dros safuZvelia ekologiur eqspertizaSi specialuri bunebisdacviTi instrumentebis gamoyenebisTvis, agreTve garemoze zemoqmedebis regulirebisa da SefasebisTvis. landSafturi dagegmareba saSualebas aZlevs dargobriv (soflis meurneobis, mSeneblobis, infrastruqturis da sxv.) dagegmarebas dasawyisSive iqonios informacia mosalodnel konfliqtebze da bunebisdacviT moTxovnebze, riTac potenciur mosargebles da dargobriv mgegmavs ezogeba saxsrebi da dro. amrigad, landSafturi dagegmareba xels uwyobs ara marto bunebaTmosargebleTa qmedebebis kordinacias, aramed amcirebs konfliqtebs bunebaTsargeblobisas da qmnis nayofier niadags mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis. landSafturi dagegmareba aanalizebs landSafts, rogorc adamianTa sacxovrebel sivrces. amave sivrcis dagegmarebiTaa dakavebuli teritoriuli dagegmareba (saxeldobr miwis), regionuli da samSeneblo dagegmareba (miwaTsargeblobis da mSeneblobaTa gegmis formiT), specialuri dargobrivi dagegmareba (magaliTad, satransporto an tyeebis). TiToeuli maTgani xorcieldeba sxvadasxva masStabSi da rogorc wesi – administraciul-teritoriuli dayofis doneze. satyeo da gansakuTrebiT, soflis meurneoba ganicdis garemos degrdaciis da dabinZurebis Zlier gavlenas. amgvar zemoqmedebas upirispireben sxvadasxvagvar programebs, magaliTad iseTs, rogoricaa _ saerTo eqstensifikacia, saxnavebis gadayvana arasamiwaTmoqmedo formebze, tyiani farTobebis zrda da sxv. landSaf72

Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

turi dagegmareba warmoadgens mniSvnelovan safuZvels amgvari programebis realizaciisTvis. misi meSveobiT igegmeba da xorcieldeba konkretuli da ekologiurad dasabuTebuli winadadebebi, magaliTad iseTi, rogoricaa: eroziis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi, rekomendaciebi tyispirebis da wyalsadinarebis renaturaciis Sesaxeb, sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleeebisTvis buferuli da wyalSemkrebebze wyaldamcavi zonebis Seqmna da a.S. landSafturi dagegmarebis saboloo mizans warmoadgens im dargobrivi rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba, romlis mixedviT Catardeba teritoriis zonireba: SesaZlebelia gamoiyos miznebis sami ZiriTadi tipi: SenarCuneba, ganviTareba da gaumjobeseba. miznebis pirveli tipi – SenarCuneba – orientirebulia bunebrivi garemos arsebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebaze, rac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki teritoria an ar gamoiyeneba, an datvirTva atarebs eqstensiur xasiaTs. miznebis meore tipi – ganviTareba – orientirebulia teritoriis ganviTarebaze. amasTan, kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebulia misi rogorc eqstensiuri, ise intensiuri ganviTareba. miznis realizaciisas, teritoriis garemosdacviTi statusi an rCeba, an iwevs erTi safexuriT. miznebis mesame tipi – gaumjobeseba – iTvaliswinebs mxolod RonisZiebaTa kompleqss, romelic emsaxureba landSaftis gaumjobesebas. es exeba im teritoriebs, romlebic ganicdidnen an axlac ganicdian Zlier (intensiur) zemoqmedebas. nebismieri teritoriis mdgradi ganviTareba ukavSirdeba socialur-ekonomikur da bunebriv-ekologiur faqtorebs. maTi gauTvaliswinebloba iwvevs disbalanss da ganviTarebis procesis Seferxebas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mdgradi sazogadoebrivi da ekologiuri ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens urTierTdakavSirebuli landSafturi da socialur-ekonomikuri teritoriuli dagegmarebis strategiuli koncefciis SemuSaveba. amgvari koncefcia mimarTuli unda iqnes im konfliqtebis regulirebisaken, romelic arsebobs mosaxleobis socialurekonomikur interesebsa da landSaftis ekologiur mdgradobas Soris.

2.8. mdgradi ganviTareba da sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis indikatorebi mdgradi ganviTarebis da sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis saukeTeso indikatorad kulturuli landSaftis Seqmna, misi marTva da momsaxureba warmoadgens. kulturuli landSafti adamianisa da bunebis xangrZlivi (istoriuli) urTierTdamokidebulebis TvalsaCino Sedegi da kulturuli memkvidreobis nawilia. masSi mkafiod aisaxeba aisaxeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ekologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri kultura da identoba. igi ukavSirdeba rogorc istoriul process, ise tradiciul sameurneo da sazogadoebriv saqmianobas. kulturuli landSafti msoflio memkvidreobis nawilia, igi yvelas ekuTvnis. mas SeiZleba ewodos Cveni da bunebis Tanacxovrebis sarke. misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia warmodgena viqonioT landSaftis potencialze da ekologiur Taviseburebebze, ekonomikur da socialur Rirebulebebze. kulturuli landSaftis dacva nacionaluri identurobis, erovnuli Rirsebis SenarCunebis winapirobaa. masze zrunva da misi swori aRqma gaaumjobesebs momavali Taobebis cxovrebis xarisxs, gaaRrmavebs maT patriotul gaTavisebas da jerovan safuZvels Seuqmnis mdgrad ganviTarebas. kulturuli landSafti SeiZleba iyos: specialurad Seqmnili (arqiteqtoris an mebaRis mier), xalxuri (ojaxis an soflis mcxovrebTa yoveldRiuri saqmianobis Sedegad), istoriuli (asaxavdes istoriul movlenas an saqmianobas), eTnografiuli (adgi73

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

li, romelic moicavs araerT istoriuli memkvidreobis bunebriv da kulturul elements). igi aseve SeiZleba iyos qalaqi an misi calkeuli ubani, calkeuli istoriuli Zegli, ansamblebi, istoriuli ganaSenianeba, sainJinro komunikaciebi, arqeologiuri Zeglebi, kunZulebi, arxebi, istoriul-geografiuli provinciebi, bunebis Zeglebi da masTan dakavSirebuli kulturis obieqtebi da sxv. msoflio memkvidreobis konvenciis Tanaxmad, `kulturuli landSafti adamianisa da bunebis erToblivi qmedebis produqtia~. igi, Tavisi statusiT, unda ganapirobebdes ara marto materialuri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebis, aramed biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebasac. lanSaftis marTva swrafad ganviTarebadi samecniero-praqtikuli mimarTulebaa, romliTac dakavebuli arian geografebi, teritoriuli dagegmarebis da marTvis specialistebi, sociologebi, urbanistebi, landSaftis arqiteqtorebi, ekonomistebi da sxv. misi arsi, upirveles yovlisa, garemos ekologiuri mdgradobis SenarCunebas da uzrunvelyofas ukavSirdeba. aq igulisxmeba im sivrciTi urTierTobebis politikis SemuSaveba da marTva, romelic warmoiqmneba adgilobriv, regionul, qveynis an globalur doneze (arsebobs sivrciTi urTierTobebis sxva formebic: sasoflo sivrce – urbanuli sivrce – nacionaluri sivrce). landSaftis marTvis saboloo mizani bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi garemos harmoniuli Tanaarsebobaa. amgvari miznis miRweva ki SeuZlebelia im bunebrivi meqanizmebis codnis gareSe, rac ganapirobebs bunebrivi garemos struqturisa da funqcionirebis geografiul Taviseburebebs. meores mxriv, sazogadoebrivi procesebi da cnobiereba arsebiTad gansazRvravs bunebrivi garemos ekologiur mdgomareobas, ris gamoc ama Tu im adgilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebis da sazogadoebis qcevis kvleva landSaftis marTvis aucilebeli winapirobaa. amrigad, landSaftis marTva mravalwaxnagovani saqmianobaa, romelSic Cabmulia samecniero, praqtikuli (sameurneo) da administraciuli wreebi. landSafti, am SemTxvevaSi, ganixileba rogorc geoekologiuri an socioekologiuri sistema, romelsac gaaCnia myari bunebrivi safuZveli da romelic warmoadgens adgilobrivi marTvis obieqts. amgvari xedviT, nebismieri teritoria warmoadgens sistemuri kavSirebis erTobas, sadac met-naklebi xarisxiT urTierTdakavSirebulia bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi procesebi. mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis landSafturi „politikis“ SemuSaveba da landSafturi dagegmareba Tanamedrove qmedebaTa Semadgeneli nawili gaxda, rac sivrciT mowyobaSi inovaciebis, adgilobrivi iniciativebis, sistemuri da decentralizebuli marTvis aucileblobas iTvaliswinebs. landSaftis marTva ukavSirdeba rTul sistemebs, romlis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilebia buneba da sazogadoeba. isini am sistemaSi SeiZleba warmovidginoT sxvadasxva doneebis da „kerZo“ interesebis saxiT. doneebSi igulisxmeba rogorc sivrciTi (magaliTad – lokaluri da regionuli, mTa da bari, sofeli da qalaqi, eTnosi da xalxi), ise interesebiT (magaliTad – bunebrivi movlenebi da procesebi, reliefi da hava, hava da wylebi, mcenareuloba da ekosistemebi, ekosistemebi da meurneoba, resursebi da ekonomika, ekonomika da socialuri sfero, mosaxleoba da ekologiuri viTareba, socialuri sfero da ekologiuri procesebi, ekologiuri procesebi da ekonomika) gansazRvruli urTierTobebi. gasagebia, rom amgvari urTierTobebi usasrulod SeiZleba warmovaCinoT, Tumca landSafturi midgoma maT minimizaciis da srulyofilebis saSualebas iZleva. landSaftis marTvis inovaciuri formebi gulisxmobs administraciuli marTvis vertikalze Zalauflebis gadanawilebas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis (samoqalaqo sazo74

Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

gadoebis) da kerZo seqtoris iniciativebis sasargeblod. amgvari midgomisas marTva (administrireba) efuZneba araerT princips, romelTagan ZiriTadia: adgilobrivi problemebis kompleqsuri Seswavla (kvleva), maTze mosaxleobis maqsimaluri fokusireba, qmedebaTa adaptacia, erTianoba da moqniloba. gasagebia, marTvis rom inovaciuri formebis realizacia mxolod centralur da adgilobriv xeliuflebas Soris interesebis gadanawilebis, koordinaciis da TviTorganizaciis, konsensusis da urTierTSeTanxmebis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. landSaftis marTva ZiriTadad administraciul farglebSi xorcieldeba, rac naklebad iTvaliswinebs bunebriv garemos elementebis an ekosistemebis sazRvrebs. amgvari midgoma kvlav adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialur, ekonomikur, ekologiur Tu gansaxlebis interesebs emsaxureba. amitom, arc Tu ise cotaa SemTxveva, roca identur an msgavs bunebriv garemos sxvadasxva administraciul erTeulebSi warmodgenili mosaxleoba gansxvavebul moTxovnas „uyenebs“. gansakuTrebuli specifikurobiT gamoirCeva urbanuli teritoriebis landSaftis marTva. aq yuradReba maxvildeba araerT faqtorze, romelTagan mniSvnelovania: ganaSenianebis formebi da sixSire, ekologiuri da rekreaciul sivrce, satransporto da sayofacxovrebo infrastruqtura, mosaxleobis demografiuli da socialuri interesebi, landSaftis transformaciis masStabebi, bunebrivi da infrastruqturuli riskebi. misi efeqturoba damokidebulia eqspertuli Sefasebis da administraciuli marTvis saimedoobaze. landSaftis marTvisas arsebiTi yuradReba aseve maxvildeba im kanonmeblobaze, riTac regulirdeba bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba an sxvadasxvagvari sivrciTi urTierTobebi. mxolod misi gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli adgilobrivi konfliqtebis minimizacia da landSaftis maqsimalurad optimaluri marTva. landSaftis gamoyenebis da marTvis regionuli (evropuli) politikis miznebi detaluradaa gawerili evropis landSaftur konvenciaSi, romelsac saqarTvelo 2011 wels miuerTda. rogorc wesi, adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan molaparakebis procesSi landSaftis marTvis ramdenime varianti ganixileba. aq wina planze gamodis im obieqturi kriteriumebis warmoCenis aucilebloba, rac ganapirobebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mdgrad socialur-ekonomikur da ekologiur mdgradobas. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces: 1. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri keTildReobis SesaZleblobas; 2. bunebriv da sazogadoebriv procesebs, 3. saxelmwifos Sida da sagareo politikis interesebs. landSaftis marTvis strategiis SemuSaveba warmatebulad iTvleba, Tu igi: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

xels uwyobs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis materialuri keTildReobis zrdas, ganapirobebs maT maqsimalur da mizanmimarTul CarTulobas landSaftis momsaxurebaSi, zrdis sainvesticio mimzidvelobas, amcirebs bunebriv garemoze zemoqmedebis masStabebs, xels uwyobs gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis decentralizascias, iTvaliswinebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis eTnokulturul Taviseburebebs, itovebs SesaZleblobas (meqanizmebs) droulad da efeqtianad gadaixedos an Seicvalos strategiis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi. 75

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

landSaftis momsaxurebaSi igulisxmeba im qmedebaTa erToblioba, romelsac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba axorcielebs misi esTetikuri da erovnuli mniSvnelobis SenarCunebis mizniT. landSaftis ier-saxe mkafiod metyvelebs mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo da ekologiur kulturaze. dabinZurebuli da mouvleli, degradirebuli da damTrgunveli landSafti ara marto adgilobriv mcxovrebTa, aramed mdgradi ganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtorad iTvleba. saxelmwifo ZiriTadad zrunavs adgilobrivi infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze, raSic gzebis, arxebis, kavSirgabmulobis, socialuri da ekologiuri obieqtebis mSeneblobis xelSewyoba da stimulireba igulisxmeba. mxolod adgilobriv mosaxleobas SeuZlia aqcios landSafti mimzidvel da saintereso, jansaR da usafrTxo, dacul da sufTa garemod, rac aseve aisaxeba maT fsiqologiur ganwyobasa da socialur-ekonomikur aqtivobaze. am mizniT, evropis qveynebis dasaxlebul punqtebSi Senobebis fasadis, baRebis, ezoebisa da parkebis keTilmowyobas da mizanmimarTul regulirebas udidesi yuradReba eqceva.

2.9. mdgradi ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi regulaciebi sazogadoebis mdgrad ganviTarebas aregulirebs araerTi samarTlebrivi aqti, romlebic miRebulia gaeros, evrokavSiris da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is konvenciebi da wesdebebi, sadac gawerilia adamianis sayovelTao ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli da ekologiuri uflebebi da movaleobebi. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania: adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia miRebulia 1948 wlis 10 dekembers gaeros generaluri asambleis mier. masSi CamoTvlilia adamianis (pirovnebis) ZiriTadi uflebebi: sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, piradi xelSeuxeblobis, moqalaqeobis, sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevisa da TavSesafris, demokratiuli arCevnebis meSveobiT saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobaSi monawileobis, Sromis, Tanabari SromisaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis miRebis, dasvenebis, ganaTlebis, kulturuli cxovrebisa Tu mecnierul progresSi monawileobis da a. S. deklaraciiT aseve gamocxadebulia: religiisa da mrwamsis, krebebisa da asociaciebis Tavisufleba; deklaraciiT akrZalulia: monoba, monebiT vaWroba. deklaracia 360 enazea Targmnili, rac adasturebs mis mniSvnelobas, universalurobas da sayovelTao xelmisawvdomobas. adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia warmoadgens Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa da sayovelTao mSvidobis safuZvels, rac arsebiTad mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis. deklaraciis mixedviT dauSvebelia raime gansxvaveba im qveynis Tu teritoriis politikuri, iurisdiqciasTan dakavSirebuli, an saerTaSoriso statusis safuZvelze, romelsac adamiani ekuTvnis, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogoria es teritoria _ damoukidebeli, sameurveo, araTviTmmarTveli Tu sxvagvarad SezRuduli Tavis suverenitetSi. yvela adamians aqvs nebismieri saxelmwifos farglebSi Tavisufali mimosvlisa da cxovrebis ufleba. yvela adamians aqvs ufleba datovos nebismieri qveyana, maT Soris sakuTaric, da dabrundes Tavis qveyanaSi. yvelas aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba. yovel srulwlovan mamakacsa da qals rasis, erovnebis an religiis niSniT raime SezRudvis gareSe, aqvs ufleba daqorwindes da Seqmnas ojaxi. isini Tanaswori uflebebiT sargebloben daqorwinebis dros, qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi da misi 76

Tavi 2. mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis indikatorebi

Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi. ojaxi aris sazogadoebis bunebrivi da ZiriTadi ujredi da mas ufleba aqvs daculi iyos sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mxridan. yvelas aqvs ufleba mSvidobiani Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisuflebisa, monawileoba miiRos Tavisi qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi uSualod an mis mier Tavisuflad arCeul warmomadgenelTa meSveobiT. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wyaro xalxis nebaa. igi unda gamoixatos periodul da samarTlian arCevnebSi sayovelTao da Tanaswori xmis micemis uflebiT, faruli kenWisyrisa Tu sxva TanabarmniSvnelovani Tavisufali xmis micemis procedurebis gamoyenebiT. yovel adamians, rogorc sazogadoebis wevrs, aqvs socialuri uzrunvelyofis ufleba da ufleba moaxdinos Tavisi Rirsebis SenarCuneba da pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTareba ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa ganxorcielebiT erovnuli Zalisxmevisa da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis meSveobiT da TiToeuli saxelmwifos struqturisa da resursebis Sesabamisad. yvelas aqvs Sromis, samuSaos Tavisufali arCevis, samarTliani da xelsayreli samuSao pirobebisa da umuSevrobisagan dacvis ufleba, hqondes cxovrebis iseTi done, sakvebis, tansacmlis, sacxovreblis, samedicino da saWiro socialuri momsaxurebis CaTvliT, romelic aucilebelia TviTon misi da misi ojaxis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis SesanarCuneblad, da ufleba uzrunvelyofili iyos umuSevrobis, avadmyofobis, invalidobis, qvrivobis, moxucebulobis an misgan damoukidebel garemoebaTa gamo arsebobis saSualebaTa dakargvis sxva SemTxvevaSi. yvelas aqvs ganaTlebis ufleba. ganaTleba dawyebiTi da zogadi mainc, ufaso unda iyos. dawyebiTi ganaTleba unda iyos savaldebulo. teqnikuri da profesiuli ganaTleba unda iyos sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi, umaRlesi ganaTleba ki _ erTnairad xelmisawvdomi yvelasaTvis unaris Sesabamisad. ganaTleba mimarTuli unda iyos adamianis pirovnebis sruli ganviTarebisa da adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa pativiscemis ganmtkicebisaken. ganaTlebam xeli unda Seuwyos yvela xalxis, rasobrivi Tu religiuri jgufebis urTierTgagebas, Semwynareblobasa da megobrobas. yovel adamians aqvs movaleobani sazogadoebis winaSe, radgan mxolod sazogadoebaSia SesaZlebeli misi pirovnebis Tavisufali da sruli ganviTareba. dauSvebelia, rom am uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa ganxorcieleba ewinaaRmdegebodes gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis miznebsa da principebs. evropis sabWos wesdeba miRebulia 1949 wlis 5 maiss. wesdebis mixedviT, evropis mTeli rigi qveynebi gamoxataven miswrafebas mSvidobisaken, romelic efuZneba samarTlianobasa da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas, rac aris sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis kacobriobisa da civilizaciis gadarCenisaTvis. evropis sabWos yovelma wevrma unda aRiaros kanonis uzenaesobisa da misi iurisdiqciis farglebSi myofi yvela piris adamianis uflebebiT da ZiriTadi TavisuflebebiT sargeblobis principebi da iTanamSromlos keTilsindisierad da nayofierad sabWos pirvel TavSi aRniSnuli miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis. saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, miRebulia gaeros generaluri asambleis 1966 wlis 16 dekembers, xolo ZalaSia 1976 wlis 23 martidan. paqtis monawile saxelmwifoebi, aRiareben mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovan Semdeg principebs: 77

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

•

•

yvela xalxs aqvs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. am uflebis safuZvelze isini Tavisuflad gansazRvraven TavianT politikur statuss da Tavisuflad iswrafvian ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri ganviTarebisken; yvela xalxs SeuZlia sakuTari miznebisTvis Tavisuflad gankargos Tavisi bunebrivi simdidre da resursebi urTierT sargeblianobis principze dafuZnebuli saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlidan gamomdinare valdebulebebisadmi zianis miyenebis gareSe.

evropis kulturuli konvenciis monawile mxareebi, sxvadasxva sakiTxebs Soris, SeTanxmdnen Semdegze: TiToeuli xelSemkvreli mxare iRebs saTanado zomebs evropis saerTo kulturul memkvidreobaSi Tavisi erovnuli wvlilis ganviTarebis, dacvisa da xelSewyobisaTvis. garemos dacviTi sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobisa da am sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb (orhusis) konvenciis (miRebulia 1998 wels) mxareebi adastureben da aRiareben: • • •

•

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• •

• •

78

garemos mdgomareobis dacvis, SenarCunebis da gaumjobesebis aucileblobas, agreTve mdgrad da garemos dacvis TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebul ganviTarebas; garemos adekvaturi dacva umniSvnelovanesia adamianis keTildReobisaTvis da misi uflebebis, maT Soris, sicocxlis uflebis dacvisaTvis; yovel adamians aqvs misi janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis Sesabamis garemoSi sicocxlis ufleba, agreTve yovel moqalaqes gaaCnia movaleoba rogorc individualurad, ise sxvebTan erTad daicvas da gaaumjobesos garemo axlandeli da momavali Taobebis sakeTildReod; am uflebebis dasacavad da movaleobebis Sesasruleblad moqalaqeebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos garemosdacviTi informacia, unda hqondeT gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis ufleba, xeli unda miuwvdebodeT garemosdacviTi sferos kanonmdeblobaze da amasTan dakavSirebiT vaRiarebT ra, rom moqalaqeebs SesaZloa dasWirdeT daxmareba TavianTi uflebebis cxovrebaSi gatarebisas; garemos dacviT sferoSi informaciis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba da gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas sazogadoebis monawileobis procesis srulyofa amaRlebs gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da maTi ganxorcielebis xarisxs, agreTve xels uwyobs sazogadoebis ekologiur sakiTxebSi gaTviTcnobierebas, saSualebas aZlevs mosaxleobas gamoxatos SeSfoTeba ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, xolo xelisuflebas aZlevs saSualebas gaiTvaliswinos maTi interesebi; am gziT uzrunvelyon gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis kontrolirebadoba da sajarooba da garemos dacvis sferoSi sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris gaZliereba, sasurvelia xelisuflebis struqturebis saqmianobis yvela sferos sajarooba, sTavazoben sakanonmdeblo organoebs ganaxorcielon am konvenciis principebi TavianT saqmianobebSi; calkeul moqalaqeebs, arasamTavrobo organizaciebs da kerZo seqtors SeuZliaT Seasrulon mniSvnelovani roli garemos dacvis sferoSi; xeli Seuwyon ekologiur ganaTlebas garemos dacvis da mdgradi ganviTarebis sakiTxebis ukeT SemecnebisaTvis da xeli Seuwyon ra mosaxleobis sayovelTao gacnobierebas da mis monawileobas im gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi, romelic zemoqmedebas axdens garemoze da mdgrad ganviTarebaze.

CHAPTER 2 INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Problems and indicators of sustainable development The indicators of sustainable development are the indices used to evaluate and show the levels and trends of national, regional and global development. The analysis of such indicators is used to forecast the peculiarities of political, economic, social and ecological development of the geographical environment. There are many examples of designing and determining the indicators of sustainable development known today, which have been actively considered since Rio Conference of 1992. For example, under the UNO Development Programme, the social indicator of sustainable development is the human potential development index, which incorporates such indices, as a person’s expected lifetime (by the moment of his birth), level of education of the adult population and size of the gross domestic product per capita. Presently, the environmental indicators of sustainable development are considered to be: 9 Level of degradation of land, water, atmospheric air, plants and animals, eco-systems and landscapes. 9 Scales of using the natural resources. 9 Scales of ecological policy and ecology-oriented territorial planning and realization. 9 Outcomes of realization of the national environmental legislation and international conventions. 9 Indicators of the science and education involvement in the study of the environmental problems and realization of the study outcomes. 9 Level of the population’s environmental consciousness and awareness. The indicators of sustainable development can be classified based on various approaches (systemic, complex, target) and country’s strategic policy (view). The classification units may be associated with: • •

The level and state of development (characterizing the processes, efficiency, safety, freedom of action, responsibility and outcomes of the public activities). The planning and management perspectives (characterizing the opportunity to respond and forecast).

The indicators of sustainable development may be both, quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative indicators are used to assess the ratio of the speed of the system responding to a specific threat with the speed of its spreading. For example, only economic development or growing indicators of gross domestic product fails to show social or ecological threats. It is efficient only when by means of comparison, the size of expenses borne on the employment and environmental protection and funds assigned to prevent the resource overuse and other environmental problems is shown in the total volume of the gross domestic product. The national indicators of sustainable development are desirable to be based on the international experience, methodology and specifics. Such an approach is the precondition for the successful (efficient) comparative analysis. The difference may be seen in such indicators, which characterize the local ethnic culture (values of views), ethnic and historical values, legal traditions, specifics of individual branches of economy, etc. 79

Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions

Present-day environmental problems of the humankind have a crucial impact on the social and economic peculiarities of sustainable development. They are so severe that the future of the humankind has been questioned. It is universally recognized that the solution of local and consequently, regional and global environmental problems is immediately associated both, with the development of environmental technologies and the level of environmental education and culture of the population. Therefore, the level of environmental education, or incorporating such problems in the educational process and curricula, is one of the essential environmental indicators of sustainable development. The main focus of the environmental education is the study of the historical-geographical peculiarities of the relationship between the society and the nature, demonstration of the existing situation and identification of opportunities. The large scales and diversified nature of the environmental problems necessitates its geographical differentiation. In this respect, it is most appropriate to consider the environmental problems at three levels: • • •

Global: the major accent is made both, on the planetary peculiarities and universal significance to solve the environmental problems. Regional: the major accent is made on the kinds of environmental problems, which are possible to solve by a single state or joint efforts of several states. Local: the major accent is made on the kinds of environmental problems, which occur within the limits of individual landscapes or geographical objects and which can be solved by the efforts of the local population or administration.

As a rule, local environmental or other kinds of problems are transformed into the regional problems, while the regional problems are usually transformed into the global problems. The environmental problems may also be viewed depending on the individual components of the geographical layer (lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, pedosphere). Such an approach is efficient when the natural components are evaluated by considering their resource potential. For instance, the lithosphere may be assessed according to the relief forms or site altitude and opportunities to develop ore deposits or various branches of economy. International cooperation and experience are very important for the environmental education. With the financial assistance of the Swiss Cooperation Office South Caucasus, the Caucasus Network for the Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions realizes a project “Strengthening the Climate Adaptation Capacities in the South Caucasus”. The project seeks to enhance the dialogue and cooperation between different target groups: non-governmental and governmental bodies, decision-makers and scientists. Since 2014, with support from the same Network, UN Environment, University of Geneva and others, an online knowledge exchange platform was created (www.caucasus-mt.net), where the information about the environmental problems of the Caucasian Region can be found. On April 10, 2018, a meeting with the aim to develop and plan the regional dialogue and cooperation between the scientists and practitioners regarding natural calamities and climate change in the Caucasian Region was held. The meeting identified the priorities of the actions, which will diminish the population’s vulnerability to the above-mentioned problems and support the regional cooperation to overcome the challenges of adaptation. Among them are the improvement of the efficiency of the educational disciplines associated with the natural calamities (landslide, mudflow, avalanche, earthquake, etc.) and implementation of the international experience in this field at higher educational establishments. The geographical environment and associated environmental problems are closely associated with the social surroundings, which has its effect on a number of different public activities. Under its impact, the living environment of the society, human’s psychological approach and opportunities to meet one’s spiritual, personal and material demands are formed. The study of such associations is necessary both, 80

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for the sustainable social development of the society and analysis of the opportunities of the public social-economic activities. On the other hand, a certain portion of the social and economic problems (unemployment, incomes, educational opportunities, population dynamics, etc.) have either direct, or indirect effect on the environmental problems of any level and state of environment. In this respect, an essential indicator of the environmental impact is the process of urbanization and military conflicts. The environmental problems are further exacerbated by the misbalance seen in a number of regions of the world between the level of economic development and the population growth (increase or decrease). The forms of their manifestation are also different. The decrease of the population in some part of a developing country leads to the increased scales of labor migration what more or less contributes to an increased specific weight of the employees. In the developing counties, the economic development falls so much back the population growth that the excess population is seen as the factor hampering the social and ecological “wellbeing”. In terms of excess population, the consumption rates of products increases and the problems of the rational use of the living environment and extracting the natural resources worsen. The lack of products necessitates import growth what further lessens the costs borne to improve healthcare and environment. The situation is further aggravated on the background of the global climate change, i.e. when the problems of using water resources or agricultural development for the people living in the arid, semi-arid and semi-humid regions of our Planet worsen further. The economic problems in the developing countries are the major cause of exacerbated social and environmental problems. In such countries, the dependence on the natural resources is very strong and the scales of ecologically hazardous production (chemical industry, fuel energy sector, extensive agriculture, etc.) and disposal of hazardous industrial and toxic waste are high. There are over 200 nuclear power plants and thousands of large chemical plants operating in the world, which are hazardous. Millions of tons of ecologically hazardous shipments are transported via oil and gas pipelines, ore deposit tankers and railway lines. Most of them are transported from the developing countries to the developed countries. The process of urbanization exacerbates a number of the environmental problems. Large settled areas are the precondition for a large-scale transformation of the natural environment. The areas of the towns may not be big, but they influence large areas around them. The polluted water and atmosphere in the towns and cities are spread to long distances. Every city has a landfill, recreational and suburban area, where the environment is transformed drastically. The utilization of solid waste is an expensive activity and is not affordable for many countries of the world. Sustainable development and environmental impact assessment The environmental impact can be duly assessed by using versatile scientific activities. The diversified nature of impacts is associated both, with the natural events and processes and outcomes of the human activities. The environmental impact is regulated by means of legislation, what more or less facilitates the process of assessment. However, the versatile nature of impacts and its intense variation in space and time needs skilled studies and highly reliable assessment. A number of factors and not only ecological ones, depend on the impartial assessment of the environmental impact. In modern world, the major “source” of environmental impact is a man. It is human’s economic activity increasing the threats to the society, which may sometimes yield irreparable and life-threatening outcomes. The civilized world regulates such activities by considering both, state and pubic interests. The engagement of the society in the process of the environmental impact assessment is a solid guarantee for the efficient regulation of the process of assessment. 81

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The main goals of the environmental impact assessment are: 1. Protection of human health, natural environment, as well as cultural and material values, and 2. Consideration of the ecological, social and economic interests of the state and public. Environmental impact assessment envisages the procedure of studying the planned activity and responses of the environmental elements. It is used to make direct and indirect assessments of the impacts of the activity on the environmental components, landscape and eco-systems, natural and cultural heritage and social and economic development. The environmental impact assessment is the subject of public consideration. The implementer of the activity is obliged to publish the information about the planned activity in periodic printed media. The information about such an activity must provide such details, as the goals, name (description) and location of the planned activity; address where the members of the society can get acquainted with the documents related to the planned activity; and time and venue of the public discussion of the report. Impact on soil In evaluating the impact on soil, the following factors are taken into account: scales of stripping the humus topsoil layer and its outcomes, likelihood of soil washout or erosion, impact of the weathering products on the adjoining areas and waters. An impact on the soil quality and stability is mainly expected during the earthworks. The major sources of soil pollution may be weed and pest-killer chemicals and solid and liquid waste, which emit from the used techniques, supply reservoirs, as well as following the leakages or spills of oil products or other pollutants. For the prevention purposes, it is necessary to manage and dispose such sources in the right manner. In case of individual economic activities, it becomes necessary to strip and store the topsoil, with its volume varying depending on the type of soil. With the aim to maintain the soil fertility and stability, under the Law “On Soil Protection�, it is necessary to identify the locations where the stripped fertile topsoil will be stored. At such locations, the impact of water and wind erosion and mechanical impact on the stored soil layers must be minimized. As a rule, after the economic activities are over, the topsoil must be used to recultivate the damaged or eroded sites. For the purpose of preventing the soil/ground pollution, the relevant environmental requirements must be taken into account, including: appropriate control of waste management, collection of economic and fecal waters in the vacuum-sealed cesspits, fencing the stationary objects with high polluting potential (e.g. fuel supply reservoirs) with the barriers against the emergency spills; in case of accidental spills, the polluted layer must be stripped and removed from the site in a timely manner. At the stage following the environmental impact assessment, the ecological peculiarities and quantitative and qualitative properties of the project sites containing the humus layer of the relevant soil type are specified. Based on such a study, an approximate volume of the soil to strip and reliability of the temporal storage sites are identified. Besides, the sites with high risk of soil surface layer pollution are identified and a program of additional preventive/mitigation measures and planned recultivation measures is developed for them. Impact on the vegetation cover At the first stage of the environmental impact assessment, the following steps are undertaken: exploration of the botanic literary sources and available data about the vegetation in the study region, inventory of the rare and endemic species, analysis of the diversity of the vegetation cover near the economic activity sites and registration of sensitive habitats of the vegetation and endemic and relict plant species. 82

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At the second stage of the environmental impact assessment, regarding the final conclusion, a field botanical expedition is planned, and the methods to assess the vegetation envisage: 1.

The registration of the Red-Listed plants.

2.

The identification of the relict and endemic species.

3.

The general environmental impact assessment.

4.

The assessment of the impact on the vegetation in the construction and exploitation sites.

5.

The assessment of the expected negative impact in the object exploitation phase.

6.

Planning the measures to mitigate the expected negative environmental impacts and developing relevant recommendations.

Impact on the climate indicators In assessing the impact on the climate, the peculiarities of the geographical distribution of its parameters are identified based on the analysis of the data of the weather station located in the study region. Important climatic parameters are: average air temperature (absolute maximum, absolute minimum), precipitations (amount, annual sums), humidity (absolute, relative, deficit), wind (direction, velocity, still), height of the snow cover and number of snowy days. The main factor of impact on air quality is earthworks, storage or transportation of ground or construction materials, dust from the traffic flows and emissions from the machines and equipment and heavy vehicles. The vehicles can be considered as the major source of air impact. However, it also should be considered that the transport will be one of the major sources of “greenhouse gases”. The impact on the atmospheric air quality is assessed by using the normative documents setting the air quality standards. There are healthcare standards set as well, as the impact on public health depends both, on the concentration of the harmful substances and the duration of impact. The measures mitigating the emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air are mostly designated for the preparation and construction phases. The contractor is obliged to accomplish the following mitigation measures: • • • •

Operating technically non-faulty techniques and vehicles. Watering non-asphalted roads and bare ground surfaces once in every four hours in dry or windy weather. Observing the rules for fill and waste storage to avoid their dusting. Operating vehicles at optimal speeds.

Landscape impact assessment In assessing the impacts on the landscape, the geographical peculiarities of the landscapes, scales of natural and anthropogenic impacts, sustainability features and transformation parameters are taken into account, in particular: • • • • •

Type, sub-type and genera of the landscape. Geographical location: geographical units (river basin, orographic units), settled areas, altitude of the site. Relief: dominant slope gradients, forms and types of the relief. Geomorphology: dominant type of a geomorphological process (what is it associated with), geology (what does it support), nature and intensity of the geodynamic processes. Climate: general features, average seasonal temperatures, average annual amounts and seasonal distribution of precipitations, dryness index, comfort/discomfort indices of the climatic characteristics. 83

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• • • • •

Soil: type and strength, vertical and mechanical structure. Vegetation: type, strength and frequency, degree of transformation. Type of economic use. Degree of stability. Degree of the landscape transformation.

Social-economic indicators of sustainable development Global economic processes significantly limit the economic welfare of the population in the developing countries, local industry and trade and hamper social development and stability of the population. In order to evaluate the economic and social situation, the following indicators must be taken into account: 9 The existing and perspective management of the living environment (space), major areas of settlements and population concentration. 9 Distribution of land, water, mineral and forest resources per capita. 9 Structure of economy (specific weights of industry, agriculture, transport, trade, service and construction in gross domestic product). 9 Availability of the areas favorable to develop economy or settlements. 9 The size of gross domestic product per capita. 9 Medical service quality (including the number of doctors per 10 thousand residents). 9 Level of education (number of people with high or secondary education per thousand residents). 9 Actual and expected lifetime. 9 Population migration (including the number of ecological migrants)/ 9 Trends of the population’s natural increase/decrease. 9 Amount of quality of foodstuff consumption. 9 Structure of the basket of goods and size of subsistence minimum. The impact of the industrial objects on the natural environment is extremely strong. These objects exert such impacts as: gaseous airs and solid and liquid waste, contributing to the increased anthropogenic scales. Such an environmental problem, the impact, influences the economic efficiency and social stability. In this respect, particularly “effective” are metallurgical, chemical and mining plants. The people living in the areas under the impact of such plants, unless the production ecological standards are observed, are badly threatened. The impact is so strong that it can totally change the demographic situation, geography and structure of diseases, living world, composition of underground and surface waters, soil fertility, microclimate, etc. The self-purification indicators of the polluted environment for the different chemical elements are as follows: up to 500 years for zinc, up to 110 years for cadmium, up to 1500 years for copper and up to 6 thousand years for lead. A certain proportion of the chemical substances disseminated in the environment is “absorbed” by the cultural crops, or get in the food chain through the food eaten by the domestic animals and influence the human health. The scales of impact of agriculture on the environment are not a bit less. Such an impact is demonstrated in several aspects: •

84

The first aspect is associated with the transformation of natural landscapes and formation of non-sustainable agricultural landscapes. The agricultural landscapes with certain crops on them (e.g. vine, vegetable gardens, orchards, etc.) are under a frequent and intense anthropogenic impact. They need permanent and purposeful physical and chemical impact to sustain sustainability and to receive maximum outcome of their purpose.

Chapter 2. Indicators of Sustainable Development

•

•

The second aspect is associated with melioration. Regular irrigation, particularly in semi-arid and arid regions leads to the soil salination. The salt soils virtually lose their agricultural designation and their fertility takes several tens of years to restore. The third aspect is caused by mechanical land cultivation. The outcomes of the land cultivation are: total destruction of the natural vegetation, i.e. eco-system ecocide, changed soil structure, sustainability degradation, mechanical decomposition of soil, activated wind and water erosion, introduction of chemical substances and degradation of natural fertility.

Land cultivation is followed by a number of chain ecological reactions. Mineral fertilizers pollute surface and underground waters, penetrate in different kinds of water bodies and contribute to the intense eutrophication. Quite often, the land cultivation, vegetation destruction and change in the water regime entail the process of desertification. Land cultivation is also devastating for the animals and their habitats. The impact of cattle-breeding associated with grazing and food production is much less. Mountains play a certain role in agricultural production. Despite the “severe” natural environment of the mountain areas, traditional types of agriculture are used in many regions of the world presenting the forms of harmonious co-existence of the human and the nature. This is particularly true with perennial plants supporting a number of essential functions, including ecological function: the plantings inhibit erosive and denudation processes, reduce the evaporation and surface washout; economic (food) function: the orchards, with their chemical composition, are the major source of vitamins of the diet of the mountain dwellers. Fruit growing in the mountains has favorable nutrient properties and is much liked by the population of other regions. Sustainable agriculture in the mountains can be developed only by employing the right agricultural techniques, ensuring maximum approximation of the ecological properties of the cultural crops to the natural environment potential, using biological fertilizers and universally applying the modern melioration methods. Environmental instability in the mountains is caused by vehicles and motor roads. The active global process of the development of electrical and hybrid vehicles will significantly reduce the scales of negative impacts on the environment. The quality of the motor roads, transport and engineering communications and infrastructure is often the cause of a negative anthropogenic impact in the adjacent areas. The motor roads, in respect of environmental safety, can be classified depending on the individual properties of the environmental impact. In the final run, the atmospheric air, surface and underground waters, soils, vegetation and man’s living environment in their adjoining areas get polluted. Fast-growing tourism industry is complex and popular and is known for its versatile associations. This is why the concept of the sustainable development of tourism considers: 1. 2. 3.

4.

The compliance of the tourism development interests with the demands of the future generation. The interests of tourism, local businesses, population, administration and other stakeholders. Association of tourism development with the sustainable environmental development (by considering the interests of developing its components, such as natural, anthropogenic and natural-anthropogenic). An interwoven system of tourism and sustainable environmental development (impact of the branch on the geographical systems and impact of the environment on the tourism development).

Sustainable development and public activity indicators The best indicator of sustainable development and public activity is the establishment of a cultural landscape, its management and service. A cultural landscape is a visible outcome of a long (historical) relation between the man and the nature and is a part of cultural heritage. It clearly shows the ecological, 85

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economic and social culture and identity of the local population. It is associated both, with the historical process and traditional economic and public activities. The cultural landscape is a part of the world heritage; it belongs to everyone. It can be called a mirror of our and nature’s co-existence. It can give an idea about the landscape potential and ecological properties, and economic and social values. The conservation of the cultural landscape is the precondition for maintaining the national identity and national dignity. The care and correct comprehension of the cultural landscape will improve the quality of life of the future generations, will make their patriotic feelings stronger and will create the appropriate basis for the sustainable development. A cultural landscape may be: established on purpose (by an architect or gardener), folk (created as a result of the daily activities of a family or rural dwellers), historical (depicting some historical event or activity), ethnographic (presenting a site incorporating a number of natural and cultural elements of the historical heritage). It may also be a town or its district, individual historical monument, ensembles, historical accommodation, engineering communications, archeological monuments, islands, channels, historical-geographical provinces, monuments of nature or associated cultural objects, etc. Under the World Heritage Convention, cultural landscapes represent the “combined works of nature and of man�, and with its status, a cultural landscape must support the conservation of not only the monuments of the material and spiritual culture, but also of biodiversity. The development of the landscape management strategy is considered a success if: 1. It improves material well-being of the local population. 2. Ensures maximum and purposeful engagement of the population in the landscape services. 3. Increases the investment attractiveness. 4. Reduces the scales of impact on the natural environment. 5. Supports decentralized decision-making. 6. Considers the ethno-cultural peculiarities of the local population, and 7. Maintains the opportunities (mechanisms) for considering and changing the different trends of strategy on time and efficiently. International legal regulations of sustainable development The sustainable development of the society is regulated by a number of legal acts, which are adopted by the United National organization, European Union and other international organizations. Particularly noteworthy are the conventions and charters giving the universal human economic, social, cultural and ecological rights and obligations.

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Tavi 3 mdgradi ganviTarebis globaluri problemebi

mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis arsebiTi gamowveva globaluri problemebia. isini iyofa ekonomikur, socialur, ekologiur da politikur problemebad. globalur problemebs sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs da aisaxeba yvela regionsa da saxelmwifoze. isini urTierTdakavSirebulia da aisaxeba nebismieri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis tendenciebze. geografiuli garsi sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdakavSirebuli sistemaa, ris gamoc bunebrivi movlenebi da procesebi myisierad aisaxeba sazogadoebriv aqtivobaze da piriqiT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sazogadoebriv procesebzec. ekonomikuri viTareba aisaxeba mosaxleobis Semosavlebze, maT migraciaze, janmrTelobaze, saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobaze da sxv. globaluri problemebis gadaWra msoflio sazogadoebis upirvelesi amocanaa, rac mdgradi ganviTarebis realizebis saSualebas iZleva. globaluri problemebis kvleviT araerTi samecniero mimarTulebaa dakavebuli, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili geografias ekuTvnis. ekonomikuri, socialuri, ekologiuri Tu politikuri movlenebisa da procesebis sivrce - droiTi Taviseburebebis kvleva geografiis ZiriTadi amocanaa. amis gamoa, rom swored geografias SeuZlia yvelaze ukeT warmoaCinos mdgradi ganviTarebis rogorc globaluri, ise regionuli da lokaluri problematika. globalur ekonomikur problemebs miekuTvneba: regionebis Tanabari ekonomikuri ganviTarebis, decentralizaciis, resursebis ganawilebis da moxmarebis, Semosavlebis, sameurneo specializaciis, vaWrobis, komunikaciebis da sxva problemebi. globalur socialur problemebs miekuTvneba: demografiuli, ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis dacvis, dasaqmebis, religiebis, eTnikuri, danaSaulis da sxva problemebi. globalur ekologiur problemebs miekuTvneba: bunebrivi garemos dacvis, resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis, biomravalferovnebis dacvis, klimatis globaluri cvlilebis, gaudabnoebis, tyeebis SenarCunebis da aRdgenis, miwis degradaciis, bunebrivi riskebis, teqnogenuri katastrofebis da sxva problemebi. globalur politikur problemebs miekuTvneba: konfqliqtebis da saomari moqmedebebis prevenciis, terorizmTan, demokratiis amaRlebasTan, mSvidobis SenarCunebasTan, ganiaraRebasTan, adamianis uflebebTan, samxedro blokebis dapirispirebasTan, okupaciasTan, devnilebTan da sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. globaluri problemebi aisaxeba saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis tendenciebze da SesaZleblobebze. maT Soris romelimes gamoyofa Znelia, Tumca qveynis suverenitetisa da damoukideblobisTvis gadamwyveti politikuri problemebia. amgvar problemaTa Soris safrTxisSemcvelia regionuli konfliqtebi kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi, samxedro dapirispirebebi natosa da dsT-s qveynebs Soris, Cveni qveynis okupaciis Seuqcevadi procesi, afxazTa da osTa separatizmi, ltolvilTa nakadebi da sxv. amJamad qveynis umTavresi problema teritoriuli mTliasnobis aRdgenaa. aranakleb mniSvnelovania demokratiis ganviTarebasTan, adamianis uflebebTan, samarTlianobis dacvasTan, energetikul usafrTxoebasTan, socialur 87

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

uTanabrobasTan, narkomaniasTan, demografiul viTarebasTan, bunebrivi da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.

3.1. globaluri ekonomikuri problemebi 3.1.1. ekonomikuri xasiaTis problemaTa Soris upirvelesi energetikuli problemebia. isini amJamad globalur xasiaTs iRebs da arsebiTad ukavSirdeba mdgradi ganviTarebis yvela mimarTulebas. mudmivad izrdeba energiis wyaroebis rogorc mopovebis masStabebi, ise aTeulobiT saxelmwifos damokidebuleba energetikuli resursebis realizaciidan miRebul Semosavlebze, ganviTarebuli qveynebis ltolva importirebul resursebze da sxv. energetikuli resursebis ZiriTadi nawili (navTobi, gazi, torfi, qvanaxSiri) amowurvadia da arsebuli masStabebiT misi mopovebis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, maragebi ramdenime aTwleulSi amoiwureba an ukiduresad gaZvirdeba. viTarebis garkveulwilad gamosworeba axal teqnologiebs, aratradiciuli energiis saxeebis gamoyenebis xelSewyobas da maTi racionaluri sargeblobis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. navTobis gamovlenili maragi msoflioSi, Tanamedrove moxmarebis SemTxvevaSi, kacobriobas 40 wels eyofa. Tumca arsebobs prognozuli maragi da navTobis mopovebis axali teqnologiebi, romlis mixedviTac, SesaZlebelia misi mopoveba kidev 30 wliT gaxangrZlivdes. navTobis mopovebasTan da gamoyenebasTan ramdenime problemaa dakavSirebuli: ZiriTadi maragebis erTgvarovani geografiuli areali (axlo aRmosavleTi, arabuli qveynebi, ruseTi, venesuela da sxv.), qimiuri mrewvelobis TiTqmis sruli damokidebuleba navTobproduqtebze, navTobis momxmarebelTa tradiciuli bazrebi (CrdiloeTi amerika, evropa, CineTi, indoeTi), mudmivi dapirispirebebi da konfliqtebi navTobis mompovebel qveynebsa da mimdebare regionebSi. msoflios mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad, navTobze moTxovnac matulobs, rac axlo momavalSi globalur problemad iqceva. moTxovna bunebrivi airze ramdenime faqtors ukavSirdeba: maRal energetikul daniSnulebas (siTbotevadobas), SedarebiT did maragebs, moxerxebul transportireba (milsadenebiT), sasuqebis warmoebas, ekologiur usafrTxoebas da mopovebis simartives. miuxedavad amisa, bunebrivi airis dazverili maragi ar iZleva misi usasrulod gamoyenebis imeds, rac ganapirobebs amgvari energiis wyaros adre Tu gvian Canacvlebis aucileblobas. naxSiris dazverili maragi da moxmarebis masStabebi misi 2 aseuli wliT gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva. masze didia moTxovna rogorc energiis wyaroze, ise nedleulze metalurgiasa da qimiur mrewvelobaSi. naxSiris gamoyenebis zrda aseve ukavSirdeba navTobze fasebis matebas da SedarebiT did maragebs. misi gamoyeneba qmnis ekologiur problemebs rogorc warmoebis, ise gadamuSavebis arealebSi. kvlav aqtualuria hidroenergetikuli (mdinari da Termuli wylis) resursebis gamoyeneba da misgan iafi energiis miReba. garda imisa, rom maTi miReba sakmaod Zviria, igi aseve ukavSirdeba didi teritoriebis datborvas da biologiuri mravalferovnebis degradacias. popularuli xdeba hesebis mier pirdapiri CamonadeniT energiis miReba, rac ekologiurad misaRebia, Tumca misi meSveobiT SedarebiT umniSvnelo energiis gamomuSavebaa SesaZlebeli. araerT seismurad aqtiur saxelmwifoSi energiis misaRebad Termul wylebs iyeneben, rac Zalze efeqturi da perspeqtiuli mimarTulebaa. 88

Tavi 3. mdgradi ganviTarebis globaluri problemebi

mTel msoflioSi intensiurad ganixileba da teqnologiurad ixveweba zRvis miqceva - moqceviT, qarisa da mzisgan energiis miRebis SesaZleblobebi. mudmivad izrdeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi amgvari energiis miRebis da moxmarebis xvedriTi wili. Tumca aseve miiCneva, rom maTi meSveobiT SeuZlebeli iqneba energetikuli problemebis gadaWra.

3.1.2. nedleulis problema, ukanasknel saukuneebSi, mudmivad awuxebs kacobriobas, Tumca globaluri xasiaTi ukanasknel aTwleulebSi SeiZina. igi ukavSirdeba rogorc energetikul, ise liTonur da araliTonur wiaRiseuls, xe-tyes, sxvadasxva qimiur nedleuls da sxv. maTi udidesi nawili amowurvadi da Zvirad mopovebadia, rac axlo momavalSi globalur problemad SeiZleba iqces. mopovebiTi mrewveloba dakavSirebulia mTel rig ekologiur problemebTan, radgan araerTi maTgani Ria karieruli wesiT moipoveba. marTalia, nedleulis Ria wesiT mopoveba amcirebs TviTRirebulebas, magram iwvevs srul ekocids. moxmarebis arsebuli masStabebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mosalodnelia zogierTi wiaRiseulis maragi uaxloes momavalSi amoiwuros. kerZod, dadgenilia, rom kalis madnis arsebuli maragi amoiwureba 2020 wlamde, volframis, vercxliswylis, surmis, tyviis da TuTiis - 2030 wlisTvis, kobaltis, molibdenis, spilenZis da nikelis - 2040 wlisTvis, aluminis (boqsitebis) da rkinis - 2060 wlisTvis, xolo 2080 wlisTvis _ marganecis. SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomreobaa qimiur da sxva araliTonur wiaRiseulTan dakavSirebiT. fosforitebis, apatitebis, kaliumis marilebis, gogirdis da saSeni masalebis maragi ramdenime saukune iqneba SenarCunebuli. nedleulTan dakavSirebululi problemebis prevenciad axali bunebrivi wyaroebis moZieba, teqnologiuri gadaiaraReba, misi moxmarebis SezRudva, meoradi gadamuSaveba da qimiuri nedleuliT Canacvleba miiCneva. amjamad mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis da transportis araerTi mimarTuleba cdilobs nedleuldamzogavi teqnologiebis da saSualebebis danergvas, rac mxolod mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis ganviTarebiTaa SesaZlebeli. kargi Sedegebia dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis (iaponia, samxreTi korea da sxv.) ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac ukanasknel aTwleulebSi warmatebiT moxerxda energiis da nedleulis moxmarebis arsebiTi Semcireba da Canacvleba.

3.1.3. ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis daZleva Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi gamowvevaa. igi exeba msoflios qveynebis did umravlesobas da dedamiwis mosaxleobis udides nawils, ris gamoc problemebi eqmneba ganviTarebul qveynebsa da mTel msofliosac. ganviTarebadia 150-mde qveyana (anu msoflios saxelmwifoebis saerTo raodenobis 3/4-ze meti). am qveynebis absoluturi umravlesoba warsulSi koloniebi iyo, rac maTi CamorCenis da calmxrivi ganviTarebis erT-erTi mizezia. maT aseve miekuTvneba aziisa da afrikis is qveynebic, romlebic koloniebi ar yofilan, magram ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT aranakleb (Tu ufro metad ara) CamorCenilebi arian, vidre yofili koloniebi. amJamad gamoyofen birTvis, periferiul da naxevrad periferiul qveynebs. birTvs miakuTvneben ganviTarebul anu pirveli samyaros qveynebs, agreTve zogierT yofil socialistur qveyanas, periferias ki ganviTarebad (mesame samyaros) qveynebs. naxevrad periferiaSi gaerTianebuli arian is ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic TavianTi ganviTarebis doniT da erT sulze erToblivi Sida produqtis warmoebiT sagrZnoblad dawinaurdnen da TiTqmis daewivnen ganviTarebul qveynebs (e. w. axali industriuli qveynebi da navTobmompovebeli arabuli saxelmwifoebi). amave jgufs miekuTvneba postsocialisturi da postsabWoTa qveynebis mniSvnelovani nawili. sa89

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varaudoa, rom maTi nawili birTvis kategoriaSi gadainacvlebs, umravlesoba ki periferiul qveynebs Seemateba. bolo wlebSi ganviTarebadi (igive mesame samyaros an periferiis) qveynebis aRsaniSnavad sul ufro xSirad iyeneben termins `globaluri samxreTi~. amiT xazi esmeva im faqts, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis absoluturi umravlesoba samxreT naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs, gansxvavebiT ganviTarebuli (birTvis anu pirveli samyaros) qveynebisa, romlebic ZiriTadad CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi mdebareoben da maTi erToblioba `globaluri CrdiloeTis~ saxeliT aris cnobili. ganviTarebad qveynebs msoflios xmeleTis 2/3 ukaviaT da aq msoflios mosaxleobis 75%-ze meti cxovrobs. maT wilad msoflioSi warmoebuli erToblivi produqtis 20%-ze naklebi modis. kidev ufro didi sxvaobaa erT sulze erToblivi Sida produqtis moculobiT. es maCvenebeli ganviTarebul qveynebSi saSualod 15-20-jer metia, vidre ganviTarebadSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom calkeul ganviTarebad qveynebSi (mag., navTobiT mdidar patara saxelmwifoebSi) erT sulze eSp Zalian maRalia. ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba istoriul-politikuri da socialur-kulturuli ganviTarebis TaviseburebebiT aris gamowveuli. amasTan, bunebriv-resursuli potencialiT ganv iTarebadi qveynebi bevrad ukeTes mdgomareobaSi arian ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT. kerZod, ganviTarebad qveynebSia Tavmoyrili msoflio navTobis maragis 90%-ze da bunebrivi gazis 70%-ze meti, feradi liTonebis 70%-ze, Savi liTonebis 60%-ze da qimiuri nedleulis 2/3-ze meti. maT wilad aseve modis wylis resursebis daaxloebiT 60% da tyis resursebis naxevarze meti (maT Soris TiTqmis mTlianad tropikuli da ekvatoruli tyeebi, Zvirfasmerqniani xeebis mravali saxeobiT). ganviTarebadi qveynebi naklebad iyeneben am upiratesobas, xolo bunebriv-resursuli potencialis racionaluri aTviseba erT-erTi umwvavesi problemaa. es qveynebi msoflio meurneobaSi, ZiriTadad, nedleulis mwarmoeblebad da eqsportiorebad gvevlinebian. Sesabamisad, nedleulis gamoleva an xarisxis gauareseba ukve TavisTavad Zalze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens aseT qveynebze. magram ufro mniSvnelovania, rom msoflio bazarze nedleulze fasebis mudmivi cvla Zalze arastabilurs xdis qveynis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs. rogorc wesi, mza produqciaze (romlis mwarmoeblebic, ZiriTadad, ganviTarebuli qveynebi arian) fasebi ufro metad izrdeba, vidre nedleulze. es ki zrdis da aRrmavebs im ekonomikur disproporcias, rac ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris arsebobs. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaa yvelaze ufro CamorCenil qveynebSi, romlebic gaeros klasifikaciiT uRatakesi qveynebis kategorias Seadgenen (sul 40 saxelmwifo, maTgan 28 tropikul afrikaSi). ganviTarebadi samyaros did nawilSi arsebuli autaneli gaWirveba ubiZgebs milionobiT adamians, aralegaluri migraciis gziT xsna mdidar CrdiloeTSi eZebon, rac ukiduresad Zabavs mdgomareobas. globalizaciis procesma didi gavlena moaxdina msoflio ekonomikaze da Tvisobrivad Secvala igi. marTalia, erovnuli ekonomikebi kvlavac did rols TamaSoben msoflio ekonomikaSi, magram faqtia, rom saxelmwifoTa roli sustdeba, izrdeba transnacionaluri korporaciebis gavlena da warmoiqmneba mTeli rigi adre ucnobi winaaRmdegobebi. kerZod, globalizaciis mTavari problema aris ara warmoebis, finansebis da vaWrobis intensiuri, sazRvrebgareSe mimoqceva, aramed is sruli SeuTavsebloba, rac warmoiSva saxelmwifoTa (rogorc teritoriul principze dafuZnebul) da ekonomikur (rogorc arateritoriul, globalur principze Camoyalibebul) sistemebs Soris. 90

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msoflio vaWrobis moculoba orjer ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre warmoeba. ucxouri saqoneli sul ufro did adgils ikavebs nebismieri qveynis bazarze da es ekonomikuri globalizaciis Sedegia. msoflio bazarze gansakuTrebiT didia msxvili kompaniebis roli. ucxouri saqonliT bazris dapyroba mZime dartymas ayenebs erovnul warmoebas. es ki adgilobriv mewarmeTa mZafr protests da winaaRmdegobas iwvevs. vaWrobis globalizaciis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia eleqtronuli vaWroba. dRevandel globalur momxmarebels sakredito baraTiT, telefoniT an internetiT SeuZlia saxlidan gausvlelad iyidos yvelaferi. misi moculoba yovelwliurad izrdeba. TvalsaCinoa warmoebis globalizaciis zrdis masStabebic, rac transnacionaluri korporaciebis (tnk) rolis swraf zrdas ukavSirdeba. maT wilad modis msoflioSi warmoebuli qimiuri mrewvelobis produqciis 82%, manqanaTmSeneblobis _ 79% da farmacevtuli mrewvelobis 90%-ze meti. Tu msoflios saxelmwifoebs da tnk-ebs maTi wliuri Semosavlebis mixedviT davalagebT, pirvel aseulSi 53 tnk da mxolod 47 saxelmwifo moxvdeba. transnacionalur kompaniebSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenoba ramdenime aTeul milion kacs aRwevs, anu gacilebiT metia, vidre safrangeTis, italiis an didi britaneTis mosaxleoba. transnacionaluri kompaniebis udidesi nawili evropuli, amerikuli da iaponuria

3.2. globaluri socialuri problemebi 3.2.1. globalur socialur problemaTa Soris upirvelesi SimSilisa da arasrulfasovani kvebis problemaa. SimSili, ori ZiriTadi formiT vlindeba: pirvelia qronikuli SimSili anu arasakmarisi kveba (roca organizmi ver iRebs saWiro raodenobis nivTierebebs, ifiteba, sustdeba da advilad xdeba sxvadasxva avadmyofobebis msxverpli), xolo meore formaa sruli SimSili, rac eqstremalur movlenebs ukavSirdeba (mousavlianoba, gvalva, wyaldidoba, omi da a.S.) da mosaxleobis masobriv sikvdils iwvevs. janmrTelobis msoflio organizaciis SefasebiT, adamianis kvebis saSualo dRiurma normam unda Seadginos aranakleb 2400-2500 kilokaloria. Tu dRiurma normam Seadgina 1800 kilokaloriaze naklebi, es ukve arasrulfasovani kvebis anu naxevradSimSilis maCvenebelia, xolo 1000 kilokaloria kritikuli zRvaria da srul SimSilze migvaniSnebs. garda kilokaloriebis raodenobisa, srulfasovani kvebis aucilebeli pirobaa kvebis racionis normaluri struqtura. kerZod, adamianma dReSi unda miiRos aranakleb 100 grami cila (pirvel rigSi, cxoveluri warmoSobis), agreTve cximebis, naxSirwylebis da vitaminebis gansazRvruli odenoba. Tu romelime maTganis raodenoba naklebia normaze, kveba arasrulfasovnad iTvleba. gaeros sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizaciis monacemebiT, XXI saukunis dasawyisisTvis msoflio mosaxleobis 30%-is kvebis dRiuri norma 1800 kilokaloriaze naklebi iyo. kidev 20% iRebda kaloriebis sakmaris raodenobas, magram ganicdida cilebis deficits. amgvarad, msoflios mosaxleobis naxevari arasrulfasovnad ikvebeba, xolo maTi ricxvi, vinc srul SimSils ganicdis an mis zRvarzea. sasursaTo problema ZiriTadad ganviTarebad qveynebSia, Tumca calkeulma saxelmwifoebma did warmatebas miaRwies soflis meurneobis ganviTarebasa da sursaTiT momaragebaSi. bevrma ganviTarebadma qveyanam e.w. `mwvane revoluciis~ wyalobiT SeZlo mTlianad, an TiTqmis mTlianad daekmayofilebina sakuTari moTxovnilebebi 91

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sursaTze. Tumca, kvebis produqtebSi kvlav dabalia cxoveluri produqtebis xvedriTi wili, xolo mcenareul sakvebSic dominirebs erTi an ori saxeobis produqti (mag., samxreT aziaSi brinjis wilad modis kvebis racionis 70-80%). miuxedavad garkveuli warmatebisa, mosaxleobis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofa rCeba ganviTarebadi qveynebis (da mTlianad msoflios) erT-erT umwvaves globalur problemad. SimSilis geografia zogadad sakmaod kanonzomieri suraTis saxiT warmogvidgeba. arasakmarisi kvebis `sartyeli~ ganviTarebadi qveynebis farTo speqtrs moicavs, romelSic ori polusi gamoiyofa – tropikuli afrika da samxreTi azia. absoluturi ricxvis mixedviT samxreTi azia liderobs, sadac arasrulfasovnad ikvebeba daaxloebiT 300 milioni kaci (regionis mosaxleobis 20%-ze meti). moSimSileTa xvedriTi wili ki yvelaze maRalia tropikul afrikaSi, sadac es maCvenebeli mTeli mosaxleobis mesameds aWarbebs. sasursaTo problemis sasursaTo produqciis mudmivi zrdiTaa Sesazlebeli, rac eqstensiur da intensiur soflis meurneobas ukavSirdeba. msoflioSi Tavisufali miwis rezervi, romelTa aTvisebac SeiZleba mcire danaxarjebiT, praqtikulad amowurulia. eqstremalur pirobebSi sasursaTo produqciis moyvana ki uzarmazar xarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli da mxolod SedarebiT ganviTarebul qveynebSia SesaZlebeli. intensiuri gulisxmobs sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis zrdas damuSavebuli miwebis farTobis Tu pirutyvis suladobis zrdis gareSe. miwaTmoqmedebaSi es miwis imave farTobidan meti mosavlis miRebas niSnavs, rac meqanizaciis, qimizaciis, irigaciis, maRalmosavliani saxeobebis danergvis xarjze miiRweva, mecxoveleobaSi ki jiSobriv gaumjobesebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. intensiuri gza ZiriTadad ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, magram ukanasknel xans igi mTel rig ganviTarebad qveynebSic sasursaTo produqciis zrdis ZiriTad saSualebad iqca. pirvel rigSi es dakavSirebulia sarwyavi miwebis farTobis zrdasTan, ramac saSualeba misca mTel rig qveynebs, sagrZnoblad gaezardaT mosavlianoba. aranaklebi wvlili miuZRvis ganviTarebadi qveynebis sasursaTo produqciis zrdaSi soflis meurneobis meqanizacias da qimizacias, Tumca es ukanaskneli arcTu dadebiTad aisaxeba produqtis ekologiur xarisxze.

3.2.2. siRaribe, umuSevroba da usaxlkaroba globalur problemaTa Soris ganixileba. Tanamedrove msofliosTvis damaxasiaTebelia mkveTri uTanabroba materialuri simdidrisa da keTildReobis maCveneblebis mixedviT. mosaxleobis siRaribes gansazRvravs iseTi faqtorebi, rogoric aris umuSevrobis done, sabinao pirobebi, samomxmareblo kalaTis Semadgenloba da a. S. sainteresoa isic, rom siRaribe SefardebiTi cnebaa da erTi da igive Semosavali da sayofacxovrebo pirobebi Tu erT qveyanaSi aSkara siRaribeze migviTiTebs, meore qveyanaSi SesaZlebelia, savsebiT sakmarisad CaiTvalos normaluri cxovrebisTvis. umuSevroba uaRresad seriozuli globaluri problemaa, romelic met-naklebad awuxebs praqtikulad yvela qveyanas. umuSevrad iTvleba nebismieri piri, romelsac ar aqvs anazRaurebadi samuSao miuxedavad imisa, rom aqvs muSaobis survili da SesaZlebloba. umuSevarTa kategorias xSirad miakuTvneben e. w. naxevrad umuSevrebs anu muSaxelis im nawils, romelTac ara aqvT mudmivi Semosavlis wyaro da maTi dasaqmeba droebiT, sezonur an SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebs. ganviTarebad qveynebSi umuSevroba gamowveulia saerTo socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli CamorCenilobiT. amas emateba mosaxleobis Zalian swrafi zrda, rac yovelwliurad zrdis 92

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umuSevarTa rigebs. soflis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils saerTod ar gaaCnia miwa. SimSilis safrTxe aiZulebs maT, datovon sofeli da miaSuron qalaqs, sadac isedac uamravi umuSevaria. profesiis uqonlobis gamo, aseTma muSaxelma mxolod e. w. `Savi samuSao~ (mtvirTavi, arakvalificiuri muSa, damlagebeli, mrecxavi da a. S.) SeiZleba Seasrulos. am samuSaoebze ki sakmarisze meti xalxia dasaqmebuli. umuSevrad darCenili, saarsebo wyaros moklebuli mosaxleobis nawili cdilobs, SeaRwios ganviTarebul qveynebSi da iq eZebos xsna, rac kidev ufro amwvavebs aralegaluri migraciisa da qsenofobiis problemas. adgilze darCenili umuSevrebis mniSvnelovani nawilisTvis ki gadarCenis erTaderT saSualebad maTxovroba an danaSaulebriv samyarosTan dakavSireba rCeba. ganviTarebul samyaroSi umuSevroba sxvagvar formas iZens. arakvalificiuri samuSaos povna aq gacilebiT iolia. piriqiT, aseT samuSaoze moTxovnileba didia da aucilebeli xdeba damxmare muSaxeli, romelTa umravlesobas ganviTarebadi da yofili socialisturi qveynebidan Camosulebi (maT Soris aralegaluri migrantebi) Seadgenen. adgilobriv mosaxleobas ufro awuxebs e. w. funqciuri umuSevrobis problema, roca maRali kvalifikaciis specialisti (inJineri, eqimi, pedagogi, ekonomisti, iuristi) ver Soulobs samuSaos Tavisi profesiis mixedviT. aseT SemTxvevaSi igi uars ambobs arakvalificiur da misTvis araprestiJul saqmianobaze da umuSevrad rCeba, sanam Sesafer samsaxurs iSovis. umuSevrobis done ganisazRvreba umuSevarTa procentiT ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobaSi. umuSevarTa raodenobis dadgena sakmaod Znelia. ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesobaSi mas gansazRvraven Sromis birJaze registrirebul umuSevarTa ricxviT, rac, ra Tqma unda, ar emTxveva umuSevarTa realur raodenobas, magram arc didad gansxvavdeba. sul sxva mdgomareobaa ganviTarebad samyarosa da postsabWoTa qveynebSi, sadac Sromis birJebze umuSevarTa mxolod umniSvnelo raodenobaa registrirebuli. es imiT aixsneba, rom mosaxleobas naklebi imedi aqvs, Sromis birJis saSualebiT SeZlos dasaqmeba. zogierTi qveynis statistika ki Segnebulad malavs umuSevarTa raodenobas da aSkarad Semcirebul monacemebs aqveynebs. amis gamo umuSevrobis done msoflios qveynebSi did farglebSi meryeobs da xSirad realur suraTs sakmaod scildeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis moqalaqeebi umuSevrobis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, saxelmwifosgan iReben fulad kompensacias, romelic sagrZnoblad aRemateba saarsebo minimums. Sesabamisad, aq umuSevroba iseTi mtkivneuli problema ar aris da arc iseT mZime Sedegebs ar iwvevs, rogorc ganviTarebad samyaroSi. usaxlkaroba anu ubinaoba seriozuli socialuri problemaa. usaxlkarod iTvleba piri, romelsac mudmivi sacxovrebeli saxli ar aqvs. farTo gagebiT, usaxlkarod SeiZleba miviCnioT msoflios mosaxleobis is nawili, romelic momTabare cxovrebas eweva (daaxloebiT 120 milioni kaci anu dedamiwis mosaxleobis 2%), agreTve boSebis umravlesoba. xSirad amave kategorias miakuTvneben ltolvilebsa da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebsac. magram gacilebiT xSirad usaxlkarobas am sityvis viwro mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneben da masSi igulisxmeba ara mosaxleobis zemoaRniSnuli jgufebi, aramed qveynis is moqalaqeebi da ucxoeli (ZiriTadad, aralegali) imigrantebi, romlebic ukiduresi gaWirvebis gamo moklebuli arian mudmiv sacxovrebels. usaxlkarobas sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs da igi praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi gvxvdeba, Tumca gansakuTrebiT mwvaved ganviTarebad qveynebSi vlindeba. usaxlkarobas arcTu iSviaTad sofladac vawydebiT, magram es, ZiriTadad, mainc didi qalaqebis problemaa. umuSevarTa da umiwawylod darCenili glexebis masa qalaqs awydeba da kidev ufro amZimebs isedac umwvaves situacias. 93

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siRaribis erT-erTi maCvenebeli im mosaxleobis xvedriTi wilia, romelTa Semosavali saarsebo minimumze naklebia. saarsebo minimumi aris is aucilebeli minimaluri Tanxa, rom adamianma iarsebos, anu ar iSimSilos da elementaruli yofiTi moTxovnilebebi daikmayofilos. saarsebo minimumi sxvadasxva qveynebSi gansxvavebulia. Tu CrdiloeT amerikasa da dasavleT evropaSi es maCvenebeli sakmaod maRalia, ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi, piriqiT, imdenad mcirea, rom ganviTarebuli samyaros mkvidrisTvis am TanxiT cxovreba sruliad warmoudgenelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi saarsebo minimumis saSualo maCvenebeli bevrad naklebia evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikasTan SedarebiT, im mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili, visi Semosavalic saarsebo minimumis zRvars qvemoT aris, ganviTarebad samyaroSi gacilebiT metia, vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi.

3.2.3. sarwmunoebasTan (religiasTan) dakavSirebuli problemebi yvelaze mtkivneuli da mZafria. nebismieri religia rwmenas erovnebaze da saxelmwifoze maRla ayenebs da yovelgvar ideas, qmedebas Tu Rirebulebas, rac mas ewinaaRmdegeba, miuReblad miiCnevs. roca qristianoba, budizmi an islami vrceldeboda ama Tu im xalxSi, aucilebeli iyo mosaxleobas uari eTqva im wes-Cveulebebsa da ideebze, romlebic maTTvis axlobeli da tradiciuli iyo, magram axal sarwmunoebas ar Seesabameboda. xalxi uars ambobda erovnuli kulturis did nawilze da mis nacvlad axal, religiur kulturas iTvisebda. magaliTad, muslimanebs ekrZalebaT sakuTar enebze locva da RvTismsaxurebisTvis mxolod arabuli ena gamoiyeneba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas kaTolicizmze, romlis mimdevrebic wirva-locvas mxolod laTinur enaze aRavlenen. kacobriobis istoriam religiuri omebis araerTi magaliTi icis. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi es Cveulebrivi movlena iyo (mag., jvarosnuli omebi an reformacia). religiur saburvelSi iyo gaxveuli mravali dapyrobiTi omic. cxadia, dRes aSkara religiuri xasiaTis konfliqtebi iSviaTobaa, magram is, rom sxvadasxva politikuri Tu ekonomikuri xasiaTis dapirispireba zogjer garegnulad religiur formas iRebs, udavoa. XX saukunis meore naxevris mniSvnelovani religiuri dapirispirebis magaliTebia indusebisa da muslimanebis konfliqti mas mere, rac indoeTi religiuri principiT or saxelmwifod gaiyo. religiuri forma SeiZina israelisa da arabuli qveynebis dapirispirebam, roca muslimanma religiurma liderebma israels saRvTo omi – jihadi (RazavaTi) gamoucxades. religiuri winaaRmdegoba edo safuZvlad samoqlaqo oms libanSi, romelic dRemde ar dasrulebula. islamis lozungebiT cdiloben samxreT filipinebis muslimani separatistebi, miaRwion gamoyofas qristianuli saxelmwifos Semadgenlobidan. religiurma propagandam didi roli iTamaSa CeCneTis konfliqtSi. TviT did britaneTSic ki CrdiloeT irlandiis konfliqts safuZvlad udevs winaaRmdegoba kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs Soris. globalizaciis epoqaSi gansakuTrebul masStabebs miaRwia religiurma fundamentalizmma. es, pirvel rigSi, exeba islamur fundamentalizms (islamizms), romelic globalizaciaSi dasavleTis, kerZod, aSS-is politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul batonobas xedavs. islamistebis azriT, amerikuli cxovrebis wesisa da RirebulebaTa sistemis damkvidreba Zireulad ewinaaRmdegeba islamis normebs da sasikvdilo safrTxes uqmnis islamur samyaros. amitom dasavleTsa da mis mTavar burjs – aSS-s, rogorc did satanas, jihadi unda gamoecxados. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT islamuri fanatizmis masStabebsa da rwmenas, rom jihadSi daRupuli muslimi pirdapir samoTxeSi xvdeba, advili gasagebi xdeba is globaluri safrTxe, rasac islamuri fundamentalizmi Seicavs. miT ufro, rom misi samoqmedo gza terorizmia. swored islamuri fundamentalizmis teroristuli jgufebi qmnian mTavar safrTxes. 94

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sakmaod xSiria religiuri aratolerantobisa da dapirispirebis gamovlinebebi. bevr qveyanaSi irRveva sindisis Tavisuflebis principi – adamianis ufleba, TviTon airCios sakuTari religia an iyos religiis gareSe. sxvadasxva ucxourma religiurma organizaciebi da seqtebi cdiloben maT aqtiuri misioneruli da propagandistuli kampania gaaCaRon mosaxleobaSi. bunebrivia, aman didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia adgilobriv samRvdeloebasa da, zogadad, sazogadoebaSi. problemas is arTulebs, rom axali religiuri mimdinareobebis damkvidreba TavisTavad cvlis tradiciul Rirebulebebs da safrTxes uqmnis eTnikur TviTmyofadobas, rac Zalze mtkivneulad aRiqmeba. meore mxriv, demokratiul saxelmwifoSi nebismier adamians ufleba aqvs, TviTon airCios is religia, romlis mimdevaric surs gaxdes. es winaaRmdegoba ki advili dasaZlevi ar aris, radgan erTmaneTs ejaxeba adamianis ufleba da tradiciuli eTnikur-religiuri identoba.

3.2.4. janmrTelobis problema erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi da uZvelesi globaluri socialuri problemaa. medicinis ganviTarebis dabali done, mZime sanitarul-higienuri pirobebi, ekonomikuri da socialur-kulturuli CamorCeniloba is mizezebi iyo, romlebic sikvdilianobis maRal maCvenebelsa da daavadebebis masobriobas gansazRvravda. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi mTlianad msoflioSi sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da sanitarul-higienuri pirobebi, didi progresi aRiniSneba medicinis ganviTarebaSic. Sesabamisad, garkveuli warmatebebi udavod SeimCneva: Semcirda sikvdilianobis koeficienti, gaizarda sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba, mkveTrad iklo epidemiebis safrTxem, xolo mTeli rigi daavadebebis SemTxvevebi minimumamde davida. miuxedavad amisa, msoflios mraval regionSi am mimarTulebiT ramdenadme sagrZnobi winsvla jer ar SeimCneva, xolo sxva regionebSi, sadac aSkara progresia da mravali daavadeba praqtikulad likvidirebulia, sxva daavadebebis zrdis tendenciam iCina Tavi. amdenad, janmrTelobis dacvis problema uaRresad seriozul, globalur problemad rCeba. janmrTelobis dacvis mdgomareobaze garkveul warmodgenas iZleva sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli. yvelaze xSirad iyeneben sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis maCvenebels. igi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba regionebisa da qveynebis mixedviT. mTlianad msoflioSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli 65,8 welia (mamakacebi – 63,7 weli, qalebi – 67,8). iaponiaSi es maCvenebeli 84 wels aRemateba, xolo andoraSi, san-marinoSi, singapurSi, hongkongSi, SvedeTSi, SveicariaSi, avstraliaSi, safrangeTSi, islandiasa da kanadaSi 80 welze metia. igive maCvenebeli svazilendSi 32,2 welia (mamakacebi – 31,8, qalebi – 32,6). 40 welze naklebia sicocxlis xangrZlivobis saSualo maCvenebeli angolaSi, lesotoSi, zambiaSi, zimbabveSi, siera leonesa da liberiaSi. daavadebebis gavrceleba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani globaluri problemaa, romlis winaaRmdeg brZola kacobriobis erTobliv Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. saukuneebis manZilze mosaxleobas Tavzars scemda iseTi infeqciuri da parazituli daavadebebi, rogoric aris malaria, yvavili, qolera, keTri, Savi Wiri, difteria, dizenteria da sxv. am daavadebebs milionobiT adamiani Seewira, radgan medicinis arasakmarisi ganviTarebisa da mZime sanitarul-higienuri pirobebis gamo, maTi damarcxeba SeuZlebeli iyo. XIV saukunis 40-ian wlebSi Savi Wiris pandemiam evropis mosaxleoba gaanaxevra, xolo 1918-1919 wlebSi e. w. espanurma gripma 20 milionze meti adamiani imsxverpla. dRes aRniSnuli daavadebebis epidemiebi sakmaod iSviaTia da maTgan momdinare safrTxec mniSvnelovnad aris Semcirebuli. arc is optimisturi warmod95

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

genaa gamarTlebuli, romelic amtkicebs, rom es daavadebebi sabolood aris damarcxebuli da araviTar saSiSroebas aRar qmnis. jerjerobiT arc erTi daavadeba ar gamqrala da ama Tu im siZlieriT drodadro Tavs iCens xolme.

3.2.5. ganaTlebis problema araerT socialur da ekonomikur mimarTulebaze aisaxeba. mosaxleobis ganaTlebis done qveynis ganviTarebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maCvenebelia da erTobliv Sida produqtTan da sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobasTan erTad, humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsis Semadgeneli komponentia. ganaTlebuli, maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis gareSe raime progresze laparaki zedmetia. swored amitom, nebismieri saxelmwifo da, pirvel rigSi, maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi uzarmazar Tanxebs xarjaven ganaTlebaze. ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesoba ki sul sxva problemis winaSe dgas: aq laparaki ar aris srulfasovan da safuZvlian ganaTlebaze, ZiriTad problemad wera-kiTxvis ucodinroba (uwignuroba) da elementaruli dawyebiTi ganaTlebis ararseboba rCeba. ganaTlebis dabali done ki am qveynebis CamorCenilobisa da siRaribis erT-erTi mTavari mizezia. uwignuroba anu wera-kiTxvis ucodinroba ganviTarebad samyaroSi dResac seriozuli socialuri problemaa, zogierT qveyanaSi ki – namdvili erovnuli ubedureba. rodesac mosaxleobis uwignurobis donezea laparaki, bavSvebs ar gulisxmoben. igulisxmeba mxolod mozrdili mosaxleobis (15 welze zeviT) is nawili, romelsac wera-kiTxva ar SeuZlia da aranairi ganaTleba ar miuRia. wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa da ganaTlebis armqoneTa raodenoba erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, radgan mosaxleobis garkveulma nawilma wera da kiTxva damoukideblad, skolis gareSe SeiZleba iswavlos. magram mTlianad msoflioSi es sxvaoba didi ar aris da, rogorc wesi, maT cal-calke ar ganixilaven. miuxedavad garkveuli winsvlisa uwignuroba mainc seriozul problemad rCeba. msoflioSi erT miliardze metma mozrdilma adamianma ar icis wera-kiTxva, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom isini realurad ar monawileoben Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi. uwignurTa gansakuTrebiT maRali xvedriTi wili aRiniSneba samxreT aziasa da tropikul afrikaSi, sadac wera-kiTxva mozrdili mosaxleobis naxevarze metma ar icis. msoflioSi sul 4 qveyanaa, sadac mozrdil mosaxleobaSi wera-kiTxvis codnis asprocentiani maCvenebelia miRweuli. es qveynebia norvegia, luqsemburgi, fineTi da saqarTvelo. kidev 30 qveyanaSi wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa xvedriTi wili 99%-dan 100%mdea. xolo 85 saxelmwifoSi wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa xvedriTi wili 90%-s aWarbebs. mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donis erT-erTi maCvenebelia im mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili, romelsac dawyebiTi, saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli. dawyebiTi ganaTleba savaldebulo da ufasoa, magram ganviTarebad qveynebSi milionobiT bavSvi skolaSi siarulis SesaZleblobas moklebulia. aqedan gamomdinare, tropikul afrikasa da samxreT aziaSi im bavSvebis xvedriTi wili, romlebic dawyebiT skolaSi siarulsac ki ver axerxeben, Sesabamisi asakis bavSvebis mesamedidan naxevramde meryeobs, maSin roca ganviTarebul qveynebSi ama Tu im tipis dawyebiT skolaSi Sesatyvisi asakis TiTqmis yvela bavSvi dadis. umaRlesi ganaTlebis problemebs Soris mTavari ganaTlebis xarisxi da praqtikul moTxovnilebebTan misi Sesabamisobaa. amJamad mimdinareobs umaRlesi ganaTlebis safuZvliani reforma (e. w. boloniis procesi), romelic gulisxmobs, rom mTeli evropis masStabiT umaRlesi ganaTlebis erTiani sistema Camoyalibdes, reformis mizania, am procesSi CarTuli nebismieri qveynis universitetis studentma daubr96

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koleblad ganagrZos swavla sxva qveynis universitetSi, xolo diplomi evropis nebismieri qveynisTvis vargisi iyos. mokled rom vTqvaT, boloniis procesi iTvaliswinebs umaRlesi ganaTlebis sayovelTao maRal dones evropis yvela saxelmwifosTvis. reformis ganxorcielebas araerTi winaaRmdegoba xvdeboda da xvdeba. magram reformis bolomde miyvana da sauniversiteto swavlebis britanul-amerikul modelze gadasvla gardauvalia. praqtikam aCvena, rom yvelaze efeqtiani swored es modeli aRmoCnda. maRali donis umaRlesi ganaTleba did xarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli. amitom fundamenturi mecnierebebis is dargebi, romlebic Zvirad Rirebul eqsperimentebs da Zlier materialur-teqnikur bazas saWiroeben, ZiriTadad did, Zlier saxelmwifoebSia ganviTarebuli.

3.2.6. globalur socialur problemebs Soris kriminaluri problemebi ukanasknel wlebSi uaRresad aqtualuri gaxda. globalizaciis eraSi mdgomareoba ramdenadme Seicvala. saSinao kriminalur problemebs daemata saerTaSoriso organizebuli danaSauli, romelmac gansakuTrebuli simwvave SeiZina. Camoyalibda kriminaluri organizaciebis msoflio qseli, moxda danaSaulis internacionalizacia. es safrTxe imdenad seriozuli aRmoCnda, rom mis winaaRmdeg brZolam mTeli msoflios erTiani Zalisxmeva moiTxova. wminda kriminalur danaSaulad iTvleba mkvleloba, sxeulis ganzrax dazianeba, fizikuri Seuracxyofa, yaCaRoba, adamianis gataceba, gaupatiureba da a. S. mkvlelobebis statistika garkveuli kanonzomierebiT xasiaTdeba. gansakuTrebiT maRalia mkvlelobaTa raodenoba laTinuri amerikis (gansakuTrebiT karibis auzis) qveynebSi. kerZod, salvadorSi, gvatemalaSi, hondurasSi, kolumbiaSi, venesuelasa da iamaikaSi weliwadSi yovel 100 aTas mcxovrebze 40-ze meti mkvleloba xdeba. mkvlelobaTa maRali procentiT gamoirCeva samxreT afrikis qveynebic (samxreT afrikis respublikaSi, svazilendsa da lesotoSi es maCvenebeli 30-s aRemateba). evropis qveynebidan pirvel adgilzea ruseTi (19,8). saqarTveloSi es maCvenebeli ruseTTan SedarebiT samjer naklebia (6,2). ganviTarebuli qveynebidan yvelaze meti mkvleloba aSS-Si xdeba (5,9), rac iaraRis SeZenaze liberaluri kanonmdeblobiT aixsneba. evropis ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesobaSi mkvlelobaTa ricxvi yovel 100 aTas kacze erTze naklebia. yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli ki aRiniSneba iaponiaSi, singapurSi, honkongsa da sparseTis ubis arabul qveynebSi (0,5-ze naklebi). sakuTrebis xelyofis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeobebia qurdoba, Zarcva, avtomobilebis gataceba, qonebis TaRliTuri gziT miTviseba da a. S. danaSaulis es saxeobebi yvelgan aris gavrcelebuli, magram gansakuTrebiT xSiria yofil socialistur qveynebSi, agreTve ganviTarebadi qveynebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi. Tanamedroveobis erT-erT seriozuli globaluri problemaa narkotikebiT aralegaluri vaWroba, romelmac sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRo, narkomania ki bevri qveynisTvis namdvil erovnul ubedurebad iqca. narkomania ufro avadmyofobaa, vidre danaSauli, magram es iseTi avadmyofobaa, romelic Zalian saSiSia sazogadoebisTvis, miT ufro, rom narkomaniiT daavadebuli adamiani advilad SeiZleba, damnaSaved Camoyalibdes. narkotikebis moxmarebisgan gansxvavebiT, narkotikebiT vaWroba umZimesi danaSaulia da nebismieri qveynis kanonmdebloba narkotikebis realizators sastikad sjis. mTel rig qveynebSi es danaSauli sikvdiliT dasjas iTvaliswinebs. miuxedavad amisa, narkobiznesi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli danaSaulia, xolo narkotikebiT saerTaSoriso aralegaluri vaWrobis winaaRmdeg brZola mTeli msoflios saerTo sazrunavia. msoflioSi narkotikebis warmoebis ramdenime mTavari centri gamoiyofa: heroinis mTavari mwarmoeblebi arian avRaneTi da pakistani 97

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

(e. w. oqros naxevarmTvare) da birma, tailandi da laosi (oqros samkuTxedi). haSiSi da marixuana, ZiriTadad, afrikasa da meqsikaSi iwarmoeba, xolo kokainis warmoebiT kolumbia, ekvadori, peru da bolivia gamoirCevian. trefikingi erT-erTi mZime saerTaSoriso danaSaulia, romelic gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda ukanasknel wlebSi da globalur problemad iqca. trefikingi adamianebiT ukanono saerTaSoriso vaWrobaa da monobis Tanamedrove saxeobad SeiZleba miviCnioT. trefikingi, ZiriTadad, gamoixateba adamianTa motyuebiT gayvanaSi sxva qveynebSi, viTomda maRalanazRaurebad samuSaoze mowyobis dapirebiT da Semdeg maT sastik eqspluataciaSi. trefikingis msxverplni gansakuTrebiT xSirad xdebian axalgazrda qalebi, roca Sepirebuli samuSaos nacvlad, maT iZulebiT rTaven prostituciaSi da amaSi TiTqmis araviTar gasamrjelos ar uxdian. saSiS zRvars miaRwia bavSvTa trefikingis masStabebmac. korufciis cnebaSi, upirveles yovlisa, politikuri korufcia igulisxmeba. igi gamoixateba saxelmwifo moxelis mier Tavisi Tanamdebobis piradi, ukanono sargeblis misaRebad gamoyenebaSi. mTel rig qveynebSi korufcia imdenad aris fesvgadgmuli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, rom Cveulebriv yofiT movlenad miiCneva da danaSaulad arc ki aRiqmeba. yvelaze naklebad korumpirebuli qveynebis pirvel aTeuls qmnian islandia, dania, norvegia, fineTi, SvedeTi, axali zelandia, singapuri, niderlandebi, Sveicaria da kanada. es is qveynebia, sadac erT sulze eSp-is maCvenebeli da humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsi yvelaze maRalia. yvelaze ufro korumpirebuli qveynebis aTeulSi Sedian somali, birma (mianma), erayi, haiti, uzbekeTi, tonga, sudani, Cadi, avRaneTi da laosi. TiTqmis yvela maTgani miekuTvneba im qveynebs, sadac ekonomikur siduxWires Tan erTvis politikuri arastabiluroba an avtoritaruli mmarTveloba, dabalia samarTlebrivi kultura da aSkarad igrZnoba saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis deficiti. 3.2.7. globalur problemebs Soris erT-erTi umTavresia demografiuli problemebi, kerZod, mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraoba. mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlileba sruliad gansxvavebul problemebs qmnis sxvadasxva qveynebSi. evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi mTavari demografiuli problema Sobadobis uaRresad dabali donea, es ki mosaxleobis bunebriv klebas (depopulacia), xandazmulTa xvedriTi wilis zrdasa (demografiuli dabereba) da samuSao Zalis deficits iwvevs, risi kompensirebac imigraciis (xSir SemTxvevaSi, aralegalur imigrantTa) xarjze xdeba. aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis qveynebis umravlesobaSi ki gadauWrel problemad iqca Sobadobis ukiduresad maRali maCvenebeli, rac mosaxleobis ukontrolo zrdis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. am qveynebSi mosaxleobis gaorkecebas 20-25 weli sWirdeba. aseTi demografiuli qcevis Sedegad mosaxleobaSi mkveTrad izrdeba axalgazrda asakis xvedriTi wili, iqmneba sirTuleebi maTi ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis kuTxiT. umuSevroba da siRaribe iwvevs masobriv migracias, rogorc qveynis SigniT (soflebidan qalaqebSi), ise sazRvargareT da SimSilis safrTxe realuri xdeba. aRniSnuli demografiuli situacia Zireulad cvlis msoflio mosaxleobis geografiis zogad suraTs. Tu XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis msoflios 10 yvelaze xalxmravali qveynidan 8 ganviTarebul qveynebs miekuTvneboda, XXI saukunis dasawyisisTvis am aTeuls mxolod 3 aseTi qveyana (aSS, ruseTi, iaponia) SemorCa. 2050 wlisTvis ki pirvel aTeulSi adgils ganviTarebuli qveynebidan mxolod aSS SeinarCunebs. danarCeni 9 qveyana iqnebian indoeTi, CineTi, pakistani, nigeria, indonezia, brazilia, bangladeSi, eTiopia da kongo (zairi). 98

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depopulaciis problema seriozul safrTxes uqmnis mTeli rigi qveynebis ekonomikur keTildReobas, politikur stabilurobasa da eTnikur-kulturuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas. savaraudod, arsebuli tendenciebis SenarCunebis pirobebSi, XXI saukunis bolosTvis dasavleT da centraluri evropis mTeli rigi qveynebis mosaxleobis raodenoba gacilebiT naklebi iqneba dRevandelTan SedarebiT, xolo eTnikuri struqtura Zireulad Seicvleba da adgilobrivi mosaxleoba SesaZloa, umciresobad iqces. migracia erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi globaluri da imavdroulad, kompleqsuri problemaa, radgan igi ara mxolod demografiuli, aramed seriozuli socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri problemac aris da araerT sirTules qmnis msoflios mTel rig qveynebSi. Tanamedrove migraciebis mTavari mizezebi socialur-ekonomikuri problemebia. es Tanabrad exeba rogorc Sida, ise gare migraciebs. Sida migraciebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxea migracia `sofeli-qalaqi~. ganviTarebul qveynebSi igi ukve ramdenime saukunea, mimdinareobs da, praqtikulad, Tavis maqsimalur maCvenebels ukve miaRwia. dasavleT evropis qveynebSi mosaxleobis 80-90% qalaqad cxovrobs, soflis meurneobaSi ki soflad mcxovrebi mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawilia Cabmuli da umravlesoba qalaqad saqmianobs. aq ukve daiwyo sapirispiro procesi: mosaxleobis migracia qalaqidan sofelSi. SedarebiT uzrunvelyofili fenebi amjobineben, qalaqis mtversa da xmaurs gaeridon da qalaqTan axlos, soflad, bunebaSi dasaxldnen. amJamad saerTaSoriso migrantTa mizidvis sami mTavari centria gamokveTili: dasavleTi evropa, CrdiloeTi amerika da sparseTis ubis navTobmompovebeli arabuli saxelmwifoebi. imigrantebi seriozul problemas qmnian praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi, sadac maTi raodenoba met-naklebad mniSvnelovania. dasavleT evropaSi imigrantebi umetesad axlo aRmosavleTidan da afrikidan arian Casulebi. rasobrivi da kulturul-religiuri gansxvaveba ukve TavisTavad arTulebs adaptacias, xolo enobrivi barieri, ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis dabali done da cxovrebis gansxvavebuli stili viTarebas kidev ufro Zabavs. Sedegad, imigrantebsa da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris warmoiqmneba dapirispireba. zogjer imigrantebs konkurentebad miiCneven Sromis bazarze, gacilebiT xSirad ki isini mawanwalebisa da kriminalebis rigebs avseben. yovelive aman gamoacocxla dasavleT evropisTvis TiTqmis ukve miviwyebuli eTnikuri nacionalizmi da gaaZliera qsenofobia. migraciis problemebis calke, Zalian mwvave gamovlinebaa ltolvilTa da devnilTa (iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa) problemebi. ltolvilad miiCneva piri, romelic saomari moqmedebebis, politikuri represiebis, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri devnis, stiqiuri ubedurebebis an sxva raime eqstremaluri mizezebis gamo, iZulebulia, datovos sakuTari qveyana da TavSesafari sxva saxelmwifoSi eZebos. is pirebi, romlebmac imave mizezebis gamo datoves sakuTari saxl-kari, magram qveyanaSi darCnen, devnilebad an iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebad iwodebian. ltolvilTa da devnilTa raodenoba gansakuTrebiT swrafad bolo aTwleulebSi gaizarda, rac, pirvel rigSi, yofil ganviTarebad da socialistur qveynebSi momxdari konfliqtebis `damsaxurebaa~. ltolvilTa yvelaze meti raodenoba im qveynebidanaa, sadac samoqalaqo omi da SeiaraRebuli konfliqti ukve mravali welia grZeldeba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT `gamoirCevian~ palestina, avRaneTi, erayi, mianma (birma) da sudani. daaxloebiT aseTive suraTia iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa raodenobis mixedviT. am TvalsazrisiT `Cempionebi~ qveynebi arian sudani (5 milionze meti devnili) da erayi (4,2 milioni kaci). 99

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

globalur demografiul problemebs Soris mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlageba yvelaze ufro `geografiulia~. mosaxleobis araTanabari ganlageba, misi maRali simWidrove calkeul qveynebsa da regionebSi da piriqiT, ukiduresad meCxrad dasaxlebuli an saerTod dausaxlebeli vrceli teritoriebi TavisTavad seriozuli problemaa, romelsac uamravi Tanmdevi garTuleba axlavs. mosaxleobis araTanabar ganlagebas bevri faqtori ganapirobebs, romlebic 4 ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba daiyos: bunebriv-geografiuli, istoriuli, socialur-ekonomikuri da demografiuli. maTi roli da mniSvneloba sxvadasxva istoriul epoqasa da sxvadasxva regionSi gansxvavebuli iyo. dedamiwaze mosaxleobis araTanabari ganawilebis mkafio dadasturebaa ramdenime ricxobrivi monacemi: aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi dedamiwis mosaxleobis 80% cxovrobs, xolo dasavleTSi – 20%, CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi Tavmoyrilia msoflio mosaxleobis 90%, samxreTSi ki mxolod 10%. zRvis donidan 200 metr simaRlemde cxovrobs dedamiwis mosaxleobis TiTqmis 60%, 500 metramde – 85%, maSin roca 2000 m-ze maRla Tavmoyrilia mosaxleobis mxolod 1,5%. msoflio mosaxleobis naxevarze meti gansaxlebulia zRvis sanapiro zolSi (araumetes 200 kilometris daSorebiT) da mudmivi zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. dabolos, xmeleTis 7%-ze Tavmoyrilia msoflio mosaxleobis 70%-ze meti. teritoriis datvirTulobisa da gadametsaxlebis problema seriozuli globaluri problemaa. Warbi mosaxleoba iZulebulia, datovos sacxovrebeli adgili da bedi sxva regionebSi eZios, rac mZime problemebs qmnis maTi imigraciis adgilebSi. garda amisa, gadametsaxlebam SeiZleba, sursaTiT uzrunvelyofisa da SimSilis problema Seqmnas. zogierT qveyanaSi scades, mWidrod dasaxlebuli regionebidan mosaxleobis gegmiuri, organizebuli migracia ganexorcielebinaT naklebad dasaxlebul regionebSi, magram efeqti umniSvnelo aRmoCnda. rogorc Cans, am problemis mogvarebis erTaderTi gza mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis SezRudva da socialurekonomikuri progresia. globalur problemebs Soris urbanizaciisa da qalaqebis problemebi sul ufro da ufro aqtualuri xdeba. Tavisi SinaarsiT es problemebi kompleqsuria da mxolod demografiuli problemebis CarCoebSi ar eteva. igi xSir SemTxvevaSi `gadaWdobilia~ socialur, ekonomikur, eTnokulturul da politikur problemebTanac ki. amasTanave, urbanizaciisa da qalaqebis problemebi globaluri problemaa da praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi iCens Tavs, Tumca gansxvavebulad vlindeba imisda mixedviT, Tu socialur-ekonomikuri da istoriul-kulturuli ganviTarebis ra donezea mocemuli saxelmwifo. urbanizacia gansxvavebulad vlindeba ganviTarebad da ganviTarebul qveynebSi. aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis qveynebis umravlesobaSi qalaqis mosaxleobis rogorc absoluturi raodenoba, ise xvedriTi wili Zalian swrafad izrdeba. aziaSi, magaliTad, qalaqis mosaxleobis saSualowliuri zrdis tempi 3,3%-ia, afrikaSi – 4,9%, xolo laTinur amerikaSi – 2,7%. es maSin, roca evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi 0,7%-s ar aRemateba. 1975 wels ganviTarebadi qveynebis saqalaqo mosaxleobis raodenobam ganviTarebuli qveynebis analogiur maCvenebels gadaaWarba. qalaqebis problemebis absoluturi umravlesoba didi qalaqebis wilad modis. swored did qalaqebSia Tavmoyrili saqalaqo mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili, mTavari samrewvelo sawarmoebi da savaWro-safinanso, administraciuli Tu kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi. garemos dabinZurebis ZiriTadi kerebic didi qalaqebia. mosaxleobis maRali koncentraciis pirobebSi ukiduresad garTulebulia 100

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transportis moZraoba, kritikul zRvars aRwevs haeris dabinZureba, seriozuli siZneleebi iqmneba wyalmomaragebasa da komunaluri meurneobis sxva dargebSi, Zalze mwvaved dgas sabinao problema (gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebadi qveynebis didi qalaqebis gareubnebSi, e. w. bidonvilebSi). maRalia umuSevrobis done. imavdroulad, didi qalaqebi danaSaulebrivi samyaros centrebad iqca da kriminaluri problemebi ukiduresad awuxebs mosaxleobas. ganviTarebul qveynebSi, rogorc wesi, patara qalaqebi iTvleba yvelaze prestiJul da komfortul sacxovreblad. sakuTari saxlebi da mwvaneSi Cafluli ezoebi aseTi qalaqebis ier-saxis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. SedarebiT sufTa ekologiuri garemo, siwynare da usafrTxo kriminaluri viTareba kidev ufro zrdis patara qalaqebis mimzidvelobas. amitomac aris, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi patara qalaqebSi mcxovrebTa xvedriTi wili izrdeba da mravali axali patara qalaqis dabadebis mowmeni vxdebiT.

3.2.8. Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi seriozuli, globaluri problema gaxda eTnikuri daZabuloba da eTnokonfliqtebi, romelmac msoflios mravali qveyana moicva. maTi didi nawili Sida konfliqtebidan internacionalur konfliqtebad gardaiqmna da globaluri xasiaTi miiRo. eTnikuri konfliqtis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa winaaRmdegoba eTnikur umravlesobasa da eTnikur umciresobas Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, eTnikuri umciresoba ibrZvis Tavisi uflebebisTvis, xolo eTnikuri umravlesoba (da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo) ewinaaRmdegeba maTTvis am uflebebis miniWebas. moTxovnebi eTnikuri umciresobis mxridan SeiZleba iyos kulturuli (mSobliur enaze wignebisa da Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocemis, tele da radiogadacemebis, Teatris, muzeumebis, folkloruli ansamblebis daarsebis, agreTve erovnul skolebSi swavlis ufleba); ekonomikuri (sxvadasxva sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, meurneobis calkeuli dargebis ganviTarebaSi saxelmwifos xelSewyoba, infrastruqturis ganviTareba da a. S.); politikuri (teritoriul-politikuri avtonomiis moTxovna, eTnikuri niSniT kvotebis daweseba mTavrobasa da parlamentSi, erovnuli politikuri partiebis daarseba da zogjer iredentistuli da separatistul-secesionisturi moTxovnebi). swored politikuri moTxovnebi iwvevs did winaaRmdegobas umravlesobis mxridan da konfliqtis mizezi xdeba. eTnikur umciresobebs or ZiriTad jgufad yofen: imigrantTa STamomavlebi da mkvidri, avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba. pirvel maTganSi igulisxmeba is eTnikuri umciresobebi, romlebsac aqvT istoriuli samSoblo (xSir SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoc) da mocemul qveyanaSi imigraciis Sedegad moxvdnen (mag., rusebi saqarTveloSi, Turqebi germaniaSi an marokoelebi safrangeTSi). aseT eTnikur umciresobebs, ZiriTadad, eTnikuri identurobis SenarCunebisken mimarTuli kulturuli moTxovnebi aqvT da politikuri (miT ufro separatistuli da secesionisturi) moTxovnebiT ar gamodian. Tumca zogjer aseTi SemTxvevebic gvxvdeba. eTnikuri umciresobebis meore jgufia avtoqtonuri, mkvidri mcirericxovani xalxebi, romlebic kompaqturad arian gansaxlebuli TavianT teritoriaze da sxva samSoblo ar gaaCniaT (afxazebi saqarTveloSi, baskebi espaneTSi, qurTebi TurqeTSi, bretonelebi safrangeTSi da a. S.). sul aseTi eTnikuri umciresobebis saerTo raodenoba 300 milion kacs aRemateba, rac msoflios mosaxleobis 5%-ze metia (specialur literaturaSi isini meoTxe samyaros saxelwodebiT arian cnobili). am kategoriis umciresobebis moTxovnaTa umetesoba politikuri xasiaTisaa, rac saxelmwifos mxridan winaaRmdegobas awydeba da xSir SemTxvevaSi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis mizezi xdeba. 101

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eTnikuri dapirispirebis mizezebi da xasiaTi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba msoflios calkeuli regionebis mixedviT. es istoriuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebebisa da gansxvavebuli socialur-ekonomikuri Tu kulturul-religiuri faqtorebiT aixsneba. dasavleTis demokratiul qveynebSi arc erTi SeiaraRebuli eTnikuri konfliqti ar aRiniSneba, magram miCneulia, rom ramdenime eTnikuri jgufi saSualo riskis pirobebSi imyofeba. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia baskebi da katalonielebi espaneTSi, CrdiloeT irlandielebi – did britaneTSi, kvebekelebi – kanadaSi, valonebi da flamandielebi – belgiaSi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi kulturuli da politikuri avtonomiis moTxovnebi mTlianad aris dakmayofilebuli, magram adgilobriv nacionalistTa moTxovna sruli damoukideblobaa, rac bunebrivia, sruliad miuRebelia saxelmwifosTvis. Tumca, socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan erTad, radikaluri moTxovnebi mosaxleobis mxardaWeriT sul ufro da ufro naklebad sargeblobs.

3.3. globaluri ekologiuri problemebi bunebrivi garemosa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebis mTeli rigi uaryofiTi Sedegi gangaSis sagani XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan gaxda. 1992 wels rio-deJaneiroSi Catarebuli gaeros ekologiuri samitis Semdgom mTeli msoflios yuradReba mieqca bunebrivi garemos globalur cvlilebebs, adamianis gansakuTrebul rols bunebrivi komponentis da mTeli geografiuli garsis degradaciis saqmeSi, stiqiur movlenebsa da procesebs, mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTarebis aucileblobas da aqtualur sakiTxebs. amrigad mdgradi ganviTareba, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi nawilia garemos dacva da racionaluri bunebaTsargebloba, kacobriobis umniSvnelovanesi problemaa. adamiani da buneba ganuyofelia da mWidrodaa urTierTdakavSirebuli. buneba sazogadoebisTvis ara marto erTaderTi sacxovrebeli garemoa, aramed arsebobisTvis saWiro resursebis ZiriTadi wyaro. bunebrivi garemo da bunebrivi resursebi is aucilebeli pirobaa, romlis gareSec warmoudgenelia kacobriobis materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. sazogadoebis da bunebis urTierTdamokidebuleba sxvadasxva doneze (masStabSi) sxvadasxvagvarad vlindeba. geografiuli garsis da misi elementebis degradacia TvalsaCinoa rogorc lokalur, ise regionul da globalur doneze. lokalur doneze bunebrivi garemos cvlileba kargad Cans mineraluri nedleulis mopovebisas, teqnogenuri katastrofebisas an socialur-ekonomikuri infrastruqturis mSeneblobisas; regionul doneze – wylis balansisa da biociklis darRvevisas, haeris, niadagisa da wylebis dabinZurebisas, gaudabnoebisa da gaudaburebisas, miwis fondis struqturis da landSaftis saxecvlilebisas, biomravalferovnebis gaRaribebisas, tyiani teritoriis degradaciisas da sxv. es yvelaferi globalur doneze atmosferos da msoflio okeanis Sedgenilobis cvliT gamoixateba da warmoCindeba. bunebrivi garemos da misi Semadgeneli komponentebis nebismieri arasasurveli cvlileba myisierad aisaxeba sazogadoebis cxovrebis ritmze, adamianebis janmrTelobasa da socialur-ekonomikur procesebze. ufro metic, bunebrivi garemos nebismieri – lokaluri Tu regionuli cvlileba saboloo jamSi globaluri xdeba. gansakuTrebiT didia zegavlena bunebriv garemoze soflis meurneobaSi (saxnavi da damuSavebadi miwebis farTobebis zrdisas), hidroenergetikaSi (wyalsacavebis mSeneblobisas), tyeebis (gansakuTrebiT mTis) masiuri eqsploataciisas da a.S.. amJamad adamiani swrafad ikavebs eqstremaluri bunebrivi pirobebiT gamorCeul teritori102

Tavi 3. mdgradi ganviTarebis globaluri problemebi

ebs, izrdeba sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis xvedriTi wili teniani Tu ariduli bunebrivi zonebis mijnaze – preriebsa da stepebSi, mTebsa da Warbtenian teritoriebze. magaliTad, samxreT amerikis pampasebSi da teniani tropikuli tyeebis arealebSi, saxnavi teritoriebi, bolo saukunis manZilze 20-jer gaizarda. sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis masStabebi gansxvavdeba rogorc sivrceSi, ise droSi. bunebriv garemoSi adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba sxvadasxvagvaria: mudmivi, perioduli an xanmokle xasiaTis. mudmiv sameurneo saqmianobad iTvleba: sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopoveba, tyeebis eqspluatacia, wylis resursebis gamoyeneba, urbanizacia da sxv., periodulia: sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianoba, TevzWera, rekreacia da sxv.; xanmoklea: monadireoba, samkurnalo mcenareebis Segroveba da sxv. bunebriv garemoze ama Tu im saxis anTropogenuri Semoqmedeba SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT misi intensivobis anu zemoqmedebis xarisxis mixedviT. intensiuri zemoqmedeba aRiniSneba im regionebSi, sadac maqsimaluria mosaxleobis Tavmoyra da aqtiuria sameurneo saqmianoba. sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis umetesoba Sereuli tipis (intensiur-eqstensiuri) zemoqmedebas ganicdis, romlis xarisxic pirdapir kavSirSia kulturuli mcenaris SesabamisobasTan sawyisi bunebriv landSaftis bunebriv maxasiaTeblebTan. rac ufro Seusabamoa kulturuli mcenare bunebriv garemosTan, miT ufro intensiuri anTropogenuri zemoqmedebiT xorcieldeba misi mosavlianobis uzrunvelyofa. eqstensiuri anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba dakavSirebulia rekreaciul saqmianobaTan, garemoSi `energetikuli narCenebis~ (xmauri, sayofacxovrebo da samrewvelo danadgarebiT miRebuli siTbo, radiaqtiuri narCenebi da sxv.), `teqnogenuri narCenebis~ (Txevadi – samrewvelo, sayofacxovrebo da melioraciuli wylebi; airadi – Wvartli, mtveri, mZime metalebi) da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis (nagavi, jarTi da sxv.) gabnevasTan. amJamad sul ufro da ufro xSirad saubroben mosalodnel globalur ekologiur krizisze, romelSic, sxvadasxva prognoziT, kacobrioba aRmoCndeba XXI saukunis Sua xanebSi. globalur ekologiur kriziss aucileblad mohyveba ekonomikis krizisi, epidemiebis da onkologiuri daavadebebis farTod gavrceleba, kvebis produqtebis da sasmeli wylis xarisxis gauareseba, mosaxleobis raodenobis swrafi kleba. TandaTan iwureba araerTi saxis mineraluri resursi, romlis racionaluri da alternatiuli gamoyenebis gareSe, msoflio calkeuli nedleulis deficitis winaSe Cveni saukunis 30-ian wlebSi dadgeba. amis gamo, msoflioSi swrafad izrdeba mzis Termuli da qaris energiis moxmarebis masStabebi, iqmneba axali qimiuri naerTebi, axali mowyobilobebi da danadgarebi. amgvari midgoma mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs bunebrivi garemos dabinZurebis da degradaciis masStabebs. globaluri da regionuli ekologiuri problemebis sivrcesa da droSi cvlilebis TaviseburebaTa gamovlenis SesaZlebloba geografiul mecnierebas gansakuTrebiT aqtualurs xdis. geografiis meSveobiT, romelic iyenebs sivrciTi kvlevis TiTqmis yvela meTods (kartografirebis, daraionebis, SedarebiTs, paleogeografiuls da istoriul-geografiuls, saveles da kosmosurs, geoinformaciuls da sxv.), SesaZlebelia warmoCindes bunebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri garemos transpormaciis masStabebi, maTze zemoqmedebis formebi da mdgradobis xarisxi.

3.3.1. sainteresoa adamianis da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis istoriul-geografiuli Taviseburebebis ganxilva. adamianis bunebaze gavlenis masStabebi izrdeboda da izrdeba mosaxleobis matebasTan, Sromisa da Tavdacvis iaraRebis gaumjobesebas103

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

Tan erTad. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi, roca arsebobis wyaros monadireoba da meTevzeoba warmoadgenda, adamiani ZiriTadad damokidebuli iyo bunebriv pirobebze. Tumca, mis mier bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba bunebrivi garemosTvis araarsebiTi iyo. Tanamedrove adamianis uZveles kulturad zeda paleoliTi miiCneva. am periodis adamianis ZiriTadi saqmianoba nadiroba, nawilobriv ki Semgrovebloba warmoadgenda. zeda paleoliTis bolos evraziisa da amerikis zomier subtropikul da tropikul sartyelSi aRiniSna pirveli ekologiuri krizisi kacobriobis istoriaSi, rac nadirobiT SesaZlebeli sakvebis mopovebis (aTeulobiT saxeobis msxvili cxovelis ganadgurebas) da mosaxleobis zrdis SemcirebiT gamoixata. am droisTvis, nadirobis Sedegad, ganadgurda mamonti, zubri, giganturi iremi, gamoqvabulis lomi, gamoqvabulis daTvi da sxv. mniSvnelovnad Semcirda CrdiloeTis iremis, aqlemis da cxenis rogorc raodenoba, ise gavrcelebis areali. nadirobisas aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda cecxli, rasac tyisa da stepis mcenareulobis masiuri ganadgureba, Savmiwa niadagebis nayofierebis degradacia mohyva. pirvel ekologiur kriziss dadebiTi Sedegic hqonda – kacobriobam moiSinaura ramdenime saxeobis cxoveli da daiwyo miwaTmoqmedeba. mecxoveleobis da miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebasTan erTad gaZlierda garemoze zemoqmedebis masStabebi. Sinaur cxovelTa Tavmoyra da gamravleba, erTi mxriv, saZovrebis da tyeebis degradacias, xolo meore mxriv, cxovelTa veluri saxeobebis ganadgurebas da maTi gavrcelebis arealebis Semcirebas ganapirobebda. mecxoveleobis ganviTarebis Sedegad, msoflios araerT regionSi, gansakuTrebiT subtropikul da tropikul sartyelSi, tyeebma tyestepisa da savanis saxe miiRo, stepisa (preriebis) da savanebis bunebrivma zonam ki – naxevradudabnoebis. aRniSnul sartylebSi mcenareulobis ganadgurebam pirdapiri radiaciis gazrda, niadagis gadaxureba, haeris temperaturis zrda da sinotivis Semcireba, qarismieri da wylismieri eroziis gaaqtiureba ganapiroba. swored amgvari procesebi gaxda mizezi CrdiloeT indoeTsa da centralur amerikaSi uZvelesi civilizaciebis gaqroba, xolo xmelTaSuazRvispireTis, CrdiloeT afrikis da mesopotamiis calkeuli regionidan mosaxleobis migraciisa. bunebrivi garemosTvis gansakuTrebulad uaryofiTi iyo miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebis Sedegebi. misis ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli garemo iyo stepebSi da savanebSi, tyestepebSi, farTofoTlovani tyeebis da subtropikuli sartylis bunebriv zonebsa da mdinareTa xeobebis gaswvriv (aluviuri niadagebis gavrcelebis arealebSi). stepebis masStaburma xvnam, tyeebis gadawvam (mcenareulobis cecxliT ganadgureba ara marto soflis meurneobisTvis teritoriis gamonTavisuflebas isaxavda miznad, aramed niadagebis nayofierebis `amaRlebasac~) da Cexvam, sairigacio sistemebis mSeneblobam aridul regionebSi mkveTrad Secvala adamianis sacxovrebeli garemo da bunebrivi procesebis mimdinareobis xasiaTi. swored am periodidan iwyeba mdinareebSi wylis xarjis Semcirebis, niadagebis damlaSebis, eroziuli procesebis gaaqtiurebis, bunebrivi mcenareulobis gavrcelebis SezRudvisa da cxovelTa samyaros faseuli saxeobebis ganadgurebis Seuqcevadi procesi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom amave dros xelsayreli garemo iqmneboda araerTi saxeobis mwerebisa Tu mRrnelebis gamravlebisTvis, romlebic dRemde qmnian problemebs rogorc yofa-cxovrebaSi, ise soflis meurneobaSi (gansakuTrebiT miwaTmoqmedebaSi). gansakuTrebiT maStaburi bunebaTsargebloba XVIII-XIX saukuneebidan iwyeba. mrewvelobis da transportis ganviTarebas bunebrivi resursebis didi raodenobiT ga104

Tavi 3. mdgradi ganviTarebis globaluri problemebi

moyeneba mohyva. daiwyo miwis, tyis, mineraluri da wylis resursebis masStaburi aTviseba. tyeebis masiurma ganadgurebam xmeleTis wylebis da niadagebis hidrologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganapiroba. gaZlierda eroziuli procesebi, gaxSirda wyaldidobebi da wyalmovardnebi, dadga sasmeli wylis da udabnoebis zrdis, cxovelTa samyaros araerTi saxeobis gadaSenebis problema. samrewvelo narCenebiT dabinZurda wyalsatevebi, atmosferuli haeri, niadagi. samrewvelo narCenebma safrTxe Seuqmna ara marto niadagis an kulturuli mcenareulobis nayofierebas, aramed adamianebis janmrTelobasac. amave periodidan, garda bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebisa, aqtualuri gaxda bunebrivi garemos SenarCunebis da garemos dabinZurebis problemac. bunebaTsargeblobam arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia XX saukuneSi, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis pirobebSi. mosaxleobis swrafma zrdam, urbanizebuli da sameurneo daniSnulebis teritoriis gafarToebam ukiduresad Seamcira bunebrivi garemo, arnaxulad masStaburi da mravalferovani gaxda bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba. TiTqmis mTlianad iqna aTvisebuli zomieri, subtropikuli da tropikuli sartylebi, vake-dablobebi, dabali da saSualo mTis landSaftTa ZiriTadi nawili. amJamad sameurneo daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba aRniSnuli teritoriebis miwis da wylis resursebis ZiriTadi nawili. garemoSi moxvda didi raodenobiT radiaqtiuli narCenebi, pesticidebi da qimiuri sasuqebi, gaxSirda teqnogenuri da bunebrivi katastrofebi, Tavi iCina klimatis globaluri cvlilebis, gaudabnoebis da gaudaburebis problemebma. Tu wina periodebSi adamianis zemoqmedeba ganapirobebda bunebrivi movlenebis da procesebis, bunebaSi arsebuli kavSirurTierTobebis da wonasworobis droebiT darRvevas, XX saukunis meore naxevridan anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba mudmivi da Seuqcevadi gaxda. amrigad, Tanamedrove kacobrioba bunebaSi arsebuli wonasworobis rRvevis anu globaluri ekologiuri krizisis winaSe aRmoCnda. bunebrivi garemos gamoyenebis masStabebis kidev ufro zrdam sam ZiriTad uaryofiT Sedegamde SeiZleba migviyvanos: 1. gamoilios bunebrivi resursebi, 2. gauaresdes adamianis sacxovrebeli garemo da 3. dairRves ekologiuri wonasworoba da bunebrivi garemos TviTaRdgenis meqanizmebi. 3.3.2. kacobriobas ramdenime saukunis manZilze awuxebs araerTi bunebrivi resursis mopovebis da amowurvis problema. Sua saukuneebSi adamiani gamoiyenebda 19 qimiur elements, XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi 50-s, xolo XX saukuneSi – dedamiwaze da periodul sistemaSi arsebul yvela elements. bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis istoria gviCvenebs, rom maT adamiani ZiriTadad sami umTavresi produqtis – sursaTis, nedleulisa da energiis misaRebad moipovebda. dRemde kacobrioba jer kidev axerxebs samive sferoSi mniSvnelovanwilad daikmayofilos moTxovnebi. nebismieri resursis an energiis mopovebis da gamoyenebis Taviseburebani da masStabebi ukavSirdeba mis marags, mopovebis Rirebulebas, garemoze zemoqmedebas, socialur-ekonomikur Sedegebs da saxelmwifos usafrTxoebas. am faqtorebis mixedviT bunebrivi resursis mopovebas da gamoyenebas gaaCnia rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi. sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleboda bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis ara marto masStabebi, aramed formebic. Tu Sua saukuneebSi energiis ZiriTad wyaros SeSa warmoadgenda, XIX saukuneSi ZiriTad saTbob-energetikul resursad qvanaxSiri iTvleboda. mogvianebiT, XX saukunidan igi jer navTobma, Semdgom ki bunebrivma airma da eleqtroenergiam Secvala. Tu Sua saukuneebSi tyis resursebs 105

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

ZiriTadad sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebis gazrdis mizniT, naxSiris misaRebad da gemebis asagebad anadgurebdnen, XIX saukunidan mas qaRaldis, xolo XX saukunidan xelovnuri boWkos da spirtis misaRebad gamoiyeneben. ufro metic, gasuli saukunis bolodan moyolebuli tyis resursebi, zemoTaRniSnulTan erTad, qimiuri mrewvelobis erT-erT ZiriTad nedleulad iqca. Tu XX saukunis Sua xanebamde Tevzis rewva ZiriTadad okeaneebisa da zRvebis sanapiro zolSi xorcieldeboda, mogvianebiT, naosnobis ganviTarebasa da TevzsaWeri flotiliis teqnikur ganaxlebasTan erTad, am procesma Ria zRvaSi gadainacvla. tyis resursis gamoyenebis istoria aTaswleulebs iTvlis. msoflioSi, kacobriobis istoriis manZilze, tyiT dafaruli teritoriebi 2-jer Semcirda (amJamad 40 mln km2), maT Soris subtropikul sartyelSi 3/4-iT, zomierSi 1/2-iT, xolo tropikulSi 1/3iT. praqtikulad aTvisebulia am zonebis saxnavad vargisi miwis da wylis resursebi. Sesabamisad – aq TiTqmis ganadgurda gareul cxovelTa Tavmoyrisa da migraciis arealebi. tyis resursebze dResac didi moTxovnilebaa mSeneblobaSi, qimiur mrewvelobaSi, transportSi, parfiumeriis warmoebaSi da sxv. amis gamo, mas xSirad `mwvane oqrod~ moixseneben. arada, maTi ekologiuri mniSvneloba ganuzomelia – tyes udidesi garemosdacviTi (gansakuTrebiT wyaldacviTi) da garemosaRmdgeni funqcia gaaCnia. misi meSveobiT msoflios araerT regionSi regulirdeba siTbocvla da tenbrunva, ferxdeba eroziuli da aridizaciis procesebi, daculia niadagis nayofiereba da sxv. tyeebi rekreaciuli meurneobis ganviTarebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi resursicaa. tyeebs farTo ekologiuri diapazoni gaaCnia da hidroTermuli pirobebisadmi mdgradobiT xasiaTdeba. maTi ganviTareba SesaZlebelia 300 – 4000 mm naleqis da +500C-dan -500C haeris temperaturis pirobebSi. amis gamo, gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa tyis eqsploatacia iseT garemoSi, romelic maTi bunebrivi “SesaZleblobebis” ekologiur zRvarze imyofeba. wylis resursebis araracionalur gamoyenebas, mtknari wylis moculobis (raodenobis) SemcirebasTan erTad, misi xarisxis da qimiuri Sedgenilobis cvla mohyveba. wylis xarisxis gauareseba ganpirobebulia rogorc misi samrewvelo, sasoflo-sameurneo da sayofacxovrebo miznebiT moxmarebiT, ise gamwmendi mowyobilobebis da meTodebis gaumjobesebis neli tempiT. cobilia, rom sazogadoebisTvis gansakuTrebiT faseulia xmeleTis mtknari wylebi, romlis xvedriTi wili hidrosferoSi 0.4%-s ar aRemateba. mtknari wylis ZiriTadi maragi myinvarebisa (3/4) da miwisqveSa wylebis (24,6%) saxiTaa warmodgenili. miuxedavad imsa, rom mtknari wyali mudmivad ganaxlebadi resursia, mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofis maCvenebeli msoflioSi, erT mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT, 2.5-jer Semcirda. msoflioSi mtknari wylis moxmarebis maCveneblebi yovelwliurad izrdeba – Tu igi gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi 4.6 aTas km3-s aRwevda, amJamad 6 aTas km3-s gadaaWarba (anu moicva mtknari wylis brunvis 1/6). gansakuTrebiT swrafad matulobs misi moxmarebis masStabebi mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi, saidanac igi ZiriTadad dabinZurebuli saxiT ubrundeba garemos. mtknari wylis xarisxis SenarCuneba msoflios erT-erTi udidesi problemaa. msoflio miwis resursi 130 mln km2-s aRwevs, rac xmeleTis 87%-ia. dedamiwaze saxnav teritoriebs da mravalwlian nargaobas 15 mln km2 ukavia, saTibebsa da saZovrebs ki – 40 mln km2. mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad yovelwliurad mcirdeba miwis resursebis da gansakuTrebiT, saxnavi teritoriebis xvedriTi wili. Tu gasuli saukunis Sua xanebSi igi erT sul mosaxleze 0.5 ha-s Seadgenda, amJamad masze 0.2 ha saxnavad gamoyenebuli farTobi modis. miwis resursis aTvisebis masStabebi pirdapir kavSirSia 106

Tavi 3. mdgradi ganviTarebis globaluri problemebi

ara marto qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobasa da ganviTarebis donesTan, aramed bunebriv pirobebTanac. magaliTad, Tu evropis teritoriis 1/3 ixvneba, igive maCvenebeli afrikaSi 3-jer, xolo avstraliaSi 10-jer naklebia. ganviTarebad qveynebSi kvebis produqtebis warmoebis zrda sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis resursebis gafarToebiT miiRweva, rac meurneobis eqstensiuri tipis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. miuxedavad zrdis masStabebisa, amgvar qveynebSi kvebis produqtebis warmoebis moculoba da saheqtaro mosavlianoba 4-5 jer CamorCeba ganviTarebuli samyaros maCveneblebs. Tu ganviTarebul qveynebSi miwis resursis gamoyenebis Sedegad misi qimiuri dabinZureba Zalzed saSiS masStabebs aRwevs, ganviTarebad qveynebSi ZiriTadi problema niadagebis degradacia (nayofierebis Semcireba, erozia, damlaSeba) da gaudabnoebaa (bedlendebis farTobebis zrdasTan erTad). ZiriTadad amis gamoa, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi yovelwliurad izrdeba damSeuli mosaxleobis raodenoba. ganuzomelia mineraluri resursis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis. misi meSveobiT mosaxleoba ikmayofilebs moTxovnas energiaze, mrewveloba uzrunvelyofilia nedleuliT, soflis meurneoba sasuqiT, xolo transporti sawvaviT. amis gamoa, rom swrafi tempebiT mimdinareobs mineraluri resursebis mopovebis, transportirebis da gamoyenebis maCveneblebis zrda. marto gasuli saukunis manZilze msoflioSi mopovebul da gadamuSavebul iqna 200 mlrd tonamde mineraluri nedleuli. resursebisadmi interesi ar neldeba – marto ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze mineraluri nedleulis mopovebis maCveneblebi gaizarda 2-jer, maT Soris navTobis da bunebrivi airis 5-jer, boqsitebis 9-jer, qvanaxSiris 3-jer da a.S. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom swored mineraluri resursebis mopovebas da gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba iseTi globaluri ekologiuri problemebi, rogoricaa garemos dabinZureba, teritoriis niadagur-mcenareuli safaris mospoba (ekocidi), okeaneebis gaWuWyianeba, klimatis globaluri cvlileba da sxv. saTbob-energetikuli resursebis mopovebis problema kacobriobisTvis XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT dadga. meore msoflio omisSemdgom aTwleulebSi mopovebul da moxmarebul iqna ufro meti saTbobi wiaRiseuli, vidre kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze. misi mopoveba daiwyes Zalzed araxelsayrel garemoSic – kontinentur meCeCze, taigasa da tundraSi, udabnosa da tropikul tyeebSi. amgvari masStabebi da geografiuli Taviseburebani TvalsaCinos xdis mis mniSvnelobas da fasebis zrdas, rac provocirebas ukeTebs saTbob-energetikuli resursebisadmi politikuri interesebis gamwvavebasac. amJamad energiis erT-erT pespeqtiul wyarod atomuri energia miiCneva. misi meSveobiT mxolod garkveuli raodenobis eleqtroenergiis miRebaa SesaZlebeli. energiis gamomuSavebis procesSi ar gamoiyofa naxSirorJangi da sxva nivTierebebi, dasaSveb farglebSi binZurdeba wyali da niadagi. Tumca, atomur energetikas araerTi uaryofiTi mxare gaaCnia. igi yvelaze ZviradRirebuli dargia, did danaxarjebs moiTxovs misi warmoebis momsaxurebac. aseve didia avariis riskic, rasac katastrofuli Sedegebi mosdevs. riskis faqtori gansakuTrebiT izrdeba seismurad aqtiur regionebSi.

3.3.3. qalaqebi umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben rogorc calkeuli qveynebis, ise regionebisa Tu mTeli msoflios socialur-ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaSi. isini gansazRvraven nebismieri qveynis samecniero, saganmanaTleblo da kulturuli cxovrebis Taviseburebebs. aq warmodgenilia udidesi materialuri resursebi, maRakvalificiuri specialistebi, samecniero da SemoqmedebiTi inteligencia, kul107

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turuli da istoriuli faseulobebi, sawarmoo da satransporto infastruqtura. qalaqebSi gadamuSavdeba mineraluri, sasoflo da arasasoflo-sameurneo nedleuli, iqmneba samrewvelo produqcia da moixmareba didi raodenobiT energetikuli resursebi. qalaqis normaluri funqcionirebisTvis mravalferovani bunebrivi resursi, nedleuli da produqtia saWiro, romelTagan umniSvnelovanesia wyali. dadgenilia, rom saSualod, milioniani qalaqi yovelwliurad naxevar milionamde tona wyals moixmars. wylis udidesi nawili, dabinZurebuli sxvadasxva minarevebiT, ubrundeba bunebriv garemos – ZiriTadad mdinarees. aseve dadgenilia, rom saTbobi wiaRiseulis da navTobproduqtebis gamoyenebisas (wvisas), amave sididis qalaqisTvis yovelwliurad 50 mln t Jangbadia saWiro. wlis manZilze milioniani qalaqi 300-400 mln t dabinZurebul wyals uSvebs kanalizaciaSi. wylis dabinZurebis xarisxi ZiriTadad damokidebulia qalaqis sameurneo saqmianobis profilze da intensivobaze. dadgenilia, rom amgvar wyalSi Setivnarebuli qimiuri, fizikuri Tu biologiuri nivTierebebi saerTo moculobis 1-2%-s Seadgens. amgvari wylebi aqtiurad ebmeba wylis brunvaSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki aridul regionebSi, sarwyavadac gamoiyeneba. qalaqis mier moxmarebul wylebSi Setivnarebul qimiur nivTierebebs mdinareebi ramdenime aTeul kilometrze gadaitanen, ris gamoc SeiZleba advilad moxvdnen sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebis wyalmomaragebis sistemaSi. atmosferoSi moxvedrili samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo gamonabolqvi mravalgvaria. maT Soris raodenobiT wylis orTqli, gogirdis anhidridi, mtveri da naxSirJangi gamoirCeva. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom milionian qalaqSi erT kvadratul kilometrze yovelwliurad 1500 tonaze meti damabinZurebeli nivTiereba ileqeba, maT Soris: gogirdis anhidridi da naxSirJangi – 800 tona, mtveri – 500 tona, azotis Jangi – 165 tona, naxSirwyalbadi – 100 tona. gansxvavebulia dabinZurebis sezonuri ganawilebac. misi maqsimumi zamTris Tveebze – saTbob-energetikuli wiaRiseulis da energiis maqsimaluri gamoyenebis periodze – modis. atmosferoSi, SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT (ramdenime aTeuli tona), magram mainc xvdeba adamianisa da saerTod cocxali organizmisaTvis Zalze saSiSi tyvia, vercxliswyali, dariSxani, kadmiumi da sxv. nivTierebebi. atmosferoSi mimdinare procesebis Sedegad, milioniani qalaqis mier (Tu misi saSualo farTobi 200 km2-ia) mavne minarevebiT binZurdeba masze 15-jer meti farTobis mqone mimdebare teritoria (am SemTxvevaSi 3 000 km2). dabinZurebuli haeri amgvari qalaqisgan saSualod 30-35 km radiusze vrceldeba. es maCveneblebi SedarebiT umniSvneloa (gavrcelebis manZili – 15 km-iani radiusi) patara qalaqebisTvis. qalaqis atmosferos mdgomareoba da dabinZurebis xarisxi garkveulwilad damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoria misi geografiuli mdebareoba, reliefis formebi da qaris mimarTuleba. am mxriv yvelaze xelsayrel garemoSi – vakebze, mdinareTa xeobebsa da mniSvnelovan wyalsatevebTan warmodgenili dasaxlebebia. yvelaze araxelsayreli viTareba iqmneba im qalaqebSi, romlebic qvabulebSi mdebareobs. qalaqis, atmosferoSi gafrqveuli aerozolebis da maTi minarevebis gamo, gakveulwilad mcirdeba ultraiisferi da pirdapiri radiaciis maCveneblebi. uqaro amindis SemTxvevaSi aerozolebis maRali koncentracia ganapirobebs Rrublebis warmoqmnas, rac smogis saxelwoebiTaa cnobili. yovelwliurad milioniani qalaqi saSualod „awarmoebs` da mis farglebSi ukeTebs akumulirebas 3-4 mln t myar narCens. maT Sorisaa (daaxloebiT 1/3) xe-tyis, sayo108

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facxovrebo (qaRaldi, kvebis produqtebi, mina, qsovili, plastmasi, rezina da sxv.), samSeneblo narCenebi da avtosaburavebi anu iseTi narCenebi, romlebic SedarebiT advilad emorCileba meorad gadamuSavebas. qalaqebSi didi raodenobiT moixmareba siTburi energia, romlis nawili mimdebare teritoriebzec vrceldeba. qalaqis centralur nawilSi haeris temperatura gacilebiT maRalia, vidre mis periferiebze. haeris temperaturaze myari safari, mWidrod ganlagebuli nagebobebi da intensiuri satransporto nakadebic moqmedebs. zamTarSi Zlieri yinvebisas, an RamiT susti qarisas, qalaqis centralur nawilSi haeris temperaturam 7-80-iTac ki SeiZleba gadaaWarbos gareubnebisas. did qalaqebSi uamravi transporti iyris Tavs, ris gamoc mcirdeba maTi gadaadgilebis siCqare, izrdeba gamonabolqvis raodenoba da xmauri. mosaxleoba mtkivneulad ganicdis transportTan dakavSirebul problemebs. amitom, evropaSi ZiriTadad miwisqveSa eleqtrotransportis, xolo amerikaSi farTo saavtomobilo trasebis mSeneblobasa da ganviTarebaze akeTeben aqcents. qalaqis ekologiuri usafrTxoebis done pirdapir kavSirSia mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareobasTan. atmosferos dabinZureba uSualod aisaxeba gul-sisxlZarRvTa da sasunTqi gzebis, xolo wylis dabinZureba kuW-nawlavisa da sxvadasxva infeqciuri daavadebebis raodenobaze. amJamad qalaqad mcxovrebi mosaxleobis keTildReobis Sefasebis mizniT, garda wminda ekonomikuri an socialuri maCveneblebisa (biniT uzrunvelyofa, sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis, ganaTlebis, sportis, jandacvis done da sxv.), sul ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba iseTi maCvenebeli, romelic TvalsaCinos xdis aq mcxovrebTa ekologiur usafrTxoebas. amgvar maCvenebels miakuTvneben qalaqis atmosferos da sasmeli wylis dabinZurebis xarisxs, gamwvanebis, tye-parkebis da rekreaciuli teritoriebis xvedriT wils qalaqis saerTo farTobSi da sxv.

3.3.4. reliefTan dakavSirebuli problemebi liTosferos agebulebas da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs ukavSirdeba. liTosferoSi mudmivad mimdinareobs ramdenime saxis procesi, romelTagan mniSvnelovania: danaleqi qanebis warmoqmna – ukavSirdeba bunebrivi da anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis Sedegad moZravi, Setivnarebuli Tu gaxsnili naSali masalis daleqvas. es procesi mimdinareobs rogorc xmeleTze, ise wyalsatevebis (okeaneebis, zRvebis, tbebis, mdinareebis) fskerze. daleqvis procesis Sedegad formirdeba danaleqi qanebi, romliTac dafarulia msoflio xmeleTis 3/4. endogenuri procesebi – ganpirobebuli dedamiwis Sinagani energiiT, mizidulobis da dedamiwis brunvis Sedegad warmoqmnili ZalebiT. amgvari procesebis gamovlenaa sxvadasxva saxis teqtonikuri moZraoba, mTaTawarmoSoba, miwisZvrebi, vulkanizmi da sxv. dedamiwis qerqis teqtonikuri moZraoba gamoixateba rogorc xmeleTis azevebiT, ise daZirviT. amgvari procesebi mudmivad mimdinareobs mTel dedamiwaze, rac ganapirobebs wylisa da xmeleTis ganawilebis Taviseburebebs. xmeleTis vrceli ubnebis azevebisas (transgresia) ukan ixevs okeanuri wyali, xolo daZirvisas (regresia) piriqiT – wyali ikavebs xmeleTis vrcel ubnebs. umeteswilad transgresia da regresia periodulad monacvleobs, rasac 200-300 milioni weliwadi esaWiroeba. gacilebiT swrafad mimdinareobs mTaTawarmoSobis procesebi, romelic reliefis danaoWebas ganapirobebs. 109

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egzogenuri procesebi – mimdinareobs xmeleTis zedapirze da ganpirobebulia garegani faqtorebiT. garegani faqtorebidan ZiriTadia: mzis energia, mizidulobis Zala, wylisa da yinulis gadaadgileba, cocxali organizmebis cxovelmyofeloba. garegani faqtorebis Sedegad dedamiwis zedapirze mudmivi xasiaTi aqvs gamofitvas, denudacias, eolur (qarismier) procesebs, erozias, nivacias da akumulacias. adamiani Tavisi saqmianobiT xSirad xels uwyobs stiqiuri geodinamiuri procesebis ganviTarebas, rac garkveulwilad reliefis saxecvlilebas iwvevs. es gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria mTian regionebSi, sadac gzebis an dasaxlebuli punqtebis mSenebloba xels uwyobs mewyrebis ganviTarebas. eroziisa da Rvarcofebis gaaqtiurebis mizezi ZiriTadad mTis tyeebis Cexva da alpuri saZovrebis intensiuri gamoyenebaa. maradi mzralobis gavrcelebis regionebSi (taigisa da tyetundris bunebrivi zonebi) navTobsadenebis Tu sarkinigzo magistralebis gaswvriv aRiniSneba gruntis wylebis da niadagis simkvrivis maxasiaTebelTa cvlileba. amgvari procesebi reliefis ramdenime santimetriT dawevas ganapirobebs, rasac amgvari transportisTvisxSirad katasrofuli Sedegi mosdevs. adamiani aqtiurad ereva reliefwarmomqmnel procesebSi – xels uSlis danaleqi qanebis formirebas da Setivnarebuli masalis akumulacias, xels uwyobs teqtonikuri procesebis gaaqtiurebas da stiqiuri bunebrivi procesebis ganviTarebas, wiaRiseulis mopovebiT dedamiwis qerqSi qmnis xelovnur siRruveebs, gardaqmnis reliefs da sxv. masStaburi xasiaTis sameurneo saqmianoba reliefis gardaqmnis sixSiriT, siCqariTa da negatiuri SedegebiT ukve aRemateba teqtonikur moZraobas. amgvar saqmianobaTa Soris ZiriTadia wiaRiseulis mopoveba rogorc Ria, ise Saxturi wesiT, navTobisa da gazis mopoveba, miwisqveSa wylebis gamoyeneba, wyalsacavebis da qalaqebSi maRalsarTuliani saxlebis mSenebloba. marto ukanaskneli saukunis manZilze wiaRiseulis mopovebis moculoba gaizarda 7-jer, xolo bunebrivi garemos gardaqmnis masStabebi – 3-jer. Saxturi wesiT wiaRiseulis mopovebisas reliefis deformacia da moZraoba aRiniSneba im regionebSi, sadac amgebeli qanebis zedapiruli fena mniSnelovnad naklebia mis qveS gamomuSavebul siRruis sisqeze. amgvar procesebs xels aseve uwyobs mineraluri resursebis narCenebi, rac ZiriTadad sabados gavrcelebis arealSi grovdeba. reliefis deformacia ukve dadgenilia qvanaxSiris Saxturi wesiT mopovebis regionebSi: germaniaSi, iaponiaSi, did britaneTSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, ruseTsa da sxva qveynebSi. teqtonikur aqtivobas aseve zrdis miwisqveSa samSeneblo, sameurneo da samxedro afeTqebebic, romelTa raodenoba yoveldRiurad 5 aTass aRwevs. gansakuTrebiT `efeqturia~ birTvuli afeTqebebi, romelTa magnitudam SeiZleba 5-7 bals miaRwios. navTobisa da gazis mopovebisas miwisqveSa danaleq fenebSi did farTobebze icvleba wneva, hidro da siTburi reJimi, ris gamoc aqtiuria reliefis saxecvlileba. amgvari procesebi ukve dafiqsirda aSS-s araerT StatSi, venesuelaSi, italiaSi da sxv. magaliTad, qalaq long-biCis (los-anJelesTan) `daZirvis~ siCqarem miaRwia 3050 sm/weliwadSi. amJamad qalaqi TiTqmis 9 metriT dablaa im doneze, romelzec XX saukunis Sua xanebSi mdebareobda. Sedegad, dazianda araerTi samrewvelo sawarmo, navsadguri, rkinigza, WaburRilebi da navTobsadenebi, xidebi da Senobebi. navTobisa da gazis mopovebis regionebSi, miwisqveSa wnevis Semcirebis Sedegad ukve aRiniSna (ruseTsa da aSS-Si – 3-jer, avRaneTSi – 2-jer, meqsikaSi da ukrainaSi TiTojer) sakmaod Zlieri miwisZvrebi. 110

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reliefis deformacias didi wyalsacavebic `uwyobs~ xels. 1-2 sm/wl-Si siCqariT iZireba md.koloradoze, zambezze, lenaze, eniseize da sxv. ganlagebuli wyalsacavebis fskeri. didi wyalsacavebis farglebSi, gansakuTrebiT seismurad aqtiur regionebSi, izrdeba miwisZvrebis albaToba. maqsimaluri simZlavris miwisZvra (8-9 bali), romelic ukavSirdeba wyalsacavs, dafiqsirda 1967 wels indoeTSi, md. koinas auzSi. miwisZvris Sedegad, romelic gavrcelda 700 km-ian radiusSi, daiRupa 200-mde da daSavda 2500 adamiani. SedarebiT naklebi simZlavris miwisZvrebi wyalsacavebis mier provocirda CineTSi, zambiaSi, saberZneTSi, safrangeTSi, espaneTSi, kanadaSi, ruseTSi da sxv. im qalaqebSi, sadac mcire teritoriaze Tavmoyrilia maRlivi Senobebi, miwis zedapirTan axlosaa metros sadgurebi da gvirabebi, aqtiuria reliefis deformacia. magaliTad, moskovSi metros sadgurebisa da gvirabebis gaswvriv gruntis daZirvis siCqare 20-jer aRemateba sacxovrebeli kvartlebis an qalaqis centraluri nawilis analogiur maCvenebels. amJamad xmeleTis TiTqmis 1/10 ukavia did qalaqebs, wyalsacavebs, wiaRiseulis mopovebis arealebs, rac orjer aRemateba avstraliis farTobs. amgvari teritoriebi swrafad izrdeba, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs reliefis gardaqmnis globalur procesze.

3.3.5. atmosferosTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ukavSirdeba: havis cvlilebas, romelic uSualo kavSirSia adamianis sameurneo saqmianobasTan da garkveulwilad ganapirobebs sazogadoebis ekonomikuri aqtivobis formebsa da masStabebs; haeris xarisxs, romelic moqmedebs cocxal organizmebze; ozonis sferos mdgomareobas, romelic icavs cocxal organizmebs ultraiisferi radiaciisgan. atmosferos moqmedeba liTosferoze, kerZod reliefis formirebaze, araerTi procesis saxiT vlindeba. maTgan umniSvnelovanesi fizikuri gamofitvaa. am process haeris temperaturis ryeva, atmosferuli naleqebis da qaris Taviseburebebi ganapirobebs. reliefis formirebaze qimiuri gamofitvac moqmedebs, raSic aqtiurad monawileobs atmosferoSi arsebuli Jangbadi. atmosfero uSualo, mWidro urTierTkavSirSia hidrosferosTan, ufro swored msoflio okeanis Termul reJimTan da xmeleTze wylis ganawilebis TaviseburebebTan. isini ganapirobeben atmosferoSi wylis orTqlis raodenobas, da Sesabamisad naleqebis da haeris sinotivis maCveneblebs. atmosferos gavlena biosferoze ganuzomlad didia, radgan cocxali organizmebis arseboba pirdapir kavSirSia havis (siTbosa da tenis ganawilebis) TaviseburebebTan, agreTve atmosferoSi naxSirJangis raodenobasTan. maTi maxasiaTeblebi mudmivad icleboda atmosferos evoluciis manZilze, rac ganapirobebda mcenareulobis, da Sesabamisad cxovelTa samyaros Sedgenilobis da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs. havis cvalebadoba biosferos evoluciis mTavari faqtoria. atmosferos formireba da ganviTareba ukavSirdeba dedamiwaze mimdinare geologiur da geoqimiur procesebs, kerZod vulkanebis (gamoiyofoda azoti, wylis orTqli da naxSirJangi) da mcenareebis (gamoiyofoda Jangbadi) moqmedebas. havis maxasiaTeblebi da geografiuli Taviseburebani icleboda dedamiwis geologiuri istoriis manZilze. dadgenilia, rom paleozour eraSi Tbili, Tumca sinotivis mxriv sakmaod mravalferovani hava iyo gabatonebuli. am eris dasasruls aRiniSna gamyinvareba, 111

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romlis gavrcelebis areali savaraudod subtropikul sartyelsac moicavda. mezozourSi hava erTgvarovani, ZiriTadad tropikulis msgavsi, Tbili da teniani iyo. am eris bolos hava SedarebiT naklebteniani gaxda, ramac TiTqmis kainozouri eris Sua xanebamde gastana. amave periodSi kontinentebze izrdeba okeaneebis wylis temperaturis gavlena. dedamiwaze TandaTanobiT aciveba iwyeba, ramac gamoiwvia arqtikuli da subarqtikuli sartyelis gamyinvareba, zomier sartyelSi Tovlis perioduli safaris gaCena da misi farTobis zrda. maRal ganedebSi gamyinvarebis procesi pliocenSi kidev ufro ganviTarda da myinvarebi antarqtidaze im saxiT Camoyalibda, rogoric amJamadaa. SemdgomSi, pleistocenSi anu 1.5-2 mln wlis win, rogorc kontinentebze, ise okeaneebSi gamyinvarebis masStabebi zomier sartyelSi gaizarda, rac periodulobiT da sinqronulobiT (daTbobasTan monacvleobiT) xasiaTdeboda. Tu acivebisas myinvarebi C.g. 40-500-mde vrceldeboda da srulad faravda CrdiloeT naxevarsferos okeaneebs da mTian masivebs, daTbobisas isini mxolod maRalmTian teritoriebze da maRal ganedebSi iyo SemorCenili. Tu yinulis sisqe kontinentebis centralur arealebSi ramdenime aseul metrs aRwevda, mis periferiebze (zRvebis gavlenis Sedegad) mxolod ramdenime aTeuli metri iyo. gamyinvarebis periodSi Camoyalibda da evraziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis sakmaod vrceli teritoriebi moicva niadagebis maradma mzralobam. amave dros, amJamindelTan SedarebiT, 100-150 metriT Semcirebuli iyo msoflio okeanis wylis done. havis daTbobisas, amJamindelTan SedarebiT, wylis done ramdenime aTeuli metriT matulobda. kacobriobis istoriis ukanasknel aTaswleulebSi, CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi gamyinvarebisa da daTbobis monacvleoba ramdenjerme aRiniSna. gamyinvareba sxvadasxva masStabebiT C.w-mde meSvide da pirvel aTaswleulSi, C.w.-is X da XIIIXVII saukuneebSi fiqsirdeba. Semdgom xanebSi, XX saukunis dasawyisamde, dedamiwis havis maxasiaTeblebi mniSvnelovnad ar Secvlila. atmosferos dabinZurebaSi adamiani Tavis sameurneo saqmianobiT monawileobs, riTic arRvevs atmosferos qimiur Sedgenilobas, Jangbadisa da naxSirorJangis Tanafardobas. amJamad troposferoSi mimdinareobs Jangbadis raodenobis Semcirebis procesi, rasac xels uwyobs: saTbobis wva (yovelwliurad iwveba 9 mlrd t saTbobi, rasac 16 mlrd t Jangbadi `xmardeba~), aviacia (erTi reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi saSualod 25-35 t Jangbads moixmars), avtotransporti (yovelwliurad moixmars 5 mlrd t Jangbads), samrewvelo sawarmoebi da JangviTi procesebi. amrigad, atmosferos qveda fenebSi yovelwliurad 20-30 mlrd t Jangbadi `iwvis~, anu adamiani moixmars 1/5-iT met Jangbads, vidre igi mcenareulobis mier gamomuSavdeba mTel msoflioSi. amas emateba isic, rom intensiuri eqspluataciis Sedegad yovelwliurad mcirdeba Jangbadis Sevsebis yvelaze mZlavri bunebrivi wyaro – tyeebiT dafaruli teritoriebi. cnobilia, rom adamianis normaluri cxovelmyofelobiTvis, haerSi Jangbadis minimaluri raodenoba ar unda iyos 17%-ze naklebi. msoflios araerTi maRalganviTarebuli da ariduli (utyeo) qveyana Jangbadis ukmarisobis zRvarzea. TviT tyianobiT gamorCeul qveynebSic (brazilia, kanada, ruseTi) gaCnda iseTi arealebi, sadac mosaxleoba mwvaved ganicdis Jangbadis naklebobas. Jangbadis globaluri naklebobis problemas naxSirorJangis mudmivi matebis tendenciac emateba. naxSirorJangi atmosferoSi xvdeba: saTbobi wiaRiseulis wvis, tyis xanZrebis da vulkanuri moqmedebis Sedegad. swored misi matebis Sedegad yvelaze mwvaved Tanamedrove msoflioSi `saTburi efeqtis~ saSiSroeba ganixileba, rasac aucileblad mohyveba globaluri daTboba. 112

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atmosfero mzis radiacias Tavisuflad atarebs dedamiwis zedapiramde, Tumca STanTqavs misgan momaval grZeltalRovani gamosxivebas. atmosferoSi arsebuli orTqli akavebs dedamiwis siTburi gamosxivebis 2/3-s da naxSirorJangis 1/5-s. amgvarad, atmosfero dedamiwas unarCunebs da ukan ubrunebs dakargul siTbos. amJamad dedamiwis zedapiris saSualo temperaturaa +150C. rom ara atmosferos `saTburis efeqti~, misi temperatura 400-iT naklebi anu -250 iqneboda. ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis Semcveloba 0.027%-dan 0.036%-mde gaizarda, ris gamoc dedamiwaze haeris saSualo wliurma temperaturam 0.60C-iT moimata. haeris temperaturis mateba ukve aisaxa rogorc arqtikisa da antarqtidis, ise mTiani regionebis myinvarul safarze. amgvari tendenciis gagrZelebis da msoflio okeanis donis matebis SemTxvevaSi, datborva emuqreba xmeleTis 3%-s, sadac aseulobiT milioni mcxovrebia. adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba atmosferoSi sxva mavne gazebis koncentraciis zrdasac uwyobs xels. amJamad troposfero binZurdeba Wvartlisa da kvamlis nawilakebiT, mJavebiTa da radiaqtiuli narCenebiT. amgvari nivTierebebiT gajerebulia didi dasaxlebuli punqtebis haeri. ukeTesi viTarebaa sasoflo dasaxlebaTa. zogierTi mecnieri atmosferos Sedgenilobis anTropogenuli mizezebiT SecvlaSi an globaluri daTbobis saSiSroebaSi sagangaSos verafers xedavs. isini amgvar movlenas (gansakuTrebiT naxSirorJangis raodenobis zrdas da maRal koncentracias) calkeuli bunebrivi movlenebis da procesebis (mag. vulkanebis moqmedeba, biosferuli narCenebis gaxrwna, msoflio okeanis wylis temperaturis mateba) masStabebs adareben. magaliTad, erTi vulkani amofrqvevisas imden naxSirorJangs gamoyofs, ramdensac msoflios yvela samrewvelo sawarmo 100 wlis manZilze. argumentad mohyavT isic, rom klimatis cvlilebas geografiuli garsis formirebis istoriaSi araerTxel hqonia adgili. klimatis daTboba gansakuTrebiT TvasaCino Sua saukuneebSi iyo – maSin inglisSi mevenaxeobac ki ganviTarda. amgvar mosazrebebs myari safuZveli aqvs, Tumca mxolod bunebrivi procesebis moSveliebiT verafriT ver aixseba globalur doneze atmosferos temperaturis da naxSirorJangis raodenobis matebis tempebi ukanaskneli saukunis manZilze. havis cvalebadoba CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi SesamCnevi XX saukunis dasawyisidan gaxda. gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi daTbobas (haeris saSualo temperaturam 0.60-iT moimata) amave saukunis 50-iani wlebidan jer araarsebiTi aciveba, xolo Semdeg (60iani wlebi) kvlav daTboba mohyva. globaluri daTbobis orgvari axsna arsebobs. pirveli saTburis efeqts ukavSirdeba, xolo meore mzis aqtiurobis 11 da 80 wlian ciklebs. globaluri daTbobis niSnebma XX sakunis 80-iani wlebidan sagangaSo xasiaTi miiRo. dafiqsirda, rom Crdilo yinulovani okeanis mTel rig kunZulebze (grenlandia, Spicbergeni, axali miwa) da sanapiro zolSi haeris saSualowliurma temperaturam erTi saukunis manZilze 2-30-iT aiwia. islandiaSi yinulisgan gamonTavisuflda is teritoriebi, romlebic 600 wlis win erTwliani kulturebis mosayvanad gamoiyeneboda. yinulis safaris swrafi Semcireba aRiniSna aliaskasa da grenlandiaze, agreTve zomieri sartylis yvela mTian sistemaSi. garda yinuliT dafaruli farTobis Semcirebisa, CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi SeiniSneba maradi mzralobis, taigisa da tundris qveda sazRvris CrdiloeTiT gadaadgilebis procesi. CrdiloeT naxevarsferos aridul regionebSi kidev ufro Semcirda atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba, gansakuTrebiT wlis civ periodSi. amgvar movlenas mdinare113

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

Ta xarjis Semcireba da Sida wyalsatevebSi wylis donis dakleba mohyva. gaizarda gvalvebis masStabebi, intensivoba da raodenobac, rac araerT regionSi sasicocxlo garemos da ekonomikuri aqtivobis degradaciis mizezi garda. msoflios TiTqmis yvela regionis Termuli reJimis analizi gviCvenebs, rom amJamad klimatis globaluri cvlileba fiqsirdeba yvelgan, Tumca sxvadasxva xarisxiT. havis maqsimaluri cvlilebebi aRiniSna xmeleTze, CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi, C.g.40-700 Soris. aq haeris saSualowliuri temperaturebis matebasTan erTad aRiniSneba eqstremaluri maCveneblebis gaxSirebac. magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi, sadac TiTqmis mTeli XX saukunis manZilze ar dafiqsirebula temperaturis ryeva, ukve SeiniSneba zamTris temperaturis zrda. okeaneebze klimaturi maxasiaTeblebis cvalebadoba SedarebiT naklebia, Tanac zogierT akvatoriaSi uaryofiTi anomaliebic ki SeimCneva. Tumca daTbobis Sedegebi TvalsaCinoa mTel msoflio okeaneze – misma donem ukanaskneli 100 wlis manZilze 10-25 sm-iT moimata. amgvari viTareba, upirveles yovlisa, ukavSirdeba yinulis dnobis globalur tendenciebs. globalurma daTbobam naleqebis ganawilebaSic Seitana koreqtivebi. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi naleqebis raodenobis Semcireba yvelaze TvalsaCinoa (10%-iT) CrdiloeT afrikis da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis tropikul sartyelSi. fiqsirdeba anomaliebic – Tu avstraliis dasavleT sanapiroebze naleqebis raodenoba izrdeba, aRmosavleT sanapiroebze sapirispiro movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. naleqebis raodenobis cvalebadobaze mdinaris Camonadenis, miwisqveSa wylebis da niadaguri tenis maxasiaTebelTa Secvlac metyvelebs. aRmosavleT evropaSi TiTqmis yvelgan aRiniSneba niadaguri sinotivis, wyalSemcveli fenebis da miwisqveSa wylis resursis (maragis) mateba. ozonis fenis da Sesabamisad, misi damcavi Tvisebebis degradacia bunebriv garemos da kacobriobas mraval safrTxes uqadis. kacobriobas imunuri sistemis daqveiTeba, kanisa da Tvalis daavadebebis gaxSireba da garTuleba, infeqciuri daavadebebisadmi organizmis mdgradobis daqveiTeba da fsiqiuri ganwyobis gauareseba emuqreba. ozonis fenis degradacia da ultraiisferi gamosxivebis gazrda mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs gogrisebrTa da bardisebrTa mcenareulobis mosavlianobas. gacilebiT gamZlea mzesumzira, bamba da zogierTi saxeobis marcvleuli (simindi da brinji), romelTa mosavlianobac mxolod 5%-iT Semcirdeba. ozonis fenis cvalebadoba niadagis nayofierebazec aisaxeba. baqteriebi, romlebic axerxeben atmosferodan azotis utilizacias (gamoyenebas) da romelsac Semdgom mcenareebis zrda-ganviTarebas xmardeba, niadagis zeda fenaSi cxovroben. cnobilia, rom amgvari baqteriebis mier gadamuSavdeba imdenive azoti (35 mln t), ramdenic iwarmoeba msoflioSi azotovani sasuqebis saxiT. ultraiisferi gamosxivebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba rogorc mikroorganizmebis cxovelmyofeloba da Sesabamisad, niadagis nayofiereba.

3.3.6. wyali monawileobas iRebda da iRebs yvela im procesSi, romelic mimdinareobs rogorc dedamiwis zedapirze, ise mis wiaRSi. dedamiwaze praqtikulad ar aris iseTi nivTiereba, romlis SedgenilobaSi ar iyos wyali. misi meSveobiT formirdeba bunebrivi garemos qimiuri da fizikuri ier-saxe, hava da amindi. wyalSi Caisaxa da ganviTarda sicocxlec. igi amJamadac udides rols asrulebs adamianis yofa-cxovrebaSi – gamoiyeneba sasmelad, energetikuli, satransporto, sarewao, sairigacio, samkurnalo da sxv. miznebiT. 114

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mtknari wylis ZiriTadi nawili myinvarebSi (2/3-ze meti) da miwisqveSaa (1/3-ze naklebi) war modgenili. mtknari wyali aseve gvxvdeba maradi mzralobis, niadaguri tenis, atmosferuli orTqlis saxiT, WaobebSi, mtknar tbebsa da mdinareebSi. mdinareebSi arsebuli mtknari wylebi yvelaze xelmisawvdomia kacobriobisaTvis. arada, mdinareebSi warmodgenilia msoflio mtknari wylis resursebis mxolod 0.006%. mtknari wylis resursebi aRdgenadia. evropis qveynebis umravlesoba ganicdis mtknari wylis resursis deficits. erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT misi mniSvnelovani maragiT mxolod islandia, norvegia, fineTi da avstria gamoirCeva. aziaSi mtknari wylis resursiT laosis mosaxleobaa yvelaze ukeT uzrunvelyofili, maSin roca kontinentis centraluri regionebi, sadac 2.5 mlrd mcxovrebia, mudmivad ganicdis sasmeli wylis naklebobas. afrikis da amerikis kontinentebze mxolod ekvatoruli da arqtikuli sartylis qveynebSia mtknari wylis resursis siWarbe. avstraliisa da okeaneTis regionSi am maCvenebliT axali zelandia gamoirCeva. msoflio mosaxleobis zrda, mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTareba ganapirobebs wylis moxmarebis masStabebis zrdas. amJamad yovelwliurad 6 aTasi km3 wyali zedapiruli da 20 aTasi km3 miwisqveSa wyali moixmareba, romlis 80% soflis meurneobaze modis. garda amisa, sasmeli wylis resursebiT uzrunvelyofa, rac mosaxleobis zrdas da wylis xarisxis gauaresebas ukavSirdeba, XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan mudmivad uaresdeba. klebis tendencia gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa XX saukunis Sua xanebidan, ramac ukve globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina. mtknari wylis dabinZurebis Sedegad ikargeba misi yofa-cxovrebaSi, soflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobaSi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. amJamad yvelaze aqtualuri sasmeli wylis xarisxis SenarCunebis da miwodebis problemaa. xarisxiani sasmeli wyliT vaWroba aTeulobiT msxvili kompaniis Semosavlis wyaro gaxda. evropisa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebs didi raodenobiT miewodeba alpebsa da skandinaviis mTebSi mopovebuli sasmeli wyali, muSavdeba proeqtebi avstraliaSi, afrikasa da samxreT amerikaSi antarqtidis aisbergebis transportirebisaTvis. bunebriv wyalSi mudmivadaa minarevebi – masSi gaxsnilia sxvadasxva airi, marilebi, myari nawilakebi da liTonebi. wyals TviTwmendis unaric gaaCnia, Tumca garkveul zRvramde. garemoSi anTropogenuli narCenebis gabneva da zrda amcirebs wylis xarisxs, gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas da TviTwmendis unars. nebismieri Camdinare wyali garkveuli doziT abinZurebs mdinareebsa da wyalsatevebs. rac ufro metia amgvar wylebSi Setivnarebuli mavne nivTierebebi, miT ufro uaresdeba bunebrivi wylis fizikuri, qimiuri da biologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. Camdinare wylebi cvlis wyalsatevis temperaturas, ganapirobebs florisa da faunis ganadgurebas, safrTxes uqmis adamianis janmrTelobas. cnobilia, rom 1 m3 dabinZurebuli wylis CaRvrisas ekologiurad uaresdeba 60-jer meti wyali. msoflios mWidrod dasaxlebul regionebSi mdinareebi ukve gamousadegaria sayofacxovrebo miznebisaTvis. magaliTad, mdinare reini, romelsac XX saukunis dasawyisSi sarewao mniSvneloba hqonda, dabinZurebulia rogorc SesarTavSi, ise zemo dinebaSi. Tu SveicariaSi mdinaris ganivkveTSi 4 kilogramamde qrolidebi fiqsirdeba, igive maCvenebeli mis SesarTavSi 50-jer metia. asevea mdinare dunaic, romelic evropis rva saxelmwifos teritoriaze miedineba. mdinare volgaSi, romlis 115

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Camonadenis 10%-s Camdinare wylebi Seadgens, yovelwliurad xvdeba 400 aTasi t mJava, 200 aTasi t navTobproduqti, 6 aTasi t fenoli da sxv. amJamad msoflio saqalaqo mosaxleobis 1/4 da soflis mosaxleobis 3/4 mudmivad ganicdis sufTa wylis deficits. miwisqveSa wyals aridul regionebSi sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs. misi dabinZurebis wyaro SeiZleba iyos: samrewvelo produqciis transportirebis da Senaxvis adgilebi; komunaluri da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis Tavmoyris arealebi; sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebi, sadac didi raodenobiT moixmareba Sxamqimikatebi da mineraluri sasuqebi; sxvadasxva saxis wiaRiseulis mompovebeli sabadoebi da sxv. dabinZureba SeiZleba iyos baqteriuli (mikrobuli) da qimiuri. baqteriul dabinZurebas ZiriTadad ganicdis yvelaze zeda wyalSemcveli fena, sadac baqteriebi sakmaod didxans (100 dReze mets) inarCuneben cxovelmyofelobas. baqteriuli dabinZurebis SesaZlebloba maRalia nagavsayrelebis, cxovelTa sadgomebis, xelovnuri Txrilebis da danapralebuli amgebi qanebis gavrcelebis arealebSi. msoflio okeane udides rols asrulebs dedamiwis geografiuli garsis komponentSoris kavSirsa da havis formirebaSi. igi aqtiurad monawileobs siTbocvlaSi da tenbrunvaSi. msoflio okeane yovelwliurad orjer met siTbos STanTqavs, vidre xmeleTi. siTbos ZiriTadi nawili (80%) aorTqlebaze ixarjeba, riTac msoflio okeane monawileobs globalur tenbrunvaSi. globaluri daTboba mkafiod aisaxeba msoflio okeanis wylis balansze, rasac Sida zRvebis wylis reJimis cvlileba mohyveba. magaliTad, dadgenilia, rom xmelTaSua zRvis, Savi da azovis zRvebis wylis done amJamad yovelwliurad 2 mm-iT matulobs. amgvari matebis Sedegebi ukve TvalsaCinoa mdinare nilosis deltasa da egviptis sanapiro zolSi. aq zRvis eroziuli moqmedebis Sedegad sanapiro weliwadSi 20 metriT ixevs ukan, rasac dasaxlebuli punqtebis da sameurneo dawesebulebebis evakuacia mohyveba xolme. msoflio okeanis araerTi regioni da sanapiro zoli binZurdeba navTobiT da navTobproduqtebiT, qimiuri da biologiuri nivTierebebiT, samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo nagviT. msoflios okeaneSi dabinZurebuli wyali ganicdis migracias rogorc horizontulad, ise vertikalurad. okeaneebis dabinZurebis Sedegad ferxdeba Jangbadis miwodeba da ganaxleba, rasac ewireba zRvis organizmTa sicocxlisunarianoba. qimiuri nivTierebebi xvdeba wylis faunis kvebiT jaWvSi, rasac saboloo jamSi adamiani gamoiyenebs. msoflio okeaneSi qariT da mdinareebiT didi raodenobiT xvdeba pesticidebi. isini aRmoCenilia arqtikisa da antarqtidis faunis warmomadgenelTa RviZlSi da kanqveSa cximSi, tropikuli moluskebis organizmSi, anu iq, sadac amgvari nivTierebebi arasodes gamoyenebula. amgvarad, soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli Sxamqimikatebi garemoSi mravalferovan da rTul migracias ganicdis. garemoSi qimiuri nivTierebebi sayofacxovrebo narCenebis saxiTac gaibneva. maT Sorisaa sakvebis narCenebi, maTeTrebeli da sarecxi saSualebebi. sayofacxovrebo narCenebiT da navTobproduqtebiT `mdidaria~ didi qalaqebis mimdebare sanapiro zoli. aRniSnuli nivTierebebi Tavsxma wvimebis, Tovlis dnobis an quCebis morwyvis Sedegadac ki xvdeba msoflio okeaneSi. mZime metalebiT dabinZurebam globaluri xasiaTi miiRo. amJamad vercxliswyali, tyvia da kadmiumi okeanur wyalSi yvelganaa, radgan isini aq rogorc atmosferodan, ise mdinareebiT xvdeba. amgvari liTonebi, baqteriebis meSveobiT, didi raodenobiT xvdeba okeanis cocxal organizmebSi, romelsac adamiani sakvebad gamoiyenebs. msoflios araerT dasaxlebul punqtSi, sadac didi raodenobiT 116

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moixmaren zRvis produqtebs, ukve aRiniSneba e.w. minamatis (igive saxelobis yurea iaponiaSi) daavadeba (intoqsikacia, rasac axlavs fsiqiuri aSliloba, halucinaciebi da nervozi). globalur formas iRebs msoflio okeanis myari narCenebiTa da nagviT dabinZureba. cnobilia, rom gemebidan okeaneSi yovelwliurad 2 mln t-mde rkinis, qaRaldis, SuSis da platsmasis nivTi xvdeba. amgvarad, msoflio okeanis dabinZurebis Sedegad nadgurdeba da iwamleba wylis organizmebi, mcirdeba sarewao mniSvnelobis Tevzis raodenoba, safrTxe emuqreba adamianis janmrTelobas, daniSnulebas kargaven kurortebi da plaJebi. msoflio okeanis ekologiurad sufTa mdgomareobaSi SenarCuneba globaluri problema gaxda. 3.3.7. miwis resursebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ukavSirdeba rogorc niadagwarmomqnel faqtorebs, ise adamianis sameurneo saqmianobas. niadagwarmomqneli faqtorebida mniSvnelovania hava, reliefi da dro. hava ganapirobebs niadagwarmomqmneli procesebis intensivobas. masTan uSualo kavSirSia niadagSi siTbos ganawilebis Taviseburebani, rac gansazRvravs masSi fizikur-qimiuri da biologiuri procesebis intensivobas, agreTve mcenareebis mier sakvebi nivTierebebis SeTvisebis unars. hava aseve ganapirobebs naleqebis raodenobisa da ganawilebis, aorTqlebisa da aorTqlebadobis da saboloo jamSi – niadagis wylis reJims. reliefic SeiZleba CaiTvalos niadagwarmomqmnel faqtorad imis gaviTvaliswinebT, rom adgilis simaRlesTan, eqspoziciasTan, saqare ferdobebTan da daxrilobasTan dakavSirebulia niadagSi siTbosa da tenis ganawilebis Taviseburebani. dro – niadagis srulyofili struqturis Camosayalibeblad aTeul aTasobiT welia saWiro, amitomac igi (dro) mniSvnelovan niadagwarmomqmnel faqtorad ganixileba. niadagi genetikuradaa dakavSirebuli geografiuli garsis sxva komponentebTan. masSi atmosferodan haeria warmodgenili, hidrosferodan – wyali, liTosferodan – mineraluri nivTierebebi, xolo biosferodan cocxali organizmebi da biologiuri naerTebi. niadagi moqmedebs atmosferos airad Sedgenilobaze. humusi, mcenareulobis mkvdari nafeni da torfi warmoadgens naxSirbadis iseT marags, romelic 3-jer aRemateba mis erTobliv marags biosferosa da atmosferoSi. niadagis funqcionirebis Sedegad regulirdeba ara marto naxSirbadis, aramed azotis da Jangbadis miwodeba. garda aRniSnulisa, niadagi STanTqavs da ireklavs mzis radiacias da aregulirebs tenbrunvas atmosferoSi. niadagi aqtiurad moqmedebs hidrosferoze, gansakuTrebiT xmeleTis wylebze. igi mudmivad monawileobs mdinaris Camonadenis da wylis balansis formirebaSi. niadagi, ise rogorc mcenareuloba, mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebis Tanafardobas. cnobilia, rom niadaguri tenis saxiT warmodgenilia xmeleTis wylebis saerTo maragis 1/3. igi uzrunvelyofs mdinareTa Camonadens, mcenareulobas da wylis orTqls atmosferoSi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania pedosferosa da biosferos urTierTdamokidebuleba. niadagi warmoadgens xmeleTis cocxali organizmebis saarsebo da evoluciur garemos. xmeleTze arsebuli mcenareuli safari 700-jer aRemateba okeanis biomasas. niadagSi baqteriebis saxiT yvelaze `mWidrod~ da yvelaze mravalferovnadaa warmodgenili cocxali organizmebi dedamiwaze. cnobilia, rom erT gram niadagSi 117

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Tavmoyrilia erTi trilioni baqteriis ujredi. niadagis yoveli fena mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan cocxali organizmebis raodenobiT da maTi cxovelmyofelobiT. maT Soris aqtiurobiT gamoirCeva misi zeda, humusovani fena, rac siTbos, tenis da biologiuri komponentis maqsimaluri TavmoyriTaa ganpirobebuli. niadagi uSualo kavSirSia liTosferosTan. masSi xorcieldeba 65 qimiuri naerTis gardaqmna, raSic ZiriTadad 23 qimiuri elementi monawileobs. niadagis meSveobiT xorcieldeba mzis akumulirebuli energiis gadacema, liTosferos dacva eroziuli procesebisa da gamofitvisgan. miwis resursebis gamoyeneba aTaswleulebs iTvlis. misi mniSvneloba TvalsaCinoa imiT, rom miwis resursebis meSveobiT kacobrioba TiTqmis mTlianad (95%-iT) ikmayofilebs sursaTze moTxovnas. miwis resursebis (129 mln km2 anu xmeleTis 86.6%) mxolod 1/5 SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas saxnav-saTesad. igive maCvenebeli msoflios qveynebis ZiriTadi nawilisTvis kidev ufro umniSvneloa. cnobilia, rom erTi adamianis gamosakvebad saWiroa minimum 0.1 ha miwis damuSaveba. saxnavi miwis farTobis xvedriTi wili swrafad mcirdeba – Tu ramdenime aTeuli wlis win (1960 w.) dedamiwis erT mcxovrebze 0.5 ha saxnav-saTesi farTobi modioda, amJamad es maCvenebeli (0.21 ha) mniSvnelovnadaa Secvlili. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas miwis resursebis da misi gamoyenebis problemebi bunebrivad aramdgrad (mowyvlad) da mTian regionebSi, agreTve mosaxleobis didi raodenobiT `gamorCeul~ saxelmwifoebSi. saukuneebis manZilze eqstensiuri soflis meurneoba XX saukunis dasawyisSi intensiurma Secvala, Tumca anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis masStabebsa da mis uaryofiT Sedegebze aqtiuri saubari mxolod gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebidan daiwyo. amJamad niadagis safaris struqturis da nayofierebis SenarCuneba msoflios araerTi saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi problemaa. amgvari maxasiaTeblebis SenarCuneba rogorc socialuri an ekonomikuri, ise ekologiuri aucileblobacaa. niadagis struqturis cvlaze ZiriTadad anTropogenuli faqtori moqmedebs, xolo nayofierebaze anTropogenulic da bunebrivic. niadagis struqturis cvlaze gansakuTrebiT moqmedebs sasoflo-sameurneo teqnika da agrowesebi. sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis zegavleniT da intensiuri ZovebiT aRiniSneba niadagis gamkvriveba, xvniTa da kultivaciiT – gafxviereba da niadagis horizontebis aRreva. xSir rwyvas niadagis tenianobis da forianobis cvla mosdevs (rac xSirad gruntis wylis donis cvalebadobas an damlaSebas iwvevs), qimiuri sasuqebis gamoyenebas – niadagis cocxali samyaros ganadgureba da a.S. adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad intensiurad icvleba niadagwarmomqmneli faqtorebi – reliefi, mikroklimati, mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro, Sendeba dasaxlebuli punqtebi, wyalsacavebi da a.S. gaaqtiurda eroziuli da geodinamiuri procesebic, rasac saboloo jamSi niadagis nayofierebis dakargvamde mivyavarT. nayofierebis dakargva kulturuli mcenareebis mosavlianobis Semcirebas ganapirobebs, rasac socialuri problemebis gamwvaveba da migraciuli procesebis gaaqtiureba mosdevs. Tanamedrove msoflioSi niadagis struqturisa da nayofierebis SenarCuneba globaluri problema gaxda. niadagebze adamianis zemoqmedeba ramdenime formiT vlindeba, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovania: meqanikuri, agromelioraciuli, qimiuri, cocxali samyaros ganadgurebiT da sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobiT ganpirobebuli zemoqmedeba. meqanikuri zemoqmedeba xvna-Tesvas, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebas, mSeneblobas 118

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da sabrZolo moqmedebebs ukavSirdeba. miwis resursebis mdgomareobaze garkveulwilad metyvelebs teritoriis moxvnis masStabebi, rac pirdapir kavSirSia bunebriv pirobebTan da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan. magaliTad, Tu evropaSi ixvneba teritoriis 1/3, igive maCvenebeli afrikaSi 14%, xolo avstraliaSi 4% aRwevs. sasargeblo wiaRiseulis Ria karieruli wesiT mopovebisas an mSeneblobisas mTlianad nadgurdeba niadagis fena. agromelioraciul zemoqmedebaSi rwyva, daSroba da gruntis wylebis specialuri, xelovnuri gadaadgileba (aweva an daweva) igulisxmeba. sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis istoria 7 aTas wels iTvlis, Tumca ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis manZilze sarwyavi miwis farTobi msoflioSi 25-jer gaizarda. gansakuTrebiT didia sarwyavi miwis xvedriTi wili CineTSi (45%), indoeTsa (21%) da aSSSi (16.5%). daSroba tenian niadagebs esaWiroeba, rac ZiriTadad drenaJiT an gruntis wylebis daweviT miiRweva. rogorc rwyvisas, ise daSrobisas mniSvnelovnad icvleba niadagis rogorc sinotivis, ise siTburi maxasiaTeblebi. garda amisa, niadagSi didi raodenobiT Tavs iyris marilebi, rac mis gamkvrivebas da fizikuri Tvisebebis gauaresebas ganapirobebs. cnobilia, rom msoflioSi sarwyavi miwis TiTqmis naxevari ukve damlaSebulia. amJamad niadagis damlaSebis problema awuxebs sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebiT `ganTqmul~ axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebs, avRaneTsa da irans, erays da egviptes, CineTs, meqsikasa da aSS, avstralias, indoeTs da sxv. qimiuri zemoqmedeba mineralur sasuqebs da pesticidebis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba, romlis moxmarebis masStabebi yovelwliurad matulobs. amgvari qimiuri elementebi rCeba da grovdeba niadagSi, saidanac xvdeba miwisqveSa wylebSi da atmosferoSi. niadagSi dagrovili qimiuri elementebi anadgurebs mikroorganizmebs, cvlis nivTierebis ganawilebisa da energiis gardaqmnis procesebs, amcirebs niadagis nayofierebas. msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis, samrewvelo sawarmoebis da avtomagistralebis gaswvriv niadagSi damatebiT xvdeba sxvadasxva qimiuri elementi (tyvia, kaliumi, nikeli, vercxliswyali da sxv.). myari narCenebi auaresebs niadagis aeracias da spobs cocxal organizmebs, xolo qimiuri elementebi Warbi raodenobiT xvdeba kulturul mcenareebSi. gansakuTrebiT swrafad icvleba niadagis fizikuri Tvisebebi da qimiuri Sedgeniloba mcenareulobis, kerZod tyeebis ganadgurebisas. mcenareulobis gareSe niadagis zedapirze izrdeba Camonadenis siCqare, icvleba niadagis wylis balansi, Termuli reJimi da nivTierebis gardaqmnis procesi. amgvari niadagi swrafad kargavs mcenareulobis TviTaRdgenis unars da viTardeba bedlendebi. niadagebis nayofierebas da TviTwmedis unars aseve swrafad amcirebs cxovelTa samyaros cvla an ganadgureba. niadagis mikroorganizmebis Secvlas xSirad paTogenuri baqteriebis gamravleba mosdevs, rac infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebas uwyobs xels. mosavlis aRebis Semdeg niadagi ifiteba (kargavs qimiuri nivTierebebis – azotis, fosforis, kaliumis, kalciumis naerTebs). gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT azoti esaWiroeba bostneul, marcvleul, teqnikur da baRCeul kulturebs. mosavlianobis asamaRleblad an SesanarCuneblad adamiani iZulebulia xelovnurad aRadginos niadagis qimiuri Sedgeniloba. cnobilia, rom yovel heqtar saxnavze wliurad 50 kg azoti SeaqvT, romlis TiTqmis naxevari garemoSi gaibneva. amJamad, adamianis sameurneo saqmianobiT degradirebul miwebTan erTad, swrafad izrdeba eroziis Sedegad saxecvlili da nayofierebadakarguli niadagebiT warmodgenili teritoriebis farTobi. ukanaskneli aswleulis manZilze wylismierma da qarismierma (defliaciam) eroziam moicva 2 ml ha anu msoflios sasoflo-sameurneo 119

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savargulis 1/4-ze meti. erozia globalur problemad iqca. msoflioSi masStabebiT wylismieri erozia gamoirCeva, rasac defliaciasTan SedarebiT niadagis arsebiTi degradaciac SeuZlia. eroziis masStabebiT gamoirCeva ariduli da mTiani regionebi, stepisa da tyestepis bunebrivi zonebi. aq eroziis Sedegad gaudabnoebis procesebi ganviTarda, ramac ukve moicva msoflios mSrali regionebis nayofieri miwebis 60%. gaudabnoebis procesi aqtiuria centralur amerikaSi, samxreT afrikaSi, dasavleT, samxreT da centralur aziaSi. am regionebSi yovlwliurad milionobiT heqtari sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli nayofierebadakargul teritoriad iqceva. dedamiwaze mosaxleobis

zrdasTan erTad matulobs eroziisadmi aramdgradi teritoriebis aTvisebis tempebi, rac maTi degradaciisa, gaudabnoebis da Sedegad - gaudaburebis winapirobaa. gaudabnoebaSi igulisxmeba eqstremalur garemoSi niadagis da mcenareulobis Seuqcevadi transformacia da teritoriis udabnod gadaqcevis procesi. igi istoriuli procesia, romlis drosac bunebis araxelsayreli movlenebi da damianis saqmianoba xels uwyobs ekologiuri viTarebis gauaresebas. gaudabnoebas xels uwyobs primitiuli da eqstensiuri miwaTmoqmedeba, saZovrebis gadaWarbebuli eqsploatacia da sxv. gaudabnoebis procesi sxvadasxva bunebriv garemoSi sxvadasxva faqtors ukavSirdeba. Tumca misi gamowvevi ZiriTadi mizezia niadagebis fizikuri Tvisebebis gauareseba, mcenareulobis ganadgureba, gruntis wylebSi marilebis raodenobis zrda, ekosistemebis TviTaRdgenis unaris Semcireba. gaudabnoebas civilizebulma msofliom landSaftis `sikvdili~ uwoda. gaeros monacemebiT, msoflioSi gaudabnoebam ukve moicva 40 mln ha sarwyavi teritoria, Tanac yovelwliurad 6 mln ha-Ti izrdeba misi masStabebi. gaudabnoeba emuqreba samxreT amerikis teritoriis 10%-s, aziis 19%, afrikis 23% da avstraliis 45%-s. magaliTad, afrikaSi saharis udabno samxreTis mimarTulebiT 6 km/weli siCqariT farTovdeba. amJamad msoflio mosaxleobis 10% cxovrobs gaudabnoebis intensiuri procesebiT cnobil regionebSi.

3.3.7. cocxali samyaros SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ukavSirdeba ekologiuri viTarebis gauaresebas. amJamad TiTqmis mTlianadaa aTvisebuli zomieri sartylis stepebis, tyestepebisa da farTofoTlovani tyis bunebrivi zonebi, subtropikuli sartyeli, sagangaSoa tropikuli tyeebis mdgomareoba. tye inarCunebs msoflio biomravalferovnebis mniSvnelovan nawils. bunebriv tyes, sxva ekosistemebTan SedarebiT, SeuZlia SeinarCunos saxeobaTa maqsimaluri raodenoba. msoflioSi yovelwliurad izrdeba tyis resursebis mopovebis da gamoyenebis masStabebi. marto afrikaSi, ukanasknel saukuneSi, teniani tropikuli tyiT dakavebuli farTobi samjer Semcirda. teniani tropikuli tye msoflios 70 qveyanaSi gvxvdeba, Tumca misi udidesi nawili samxreT amerikis, afrikisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis ganviTarebad qveynebSia warmodgenili. ganviTarebad qveynebSi tyiani teritoriebis aTvisebis masStabebma biomravalferovnebis gaRaribebas Seuwyo xeli. tyis Cexvas gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi Sedegebi mosdevs mTian regionebSi. didi daxrilobis ferdobebxe tyeebis Cexvas geodinamikuri procesebis gaaqtiureba mohyveba, ris gamoc qveynis meurneobis didi danakargebi aqvs. adgilobrivi mosaxleba saTbobis, samSeneblo masalebis, tyis nobaTisa da samkurnalo saSualebaTa gareSe rCeba. utyeo teritoriebze izrdeba zedapiruli Camonadeni da aorTqleba, viTardeba eroziuli procesebi, Sreba wyaroebi. utyeo teritoriebze swrafad icvleba bunebrivi garemo, nadgurdeba cxovelTa samyaro, iwyeba maTi masiuri migracia. 120

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tyis mcenareulobas did safrTxes uqmnis saZovrebis siaxlove, gansakuTrebiT subalpuri mdeloebis gavrcelebis arealebSi. intensiuri Zoveba, droebiT sadgomTa masStabebi da saqonlis dauSvebeli raodenoba pirdapir kavSirSia isedac ekologiuri ganviTarebis zRvarze myofi zeda mTis tyeebis mdgomareobasTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflios umravlesi qveynis kanonmdebloba icavs mas, maRali mTis tyis SenarCuneba kvlav globalur ekologiur problemad rCeba. mniSvnelovan anTropogenur zegavlenas sagareubno tyeebi ganicdian, romlebic msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi faqtobrvad masiuri dasvenebis kerad iqca. gansakuTrebiT izrdeba anTropogenuri datvirTva SabaT-kviras da zafxulis TveebSi, maSin roca milionobiT adamiani sagareubno tyeebs rekreaciuli mizniT iyenebs. tyian teritoriebze masiuri rekreaciuli meurneobis ganviTarebas ukeTes SemTxvevaSi mcenareulobis xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebis da esTetikuri faseulobis Secvla, uares SemTxvevaSi ki sruli degradacia mosdevs. tyeebi izidavs didi raodenobiT damsvenebels, xil-kenkris, sokos da samkurnalo mcenareebis Semgrovebels, monadires Tu mogzaurs. milionobiT turisti tyeebSi gakvaluli erTi da imave marSrutiT, bilikiT da sadgomiT sargeblobs, rac mimdebare tyiani masivebis dabinZurebas da degradacias ganapirobebs. mavne praqtikad iqca zomieri sartylis da mTiani masivebis wiwvovan tyeebSi saaxalwlod naZvis Wra, rasac civilizebuli samyaro mkacri sakanonmdeblo da samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT ebrZvis. dedamiwaze gansakuTrebul degradacias (gardaqmnas) ariduli, mSrali regionebi ganicdis. amgvari teritoriebi ki xmeleTis 1/3-zea warmodgenili. aq mimdinareobs `gaudabnoebis~ procesebi, anu udabno `utevs~ da ikavebs cocxali organizmebis adgilsamyofels. es procesebi intensiuria afrikis, centraluri da wina aziis araerT qveyanaSi. mcenareTa da cxovelTa mravali saxeobis adgilsamyofelia wyal-Waobiani teritoriebi. maT miekuTvneba Waobebi, wyalmarCxi da gatorfebuli adgilebi. garda adgilobrivi saxeobebisa, amgvar teritoriebze Tavs iyrian da isveneben gadamfren frinvelTa gundebi. garda amisa, maT udidesi mniSvneloba aqvT mikroklimatis da tenbrunvis regulirebaSi. msoflioSi swrafad mimdinareobs Warbteniani teritoriebis aTviseba, rasac Zalze uaryofiTi ekologiuri Sedegebi mosdevs. biomravalferovnebis Semcireba aseve ukavSirdeba garemos ekologiur mdgomareobas, gansakuTrebiT atmosferuli haerisa da wylis dabinZurebas. mcenareebsa da cxovelebs ar SeuZliaT icxovron dabinZurebul garemoSi. biomravalferovnebaze moqmedebs iseTi saxeobebis introduqciac, romlebic ucxoa adgilobrivi sasicocxlo garemosTvis, mcenareebisa da cxovelebisaTvis. teritoriis sasoflo-sameurneo aTvisebis SemTxvevaSi, mcenareTa adgilobrivi saxeobrivi mravalferovnebis nacvlad monokulturul teritorias vRebulobT, rasac saboloo jamSi bunebrivi pirobebis srul degradaciamde mivyavarT. aseve saxifaToa cxovelebis introduqciac, radgan SesaZlebelia maT gamoavlinon agresiuli damockidebuleba cxovelTa samyaros adgilobrivi saxeobebis mimarT. cnobilia, rom bunebaSi zogierTi saxeoba gansakuTrebul, sakvanZo rols asrulebs. maTi ganadgureba myisierad moqmedebs mTeli ekosistemis mdgomareobaze, iwvevs mis `ngrevas~. SedarebiT `myifea~ ariduli da arqtikuli regionebis buneba, sadac mxolod ramdenime sakvanZo saxeobaa. amis gamo, aq bunebaTsargebloba gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles moiTxovs. msoflio okeanis biologiuri resursebi, rogorc tipobrivi Sedgenilobis, ise raodenobis mxriv, ramdenjerme aRemateba xmeleTisas. msoflio okeaneSi binad121

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robs 150 aTasi saxeobis cxoveli da 10 aTasi saxeobis mcenare. saxeobebis mixedviT cxovelebidan yvelaze bevria moluskebi (40%), kibosnairebi (15%) da Tevzebi (10%). cocxali organizmebis nawili gadaadgildeba wyalTan erTad (planqtoni), damoukideblad (neqtoni) an cxovrobs okeanis fskerze da gruntSi (benTosi). planqtoni msoflio okenis binadarTa ZiriTadi sakvebia, romelic xelsayrel garemoSi swrafad mravldeba. msoflio okeaneSi biologiuri resursebi araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. misi saxeobrivi Sedgenilobis ZiriTadi nawili gvxdeba ekvatoruli da tropikuli sartylis Selfur zolSi. polaruli wreebis mimarTulebiT saxeobrivi mravalferovneba mcirdeba. cnobilia isic, rom biologiuri resursebiT gamoirCeva msoflio okeanis mxolod 1/4. misi mopovebiT da gadamuSavebiT dakavebulia 10 mln adamiani da 2 mln gemi. miuxedavad msoflio okeanis biologiuri resursebis umniSvnelo raodenobisa, kacobrioba jer kidev araarsebiTad gamoiyenebs mis ZiriTad nawils. amJamad msoflio okeanidan yovelwliurad moipoveba 100 mln tonamde sakvebi, saidanac Tevzebze 85%, xolo uxerxemloebze 8% modis. msoflioSi TevzWeriT gamoirCeva iaponia, peru, aSS, CineTi, norvegia, indoeTi, espaneTi da sxva sazRvao saxelmwifoebi. marto ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze msoflio okeaneSi TevzWera TiTqmis 1/3-iT gaizarda. amJamad msoflio okeaneSi Tevzis rewva xorcieldeba biologiuri resursebiT gamoirCeul yvela akvatoriaSi, Tumca TevzWeris ZiriTadi raionebi msoflio okeanis mxolod 5% moicavs. Tevzis resursebiT gansakuTrebiT mdidaria atlantisa da wynari okeanis zomieri sartylis akvatoria. Tevzis raodenoba ekvatoris da polusebis mimarTulebiT mcirdeba. sarewao mniSvnelobisaa aTeulze meti saxis Tevzi, romelTagan raodenobiT da kvebiTi TvisebebiT gamoirCeva qaSayi, skumbria, stavrida, kambala, xeki da sxv. msoflio okeanis bunebrivi resursebidan aseve didi moTxovnilebiT sargeblobs wyalmcenareebi, romlebsac swrafad gamravlebis unari da didi produqtiuloba gaaCniaT. magaliTad, mikroskopuli qlorela, romelic erT dReSi sakuTar wonasTan SedarebiT 3000-jer izrdeba da 200-jer met Jangbads gamoyofs, floris warmomadgenlebs Soris upirvelesia cximebisa da cilebis SemcvelobiT. zRvis wyalmcenareebi uZvelesi droidan farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc sakvebad, ise samkurnalod da samrewvelo daniSnulebiT. amgvari tradiciebiT msoflioSi CineTi da indoeTi gamoirCeva. aq saukuneebis manZilze rogorc wyalmcenareebidan, ise planqtonidan aTeulobiT dasaxelebis kerZs amzadeben. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi SeiniSneba araerTi saxeobis Tevzis resursis Semcirebis tendencia. msoflioSi yovelwliurad, saSualod 1-2 mln toniT, mcirdeba TevzWeris maCveneblebi. gansakuTrebiT sagangaSo viTarebaa im sazRvao akvatoriebSi, sadac didi raodenobiT moipoveben neqtons da fiqsirdeba sanapiro zolis dabinZureba. dabinZurebiT, garda dasaxlebuli punqtebisa, msxvili portebi da sanaosno arteriebi gamoirCeva. cnobilia, rom yovelwliurad msoflio okeaneSi saSualod 600 aTasi tona navTobi xvdeba, rac iRvreba misi transportirebis, tankerebis avariebis da gadatvirTvisas. okeanes masSi moxvedrili navTobi sanapiro zolSi gamoaqvs, riTac katastrofulad uaresdeba cocxali organizmebis ekologiuri garemo, gamousadegari xdeba plaJi. sanapiro zolSi moxvedrili sayofacxovrebo Tu samrewvelo narCenebi anadgurebs aTeulobiT saxeobis wyalmcenares, romlebsac zRvis binadarni sakvebad iyeneben. saSiSroeba daemuqra im Tevzebis ganayofierebis da qviriTobis arealebsac, romlebic STamomavlobis Sesaqmnelad xmeleTis wylebs an 122

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sanapiro plaJebs iyeneben. wyalSi didi raodenobiT Setivnarebuli qimiuri elementebi xvdeba Tevzis organizmSi, romelTac sakvebad xSiri gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba adamianis mowamvlac gamoiwvios. cnobilia, rom baltiis, iaponiis, aRmosavleT CineTis da sxv. zRvebSi araerTi saxeobis TevzSi aRmoCenilia qimiuri nivTierebis maRali koncentracia, xolo iaponiaSi ukve dafiqsirda zRvis produqtebiT adamianebis mowamvlis 15 aTasi SemTxveva.

3.3.8. bunebrivi movlena zogjer katastrofuli xasiaTis procesad gadaiqceva. magaliTad, didi raodenobiT naleqma SesaZlebelia wyaldidoba gamoiwvios, uecarma daTbobam - zvavebis gaaqtiureba, wnevis ryevam – damangreveli siZlieris qari da a.S. nebismieri bunebrivi movlena da procesi geografiul sivrceSi viTardeba. amitom katastrofuli xasiaTis bunebrivi movlenebis geografiuli Taviseburebis Seswavlasa da prognozirebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. bunebrivi movlenebidan da procesebidan katastrofulia miwisZvra, vulkanis amofrqveva, mewyeri, zvavi, taifuni, wyaldidoba da sxv. TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva geografiul pirobebSi viTardeba da sxvadasxvagvari saSiSroebiT xasiaTdeba. maT erTi ram aerTianebs – isini gansakuTrebiT saSiSia adamianis sicocxlisaTvis. dedamiwaze yovelwliurad fiqsirdeba milionze meti miwisqveSa biZgi. maTgan mniSvnelovani siZlierisaa 20. miwisZvrebis Sedegad dedamiwaze yovelwliurad iRupeba 10 aTasamde adamiani. miwisZvra katastrofuli xasiaTis bunebrivi movlenaa, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios vulkanis amofrqveva, reliefis deformacia, zvavi, mewyeri da cunami. miwisZvra adamianis fsiqikaze damTrgunvelad moqmedebs, rac xSirad misi fsiqikuri aSlilobis (avadmyofobis) mizezic ki xdeba. miwisZvra garkveulwilad socialuri movlenacaa, radgan igi xSiria dedamiwis 1/10-ze, anu iq, sadac cxovrobs msoflio mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari. miwisZvris kera ZiriTadad bunebrivi warmoSobisaa – igi dedamiwis siRrmeSi yalibdeba, rac ganpirobebulia mantiisa da dedamiwis qerqis urTierTdamokidebulebiT (teqtonikuri moZraobiT), maTi drekadobiT. dedamiwis siRrmeSi nebismieri moZraoba dedamiwis qerqSi vertikaluri da horizontuli talRebis saxiT vrceldeba. es talRebi dedamiwis zedapiramde aRweven, rasac xSirad ngreva da msxverpli mosdevs. miwisZvras, garda miwisqveSa moZraobisa, sxva movlenebic (maT Soris adamianis saqmianobac) iwvevs. magaliTad, miwisZvra SeiZleba gamoiwvios vulkanis amofrqvevam, atomuri iaraRis gamocdam (birTvulma afeTqebam), mTebSi didi wyalsacavebis Seqmnam, miwisqveSa bunebrivi resursebis (wiaRiseulis) mopovebam da sxv. adamianis saqmianobiT gamowveuli miwisZvrebi nakleb katastrofulia. miwisZvris siZliereze garkveul gavlenas aseve axdens (amcirebs an zrdis mas) reliefis amgebi qanebis xasiaTi da gruntis wylis donis siaxlove niadagis zedapirTan. adviladSladi qanebis gavrcelebis raionebSi miwisZvris siZliere matulobs da piriqiT, kristaluri qanebis SemTxvevaSi – klebulobs. dedamiwaze miwisZvrebis geografia garkveuli kanonzomierebiT xasiaTdeba. isini xSiria axalgazrda mTebis gavrcelebis arealSi anu iq, sadac mTaTawarmoSobis procesebi kvlav aqtiurad mimdinareobs. dedamiwaze gamoyofen miwisZvrebis gavrcelebis ramdenime sartyels, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania: wynarokeanuri, alpur-himalaiuri, aRmosavleT afrikis, indoeTisa da atlantis Suaokeanuri qedebis sartylebi. miwisZvrebs gansakuTrebiT katastrofuli xasiaTi aqvs wynari da indoeTis okeaneebis periferiebze, swored im adgilebSi, sadac didia mosaxleobis simWidrove da dabalia cxovrebis done. miwisZvris prognozireba anu misi gamovlenis adgilis, droisa da intensivobis 123

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gansazRvra, urTulesi samecniero amocanaa. SedarebiT iolia momavali miwisZvris adgilis garkveva, radgan igi ZiriTadad aqtiuri teqtonikuri moZraobis are-alebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (Tumca konkretuli adgilis dadgena SeuZlebelia). miwisZvris prognozisaTvis mis periodulobas (ganmeorebadobas) akvirdebian. Tu aqtiuri miwisZvrebis raionSi igi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar dafiqsirebula, misi albaToba izrdeba. miwisZvris momaswavebelia Sinaur cxovelTa Taviseburi qcevac (ZaRlebi ucnaurad ymuian, katebi garbian saxlidan). miwisZvris intensivobis winaswari gansazRvra ki praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. bunebrivi katastrofebidan vulkanuri movlenebi da procesebi yvelaze saSineli SedegebiT gamoirCeva. aTeulobiT qalaqi, araerTi kultura Tu civilizacia gaunadgurebia mas. magaliTad sami romauli qalaqis – pompeis, herkulanumisa da stabias istoriac kmara. isini vulkan vezuvis ferflSi `cocxlad~ Caimarxnen I saukuneSi, 79 wels. Zalze masStaburi iyo vulkan krakataus (zondis kunZulebi) 1883 wlis amofrqvevac. misi afeTqebis xma aTasobiT kilometrze ismoda, amotyorcnili ferfli ki, romelic atmosferoSi 100 kilometramde avida, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi gars uvlida dedamiwas. miwisqveSa biZgebis Sedegad ganviTarda cunami, romelmac kunZul iavasa da sumatraze 30 aTasze meti adamianis sicocxle imsxverpla. afeTqebis siZlieris mixedviT vulkani sami saxisaa: SedarebiT mSvidi (havais, islandiisa da sxv.), Zlieri (vezuvi, etna, stromboli da sxv.) da Zalian Zlieri (mon-pele, krakatau da sxv.). dedamiwaze aseulobiT (1300-ze meti) moqmedi vulkania, romelTa umetesoba msoflio okeanis wyalqveSaa. xmeleTze vulkanebis raodenobiT gamoirCeva indoneziis kunZulebi. aq 200 vulkania, romelTa 2/3 moqmedebs kacobriobis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi. dedamiwaze vulkanebis ramdenime sartyelia, romlebic ZiriTadad emTxveva miwisZvrebis gavrcelebis arealebs. maT Soris mniSvnelovania: wynarokeanuri, Suaatlanturi, havais kunZulebis, CrdiloeT xmelTaSuazRviur – mcire aziur – himalaiuri, kordilierebisa da andebis. wynarokeanur sartyelSi moqmed vulkanTa umravlesobaa Tavmoyrili. vulkanis amofrqvevis prognozireba, iseve rogorc miwisZvrisa, Zalze rTulia. amofrqvevas xSirad aswrebs miwisZvra, Tumca cnobilia SemTxvevebic, roca vulkanis moqmedeba uecrad dawyebula. vulkanebis moqmedeba marto katastrofuli xasiaTis araa. maTi moqmedebis Sedegia dedamiwaze arsebuli liTonuri, agreTve Zvirfasi da naxevradZvirfasi qvebis sabadoebi. liTonuri wiaRiseuli ki Seucvleli nedleulia metalurgiisTvis, romlis produqciac gamoiyeneba meurneobis yvela dargSi. vulkanuri procesebiT gamorCeuli raionebi aseve mdidaria Termuli wylebiT, rasac efeqturad iyeneben sayofacxovrebo an samkurnalo miznebisaTvis. garda amisa, araerT qveyanaSi cxel wylebze amuSaveben Tboeleqtrosadgurebs, romlebic iaf eleqtroenergias gamoimuSaveben. vulkanuri ferfli didi raodenobiT Seicavs mineralur nivTierebebs. amis gamo, vulkanis mimdebare teritoriis niadagebi didi nayofierebiT gamoirCeva. adamiani yovelTvis cdilobda maqsimalurad gamoeyenebina aseTi adgilebi, ris gamoc igi vulkanis siaxloves saxldeboda (nax. 5.2.2). amgvari siTamame xSirad tragikulad sruldeba – vulkani adre Tu gvian ~iRviZebs~ da ayvavebul garemos udabur adgilad aqcevs. wyaldidoba mdinareTa xeobebSi, tbebisa Tu zRvebis sanapiroebTan mcxovrebTaTvis kargad nacnobi da xSirad ganmeorebadi bunebrivi procesia. igi xSirad stiqiur ubedurebad gadaiqceva xolme. wyaldidoba anu wylis donis momateba gansakuTrebiT saSiSia mdinaris an zRvis wylis doneze mdebare an mis siaxloves ganlagebuli 124

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dasaxlebebisTvis. gansakuTrebiT saSiSia mTis mdinareebis adideba, rac mis wyalSemkreb auzSi Tovlis intensiur dnobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. 2005 wlis gazafxulze mdinare aragvisa da misi auzis zogierTi mdinaris adidebam ramdenime adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, gaanadgura aTobiT heqtari sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli, waleka xidebi, saqarTvelos samxedro gzis araerTi monakveTi, kavSirgabmulobis da eleqtrogadamcemi xazebi. wyaldidoba erT-erTi udidesi katastrofuli bunebrivi movlenaa. dedamiwaze, bolo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi, wyaldidobebis Sedegad 9 milioni adamiani daiRupa. es maCvenebeli yovelwliurad 7-8 aTasiT izrdeba. gansakuTrebiT katastrofulia es movlena CineTisTvis, romlis teritoriazec intensiuri wvimebiT gamowveuli wyaldidobebi TiTqmis or weliwadSi erTxel aRiniSneba. mdinareebis – xuanxesa da ianZis wyaldidobisas wyliT ifareba aseulobiT kvadratuli kilometri teritoria, TavSesafris gareSe rCeba milionobiT adamiani. yvelaze gamanadgurebeli wyaldidoba mdinare xuanxeze aRiniSna 1887 wels, roca TiTqmis erTi milioni adamiani daiRupa, daitbora 11 qalaqi da 300 sofeli. wyaldidoba Cveulebrivi movlenaa msoflios TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani mdinarisTvis, Tumca isini gansxvavdebian rogorc masStabis, ise sezonebis mixedviT. dedamiwaze wylis katastroful matebasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi da procesebi araerTi geografiuli movleniTa Tu faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs meteorologiur movlenebs – ciklons, qariSxals, uecar daTbobas, Tavsxma wvimebsa da sxv. isini myisierad moqmedeben wylis balansze. amitom, rac ar unda wynar, mdore mdinaresTan vcxovrobdeT, garkveuli sixSiriT mainc mosalodnelia misi adideba. wyaldidobebis erT-erT xelSemwyob faqtorad mdinareTa xeobebSi mcenareulobis, gansakuTrebiT mTis tyeebis ganadgureba iTvleba. Sedegad icvleba wylis balansi, izrdeba zedapiruli Camo-nadeni. wylis zedapiruli Camonadenebis Taviseburebebs aseve ganapirobebs niadagis Sedgeniloba, dasaxlebul punqtSi dabetonebuli Tu moasfaltebuli teritoriis masStabebi, saniaRvre koleqtorebis mdgomareoba da sxv. katastrofuli xasiaTis wylis Semoteva, garda mdinareTa xeobebisa, damaxasiaTebelia okeaneebis, zRvebisa da didi farTobis mqone tbebisTvis. igi ZiriTadad grigaliseburi qarebiT viTardeba. XX saukuneSi, msoflioSi wylis udidesi Semoteva 1970 wels mdinare gangis deltaSi moxda – 10 metris simaRlis talRam ukan Semoabruna aziis erT-erTi udidesi mdinaris wylebi, daiRupa 1.5 milioni adamiani, daitbora 20 aTasi kv km teritoria, gadairecxa aseulobiT dasaxleba. wyaldidobis Semdeg aseul aTasobiT adamiani SimSiliTa da sxvadasxva infeqciiT daiRupa. imave mizezebiT, araerTi katastrofa momxdara evropis sanapiro zolSic (holandiaSi, did britaneTSi, germaniaSi) Tumca isini gacilebiT mcire masStabebis iyo. wyalqveSa okeanuri miwisZvrebi iwvevs cunams, rasac katastrofuli Sedegebi mosdevs. marto wynar okeaneSi, qristes Sobidan dRemde, 1000-ze meti cunamia aRwerili, rasac 100 aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle Seewira. miwisqveSa biZgebis Sedegebi araerTxel (saSualod 7-8 weliwadSi erTxel) igrZnes xmelTaSuazRvis sanapiro zolis mcxovreblebmac, romelTagan uZlieresi (10 balis siZlieris) 1693 wlis 9 ianvars dafiqsirda kunZul siciliis aRmosavleT sanapiros midamoebSi. cunamis Sedegad ganadgurda ramdenime sofeli, Seicvala sanapiro zoli, xmeleTze aRmoCnda meTevzeTaTvis ucnobi cxovelebi da Tevzebi. cunamis Sedegad: 1. xmeleTis zedapirze gamodis zRvis (okeanis) fskeruli naleqebi da sila; 2. icvleba wylis temperatura, rasac 125

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mosdevs klimaturi anomaliebi (normidan gadaxra); 3. wyalSi fenobrivad gadaadgildeba cocxali samyaro; 4. warmoiqmneba Tanamdevi talRebi, rasac xSirad aseve katasrofuli xasiaTi aqvs. cunamis prognozireba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. igi

kvlav rCeba msoflios araerTi regionis problemad. 3.3.9. teqnogenuri katastrofebi kacobriobis istoriaSi araerTxel aRniSnula, Tumca maTi sixSire gansakuTrebiT gaizarda ukanasknel wlebSi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom momravlda iseTi teqnogenuri katastrofebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT bunebriv garemoSi Seuqcevadi procesebis ganviTareba, adamianis janmrTelobisTvis gamousworebeli zianis miyeneba. yvelaze saSiS teqnogenur katastrofas atomur eleqtrosadgurebze momxdari afeTqeba da mis Sedegad garemoSi radioaqtiuri elementebis gafrqveva miekuTvneba. msoflioSi yvelaze masStaburad 1986 wlis 26 aprilis Cernobilis (ukraina) da 2011 wels fukuSimas (iaponia) atomuri eleqtrosadguris avaria iTvleba, Tumca manamde msgavsi katastrofa ruseTsa (1957 w.) da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic (1979 w.) moxda. atomur eleqtrosadgurebze momxdari sxva iseTi avariebicaa cnobili, romlebic zemoaRniSnuls mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeba. garemoSi radioaqtiuri elementebis moxvedra SesaZlebelia e.w. radioaqtiuri narCenebis ~samarxebidanac~. bunebrivi garemo aseve Zlier dabinZurebulia im raionebSi, sadac xSirad tardeboda atomuri iaraRis gamocda. bunebrivi garemosTvis katastrofulia navTobmzid tankerebze momxdari avaria. zRvaSi CaRvrili navTobi faravs uzarmazar sivrces, anadgurebs yovelive cocxals, gamousworebel zians ayenebs sanapiro zols. 1978 wels atlantis okeaneSi, safrangeTis sanapiroebTan, kldesTan Sejaxebis Sedegad, Suaze gaipo tankeri `amoko kadisi~. 230 aTasi tona navTobis CaRvras 2 aTas kv2-ze giganturi apkis formireba mohyva, ramac evropis istoriaSi udidesi ekologiuri katastrofa ga-moiwvia. msgavsi

ekologiuri katastrofebi dafiqsirda sparseTisa da meqsikis yureebSi, kaliforniis sanapiroebTan da sxv. amrigad, mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTarebis problematika sxvadasxvagvari safrTxeebis Tanadroulad icvleba. agvari problematikidan da safrTxeebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia: 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 126

msoflio ekonomikis swrafi zrda da samecniero-teqnikuri progresi (rac ganapirobebs bunebrivi resursebis da garemos masStabur gamoyenebas); garemos dabinZureba da xSirad, Seuqcevadi degradacia; demografiuli procesebi (msoflio mosaxleobis swrafi zrda, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad samyaroSi xels uwyobs mosaxleobis maRal koncentracias); siRaribis zRvars miRma arsebuli mosaxleobis xvedriTi wilis da raodenobis zrda (rac xels uwyobs bunebrivi resursebis ararcionalur da mtaceblur gamoyenebas, qmnis socialur da ekonomikur daZabulobas); samxedro da politikuri dapirispireba (cxeli wertilebis raodenobis da saomari moqmedebebis sivrcis zrda); msoflio gadanawilebis tendenciebi (dapirispirebis axali arealebis gaCena da interesebis sferoebis cvlileba); klimatis cvlilebis TvalsaCino tendenciebi (temperaturis da naleqebis cvlilebis Seuqcevadi xasiaTi); sasicocxlo sivrcis Semcireba (saxnavi miwis da soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli wylis resursebis Semcirebisa da degradaciis fonze);

Tavi 3. mdgradi ganviTarebis globaluri problemebi

9. mavne nivTierebebis raodenobis da dagrovebis arealebis zrda (garemos dabinZurebis masStabebis zrda, rac safrTxes uqmnis bunebrivi landSaftebis ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebas); 10. sasmeli wylis xarisxis gauareseba (rac ganapirobebs mosaxleobis janmrTelobis da sicocxlis xangrZlivobis gauaresebas); 11. gaudabnoebis Seuqcevadi procesebi (rac ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba mcenareuli safaris degradacias); 12. msoflio biomravalferovnebis degradacia (florisa da faunis araerTi saxeobis gadaSenebis safrTxis zrda, bunebrivi landSaftebis xvedriTi wilis Semcireba - msoflioSi degradirebuli da aTvisebulia xmeleTis 2/3. regionebis da qveynebis mixedviT suraTi amgvaria: evropaSi pirvandeli bunebrivi garemo SenarCunebulia saerTo farTobis 4%-ze, iaponiaSi - 0%-ze, aSS-Si - 5%-ze, indoeTSi - 1%-ze da a.S.); 13. qimiurad dabinZurebuli da genetikurad modificirebuli sakvebi produqtebis gamoyenebis swrafi zrda (iwvevs adamianis imunuri sistemis da janmrTelobis gauaresebas); 14. bunebrivi da teqnogenuri katastrofebis raodenobis da masStabebis zrda (rac ganapirobebs arnaxul adamianur da materialur zarals); 15. ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi samyaros TvalsaCino disproporcia da dapirispirebis zrda (CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis socialur-ekonomikuri disproporcia. amJamad ganviTarebul, e.w. CrdiloeTis da dasavleTis saxelmwifoebSi cxovrobs msoflio mosaxleobis 1/5, romelic moixmars mopovebuli bunebrivi resursebis 4/5-ze mets).

3.4. globaluri politikuri problemebi Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi umTavresi globaluri problemaa birTvuli omis Tavidan acileba da sayovelTao mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa. es nomer pirvel globalur problemad moiazreboda civi omis periodSi da yvela sxva problema masTan mimarTebaSi ganixileboda. bipolaruli sistemis rRvevasa da civi omis dasrulebasTan erTad, msoflio birTvuli omis saSiSroeba mkveTrad Sesustda da misi albaToba axla gacilebiT naklebia. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom sayovelTao mSvidoba garantirebulia da atomuri omis saSiSroeba saerTod aRar arsebobs. birTvuli katastrofis safrTxe kvlav mniSvnelovania da brZola birTvuli ganiaraRebisTvis kacobriobis erT-erT umTavres amocanad rCeba. birTvuli da Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis Semcireba kvlav gadauWrel problemad rCeba. am mimarTulebiT progresi ar SeimCneva da arc axali xelSekrulebebi dadebula. metic, ukanasknel dros saxifaTo tendencia gamoikveTa: kerZod, ruseTma zogierT adre nakisri xelSekrulebis Sesrulebaze uari Tqva da calmxrivad SeaCera samxedro bazebis likvidaciisa da Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis Semcirebis programa. paralelurad mimdinareobs atomuri SeiaraRebis zrda da modernizacia, rac seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs. meore msoflio omis Semdeg sagrZnoblad gaizarda SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis ricxvi. es TviT saxelmwifoTa raodenobis zrdasTan aris dakavSirebuli. axali, damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis absoluturi umravlesoba yofili koloniuri qveynebi (aziisa da afrikis saxelmwifoebi) an totalitaruli imperiebisa da avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis (sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia) nawili iyo. maT Soris sazRvrebi TviTneburad, metropoliebis mier gaivlo, ramac uamravi problema warmoS127

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va. mezobeli qveynebis umravlesobas erTmaneTis mimarT teritoriuli pretenziebi aqvs, bevri qveynis SigniT ki sakmaod Zlieria separatistuli ganwyoba. yovelive es konfliqtebis warmoqmnisa da gaRrmavebisTvis noyier niadags qmnis. konfliqtebis umravlesobas lokaluri xasiaTi aqvs da farTomasStabian samxedro operaciebs ar iTvaliswinebs. umravles SemTxvevaSi igi adgilobrivi mniSvnelobisaa, sadac partizanul brZolas da terorizms sakmaod didi adgili uWiravs; Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi konfliqti ufro Zneli gadasawyvetia, vidre saerTaSoriso konfliqti. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom XX saukunis meore naxevarSi mimdinare saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis 55% mogvarda molaparakebis magidasTan, maSin, roca Sida konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi es maCvenebeli 20%-s ar aRemateba. amitomacaa, rom konfliqtSi monawile mxareebi xSir SemTxvevaSi cdiloben moaxdinon konfliqtis internacionalizacia. zogadad, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtebis mizezebi sam jgufad SeiZleba daiyos: • • •

konfliqti eTnikur an religiur umravlesobasa da umciresobas Soris, roca umciresoba iTxovs met avtonomias an srul damoukideblobas; samoqalaqo omi, romelic provocirebulia gare Zalebis mier, raTa xelisuflebaSi moiyvanos maTTvis misaRebi mTavroba; uunaro xelisuflebis pirobebSi e.w. arSemdgari saxelmwifoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba sxvadasxva klanur-mafiozur da danaSaulebriv jgufebs Soris calkeuli regionebze Tu ekonomikis dargze (maT Soris, narkotikebis warmoebaze da gatanaze) kontrolis mosapoveblad.

samoqalaqo omi yvelaze sastiki da amoraluri omia, romelsac uamravi msxverpli mohyveba da romelmac SeiZleba erTmaneTs samkvdro-sasicocxlod daapirispiros ojaxis wevrebic ki. saerTaSoriso terorizmi Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi uaRresad seriozuli da mwvave globaluri problemaa, romlis winaaRmdeg brZola sayovelTao amocanad iqca. teroris ganxorcieleba sxvadasxva meTodiT xdeba da teroristebis miznebic SeiZleba mkveTrad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan. magram yvela SemTxvevaSi terorizmi aris sakuTari miznis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli Zaladoba, romelic xorcieldeba ukiduresi formiT (mkvleloba, daWra, afeTqeba, gataceba, mZevlebis ayvana da a.S.). es aris uaRresad mZime danaSauli, romelic mudmiv SiSSi amyofebs rogorc mosaxleobas, ise xelisuflebas da kritikul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs qveyanas. terorizmi sayovelTao, globalur safrTxed iqca ukanasknel aTwleulebSi, roca man saerTaSoriso terorizmis forma miiRo da mTel msoflios daemuqra. amitom mis winaaRmdeg brZola SeuZlebelia erTi romelime qveynis an qveyanaTa jgufis farglebSi da mTeli kacobriobis erTian Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. saerTaSoriso terorizmi Tanamedrove formiT XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda, xolo 90-ian – 2000-ian wlebSi sayovelTao, globalur safrTxed iqca. miuxedavad imisa, rom 80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan terorizmis SemTxvevebis saerTo raodenobam iklo, TviTon teroristuli aqtebi ufro masStaburi da sastiki gaxda. marto niu-iorkis `tyupebze~ 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebulma teroristulma aqtma 3500-ze meti adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. manamde yvelaze msxverplianad iTvleboda 1999 weli, roca 400-mde teroristuli aqtis Sedegad 939 kaci daiRupa. 128

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Tanamedrove terorizmi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia religiur-fundamentalisturi da eTnikur-tomobrivi politikuri organizaciebis samxedro jgufebis saxiT. zogierT regionSi (ZiriTadad samxreT amerikaSi) kvlav mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs memarcxene teroristuli jgufebi, agreTve narkotikebis warmoebasTan da gasaRebasTan dakavSirebuli kriminaluri teroristuli organizaciebi. gansakuTrebul safrTxed msofliosaTvis da, kerZod, dasavleTis qveynebisaTvis (pirvel rigSi, aSSTvis) iqcnen islamisturi teroristuli organizaciebi.

3.4.1. adamianis uflebebi oTx ZiriTadad kategoriad iyofa: pirovnuli, politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri, kulturuli. pirovnul uflebebs miekuTvneba: sicocxlis ufleba, Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis ufleba, pirad cxovrebaSi Caurevlobis ufleba, pirovnuli Rirsebis dacvis ufleba, Tavdacvis ufleba, sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba, sindisis Tavisufleba, rwmenis Tavisufleba, erovnebisa da enis arCevis Tavisufleba, gadaadgilebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevis Tavisufleba, kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba. politikuri uflebebia: sityvis Tavisufleba, informaciis miRebis Tavisufleba, gaerTianebebis Seqmnis da masSi monawileobis ufleba, krebisa da mitingebis Tavisufleba, demostraciisa da msvlelobebis Tavisufleba, sajaro samsaxuris ufleba, moqalaqeobis ufleba, saarCevno ufleba. socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebi: mewarmeobis ufleba, Sromis ufleba, ojaxis ufleba, socialuri uzrunvelyofis ufleba, janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba, rvasaaTiani samuSao dRis ufleba, binis ufleba, dasvenebis ufleba. kulturul uflebebs miekuTvneba ganaTlebis ufleba, Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba, kulturul cxovrebaSi monawileobis ufleba, akademiuri Tavisufleba, ekologiurad jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba. adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebuli bevri sakvanZo cneba gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba sxvadasxva civilizaciebis mier. magaliTad, Tavisufleba aradasavlur civilizaciebSi niSnavs Tavis nebaze yofnas: `vakeTeb imas, rac minda da es aravis saqme ar aris~. igi aRiqmeba, rogorc saSualeba, Tavi aarido pasuxismgeblobas Sens namoqmedarze. Tavisuflebis aseTi gageba dasavleTSi warmoudgenelia. aq TavisuflebaSi igulsxmeba arCevanis Tavisufleba, `aucileblobis gacnobiereba~, romelic gulisxmobs urTierTkavSirs: rac ufro Tavisufali xar _ miT meti pasuxismgebloba gekisreba. rac Seexeba Tanasworobas, igi TviT dasavleTSic ki sakmaod pirobiTi cnebaa. formalurad, kanonis ZaliT miliardelisa da maTxovris Svilebi Tanasworni arian, magram realurad maT sruliad gansxvavebuli uflebebi aqvT. bevri ufleba, romelic adamians konstituciiT aqvs miniWebuli, xorcieldeba im xarisxiT, risi ekonomikuri SesaZleblobac moqalaqes aqvs. gansakuTrebiT seriozul, globalur problemas warmoadgens adamianis uflebebis uxeSi darRveva xelisuflebis mier. qveynebi, sadac ilaxeba moqalaqeebis konstituciuri uflebebi, miiCneva arademokratiul saxelmwifoebad da maT SeiZleba garkveuli sanqciebi dauwesdeT. dasavleTis qveynebi amtkiceben, rom aziis, afrikis da laTinuri amerikis mraval qveyanaSi uxeSad irRveva adamianis uflebebi, maSin, roca TviT am qveynebSi mtkiced swamT, rom araviTari darRveva ar xdeba da is, rac dasavleTs miuReblad miaCnia, savsebiT Cveulebrivi da tradiciulia adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis. 129

CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT

An essential challenge for sustainable development is global problems. They are divided into economic, social, environmental and political problems. The global problems have a universal nature and they have an impact on all regions and states of the world. They are mutually connected and influence the trends of the societal development. A geographical layer is an interconnected system of the society and the nature. As a result, the natural phenomena and processes have an immediate impact on the societal activities and vice versa. The same is true with the public processes as well. The economic situation influences the incomes, migration and health of the population, cooperation between the states, etc. Solution of the global problems is the primary objective of the world society allowing reaching sustainable development. A number of scientific branches study the global problems, with geography playing the decisive role among them. The study of the spatial and time peculiarities of economic, social, ecological and political processes is the main objective of geography. This is why geography can reveal both, global and regional and local problems of sustainable development best of all. The global economic problems are: the problems of smooth economic development of the regions, decentralization, distribution and consumption, incomes, economic specialization, trade, communications, etc. The global social problems are: demographic, educational, ethnic, health and employment problems, as well as the problems of religions, crime, etc. The global environmental problems are: problems of environmental protection, rational use of resources, protection of biodiversity, global climate change, desertification, maintenance and restoration of forests, land degradation, natural risks, technogenic catastrophes, etc. The global political problems are: problems of conflicts and prevention of military actions, fight against terrorism, improving democracy and maintaining peace, disarmament, human rights, opposition between the military blocks, occupation, refugees and other issues. The global problems influence the trends and opportunities of the sustainable development of Georgia. It is hard to single out any of them, although theyare decisive political problems for the country’s sovereignty and independence. Threatening among such problems are regional conflicts in the Caucasia and Near East, military oppositions between the NATO and the CIS countries, irreversible process of occupation of our country, separatism of the Abkhazians and Osetians, flows of refugees, etc. Presently, the main problem of the country is the restoration of the territorial integrity. The problems related to democracy, human rights, defense of equity, power security, social inequality, drug use, demography, protection of natural and cultural problems are no less important.

3.1. Global economic problems The most important economic problem is the energy problems. At present, they acquire a global nature and are essentially associated with all branches of sustainable development. Both, the scales of obtaining power sources and the dependence of dozens of countries on the incomes gained from the realization of power resources, aspiration of the developed countries to imported resources, etc. increase permanently. The main part of the power resources (oil, gas, peat, coal) are exhaustible and unless the scales of their exploitation are not changed in the future, the supplies will be exhausted, or will be made 130

Chapter 3. Global problems of Development

extremely expensive after some decades. The situation can be partly rescued by using new technologies, supporting the non-traditional types of energy and their rational use. The problem of raw materials is a permanent concern of the humankind, although it acquired a global nature in the last decades. It is associated both, with power and metal and non-metal resources, timber, various chemical raw materials, etc. Most of them are exhaustible and expensive to obtain what may become a global problem in the near future. Mining industry is associated with a number of ecological problems, as many kinds of resources are subject to open-pit mining. It is true that open-pit mining reduces the prime cost of the production, but it leads to the total ecocide. Overcoming the economic backwardness of the developing countries is one of the important challenges of the modern world. This is a problem for most countries of the world and the majority of the world population. As a result, the developed countries and the whole world also have problems. There are approximately 150 developing countries in the world (what is over ¾ of the world states). The absolute majority of these countries were colonies in the past what is one of the reasons for their backwardness and on-sided development. The Asian and African countries, which were not colonies in the past, but show no less (if not a greater) economic backwardness than the former colonies, are among them. Presently, they distinguish between the core, peripheral and semi-peripheral countries. Developed countries, i.e. the First World countries, as well as some former Socialist countries are core countries, while developing countries (Third World countries) are peripheral countries. Semi-peripheral are the developing countries, which, with their level of development and GDP per capita, have advanced a lot almost keeping up with the developed countries (so called new industrial countries and oil-mining Arab states). A great number of Post-Socialist and Post-Soviet countries also belong to this category. Some of them are expected to shift to the core category, while most of them are expected to be a part of the peripheral countries. In recent years, term “global south” is increasingly used to denote the developing countries (the Third World or peripheral countries), thus underlying the fact that the absolute majority of the developing countries are located in the southern hemisphere, unlike the developed countries (core, or the First World countries), which are mostly found in the northern hemisphere and their set is known as “the Global North”.

3.2. Global social problems The most important of the global social problems is the hunger and malnutrition. Famine has two forms: chronic hunger or poor nutrition (when a human organism does not receive the sufficient amount of substances, it exhausts, weakens and often ails with different deceases) and another form is total hunger associated with extreme events (crop failure, drought, flood, war, etc.) and results in the mass population death. As the World Health Organization estimates, an average daily ration must be no less than 2400-2500 kilocalories. The daily ration less than 1800 kilocalories is an indicator of a poor nutrition or half-hunger and the daily ration of 1000 Kcal is a critical limit indicating a total hunger. In addition to the number of kilocalories, the necessary condition for the adequate nutrition is the adequate structure of the ration. In particular, a man must receive at least 100 gr of proteins (of animal origin first of all) and fixed amount of fats, carbons and vitamins. If any of these are less than the fixed standard, the nutrition is considered as malnutrition. As per the data of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, at the beginning of the XXI century, the average daily ration of 30% of the world population was less than 1800 kilocalories; additional 20% received the sufficient amount of calories, but suffered from the lack of proteins. Thus, half of the world population suffers from malnutrition, while the specific weight of those suffering from total hunger or being at the critical limit, is 1/10 of the world population. 131

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Food problem is mainly seen in the developing countries. However, some states have had great success in the agricultural development and food provision. Many developing countries, owing to so called “Green Revolution”, could satisfy their own needs for food either totally, or almost totally. However, the specific weight of the products of animal origin is still low in their rations, and their vegetable diet is mostly presented by some two kinds of food (e.g. 70-80% of the ration is made up of rice in South Asia). Despite certain success, the population’s food provision is still one of the severest global problems in the developing countries (and worldwide). Geography of famine in general, presents quite a logical picture. The “zone” of poor nutrition covers quite a wide spectrum of the developing countries, with two poles identified in it: Tropic Africa and South Asia. With the absolute number, South Asia is a leader, where approximately 300 million people (over 20% of the region) are victims of malnutrition. Specific weight of the starving people is highest in Tropical Africa, where this indicator is more than one-third of the population. Poverty, unemployment and homelessness are among the global problems. The modern world is characterized by a great unequality in the material wealth and wellbeing of the citizens. The population poverty is determined by such factors, as the level of unemployment, living conditions, basket of goods, etc. It is also interesting that poverty is a relative concept and if a certain level of income or living conditions in one country is a sign of obvious poverty, they may be considered as a norm in another country. Health problem is one of the most important and oldest global social problems in the world. Low level of development of medicine, poor sanitary and hygienic conditions, economic and social backwardness were the reasons contributing to the high mortality rate and mass diseases. In recent decades, the social-economic situation and sanitary and hygienic conditions in the world have improved a lot and there has been a significant progress in the development of medicine. Consequently, certain achievements are clearly seen: rate of mortality has decreased, average life expectancy has increased, the threat of epidemics has decreased significantly and the cases of a number of diseases have been minimized. Despite this, in many regions of the world no significant progress is seen in this direction, while in other regions showing an obvious progress with many diseases virtually liquidated, a trend of an increase of other diseases has occurred. Thus, a problem of healthcare is still an extremely serious global problem.

3.3. Global Ecological problems A number of negative results of the relationship between the nature and the society have been made asubject of alarm since the 1980s. Following the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Rio de Janeiro Summit of 1992, the world paid attention to the global environmental changes, man’s special role in the degradation of the natural component and the whole geographical layer, natural calamities and disastrous processes, need for sustainable environmental development and topical issues. Thus, sustainable development, with environmental protection and rational nature use as one of its main parts, is an extremely important problem of the humankind. At present, they talk more often about the expected global ecological crisis, which the mankind will face in the mid-XXI century. The global economic crisis will be inevitably followed by the economic crisis, wide spread of epidemics and oncologic diseases, deterioration of the foodstuff and drinking water quality and rapid population growth. A number of mineral resources are being exhausted gradually, without the rational and alternative use of which, the world will face the raw material deficit in the 2030s. Due to this, the scales of using thermal and wind energy increase rapidly, new chemical compounds are received and new plants and equipment are designed. This approach will reduce the scales of the pollution and degradation of the natural environment a lot. For centuries, the mankind has been concerned with the problem of mining and exhaustion of a number of natural resources. In the middle centuries, a man used 19 chemical elements, in the 1850s, 50 chem132

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ical elements were used, and in the XX century, people used all the elements found on the Earth and given in the periodic table. The history of using the natural resources shows that people obtained them to receive mainly three products: foodstuff, raw materials and energy. To date, the mankind still manages to meet its needs in all three fields to a great extent. The peculiarities and scales of obtaining any resource or energy are associated with their reserves, cost of mining, environmental impact, social-economic outcomes and state security. In respect of these factors, the mining and use of the natural resources has both, advantages and disadvantages. As the society developed, both, the scales and types of the natural resource use changed. If in the middle centuries, the main source of energy was firewood, the main fuel and energy resource in the XIX century was charcoal, which, in the XX century, was replaced first, by oil and then, by natural gas and electrical power. If in the middle centuries, the forest resources were mostly destroyed to extend the areas of the agricultural plots, obtain coal or build the ships, in the XIX century, forest resources were used to make paper and in the XX century, they were used to make artificial fiber and alcohol. Moreover, since the end of the last century, the forest resources, in addition to the above-mentioned, became one of the major raw materials of the chemical industry. If until the mid-XX century, fishing industry was mainly spread in the coastal line of seas and oceans, later, as the navigation developed and fishing flotilla was technically renewed, this process was transferred to the open sea. Thus, the problems of sustainable development change together with the environmental threats. Particularly important of these problems and threats are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13.

Swift growth of the world economy and scientific-technical progress (resulting in the extensive exploitation of natural resources and environment). Environmental pollution and often, irreversible degradation. Demographic processes (swift growth of the world population, particularly in the developing world contributes to the high population concentration). Growing specific weight and number of the population beyond the poverty line (contributing to the irrational and rapacious use of natural resources and causing the social and economic stress). Military and political opposition (an increasing number of hot points and expanding military action areas). Trends of world distribution (occurrence of the new areas of opposition and change of the fields of interests). Obvious trends of the climate change (irreversible nature of the change in temperature and precipitations). Decreased living area (on the background of the decreased and degraded arable lands and water resources used in agriculture). Increasing amounts and gathering areas of harmful substances (increasing scales of environmental pollution, threatening the maintenance of the ecological balance of the natural landscapes). Deterioration of the drinking water quality (resulting in the deterioration of the population heath and life expectancy). Irreversible processes of desertification (mostly associated with the degradation of the vegetation cover). Degradation of world biodiversity (increasing threat of extinction of flora or fauna species, reduction of the specific weight of natural landscapes, 2/3 of the degraded and exploited land in the world. The picture according to the regions and countries is as follows: 4% of the total area of the original natural environment is preserved in Europe; 0% is preserved in Japan, 5% is preserved in the USA, 1% is preserved in India, etc.). Rapidly increasing use of chemically polluted and genetically modified foodstuff (leading to the deterioration of a human’s immune system and health). 133

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14. Increasing numbers and scales of natural and technogenic catastrophes (resulting in unimaginable human and material losses). 15. Disproportion and increasing opposition between the developed and the developing countries (social-economic disproportion between the North and the South, the West and the East. At present, in the developed, so called Northern and Western states, there lives 1/5 of the world population using over 4/5 of the obtained natural resources).

3.4. Global political problems One of the main global problems of the modern times is the prevention of the nuclear war and making universal peace in the world. This was considered a number one global problem during the Cold War with all other problems considered in relation to it. Following the collapse of the bipolar system and end of the Cold War, the threat of the world nuclear war decreased a lot and its probability is even less now. However, this does not mean that the universal peace is guaranteed and there is no threat of nuclear war at all. The threat of nuclear catastrophe is still great, and the fight for nuclear disarmament is still one of the main objectives of the mankind. Since the Second World War, the number of armed conflicts decreased a lot. This is associated with the increasing number of states. The absolute majority of the new independent states were colonial countries (Asian and African countries) or a part of totalitarian empires and authoritarian states (the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia). The borders between them were drawn by the metropolitan countries in a self-willed manner causing in a number of problems. The majority of the neighboring countries have territorial claims to one another and the separatism is quite strong in some countries. All these form a good basis for the conflict origination and deepening. International terrorism is one of the most serious and severest global problems of present and fighting against it has become a universal objective. Terror is realized by various methods and the goals of terrorists may also differ a lot, but in any case, terrorism is the violence used to achieve one’s goal taking its extreme forms (murder, wounding, explosion, kidnapping, taking hostages, etc.). It is an extremely grave crime bringing permanent fear to the people and country authorities and putting the country in an extreme situation. Terrorism has become a universal global threat in recent decades when it acquired a form of international terrorism and threatened the whole world. Therefore, it is impossible to fight against it within the limits of some or other country or group of countries and needs the combined efforts of the whole mankind. Human rights are divided into four categories: personal, political, social-economic and cultural. Personal rights are: right to life, right to liberty and immunity, right to respect for private life, right for the protection of personal dignity, right of self-defense, right for the immunity of the living area, freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, freedom of nationality and language, freedom of movement and to choose living place, right to private property. Political rights are:freedom of speech, freedom to receive information, right to establish associations and participate in them, freedom of gatherings and meetings, freedom of demonstrations and manifestations, right to public service, right of citizenship, electoral right. Social-cultural rights are: right to production, right to work, right to family, right to social security, right to health, right to eight-hour working day, right to apartment, right to rest. Cultural rights are: right to education, freedom of creation, right to participate in cultural life, academic freedom, right to a healthy environment. 134

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mosaxleobis adgilobrivi energiiT uzunvelyofis xarisxi

navTobis transportirebis mimarTulebebi

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eqsportis saxeebi

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erToblivi erovnuli produqti, 2017 weli

degradaciis xarisxi (landSaftis cvlileba)

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wylis resursebis ganawileba

mosaxleobis raodenobis anamorfoza, 2050 wlisTvis

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mSvidobismoyvareobis globaluri indeqsi (wiTeli feri – Zalian dabali)

daZabulobis krebi (maqsimaluri – wiTeli feri)

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4.1. kavkasia: mcire istoriul – geografiuli eqskursi kavkasia msoflios erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi bunebrivi, ekologiuri, geopolitikuri, religiuri, eTnikuri, satranspotro da sxv. gzajvaredinia. igi mdebareobs aRmosavleT evropas, axlo aRmosavleTs, centralur aziasa da CrdiloeT afrikas Soris. tradiciulad, kavkasiis CrdiloeT sazRvars atareben yuma-maniCis Rrmulze (depresiaze), dasavleT sazRvars – Sav da azovis zRvebze, samxreTs – TurqeTis da iranis administraciul sazRvarze, aRmosavleTs ki kaspiis zRvaze. amgvari TvalsazrisiT kavkasiis SedgenilobaSia oTxi saxelmwifo, regionis farTobi 440 aTas km2, mosaxleoba 35 mln kacs, xolo mosaxleobis simWidrove TiTqmis 80 kaci/ km2-ze Seadgens. amJamad, saerTaSoriso ekologiuri organizaciebis mier, kavkasia ganixileba rogorc msoflios erT-erTi da mniSvnelovani ekoregioni, geografiuli warmonaqmni da sivrce, romelic moicavs 6 saxelmwifos teritorias: ruseTis samxreT-dasavleT nawils (CrdiloeT kavkasia), samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs – saqarTvelos, azerbaijans da somxeTs, TurqeTis CrdiloeT-aRmosavleT nawils da iranis CrdiloeT-dasavleT nawils. amgvari TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiis farTobi 580 aTas km2 Seadgens. kavkasiis bunebrivi garemos da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis istoriul-geografiuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebani rTuli, mravalmxrivi da saintereso procesia. gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi iyo sabWoTa periodi, rodesac erTis mxriv – SeCerda eTnikuri dapirispirebebi da teritoriuli pretenziebi, meores mxriv ki kavkasiis qveynebis damoukidebeli ganviTarebis da maTi erovnuli interesebis gatarebis saSualeba. am periodSi izrdeboda mosaxleobis raodenoba, viTardeboda mrewveloba da transporti, soflis meurneoba da kultura, Tumca sruliad uyuradRebod rCeboda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebi, moTxovnebi da iniciativebi, sagareo da regionuli vaWroba, saerTaSoriso socialuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da sxv. kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis meurneoba erTmaneTze iyo damokidebuli nedleulis da warmoubuli produqciis gadanawilebiT. kavkasiis regionis ekonomika orientirebuli iyo rogorc energetikul, ise soflis meurneobis, metalurgiis, manqanaTmSeneblobis da sakurorto meurneobis upirates ganviTarebaze. sabWoTa periodis dasasrulisTvis miRweuli iyo warmoebis da cxovrebis donis sakmaod maRali maCveneblebi, rac garkveuli periodis manZilze (sabWoTa sistemis Secvlis Semdeg), mosaxleobis Semosavlebis da meurneobis SenarCunebis garkveul winapirobas warmoadgenda. amgvari viTareba swrafad Seicvala kavkasiis qveynebis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, rasac eTnikuri dapirispireba, samxedro konfliqtebi, pirveladi moxmarebis produqciis mkveTri Semcireba, sawarmoo kavSirebis Sewyveta, mrewvelobis sruli degradacia da importze damokidebulebis masStaburi zrda mohyva. analogiur viTarebaSi aRmoCnda soflis meurneoba, romelmac dakarga gasaRebis bazrebi da warmoebuli produqciis kvebis mrewvelobaSi gadamuSavebis saSualeba. gadaiketa ZiriTadi satransporto arteriebi, Cveulebriv movlenad iqca bunebrivi 140

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resursebis dataceba, mosaxleobis iZulebiTi migracia, socialuri siduxWire, inflacia da sxva msgavsi procesebi, ramac mkveTrad Seamcira regionis mdgradi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. mxolod gasuli saukunis bolodan SeimCneoda garkveuli winsvla meurneobi calkeuli dargebis ganviTarebaSi, rac daukavSirda maTi sawarmoo specializaciis cvlas da axali ekonomikuri kavSirebis damyarebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom regioni mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, gamoirCeva xelsayreli niadagur-klimaturi pirobebiT, bunebrivi da istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreobiT, kavkasiis qveynebi neli tempebiT viTardeba da problemebi eqmneba mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis droul realizacias. regionis qveynebis mdgradi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba garkveuli istoriuli problematikiT xasiaTdeba. magaliTad, saqarTvelosa da somxeTisTvis problemad rCeba mciremiwianoba da energetikuli resursebis arqona, CrdiloeT kavkasiisTvis – eTnokulturuli siWrele, azerbaijanisTvis – wylis resursebis deficiti da a.S. amave dros, saqarTvelo gamoirCeva tyis da wylis resursebiT, somxeTi – sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT, azerbaijani – navTobisa da gazis maragebiT, CrdiloeTi kavkasia ki yvela zemoTaRniSnuli sikeTeebiT da nayofieri miwis resursebiT. kavkasiis xelsayreli satransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba warmoaCens mis strategiul mniSvnelobas rogorc regionis, ise axlo da Soreuli mezoblebisTvis. igi did potencials qmnis sarkinigzo, milsadeni, saaviacio, sazRvao da saavtomobilo gadazidvebisTvis. Tumca aris transportis ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli faqtorebic: mTiani reliefis maRali xvedriTi wili, katastrofuli xasiaTis bunebrivi movlenebis da procesebis masStabebi, SeiaRaRebuli konfliqtebis ganaxlebis maRali albaToba, sakomunikacio sistemebis ganviTarebis arasasurveli done da sxv. kavkasiaSi, romelic yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis 2%-ze iyo warmodgenili, iwarmoeboda soflis meurneobis produqciis 1/5. aq iqmneboda Caisa da citrusebis mTliani mosavali, marcleulisa da bambis arsebiTi nawili, yurZnis, teqnikuri kulturebis da xilis araerTi saxeobis mosavlis mniSvnelovani nawili. soflis meurneobis amgvari specializacia dadebiTad aisaxa kvebis mrewvelobis ganviTarebaze, Tumca postsabWoTa periodSi deficiti Seiqmna mTeli rigi pirveladi moTxovnilebis kvebis produqtebze (brinji, Saqari, kartofili, bostneuli, mecxoveleobis produqcia da sxv.). arsebiTad Seicvala sagareo vaWrobis masStabebi da geografia. Tu sabWoTa periodSi igi ZiriTadad saerTo qveynis masStabiT xorcieldeboda, amJamad ZiriTad savaWro partniorad ruseTi da mezobeli qveynebi rCeba. SeimCneva vaWrobis moculobis zrdis tendencia Savi zRvis auzis, amerikis da aziis qveynebis momarTulebiTac. sabWoTa periodSi praqtikulad iyo uzrunvelyofili mosaxleobis socialuri stabiluroba, gansakuTrebiT dasaqmebis, ganaTlebisa da janrTelobis dacvis, minimaluri komunaluri gadasaxadebisa da iafi transportis mxriv. mTel qveyanaSi ar arsebobda socialurad daucvelTa fena. postsabWoTa periodSi gaCnda Rarib-RatakTa, socialurad daucvelTa, umuSevarTa da droebiT dasaqmebulTa, sabanko davalianebis mqoneTa da ubinaod darCenilTa fena. mosaxleobaSi maRalia daucvelobis gancda, rac xels uSlis socialur stabilurobas da SromiT migracias. gansakuTrebiT rTul viTarebaSi aRmoCnda mTian teritoriebze mcxovrebi mosaxleba, ramac mTis soflebis masiuri dacla ganapiroba. mamJamad kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis mier socialur daxmarebaTa moculoba qveynebis biujetis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens. 141

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sabWoTa periodSi bunebis dacva saxelmwifo politikis rangSi iqna ayvanili. igi kavkasiis qveynebSi erTgvarovani kanonmdeblobiT imarTeboda, rac aregulirebda resursebis gamoyenebis standartebs, daculi teritoriebis tipebsa da regulirebis formabs, ekologiuri mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis tendenciebs. Tumca iyo uaryofiTi procesebic – bunebrivi resursebis marTvis maRali centralizacia, garemos dacvis deklaraciuli xasiaTi, orientacia bunebrivi resursebis masStabur gamoyenebaze, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebis ignorireba, garemos sawarmoo narCenebiT dabinZurebis maRali done, daculi teritoriebis sanakrZalo reJimis upiratesi ganviTareba da sxv. kavkasiis respublikebis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdgom mTlianad Seicvala damokidebuleba bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebasa da garemos dacvaze. regionis qveynebi aqtiurad Caebnen globaluri ekologiuri problemebis gadaWris saqmeSi, rac ZiriTadad sakanonmdeblo bazis (dasavleTis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT) da sazogadoebis gaaqtiurebaSi gamoixateba. postsabWoTa periodSi Seiqmna kavkasiis yvela qveynis garemos dacvis moqmedebaTa erovnuli programebi, axali sakanonmdeblo baza, SemuSavda bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebisa da garemos dacvis prioritetuli mimarTulebebi. kavkasiis qveynebi SeuerTdnen araerT mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas Tu konvencias garemos dacvis saqmeSi, ris safuZvelze maT arsebiTi da jerovani valdebulebebi ikisres bunebis dacvis sferoSi. garemos dabinZurebis wyarod kvlav rCeba avtotransporti, wiaRiseulis Ria karieruli wesiT mopoveba. dabalia transformirebuli da ekocidirebuli teritoriebis rekultivaciis maCveneblebi, rac geodinamiuri procesebis gaaqtiurebas uwyobs xels. sabWoTa periodSi gacilebiT meti samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo narCeni warmoiqmneboda, vidre dRes, magram arc maSin da arc dRes ar arsebobs maTi damuSavebis საშუალებები. SedarebiT ukeT iyo organizebuli sayofacxovrebo narCenebis Segrovebis sistema, Tumca TviT nagavsayrelebze ar iyo daculi aranairi sanitarul-higienuri normebi, ar xorcieldeboda narCenebis sistematizacia samrewvelo, sayofacxovrebo, samedicino kriteriumebiT. narCenebis Segrovebisa da ganviTarebis aRniSnuli struqtura dResac analogiuria, Tumca problema mwvave ekologiur da socialur xasiaTs iRebs. tyeebis masStaburi gamoyenebis istoria aswleulebs iTvlis, Tumca maTi masiuri eqspluatacia me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan iwyeba. tyis resursebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda mrewvelobaSi, transportSi da sagareo vaWrobaSi. misi moculoba arsebiTad Semcirda sabWoTa periodSi, roca tyis resursebi Ziritadad ruseTidan Semodioda (rasac tyeebis aRdgenac mohyva). viTareba garkveulwilad gamoaswora kavkasiis (mTis) tyeebis sakanonmdeblo regulaciam, ris mixedviTac isini pirvel kategorias ganekuTvnebodnen anu isini niadagdamcavi da wyalSemqmneli funqciis mqone gaxdnen. viTareba diametralurad Seicala postsabWoTa periodis pirvelive wlebSi, roca kavkasiis tyeebi mosaxleobis gaTbobis, saWmlis momzadebis da Semosavlis arsebiTi wyaro gaxda. ganskuTrebiT dazaralda tyis resursebze maRali moTxovnis mqone qveynebis, msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis da saavtomobilo gzebis mimdebare tyis koromebi. kavkasiis mosaxleoba izrdeba. igi 1980 wels 25 milions, 1995 wels 30 milions, amJamad ki 35 milions aRwevs. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva azerbaijanis da CrdiloeT kavkasiis muslimanuri mosaxleoba, romlis xvedriTma wilma kavkasiaSi ukanasknel aTwleulebSi 40-dan 50%-mde moimata. rTuli demografiuli viTarebaa 142

Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

Seqmnili somxeTsa da saqarTveloSi, rac Sobadobis Semcirebas, mosaxleobis daberebas da migraciul procesebs ukavSirdeba. Seicvala mosaxleobis simWidrovisa da geografiuli ganlagebis maCveneblebic, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa vake da gorak-borcvian nawilze. kavkasiaSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili yubanis vakesa da CrdiloeT kavkasionis mTiswineTSi, samxreT kavkasiis mTaTaSoris barSi, kaspiis da Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi da erevnis qvabulSia Tavmoyrili. izrdeba saqalaqo aglomeraciebSi mcxovrebTa xvedriTi wilic. mosaxleobis raodenobiT gamoirCeva kavkasiis Semdegi qalaqebi: baqo, Tbilisi, erevani, soWi, maxaCyala, stavropoli da vladikavkazi.

4.2. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove problematika kavkasiis regionis mcxovrebTa mdgradi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove problematika ramdenime ZiriTad sakiTxs ukavSirdeba, romelTa Sorisaa: konfliqtebis prevencia, kulturuli memkvidreobis SenarCuneba, infrastruqturis da komunikaciebis ganviTareba, energo da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da sxv. kavkasia umniSvnelovanes geopolitikur rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT axlo aRmosavleTsa da wina aziaSi. aseve arsebiTia misi roli ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobebSic, rasac garkveulad akninebs regionis qveynebis meurneobis sxvadasxvagvari ganviTarebis tendenciebi. kvlav maRalia bunebrivi resurebis gamoyenebis masStabebi, garemos dabinZurebis da landSaftis transformaciis formebi, miwis resursebsa da tyeebze anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika mxolod regionis saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobis Sedegad SeiZleba gadaiWras. magaliTad gamodgeba alpuri da karpatebis regioni, romelic SesaZloa garkveulwilad SevadaroT kavkasias. rogorc alpebis, ise karpatebis saxelmwifoTa transasazRvro TanamSromlobis Sedegebi TvalnaTliv aisaxa am regionebis mdgrad ganviTarebaze, garemos dacvaze da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebaze. aq transasazRvro Tematikidan gansakuTrebiT intensiurad da prioritetulad viTardeba daculi teritoriebis, satransporto da kavSirgabmulobis komunikaciebis, satyeo da wylis meurneobis, soflis meurneobis, bunebrivi karastrofebis da riskebis monitoringis mimarTulebebi. am mimarTulebebidan ramdenime gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria kavkasiisTvis. miiCneva, rom am etapze efeqturi iqneba TanamSromloba garemos dacvis, wylis resursebis, rekreaciuli meurneobis da transportis ganviTarebisTvis. kavkasiaSi, rogorc erTiani kulturuli da bunebrivi sivrcis dezintegraciuli procesebis prevenciisTvis, Zalze mniSvnelovania TanamSromloba klimatis cvlilebis Semarbilebeli RonisZiebebis, biomravalferovnebis degradaciis, transasazRvro daculi teritoriebis, ekologiuri da satransporto koridorebis Seqmnis mimarTulebiT. alpebis da karpatebis qveynebis TanamSromlobis gamocdilebis gaziareba xelsayreli iqneba kavkasiis regionisTvis, gansakuTrebiT informaciis gacvlis da gaziarebis sawyisi etapisTvis. am mimarTebiT pirveli nabiji gadaidga 2005 wlis dekemberSi, roca kavkasiis regionis qveynebis erTobliv Sexvedraze mxareebi informirebuli iyvnen alpuri da karpatebis konvenciis Sedegad ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis da Sedegebis Sesaxeb. Sexvedrisas aRiarebul iqna: kavkasiis regionis geografiuli, ekologiuri, ekonomi143

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

kuri da socialuri erTianoba; rom regionis qveynebi miznad isaxaven dainteresebul qveynebTan da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan erTad, Seqmnan iuridiuli dokumenti da xeli Seuwyon TanamSromlobas mTis ekosistemebis dacvis da miwaTsargeblobis mdgradi ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT. aRniSnuli programa, igive SemadgenlobiT, aseve ganxilul iqna 2007 wlis noembris Sexvedraze, romelic moewyo lixtenSteinis garemos dacvis ministris iniciativiT. samwuxarod, dawyebuli proeqtebi neli tempebiT, da umetes SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadad ormxrivi TanamSromlobis doneze viTardeba. kavkasiis qveynebis samecniero, sazogadoebrivi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa Sexvedrebi sistematurad da yovelwliurad imarTeba rogorc regionis, ise evropis sxvadasxva qveynebSi, calkeuli samecniero-praqtikuli proeqtis da programis farglebSi. kavkasiis, rogorc mTiani regionis, bunebrivi garemos da bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis marTva da regulireba, ukavSirdeba saerTaSoriso, adgilobriv (nacionalur), sabazro da tradiciul samarTlebriv meqanizmebs. gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom mxolod maTi harmonizacia da optimizacia iZleva xangrZliv da sasurvel Sedegs. kavkasiis istoriul-geografiuli specifikidan gamomdinare, alpebisa da karpatebis regionis qveynebis gamocdileba ar gamodgeba pirdapiri kopirebisTvis. garda saxelmwifoTa doneze SesaZlo samarTlebrivi SeTanxmebisa, garemos da resursebis regionuli marTvisa da regulirebisTvis, efeqturad SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli sivrciTi (ruseTis gamocdileba), ladSafturi (rogorc aucilebeli instrumenti, germanuli gamocdileba) da regionuli (evropis mTeli rigi qveynebis gamocdileba) dagegmarebis meTodologia, miwis resursebis gamoyenebis erToblivi monitoringi da sxv. kavkasiaSi, mdgradi ganviTarebis mimarTulebaTa TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTi sirTuleebia biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebis SenarCunebis, wylis resursebis optimaluri marTvis, tyis resursebis gamoyenebis da soflis meurneobis jerovani ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebis invetarizaciis, samecniero kvlevis da dacvis mimarTulebiT, xelisSemSlel faqtorad permanentuli politikuri dapirispireba gvevlineba. igive SeZleba iTqvas wylis resursebis marTvis problematikazec, riTac mudmivadaa dakavebuli rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. tyis resursebis gamoyenebis problematika mwvavdeba klimatis cvlilebasTan erTad, rac regionSi gaudabnoebis procesis Tanxvedrilia. misi gamoyenebis efeqturoba damokidebulia transasazRvro TanamSromlobaze, gansakuTrebiT semiaridul da semihumidur klimatur arealebSi tyiani landSaftebis transasazRvro daculi teritoriebis SeqmniT. kavkasiaSi soflis meurneoba efuZneba agrarul mravalferovnebas, mdidar memkvidreobas da tradiciebs, romlis transformaciis safrTxe sxvadasxva saxis genomodificirebuli da invaziuri saxeobebis intervencias ukavSirdeba. erTi romelime, calke aRebuli qveyana ver gaumklavdeba kulturul mcenareTa transformaciis masStabebs, ris gamoc problema regionul xasiaTs iRebs. arada, soflis meurneoba kvlav warmoadgens kavkasiis qveynebis ekonomikis da mosaxleobis socialuri keTildReobis safuZvels. kavkasiaSi ekologiur problemaTa arsebiTi nawili sameurneo saqmianobas, kerZod ki wiaRiseulis mopovebas da gadamuSavebas ukavSirdeba. maT Sorisaa saTbob-energetikuli mrewveloba (navTobis, gazis, qvanaxSiris mopoveba), eleqtro energiis warmoeba, qimiuri, metalurgiuli da saSen-masalaTa mrewveloba. navTobgadamamuSave144

Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

beli qarxnebi mdebareobs Savi da kaspiis zRvebis sanapiroebze, rac kidev ufro arTulebs ekologiur viTarebas. xSirad navTobi da navTobproduqtebi xvdeba wyalSi da mniSvnelovnad abinZurebs aRniSnuli zRvebis akvatorias. dabinZurebis mniSvnelovan faqtors qmnis sxva wiaRiseulis (feradi da Savi liTonebis, manganumis da sxv.) Ria karieruli wesiT mopoveba, rac srulad anadgurebs bunebriv garemos. amgvar adgilebSi rekultivaciis samuSaoebi an saerTod ar tardeba, an imdenad dabali maStabebiT, rom wiaRiseulis narCenebi Tavisuflad ganibneva garemoSi, abinZurebs zedapirul wylebs da atmosferos. gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebi gansakuTrebiT saziano aRmoCnda kavkasiis tyeebisTvis. TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgurda tyis mcenareuloba msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis mimdebare teritoriebze, gzebis siaxloves da advilad misawvdom adgilebSi. tyeebis ganadgurebas da degradacia mohyva geodinamiuri procesebis (Rvarcofuli nakadebis, mewyerebis, Tovlis zvavebis, eroziis da sxv.) gaaqtiureba, wylis resursebis kleba, atmosferul haerSi mtvrisa da Wvartlis mateba da sxv. kavkasiaSi safrTxis Semcvelia radiaqtiuri dabinZurebis ori ZiriTad wyaros funqcionireba atomuri sadgurebis (somxeTSi, ruseTSi) saxiT. analogiur problemas warmoadgens mitovebuli samxedro bazebis teritoriebze SemorCenili samxedro teqnika da masalebi, rac araerTxel gamxdara mosaxleobis radiaciuli dasxivebis SemTxvevaTa mizezi. kavkasiaSi aqtiurdeba energomatareblebis satranzito gadazidvebis masStabebi. izrdeba mompovebel regionebsa (centraluri azia, azerbaijani, irani, CrdiloeTi kavkasia) da Semsyidvel evropas Soris vaWroba, rac zrdis teqnogenur katastrofaTa risks rogorc xmeleTze, ise Savi da kaspiis zRvebis akvatoriaSi. kavkasiaSi garemos dabinZurebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo transporti. miuxedavad imisa, rom am SemTxvevaSi garemos dabinZurebas SedarebiT lokaluri xasiaTi, misi masStabebi Zalze negatiurad moqmedebs msxvil dasaxlebul puntebsa da satransporto kvanZebis siaxloves mcxovreb mosaxleobaze. saavtomobilo transportis arsebiTi nawili moZvelebuli da teqnikurad gaumarTavia, gamoyenebuli saburavebis udidesi nawili – meoradi da advilad cveTadi, saavtomobilo benzini ki dabali xarisxis. kavkasiaSi ekologiur gamowvevaTa Soris aqtualobiT gaxSirebuli gvalvianoba da klimatis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli naleqebis raodenobis kleba miiCneva. gvalvebis gaxSireba gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa kavkasiis aRmosavleT nawilis vakeebsa da gorak-borcvian nawilSi, javaxeTis da somxeTis vulkanuri mTianeTze. am regionebSi aorTqleba TiTqmis 2-jer aRemateba atmosferul naleqebs, rac kidev ufro gamwvavdeba klimatis cvlilebis fonze. qserofitizaciis procesi ukve aqtualuria kaspiispira dablobze, samxreT kavkasiis mTaTaSorisi baris aRmosavleT nawilSi, centralur da samxreT somxeTSi. am regionebSi aqtiurad saqmianoben gaudabnoebis procesis winaaRmdeg. aridizaciis procesi ukve aisaxa erTwliani da mravalwliani kulturebis mosavlianobaze, zamTris saZovrebis fitomasis formirebaze, wylis resursebis ganawilebaze, gruntis wylebis doneze da sxv. ukanasknel wlebSi kavkasiis regionisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdis iseTi maRali tempebi, rogoric aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi. mosaxleobis simWidroviT ganpirobebuli garemoze zemoqmedebis 145

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

zrda aRiniSneba mTaTaSoris barSi, qvabulebSi da gorak-borcvian nawilSi. mTiani teritoriebis depopulacia aRsaniSnavia samxreT kavkasiis yvela qveyanaSi, rasac ver vityviT CrdiloeT kavkasiis analogiur teritoriebze. aq mosaxleoba neli tempebiT, Tumca mainc izrdeba. kavkasiaSi gansakuTrebiT mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli samrewvelo centrebi da satransporto kvanZebi, Savi da kaspiis zRvis sanapiro zoli, maRalSemosavliani sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebis gavrcelebis arealebi. kavkasiis mosaxleobis didi nawili (60%-me) qalaqebSi cxovrobs, urbanizaciis maCvenebeli ki sistematurad izrdeba. mosaxleobis dabali simWidrovea mTian da aridul regionebSi, daWaobebul adgilebSi da degradirebul teritoriebze. qveyana

raodenoba, 2013 w.

raodenoba, 2050 w.

dinamika, %

TurqeTi

80

94

+9

143

133

-10

5.3

5.5

+9

81 10 3.0 3.7

95 11 2.7 3.0

+8.5 +9 - 11 -12

ruseTi • Cr. kavkasiis respublikebi irani azerbaijani somxeTi saqarTvelo

mosaxleobis raodenoba da misi prognozi kavkasiis qveynebSi, mln kaci

kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi gamowveva samxedro-politikuri konfliqtebia. istoriulad kavkasia sakvanZo rols TamaSobda qristianul da musulmanur, iranul-osmalur, rusul – Turqul, Siitur-sunitur dapirispirebaSi. amJamad kavkasia urTulesi geopolitikuri kvanZia, sadac Tavs iyris sami didi saxelmwifos: ruseTis, TurqeTis da iranis interesebi. iranisaTvis, misi nedleulis eqsportisaTvis evropaSi, kavkasias didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc satranzito magistrals. TurqeTs, saqarTvelos saSualebiT, SeuZlia daukavSirdes azerbaijans, xolo Semdeg CrdiloeT kavkasias, volgispireTisa da Sua aziis Turqulenovan mosaxleobas. ruseTis interesebi ukavSirdeba kontrols kavkasiaze, rogorc wina aziis da axlo aRmosavleTis placdarmze, rogorc buferul zolze TurqeTsa da CrdiloeT kavkasias Soris.

4.3. CrdiloeT kavkasiis geografiuli Taviseburebani da problemebi CrdiloeT kavkasiis geografiuli mdebareoba ganapirobebs mis unikalur bunebriv maxasiaTeblebs, biologiur da kulturul mravalferovnebas. amave mravalferovnebasTanaa dakavSirebuli araerTi problema (bunebrivi katastrofebi da riskebi, socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebani), romelTac xSirad transasazRvro xasiaTi aqvs. maTi gadaWra regionuli TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi mizania, rac kavkasiis qveynebis saerTo ZalisxmeviT unda gadaiWras. CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani teritoriebi mudmivad ganicdis sxvadasxva saxis bunebriv da anTropogenul zemoqmedebas (miwisZvrebi, klimaturi, hidrogenuli da sxv.), rac aisaxeba regionis socialur-ekonomikur mdgradobaze. saxezea rogorc migraciuli procesebi, umuSevrobis da siRaribis maRali done, ise unikaluri kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvidreobis degradacia. prevenciis mimarTulebiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiis samecniero wreebSi miiCneva, rom aucilebelia: bunebrivi resursebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sefaseba, bunebrivi katastrofebis da riskebis prognozireba da prevencia, meurneobis calkeuli dargebis efeqturobis analizi, teqno146

Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

genuri narCenebis utilizacia, biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba daculi teritoriebis gafarToebis gziT da sxv. CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani nawili xasiaTdeba aqtiuri seismuri (9-10 baliani zona) moqmedebebiT, rasac Tan axlavs intensiuri geodinamiuri procesebi da myinvarebis pulsacia. riskis zonaSi warmodgenilia dasaxlebuli punqtebis udidesi nawili, ris gamoc yovelwliuri materialuri zarali aqauri mosaxleobis, meurneobisa da infrastruqturisTvis did problemas warmoadgens. mosaxleobis zrda da dasaxlebebis gafarToeba, garda istoriuli ganaSenianebisa, axal konfliqtur regionebs aCens. ruseTis specialistebi aqtiurad Tvlian ialbuzis da yazbegis vulkanuri masivebis moqmedebas. mas ukavSireben Tbili airebis xSir gamofrqvevas, Termuli wylebis gamosasvlelebis arsebobas da maT temperaturas (700-mde). yazbegis siTburma velma xeli Seuwyo myinvarebis CamoSlas, rasac araerTxel mohyva wyalmovardna da Rvarcofi. miiCneva, rom am vulkanebis gaaqtiurebis SemTxvevaSi, katastrofis areali moicavs 100 km radiusis mqone teritorias da aTeulobiT msxvil dasaxlebul punqts. kavkasionis mTiani sistemis calkeuli monakveTi ganicdis aqtiur azevebas, rac weliwadSi 12 – 16 mm Seadgens. amgvari procesi miwisZvrebis da qanebis CamoSlis winapirobaa. dadgenilia, rom yazbegisa da ialbuzis masivis midamoebSi yoveldRiurad fiqsirdeba aseulobiT mcire simZlavris miwisZvra, romelic ver aRiqmeba mosaxleobis mier. Tumca amgvari moqmedeba aisaxeba kldovani masivebis da didi daxrilobis mqone ferdobebis mdgradobaze, rasac maTi fizikuri daSla da gamofitva mosdevs. katastroful Sedegebs iwvevs myinvarebis pulsacia, romelsac miakuTvneben 12 myinvaris auzs. pulsacia myinvaruli masis zrdas ukavSirdeba, rac mis swraf gadaadgilebas iwvevs. pulsaciis Sedegad „mowyvetili“ myinvari da Rvarcofi qmnis droebiT wyalsacavebs, romlebic wylis eroziis Sedegad ixsnebian da did safrTxes uqmnian mninareTa xeobebSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas. dadgenilia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani teritoriis 1/3 Rvarcofebis ganviTarebis zonaSia warmodgenili. analogiur masStabebs aRwevs Tovlis zvavebis da mewyerebis moqmedeba, rasac xSirad adamianis msxverpli da didi materialuri zarali mosdevs. mTis kanoni, romelic specialurad iqna miRebuli CrdiloeT kavkasiisTvis, ganxilavs bunebriv resursebTan dakavSirebul iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: maTi sakuTrebis, gamoyenebis, aRdgenisa da dacvis wesebi; maTi gamoyenebis da dacvis ekonomikuri safuZvlebi; bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis saxelmwifo regulaciebi; adgilobriv mcxovrebTa da ucxoel moqalaqeTa uflebebi da valdebulebebi. kanonis mixedviT, mTians miekuTvneba teritoria, romelsac gaaCnia dadgenili absoluturi simaRle, danawevrebuli reliefi da landSafti. gamoiyofa sami tipis mTiani teritoria: dabali (zRvis donidan 1500 metramde), saSualo (1500 – 2000) da maRalmTiani (2000 metrze maRla). Sesabamis zonebSi mcxovreb moqalaqeTa sameurneo saqmianobis formebi da daculi teritoriebis reJimi regulirdeba ruseTis da CrdiloeT kavkasiis federaciis subieqtebis kanonmdeblobiT. kanonis mixedviT, CrdiloeT kavkasiis federaciuli erTeulebis xelisuflebis prioritetebs Sorisaa: mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyeneba, adgilobriv mcxovrebTa sacxovrebeli garemos gaumjobeseba, maTi socialur-ekonomikuri mxardaWera, dasaqmebis xelSewyoba, specialuri anazRaurebiT 147

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

uzrunvelyofa, bunebrivi riskebis prognozireba da prevencia, hidrometeorologiur dakvirvebaTa organizeba, kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva da sxv. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aqtiurad ganixileba hidro da energiis aratradiciuli wyaroebidan miRebis perspeqtivebi. miuxedavad didi energetikuli potencialisa, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Zalze dabalia mTis mdinarebis energetikuli potencialis gamoyenebis masStabebi. aseve umniSvneloa mzis da qaris energiis gamoyenebis praqtika, romlis potencialiT araerTi regioni (mag. daRestani) gamoirCeva. es gansakuTrebiT awuxebT maRalmTiani dasaxlebebis mcxovrebT, sadac xSiria energetikuli avariebi. CrdiloeTi kavkasia mdidaria Termuli wylebiT, danergilia didi siRrmidan maTi mopovebis teqnologiebic, rac perspeqtiul energetikul wyarod miiCneva. aq dazverilia ramdenime sabado, sadac yoveldRiurad amoedineba 300 aTas m3-mde maRali temperaturis mqone wyali. CrdiloeTi kavkasia sasoflo-sameurneo regionia. soflad mcxovrebTa raodenoba da xvedriTi wili mudmivad izrdeba, garda CrdiloeT oseTisa (sadac fiqsirdeba migraciis maRali maCveneblebi). CrdiloeT oseTSi (respublika alania) mcirdeba msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis raodenoba, TiTqmis aRaravis hyavs cxvari, mosaxleoba ZiriTad saqmianobas ukavSirebs rekreaciul meurneobas. alaniis xelisufelbam gamoyo randenime adgili, sadac igegmeba masStaburi turistuli obieqtebis mSenebloba. maT Sorisaa mamisonis uReltexilis midamoebi, romelic TviTneburad daikaves 2008 wlis samxedro konfliqtisas. aq apireben turistuli bazis mSeneblobas, romelsac moemsaxureba 3 aTasamde adamiani. CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva respublikebSi (CeCneTi, daRestani, inguSeTi) ZiriTadi aqcenti kvlav soflis meurneobaze keTdeba, ris gamoc maRalia moTxovna nayofier miwebsa da saTib-saZovrebze. soflis meurneobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mecxoveleobaSia dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili. xSiaria miwebis ganawilebasTan dakavSirebuli konfliqtebi, rac rogorc saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobiT, ise adgilobrivi uxucesebis da adaTis wesebis gamoyenebiT regulirdeba. CrdiloeT kavkasiis dasavleT nawilSi (yabardo-balyareTi, yaraCaiCerqezeTi) Tanabradaa ganviTarebuli rogorc soflis, ise rekreaciuli meurneba, rac Savi zRvis kurortebis SedarebiTi siaxloviTa da ialbuzis mTiani masiviTaa ganpirobebuli. adiReSi ki, romelic yvelaze tyiani da dasavleTiT mdebare respublikaa CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mosaxleoba ZiriTadad turizmis sxvadasxva sferoSia dasaqmebuli. maTi momsaxurebiT ZiriTadad samxreT ruseTidan mosuli rekreantebi sargebloben. ukanasknel wlebSi, ruseTis samecniero da politikur wreebSi araerTxel gaiJRera mosazrebam, rom TiTqos istoriulad, kavkasionis gverdiT da mTavar wyalgamyof qeds Soris arsebuli teritoriebi (xevi, piriqiTa xevsureTi, dvaleTi) ruseTis istoriuli miwebia. amgvari mosazreba safuZvels uqmnis dapirispirebis axali kerebis gaCenas saqarTvelosa da mis Crdiloel mezobels Soris.

4.4. samxreT kavkasiis geoekologiuri Taviseburebani da mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika samxreTi kavkasia mTiani qveyanaa, romlis saSualo simaRle zRvis donidan 602 metrs Seadgens. igi mdebareobs msoflios erT-erT aqtiur seismur sartyelSi, havis zomieri, subtropikuli da tropikuli sartylebis mijnaze, holarqtikuli floristuli samefos samxreT nawilSi. aq aqtualuria yvela problema (mciremiwianoba, geodinamiuri procesebi, wylis resursebis ganawileba, satransporto infrastruq148

Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

turis ganviTareba, mosaxleobis migracia mTidan barSi da sxv.), rac damaxasiaTebelia msoflios TiTqmis yvela mTiani regionisTvis. samxreTi kavkasia, biomravalferovnebis maCveneblebiT, erT-erT pirvel adgilzea CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi. aq aRricxulia mcenareulobis 6 aTasze meti saxesxvaoba, rac farTobis erTeulze gaangariSebiT, regions msoflioSi gamorCeuli, globaluri mniSvnelobis biomravalferovnebis centris status ganusazRvravs. samxreTi kavkasia aseve gamoirCeva endemizmis maRali doniT – aq mcenareTa da cxovelTa saxeobebis 1/4 endemuria. magaliTad, marto ZuZumwovrebi 152 saxeobas iTvlis, romelTagan 30 endemuria. bevria reliqturi saxeobebic. samxreTi kavkasia gamoirCeva landSafturi mravalferovnebiTac – igi warmodgenilia msoflios xmeleTis 0.5%-ze, Tumca aq vxvdebiT dedamiwaze arsebuli landSaftebis 40%. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom samxreT kavkasiis landSaftebis 1/10 miekuTvneba xeluxlebelTa an umniSvnelod gardaqmnilTa kategorias. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom erTgvarovani an transasazRvro landSaftebi, miuxedavad maTi politikuri kuTvnilebisa, xasiaTdeba aseve erTgvarovani sameurneo gamoyenebis formebiT da ekologiuri problemebiT. samxreT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb xalxebs axasiaTebs istoriuli, eTnikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri, kulturuli ganviTarebis da ekologiuri azrovnebis garkveuli msgavseba. samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs, miuxedavad maTi SedarebiT mcire farTobisa (warmodgenilia ekoregionis farTobis mxolod 1/3-ze), ukaviaT centraluri da sakvanZo geografiuli mdebareoba kavkasiaSi. mosaxleobis maRali simWidrove, romelic ZiriTadad gansaxlebulia mTaTaSoris barSi, mdinareTa xeobebSi da mTis qvabulebSi, ganapirobebs am teritoriebze maRal anTropogenul zemoqmedebas. ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi, rac axasiaTebs samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobas, aisaxeba regionis mdgrad ganviTarebaze mTlianobaSi da mdgrad ekologiur ganviTarebaze – nawilobriv. erTis mxriv, Secirda bunebriv garemoze teqnogenuri zemoqmedebis masStabebi, meores mxriv ki, gaizarda interesi `advilad mopovebadi~ bunebrivi resursebis (tyeebis, wylis, miwis, rekreaciuli da sxv.) mimarT. amgvari viTareba ganapirobebs ekologiuri problemebis gamwvavebas. samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi SeSfoTebiT saubroben katastrofuli xasiaTis geodinamiuri procesebis raodenobis da masStabebis zrdaze, gaudabnoebaze, tyeebiT dafaruli teritoriebis Semcirebaze, meorad daWaobasa da damlaSebaze, wylis obieqtebis dabinZurebaze, wylismier da qarismier eroziaze, miwis resursebis degradaciaze, cxovelTa calkeuli saxeobebis ganadgurebaze da saxeobebis Semcirebaze da a.S. amJamad gadaSenebis pirasaa mcenareTa aTeulobiT umaRlesi saxeoba, as saxeobamde ZuZumwovari, as saxeobaze meti frinveli, 30 saxeobamde reptilian da sxv. miuxedavad daculi teritoriebis farTobebis zrdis dadebiTi tendenciisa, biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis problema kvlav kvlav miekuTvneba umwvavesTa kategorias. samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs evropuli faseulobebis damkvidreba. saqarTvelom, azerbaijanma da somxeTma moaxdines saerTaSoriso garemosdacviTi konvenciebis mniSvnelovani nawilis ratificireba, miiRes aTeulobis ekologiuri kanoni, qmnian daculi teritoriebis qsels (maT Soris transasazRvros), erTad axorcieleben msxvil regionul sameurneo da ekologiur proeqtebs. 149

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samxreT kavkasiaSi mdgradi ganviTarebis problematika araerT mizezs ukavSirdeba, romelTagan mniSvnelovania Semdegi: 1. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis istoriuli Taviseburebani – samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi aTwleulebis manZilze iyo dakavSirebuli yofili sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miznebsa da amocanebTan, ris gamoc am regionis qveynebis ekonomika erTmaneTsa da centralizebul sistemaze iyo damokidebuli. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi TandaTanobiT xerxdeba sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla, rac axal da farTo ekonomikur TanamSromlobas uwyos xels. miuxedavad amisa, samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi jer kidev arsebiTia sameurneo specializaciis sabWoTa periodis gavlena, rac gansakuTrebiT masStaburia mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi. aseve rTulad viTardeba sakurorto meurneoba, ramac TiTqmis sruli katastrofa ganicada me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulSi mimdinare geopolitikuri procesebis da samxedro dapirispirebis fonze. XXI saukunis dasawyisSi mkveTrad gaizarda importirebuli produqciis xvedriTi wili, ramac uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia adgilobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze da xeli Seuwyo umuSevrobis zrdas. arsebiTad uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia meurneobis specializaciam da geografiam. misi produqcia sabWoTa qveynebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebaze iyo orientirebuli da ar iTvaliswinebda adgilobriv resursebsa da potencials. sawarmoo kavSirebis moSlam araerTi dargis ganadgureba da Sesabamisi kadrebis diskvalifikacia gamoiwvia. meurneobis ganlagebis geografiuli Taviseburebani samxreT kavkasiis mTaTaSoris bars (msxvil dasaxlebul punqtebs) da satransporto magistralebs ukavSirdeboda, ris gamoc praqtikulad daicala mTiani teritoriebi da aq demografiuli krizisis winapirobebi Seqmna. meurneobis mTeli rigi dargebi (navTobis gadamamuSavebeli, metalurgia, qimiuri mrewveloba, samTo-mopovebiTi, transporti, soflis meurneoba da sxv.) TiTqmis ar iTvaliswinebda mosaxleobis ekologiur moTxovnebs, rac araerT rainSi garemos degradaciis winapiroba gaxda. miuxedavad sakmaod yovlismomcveli kanonmdeblobisa, ekologiuri problematika (mag., erozia, gaudabnoeba) adgilobrivi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi xelisSemSleli faqtori gaxda. 2. meurneobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi – ukanasknel aTwleulebSi samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi TvalsaCino xdeba socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis orientacia momsaxurebis sferos, vaWrobasa da komunikaciebze. aRsaniSnavia swrafva damoukidebel sasursaTo politikazec, Tumca eqstensiuri soflis meurneoba ver uzrunvelyofs adgilobriv moTxovnebs. amgvari procesebi da viTareba kidev ufro damokidebuls xdis adgilobriv meurneobas importirebul produqciaze, rac savaluto resursebis gauazrebel xarjvas ganapirobebs. mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili soflis meurneobaSia dasaqmebuli, rac maTi stabiluri Semosavlebis uzrunvelyofas ar ganapirobebs. soflis meurneoba kvlav rCeba samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis ZiriTad sameurneo specializaciad. mis ganviTarebas xels uwyobs xelsayreli da mravalferovani agroklimaturi da niadaguri resursebi. aq TiTqmis yvelanairi tipis sasursaTo da samrewvelo daniSnulebis agrokulturis moyvanaa SesaZlebeli. arsebiTi warmoebis tradiciebic, rac kidev ufro mimzidvels xdis amgvar produqcias. soflis meurneobaSi warmoebuli nedleuli kvebis mrewvelobis ganviTarebis winapirobaa, rac 150

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TandaTanobiT iZens ekologiur profils. miuxedavad arsebuli maRali potencialisa, regionis qveynebSi importirebulia xorcis, rZis, xorblis, bostneulisa da sxva araerTi kvebis produqtis mniSvnelovani nawili. aq kvlav aqtualuria niadagebis damlaSebis, eroziis da nayofierebis dakargvis problemac. soflis meurneobis specializacia jer kidev atarebs stiqiur xasiaTs da araa ayvanili saxelmwifo politikis dargSi. mecxoveleobis ganviTarebisTvis aqtiurad gamoiyeneba kavkasionisa da mcire kavkasionis zafxulis sazovrebi, rasac ver vityviT zamTris saZovrebis SezRudul arealebze. cnobilia, rom aq intensiuri Zovebis gamo (pirutyvis suladoba dasaSveb normas 4-5-jer aRemateba) aqtualuria gaudabnoebis da saZovrebis produqtiulobis Semcirebis problema. soflis meurneobis eqstensiuri tipi uaryofiTad aisaxeba bunebrivi ekosistemebis da cocxali samyaros araerTi saxeobis adgilsamyofelze. problemebs amwvavebs klimatis cvlilebis tendenciebic, rac mTaTaSorisi baris landSaftebis bunebrivi produqtiulobis Semcirebis winapiroba SeiZleba gaxdes. 3. bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis tendenciebi – samxreT kavkasiaSi araTanabradaa ganawilebuli energetikuli resursebi. saTbobi wiaRiseuliT mdidaria azerbaijani, xolo hidroenergiiT – saqarTvelo. Sesabamisad, eleqtroenergiis warmoeba efuZneba arsebul resursebs, xolo somxeTSi igi ZiriTadad atomuri energiis gadamuSavebiT miiReba. eleqtroenergiis ZiriTadi momxmarebeli mosaxleobaa, Tumca ukanasknel wlebSi SeimCneva misi gamoyenebis mateba mrewvelobaSi da transportSi. saqarTveloSi maRalia hidroenergetikis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi, Tumca kvlav aqtualuri rCeba masTan dakavSirebuli ekologiuri (maT Soris Savi zRvis sanapiro zolis SenarCunebis) problemebi da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis protesti (isedac mciremiwian regionebSi). 4. transportis ganviTarebis tendenciebi – samxreT kavkasia transportis ganviTarebas mis xelsayrel geopolitikur mdebareobas da bunebriv pirobebs unda umadlodes. igi ukve gaxda abreSumis gzis arsebiTi monakveTi, evropis da centraluri aziis damakavSirebeli xidi, ruseTis da wina aziis satransporto arteria. umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs kaspiis da Savi zRvebi, romlebic mdinareebiT da arxebiT akavSirebs evropis, axlo aRmosavleTis da centraluri aziis qveynebs. mTiani teritoriebis maRali xvedriTi wili ganapirobebs saavtomobilo mgzavrTbrunvisa da tvirTbrunvis maRal maCveneblebs, rac ekologiuri viTarebis gamwvavebis winapirobaa. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas atmosferos dabinZurebis problema qvabulis tipis dasaxlebebSi (Tbilisi, erevani, vanaZori da sxv.). mas, garda avtomanqanebis raodenobisa, xels uwyobs maTi teqnikuri mdgomareoba da sawvavis dabali xarisxi. msoflio geopolitikur mniSvnelobas iZens navTobisa da gazis satransporto magistralebi, romelTa intensiuri gamoyenebis istoria erT saukunes aRemateba. navTobisa da gazis nakadebi rogor aRmosavleT – dasavleTis (centraluri azia – azerbaijani – saqarTvelo – TurqeTi – evropa), ise CrdiloeT – samxreTis (ruseTi – saqarTvelo – somxeTi – irani) mimarTulebisaa. milsadenebiT energoresursebis transportireba zrdis ekologiuri usafrTxoebis risks, rac rogorc SesaZlo teqnogenur avariebs, ise maRal seismurobas ukavSirdeba. samxreT kavkasiaSi tvirTbrunvis zrda Savi da kaspiis zRvis dabinZurebis winapirobacaa. 151

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5. tyis resursebis mopovebis masStabebi – tyis resursebs gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs mTian soflebSi mcxovrebTaTvis. iq, sadac maRalia mosaxleobis simWidrove, Sesabamisad aseve maRalia tyis resursebis gamoyenebis masStabebi. anTropogenuli faqtori gaxda javaxeTis vulkanuri platos da erevnis qvabulis udidesi nawilis amJamindeli utyeobis mizezi. aq misi adgili naxevradudabnoebma da mTis stepebma daikava. me-20 saukunis manZilze samxreT kavkasiis tyeebma „daisvenes“, radgan aq ZiriTadad ruseTidan Semotanili iafi xe-tye gamoiyeneboda. tyeebis usistemo da mtaceblur gamoyenebas adgili hqonda ukanasknel aTwleulebSi, rac araerT regionSi geodinamiuri procesebis gaaqtiureba mohyva. somxeTSi, azerbaijansa da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi tyeebis eqsploatacia gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles moiTxovs, radgan aq Zalze dabalia maTi TviTaRdgenisTvis saWiro produqtiuli teni (gansakuTrebiT zafxulis anu aqtiuri vegetaciis periodSi). tyis resursebiT mdidaria saqarTvelo, rac mis geografiul mdebareobas, siTbosa da tenis ganawilebas ukavSirdeba. isini aregulireben haeris sinotives, naleqebis ganawilebas, miwisqveSa wylebis raodenobas, siTbocvlas, qaris siCqares, Jangbadis, mtvris da naxSirorJangis raodenobas, araerT sxva geoekologiur procesess. tyeebi cocxali samyaros saukeTeso TavSesafaria, rac gansakuTrebuls xdis maT ekologiur mniSvnelobas. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis cxovrebis done da mezobeli qveynebSi arsebuli maRali moTxovna pirdapir kavSirSia tyeebis gamoyenebis formebTan da meTodebTan, rac samxreT kavkasiaSi kvlav rCeba erT-erT aqtualur problemad mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTarebisTvis. 6. mosaxleoba dinamikis tendenciebi – samxreT kavkasiaSi 17 milionamde mcxovrebia. SedarebiT swrafad izrdeba azerbaijanis mosaxleobis raodenoba, rasac ver vityviT saqarTvelosa da somxeTze. aq gansakuTrebulad saSiSi masStabebi miiRo migraciam da SeiaraRebulma konfliqtebma, rac araerTi regionis gaudaburebis safrTxe Seqmna. sxvadasxva monacemebiT, samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi datova 4 milionamde mcxovrebma, ramac arsebiTad Secvala demografiuli foni da mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqtura. TvalSisacemia mosaxleobis did qalaqebSi masiuri Tavmoyris tendencia (Tbilisi, erevani), rac amwvavebs socialur-ekonomikur viTarebas da periferiebis normaluri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. saqarTvelosa da somxeTis dedaqalaqebSi, oficialuri monacemebiT, mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 1/3 cxovrobs, rac 5-6 -jer aRemateba meore qalaqis (baTumi, giumri) analogiur maCvenebels. urbanizaciis masStabebi amZimebs ekologiur fons da arTulebs socialur-ekonomikur viTarebas. msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis farglebSi da maT siaxloves maRal maCveneblebs aRwevs atmosferuli haeris, niadagebis da wylebis dabinZureba, sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebis da biomravalferovnebis degradacia. 7. geopolitikuri viTareba da samxedro konflitebi – samxreT kavkasiaSi mdgradi ganviTarebis arsebiTi xelisSemSleli faqtoria Ria da Sefaruli politikuri konflitebi, rac ukanasknel aTwleulebSi araerTi da permanentuli samxedro dapirispirebis mizezi gaxda. regionis samive qveyana faqtiur saomar mdgomareobaSia, rac aisaxeba ekonomikur, socialur da ekologiur viTarebaze. konflitebis ZiriTadi nawili teritoriul pretenziebs ukavSirdeba, rac TiTqmis mougvarebel problemad rCeba regionis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis. 152

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8. bunebrivi riskebi da stiqiuri movlenebi – samxreT kavkasia aqtiur seismur regionSia warmodgenili, rac geografiul faqtorebTan erTad, ganapirobebs maRal bunebriv riskebs da stiqiur movlenaTa katastroful da mravalferovan xasiaTs. regionisTvis damaxasiaTebelia katastroful movlenaTa da procesTa TiTqmis yvela saxeoba, rac ki cnobilia msoflioSi. samxreT kavkasiaSi ar fiqsirdeba vulkanebis moqmedeba, tropikuli qariSxlebi, grandiozuli wyaldidobebi da wyalmovardnebi. am SemTxvevaSi mTebi erTgvar TavdacviT funqcias iTavseben. Tumca aseve mTebs ukavSirdeba mewyruli da Rvarcofuli procesebis xSiri xasiaTi, Tovlisa da qvis zvavebis, yinvebis da gvalvis, setyvisa da qarborbalas intensivoba. maT arsebiTi ekonomikuri zianis moyeneba SeuZliaT. Zalze cota ram keTdeba stiqiuri movlenebis prevenciisa da prognozisaTvis. TiTqmis mTlianadaa moSlili meteorologiur da hidrologiur dakvrvebaTa qseli, rac arTulebs garemoSi mimdinare procesebis monitorings. mewyruli procesebi ZiriTadad saSualo mTebisa da maRali danestianebis pirobebSi viTardeba, rasac xels aseve uwyobs miwisZvrebi, miwisqveSa wylebi (gansakuTrebiT wyalsacavebis siaxloves), adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba, geologiuri agebuleba da reliefis eqspozicia. Rvarcoful nakadebs didi zianis motana da meoradi procesebis gaaqtiureba (mewyruli sxeulebis Seqmna) SeuZliaT. maTi intensivoba ukavSirdeba mdinareTa xeobebSi fizikuri gamofitvis Sedegad dagrovili naSalis masalis raodenobas da wylis masebis gadaadgilebis intensivobas. Rvarcofuli procesebi ZiriTadad saSualo da dabali mTebis, advilad Sladi qanebis, degradirebuli tyeebis da intensiuri wvimebis gavrcelebis arealebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. wyaldidobebi damaxasiaTebelia im dabalmTiani da vake reliefis mqone regionebisTvis, romlis farglebSi arsebul mdinareTa sazrdooba atmosferuli naleqebis (gansakuTrebiT Tovlis) maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva. aq misi xangrZlivoba, gazafxulsa da zafxulis dasawyisSi, zogjer ramdenime Tves aRwevs. wyaldidobis intensivoba izrdeba maSin, roca Tovlis dnobas emTxveva didi raodenobis wvima. maTi regulireba mxolod wyalsacavebiT da napirdamcavi nagebobebiTaa SesaZlebeli. Tovlis zvavebi samxreT kavkasiis maRalmTianeTis erT-erTi arsebiTi stiqiuri movlenaa. misi formirebis ZiriTadi areali 2-4 aTasi metri simaRlis farglebSi, maRali daxrilobis da utyeo ferdobebzea warmodgenili. zvavebi aseve xSirad aRiniSneba sxva simaRlebriv diapazonSic, rac mosaxleobisa da satransporto komunikaciebisTvis didi materialuri zianis momtania. miwisZvrebis intensivoba da sixSire kavkasiis regionis seismur aqtivobas ukavSirdeba. maT araerTxel hqonda katastrofuli xasiaTi. miwisZvris Sedegad CamoSlili mTis qanebis CaxergviTaa Seqmnili araerTi cnobili tba (riwa, amtyeli, gei-geli da sxv.). miwisZvrebis sixSire da intensivoba gansakuTrebiT gaizarda ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze. kavkasiaSi miwisZvrebis epicentri dedamiwis zedapirTan SedarebiT axlos (20-30 km-ze) mdebareobs, riTac gamoirCeva igi msoflios sxva aqtiuri seismuri regionidan da riTac ganpirobebulia maT mier gamowveuli maRali materialuri zarali. gvalva kavkasiis aRmosavleTi da samxreTi nawilis regionebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stiqiuri movlenaa, rac ZiriTadad ariduli da semiariduli havis olqebisTvisaa damaxasiTebeli. misi aqtualoba kidev ufro izrdeba klimatis cvlilebasTan erTad. gvalvis intensivobis zrdis uaryofiTi Sedegebi, rac gaudabnoebas da gaudaburebas ukavSirdeba, TvalsaCinoa somxeTis da azerbaijanis araerT raionSi. misi pravencia wylis resursebis racionalur da efeqtur gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba, risi mniSvnelobac (klimaturi prognozebidan gamomdinare) momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba. 153

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samxreT kavkasiaSi landSafturi dagegmarebis mniSvneloba da ZiriTadi principebi samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi, radgan ar efuZneba bunebaTsargeblobis erTian principebs da ar iTvaliswinebs teritoriuli dagegmarebis erTian meTodologias, SeiZleba gaxdes seriozuli barieri ara marto mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis, aramed xelisSemSleli winapiroba regionuli TanamSromlobisaTvis. landSafturi dagegmarebas, rogorc evropaSi ekologiurad orientirebuli teritoriuli dagegmarebis aprobirebul da mniSvnelovan instruments, efeqturad SeuZlia samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi bunebaTsargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli procesebis harmonizacia. landSafturi dagegmareba sasurvelia ganxorcielebul iqnes ramdenime proncipis gaTvaliswinebiT: aqtualobis principi – samxreT kavkasia msoflios ganviTarebadi regionia, romelic garkveulwilad icvlis sameurneo profils da miwaTsargeblobis formebs. aq erTerT mTavar problemad warmoCindeba tyis fondis da meurneobis tradiciuli formebis SenarCuneba. garda amisa, icvleba demografiuli fonic – mosaxleoba tovebs mTian regionebs da ZiriTadad miiswrafvis msxvil dasaxlebul punqtebsa da mTaTaSoris baris raionebisken. geopolitikuri mdebareobidan gamomdinare, samxreTi kavkasia aRmoCnda ara marto saerTaSoriso korporaciebis, aramed calkeuli qveynebis da politikuri blokebis interesebis arealSi. aq realizdeba masStaburi satransporto, samSeneblo, energetikuli, rekreaciuli da garemosdacviTi proeqtebi. unikalobis principi – samxreTi kavkasia msoflioSi cnobilia gamorCeuli bunebrivi, biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT. aq warmodgenilia im bunebrivi zonebis vertikaluri sartyluroba, romlebsac gaaCniaT sameurneo gamoyenebis individualuri formebi da analogebi msoflios zomieri, subtropikuli da tropikuli sartylis mTian sistemebSi. samxreTi kavkasia gamoirCeva biologiuri mravalferovnebiT – igi mdidaria cocxali samyaros saxeobrivi SedgenilobiT, reliqtebiTa da endemebiT, mravalricxovani biotopebiTa da ekotonebiT. aq samkurnalo TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba 100 mcenareuli saxeoba, uamravi mineraluri wyaro, zafxulisa da zamTris kurortebi, Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli, aseulobiT mdinaris xeoba da rekreaciuli obieqti. socialur-ekonomikuri daZabulobis principi – samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi yovelwliurad izrdeba mTaTaSorisi baris da qvabulebis, msxvili wyalsatevebis da Savi zRvis sanapiro zolis landSaftebze anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis masStabebi. aseve matulobs wylis, tyis da mineraluri resursebis mopovebis moculoba. aqtiurad icvleba landSafti. soflis meurneobaSi swrafad izrdeba mecxoveleobis da memarcvleobis xvedriTi wili, degradacias ganicdis subtropikuli meurneoba. sakmaod dabalia mosaxleobis Semosavlebi da erTferovania samomxmareblo kalaTa. samxreT kavkasiis araerT raionSi mosaxleoba ikavebs iseT adgilebs, romlebic gamoirCevian maRali ekologiuri riskiT. energetikuli miznebiT iCexeba msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis mimdebare mwvane zolis tyeebi da sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebis qardamcavebi. amgvari viTareba zrdis eroziuli procesebis intensivobas da amcirebs sursaTis warmoebis maCveneblebs. ekologiuri daZabulobis principi – samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi ekologiuri problemebi ukavSirdeba aTeulobiT saxeobis konfliqts, romlebic SesaZlebelia kla154

Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

sificirdes faqtorebisa da procesebis mixedviT. mis mixedviT SesaZlebelia gamoiyos bunebrivi, anTropogenuli da samarTlebrivi konfliqtebi.

bunebrivi konfliqtebi ganpirobebulia: aqtiuri geodinamiuri procesebiT saSualo da maRali mTis landSaftebSi, rac ukavSirdeba geologiur agebulebas, seismur aqtrivobas, reliefis daxrilobas, klimatur da anTropogenul procesebs; wyaldidobebsa da wyalmovardnebs, dakavSirebuls tyeebis eqspluataciasTan da klimaturi pirobebis cvlasTan; aramdgradi teritoriebis masStabebs, rac regionis saerTo farTobis naxevars Seadgens.

anTropogenuli konfliqtebi ganpirobebulia: mosaxleobis maRali simWidroviT vakis, gorak-borcvebis, dabali mTisa da mTaTaSorisi qvabulebis landSaftebSi; satransporto komunikaciebis xSir SemTxvevaSi stiqiuri ganviTarebis tendenciebiT; Zovebis intensivobiT maRali mTis subalpur da alpur, mTaTaSorisi baris stepur da naxevradudabnos landSaftebSi; procesebiT, rac mosdevs tyiani teritoriebis `gamonTavisuflebas~ kulturuli mcenareulobisa da mecxoveleobisaTvis; sasoflo sameurneo saqmianobis (gansakuTrebiT memcenareobis) formebiT mTian teritoriebze; xelovnur tyis masivebze maRal anTropogenul datvirTvas. samarTlebrivi konfliqtebi ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba im teritoriebis aqtiur gamoyenebas, romlebic daculia kanoniT. amgvaria: sanapiro zolis, mdinareTa kalapotispira, subalpuri, hidromorfuli da sxv. landSaftebi, mwvane zonis da sakurorto tyeebi.

4.5. kavkasiis qveynebi TurqeTi TurqeTi geografiulad mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia evropisa da aziis Sesayarze, xmelTaSua auzis qveynebs Soris, subtropikul sartyelSi (xmelTaSuazRviuri landSaftebis gavrcelebis arealSi. igi akontrolebs bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebs, ris gamoc arsebiT geopolitikur rols TamaSobs Savi zRvis auzis qveynebisTvis. misi sazRvris sigrZe 8300 km aRemateba, romlis 1/7 ramdenime zRvis sanapiros miyveba. aq warmodgenilia ramdenime aTeuli mniSvnelovani yure, rac sazRvao transportis da saerTaSoriso gadazidvebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani resursia. TurqeTi 8 saxelmwifos esazRvreba, rac mis xelsayrel ekonomikur da satransporto geografiul mdebareobaze metyvelebs. TurqeTi mTiani qveyanaa, romlis saSualo simaRle 1100 metrs aRemateba. vake-dablobebi warmodgenilia mdinareTa xeobebSi da anatoliis zeganze, romelic dasavleTidan aRmosavleTi mimarTulebiT TandaTan maRldeba. wylis resursebiT mdidaria Savi zRvis auzis mdinareebi, rasac ver vityviT TurqeTi centralur da samxreT nawilze. mosaxleobis ganawileba da meurneobis ganviTarebis interesebi moiTxovs didi raodenobis da moculobis wyalsacavebis mSeneblobas, rac intensiurad mimdinareobs wyliT deficitur raionebsa da sakurorto zonebis siaxloves. masStaburadaa gamoyenebuli SuamdinareTis mdinareebis – tigrosisa da evfratis wylis resursebi, praqtikulad aTvisebulia md. Woroxis da xmelTaSua zRvis mdinareebis auzi. TurqeTSi iRebs saTaves kavkasiis udidesi mdinareebi – mtkvari da araqsi. TurqeTi, misi geografiuli mdebareobidan da bunebrivi pirobebidan gamomdinare, gamoirCeva biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT. landSafturi mraval155

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ferovneba ukavSirdeba rogorc klimatur (subtropikuli sartylis yvela nairsaxeoba), ise simaRlebriv sartylurobas da sanapiro qedebis barierul Tvisebebs. nayofieri miwis resursebiT da wiaRiseuliT TurqeTi Raribia. gansakuTrebiT aradamakmayofilebelia qveynis navTobproduqtebiT uzrunvelyofis done, rac mas energodamokidebuls xdis. sakmaodaa naxSiris da uranis resursebi, rac Tbo da atomuri energetikis ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. igive iTqmis rkinis da feradi liTonebis wiaRiseulze, romelTa maragebi ramdenime miliard tonas aRwevs. TurqeTis meurneoba gamorCeulia wina aziasa da kavkasiis regionSi. erToblivi erovnuli produqtis maCveneblebiT igi msoflios wamyvan 30 qveyanas Sorisaa. mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari dasaqmebulia momsaxurebis sferoSi, 1/3 – soflis meurneobaSi, 1/5 ki mrewvelobaSi, rac garkveulwilad aCvenebs qveynis sameurneo ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs. masStabebiT gamoirCeva kvebis, msubuqi, qimiuri mrewveloba, manqanaTmSenebloba da metalurgia. soflis meurneobidan wamyvania memcenareoba, romelic dargSi warmoebuli produqciis 2/3 qmnis. agraruli seqtori saxelmwifos arsebiTi mxardaWeriT sargeblobs, rac gansakuTrebiT uwyobs xels memarcvleobis, mebostneobis da teqnikuri kulturebis warmoebis ganviTarebas. swrafi tempebiT viTardeba transporti, gansakuTrebiT misi sazRvao, saaviacio da milsadeni mimarTulebebi. TurqeTs yovelwliurad stumrobs ramdenime aTeuli milioni turisti, romelTaTvis gansakuTrebiT popularulia xmelTaSua da egeosis zRvis kurortebi. socialur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi mosaxleoba, mln kaci eep, erT mcxovrebze, aTasi $ mrewvelobis xvedriTi wili, % inflaciis maCvenebeli, % savaWro balansi, mlrd $ eqsporti, mlrd $

2013

2017

76.7 12.4 7.2 7.0 - 80 162

80.8 10.5 8.4 15.5 - 59 166

TurqeTis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili qalaqebSi cxovrobs. mosaxleobis raodenoba neli tempebiT izrdeba, ris gamoc SenarCunebulia asakobrivi struqturis normaluri maCveneblebi. sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 72 wels, xolo pensionerTa xvedriTi wili 6% aRwevs. pensiis misaRebad, saxelmwifo organizaciebSi momuSve qalebisTvis sakmarisia 20, xolo mamakacebisTvis 25 wlis staJi. minimaluri asaki, romlis gadalaxvis Semdeg moqalaqes eniSneba pensia, 62 welia. mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba regionebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia. TurqeTis aRmosavleT nawilSi SedarebiT kompaqturad cxovroben qarTvelebi da somxebi, samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi ki qurTebi (15 mln-ze meti) da ebraelebi. irani irans geografiulad centraluri adgili ukavia axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis qveynebs Soris. mas uSualod esazRvreba 7 qveyana, xolo sazRvao sazRvari gaaCnia kidev 8 saxelmwifosTan. teritoriis farTobis mixedviT (1.65 mln km2) mas me-17 adgili ukavia msoflioSi. irani mTiani qveyanaa, rac udides gavlenas axdens rogorc mis klimatze, ise mosaxleobis ganlagebaze da meurneobis ganviTarebaze. mTiani reliefi xels uSlis notio haeris masebis gavrcelebas, ric gamoc irani mSrali subtropikuli havis olqSia warmodgenili. omanisa da sparseTis yuris areali tropikuli 156

Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

haviT xasiaTdeba. mdinarebi cotaa, ris gamoc didia miwisqveSa wylebis gamoyenebis tradiciebi da masStabebi. irani msoflioSi gamoirCeva navTobis (me-5 adgili), bunebrivi airis (me-2 adgili), qvanaxSiris, rkinis madnis, marganecis da feradi liTonebis (spilenZi, titani, cinki da sxv.) maragiT. mcenareulobis gavrceleba emTxveva naleqebis ganawilebis geografiul Taviseburebebs: CrdiloeT nawilSi, elbrusis mTianeTis farglebSi, warmodgenilia farTofoTlovani tyeebi subtropikuli qvetyis elementebiT; dasavleTiT, zagrosis mTianeTSi, gavrcelebulia semihumiduri klimatisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mcenareuloba muxis dominirebiT (romelic Zlieradaa transformirebuli intensiuri mosaqonleobis gavlenis Sedegad); samxreTiT da aRmosavleTiT – semiariduli stepebi da naxevradudabnoebi, mdinareTa xeobebSi -Walis tyeebi da Waobis mcenareuloba. iranis mosaxleoba, romelic 80 milions aRemateba, amjamad SedarebiT neli tempebiT izrdeba. sqesobrivi struqtura TiTqmis Tanabaria, sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba ki 70 wels aRwevs. mosaxleobis TiTqmis 2/3 Seadgens rogorc 15 – dan 65 wlamde, aseve 30 wlamde asakis mcxovrebni. amgvari asakobrivi struqtura dasaqmebis da ganaTlebis problemebs ganapirobebs. sakmaod didia erayidan da avRaneTidan ltolvilTa ricxvi, rac 1 milions aRemateba. qalaqad cxovrobs mosaxleobis 65%. mosaxleobis eTnikur SemadgenlobaSi sWarboben sparsebi (50%), qurTebi (7%), azerbaijaneli Turqebi, Turqmenebi, arabebi, somxebi, ebraelebi da sxv. erToblivi erovnuli produqti, erT sul mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT, 7500 aSS dolars aRwevs, ris mixedviTac irani saSualoze mdidar qveyanaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba. mrewvelobis wili 1/3-ze metia, xolo soflis meurneobis – 11%-ia. mrewvelobaSi wamyvani adgili navTobqimiur warmoebas ekuTvnis, xolo soflis meurneobaSi – xorblis, brinjis, bambis, Saqris Warxlis da sxva produqciis warmoebas. sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, irani arsebiTad ikmayofilebs moTxovnas pirveladi sakvebi produqtebis da msubuqi mrewvelobis nedleulze. eqsportze didi raodenobiT gadis Ciri, saneleblebi, xizilala, Tambaqo da sxv. eqsporti mniSvnelovnad aRemateba imports, rac xelsayrel garemos qmnis ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis. tramsportis saxeobaTa Soris upiratesad ganviTarebulia saavtomobilo, milsadeni da sazRvao saxeobebi. iranis soflis meurneoba sarwyav miwaTmowmedebas efuZneba. saxnavi miwebi qveynis 1/5-zea warmodgenilia, romlis udidesi nawili kaspiis zRvis midamoebSi da qveynis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi gvxvdeba. samxreT nawilSi miwaTmoqmedeba sarwyav sistemebs ukavSirdeba, romlis ganviTareba iranis udides tradiciebs efuZneba. iranSi turizmis ganviTareba araerTxel Seferxda saomari moqmedebebis Tu ekonomikuri daZabulobis fonze. didia moTxovna religiur vizebze, rasac moiTxovs mezobeli qveynebis muslimuri mosaxleoba. Tu maTi interesi religiuri (wminda) adgilebis monaxulebaa, evropelebs iranSi uZvelesi istoriuli da kulturuli Zeglebi ainteresebT. iranis vaWrobaSi ZiriTadi adgili ukavia navTobisa da navTobproduqtebis, liTonuri wiaRiseulis da soflis meurneobis produqciis eqsports. importSi Warbobs manqanaTmSeneblobis nawarmi, qsovili, qaRaldi da sxv. mis mTavar savaWro partniorTa Sorisaa CineTi, iaponia, italia, samxreTi korea, germania, TurqeTi, holandia, ruseTi, safrangeTi da sxva qveynebi. 157

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

ruseTi ruseTi, teritoriis mixedviT, msoflios udidesi saxelmwifoa. igi 14 qveyanas, 3 okeanes da 12 zRvas esazRvreba. farTobis udidesi nawili vakeebs ukavia, rac geologiuri ganviTarebis istorias ukavSirdeba. mTebi ZiriTadad sasazRvro zolSi – qveynis samxreT da aRmosavleT nawilSia warmodgenili. ruseTi federaciuli saxelmwifoa, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 21 respublika, 9 mxare da 46 olqi da sxva administraciuli subieqtebi. teritoriis sidide ganapirobebs bunebriv da Sesabamisad, landSaftur mravalferovnebas. klimaturi pirobebi pirdapir kavSirSia wylis resursebis ganawilebasTan, romlis udidesi nawili warmodgenilia 3 milionamde mdinaresa da tbaSi, miwisqveSa wylebisa da maradi mzralobis saxiT. qveyana srulad uzrunvelyofs moTxovnas bunebriv resursebze, xolo maTi unravlesoba eqsportze gadis. aq warmodgenilia msoflios qvanaxSirisa da torfis naxevari, navTobisa da gazis 1/3, rkinis madnis 40%, fosforitebisa da apatitis ¼, hidroenergetikuli resursebis 1/15. saTbob-energetikuli resursebis udidesi nawili warmodgenilia aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT nawilSi, rac arTulebs maT mopovebas da zrdis TviTRirebulebas. tyeebs ukavia qveynis teritoriis 45%, romlis mixedviT erT sul mcxovrebze modis 5 ha tyiani teritoria. geografiuli mdebareoba da teritoriis sidide ramdenime geografiul Taviseburebas ganapirobebs. maT Sorisaa: bunebrivi resursebis simdidre, gansaxlebis uTanabro xasiaTi, sameurneo aTvisebisa da ganviTarebis mkveTri gansxvaveba, mosaxleobis eTnikuri da religiuri siWrele, regionuli kontrastebi, konfliqturi regionebis da mezoblebTan politikuri dapirispirebis arseboba, ekonomikuri interesebis gatarebisTvis dapirispirebuli zonebis (ukraina, baltiispireTi, moldova, saqarTvelo da sxv.) arseboba. ruseTis udidesi nawili warmodgenilia zomier da civ klimatur sartyelSi, ris gamoc arasasurveli agroklimaturi resursebi aqtiurad moqmedebs soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaze. igive faqtori moqmedebs urbanul, mrewvelobis da transportis ganviTarebaze. amis gamoa, rom qveynis dasavleT, samxreT da aRmosavleT regionebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa meurneobis specializaciis da mosaxleobis ganawilebis mixedviT. ruseTSi soflis meurneobis ganviTareba urTierTsapirispiro problematikas ukavSirdeba. Tu mis CrdiloeT nawilSi igi siTbos naklebobas da tenis siWarbes ukavSirdeba, samxeT nawilSi mas piriqiTi xasiaTi aqvs – siTboa sakmarisi, teni ki deficituri. aq periodulad aRiniSneba mousavliani wlebi, rac moiTxovs araerT kvebis produqtis saxelmwifo maragis Seqmnas. igive iTqmis mesaqonleobaze, rac msxvilfexa saqonlisTvis daTbunebuli sadgomis mSebeblobas da didi raodenobiT sakvebis damzadebas moiTxovs. amis gamoa, rom qveynis soflis meurneoba energetikuli resursebis mniSvnelovan moxmarebas ukavSirdeba da saxelmwifo dotacias moiTxovs, rac Zalian did finansur saxsrebTanaa dakavSirebuli. didi problemebi ukavSirdeba wylis resursebis ganawilebis da moxmarebis Taviseburebebs. mdinareTa wylis resursebi ZiriTadad formirdeba Tovlis dnobis Sedegad, romlis xarisxi dabalia da umeteswilad mrewvelobas da soflis meur158

Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

neobaSi moixmareba. amjamad ruseTis mosaxleobis TiTqmis 10% moixmars sasmelad uvargis, xolo 40% – dabali xarisxis sasmel wyals. ruseTis mosaxleoba, 2018 wlis 1 ianvrisTvis, 147 milion mcxovrebs aRwevs. qalaqad mcxovrebTa xvedriTi wili ¾ aRwevs da 3-jer aRemateba soflad mcxovrebi mosaxleobis raodenobas. mosaxleoba umniSvnelod izrdeba, isic migraciis xarjze. bunebrivi mateba Zalian dabalia, ris gamoc gardacvlilTa raodenoba 8%-iT aRemateba dabadebulTa ricxvs. weli

mosaxleobis raodenoba, mln kaci

mateba/kleba

1897 1939 1959 1980 2000 2018

67.5 108 102 138 146.9 146.9

+ + + +

mosaxleobis saSualo simWidrove Seadgens 8.6 kacs/kv/km-ze, rac Zalze araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. teritoriis 21%-ze anu ruseTis evropul nawilSi cxovrobs mosaxleobis 70%, sadac simWidrove 27 kacs aRwevs. sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba mudmivad izrdeba da amjamad Seadgens 72.6 wels. mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi 2/3 Seadgens 15 – 65 wlis adamianebi. amJamad ruseTis dedaqalaq moskovSi 12.5 milioni mcxovrebia, sankt – peterburgSi – 5.3, xolo novosibirskSi – 1.6 milioni. amgvari ganawileba kidev erTxel miuTiTebs mosaxleobis asimetriul geografiaze, rac qveyanas decentralizaciis problemis winaSe ayenebs. kavkasiaSi ruseTis militaristuli da imperiuli politika araerT problemas qmnis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis. es gansakuTrebiT aisaxeba saqarTveloze, romlis ori regioni okupirebulia Crdiloeli mezoblis mier. azerbaijani azerbaijani xuT saxelmwifos esazRvreba. misi farTobi 86.6 aTasi kv.km-ia. mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili (51%) qalaqad cxovrobs. administraciulad iyofa 59 raionad, 11 qalaqad da erT avtonomiur respublikad. azerbaijani mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT – navTobiT da gaziT, Savi da feradi liTonebiT, samSeneblo masalebiT da mineraluri wyleiT. klimati subtropikulia, iyofa mSral (dasavleTi) da notio (aRmosavleTi) subtropikebad. zafxulSi hava ZiriTadad adgilobrivi haeris cirkulaciis Sedegad formirdeba, ris gamoc wlis es sezoni mSralida cxelia. zamTarSi didia CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeanis da cimbirSi formirebuli faeris masebis gavlena, rac dabal temperaturas da SedarebiT maRal naleqianobas ganapirobebs. mdinareTa qseli ukavSirdeba naleqebis ganawilebas, rac maRali maCveneblebiT mxolod saSualo mTebSi gamoirCeva. qveyanaSi ZiriTad mdinareebs tranzituli xasiaTi aqvs, ris gamoc azerbaijani garkveulwilad damokidebulia mezobel qveynebSi wylis moxmarebis kulturasa da moculobasTan. meurneobis udidesi nawili ukavSirdeba navTobisa da gazis mopovebasa da gadamuSavebas. misi maragiT da produqciis realizaciiT dainteresebulia bevri ucxou159

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

ri kompania, ris gamoc aq didi moculobiT investiciebi xorcieldeba. navTobisa da gazis transportireba ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT – samxreTi da CrdiloeTi kavkasiis gavliT xorcieldeba, rac politikuri dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi safrTxis Semcvelia. investorebidan ZiriTadad navTobkompaniebi gamoirCeva, romelTa Sorisaa didi britaneTis, aSS-s, ruseTis , norvegiis, iaponiis da sxva qveynebis warmomadgenlebi. ganviTarebis maRali doniT xasiaTdeba soflis meurneobac, romelic zonaluri specializaciiT xasiaTdeba. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisTvis gamosadegia teritoriis TiTqmis naxevari, romlis ZiriTadi nawili marcvleuls, teqnikur kulturebs (bamba, Tambaqo), subtropikul kulturebs (xurma, Cai, broweuli) da saTib-saZovrebs ukavia. didi raodenobiT iwarmoeba abreSumis da matylis qsovili. mosaxleobis moTxovna adgilobrivi warmoebis kvebis produqtebiT mxolod 15%-iT kmayofildeba, rac zrdis importis maCveneblebs. azerbaijanSi maRalia umuSevrobis done, rac mosaxleobis migracias ganapirobebs. migrantebis ZiriTadi nawili mezobel saxelmwifoebSi muSaobs vaWrobis, soflis meurneobisa da navTobqimiuri mrewvelobis sferoSi. azerbaijanSi kargadaa ganviTarebuli transporti, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani ki navTbproduqtebis ga gazis milsadenebia. qveyana warmoadgens evropa – aziis damakavSirebeli gzis mniSvnelovan monakveTs. baqo -Tbilisi – yarsis rkinigzis funqconireba kidev ufro amyarebs azerbaijanis poziciebs msoflio ekonomikur bazarze. es umniSvnelovanesi proeqtia kavkasiis regionSi, romlis qveynebsac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ganvitarebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. savizo procedurebis gamartivebam da dabalbiujetiani aviakompaniebis gamoCenam turizmis swrafi ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba Seqmna. ukanasknel wlebSi vizitorTa raodenoba izrdeba da amJamad 3 milions miaRwia. isini ZiriTadad iranis, arabuli qveynebis da ruseTis moqalaqeebi arian. weliwadSi orjer, baqos maRaziebi, Camofasebis Sedegad did interess da turistTa mravalricxovan nakads „imsaxurebs“. azerbaijanis mosaxleobis raodenoba izrdeba, rac weliwadSi 140 aTass aRemateba. kvlav maRalia mosaxleobis SromiTi migracia, rac bunebriv matebas umniSvnelos xdis. mosaxleobis simWidrove yvelaze maRalia kavkasiis qveynebs Soris da 116 adamians aRemateba. wlebi

mosaxleobis raodenoba, mln kaci

dinamika, %

1951

2.9

1971

5.2

44

1991

7.3

29

2001

8.2

11

2018

10.1

19

azerbaijanisTvis umniSvnelovanesia teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis problema, rac mSvidobiani molaparakebiT ver xerxdeba. amis gamo, periodulad mwvavdeba samxedro – politikuri viTareba somxeTTan, rac myisierad aisaxeba qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebze. 160

Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

somxeTi somxeTs 4 saxelmwifo esazRvreba. igi mTiani qveyanaa – misi saSualo simaRle zRvis donidan 1800 metrs aRwevs, teritoriis mxolod 10% mdebareobs 1000 metrze dabla, xolo naxevarze meti – 2000 metrze maRla. miuxedavad maRalmTianobisa, somxeTi gamoirCeva biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT. aq gvxvdeba humiduri, semihumiduri, semiariduli da ariduli klimatis tipTan dakavSirebuli landSaftebi. tyeebs ukavia qveynis teritoriis 1/10, udabnoebsa da naxevradudabnoebs – 1/5, xolo saTib-saZovrebs – 1/3. somxeTis teritoriisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mTiani reliefis yvela forma – yvela tipis daxrilobis ferdobebi, vulkanuri platoebis da kraterebi, mdinareTa Rrma kanionebi da mTTaSorisi qvabulebi, mTis zegnebi da maRali mwvervalebi. somxeTisTvis damaxasiaTebelia intensiuri mTaTawarmoSobis procesebi, rac mZlavri miwisZvrebiT da Termuli wylebis didi raodenobiT gamoixateba. ukanaskneli amofrqveva somxeTSi 1441 wels dafiqsirda (vulkani nemrudi, vanis tbis midamoebSi). seismuri procesebi moqmedebs mdgradi ganviTarebis socialur da ekonomikur faqtorebze, reliefwarmomqnel procesebze, provocirebas ukeTebs denudaciur, mewyrul da Rvarcoful nakadebs. vulkanizmTanaa dakavSirebuli somxeTis sasargeblo wiaRiseuli, romelic mdidaria Savi, feradi da Zvirfasi feradi liTonebiT. vulkanuri warmoSobisaa tufi – Zvirfasi samSeneblo masala, romelic vardisferi, narinjisferi, moyviTalo an Savi Seferilobisaa. misiT mopirkeTebulia aumravi saxelmwifo Tu kerZo dawesebuleba. somxeTis havaze gansakuTrebul zegavlenas axdens tropikuli haeris masebi, romlebic Tavisuflad aRweven samxreTidan. mniSvnelovani faqtoria bambakis qedis barieruli Tviseba, rac aferxebs somxeTis centralur da samxreT raionebSi teniani haeris masebis gavrcelebas. atmosferuli naleqebi meryeobs 300-dan 1000 mm-mde. igi ZiriTadad noembridan maisis CaTvliT gamoiyofa, Tumca umniSvnelo Tovlis safaris saxiT mxolod saSualo da maRal mTebSi yalibdeba. zafxulis maRali temperaturebi ganapirobebs aorTqlebis maRal maCveneblebs (naleqebis 2/3), ris gamoc ZiriTad sasoflo-sameurneo regionebSi SeimCneva sarwyavi wylis deficiti. somxeTis teritoriis farTobi 28.5 aTasi kv.km-ia, xolo mosaxleoba 2 milion 900 aTas kacs aRemateba. mosaxleobis simWidrove 103 kacs aRemateba, rac sakmaod maRali maCvenebelia. qalaqad cxovrobs qveynis mosaxleobis 2/3, maT Soris dedaqalaq erevanSi 41%, rac arTulebs regionebis balansirebul ganviTarebas. mosaxleobis saSualo asaki 34.3 welia, romlis mixedviTac igi uaxlovdeba daberebul erTa ricxvs. mosaxleobis absolutur umravlesobas (98%) Seadgenen somxebi, Semdeg modian iezidebi, rusebi da sxva xalxebi. wlebi 1960 1980 2000 2018 2030 2050

mosaxleobis raodenoba, aTasi kaci 1 874 3 099 3 070 2 934 2 904 2 700

migrantTa raodenoba + 12 000 + 3 400 - 45 000 - 5 000 - 5 000 - 5 000

mosaxleobis saSualo asaki 22.4 23.5 30.6 34.3 40.4 45.5

mosaxleobis dinamikis da prognozuli mdgomareobis maCveneblebi 161

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

somxeTis meurneoba ramdenime ZiriTadi dargisgan Sedgeba. esenia: metalurgia, manqanaTmSenebloba, qimiuri mrewveloba, msubuqi da kvebis mrewveloba, Zvirfasi liTonebis da qvebis damuSaveba, soflis meurneoba. es ukanaskneli ZiriTadad marcvleuli, kartofilis, bostneulisa da xilis warmoebazea orientirebuli. sasusaTo produqciis mniSvnelovani nawili importirebulia. importi 3-jer aRemateba eqsports, ris gamoc qveynidan didi raodenobiT valuta gaedineba. somxeTis umTavresi savaWro-ekonomikuri da samxedro-politikuri partnioria ruseTi da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebi). marto ruseTTan somxeTs 200-mde sxvadasxva saxis xelSekruleba aqvs gaformebuli. maT Sorisaa samxedro TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekruleba, romlis mixedviTac ruseTsa da somxeTs erToblivi samxerdo moqmedebebis ufleba eZlevaT. amgvari TanamSromloba mkveTrad auaresebs mdgradi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs da perspeqtivebs kavkasiis regionis qveynebSi.

162

CHAPTER 4 PARTICULARITIES AND PROBLEMS OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAUCASIA

4.1. Problems of the Sustainable Development of the Caucasia Caucasia is one of the most important natural, ecological, geopolitical, religious, ethnic, transport, etc. crossroads of the world. It is located between Eastern Europe, the Near East, Central Asia and North Africa. Traditionally, they draw the northern border of the Caucasia along the Kuma–Manych Depression, its western border – on the Black and Azov Seas, its southern border – along the administrative border between Turkey and Iran and its eastern border – on the Caspian Sea. In this view, the Caucasia includes four states; the area of the region is 440 thousand km2, its population is 35 million with the population density of almost 80 per km2. Today, the international environmental organizations consider the Caucasia as one of the most important eco-regions and geographical formations of the world and area comprising the territories of 6 states: the south-western part of Russia (the North Caucasus), the countries of the Southern Caucasia: Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia and also portions of northeastern Turkey and northwestern Iran. In this view, the area of the Caucasia is 580 thousand km2. The Caucasia plays one of the most important geopolitical roles in the modern world, particularly in the Near East and Western Asia. Its role is also essential in the economic relations; however, this role is diminished by the different developmental trends of the countries of the region. The scales of the natural resource use are still large, and the environmental pollution and landscape transformation, as well as the negative outcomes of the anthropogenic impact on land resources and forests are still alarming. The problems of the sustainable development of the Caucasia can be solved only at the expense of the cooperation between the countries of the region. A good example is the Alpine region, which can be compared to the Caucasia in a certain respect. The outcomes of the transboundary cooperation of the Alpine and Carpathian countries have had a clear effect on the sustainable development of these regions, environmental protection and better life quality of the local people. Of the transboundary issues, certain trends of monitoring of protected areas, transport and other communications, forest and water economies, agriculture, natural disasters and risks develop in a particularly intense and privileged mode. Some of these trends are particularly topical for the Caucasia. It is considered that at this stage, the cooperation for the environmental protection and development of water resources, recreational economy and transport will be efficient. In the Caucasia, for the prevention of the processes of disintegration of a single cultural and natural area, the cooperation to develop the measures to mitigate the Climate Change and biodiversity degradation and to establish transboundary protected areas and ecological and transport corridors, is very important. Sharing the experience of the Alps and the Carpathian countries will be beneficial for the Caucasian region, particularly at the initial stage of information exchange and sharing. In this direction, the first step was made in December of 2005, when at the joint meeting of the countries of the Caucasian region, the parties were informed about the actions and outcomes of the Alpine and Carpathian Conventions. The Meeting recognized the following issues: the geographical, ecological, economic and social unity of the Caucasian region; the countries of the region aiming to create a legal document jointly with the interested countries and international organizations and to support the cooperation to protect the mountain eco-systems and for the sustainable development of land use. The said program, with the same content, was considered at the Meeting of November of 2007, which was 163

Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions

held on the initiative of the Minister of Environmental Protection of Lichtenstein. Unfortunately, the projects, which are under way, develop slowly and mostly, at the level of a bilateral cooperation. The meetings of the scientific, public and non-governmental organizations of the Caucasia are held on a regular basis annually in the different countries of both, the region and Europe, within the scope of various scientific-practical projects or programs. The management and regulation of the natural environment and natural resources of the Caucasia, as that of a mountainous region, is associated with the international and local (national) market and traditional legal mechanisms. The experience evidences that only their harmonization and optimization yields the sustainable and desirable outcome. Following the historical-geographical peculiarities of the Caucasia, the experience of the Alpine and Carpathian countries will not do good if copied directly. In addition to the possible legal agreements between the countries, for the regional management and regulation of the environment and resources, the spatial (experience of Russia), landscape (experience of Germany as a necessary instrument) and regional (experience of a number of European countries) planning methodology, joint monitoring of land resource use, etc. can be employed efficiently. In the Caucasus, the major difficulties in view of the sustainable development are associated with the conservation of the biological and landscape diversity, optimal water resource management, use of forest resources and appropriate development of agriculture. The hampering factor on the way of inventory, scientific study and protection of biological and landscape diversity is permanent political oppositions. The same is true with the problems of water resource management, which are a major enduring concern for both, the international and the non-governmental organizations. The problems of using forest resources are aggravated following the Climate Change and result in the process of desertification of the region. The efficiency of the use of forest resources depends on the transboundary cooperation, particularly, on the establishment of the transboundary protected areas of forest landscapes in semiarid and semihumid climatic areas. The agriculture in the Caucasus is based on the agrarian diversity, rich heritage and traditions, and the threat of its transformation is associated with the intervention of the gene-modified and invasion species. A single country, solely at its own efforts, is unable to overcome the scales of transformation of cultural plants, and therefore, the problem is regional with its nature, while agriculture is the basis of economics and social wellbeing of the population in the Caucasian countries. The majority of the environmental problems in the Caucasus are associated with the economic activities, in particular, with ore mining and processing. The problems are seen also with fuel and energy industry (oil, gas and coal mining), electrical power generation and chemical, metallurgical and building materials industries. Oil-processing plants are located on the coasts of the Black and Caspian Seas what further complicates the grave ecological situation in the region. Often, oil and oil products get in the water and cause significant pollution of the Sea areas. An important polluting factor is the open-pit mining of various ore deposits (ferrous and non-ferrous metals, manganese, etc.) totally devastating the natural environment. As a rule, at such locations, no recultivation works are accomplished, or their scales are so small that the ore waste freely dissipates in the environment and pollutes surface waters and atmosphere. The 1990s were particularly harmful for the Caucasian forests. The forest vegetation on the territories adjacent to the large settled areas, near the roads and at easily accessible locations was almost totally destroyed. The devastation and degradation of the forests was followed by the activation of geodynamic processes (mudflow currents, landslides, snow avalanches, erosion, etc.), reduction of the water resources, increase in the amount of dust and sooth in the atmospheric air, etc. The operation of two major sources of radioactive pollution, two nuclear stations (in Armenia and Russia) is hazardous for the Caucasia. Similarly problematic is the military techniques and materials 164

Chapter 4. Particularities and Problems of the Sustainable Development of the Caucasia

survived on the abandoned military bases, which have been the cause of radiating the population for several times. The scales of transit shipments of energy carriers in the Caucasus are expanding; the trade between the mining regions (Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Northern Caucasus) and buying Europe is expanding as well. This contributes to the increased risk of technogenic disasters both, in the land areas and in the areas of the Mediterranean, Black and the Caspian Seas. An important source of environmental pollution in the Caucasus is the road and railway transport. Despite the fact that with these transport, the environmental pollution is more local, its scales have an extremely negative impact on the large settled areas and on the population living near the traffic centers. A great part of the road transport is outdated or technically faulty and the major portion of the tires used is secondary and easily wearable, while the vehicle petrol is of a poor quality. The most topical ecological challenges of the Caucasus are frequent droughts and decreased precipitation amounts as a result of the Climate Change. Frequent droughts are particularly hazardous in the lowland and hilly areas in the eastern part of the Caucasia and volcanic plateaus of Javakheti and Armenia. Evaporation in these regions exceeds the amount of atmospheric precipitations almost by twice, what will be further aggravated on the background of the Climate Change. The process of xerophytization in the Trans-Caspian Plain, in the eastern part of the intermountain lowland of the Southern Caucasus and in Central and Southern Armenia is already topical. These regions take active measures against the desertification. The process of aridization has already had its effect on the harvest of the annual and perennial crops, phytomass formation for winter pastures, distribution of water resources, ground water levels, etc. In recent years, the population growth in the Caucasian region has not been as high as in the Asian, African or Latin American countries. An increasing environmental impact as a result of the high population density is seen in the intermountain lowland, basins and hilly regions. The depopulation of the mountain regions is common for all countries of the Southern Caucasus, but this is hardly true with the similar areas of the Northern Caucasus, where the population, though slowly, but increases. In the Caucasus, particularly densely populated are the industrial and traffic centers, the Black and Caspian Sea coastlines and areas with fertile agricultural lands. The majority of the Caucasian population (up to 60%) lives in the urban areas and a regular urbanization growth is observed. The population density is low in the mountainous and arid regions and bogged and degraded areas. Country

Qty, 2013

Qty, 2050

Dynamics, %

Turkey

80

94

+9

Russia Northern Caucasian republics

143 5.3

133 5.5

-10 +9

Iran

81

95

+8.5

Azerbaijan

10

11

+9

Armenia

3.0

2.7

- 11

Georgia

3.7

3.0

-12

Population and its forecast in the Caucasian countries, mln. people

One of the most important challenges for the sustainable development of the Caucasus is the military-political conflicts. Historically, the Caucasus played a key role in the Christian and Moslem, Iranian-Ottoman, Russian-Turkish and Shiitic-Sunni oppositions. Presently, the Caucasus is a very complex geopolitical center being a subject of interests of three large countries: Russia, Turkey and Iran. The Caucasia, as a transit main road, plays an important role in the export of the raw material of Iran to 165

Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions

Europe. Through Georgia, Turkey can connect to the Turkish-speaking population first, in Azerbaijan and farther, in the Northern Caucasia, Volga Federal District and Central Asia. As for Russia, it is concerned with controlling the Caucasia both, on the springboard of Western Asia and Near East and in the buffer zone between Turkey and the Northern Caucasia.

4.2. Geo-ecological Specifics and Problems of the Sustainable opment of the Southern Caucasus

Devel-

The Southern Caucasus is a mountainous country located at 602 m above sea level on average in one of the most seismically active zones of the world, on the border between the moderate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones, in the southern part of holarctic floristic kingdom. The region has all kinds of problems (shortage of land, geodynamic processes, distribution of water resources, development of transport infrastructure, population migration from mountain to lowland, etc.) typical to almost any mountainous region of the world. With the biodiversity index, the Southern Caucasus ranks one of the first in the Northern hemisphere with over 6 thousand plant varieties, what, if given in terms of a unit area, gives the region the status of an important Global Biodiversity Center. The Southern Caucasus is also distinguished for high endemism: 1/4 of the plants and animals in the region are endemic. For example, the mammals alone are presented by 152 species, with 30 of them being endemic. There are also many relict species in the region. Southern Caucasus is outstanding with its landscape diversity: although it occupies 0,5% of the world land, it has 40% of the types of the world landscapes. It should also be noted that 1/10 of the landscapes in the Southern Caucasus belong to the category of intact or insignificantly transformed landscapes. It is also interesting that homogenous or transboundary landscapes, irrespective of their political appropriation, are characterized by the similar forms of economy and environmental problems. The historical, ethnic, social-economic and cultural development and ecological reasoning of the peoples living in the Southern Caucasus show certain similarities. The countries of the Southern Caucasus, despite their relatively small areas (they occupy only 1/3 of the eco-region) have a central and key geographical position in the Caucasia. High population density with higher concentrations in the intermountain plain, river gorges and mountain basins results in the high anthropogenic impact in these areas. The modern economic and social problems typical to the countries of the Southern Caucasus influence the sustainable development of the region in general and partially, the sustainable ecological development. On the one hand, the scales of the technogenic impact on the natural environment have diminished, while on the other hand, an interest in `easily accessible~ natural resources (forests, water, land, recreational resources, etc.) has increased. Such state of affairs further aggravates the environmental problems. In the countries of the Southern Caucasus, they feel alarmed at the increased number and scales of the catastrophic geodynamic processes, desertification, reduction of the forest areas, secondary bogging and salination, pollution of water objects, water and wind erosion, degradation of land resources, extinction or reduced number of certain animal species, etc. Presently, tens of higher plant species, about one hundred mammal species, over one hundred bird species, up to 30 reptile species, etc. are at the brink of extinction. Despite the positive trend in expanding the protected areas, the problem of biodiversity conservation is still one of the severest issues. The European values are being actively introduced to the countries of the Southern Caucasus. Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia have ratified many of the international environmental conventions and have 166

Chapter 4. Particularities and Problems of the Sustainable Development of the Caucasia

adopted tens of environmental laws; they are establishing the network of the protected areas (including transboundary areas) and jointly realize large-scale regional economic and environmental projects. The problems of sustainable development of the Southern Caucasus are associated with a number of reasons, with the following ones being important: 1. Historical particularities of the social-economic development: for decades, the countries of the Southern Caucasus were concerned with the goals and objectives of the political and economic development of the former Soviet Union, and as a result, the economics of the countries of this region depended on one another and centralized system. In recent decades, a shift to the market economy takes a successful course gradually promoting the new and extensive economic cooperation. Nevertheless, the influence of the economic specialization of the Soviet era is still strong in the countries of the Southern Caucasus, and it is particularly significant in industry and agriculture. The development of the resort economy is also slow, as it experienced a total fiasco on the background of the geopolitical processes and military oppositions in the last decade of the 20th century. At the beginning of the 21st century, the specific weight of import increased drastically having a negative impact on the prospects to develop local production and contributing to the unemployment growth. The specialization and geography of the economy had an essentially negative impact. Its production was mainly destined to meet the demands of the Soviet countries and failed to consider the local resources or potential. The disruption of the economic links resulted in the destruction of a number of branches and disqualification of the relevant personnel. The geographical specifics of the distribution of the economy were associated with the intermountain plain (large settled areas) and transport mains in the Southern Caucasus, and as a result, the mountain regions got virtually devastated and the preconditions for the demographic crisis developed there. Many branches of economy (oil processing, metallurgy, chemical industry, mining, transport, agriculture, etc.) almost failed to consider the ecological demands of the population what became a precondition for the environment degradation in a number of regions. Despite the quite thorough legislation, the environmental problems (e.g. erosion, desertification) have become one of the hampering factors on the way of the local social-economic development. 2. Modern trends in the development of economy: in recent decades, the focus of the social-economic processes on the field of service, trade and communications has become evident in the countries of the Southern Caucasus. The aspiration of the countries to have their independent food policy is noteworthy; however, extensive agriculture fails to meet the local demands. Such processes and state of affairs make the local economy even more dependent on the imported goods what leads to the unreasonable expenditure of the currency resources. The majority of the population is employed in agriculture and as a result they have no stable incomes. Agriculture remains the major specialization of the economy in the countries of the Southern Caucasus. Its development is promoted by favorable and diversified agro-climatic and soil resources. In these countries, it is possible to grow almost all kinds of food and industrial agricultural crops. The production traditions making such products even more attractive are also essential. The raw materials produced in agriculture are the precondition for the food industry to develop what gradually acquires an ecological profile. Despite the high potential, a significant portion of meat, dairy, wheat, vegetable and many other food products are imported to the region. The problems of soil salination, erosion and reduced fertility are still topical in the area. The specialization of agriculture is still chaotic and has not yet made a matter of the state policy. The summer pastures of the Caucasioni and Lesser Caucasioni are actively used to develop cattle-breeding what is hardly true with the limited areas of winter pastures. It is known that due to the intense graz167

Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions

ing here (the heads of cattle are 4 to 5 times more the admissible level), the problems of desertification and decreased fertility of the pastures are topical in the region. Extensive agriculture has a negative impact on the natural eco-systems and habitats of a number of wildlife species. The problem is aggravated by the trends of the Climate Change what may become a precondition for the reduced natural productivity of the landscapes in the intermountain plain. 3. Trends of using natural resources: the energy resources are distributed unevenly in the Southern Caucasus. For instance, Azerbaijan is rich in fuel deposits, while Georgia is rich in hydropower resources. Consequently, the two countries generate the electrical power by employing the resources available to them, while Armenia generates the electrical power mostly by processing the nuclear energy. The principal consumer of the electrical power is the population. However, in recent decades, an increased consumption of the electrical power is seen in industrial and transport fields. Georgia has good prospects to develop hydropower energy. However, the associated environmental problems (including an issue to maintain the Black Sea coastline) and the protest of the local population (in the regions, which are short of lands even so) are still topical. 4. Trends in transport development: the Southern Caucasus must owe its well-developed transport network to its favorable geopolitical location and natural conditions. The Southern Caucasus has already become an essential section of the Great Silk Road, a bridge connecting Europe and Asia and a transport artery between Russia and Western Asia. The Caspian and Black Seas play an extremely important role by connecting the countries of Europe, Near East and Central Asia by means of the rivers and channels. High specific weight of the mountain regions makes for the high traffic passenger and freight turnover what is the precondition for the aggravation of the ecological state. The problem of atmospheric pollution in the basin-type settlements (Tbilisi, Yerevan, Vanadzor, etc.) is particularly severe. In addition to the traffic flows, the atmospheric pollution is promoted by the poor technical state of vehicles and poor quality of fuel. The oil and gas transport mains intensely used by a human for more than one century acquire a world geopolitical importance. The oil and gas flows are of both, east-western (Central Asia-AzerbaijanGeorgia-Turkey-Europe) and north-southern (Russia-Georgia-Armenia-Iran) directions. The transportation of the energy resources via pipelines increases an environmental safety risk what is associated with both, possible technogenic accidents and high seismicity. An increasing freight turnover in the Southern Caucasus is also a precondition for the pollution of the Black and Caspian Seas. 5. Scales of the forest resources use: the forest resources are of a particular importance for the residents of mountain villages. The more the population density in such villages, the more the forest resources they use. The anthropogenic factor has become a reason for the modern deforestation of the largest areas of Javakheti volcanic Plateau and Yerevan Basin, where the forests have been replaced by semi-deserts or mountain steppes. In the 20th century, the forests of the Southern Caucasus `were left alone~, as mostly the inexpensive timber imported from Russia was used in the region. Irregular and rapacious exploitation of the forests was the case in the last decades followed by the activation of the geodynamic processes in many regions. The exploitation of forests in Armenia, Azerbaijan and East Georgia needs special care, as the productive moisture needed for the self-restoration of the forests is particularly low in these regions (particularly, in summer, i.e. in the active vegetation period). Georgia is rich in forest resources following the country’s favorable location and the given kind of the distribution pattern of heat and moisture. Forests regulate air humidity, distribution of precipitations, amount of underground waters, thermal exchange, wind velocity, amount of oxygen, dust and carbonic 168

Chapter 4. Particularities and Problems of the Sustainable Development of the Caucasia

acid and many other geo-ecological processes. Forests are the best shelters for the wildlife and are thus, have a particular ecological importance. The standard of life of the local people and high demand of the neighboring countries are directly associated with the types and methods of the forest use what is still one of the topical problems for the sustainable development of the Southern Caucasus. 6. Trends of the population dynamics: there are about 17 million residents in the Southern Caucasus. The population of Azerbaijan increases relatively rapidly what is hardly true with Georgia or Armenia. Migration and armed conflicts in the region have acquired extremely hazardous scales recently what has become the reason for the depopulation of a number of regions. As various sources suggest, up to 4 million residents have left the Southern Caucasian countries what essentially changed the demographic background and people’s age structure in the region. The trend of the population’s mass concentration in large cities (Tbilisi, Yerevan) is absolutely evident what aggravates the social-economic situation and hampers the regular development of the peripheries of the countries. As per official data, 1/3 of the total population of the country lives in the capitals of Georgia and Armenia what is 5 or 6 times more the same indicator in the second large cities of the same countries (Batumi and Gyumri). Large scales of urbanization aggravate the ecological background and social-economic situation. The pollution of atmospheric air, soils and waters and degradation of agricultural plots and biodiversity on the territories of large settled areas and near them are very high. 7. Geopolitical situation and military conflicts: a significant factor hampering the sustainable development of the Southern Caucasus is both, open and nonmanifest political conflicts having become the reason for a number of permanent military oppositions in recent decades. All three countries of the region are virtually, in the state of war, what has an effect on the economic, social and ecological situation in them. The majority of the conflicts come from the territorial claims what is in fact an unsolved problem for the sustainable development of the region. 8. Natural risks and disasters: the Southern Caucasus is located in the active seismic region, what, jointly with the geographical factors, leads to the high natural risks and catastrophic and diversified nature of the natural phenomena. Almost all kinds of catastrophic events and processes known to date are common for the region. The phenomena not fixed in the Southern Caucasus include: volcanic activities, tropical cyclones, grand floods and freshets. In this respect, the mountains serve a kind of a protective function. However, on the other hand, frequent landslide and mudflow processes, snow and stone avalanches, intense frosts and droughts, hail and tornados are associated with the same mountains. These processes can bring a huge economic damage. Too little is done in the region to prevent or forecast the natural disasters. The network of meteorological and hydrological observations is almost totally devastated thus complicating the monitoring of the environmental processes. Landslide processes mostly develop in average mountains, in terms of intense humidification and are promoted by earthquakes, underground waters (near the water reservoirs in the first instance), human’s economic activities, geology and exposition of the relief. Mudflow currents can cause a great damage or lead to the activation of the secondary processes (formation of landslide bodies). Their intensity depends on the amount of the talus material accumulated in the river gorges as a result of physical weathering and intensity of water mass movement. The mudflow processes are mostly common for the areas with average and low mountains, easily degradable rocks, degraded forests and intense rains. Floods are mostly common in the regions with low-mountain and plain reliefs with a high proportion of atmospheric precipitations (snow particularly) in the alimentation of their rivers. The floods occurring at the beginning of spring or summer sometimes last for some months. The flood intensity increases when heavy rains coincide with snow-melt. The floods can be regulated only by means of water reser169

Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions

voirs or coast-protecting structures. Snow avalanches are one of the significant natural calamities in the high-mountain areas of the Southern Caucasus. The main areas where snow avalanches are commonly formed are highly inclined slopes without any forest at 2 to 4 thousand m altitude. Avalanches are also frequent at other altitudes bringing a great material damage to the population and transport communication. The intensity and frequency of earthquakes is associated with the seismic activity of the Caucasian region. They often ended in catastrophes. A number of famous lakes (Ritsa, Amtkeli, Gรถygรถl, etc.) were formed as a result of blocking-up the area with the mountain rocks collapsed as a result of earthquakes. The frequency and intensity of the earthquakes has drastically increased for the last half a century. The earthquakes epicenter in the Caucasus is located relatively nearer (20-30 km) to the Earth surface than in other seismically active regions of the world causing particularly great material damage. Drought is a natural disaster common in the eastern and southern regions of the Caucasia occurring in the arid and semiarid climatic zones. The topicality of droughts increases following the Climate Change. The negative outcomes of intense droughts associated with the desertification and depopulation are clearly seen in many regions of Armenia and Azerbaijan. Drought prevention is associated with the rational and efficient use of water resources. This aspect will gain more importance in the future (as the climatic forecasts suggest). Important and major principles of landscape planning in the Southern Caucasus. As the trends of the economic development in the countries of the Southern Caucasus are not based on the single principles of nature use and do not consider a single methodology of territorial planning, they may become a significant barrier on the way of both, the sustainable development and the regional cooperation. Landscape planning, as an approved and important instrument in Europe for environmentally oriented territorial planning, is capable of harmonizing the processes associated with the nature use in the countries of the Southern Caucasus. Landscape planning is desirable to realize by considering several principles: Principle of urgency: the Southern Caucasus is a developing region of the world, which changes its profile of land use and types of nature use to a certain extent. Maintaining the traditional forms of forest fund and economy is one of the major problems in the region. Besides, the demographic background of the region changes: the population leaves the mountain regions and mostly migrates to large settled areas or regions of the intermountain plain. Following its geo-political location, the Southern Caucasus is in the interests of not only the international corporations, but also of the individual countries and political blocs. Large-scale transport, construction, power engineering, recreational and environmental projects are being implemented in the region. Principle of uniqueness: the Southern Caucasus is outstanding in the world with its natural, biological and landscape diversity. The region has the vertical zoning of the natural zones, which have individual forms and analogs of the economic use in the mountain systems in the moderate, subtropical and tropical zones of the world. The Southern Caucasus is distinguished for the biological diversity: it is rich in the species composition of wildlife, relicts and endems, abundant biotopes and ecotones. There are over 100 plant species growing in the region with curative properties, and there are numerous mineral springs, summer and winter resorts, Black Sea coastline, tens of river gorges and recreational objects. Principle of the social-economic strain: in the countries of the Southern Caucasus, the scales of the anthropogenic impact on the landscapes of the intermountain plains and basins, large water reservoirs and Black Sea coastline zones increase annually, and the scales of using the forest resources and mining mineral resources increase as well; the landscape changes actively and the specific weight of cattle-breeding and crop-growing in agriculture increases rapidly; subtropical farming is being degraded; the population incomes are quite low and the basket of goods is monotonous. 170

Chapter 4. Particularities and Problems of the Sustainable Development of the Caucasia

The population in a number of regions of the Southern Caucasus occupies the locations with high ecological risks. The forests of the green zones near the large settled areas and wind belts destined for the agricultural plots are being cut down as fuel timber. Such state of affairs contributes to the intensification of the erosive processes and reduces t he scales of the foodstuff production. Ecological stress principle: the environmental problems in the countries of the Southern Caucasus are associated with tens of kinds of conflicts, which may be classified according to their factors and processes. By considering them, one can identify natural, anthropogenic and legal conflicts. Natural conflicts are caused by: active geo-dynamic processes in the average and high-mountain landscapes what is associated with the geology, seismic activity, inclination of the relief, climatic and anthropogenic processes, floods and freshets associated with the changes of the climatic conditions and instable areas covering the half of the total area of the region. Anthropogenic conflicts are caused by: high population density in the plain, hilly, low-mountain and intermountain basins, tendency of often chaotic development of transport communications; intense grazing on the high-mountainous subalpine and alpine, intermountain plain steppe and semi-desert landscapes; processes following `freeing~ the forest areas for cultural crops and cattle-breeding; types of agricultural activity (plant-growing in the first instance) in the mountainous areas and high anthropogenic load on the artificial forest massifs. Legal conflicts are mainly associated with the active use of the areas protected by law. Such areas are: coastline, river bed-side, subalpine, hydromorphic and other landscapes, green zone and resort forests.

171

davaleba – geografiuli analizi – kavkasia da kavkasiis qveynebi

kavkasiis ekoregioni – fizikuri ruka

kavkasia – kosmosuri suraTi 172

davaleba – geografiuli analizi – kavkasia da kavkasiis qveynebi

kavkasia – urbanizaciis masStabebi

kavkasia – sasoflo-sameurneo teritoriebi 173

Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

2. TurqeTi

TurqeTi – fizikuri ruka

TurqeTi – mosaxleobis ganawileba (simWidrove) 174

davaleba – geografiuli analizi – kavkasia da kavkasiis qveynebi

3. irani

irani – fizikuri ruka

4. ruseTi

ruseTi – fizikuri ruka 175

Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

ruseTi – eTnikuri jgufebi

5. azerbaijani

azerbaijani – fizikuri ruka 176

davaleba – geografiuli analizi – kavkasia da kavkasiis qveynebi

TaliSis mTebi

6. somxeTi

somxeTi – fizikuri ruka 177

Tavi 4. kavkasiis mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

sevanis tba

178

Tavi 5 saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

5.1. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobis Taviseburebani saqarTvelo CrdiloeT ganedis 41 da 43 gradusebs Soris mdebareobs, rac warmoadgens Sualedur areals CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi. es ganedebi, zogadgeografiuli TvalsazrisiT, miekuTvneba zomier sartyels, Tumca kavkasionis qedi asustebs mis gavlenas saqarTveloze. amis gamoa, rom Cveni qveyana ZiriTadad miekuTvneba subtropikul sartyels, romelic iTvleba adamianis sacxovreblad yvelaze xelsayrelad da komfortulad. amave ganedebSi mdebareobs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis maRalganviTarebuli Crdilo-aRmosavleTis samrewvelo-ekonomikuri raionebi da qalaqebi: niu-iorki, bostoni, Cikago, detroiti. evropis qveynebidan amave ganedebSia espaneTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili, safrangeTis samxreTi, italiis centraluri nawili (romsa da neapols Soris) da sxv. evraziis kontinentis aRmosavleTSi Cveni qveynis ganedur mdebareobas Seesabameba Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTis samrewvelo raionebi da CrdiloeTi iaponia. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba ramdenime Taviseburebas ukavSirdeba. zogierTi maTgani dadebiTad, zogi ki uaryofiTad moqmedebs qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaze. uaryofiTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos fizikur-geografiuli mdebareobis is aspeqti, romelic ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos mdebareobas aqtiur seismur regionSi, alpur-himalauri mTiani regionebis qveyanaTa centrSi. es mTiani regionebi iwyeba atlantis okeanis sanapiroze, moicavs xmelTaSua zRvisa da Savi zRvis mimdebare mTian nawils, wina aziasa da himalaebs. igi, evropasa da wina aziaSi, iyofa Sida da gare zonebad. gare zonas miekuTvneba: alpebi, karpatebi, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis mTebi, mTiani yirimi, kavkasioni da iranis mTianeTis CrdiloeTi nawili. Sida zonaSi gaerTianebulia atlasisa (afrika) da pontos (TurqeTi) mTebi, mcire kavkasioni da iranis mTianeTis samxreTi nawili. amrigad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze didi da mcire kavkasionis saxiT warmodgenilia alpur-himalauri danaoWebis orive (Sida da gare) zona. saqarTvelodan CrdiloeTiT alpur-himalauri mTiani regioni ruseTis baqans ebjineba, samxreTiT ki – afrika-arabeTis baqans. saqarTvelo mdebareobs maqsimalurad axlos zemoT aRniSnul or uzarmazar baqanTan, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarTulebiT moZraoben. amgvari viTareba mTaTawarmoSobis process da qveynis aqtiur seismur zonaSi mdebareobas ganapirobebs (sxvadasxva monacemebiT, kavkasionis azevebis siCqare weliwadSi 6 – 15 mm-ia). amgvari viTareba aisaxeba bunebrivi garemos, meurneobis araerTi dargis da sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis sxvadasxva sferoze. seismuri aqtivoba xels uwyobs eroziul da denudaciur, Rvarcoful da mewyrul procesebs, gansazRvravs geoekologiur viTarebas, arsebiTad gansazRvravs mSeneblobisa da satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTarebis standartebs, mosaxleobis ekologiur cnobierebas da materialur mdgomareobas. 179

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

sainteresoa saqarTvelos klimaturi mdebareobis Taviseburebani, rac aseve aisaxeba meurneobis da sazogadoebrivi aqtiobis araerT mimarTulebaze. Cveni qveynis ZiriTadi nawili, gansakuTrebiT mTaTaSorisi bari, mdebareobs subropikul klimatur sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi gamoiyofa amgvari klimatis 2 ZiriTadi tipi: 1.

2.

notio subtropikuli _ gamoirCeva uxvi naleqebiT, haeris temperaturis dabali amplitudiT, dadebiTi wliuri da sezonuri temperaturebiT mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. aseTi klimatia dasavleT saqarTvelos dablob, gorak-borcvian da dabalmTian nawilSi. naxevrad mSrali da mSrali subtropikuli – warmodgenilia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. aq zamTris haeris temperatura subtropikuli maxasiaTeblis zRvarzea, SedarebiT maRalia paeris temperaturis wliuri amplituda da aorTqledobadoba, rac mTel rig regionebSi zrdis simSralis maCveneblebs. amgvari klimatia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris vake da gorak-borcviani nawilSi.

saqarTvelos mTianeTi ZiriTadad zomieri klimatis niSnebs atarebas. aq kargadaa gamoxatuli wlis sezonebi, maRalia temperaturis amplituda, Tovlis safaris simZlavre da xangrZlivoba. klimatze Savi zRvis gavlena mcirdeba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, rac aisaxeba rogorc naleqebis, ise siTbos ganawilebasa da havis kontinenturobaze. saqarTvelo mdebareobs msoflios erTi floristuli samefos teritoriaze da mis farglebSi arsebuli 2 floristuli olqis mijnze. pirveli maTgani ukavSirdeba zomieri klimaturi sartylis gavlenas, xolo meore – tropikulis. mcenareulobidan gvxdeba farTofoTlovani, Sereuli da wiwvovani tyeebi, stepebi, mdeloebi, naxevradudabnos mcenareuloba da sxv. amgvari viTareba ganapirobebs saqarTvelos maRal biologiur mravalferovnebas, rac aisaxeba niadagur da landSaftur Taviseburebebze, soflis meurneobasa da meurneobis sxva dargebze (turizmze, daculi teritoriebis formirebaze, wylis resursebze da sxv.). saqarTvelo geopolitikurad mdebareobs evropis da aziis mijnaze, ruseTis da yofili socialisturi orientaciis saxelmwifoTa TiTqmis srul garemocvaSi. am qveynebis geografiuli da politikuri interesebi, samxedro blokebTan urTierToba, arsebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri viTareba, samxedro dapirispireba, mmarTvelobis formebi, erovnuli da religiuri Semadgenloba ganapirobebs Cveni qveynis geopolitikuri mdebareobis sakmaod rTul xasiaTs. saqarTvelos mosazRvre qveynebidan sami postsabWoTa respublikaa (ruseTi, somxeTi, azerbaijani), TurqeTi ki Crdiloatlantikuri samxedro blokis (nato) wevri. saqarTvelos aramosazRvre, magram axlo mezobeli qveynebia yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebi (ukraina, yazaxeTi, TurqmeneTi), evrokavSiris qveynebi (rumineTi, bulgareTi) da musulmanuri saxelmwifoebi (siria, erayi, irani). saqarTvelo iseT geopolitikur sivrceSi mdebareobs, sadac gadaxlarTulia qristianuli da musulmanuri samyaro, rac garkveulwilad moqmedebs im politikur procesebze, romlebic amJamad mimdinareobs kavkasiis regionSi. uSualod mosazRvre saxelmwifoebis umetesoba qristianulia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ruseTis Semadgenel im politikur-administraciul erTeulebs, romlebic am qristianuli saxelmwifos federaciuli subieqtebi arian kavkasiaSi (yabardo, balyareTi, yaraCai, CerqezeTi, inguSeTi, CaCneTi da daRestani), maSin gamodis, rom saqarTvelos mosazRvre qveynebis umravlesoba musulmanur religias aRiarebs. 180

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

Tanamedrove geopolitikur situaciaze gavlenas aseve axdens mezobeli saxelmwifoebis mosaxleobis enobrivi da erovnuli Semadgenlobac. saqarTvelos garemocvaSi mezobeli qveynebis mosaxleoba ganekuTvneba 4 enobriv ojaxs da Sesabamisad, monaTesave xalxebs, kerZod: kavkasiurs, indoevropuls, altaursa da semitur-qamiturs. kavkasiuri ojaxis enebze laparakoben xalxebi, romlebic ramdenime enobriv jgufSi arian gaerTianebuli. maT Sorisaa: afxazur-adiReur (adiReelebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi, dRevandeli afxazebi da abazgebi); naxur (CaCnebi, inguSebi, bacbebi anu wovaTuSebi), daRestnur (daRestnis xalxTa umravlesoba: xunZebi, andielebi, boTlixelebi, darguelebi, lezgebi da sxv.) jgufebi. indoevropul enobriv ojaxs miekuTvneba oTxi jgufi: slavuri (rusebi, bulgarelebi, ukrainelebi), iranuli (sparselebi, qurTebi, osebi, TaliSebi da sxv.), somxuri da romanuli (ruminelebi, moldavelebi) jgufi. altaur enobriv ojaxs miekuTvneba Turquli jgufi, kerZod: azerbaijanelebi, yaraCaelebi, balyarebi, yumuxebi, noRaelebi, TaTrebi da kavkasieli Turqmenebi. semitur-qamitur enobriv ojaxs miekuTvneba semituri jgufi _ sirielebi (arabebi) da ebraelebi. saqarTvelos geopolitikur mdebareobaze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens is eTnikuri, religiuri Tu teritoriuli konfliqtebi, romlebic aswleulebis manZilze mimdinareobs kavkasiis regionSi da mis uaxloes arealSi. afxazeTi da Sida qarTli, mTiani yarabaRi, qurTistani, erayi, siria, israeli, donbasis regioni, yirimi da sxva konfliqturi teritoriebi arsebiT gavlenas axdens Cveni qveynis socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaze da mdgradi ganviTarebis saxelmwifo strategiis realizebaze. saqarTvelos sakmaod xelsayreli satransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba ukavia evropasa da azias, evraziis kontinentis CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis qveynebs Soris. amis gamo Cveni qveyana satransporto derefnis funqcias asrulebda da asrulebs, rac aisaxeba regionis qveynebs Soris ekonomikur Tu politikur urTierTobebze. mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs gauyinavi Savi zRvac da qveynis sazRvao mdebareoba, vinaidan evropa-aziis satransporto derefnis efeqturi funqcionireba ZiriTadad Savi zRvis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba. amave gziT ukavSirdeba saqarTvelo samxreTi da centraluri evropis qveynebsa da msoflio okeanes. qveynis ganviTarebaSi did rols ukve TamaSobs evropa – aziis damakavSirebeli milsadeni da sarkinigzo transportic, rac zrdis tvirTbrunvisa da mgzavrTbrunvis maCveneblebs evropisa da aziis regionebs Soris. qveynis geografiuli, gansakuTrebiT ki politikuri da satransporto-geografiuli mdebareobis araerTi maxasiaTebeli istoriulad cvladi faqtoria. igi saukuneebis manZilze icvleboda politikuri, samxedro, ekonomikuri Tu demografiuli procesebis da interesebis gavleniT. amJamad saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobis araerTi maxasiaTebeli efeqturad SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis.

5.2. saqarTvelo da msoflio saqarTvelos bunebrivi mravalferovneba gamorCeulia msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT ki – subtropikul da zomier sartyelSi. aq Svid aTeulze meti bunebrivi landSaftia warmodgenili, dawyebuli notio subtropikuli an semiariduli naTeli tyeebiT, damTavrebuli Warbteniani da nivaluri landSaftebiT. amgvari mravalferovneba ramdenime faqtors ukavSirdeba, romelTagan mniSvnelovania: geografiuli mdebareoba (tropikuli da zomieri sartylis mijnaze), gauyinavi Savi zRvis gavlena, geo181

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grafiuli faqtorebis da Taviseburebebis simaRlebrivi ganawileba (zRvis donidan 5200 metramde) da teritoriis sameurneo gamoyenebis ramdenime aTaswlovani istoria. saqarTvelo msoflioSi aseve gamoirCeva „pirveladi~ anu bunebrivi landSaftis maRali xvedriTi wiliT, rac qveynis farTobis 17 procentzea warmodgenili. bunebrivi garemo xeluxlebeli saxiT gvxvdeba rogorc dacul da Warbtenian teritoriebze, ise saSualo da maRalmTiani reliefis pirobebSi. saqarTvelo farTobis (70 aTas km2-mde) da mosaxleobis (3.7 mln kaci) mixedviT TiTqmis Sua, 25-e adgilzea evropaSi. aq warmodgenilia reliefis msoflioSi cnobili TiTqmis yvela forma, klimatis ramdenime, mcenareulobis da niadagebis ramdenime aTeuli tipi. udidesi ekologiuri resursia tyeebi, romliTac dafarulia qveynis teritoriis 2/5. saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba 15 aTasze meti saxeobis mcenare. maTgan 4 aTasze meti Teslovani, 75 gvimriseburi da 2600 wyalmcenarea. mcenareulobis 6.0 procenti (anu 900-mde saxeoba) endemuri da reliqturia. analogiuri mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva cxovelTa samyaroc, romelTa Soris 100-ze meti saxeobis ZuZumwovari da 300-ze meti frinvelia. cocxali samyaros saxeobaTa raodenobis, endemizmis da biomravalferovnebis mixedviT, saqarTvelo evropis qveynebis xuTeulSi Sedis, rac mkafiod adasturebs misi bunebrivi garemos mravalferovnebasa da ganumeoreblobas. saqarTveloSi daculi teritoriebis formirebas saukunovani istoria aqvs. pirveli nakrZali 1912 wels, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, kavkasionis samxreT-aRmosavleT ferdobebze Seiqmna. saukunis manZilze daculi teritoriebis farTobi mudmivad izrdeboda. me-20 saukunis manZilze maT ZiriTadad cocxali samyaros dacvis mizniT, nakrZalis an aRkveTilis statusis reJimiT qmnidnen. amave saukunis bolos saqarTveloSi dacul teritoriebs araerTi kategoria daemata. maTgan gansakuTrebuli popularobiT erovnuli parkebi sargebloben. amJamad daculi teritoriebis saerTo farTobi 500 aTas heqtars aRwevs, rac qveynis saerTo farTobis TiTqmis 7 procentia. daculi teritoriebis farTobis ¾ tyiania, rac rekreaciuli an saganmanaTleblo funqciis garda, maT did garemos dacviT da garemos aRmdgen daniSnulebazec metyvelebs. saqarTveloSi miniatiuruli zomebiT gvxvdeba evropis cocxali samyaros TiTqmis mTeli simaRliTi speqtri. saqarTvelos floris saxeobaTa saerTo raodenobiT V adgili ukavia evropaSi. Cveni qveyana am maCvenebliT bevrad aRemateba gaerTianebul samefos, irlandias, aRmosavleT evropisa da skandinaviis qveynebs. saqarTvelo evropaSi pirvel adgilzea ZuZumwovrebisa da frinvelebis saxeobaTa raodenobiT, xolo cocxali samyaros endemizmis mixedviT, CamorCeba iseT qveynebs, rogoricaa: espaneTi, saberZneTi, italia da bulgareTi. marTalia, tyeebiT dakavebuli farTobis mixedviT 24-e adgili ukavia evropaSi, Tumca erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT da tyianobiT (TiTqmis 40 procenti) saqarTvelo evropaSi gamorCeul adgilzea. gansakuTrebuli simdidrea xeluxlebeli tyeebi, romelTa xvedriTi wiliT (1/4) saqarTvelo evropaSi pirvelobas aravis uTmobs. saqarTvelo landSaftebis raodenobiT me-12 adgilzea msoflioSi, xolo pirvel adgilze – evropaSi. am maCvenebliT CamorCeba mxolod did saxelmwifoebs: CineTs, aSS-s, ruseTs, avstralias, meqsikas, indoeTs, kanadas, brazilias, argentinas, TurqeTs da Ciles. Tumca landSafturi mravalferovnebis teritoriis sididesTan Se182

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fardebis mixedviT, saqarTvelo msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea. igi landSafturi mravalferovnebiT 20-jer aRemateba msoflios saSualo maCvenebels. saqarTvelo, rogorc kavkasiis nawili, Sedis: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

msoflios biologiurad umdidres da safrTxis qveS myof 34 „cxel wertilSi~; msoflios yvelaze sensitiur, mowyvlad 200 ekoregionSi, romelic maRali biomravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva; endemur frinvelTa adgilsamyofelSi; agrobiomravalferovnebis msoflios centrebSi; msxvili balaxismWamelebis gavrcelebis `cxel wertilSi~ .

saqarTvelo evropaSi ekologiurad sufTa bunebrivi garemoTic gamoirCeva. aq Zlier anTropogenul zemoqmedebas ganicdis teritoriis SedarebiT umniSvnelo nawili, ris mixedviTac igi evropis mraval qveyanas (gaerTianebuli samefo, beniluqsis qveynebi, dania, italia, germania, poloneTi da sxv.) 5-7-jer aRemateba. saqarTvelo evropaSi, farTobis erTeulze gaangariSebiT, bunebis calkeuli komponentebis (wiTelmiwebi, mesameulis reliqturi kolxuri tyeeb, xeluxlebeli tyeebi da sxv.), reliqturi da iSviaTi saxeobebis, araorganuli bunebis Zeglebis (vokluzebi, bunebrivi xidebi, ganamarxebuli florisa da faunis adgilsamyofeli da sxv.) siuxviTac gamoirCeva. am maCveneblebis da Tematikis mixedviT saqarTvelo evropis erT-erTi udidesi turistul-rekreaciuli centria. saqarTvelo msoflios istoriuli memkvidreobis nusxaSi amJamad warmodgenilia 2 obieqtiT. maT miekuTvneba: sofeli CaJaSi (zemo svaneTi, bunebrivi landSaftis, Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturis da tradiciuli meurneobis unikaluri Serwyma) da mcxeTis istoriuli Zeglebi (statusi mieniWa 1994 wels, warmodgenilia sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris, mcxeTis wminda jvris taZris da samTavros monastris saxiT). amave nominaciisTvis wardgenilia gelaTis samonastro kompleqsi, varZia da sxva msoflio mniSvnelobis istoriuli Zeglebi.. iuneskos mier 2003 wels miRebul iqna arameterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis konvencia. msoflio mniSvnelobis aramaterialuri Sedevrebis nusxaSi Setanilia qarTuli anbani, tradiciuli mravalxmianoba, qvevris Rvino da mesxuri tenili yveli. saqarTvelos aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebs miekuTvneba: iakob gogebaSviliseuli swavlebis meTodi „deda ena~ , qarTuli Widaoba, cekvebi – xorumi da ferxuli, berikaoba, fSavuri dambalxaWo, laRiZis wylebis teqnologia da sxv. saqarTveloSi msoflio bunebriv-istoriuli memkvidreobis anu Sereuli statusis miRebas araerTi regioni „elodeba~ , romelTa Sorisaa: xevsureTi (muco da Satili), mesxeTi (varZia – xerTvisis monakveTi), ufliscixe, kaxeTi (alaznis vake, alaverdi, gremi, siRnaRi, SuamTa, Telavi da sxv.), samegrelo (md.texuras xeoba da arqeopolisi), dmanisi da sxv. saqarTvelo aseve iTvleba msoflios vazis samSoblod (aq cnobilia 530 kulturuli jiSi), kulturul mcenareTa da Sinaur cxovelTa endemuri jiSebis adgilsamyoflad (xorblis msofloSi cnobili 14 jiSidan 5 qarTulia, cnobilia qarTuli futkari, cxvari, cxeni, Zroxa). saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilia msoflioSi warmoebuli uZvelesi Tafli (5500 wlis) da uZvelesi qsovili (40 aTasi wlis). saqarTvelo – pirveli evropelebis samSobloa. dmanisis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebma Secvala afrikidan evraziaSi adamianis gavrcelebis (“Human Odyssey”) 183

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geografia da Sesabamisad, kacobriobis istoriul-geografiuli ganviTarebis tendenciebi. adamianis yvelaze Zveli Tavis qala, romelic fiqsirdeba evraziis kontinentze, 1.8 milioni wlisaa da igi dmanisSia aRmoCenili. qarTuli damwerloba da ena unikaluria msoflioSi. qarTuli anbani da damwerloba erT-erTi uZvelesia, xolo damwerloba erT-erTi msoflios 14 damwerlobas Soris.

5.3. saqarTvelos bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi 5.3.1. geologiuri agebuleba da mineraluri resursebi geologiuri istoriis manZilze dedamiwis zedapiri did cvalebadobas ganicdida. zRvebis adgils droTa ganmavlobaSi xmeleTi ikavebda, xolo xmeleTis adgilze _ wylis auzebi warmoiqmneboda. Sesabamisad icvleboda klimaturi pirobebi da hidrografiuli qseli. evolucias an gadaSeneba-gadagvarebas ganicdidnen mcenareebi da cxovelebi. dedamiwis zedapiris aseT kardinalur cvlilebebs adgili hqonda uZveles geologiur epoqebSi. es cvlilebebi Seexo kavkasiasac da ra Tqma unda, saqarTvelos teritoriasac, romelic erT-erT yvelaze aqtiur orogenetul zonaSi mdebareobs. aseuli milioni wlis manZilze kavkasiis teritoriaze adgili hqonda dedamiwis zedapiris araerT mniSvnelovan cvlilebas, Tumca Tanamedrove reliefisa da bunebrivi pirobebis TandaTanobiTi Camoyalibeba ukanaskneli 30 milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi aRiniSna. adgilobrivi procesebis Sedegad ki Camoyalibda mTiani reliefi, cvlileba ganicada sanapiro xazma, izolaciis pirobebSi Camoyalibda da ganviTarda mcenareTa da cxovelTa mxolod saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebeli (endemuri) saxeobebi. paleogenuri floris ganamarxebuli naSTebi saqarTeelos teritoriaze gvxvdeba md. xaniswylis (rionis marcxena Senakadi) auzSi, s. TorTan (borjomis raioni). aRniSnuli flora adasturebs imas, rom paleogenSi kavkasiis teritoriaze tropikuli hava yofila, Tumca ara Tanamedrove tropikulis identuri. neogenSi kidev ufro farTod vrceldeba siTbosmoyvaruli tropikuli flora da fauna. damaxasiaTebeli mcenareebia: palmebi, qafuris xe, magnoliebi, kameliebi; cxovelebidan _ Jirafebi, antilopebi, hiparionebi, niangebi, uzarmazari ku, adamianismsgavsi maimunebi. daviT garejis teritoriaze napovnia imdroindeli adamianismsgavsi maimunis kbili, romelsac udabnopiTeki (garejienzis) uwodes. meoTxeul (anTropogenul) periodSi kavkasiis teritoriaze kvlav grZeldeba orogenetuli moZraobebi da vulkanuri procesebi. am procesebis Sedegad sabolood Camoyalibda: alaznis depresia, samxreT saqarvelos lavuri platoebi, iaRlujis maRlobi. mdinareuli da tbiuri nafenebiT amoivso kolxeTis depresia da warmoiqmna kolxeTis dablobi. Zirfesviani cvlilebebi ganicada klimatma, niadagmcenareulma safarma da cxovelTa samyarom, rac ganpirobebuli iyo gamyinvarebiT. meoTxeuli or epoqad iyofa: pleistocenad da holocenad. pleistoceni globaluri gamyinvarebis epoqaa da grZeldeboda 600 aTasi weli. hava TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT civi iyo. mniSvnelovani farTobi ekava Tanamedrove gamyinvarebas. myinvarebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi zR. d. 1100-1500 m (aRmosavleT afxazeTSi 800-1000 m), xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi zR. d. 1800-2200 m simaRlemde eSvebodnen, e.i. qveynis dasavleT nawilSi isini tyis zonaSi sakmaod Rrmad iWrebodnen. myinvarebiT iyo dafaruli kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi da ferdobebi (gagris, bzifis, kodoris, germux184

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is, xarulis, qarTlis qedebi), agreTve samsrisa da javaxeTis qedebi. pleistocenSi gamyinvareba oTxjer aRiniSna, romelTa Soris udidesi ris-viurmis gamyinvareba iyo. im dros udidesi myinvaris sigrZe saqarTvelos teritoriaze 25-30 km-s aRwevda, e.i. Tanamedrove ugrZes myinvars igi 2-jer da ufro metadac aRemateboda. klimatis cvlis Sesabamisad Zirfesvianad icvleboda flora da fauna. siTbosmoyvaruli mcenareebisa da cxovelebis adgils ikavebdnen sicivismoyvarulni. mTeli organuli samyaro mdidrdeba borealuri (sicivismoyvaruli) saxeobebiT, romlebic aq evraziis kontinentis taigis zonidan SemoiWrnen da farTod gavrceldnen. gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelni gaxdnen isini javaxeTis vulkanur platosa da kolxeTis dablobis Waobebis midamoebSi. mcenareuli safari aseve gamdidrda xmelTaSuazRviuri (umTavresad dasavleT saqarTveloSi) da winaaziuri (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi) elementebiTac. mTebSi, TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mezofiluri elementebi: naZvi, soWi, bza, wyavi, suro. amrigad, pleistocenSi mcenareulma safarma Zirfesviani cvlileba ganicada. TiTqmis mTlianad gadaSendnen mesameulSi arsebuli tropikuli tyeebi, romlebic mxolod erTgvar TavSesafarSi, e.w. refugiumSi SemorCnen. kavkasiis teritoriaze arsebuli ori refugiumidan erT-erTi saqarTveloSi, kolxeTSi mdebareobs (miuval da Rrma xeobebSi), ris gamoc kolxeTis Tanamedrove flora (bunebrivi saxiT) naklebad gansxvavdeba imdroindelisagan. swored amiT gamoirCeva kavkasia alpebisa da mravali sxva mTiani mxarisagan, sadac yvela florisa da faunis siTbosmoyvaruli warmomadgeneli gadaSenda. miuxedavad mcenareuli safaris aseTi cvlilebebisa, saqarTveloSi SemorCa arqauli elementebi, romlebic ufro metad gvxvdebodnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi. esenia: metaseqvoia, hikori, liqvidambari, kviparosis, muxisa da nekerCxlis Zveli saxeobebi, cxeniswabla (eskulusi) da sxv. pleistocenidan moyolebuli SeimCneva adamianis zegavlena organul samyaroze. jer kidev pleistocenis dasawyisSi, paleoliTSi, saqarTvelos teritoriaze aqtiurad saqmianobda adamiani. kerZod, uZvelesi adamianis adgilsamyofeli aRricxulia afxazeTis zRvispira terasebze, kudaros, jruWulas, wonas, devisxvrelis da cucxvaTis karstul mRvimeebSi. holoceni globaluri daTbobis epoqaa. igi moicavs ukanasknel 10-12 aTas wels, romlis (amJamadac holocenis epoqaSi vimyofebiT) dasawyisSi adamianis zegavlena organul samyaroze ukve sagrZnobi xdeba: vrcel farTobebze (gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi) tyeebi ganadgurda da misi adgili daikava meoreulma stepebma. mcenareul safarSi sul ufro met monawileobas iReben qserofituli elementebi. moispo msxvili ZuZumwovrebi: Zveli domba, gareuli cxeni, pirvelyofili Zroxa, gareuli viri (kanjari), cxen-iremi, mamonti, rosomaxa (samuravi), Taxvi, mRvimuri daTvi, mRvimuri lomi (lomvefxvi), mRvimuri afTari, matylovani martorqa, giganturi iremi da sxv. dadgenilia, rom 9-6 aTasi wlis win klimati ufro Tbili iyo, vidre dRes. im droisaTvis gamyinvarebas kavkasionze gacilebiT mcire farTobi ekava da msoflio okeanis done 4-5 m-iT maRla mdebareobda. mcire kavkasionze saerTod aRar arsebobda gamyinvreba, 200-300 m-iT maRla iyo tyis zeda sazRvari. 5,5 aTasi wlis win daiwyo aciveba. 5 aTasi wlis win damyarda Tanamedroves msgavsi klimaturi pirobebi. marTalia acieba-daTbobis monacvleoba SemdgomSic aRiniSneboda, magram es iyo mciremasStabiani cvlilebebi. magaliTad, XVII-XIX saukuneebSi adgili hqonda havis acivebasa da 185

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tenianobis matebas, xolo XIX saukunis bolos _ daTbobas. klimatis daTboba dResac grZeldeba. saqarTvelos teritoria geologiurad agebulia sxvadasxva asakisa da Sedgenilobis qanebiT. yvelaze farTo gavrcelebisaa axalgazrda _ mezozouri da kainozouri qanebi. SedarebiT lokaluri gavrclebisaa Zveli _ paleozouri da kambriulamdeli asakis qanebi. uZvelesi, kambriulamdeli da paleozouri qanebi umTavresad gavrcelebulia kavkasionis RerZuli zolis gaswvriv (mis dasavleT da centralur nawilSi), Zirulis, loqisa da xramis masivebze. es qanebi warmodgenilia metamorfuli da kristaluri qanebiT _ granitebT, gneisebiT, kristaluri fiqlebiT. mezozouri asakis qanebi, gansakuTrebiT iuruli da carculi, farTo gavrcelebiT xasiaTdeba. iuruli naleqebi umTavresad gavrcelebulia kavkasionis samxreT ferdobze, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos farglebSi kavkasionis RerZul zolsa da CrdiloeT ferdobze. gvxvdeba Zirulis, loqisa da xramis masivebzec, es qanebi warmodgenilia TixafiqlebiT, qviSaqvebiT, konglomeratebiT, zogan _ porfiritebiT, tufebiT, tufogenuri qanebiT. Zirulis masivis midamoebSi, aRniSnul naleqebSi gvxvdeba namarxi organizmebi _ xmeleTis florisa da zRvis faunis elementebi. namarxi fauna gvxvdeba loqis masivis porfiritul wyebebSic. carculi naleqebi TiTqmis uwyveti zolis saxiT gavrcelebulia kavkasionis samxreT ferdobsa da mis mTiswineTSi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi igi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia kirqvebiT, mergelebiT, dolomitebiT, sadac ganviTarebulia karstuli movlenebi. amis saukeTeso magaliTebia: webeldis plato-qvabuli (md. kodoris qvemo welis auzSi), mTa saTanjo (galis raioni), urTis mTa (zugdidisa da xobis raionebis sazRvarze), unagiris seri (mTa centraluri odiSis platoze) da sxv. neogenuri vulkanogenuri wyebebiT agebulia eruSeTis mTianeTi, samsrisa da javaxeTis qedebis udidesi nawili, axalqalaqis platos saZirkveli. igi cnobilia `goderZis wyebis~ saxelwodebiT da warmodgenilia vulkanuri lavebiT _ bazaltebiT, andezitebiT, andezitbazaltebiT, tufebiT. `goderZis wyeba~ cnobilia imiTac, rom aq napovnia mesameuli (neogenuri) floris ori adgilsamyofeli: erTi _ goderZis uReltexilis, xolo meore _ qisaTibis diatomitis sabados (axalcixis raioni) midamoebSi. meoTxeuli nafenebi yvelaze axalgazrda da mravalferovania. igi iyofa kontinentur da zRviur naleqebad. kontinenturi nafenebi metad mravalgvaria. warmoSobis mixedviT arsebobs: vulkanogenuri, mdinareuli, tbiuri, myinvaruli, mRvimuri da sxva saxis wyebebi. saqarTveloSi vxvdebiT mravalferovan da Zvirfas sasargeblo wiaRiseuls. mniSvnelovani da unikaluri miwis, wylis, tyis, rekreaciuli da aratradiciuli energiis resursebic. resursTa umetesi nawili mciremaragovani, Tumca maRalxarisxovania. bunebrivi resursebi miekuTvnebian tradiciul da aratradiciul resursTa tips. tradiciulia isini, romlebic adrec iyo cnobili, moipoveboda an moipoveba amJamadac. maT Sorisaa: manganumi, rkina, spilenZi, tyvia, TuTia, dariSxani, gogirdi, feradi liTonebi, qvanaxSiri, navTobi, bariti, bentonituri Tixa, diatomiti, aqati, samSeneblo masalebi (marmarilo, mergelebi da a.S.). zogierTi maTgani (rkina, molibdeni, volframi, oqro) Cveni saukunis dasawyisidan an meore msoflio omiswina periodidan aRar moipoveba (dakarga samrewvelo mniSvneloba). amJamad kvlav aRorZinda maT mimarT daintereseba. igive exeba arsebuli sabadoebis (bentonituri Tixebis, baritis, diatomitis, aqatis) gafarToebis problemebs. saqarTveloSi gadafasda saTbob-energetikuli (gansakuTrebiT navTobis) resursebisadmi damokidebuleba. mosalodnelia axali sabadoebis warmoCena-eqspluataciis dawyeba (qvanaxSirisaTvis) da arsebulis sxva siRrmeebze Zieba (navTobisaTvis). aratradiciulia (calkeuli iSvia186

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

Ti liTonebi, kalciti, ceoliTebi, faifuris qva) isini, romlebic CvenTan arasodes ar moipoveboda an ar iyo cnobili. isini mZlavri bunebrivi rezervia. Didi rezervebia agreTve samrewvelo wiaRiseulis srulfasovani anu kompleqsuri gamoyenebis mxrivac. saqarTvelos mineraluri resursebi mineraluri resursebi ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos geologiuri ganviTarebis istorias da mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. maT Sorisaa: saTbob-energetikuli, liTonuri, samTo – qimiuri nedleuli da bunebrivi saSeni masalebi, tyis da wylis, miwis da rekreaciuli resursebi. saTbob-energetikuli wiaRiseulidan aRsaniSnavia navTobi, qvanaxSiri da bunebrivi airi. navTobis sabadoebi saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili, Tumca maTi Seswavla XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan daiwyo. saqarTvelos navTobSemcveli teritoriebi or ZiriTad regions: SavizRvispiras (dasavleTi saqarTvelo, kolxeTis dablobi) da samxreT-kaspiispiras (aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo) miekuTvneba. saqarTveloSi navTobis ZiriTadi sabadoebia: aRmosavleT Waladidis (samegrelo), sufsis, Sromisubani _ wyalwmindis (guria), norios, sacxenisis, TeleTis, samgoris, rusTavis, taribanis (kaxeTi), mirzaanis, patara Siraqis, rusTavis gazokondensatis. navTobis dazverili maragis 70% da mopovebis 90% modis Tbilisis midamoebis, samgor-patarZeulisa da kaxeTis raionebze. navTobis prognozuli maragi ramdenime aseuli milioni tonaa. misi umetesi nawili mcire raodenobiT Seicavs gogirds, rac wiaRiseulis maRal xarisxze metyvelebs. qvanaxSiris sabadoTa geografia moicavs zols, romelic vrceldeba afxazeTidan okribamde (imereTi). aqaa ganlagebuli: bzifis, tyvarCelis, maganis (samegrelo _ energuris marcxena sanapiro), gelaTis, tyibul-Saoris. maTgan samrewvelo mniSvneloba mxolod ors: tyvarCelsa da tyibul-Saors gaaCnia. perspeqtiuli sabadoebia: bzifis, farcxanayanevis, sinaTle-Sqmeris, yvibia-gordis (q. senakTan). mura naxSiris sabadoebia: axalcixis (vales) da samxreT kaxeTis (md. ioris marcxena sanapiro). udidesia tyibul-Saoris sabado, romlis maragi Seadgens 700 mln t. tyvarCelis sabado mdebareobs md. RaliZgas zemo welSi. mis Sesaxeb 1881 wlidanaa cnobili. qvanaxSiris fenis simZlavrea 300 m. misi maragi _ 30 mln tonaa. axalcixis mura naxSiris sabado _ yvelaze maRla mdebarea (z. d. 10001600 m) da cnobilia XIX s-is II naxevridan. aq dazverviTi samuSaoebi da mopovebiTi samuSaoebi Sewyda gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, mura naxSirze moTxovnilebis Semcirebis gamo. sabados maragi 75 mln tonaa. sxva sabadoebidan aRsaniSnavia gelaTis (maragi 5 mln t), maganis (walenjixis raioni, maragi 0,5 mln. t), bzifis (gudauTis raioni, 0,9 mln t), samxreT kaxeTis (0,3 mln t, q. siRnaRidan samxreTiT), farcxanayanevis (wyaltubos raioni, 150 mln. t), yvibia-gordis (maragi 70 mln t, mdebareobs md. cxeniswyalsa da texurs Soris). saqarTveloSi moqmedi qvanaxSiris sabadoebis saerTo maragia 826 mln tona, perspeqtiuli sabadoebis maragi ki 360 mln t. amJamad saubaria bunebrivi airis samrewvelo mopovebaze, romlis mniSvnelovani sabadoebi gamovlenilia Tbilisis midamoebsa da kaxeTSi. torfis sabadoTa Seswavla-gamokvlevebi daiwyo XX s 30-ian wlebSi. torfian fenebs kolxeTis dablobze dakavebuli aqvs 20 aTasi ha, xolo misi maragi 8 mlrd m3ia. ZiriTadi sabadoebi gvxvdeba SavizRvispira zolSi, mcire nawili _ javaxeTis vulkanur platoze. saqarTveloSi torfis 49 sabadoa. yvelaze mZlavri sabadoebia: imnaTis (lanCxuTis raioni, saSualo siRrme _ 8 m. gamoiyeneba rogorc organuli sasuqi. maragi 35 mln t. fenis siRrme _ 14 m); nabadis (xobis raioni, fenis simZlavre _ 187

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

5 m, maragi _ 36 mln t); Wuris (xobis raioni, simZlavre 7 m, maragi _ 7 mln. t). torfis sabadoTa maragi Seswavlilia arasakmarisad. samrewvelo damuSavebaSi imyofeba sabadoTa mxolod 1/7. igi warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mecxoveleobaSi (sakvebad), qimiuri nivTierebebis misaRebad. `qarTuli torfis~ saTbobad gamoyeneba ararentabeluria. saqarTveloSi Savi liTonebi warmodgenilia rkinisa da manganumis sabadoebiT. ekonomikurad mniSvnelovan rkinis sabadoTa ricxvi Zalzed mcirea. maTgan aRsaniSnavia mxolod foladaurisa da Zamis. saqarTveloSi agreTve cnobilia garejisa da sanapiro-sazRvao rkinisSemcveli qviSis sabadoebi. manganumis (mZime movercxlisfro-moTeTro liToni) arseboba saqarTveloSi didi xnis win iyo cnobili. igi rkinaqvis saxesxvaobad miaCndaT da warmatebiT iyenebdnen rkinis Sesadnobad. manganumi Zvirfasi liTonia, romelsac SeuZlia mraval liTonTan warmoqmnas Senadnobi. manganums iyeneben Sav metalurgiaSi, galvanuri elementebis dasamzadeblad, qimiur mrewvelobaSi, soflis meurneobaSi, medicinaSi da sxv. manganumis sabadoebia Zirulis kristalur masivze, kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis calkeul monakveTze da aWara-TrialeTis qedze. Zirulis masivze manganumis gamovlineba aris, rogorc zedapiruli (WiaTura, Cxari-ajameTis), aseve siRrmiTi (rodinauli, zestafonis raioni). Manganumi aWara-imereTis qedze, vani-baRdadis midamoebSicaa aRmoCenili, Tumca mas arasamrewvelo daniSnuleba aqvs. garkveuli maragebia samegrelos, raWa-leCxumisa da guriis teritoriebze. ZiriTadi sabadoebia: WiaTuris (pirveli cnobebi mis Sesaxeb 1848 wlidanaa cnobili. samrewvelo mopoveba 1879 wels daiwyo. sabado zestafons ukavSirdeba saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo transportiT. maragi 200 mln tona), Cxari-ajameTis (quTaisisa da Terjolis midamoebSi, fenis simZlavrea maragi _ 5 mln t), Sqmeris (onis raioni, mdebareobs zR. d. 2000 metramde, maragi _ 6 mln t), agaris (savaraudo maragi 30 mln t), javis (savaraudo maragi 20 mln t). sul saqarTveloSi manganumis gamovlenili da savaraudo maragi 0,5 mlrd. tonas aRwevs, rac mniSvnelovani resursia. saqarTveloSi rkinis madnis gamovlinebis 60 adgilia cnobili. yvelaze mZlavria foladauris sabado (bolnisis raioni). aq rkinis Semcveloba 40%-ia. aqvea feradi liTonebic _ spilenZi (5%), TuTia (7%), tyvia (2%). rkinis sakmao maragiT xasiaTdeba Zamis sabado (qarelis raioni), sadac rkinis Semcvelobis sakmad maRali maCveneblebia (40-50%). maragi 20 mln tonamdea. SavizRvispira magnetituri qviSebi TiTqmis mTlianad miuyveba Savi zRvis sanapiro zols 250 km manZilze. aq rkinis Semcveloba 1-16%-is farglebSi meryeobs. maragi daaxloebiT 150-200 mln tonaa. saqarTveloSi feradi liTonebi da misi sabadoebi istoriuladaa cnobili. xSir SemTxvevaSi isini iSviaT da keTilSobil liTonebTan erTad moipoveba. umetes sabadoTa potenciuri maragebi arasruladaa Seswavlili. saqarTveloSi cnobili feradi liTonebis polimetaluri sabadoebia: spilenZ-tyvia-TuTiis (madneuli), tyvia-TuTiis (kvaisa), dariSxanis (canisa da luxumis). rezervulia: spilenZ-polimetaluri (qvemo bolnisis). Zvirfasi liTonebis perspeqtiuli ubnebia bolnisisa da javis raionebSi, agreTve daviT-garejis midamoebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi umravlesoba oqros Seicavs. am liToniT gansakuTrebiT mdidaria xramisa da loqis vulkanuri masivebi. iSviaTi an Zvirfasi liTonebi ZiriTadad Tanxvedrilia feradi liTonebis madanTan. maTi calkeuli gamovlinebebi gvxvdeba raWaSi, svaneTsa da afaxazeTSi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania dariSxnis sabadoebi. zogierTi iSviaTi liToni (vercxliswyali, volframi) aRmoCenilia kavkasionis samxreT kalTebze, magram maTi samrewvelo daniSnuleba arasruladaa Seswavlili. mniSvnelovania 188

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CveSuris (onis raioni) sabado, romelSic garda iSviaTi liTonebisa, Zvirfasi liTonebis mniSvnelovani raodenobaa. saqarTveloSi cnobilia aTobiT samrewvelo da aseulobiT arasamrewvelo daniSnulebis, Tumca perspeqtiuli samTo-qimiuri nedleulis sabado. bariti anu mZime Spati, warmatebiT gamoiyeneba medicinasa da qimiur mrewvelobaSi. saqarTveloSi cnobilia baritis 60 mniSvnelovani sabado. amJamad eqspluataciaSia Cordisa (onis raioni) da madneulis sabadoebi. baritis maragi (prognozulic) 45 mln t udris. umetes SemTxvevaSi bariti spilenZTan an sxva ferad liTonTan erTadaa warmodgenili. bentonituri Tixebi navTob-qimiuri mrewvelobis tradiciuli da umniSvnelovaresi nedleulia. saqarTveloSi cnobilia ramdenime aTeuli sabado, romelTagan mniSvnelovania askanisa da gumbrinis sabadoebi. perspeqtiulia axalcixis sabadoc. prognozuli maragi 180 mln tonamdea. diatomiti _ Zalze maRali xarisxis, Tumca mcire raodenobiT moipoveba axalcixis raionSi (maragi 10 mln t). igi mniSvnelovania qimiuri da kvebis mrewvelobisaTvis. aseve didi roli SeuZlia iTamaSos mineraluri sasuqebis warmoebaSi da kvebis produqtebis (Saqris siropis, Rvinis, wvenebis) filtrebis dasamzadeblad. diatomiti mZlavri savaluto Semosavlebis wyaro SeiZleba gaxdes. talki da serpentiniti xaSuris raioni, Zirulis masivis CrdiloaRmosavleT nawilSi moipoveba. gamoiyeneba ruberoidis warmoebaSi da soflis meurneobaSi (sasuqebad). misi gamoyeneba mevenaxeobaSi yurZnis mosavlianobas 1540%-iT zrdis. ceoliTi moipoveba TeZamisa da Zegvis sabadoebSi. igi gamoiyeneba gazis mrewvelobaSi (gamwmendad) da soflis meurneobaSi (sasuqad). andeziti moipoveba yazbegisa da borjomis raionebSi. misgan mzaddeba mJavagamZle cementi da betoni. misi maragia 13 mln. m3. saqarTveloSi cnobilia mineraluri saRebavebis 250-mde sabado. mniSvnelovani maragebia soxumis, xonisa da ozurgeTis raionebSi. saqarTvelo aseve mdidaria aramadneuli (dolomiti, qalcedoni, kirqva, flusi) wiaRiseuliT, romlebic farTod gamoyeneba metalurgiaSi. saqarTvelo mdidaria naxevrad Zvirfasi da feradi qvebiT: aqatiT (axalcixis raioni), saiuveliro aqatiT (marneulis raioni), obsidianiT (ninowmindis raioni) da sxv. saqarTvelo saSeni masalebiT Zalzed mdidaria. sabadoTa geografia mTel saqarTvelos moicavs. aq dafiqsirebulia sxvadasxva saxis 300-ze meti sabado. maT miekuTvneba: bunebrivi saSeni masalebia: dekoratiul-mosapirkeTebeli qvebi (marmarilo, teSeniti, bazalti, kirqva, tufi, dolomiti, gabro); sakedle qvebi (kirqva, tufi), kiri, sila, xreSi, saagure Tixa, cementis masala, samSeneblo qvebi (konglomeratebi) da sxv. maTi saerTo maragi 2.640 mln m3-ia. marmarilos mniSvnelovani sabadoebidan (sul 13) aRsaniSnavia: salieTis (zestafoni _ maragi 23 mln m3), Wognaris (Terjola _ 11 mln m3), sadaxlos (marneuli _ 8 mln m3), mendeleevis saxelobis (gagra _ 4 mln m3), gumisTis (soxumi _ 5 mln m3), lopotis (Telavi _ 3 mln m3), CobareTis (axalqalaqi _ 26 mln m3), sakasrias (zestafoni _ 3 mln m3). saqarTveloSi bazaltis maragi 70 mln m3-s aRwevs. 5.3.2. saqarTvelos reliefi saqarTvelo, orografiuli TvalsazrisiT, mravalferovania. aq gvxvdeba maRali qedebi, zegnebi da platoebi, brtyeli dablobebi da sxvadasxva simaRleze mdebare vakeebi, Rrma xeobebi da qvabulebi. zedapiris absoluturi simaRle cvalebadobs zRvis donidan 5201 m-mde (m. Sxara). dasavleT saqarTvelos udablesi wertili zRvis doneze 1,5-2,3 m-iT dabla mdebareobs. es aris q. foTsa da sof. yulevs (xobis raioni) Soris moqceuli Waobebis fskeri. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi udablesi wertili z.d. 189

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91,5 m simaRleze, eldaris dablobis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawili, mingeCauris wyalsacavis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapirosTan mdebareobs. simaRliTi zonebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. maRalmTiani reliefis wilad modis respublikis saerTo farTobis 20%. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia Zlier danawevrebuli zedapiri da kldovani masivebi. Tumca cicabo kalTebs (35°-ze meti daxrilobiT) xSirad cvlis movakebuli zedapirebi. maRalmTian reliefSi, romelic zR. d. 2000 metrze maRlaa, kargad aris SemorCenili meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis naSTebi (cirkebi, karebi, morenuli borcvebi). myinvarebis mier gamomuSavebulia yuTisebri, e.w. troguli xeobebi. saSualomTian zonaze modis respublikis saerTo farTobis 34%. igi ZiriTadad moqceulia zR. d. 1000-2000 m simaRleebs Soris, sadac gabatonebulia cicabo da saSualo daxrilobis (20-30°) ferdobebi. mdinareebi aq anviTareben siRrmiT erozias, qmnian Rrma da V-ebri formis xeobebs. dabalmTiani reliefis wilad modis saqarTvelos saerTo farTobis 23%-ze naklebi. igi moqceulia zR. d. 500-800 m-dan 1000 m simaRliT diapazonSi, sadac gabatonebulia damreci ferdobebi (vinaidan mTebidan vakeebisaken gardamaval zolSi ufro damaxasiaTebelia akumulaciuri procesebi da ganviTarebulia Sleifebi). mdinareTa xeobebi ganieri da terasebiania. vake-dablobebsa da mTiswineTis gorak-borcvebs respublikis saerTo farTobis 23%-ze meti ukavia. igi warmodgenilia saqarTvelos mTaTaSorisi baris dasavleT nawilSi zR. d. 200-600 m, xolo aRmosavleT nawilSi _zR. d. 400-1000 m simaRleebze. mdinareTa xeobebi Zalzed farToa. amrigad, saqarTvelo mTiani qveyanaa, romlis specifikac gasaTvaliswinebelia mTeli rigi ekonomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri RonisZiebebis dagegmarebisas. saqarTvelos reliefis saSualo simaRle 1508 m-ia. igive maCvenebeli aRmosavleTSi 1691 m-ia, dasavleTSi 1314 m. administraciuli raionebidan yvelaze maRlaa yazbegis (2882 m), agreTve mestiis (2594 m), onis (2404 m), lentexis (2410 m), ninowmindis (2254 m) da duSeTis (2141 m) raionebi. yvelaze dabali simaRliTi maCvenebliT gamoirCeva xobis raioni (mxolod 50 m). 5.3.3. saqarTvelos klimati da klimaturi resursebi saqarTvelos klimatis Camoyalibebaze mravali faqtori axdens gavlenas: teritoriis ganeduri mdebareoba, adgilis simaRle, atmosferos cirkulacia da qvefenili zedapiris xasiaTi. kerZod: saqarTvelo mdebareobs dedamiwis zedapiris iseT nawilSi, sadac troposferos qveda fenebSi TiTqmis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia dasavleTis (ganeduri) qarebi; klimatis formirebaze gavlenas axdens haeris masebis meridianuli cirkulacia _ zomieri, tropikuli da zogjer polaruli (borealuri) haeris masebis SemoWra. maT Soris yvelaze didi ganmeorebadobiT gamoirCeva zomieri ganedebis haeris masebi, romlebic dasavleTidan SemoWris gamo teniTაა gajerebuli. zafxulSi xSiria tropikuli haeris masebis, SemoWra romlebic ayalibeben cxel da mSral amindebs; haeris masebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze sxvadasxva gziT Semodis. dasavleTidan SemoWris dros adgili aqvs haeris temperaturis dawevas, Rrublian da naleqian amindebs, rac yalibdeba azoris anticiklonidan momavali erT-erTi totis aRmosavleTiT gadmoაdgilebisas. Sav zRvaze gadmovlisas igi iZens didi raodenobis tens da umTavresad dasavleT saqarTveloSi moaqvs uxvi 190

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atmosferuli naleqebi, umTavresad dasavleT saqarTveloSi. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ki lixis qedis gadavlis Semdeg es masebi teniT gaRaribebulia. teritoriis klimatur Taviseburebebs mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs orografiuli barierebic. am mxriv upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos kavkasionis mTianeTi, romelic aferxebs CrdiloeTis civi haeris masebis SemoRwevas saqarTvelos (da saerTod samxreT kavkasiis) teritoriaze. amasTan igi mimarTulebas ucvlis haeris masebs, romlebic SemovliT aRweven respublikis teritorias. zogjer civi haeris masebi kavkasionis zogierTi mdinaris xeobiT mainc aRweven, magram maTi gavlena didi ar aris. CrdiloeTidan momavali haeris nakadebi gadalaxaven Savi zRvis auzsa da aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis baris Tbil zedapirs da saqarTvelos teritoriaze SedarebiT gamTbari haeris masebis saxiT vrceldebian. swored kavkasioni ganapirobebs imas, rom mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis samxreTiT mdebare teritoria subtropikul sartyelSia moqceuli, misgan CrdiloeTiT ki _ zomier sartyelSi. rom ar es orografiuli barieri, saqarTveloSi gacilebiT ufro civi da kontinenturi klimati iqneboda, gansakuTrebiT wlis civ periodSi. aseve mniSvnelovani orografiuli barierebia mesxeTis (aWaris sanapiro da Sida regionebs Soris), lixisa da arsianis qedebi, romlebic aferxeben dasavleTidan momaval notio haeris masebis gavrcelebas. amitom dasavleTi saqarTvelo ufro naleqiania, vidre aRmosavleTi. swored lixisa da arsianis qedebis Txemze gadis sazRvari notio da mSral subtropikebs Soris. saqarTvelos teritoriaze klimatur gansxvavebas qmnis meorexarisxovani orografiuli barierebic. esenia: svaneTis, bzifis, leCxumis, egrisis da raWis qedebi. isini metnaklebad akaveben notio haeris masebs. amitom maTi qarpira ferdobebi uxvnaleqiania, xolo qarzurga ferdobebi, mimdebare xeobebi da qvabulebi _ mcirenaleqiani. amiT iqmneba sakmaod mniSvnelovani klimaturi kontrastebi. mcire kavkasionic sakmaod mniSvnelovan orografiul bariers warmoadgens. igi erTgvarad anelebs samxreTidan momavali tropikuli, cxeli haeris masebis zegavlenas. rom ara es orografiuli barieri, saqarTveloSi SedarebiT ufro cxeli da mSrali hava iqneboda gansakuTrebiT wlis Tbil periodSi. Savi da kaspiis zRvebi gansxvavebul zegavlenas axdenen saqarTvelos havaze. qveynis Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze mdebareobam aq ufro Tbili da notio klimati ganapiroba (umTavresad mis dasavleT nawilSi). zRvis zedapirze gadavlili haeris masebi jerdebian teniT (zamTarSic ki, vinaidan zRva ar iyineba da wyali intensiurad orTqldeba) da moemarTebian saqarTvelos teritoriisaken. igive ar iTqmis kaspiis zRvaze, romlis gavlena saqarTvelos klimatze umniSvneloa. amierkavkasiis mTaTaSorisi bari xels uwyobs haeris masebis Tavisufal gadaadgilebasa da ventilacias amitom klimatologebma mas `amierkavkasiis derefani~ uwodes. ZiriTadi meteorologiuri elementebis reJimi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: mzis naTebis saSualo wliuri xangrZlivobaa 1300-2550 saaTi. es maCvenebeli yvelaze maRalia Siraqis velsa da gardabnis vakeze, sadac igi 2550 saaTze metia, xolo SedarebiT mcirea, maRali Rrublianobis gamo, kolxeTis dablobze (1800-2000 sT-s). igi gansakuTrebiT mcirea aWaris farglebSi da kavkasionis maRalmTian zolSi. gansxvavebuli suraTi SeiniSneba samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTis maRalmTian zolSi, sadac maRalia mzis naTebis xangrZlivoba. amrigad, absoluturi simaRlis zrdis Sesabamisad izrdeba mzis naTebis xangrZlivoba. Tumca adgili aqvs inversiebsac. magaliTad, mesxeTis qedis Txemze es maCvenebeli ufro 191

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maRalia, vidre mis kalTebze. absoluturi simaRlis matebasTan erTad izrdeba haeris gamWvirvaloba da Sesabamisad izrdeba jamuri radiaciac. barSi Seadgens 120130 kkal/sm2, xolo mTaSi _ 150-155 kkal/sm2. saqarTvelos barSi radiaciuli balansi Seadgens 45-60 kkal/sm2-s, xolo mTaSi 10-20 kkal/sm2-s. radiaciuli balansi dadebiTia mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. gamonaklisia mxolod zogierTi maRalmTiani regioni. amrigad, radiaciuli reJimis mixedviT kavkasioni, mcire kavkasioni da javaxeTis zegani mcired gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. haeris temperatura saqarTvelos teritoriaze icvleba absoluturi simaRlis zrdis Sesabamisad. simaRlis yovel 100 m-ze aq temperatura 0,2-0,9°C-iT ecema, Tumca xSiria temperaturuli inversiebic. kerZod, Siraqis velze temperaturuli gradientia 2°. haeris temperaturebs Soris sxvaobam erTsa da imave dros sxvadasxva hifsometrul safexurze SeiZleba miaRwios 25-30°C-s, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi mcirea haeris temperaturis wliuri amplituda. igi minimaluria Savi zRvis sanapiroze da Seadgens 16-17°C-s, xolo maqsimaluri _ eldaris dablobze (26-27°C). aseve maRalia igi ivris zeganze, gardabnis vakeze, axalqalaqis platosa da axalcixis qvabulSi. Sida qarTlis vakesa da gomboris qedze haeris wliuri amplitudaa 22-24°C, xolo kolxeTis gorak-borcvian zolSi _ 18-20°C. saqarTvelos maRal mTebSi (gudauri, bakuriani, yazbegi, omalo, karwaxi) haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura 2-5°C-s ar aRemateba. maRalmTian dausaxlebel ubnebSi (yazbegis maRalmTiani meteosadguri) ki igi kidev ufro dabalia (-2,7-10,2°C). haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura yvelaze maRalia Savi zRvis sanapiroze da Seadgens +14-15°C-s. mTaTaSoris barSi, dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaaken, es maCvenebeli TandaTan ecema. magaliTad, kolxeTis gorak-borcvian zolSi igi 13-14°C-s Seadgens, Sida qarTlis vakeze _ 9-13°C-s. dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi zamTari SedarebiT Tbilia. ianvris saSualo temperatura, z.d. 600-700 m simaRlemde, arasodes ar Camodis 0°C-ze dabla. gansakuTrebiT Tbilia kolxeTis dablobi da mimdebare gorak-borcviani zoli, sadac ucivesi Tvis (ianvris) saSualo temperaturaa +4-5°C (zugdidi, senaki, samtredia), Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi ki +5-6°C (gagra, soxumi, baTumi). Amitom aq zamTarSic ki mziani Tbili amindebi sakmao xans grZeldeba. swored es ganapirobebs notio subtropikuli kulturebis farTod gavrcelebas. rac ufro vSordebiT Savi zRvis sanapiros, miT ufro ecema ianvris saSualo temperatura. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ucivesi Tvis yvelaze maRali saSualo temperaturebi aRiniSneba qvemo qarTlisa (maT Soris q. Tbilissa da mis SemogarenSi) da alaznis vakeebze, sadac igi 0°C-is farglebSi cvalebadobs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva teritoriebze ki 0°C-ze dabalia. saerTod, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, dasavleTTan SedarebiT, erTsa da imave simaRleze ianvris saSualo temperatura 1-2C-iT ufro naklebia. ivris zeganze (kerZod, Siraqis velze) aRiniSneba ucivesi Tvis yvelaze dabali saSualo temperatura (-3,80C) saqarvelos baris farglebSi. ianvris saSualo temperatura saqarTvelos baris farglebSi uaryofiTia mxolod mis ukidures aRmosavleT nawilSi. javaxeTis zeganze zamTari civi da mkacri klimatiT xasiaTdeba. aq ianvris saSualo temperatura _ 8°C-ia. civi haeris masebis SemoWrisas Savi zRvis sanapiroze haeris temperatura _ 10-14°C-mde ecema, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi _ 25-30°C-mde. haeris temperaturis absoluturi minimumi (-41°C) aRricxulia sof. karwaxSi (z.d. 1860 m simaRleze, axalqalaqis raioni. igi miCneulia saqarTvelos `sicivis polusad~. temperaturebi aRricxulia sof. tabawyurSi (tabawyuris tbis sanapiroze, borjomis raioni), sof. efremovkaSi (ninowmindis raioni) da Saoris qvabulSi. maRal mTebSi absoluturi minimaluri temperatura (-42°C) aRniSnulia yazbegis meteosadgurze. 192

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Tbili da notio zafxuli axasiaTebs kolxeTis dablobsa da mimdinare gorak-borcvian zols (oCamCire, anaklia, xoni, zugdidi, senaki). ivlisis saSualo temperatura Savi zRvis sanapiroze +22-23°C-s Seadgens Tumca samxreTidan cxeli haeris masebis SemoWrisas igi 40°C aRemateba. aRmosavleTisaken ivlisis saSualo temperatura TandaTan matulobs – igi foTSi +23°C, samtrediaSi +23,5°C, saqaraSi ki +24°C. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi zafxuli cxeli da mSralia. ivlisis saSualo temperaturaa +23+25°C, gardabnisa da alaznis vakis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi _ ufro metic. javaxeTis zeganze zafxuli Tbilia. 10°C-ze maRali saSualo temperaturebi aq 4-5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi aRiniSneba (uTbilesi Tvis saSualo temperaturaa +17°C). haeris temperaturis absoluturi maqsimumi (+43°C) aRiniSna sof. laTaSi (md. kodoris xeobaSi, gulrifSis raioni), sof. WarnalSi (kaxabris vakeze, xelvaCauris raioni) da samtrediaSi. maRal mTebSi aRricxuli haeris absoluturi maqsimumi +27+32°C-mde ecema. atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri raodenoba saqarTvelos teritoriaze meryeobs 400-4000 mm-is farglebSi. igi minimaluria eldaris vakeze, zolo maqsimuluri _ m. mtiralze (ciskara, Caqvis qedis zRvisken moqceul ferdobze). dasavleT saqarTvelo ufro uxvnaleqiania, vidre aRmosavleTi. naleqebis siuxviT gamoirCeva kolxeTis dablobi, misi mimdebare gorak-borcviani zoli da mesxeTis qedis dasavleTi kalTebi. uxvnaleqianobis meore polusad SeiZleba davasaxeloT afxazeTis kavkasioni, sadac misi raodenoba 3000 mm-s aRemateba. Tumca dasavleT saqarTveloSi aris iseTi adgilebic, sadac atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba SeadrebiT mcirea (mag. Sida aWara, zemo raWa, svaneTi da sxv., aq naleqebis raodenoba 1200 m-ze naklebia). naleqebis aseTi mkveTri simcire gamowveulia barieruli qedebis arsebobiT, romlebic qmnian e.w. `wvimis Crdilebs~. saqarTvelos teritoriaze atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT mcirdeba. magaliTad Tu foTSi igi Seadgens 1661 mm-s, samtrediaSi _ 1375 mm-ia, TbilisSi _ 505 mm. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi naleqebis saSualo raodenobaa 400-500 mm. aq yvelaze meti naleqi (800-1000 mm) alaznis vakeze, kaxeTis kavkasionis samxreT ferdobze modis, xolo yvelaze mcire (400 mm-mde) – saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleTi sazRvris mimdebare teritoriebze. atmosferos qveda fenebSi qarebis reJimi damokidebulia mraval faqtorze da igi garkveuli sirTuliT xasiaTdeba. es ganpirobebulia zRvisa da xmeleTis araTanabari gaTbobiT, qvefenili zedapiris xasiaTiT da sxv. saqarTvelos teritoriaze qarebis reJimze udides gavlenas axdens Savi zRva. dasavleT saqarTveloSi wlis civ periodSi gabatonebulia aRmosavleTis qarebi, romlebsac daRmavali xasiaTi aqvT. wlis Tbil periodSi ki dominirebs dasavleTis aRmavali qarebi. zafxulSi damaxasiaTebelia zRviuri qarebi _ brizebi, romlebic teritoriis siRrmeSi 130-135 km manZilze vrceldebian. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi TiTqmis mTeli wlis manZilze dasavleTisa da Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi, romlebic daRmavali xasiaTisaa. samxreTi saqarTvelo qaris mcire siCqariT gamoirCeva. zamTarSi aq umeteswilad warmoiqmneba anticiklonuri situacia, sadac sWarbobs dasavleTisa da samxreT-dasavleTis qarebi, zafxulSi ki ciklonuri situacia yalibdeba, sadac sapirispiro mimarTulebis qarebi viTardeba. qaris siCqare gansxvavebulia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi. igi maqsimaluria maRalmTian zolSi. m. myinvarwveris kalTebze qaris saSualo siCqarea 6,.3 m/wm, calkeul SemTxvevaSi ki _ 45 m/wm. Zlierqarian (15 m/wm-ze meti) dReTa raodenoba 193

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cvalebadobs 0,2-dan (sof. Wrebalo, ambrolauris raioni) 162 dRemde (m. sabueTi lixis qedze, xaragaulis raioni). qarebis yvelaze didi saSualo siCqareebi aRiricxeba kavkasionis maRalmTian subnivalur da nivalur sartyelSi, lixis qedze, samsrisa da javaxeTis qedebis Txemur zolSi. umniSvnelo qarebi aRiniSneba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi, Rrma xeobebsa da qvabulebSi (CxalTa-sakenis, borjomis, liaxvis, qsnis, aragvis, ivris, alaznis xeobebSi da aWaris, raWis, zemo svaneTis, qvemo svaneTis qvabulebSi). klimatis globaluri cvlilebis tendenciebi da saqarTvelo amJamad klimatis cvlilebas ZiriTadad ukavSireben atmosferosa da hidrosferos dabinZurebas, tyeebis Cexvas, gaudabnoebas, globalur daTbobas da msoflio okeanis donis matebas. klimatis cvlilebis mosalodneli Sedegebi ara marto globalur ekologiur, aramed ekonomikur da socialur problemadac ganixileba. klimatis cvlilebis Sedegebi ukve TvalsaCino gaxda rogorc msoflios calkeul regionSi, ise saqarTveloSi. havis cvalebadoba CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi SesamCnevi XX saukunis dasawyisidan gaxda. gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi daTbobas (haeris saSualo temperaturam 0.60-iT moimata), amave saukunis 50-iani wlebidan jer araarsebiTi aciveba, xolo Semdeg (60-iani wlebi) kvlav daTboba mohyva. globaluri daTbobis orgvari axsna arsebobs. pirveli – saTburis efeqts ukavSirdeba, xolo meore – mzis aqtiobis 11 da 80 wlian ciklebs. dadgenilia, rom saqarTveloSi ukanaskneli saukunis manZilze, haeris saSualowliurma temperaturam aseve moimata 0.60C-iT. globaluri daTbobis niSnebma XX sakunis 80-iani wlebidan sagangaSo xasiaTi miiRo. dafiqsirda, rom Crdilo yinulovani okeanis mTel rig kunZulebze (grenlandia, Spicbergeni, axali miwa) da sanapiro zolSi haeris saSualowliurma temperaturam erTi saukunis manZilze 2-30-iT moimata. islandiaSi yinulisgan gamonTavisuflda is teritoriebi, romlebic 600 wlis win erTwliani kulturebis mosayvanad gamoiyeneboda. yinulis safaris swrafi Semcireba aRiniSna aliaskasa da grenlandiaze, agreTve zomieri sartylis yvela mTian sistemaSi. saqarTveloSi, kerZod ki kavkasionis glacialur-nivalur zonaSi TvalsaCinoa myinvarebis raodenobis zrda – didi myinvarebis daqucmacebis da maTi saerTo farTobis Semcirebis xarjze. garda yinuliT dafaruli farTobis Semcirebisa, CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi aRiniSneba maradi mzralobis, taigisa da tundris qveda sazRvris CrdiloeTiT da mTebSi hifsometriulad maRla gadaadgilebis procesi. analogiuri niSnebi SeiniSneba kavkasionis maRalmTian zonaSi, rac gamoixateba subalpuri tyeebis zeda sazRvris awevaSi. CrdiloeT naxevarsferos aridul regionebSi kidev ufro Semcirda atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba, gansakuTrebiT wlis civ periodSi. amgvar movlenas mdinareTa xarjis Semcireba da Sida wyalsatevebSi wylis donis dakleba mohyva. gaizarda gvalvebis masStabebi, intensivoba da raodenobac, rac araerT regionSi sasicocxlo garemos degradaciis da ekonomikuri aqtivobis Seferxebis mizezi garda. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi naleqebis raodenobis Semcireba yvelaze TvalsaCinoa (10%-iT) CrdiloeT afrikis da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis tropikul sartyelSi. fiqsirdeba anomaliebic – Tu avstraliis dasavleT sanapiroebze naleqebis raodenoba izrdeba, aRmosavleT sanapiroebze sapirispiro movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. dadgenilia, rom 194

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos stepur landSaftebSi SesamCnevad izrdeba naxevradudabnos mcenareulobiT dakavebuli farTobebis xvedriTi wili. msoflios TiTqmis yvela regionis Termuli reJimi da misi geografiuli Taviseburebani gviCvenebs, rom amJamad globaluri daTboba fiqsirdeba yvelgan, Tumca sxvadasxva xarisxiT. havis maqsimaluri cvlilebebi aRiniSna xmeleTze, zomier sartyelSi, C.g. 40-700 Soris. aqve fiqsirdeba amindis eqstremaluri maCveneblebis gaxSirebac. saqarTveloSi, ukanasknel wlebSi, eqstremalurad maRali temperaturebi ukve dafiqsirda iseT adgilebSi, sadac igi arasodes aRniSnula. okeaneebze klimaturi maxasiaTeblebis cvalebadoba SedarebiT naklebia, Tanac zogierT akvatoriaSi uaryofiTi anomaliebic ki SeimCneva. Tumca daTbobis Sedegebi TvalsaCinoa mTel msoflio okeaneze – misma donem ukanaskneli 100 wlis manZilze 10-25 sm-iT moimata. amgvari viTareba, upirveles yovlisa, ukavSirdeba yinulis dnobis globalur tendenciebs. analogiuri viTarebaa saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi. naleqebis ganawilebis cvalebadobaze mdinaris Camonadenis, miwisqveSa wylebis da niadaguri tenis maxasiaTebelTa Secvlac metyvelebs. aRmosavleT evropaSi TiTqmis yvelgan aRiniSneba niadagis sinotivis, wyalSemcveli fenebis da miwisqveSa wylis resursis (maragis) mateba. globaluri daTboba Tovlis safaris simZlavresa da xangrZlivobazec aisaxa. evraziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis kontinentebze Semcirda misi maCveneblebi. analogiuri viTarebaa saqarTveloSic, sadac ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze Seicvala Tovlis gavrcelebis TiTqmis yvela (xangrZlivoba, simZlavre, geografia) maCvenebeli. globaluri daTbobis Sedegad ekvatorul sartyelSi mimdinareobs aorTqlebis procesis gaaqtiureba. mosalodnelia ekvatoruli da tropikuli sartylis wylebis marilianobis zrda, rasac amgvari wylebis damZimeba da daZirva mohyveba. golfstrimis mZime, Tbili da mariliani wylebi garkveul adgils `dauTmobs~ arqtikul msubuq, civ da mtknar wyals. amgvarad, mosalodnelia ara marto zomieri da subtropikuli sartylis an sanapiro zolis havis maxasiaTeblebis, aramed okeanis binadarTa sacxovrebeli garemos cvlilebac. miniSnebebi TvalsaCinoa – CrdiloeT amerikis aRmosavleT sanapiroebis da dasavleT evropis mTel rig regionSi yovelwliurad aRiniSneba Tovlis safaris simZlavrisa da yinvebis intensivobis mateba. ozonis fenis da Sesabamisad, misi damcavi Tvisebebis degradacia bunebriv garemos da kacobriobas mraval safrTxes uqadis. kacobriobas imunuri sistemis daqveiTeba, kanisa da Tvalis daavadebebis gaxSireba da garTuleba, infeqciuri daavadebebisadmi organizmis mdgradobis daqveiTeba da fsiqiuri ganwyobis gauareseba emuqreba. ozonis fenis degradacia da ultraiisferi gamosxivebis gazrda mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs gogrisebrTa da bardisebrTa mcenareulobis mosavlianobas. gacilebiT gamZlea mzesumzira, bamba da zogierTi saxeobis marcvleuli (simindi da brinji), romelTa mosavlianobac mxolod 5%-iT Semcirdeba. marcvleuli kulturebis mosavlianobis Semcirebis tendeciebi aseve TvalsaCinoa mTel saqarTveloSi. ozonis fenis cvalebadoba niadagis nayofierebazec aisaxeba. baqteriebi, romlebic axerxeben atmosferodan azotis utilizacias (gamoyenebas) da romelsac Semdgom mcenareebis zrda-ganviTarebas xmardeba, niadagis zeda fenaSi cxovroben. cnobilia, rom amgvari baqteriebis mier gadamuSavdeba imdenive azoti (35 mln t), ramdenic iwarmoeba mso195

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

flioSi azotovani sasuqebis saxiT. ultraiisferi gamosxivebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba rogorc mikroorganizmebis cxovelmyofeloba, ise niadagis nayofiereba. klimaturi resursebi mzis anu helioresursebi ekologiurad sufTa, Tumca ZviradRirebuli resursebia. mis misaRebad didi teritoibia saWiro. magaliTad, imisaTvis rom davakmayofiloT saqarTvelos moTxovnileba eleqtroenergiaze, saWiro iqneba 140 km2 teritoria daifaros heliosadgurebiT. saqarTvelos terotoriaze modis 34 mlrd kvt. sT mzis energia, rac 3-jer sWarbobs moTxovnilebas. mzis naTebis maqsimumi (2633 saaTi) aRricxulia rodionovkaSi, minimumi (1147 sT/w) sairmeSi. Helioresursebis gamoyenebis efeqturobas amcirebs Rrublianoba, haeris mtvrianoba, eqspoziciuri dafaruloba, sezonuroba, dRe-Ramis monacvleoba. helioresursebiT mdidaria mesxeT-javaxeTi, aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo da dasavleT kavkasionis maRalmTianeTi. helioenergiis misaRebad (180-230 kvt.sT/m2) xelsayreli adgilebia aRmosavleTi da samxreTi saqarTvelos mTel rig regionebSi, agreTve kavkasionis maRalmTianeTSi, zR. d. 3 aTas metrze maRla. saTbob-energetikuli resursebis gamoyenebis Tanamedrove masStabebi da zrdis tendencia gvarwmunebs, rom saqarTvelos XXI saukunis pirvel mesamedSi yovelwliurad dasWirdeba 6-7 mln tona pirobiTi mineraluri sawvavi; helioresursebis efeqturi gamoyeneba ki misi erTi mesamedis ekonomiis saSualebas miscemda (sacxovrebeli binebis gaTboba, rekreaciuli obieqtebis momsaxureba, sasaTbure meurneoba da sxv.), gaajansaRebda qalaqebisa da kurortebis midamoebSi ekologiur garemos. qaris energia amouwuravi bunebrivi resursia. qaris eleqtrosadgurebi idgmeba iq, sadac misi saSualowliuri siCqare aRemateba 4 m/wm. amgvari adgilebi saqarTveloSi sakmaodaa da maTi sruli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia miviRoT 4,5 mlrd kvt. sT eleqtroenergia. qaris energiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani potenciiT mTaTaSorisi derefani, md. mtkvrisa da rionis xeobebi gamoirCeva. kargi pirobebia mTaTaSoris xeobebsa da Ria platoebis monacvleobis arealebSi. qaris resursebis mcire maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba Rrma xeobebi da mTaTaSorisi qvabulebi. qaris energiis miReba gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia im adgilebSi (rionis xeoba q. quTaisTan, mtkvris xeoba), sadac xSiria iseTi dReebi, roca qaris siCqare 15 m/wm-s aRemateba. amgvar dReTa ricxvi quTaisSi 88, xolo TbilisSi _ 132-ia. asevea maRal mTebsa da uReltexilebze. magaliTad, yazbegis meteosadgurze _ 98, mTa sabueTis meteosadgurze weliwadSi 142 amgvari dRe aRiniSna. mniSvnelovania isic, rom qarebis maqsimumi modis zamTarze, e.i. maSin, roca yvelaze meti energiaa saWiro. Tu mniSvnelad aviRebT im maCvenebels (>3 m/w), rac saWiroa qaris eleqtroZravebis asamoqmedeblad, aRmoCndeba, rom saqarTvelos mTel rig regionebSi (mTaTaSorisi bari, javaxeTis zegani, cxrawyaros uReltexili, mamisonisa da mTa sabueTis midamoebi) wlis 50-70%-is ganmavlobaSi aq qris energetikulad maRalefeqturi qarebi. qaris mimRebi aparatebis uaryofiT Tvisebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos: landSaftis teqnogenuri damaxinjeba, xmauri, maRali eleqtromagnituri sixSireebi. dadebiTad ki is, rom aq gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergia 2-3 jer iafia TboeleqtrosadgurebSi gamomuSavebulTan SedarebiT. ukanasknel xanebSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs procesebi qaris energiis misRebad. misi pirveli sadguri goris midamoebSi Seiqmna, romlis simZlavre 20 mgvt-ia. arada, qaris energiis efeqturi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebeli 196

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

iqneba miviRoT 1-1,5 mln kvt. sT eleqtroenergia, rac mniSvnelovani wili iqneba saqarTvelos energetikaSi. 5.3.4. saqarTvelos Siga wylebi da wylis resursebi saqarTvelos hidrografiuli qselis geografiul Taviseburebebs gansazRvravs reliefuri pirobebi, mravalgvari geologiuri agebuleba, klimatis mravalferovneba, niadag-mcenareuli safarisa da saerTod, landSaftebis vertikaluri zonaloba. TiToeuli maTgani Taviseburad zemoqmedebs xmeleTis wylebis resursebsa da ganawilebaze. reliefi udides gavlenas axdens Siga wylebze _ mdinaris siCqareze, kalapotisa da xeobebis Camoyalibebaze, eroziuli formebis warmoqmnaze da sxv. magaliTad, kolxeTis dablobis sustad daxrili zedapiri wylis mdore dinebas da Sesabamisad mdinareebi, romlebic Zlier meandrireben (iklaknebian), aCenen kunZulebsa da patar-patara tbebs _ namdinarevs (e.w. narionalebs). sruliad gansxvavebuli situaciaa mTebSi, sadac reliefis didi daxrilobis gamo, mdinareebi swrafad miedinebian, qmnian Woromebsa da CanCqerebs. es gansakuTrebiT mkafiodaa gamoxatuli iq, sadac SemorCenilia meoTxeuli gamyinvareba. Tumca, saqarTvelos mTis mdinareebi CanCqerebis siuxviT ar gamoirCevian. erTaderTi adgili, sadac CanCqerebis SedarebiTi siuxvea _ aris md. kodoris auzi. aq yvelaze didi wylis vardna aqvs kliCis CanCqers, romelsac `afxazeTis niagarasac~ uwodeben; teritoriis geologiuri agebuleba mxolod garkveuli TvalsazrisiT axdens gavlenas xmeleTis wylebze. karbonatuli da advilad xsnadi qanebiT agebul teritoriebze zedapiruli wylebi xmeleTSi `ikargebian~ da mZlavri miwisqveSa gadinebiT xasiaTdebian. amgvarad yalibdeba hidrografiuli qselis karstuli tipi. analogiuri movlena damaxasiaTebelia vulkanuri qanebiT agebuli ubnebisaTvisac, sadac formirdeba e.w. vulkanuri vokluzebi (wylis diddebitiani gamosasvlelebi). reliefis amgebi qanebi zogjer fers ucvlian mdinaris wyals. magaliTad, mdinareebs wyalwiTelasa da maganas wiTel Seferilobas aZlevs is Tixovani qanebi, sadac isini gaedinebian; klimaturi pirobebi gansazRvraven zedapiruli wylebis Camonadenis raodenobas, mdinareTa qselis sixSires, wylis donis cvalebadobas, marilianobasa da sxv. kolxeTis dablobze atmosferuli naleqebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanabradaa ganawilebuli, amitom is mdinareebi, romlebic saTaves iReben dablobis an dabali mTebis farglebSi, wylis donis SedarebiT naklebi ryeviT xasiaTdebian. Ggarda amisa kolxeTis dablobisa da saerTod dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebi wyaluxvobiT gamoirCeva. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ki, tenis deficitia, Sesabamisad mdinareebi wyalmarCxia, mcirea mdinareuli qselis sixSire da xSirad viTardeba droebiTi nakadebi. xmeleTis wylebis ganawilebaze gavlenas axdens temperaturuli reJimic. haeris temperaturis maRali macveneblebisas izrdeba aorTqleba da mcirdeba zedapiruli Camonadeni. haeris uaryofiTi temperaturebis dros ki atmosferuli naleqebi Tovlis saxiT modis da mdinareuli Camonadeni umTavresad miwisqveSa wylebis xarjze yalibdeba; niadag-mcenareuli safaris xasiaTi aferxebs an xels uwyobs wylis filtracias niadagSi. magaliTad, tye xels uSlis Tovlis intensiur dnobas, ris gamoc, es teritoriebi wylis Tanabari filtraciiT xasiaTdebian. aseT pirobebSi zedapiruli Camonadeni naklebad cvalebadia. 197

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

xmeleTis wylebis ganawilebaze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia anTropogenurma faqtorma. samelioracio arxebi, wyalsacavebi da sxva hidroteqnikuri nagebobebi mniSvnelovanwilad cvlis hidrografiul qsels. saqarTvelos mdinareebi ganekuTvnebian Savi (atlantis okeanis) da kaspiis (Sida kontinenturi) zRvebis auzebs, romelTa Soris wyalgamyofi iwyeba azaus qedidan (CrdiloeTi kavkasia), gasdevs kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qeds, lixis, mesxeTisa da arsianis qedebis Txems. kavkasionis mTavari qedi dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebs gamoyofs md. yubanis auzisagan, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebs _ mdinareebis: Tergisa da sulakis qvemo welis auzebisagan. mdinareuli qselis Taviseburebis mixedviT saqarTvelos teritoria iyofa sam nawilad: dasavleT, aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT saqarTvelod. dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebi wyaluxvobiTa da mdinareuli qselis sixSiriT gamoirCeva. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebi mTlianad miekuTvneba md. mtkvris auzs (farTobi 21120 km2), romelic aq yvelaze wyaluxvi (Camonadenis moculobaa 6500 km3) mdinarea. am maCvenebliT igi pirvel adgilzea aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, xolo respublikis maStabiT meoreze (md. rionis Semdeg). dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mdinareTa wyalSemkrebi auzebis farTobi daaxloebiT erTnairia da Seadgens respublikis saerTo farTobis 48-48%-s. CrdiloeT saqarTvelos mdinareebi miekuTvnebian Tergisa (asa, arRuni) da sulakis (piriqiTis alazani, TuSeTis alazani) auzebs, romlebic saqarTvelos farglebSi kavkasionis CrdiloeT ferdobze miedinebian. isini tipuri mTis mdinareebia swrafi dinebiTa da xSiri WoromebiT. maTi wyalSemkrebi uzis farTobi saqarTvelos teritoriis 4%-ia. saqarTveloSi 26000-ze meti mdinarea. maTi umetesoba (17000) dasavleT saqarTveloSia წარმოდგენილი. mdinareTa saerTo sigrZe 60 000 km-mdea. maTi umetesoba didi sigrZiT ar gamoirCeva. yvelaze grZeli (1170 km) mdinarea mtkvari, meore adgilzea (623 km) Tergi, mesameze ki (438 km) _ Woroxi. Tumca saqarTveloSi gamdinare nawiliT (351; 8,5 da 20 km Sesabamisad) isini Camouvardebian md. alazans, romlis sigrZec 407 km-ia. mdinareTa umetesoba (97%) 10 km-ze naklebi sigrZisaa, xolo 100 km-ze grZeli mdinare saqarTveloSi ramdenimea (mtkvari, alazani, iori, rioni, enguri, xrami, cxeniswyali, xobi, yvirila, algeTi, kodori, didi liaxvi, bzifi, aragvi, sufsa, texuri). mdinareTa qselis saSualo sixSire (mdinareTa saerTo sigrZis Sefardeba mocemuli teritoriis farTobTan) saqarTveloSi 0,85 km/km2.. saqarTvelos mdinareTa wliuri Camonadenis 60-70% Tovlis nadnobi wylebiT ikvebeba. samxreT saqarTvelos mdinareTa kvebis naxevari miwisqveSa wylebze modis. kolxeTis dablobis mdinareebi ki upiratesad wvimis wylebiT, xolo maRali mTis mdinareebi _ myinvarebiT ikvebebian. wyaldidobisas mdinareTa Camonadenis 50-60% gaedineba. wyaldidobis periodebi kvebis reJimzea damokidebuli. saqarTvelo tbebis sididiT ar gamoirCeva. aq daaxloebiT iTvlian 850-mde tbas, romelTa saerTo farTobia 170 km2 (respublikis teritoriis 0,24%). mravali maxasiaTebliT _ geografiuli mdebareobiT, genezisiT, konfiguraciiT, metruli maCveneblebiT da mniSvnelobiT saqarTvelos tbebi erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. tbebi Zlier araTanabradaa ganlagebuli. mcire umravlesoba (saerTo raodenobis 54%) Tavmoyrilia kavkasionis mTianeTis farglebSi. gansxvavebuli suraTia javaxeTis zeganze. aq tbebi gacilebiT didi farTobisaa, magram tbaTa umetesoba mdebareobs 198

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

dasaxlebuli punqtebidan moSorebiT, Znelad misadgom adgilebSi da maRal hifsometriul simaRleebze. teritoriis geologiuri agebuleba mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs tbebis warmoqmnis, ganlagebisa da arsebobis Taviseburebebs, vinaidan mimdinare geomorfologiuri procesebi (gadarecxva, ngreva) damokidebulia amgebeli qanebis simtkiceze, napralianobaze, Sedgenilobaze da a.S. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos teritoria nairgvarovania, rac ganapirobebs tbebis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis sxvadasxva pirobebs. iq, sadac advilad Sladi qanebia (mergeli, TabaSiri, Tixafiqali), tbebis raodenoba mcirea. kristaluri qanebis (romlebic meti mdgradobiT xasiaTdebian) gavrcelebis ubnebSi ki tbebis siuxvea, Tu ra Tqma unda, amisaTvis sxva xelsayreli pirobebic arsebobs. magaliTad, kavkasionis dasavleT da centralur nawilSi tbebis siuxve aixsneba uxvi atmosferuli naleqebiTa da mtkice kristaluri qanebis arsebobiT. tbebis umetesoba aq gamomuSavebulia granitebSi, gneisebsa da kvarcitebSi. aRmosavleT kavkasionze tbebis raodenoba SedarebiT mcirea, vinaidan es teritoria umTavresad agebulia fliSuri qanebiT _ qviSaqvebiT, TixafiqlebiT, romlebic advilad irecxebian da ingrevian. tbebi warmoiqmneba teqtonikuri moZraobebis (kerZod, miwisZvrebis) Sedegadac, roca mTis uzarmazari masis Camongrevisas iketeba mdinaris xeoba da warmoqmneba e.w. egzoteqtonikuri tba. aseTia amtyelis, qvedis, didi da patara riwis tbebi. xSirad aseTi warmoSobis tbebi mxolod droebiT arsebobs _ wylis nakadi angrevs bunebrivad Seqmnil kaSxals da droebiTi tbac qreba. tbebi SeiZleba teqtonikur sinklinebsa da napralebSic warmoiqmnas (teqtonikuri tbebi). aseTia magaliTad, bazaleTis, jandaris, yajiris, xozafinis tbebi. zogjer tba lavuri Rvaris mier mdinaris nakadis gadaketviT warmoiqmneba (tabawyuri, madaTafa, saRamo). acivebisas aseTi Segubebuli ubani myinvariT ivseboda. daTbobasTan erTad myinvari ukan ixevda da warmoiqmneboda vulkanur-myinvaruli tipis tba. amgvari tbebi ganlagebulia mdinareebis: Tergis, aragvis, qsnisa da liaxvis saTaveebTan (yelis, yelicadis, sirxisaris tbebi). tbebi gansxvavdeba sazrdoobis mixedviTac. isini ikvebebian myinvaris, Tovlis nadnobi, wvimisa da gruntis wylebiT. tbebis wylianobas ZiriTadad gansazRvavs atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba ganawileba da im mdinareTa reJimi, romlebic tbebSi Caedinebian. tbis wylis donis reJimis mixedviT saqarTvelos teritoria ramdenime nawilad iyofa: 1.

2.

3.

kolxeTis dablobi, sadac tbaTa wylis done cvalebadobs mTeli wlis manZilze, rac gampirobebulia wvimebis sezonuri ganawilebiT. maT sazrdoobaSi ar monawileobs Tovlis nadnobi wyali. wylis done wlis manZilze 60-220 sm-is, xolo dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi _ 25-35 sm-is (didi wvimebis dros ki 50-60 sm-is) farglebSi icvleba. mTaTaSorisi bari. tbebis sazrdoobaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs wvimisa da gruntis wylebi. wylis maqsimaluri done aRiniSneba gazafxul-zafxulSi, xolo minimaluri _ Semodgomaze. kavkasionis dabali- da saSualo mTiani teritoriebi, sadac tbebSi wylis maqsimaluri dones damaxasiaTebelia gazafxulze, xolo minimaluri _ zamTris bolosa da adreul gazafxulze. wylis reJimi mTlianad aris damokidebuli im mdinareebze, romlebiTac isini ikvebebian. wylis done wlis manZilze icvleba 1 m-dan ramdenime aTeul metramde. magaliTad, riwis tbaze wylis donis saSualo wliuri amplitudaa 1,64 m, xolo amtyelze _ 20-40 m. 199

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4. 5.

maRalmTianeTis tbebis (zR. d. 2500 m-ze maRla) sazrdooba da reJimi damokidebulia myinvarebis dnobis pirobebze. samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tbebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wylis maqsimaluri done gazafxulze, xolo minimaluri _ Semodgomaze.

saqarTvelos tbebis umetesoba mtknaria. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva maRali mTis myinvaruli tbebi, sadac wylis mineralizacia 0,1-1 g/l ar aRemateba. wylis amgvari mineralizacia ganpirobebulia uxvi atmosferuli naleqebiT, Camdinare wylebis xasiaTiT. sruliad gansxvavebulia ivris zegnis mlaSe-mware tbebi, sadac mineralizacia Seadgens 24-69 g/l-ze. mlaSea: yajiri (xelovnurad gamtknarebulia), kumisi (gamtknarebulia), saxare da sxv. qimiuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT, gvxvdeba hidrokarbonatuli, qloriduli da sulfaturi Sedgenilobis tbebi. yvelaze farTo gavrcelebisaa hidrokarbonatuli, qloriduli da sulfaturi tbebi. saqarTvelos tbebis faunis siuxviT ar gamoirCeva. maRal mTebSi, mkacri klimaturi pirobebis gamo, organuli samyaro praqtikulad ar arsebobs. mxolod subalpur zonaSi mdebare zogierT tbaSi gvxvdeba Tevzi (ZiriTadad kalmaxi), sadac zafxulSi wyali SedarebiT Tbilia. gacilebiT mdidaria TevziT dabalmTiani da saSualomTiani zonis tbebi, sadac Tevzis araerTi saxeobaa (qorWila, TaRliTa, varCxana da sxv.) gavrcelebuli. Waobebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze umTavresad Tavmoyrilia kolxeTis dablobze, sadac maT warmoqmnas araerTi faqtori ganapirobebs. esenia: zedapiris susti daxriloba; atmosferuli naleqebis Warbi raodenoba; gruntis wylis donis maRali mdebareoba; niadaggruntis mZime Tixnari Sedgeniloba, romelsac susti wyalgamtaroba axasiaTebs; mdinareTa Zlieri klakniloba da Waobidan wylis umniSvnelo gadineba; intensiuri teqtonikuri daZirva (q. foTis midamoebSi 6 mm-iT wliurad); mcenareTa iseTi saxeobebis gavrceleba, romlebic xels uwyoben Waobwarmoqmnis procesebs da a. S. daWaobebis xelSemwyob faqtorebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania tenis siWarbe. yvelaze gvalvian wlebSic ki atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba aq aorTqlebas aRemateba. gansakuTrebuli gavlena aqvs Tavsxma wvimebs, romlebic ase tipuria kolxeTis dablobisaTvis. kolxeTis dablobze gruntis wyali 0,5-1 m siRrmeze mdebareobs, zogjer ki igi miwis zedapiramde amodis. daWaobebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens Savi zRvis donis cvalebadobac. gazafxul-zafxulSi zRvis done (kolxeTis dablobis farglebSi) saSualosTan SedarebiT 25 sm-iT maRalia da wyliT ifareba xmeleTis garkveuli nawili. Stormebis dros ki zRvis wylis donem SeiZleba 1,5 m-iT maRla aiwios, ris Sedegadac mariliani wyliT itboreba ramdenime aseuli metri siganis xmeleTi. sanapiros gaswvriv jebirebis mowyobam erTgvarad Seamcira zRvis wylis Semodineba xmeleTze. magram meores mxriv, aman uaryofiTi gavlenac moaxdina. kerZod, Semcirda myari masalis mdinareTa SesarTavebTan dalageba. kolxeTis dablobze Waobebi gavrcelebulia mis dasavleT da centralur nawilSi, mdinareebis: kodoris, RaliZgis, enguris, xobis, rionis, sufsisa da natanebis qvemo welis auzebSi. daWaobebuli ubnebis farTobi aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT TandaTan mcirdeba. maTi gavrcelebis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi ubania cxeniswylis rionTan SeerTebis adgili. kolxeTis dablobis daWaobebuli teritoriis saerTo farTobia 2200 km2, rac dablobis 22,5% da saqarTvelos saerTo farTobis 3%-s Seadgens. amoSrobisa da torfis mopovebis Sedegad kolxeTis Waobebi mniSvnelovan farTobze saxeSecvlilia. aman gamoiwvia mcenareuli safaris mravalferovnebis Semcireba. Tumca 200

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zogierTi ubani (anaria-Wuriis, Waladidis, piCora-paliastomis, ispanis Waobebi) endemuri da reliqturi saxeobebis siuxviT gamoirCeva. kolxeTis Waobebis amoSrobam dadebiTi roli Seasrula _ moispo malaria. amJamad es sakiTxi sxva kuTxiT ganixileba – kolxeTis Waobebi unikaluri bunebrivi ekosistemaa, romelTa konservacia aucilebelia ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed mezobeli regionebis organuli samyaros garkveuli warmomadgenlebis SenarCunebisTvis. saqarTvelos teritoriaze Waobebi gvxvdeba javaxeTis zeganze tbebis sanapiroebTan, md. qciis zemo welSi, biWvinTis midamoebSi da sxvagan. isini SedarebiT mcire farTobisaa da didi siRrmiT ar gamoirCevian. wyalsacavebs sxvadasxva daniSnuleba aqvs. maT umTavresad iyeneben energetikuli, sairigacio da sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebiT. garda amisa, wyalsacavebi umniSvnelovanesi sakurorto-rekreaciuli resursia. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mdinareuli Camonadenis maRali maCveneblebis gamo wyalsacavebs umTavresad energetikuli, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ sairigacio daniSnuleba aqvT. saqarTvelos teritoriaze 43 wyalsacavia, romelTa saerTo farTobia 163 km2 (respublikis saerTo farTobis 0,23%, e.i. maT daaxloebiT igive farTobi ukaviaT, rac tbebs). wyalsacavebis umetesoba farTobiT tbebs aRemateba. gamonaklisia faravnis tba. zogjer erTi wyalsacavi meoresTan aris dakavSirebuli da iqmneba kaskadi. magaliTad, gali-jvris, Saori-tyibulis da samgoris wyalsacavebis kaskadi. saqarTvelos hidrografiul qselSi garkveul rols TamaSobs sarwyavi sistemebi. magaliTad, samgoris sarwyavi arxi akavSirebs md. ivris xeobas Tbilisis wyalsacavTan da jandaris tbasTan. misi saerTo sigrZea 754 km. magistraluri xazidan gayvanilia mravali sarwyavi arxi. Mmisi saSualebiT irwyveba qvemo qarTlis vake (gardabnis vakes) da ivris zegnis Crdilo-dasavleT nawili, 29,2 aTasi heqtari. alaznis arxi md. alaznis marjvena napireTSi mdebareobs da rwyavs alaznis vakes da Siraqis vels _ gurjaanis, siRnaRisa da dedofliswyaros aridul raionebs (35 aTasze met heqtars). zemo alaznis arxi iwyeba pankisis qedis (md. alaznis zemo wels auzSi) aRmosavleT kalTis Ziras, gasdevs civ-gomboris qedis Crdilo-aRmosavleT mTiswineTs da aRwevs md. fafrisxevamde (md. alaznis auzi). Semdgom kveTs civ-gomboris qeds da gasdevs ivris zegans sof. araSendamde (gurjaanis raioni). arxi rwyavs 100 aTas heqtar miwas. Sida qarTlis vakeze gayvanilia tirifonis arxi, romlis sigrZea 42 km, iwyeba q. cxinvalis samxreTiT da gasdevs md. didi liaxvis marcxena napirs, gadakveTs mdinareebis – patara liaxvisa da Warebulas xeobebs da aRwevs sof. patara xurvaleTamde (goris raioni). arxi rwyavs 30 aTasze met heqtar teritorias. taSiskaris arxi gayvanilia Sida qarTlis vakis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi. igi iwyeba sof. taSiskarTan (xaSuris raioni) da gasdevs md. mtkvris marcxena napirs. igi rwyavs 10,4 aTas heqtars. Tanamedrove gamyinvarebis xasiaTze gavlenas axdens ori faqtori: reliefi da klimati. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT rols asrulebs reliefis mkveTri danawevreba, simaRleTa sxvaoba, qedebis orientacia, da zedapiris daxriloba eqspozicia. Tovlyinulovani safaris Taviseburebani. saqarTvelos teritoriaze yinviani amindi sxvadasxva simaRleze gansxvavebuli xangrZlivobisaa. KkerZod, z.d. 2000-3000 m simaRleebze igi noembridan maisamde, xolo z.d. 3000 m-is zemoT _ oqtombridan ivnisamde grZeldeba. ianvris saSualo temperatura z.d. 2000 m simaRleze _ 6-8°C-ia, xolo 3600 m-ze _ 14-16°C. Tanamedrove gamyinvarebis masStabebze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba, romelic saqarTvelos teritoriaze 201

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

mcirdeba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. uxvi atmosferuli naleqebiT gamoirCeva bzifis, kodoris, egrisis, svaneTis, leCxumis, Soda-kedelasa da kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedebi. Tumca zogan adgili aqvs am kanonzomierebidan gadaxras, rac ganpirobebulia orografiuli TaviseburebebiT (kerZod, mTaTaSorisi qvabulebis arsebobiT). aseT adgilebSi atmosferuli naleqebis da Sesabamisad myinvarebis raodenoba (da farTobi) SedarebiT mcirea. myinvarebis warmoqmnaSi mniSvnelovania ara marto atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba, aramed is, Tu ra saxiT modis igi (wvimis Tu Tovlis saxiT). Tovlis safaris ganawileba kavkasionze metad araTanabaria. zedapiris absoluturi simaRlis zrdis Sesabamisad misi simZlavre yvelgan izrdeba. amasTan dasavleT kavkasionze Tovlis mdgradi safari ufro didxans devs, vidre aRmosavleTSi. 3000 m-ze ufro maRla Tovli modis ara marto wlis civ periodSi, aramed zafxulSic. Tovlis mosvlas aq xSirad `Tavsxma~ xasiaTi aqvs da misma simZlavrem SeiZleba dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi 100-120 sm-iT moimatos. absoluturi simaRlis zrdis Sesabamisad izrdeba agreTve mdgradi Tovlis safaris xangrZlivobac. Tuki 1000 m simaRleze Tovli aprilis pirvel naxevramde devs, 2000 m-ze igi maisis Sua ricxvebamde aRwevs. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos myinvarebi ganicdian degradacias, rac globaluri daTbobiTaa ganpirobebuli. Tumca myinvarebis farTobebis Semcirebisa da calkeul nawilebad dayofis Sedegad xdeba maTi raodenobis zrda. amJamad saqarTveloSi 800-ze met myinvars iTvlian, romelTa saerTo farTobi 500 km2-s aRwevs. saqarTvelos wylis resursebi saqarTveloSi wylis resursebze moTxovnebi mudmivad mzardia. igi gamoiyeneba sayofacxovrebo, samrwevelo da sasoflo-sameurneo miznebisaTvis. saqarTvelo mdidaria wylis resursebiT, Tumca maT ganawilebaSi didi uTanabrobaa. saqarTveloSi 26060 mdinarea, romelTa absoluturi umravlesoba (99,4%) 25 km-ze naklebi sigrZisaa. saSualo sigrZis (100-500 km-mde) sul 13 mdinarea. mdinareuli qselis sixSiris koeficientia 0,85 km/km2-ze. igive maCvenebeli dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1,07-ia, aRmosavleTSi _ 0,68. maqsimumi aRiricxeba Caqvis midamoebSi 2,5 km/km2-ze, minimaluria mtkvarsa da iors Soris (ivris zeganze 0,3). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sarwyavi arxebis sixSires, zogan (Sida qarTli) miviRebT 3-jer did maCvenebels (bunebrivTan SedarebiT). saqarTvelos myinvarebSi akumulirebulia 24 km3 wyali, tbebSi – 0,72 km3, xolo WaobebSi 2 km3. saqarTvelos potenciuri hidroenergetikuli resursebi 160 mlrd kvt/sT-s aRemateba. maTi udidesi nawili (60%) Tavmoyrilia xuT mdinareSi (rioni, mtkvari, enguri, kodori, bzifi). teqnikuri resursebi potenciuris naxevaria, romlis umetesi nawili (73%) modis dasavleT saqarTveloze. teqnikuris 1/3 (30 mlrd kvt. sT) ekonomikurad efeqturi hidroenergetikuli resursia. ekonomikurad efeqturi resursebi mdinareebis mixedviT ganawilebulia Semdegnairad: enguri (10 mlrd) rioni cxeniswyliT (7,0), kodori (5,3), TuSeTis alazani (3,2) mtkvari aragviT (2,7 mlrd kvt. sT). saqarTveloSi 1988 wels eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebam Seadgina 14 mlrd kvt. sT, 1998 wels – 8,0, xolo 2017 wels 10 mlrd kvt. saaTi. amJamad aTvisebulia ekonomikurad efeqturi hidroresursebis 1/3. yvelaze efeqturad gamoiyeneba md. rionis hidroenergetikuli potenciali, romelzec 8 hesia aSenebuli da romelTa wliurma gamomuSavebam 2 mlrd kvT sT-s SeuZlia miaRwios. perspeqtivaSia ramdenime hesis 202

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

mSenebloba mdinare enguris, rionis, aWariswylis, mtkvris da alaznis auzSi, ris Sedegadac eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba ramdenjerme gaizrdeba. saqarTveloSi hidroresursebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa 300-mde mdinare. danarCenis (25,7 aTasi) gamoyeneba energetikuli miznebisaTvis araefeqturia. energetikuli krizisidan gamosvlis mizniT mizanSewonilia didi da saSualo simZlavris hidroelsadgurebis mSenebloba, rac SedarebiT nakleb ekologiur problemebs qmnis. saqarTvelo mdidaria miwisqveSa wylebiT (18 km3). aqedan dasavleT saqarTveloze modis 67%, aRmosavleTze ki _ 33%. miwisqveSa wylebis moculoba atmosferuli naleqebis TiTqmis 20%-s Seadgens, xolo Camonadenis _ erT mesameds. amgvari wylebis 55% mtknaria. miwisqveSa wylis areali aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 200-300 m siRrmezea (mxolod aragvis xeobaSia 5-20 m.), xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi 10-50 metrze. saqarTveloSi miwisqveSa wylis gamoyenebis mizniT eqspluataciaSia 200-mde WaburRili. maTi umravlesoba (97%) kaxeTSia warmodgenili. aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoria (Sesabamisad 33 da 37 aTasi km2) da mosaxleobis raodenoba umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba. arada, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi erT sul mosaxleze 7 aTas m3 wyali modis, xolo dasavleTze _ 25 aTasi m3 weliwadSi (anu TiTqmis 4-jer meti). saqarTvelos administraciuli raionebidan wylis resursebis yvelaze didi momxmarebelia qvemo qarTli (TbilisTan da rusTavTan erTad). aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi morwyvas saWiroebs 1400 aTasi ha, Tumca irwyveba mxolod 74%. komunalur meurneobaSi da mrewvelobaSi gamoiyeneba wyaros, mdinareTa filtratebi da miwisqveSa wylebi. komunalur meurneobaSi CarTulia 90 wyalsadeni, romelTa saerTo sigrZe 6 aTasi km-ia; mowyobilia 175 saTao nageboba, romelTa saerTo simZlavre 2 mln m3-ia dRe-RameSi. saqarTveloSi erT sul mosaxleze wylis saSualo moxmareba 600 litria dRe-RameSi, rac Zalzed maRali maCvenebelia msoflioSi. sayofacxovrebo seqtorze modis mTeli gamoyenebuli wylis 20%. amJamad gamoyenebuli wylis 30-35% mrewvelobaze modis, romlis 60% (1 mln m3) energetikaSi gamoiyeneba (TbosadgurebSi). Tboeleqtrosadgurebidan yvelaze mZlavri momxmarebeli Tbilsresia, romelzec modis mrewvelobaSi gamoyenebuli wylis 55%. SedarebiT mniSvnelovani momxmarebelia: metalurgia, qimiuri mrewveloba da manqanaTmSenebloba. wylis momWirned gamoyenebis mizniT saWiroa Seiqmnas wylis teqnikuri gadamuSavebis `fabrikebi~ (meoreuli gamoyenebis mizniT). amJamad meoradia gamoyenebuli wylis mxolod naxevari, romlis umetesi nawili metalurgias xmardeba. am meTodis gamoyenebiT miRweulia 4 mln m3 sasmeli wylis ekonomia. soflis meurneobaze modis gamoyenebuli wylis 40-45%. Tumca, sasoflo dasaxlebaTa garkveul nawils kvlav ar gaaCnia centralizebuli wyalmomarageba. mecxoveleobis ganviTarebisaTvis zamTris saZovrebis morwyvas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan saqonlis Zoveba aq TiTqmis 7 Tves grZeldeba. amJamad irwyveba daaxloebiT 200 aTasi ha zamTris saZovrebi gardabnisa da dedofliswyaros raionebSi. wylis sanitaruli sisufTavis SenarCunebas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba mosaxleobisa da sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis usafrTxoebisaTvis. amJamad viTareba Zalze garTulebulia. sawmendi nagebobebi saqarTvelos qalaqebis mxolod naxevarSi funqcionirebs da aqac moxmarebuli wylis naxevari ar iwmindeba. perspeqtiuli hidro energoresursebia Termuli wylebi, romelic warmodgenilia saqarTvelos teritoriis 1/3-is siRrmeSi. Mmisi gamoyeneba efeqturia komunalur da 203

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

energetikul meurneobaSi, soflis meurneobaSi da rekreaciaSi. Termuli wylebis maragia 250 mln m3, temperatura 50-1100C. miwisqveSa Termuli wylebi miekuTvneba aRdgenad bunebriv resursTa jgufs. misi gamoyeneba dazogavs 1,5 mln tona pirobiT saTbobs. saqarTveloSi amgvari wylebis prognozuli debitia 0,5 mln m3/dReRameSi, mopovebis siRrme ki 2000-3000 metri. Termuli wylebi eqspluataciaSia mTaTaSoris baris mTel rig raonebSi (samegrelo, Sida qarTli, kaxeTi). perspeqtiulia samcxe-javaxeTi, sadac misi mravali gamosasvlelia aRricxuli. aqauri wylebis umravlesoba Seicavs mikroelementebs: iods, broms, bors. maT didi samkurnalo Tvisebebi da ekonomikuri daniSnuleba aqvT. saqarTvelos Termuli wylebis umravlesoba TiTqmis mtknari da sustad mineralizebulia, rac zrdis maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. saqarTveloSi cnobilia mineraluri wylis araerTi saxeobა da mravali (2000) wyaro. zogierTi maTgani (borjomi, wyaltubo) msoflio mniSvnelobisaa. CvenSi mineraluri wyaroebis gavrcelebis ori ZiriTadi zonaa: kavkasionis samxreTi kalTebis da kavkasionis. mineraluri wylebis gamovlineba dakavSirebulia axalgazrda vulkanizmTan. swored amgvar fenebSi ereva naxSirmJava gazi miwisqveSa wylebs. Wylis mineraluri Semadgenloba pirdapir kavSirSia infiltraciis zonis geologiur agebulebasTan. saqarTvelos mineralur wylebTan dakavSirebulia mravali kurorti. maT farglebSi yoveldRiurad 25 aTasi/m3 wyali moipoveba, Tumca wylis 40% ikargeba, ver gamoiyeneba. danakargebi mniSvnelovania wyaltuboSi (6,5 aTasi m3/dR.), rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom ver xerxdeba misi RamiT gamoyeneba. Arada iyo wlebi, rodesac saqarTveloSi Camoisxmeboda or aTeulamde saxeobis mineraluri wyali, romelTa debiti Seadgenda 1300 m3/dReSi. aqedan mxolod 65%-is Camosxma iyo SesaZlebeli. mTlianad saqarTveloSi yoveldRiurad amoedineba 130 mln. litri mineraluri wyali, romlis mxolod umniSvnelo nawilis gamoyeneba xerxdeba. wyaroTa umetesoba rTuli reliefis pirobebSia warmodgenili. umetesoba ki arasakmarisadaa Seswavlili. mineraluri wylebi SeiZleba samrewvelo daniSnulebiTac gadamuSavdes. magaliTad, kavkasionis wylebSi bevria dariSxani (6 mg/l), bori (1000 mg/l), ceziumi (4 mg/l). am maCveneblebiT Cveni wylebi ar CamouvardebaT amerikisa da axali zelandiis wylebs. aRniSnuli liTonebis mineraluri wylebidan gamonTavisufleba didi savaluto Semosavlebis wyaro SeiZleba gaxdes saqarTveloSi. 5.3.5. Savi zRva da misi mniSvneloba Savi zRvis potencialis efeqtur gamoyenebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos ganviTarebisTvis. saqarTvelos Savi zRva dasavleTidan ekvris 310 km manZilze. Savi zRvis sarkis zedapiris farTobi 420000 km2-s aRemateba. igi ganeduradaa ganfenili da ovaluri moyvanilobisaa. sanapiro xazi sustadaa danawevrebuli. igi praqtikulad moklebulia kunZulebs, gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos sanapiroze. cnobilia miuseris, axali aTonis, kelasuris, soxumis, baTumis yureebi da sxv. wylis temperatura zafxulSi +24°+26°-is tolia. zRvis wyali bevrgan, maT Soris saqarTvelos midamoebSic, ar iyineba. Savi zRva 150-200 m siRrmidan fskeramde praqtikulad usicocxloa (Tu ar CavTvliT anaerobul baqteriebs), radgan wyali sruliad moklebulia Jangbads da mis nacvlad Warbadaa momwamvleli gazi – gogirdwyalbadi (H2S), romliTac gajerebulia zRvis wylis saerTo moculobis 86%. misi koncentra204

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

cia wyalSi Seadgens 11-14 mg/l. amiT gansxvavdeba igi msoflios sxva zRvebisagan. Savi zRvis analogi msoflioSi ar arsebobos _ igi udidesi uJangbado wyalsatevia. samagierod, zeda Tbili fena didi raodenobiT Seicavs Jangbads da mdidaria organuli samyaroTi (ZuZumwovrebiT, TevzebiT, kibosnairebiT, WiebiT, moluskebiT, umartivesebiT da sxv.), romelTa Soris 150 saxeoba reliqturia, 240 _ endemuri. zRvis faunis umetesoba xmelTaSua zRvidan aris Semosuli. Tevzebidan gvxvdeba: oraguli, zuTxi, TarTi, kefali, stavrida, sardini, qamsa, qaSayi, qambala da sxv. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dReisaTvis, Savi zRvis mwvave ekologiurma mdgomareobam mniSvnelovnad SezRuda misi biomravalferovneba _ SesamCnevad Semcirda sarewao mniSvnelobis Tevzis raodenoba. saqarTvelosaTvis da yvela zRvispira qveynisaTvis Sav zRvas (rogorc Tbil zRvas) udidesi turistul-rekreaciuli mniSneloba gaaCnia. turistuli sezoni saqarTvelos zRvis sanapiroze 5-6 Tve grZeldeba (maisidan noembramde). saukeTeso periodia ivlis-agvisto-seqtemberi, rodesac wylis temperatura maqsimalurad uaxlovdeba adamianis organizmis temperaturas. garda amisa talRebis siZliere Sav zRvaze iSviaTad aRematreba 3 bals. usafrTxoa Savi zRvis ixtiofaunac. saqarTvelos sanapiro zoli, gansakuTrebiT aWarasa da afxazeTSi 4-10 km siganis komfortuli plaJebiTaa warmodgenili. saqarTvelos zRvispireTis esTetikur Rirebulebas amaRlebs aseve mdidari da mravalferovani mcenareuloba, ulamazesi zRvispira da mTiani landSaftebis Serwyma. saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis zRvispira kurortebia: qobuleTi, gagra, biWvinTa, axali aToni. adgilobrivi mniSvnelobisaa: baTumi, mwvane koncxi, cixisZiri, maxinjauri, ureki, soxumi, kindRi, gudauTa da sxv. didi perspeqtiva gaaCnia SekveTili-magnetiti (ureki)-grigoleTis sanapiro zols, romelis garda mzis naTebis xangrZlivobisa, haeris intensiuri ventilaciisa da zRvis dabali fskruli donisa (rac gansakuTrebiT praqtikulia bavSvebisaTvis), gamoirCeva magnetituri qviSebiT agebuli vrceli plaJebiT. kurorti mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebs da gamoiyeneba sisxlis mimoqcevis organoTa, nervuli sistemisa da sunTqvis organoTa, aseve hipertoniuli daavadebebis samkurnalod. saqarTveloSi, kerZod zRvispireTSi, saTanado turistur-rekreaciuli infrastruqturis Camoyalibebis SemTxvevaSi turistuli industria unda iqces qvenis saerTaSoriso specializaciis dargad, romelsac mniSvnelovani roli daekisreba qveynis ekonomikur aRmavlobaSi. Savi zRva, romelic msoflio okeanes ukavSirdeba bosforis, dardanelisa da gibraltaris sruteebiT (marmarilos, egeosisa da xmelTaSua zRvebis gavliT), warmoadgens ZiriTad satransporto arterias saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki evropa-aziis satransporto kavSirebSi. evropa-aziis satransporto derefnis amoqmedeba saqarTvelos ekonomikuri aRmavlobis mniSvnelovani garantia, Tumca aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia mosalodneli ekologiuri saSiSroebac. Savi zRvis sameurneo mniSvnelobas aseve ganapirobebs masSi arsebuli bunebrivi wiaRiseuli resursebic. zRvis fskerze farTodaa gavrcelebuli rkina-manganumis konkreciebi, maT Soris md. rionis SesarTavis maxloblad. Savi zRvis CrdilodasavleT nawilSi dazverilia maRalxarisxovani navTobisa da gazis wyalqveSa sabadoebi. Sav zRvaSi, kerZod, TurqeTis sanapiro SelfebSi, qvanaxSiris sakmaod didi maragicaa aRmoCenili. zRvis wylidan mimdinareobs marilis samrewvelo mopovebac. garda amisa, Savi zRvis praqtikulad mTeli sanapiro agebulia maRalxarisxovani saSeni masalebiT: qviSebiT, TixebiT, qviSaqvebiT, kirqvebiTa da sxv., romlis wyal205

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

qveSa mopoveba baTumis midamoebSic mimdinareobs. Savi zRvis TiTqmis mTeli sanapiro mdidaria magnituri qviSebiT. saqarTvelos farglebSi am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva sufsa-natanebis midamoebi (ureki). zRvispira qviSa mniSvnelovani raodenobiT Seicavs magnitur rkinas, rac saukeTeso samkurnalo faqtoradaa miCneuli. xmelTaSua zRvasTan da saerTod msoflio okeanesTan SedarebiT, Savi zRva nakleb mariliania, rac zrdis mis rekreaciul daniSnulebas. igi, rogorc Rrmuli wyalsatevi, gansakuTrebul wyalSemkreb auzs warmoadgens, saidanac wyalgacvla msoflio okeanesTan araintensiurad mimdinareobs. garda amisa, zRvaSi didi raodenobiT Caedineba mtknari mdinareuli wyali (kontinenturi Camonadeni udris 310 km3/ weliwadSi); sakmao raodenobis gamtknarebuli wyali Semodis azovis zRvidanac (230 km3/w), romelsac Savi zRva mis Crdilo nawilSi mdebare qerCis srutiT ukavSirdeba. amasTanave, mis zedapirze mosuli atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba, xmelTaSua zRvisagan gansxvavebiT, aRemateba aorTqlebas. araTanabaria wylis marilianoba TviT Savi zRvis farglebSic: napirebisaken, sadac zRvas mdinareebi uerTdeba, simlaSe klebulobs 3-9‰-mde, siRrmisaken ki matulobs 15‰-dan 20-mde. es gamowveulia imiT, rom Sav zRvaSi wylis vertikaluri mimocvla Zalze SezRudulia. zedapirul dinebas Savi zRvidan bosforis srutiT marmarilos zRvaSi gaaqvs daaxloebiT 385 kuburi kilometri SedarebiT msubuqi, nakleb mariliani wyali. siRrmiseul dinebas ki Sav zRvaSi Semoaqvs 175 km3 mlaSe da mZime wyali, romelic zRvis Rrma fenebs avsebs. amdenad, Savi zRvidan gacilebiT ufro meti mtknari wyali gaedineba, vidre Semoedineba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Savi zRva msoflio okeanes ukavSirdeba, igi mainc Caketil wyalsatevad iTvleba da misi wylis ganaxlebas (xmelTaSua zRvis wylebiT) asobiT weli sWirdeba. Savi zRvis wylis sruli mimocvlisaTvis 130-140 weliwadia saWiro. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom Savi zRvis Rrmulis asavsebad saqarTvelos yvelaze wyaluxvma mdinare rionma 420 saukune unda idinos, msoflios yvelaze wyaluxvma mdinare amazonma ki _ 100 wlamde. Savi zRvis mdinareebs (gansakuTrebiT md. dunais) yovelwliurad SeaqvT zRvaSi aTasobiT tona nitrati, fosfati, gogirdi, tyvia, TuTia, dariSxani, vercxliswyali da sxva mavne nivTierebebi. isini gadarecxili niadagebidan gamwmend nagebobaTa uqonlobis, zogjer ki maTi gaumarTaobis gamo, zRvaSi Caedinebian. amitom, es problema Savi zRvis auzis qveynebis saerTo sazrunavi gaxda. zRvaSi mdinareebis mier Camotanili narCenebis gamo pasuxismgebloba ara marto zRvispira qveynebs (saqarTvelo, TurqeTi, bulgareTi, rumineTi, ukraina, ruseTi) ekisrebaT, aramed im qveynebsac, romlebic mdinareuli qseliT Savi zRvis auzSi arian moqceulni (iugoslavia, xorvatia, slovenia, ungreTi, slovakeTi, avstria, germania, CexeTi, moldova, belarusi da sxv.). Savi zRvis auzis mdinareebze ganlagebulia iseTi mniSvnelovani qalaqebi, rogoricaa: sofia, buqaresti, belgradi, budapeSti, bratislava, zagrebi, lubliana, saraevo, vena, kiSiniovi, minski, kievi, ankara. kontinenturi evropis teritoriis TiTqmis 1/3 miekuTvneba Savi zRvis auzs, sadac daaxloebiT 160 mln kaci cxovrobs. Savi zRvis wylis zedapiris done wlis manZilze mcire cvalebadobas ganicdis. zafxulSi (umaRlesi done) igi saSualoze 12 sm-iT ufro maRalia, gvian Semodgomaze (umdablesi done) _ 7 sm-iT dabali. aseve mcirea mimoqcevis Sedegad warmoqmnili wylis donis vertikaluri amplituda, rac mxolod 10 sm-iT ganisazRvreba. gacilebiT mniSvnelovania qarebis moqmedebis Sedegad gamowveuli wylis donis cvalebadoba. Zlieri qaris dros talRis simaRlem SeiZleba 5-6, zogjer 7-8 metrsac miaRwios. 206

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

SavizRvispira qveynebi aqtiurad TanamSromloben satransporto sistemebis ganviTarebis, bunebrivi simdidreebis aTvisebisa da dacvis, ekonomikuri urTierTobebisa da ekologiuri mdgomareobis gajansaRebis mizniT. 5.3.6. saqarTvelos niadagebi da miwis resursebi niadaguri safaris mravalferovneba ganpirobebulia bunebrivi faqtorebis _ qanebis, klimatis, reliefis, cocxali samyaros urTierTdamokidebylebiT. swored maTi urTierTmoqmedebis Sedegad formirdeba niadagi. masSi aseve aisaxeba lokalurad momqmedi bunebrivi (gruntisa da zedapiruli wylebi) da anTropogenuli (adamianis intensiuri sameurneo zemoqmedeba) faqtorebis urTierTdamokidebulebis Sedegebic. amitom, sruliad samarTlianad, niadags `landSaftis sarkes~ uwodeben. niadaguri profilis formirebisaTvis aucilebelia aseve garkveuli dro. amitom xnovanebac erTerT mniSvnelovan niadagwarmomqmnel faqtorad gvevlineba. amdenad, niadagis (da saerTod landSaftis) warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Seswavlisas gasaTvalisewinebelia ara marto sivrciTi, aramed drois faqtoric. niadagi Txeli fenis saxiT dedamiwis zedapiris im nawilSi formirdeba, sadac erTmaneTs erwymian liTosfero, atmosfero, hidrosfero da biosfero. niadagis ZiriTadi Tvisebaa nayofiereba. esaa niadagis unari uzrunvelyos mcenare misi zrda-ganviTarebis procesSi sakvebi elementebiT, teniT da haeriT. niadagis nayofierebas gansazRvravs zedapirul horizontSi akumulirebuli muqi Seferilobis organuli da organul-mineraluri nivTiereba humusi. bunebrivi nayofierebis sazomi auTvisebel niadagSi biologiuri produqtiulobis done anu pirveladi mcenareuli masis is raodenoba�, romelic iqmneba farTobis garkveul erTeulze 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi. saqarTvelos rTuli reliefuri pirobebi, geologiuri agebulebis Taviseburebani, klimaturi araerTgvarovneba da mcenareuli safaris mravalferovneba ganapirobebs mravalferovan niadagur safars. saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli rogorc Waobisa da naxevarudabnos, ise mTisa da baris niadaguri tipebi. saqarTveloSi mkafiodaa gamoxatuli niadagebis vertikaluri zonalobac. Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli niadaguri safariT xasiaTdeba dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos bari. mTaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki maRal mTaSi, regionaluri sxvaoba naklebad SeiniSneba. niadagwarmoqmneli faqtorebi met-naklebad TanabarmniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen niadaguri profilis Camoyalibebaze. Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi romeliRac faqtors gadamwyveti funqcia ekisreba. principuli sxvaoba dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos mTaTaSorisi baris niadagur safars Soris ganpirobebulia mkveTrad gansxvavebuli klimaturi pirobebiT. dasavleTi saqarTvelos humiduri (teniani) havis pirobebSi warmodgenilia Waobis, ewer-lebiani niadagebi (kolxeTis dablobis zRvispira dadablebul nawilSi), eweri orTSteiniani niadagebi (zRviur da Zvel mdinareul terasebze), wiTelmiwebi da yviTelmiwebi (kolxeTis mTiswinebsa da gorak-borcvian zolSi); aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ariduli (mSrali) havis pirobebSi _ yavisferi, Savmiwa, ruxi, wabla, damlaSebuli da sxva niadaguri tipebi. mTis zonis qveda sartyelSi, tyis formaciis qveS, gavrcelebulia tyis yomrali niadagebi, romlebic vrceldebian dasavleTSi wiTelmiwebisa da yviTelmiwebis, aRmosavleTsa da samxreT saqarTveloSi ki _ tyis yavisferi niadagebis zemoT. samxreT saqarTvelos vulkanuri zegnebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia mTis 207

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

Savmiwebi. saqarTvelos maRal mTebSi (1800-2000 m-dan) gavrcelebulia mTa-mdelos niadagebis saxesxvaobebi (kordiani, torfiani, kordian-torfiani). miwis resursebi saqarTvelos miwis resursebi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi bunebrivi simdidrea. maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania saxnavi miwebi, romlebic mudmiv Semcirebas ganicdis eroziis, damlaSebisa da meoreuli daWaobebis Sedegad. misi xverdriTi wili, 1950 wlidan 2017 wlamde, erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT, 0,30 ha-dan 0,15 ha-mde Semcirda. msoflioSi saqarTvelo mravalferovani da unikaluri miwis resursebiTa da niadagur-ekologiuri pirobebiTaa cnobili. aq or aTeulamde tipis niadagia cnobili. gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia subtropikuli wiTelmiwebi da yviTelmiwebi, mTisa da baris Savmiwebi. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis Tanamedrove moTxovna misi zonaluri specializaciis sworad gansazRvraSi mdgomareobs. bunebrivi pirobebis Sesaxeb zusti informacia aucilebeli pirobaa soflis meurneobis optimaluri dagegmarebisa da rentabeluri warmoebisaTvis. amgvari informacia ki miiReba ama Tu im teritoriis kompleqsuri Seswavlis SemTxvevaSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces niadagur-ekologiur Seswavlilobas. soflis meurneobisaTvis yvelaze xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1625 aTas heqtarzea warmodgenili (saqarTvelos teritoriis daaxloebiT 23%), aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ 1580 aTas heqtarze (≈22%). danarCen teritoriaze, romelic zRvis donidan 1000 metrze maRlaa, modis respublikis teritoriis 54%. aRniSnul zonaSi (z. d. 1000 metramde) cxovrobs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 96%, Tavmoyrilia samrewvelo potencialis iqmneba mrewvelobis produqciis udidesi nawili. saqarTvelos miwis fondi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebi saqarTvelos teritoriis 43% Seadgens, tyeebiT dafarulia 2/5, xolo arasasoflo-sameurneo miwebs (Waobebi, buCqnarebi, meoradi mdeloebi, samrewvelo obieqtebi, qalaqebi da sxv.) teritoriis 17% ukavia. raodenobrivad sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi yvelaze metia kaxeTSi (620 aTasi ha), yvelaze naklebi _ aWaraSi (74 aTasi ha). sasoflo miwebis 25% saxnavia, riTac mdidaria kaxeTi, qvemo qarTli, samcxe-javaxeTi; Raribia _ aWara, mcxeTa-mTianeTi, raWa-leCxumi), mravalwlian kulturebs _ 10%, saZovrebs 60%, saTibebs ki 5% ukaviaT. saqarTvelos miwis resursebis gamoyenebis problemaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia daWaobeba (meoreuli), sarwyavi teritoriebis arseboba, damlaSeba da erozia. aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamad savalalo mdgomareobaSia qarsacavi da wyaldamcavi mcenareuli safari. misi degradacia gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa didi qalaqebis garSemo. arada, qardamcavi zoli ganapirobebs mosavlianobis zrdas: Cais _ 23%-iT, limnis _ 29%-iT, yurZnis _ 21%-iT, xilis _ 28%-iT, saSemodgomo xorblis _ 15%-iT da simindis _ 22%-iT. 5.3.7. saqarTvelos mcenareuli safari da tyis resursebi saqarTvelos floris Sedgeniloba. bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovnebam, warsul geologiur epoqebSi klimatis periodulma cvlam da gansxvavebul floristu208

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

li arealebis mijnaze mdebareobam ganapiroba saqarTvelos mcenareuli safaris simdidre da nairgvaroba. mcenareTa saxeobebis saerTo raodenoba 4500-s aRemateba, maT Soris 300-ze meti saxeoba xeebi da buCqnarebia. saqarTvelos mcenareuli safari mdidaria uZvelesi geologiuri epoqebis gadmonaSTi, anu reliqturi saxeobebiT. kavkasiis teritoriaze SemorCenili mesameuli floris ori adgilsamyofelidan erTi saqarTvelos teritoriazea. warsulSi es flora sakmaod did farTobze iyo gavrcelebuli da erTian areals qmnida. amJamad igi mxolod kolxeTSi da saqarTvelos farglebs gareT _ hirkanis olqs (azerbaijani) SemorCa. kolxeTSi uZvelesi saxeobebidan SemorCenilia Sqeri (Rhododendron ponticum), Cveulebrivi wabli (Castanea Sativa), biWvinTis fiWvi (Pinus pithyusa), wyavi (Laurocerasus officinalis), pontouri muxa (Quercus pontica), wyavmaza (Phillyrea medwedewii), bza (Buxus colchica), Zelqva (Zelcova carnifolia), urTxeli (Taxus baccata), Zmerxli (Ruscus hypophyllum), Cinuri kartofili (Dioscorea batatas) da sxv. isini siTbosmoyvaruli mcenareebia da SemorCnen umTavresad iq, sadac xangrZlivi periodis manZilze sakmarisad Tbili klimati iyo gabatonebuli. aseTia umTavresad kolxeTis gorak-borcviani zolis Rrma xeobebi. kolxeTis garda mesameuli floris elementebi mxolod fragmentebis saxiT saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic _ kaxeTsa da qarTlSi gvxvdeba. amave dros kaxeTis kavkasioni aris erTaderTi regioni mTel kavkasiaSi, sadac erTdroulad gvxvdeba kolxuri da hirkanuli floris elementebi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze SemorCenilia reliqtebis ara marto calkeuli saxeobebi, aramed ekosistemebic. isini daculia bawaris, lagodexisa da TuSeTis nakrZalebSi, mdinareebis: kodorisa da kintriSis xeobebSi. bawaris nakrZalSi SemorCenili uZvelesi reliqtis _ uTxovris tye erTaderTi koromia msoflioSi. Arada, gasul geologiur epoqebSi mas seqvoiasTan erTad uzarmazari sivrceebi ekava. saqarTveloSi mravlad gvxvdeba endemuri mxolod Cveni qveynisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mcenareulobis 400-mde saxeoba. esenia: muxis Svidi saxeoba, wylis kakali (Trapa colchica), marmuWi (Alchimilla), afxazuri iordasalami (Paeonia abchasica), biWvinTis fiWvi, eldaris fiWvi, kolxuri kuneli, sosnovskis nekerCxali qarTuli Tela da sxv. zemoT CamoTvlil mcenareTa saxeobebi aris ara marto saqarTvelos an kavkasiis, aramed Zlier lokaluri arealebis endemebic. saqarTvelos floris daaxloebiT 9% endemuria, rac bevrad aRemateba evropisa da aziis didi farTobis mqone qveynebis Sesabamis maCveneblebs. bolo periodSi saqarTvelos mcenareul safarSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula ucxo qveynebidan Semotanilma (adventurma, introducirebulma) saxeobebma. am mcenareTa siuxviT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli, mTiswineTi, dabali mTebi, xolo maRal mTaSi _ alpuri saZovrebis arealebi. yvelaze naklebadaa isini damaxasiaTebeli saSualo mTis tyis gavrcelebis arealSi, sadac rTuli orografiuli pirobebi xels uSlida am mcenareebis SeRwevasa da farTod gavrcelebas. Semotanili mcenareebis nawili ukve gavelurebulia. magaliTad, zeTisxili, leRvi, Wiafera, eklis xe da sxv. warmoSobis (genezisis) mixedviT saqarTvelos teritoriaze gvxvdeba: kolxuri, xmelTaSuazRviur-TurRauli, borealuri da sxva mcenareulobis tipebi. კolxeTis tipis tyeebs axasiaTebT polidominanturoba. aq gvxvdeba 5 ZiriTadi dominanti: muxa, wifeli, rcxila, wabli da muryani. Tumca xSiria xemcenareebis sxva jiSebic: Tela, ifani, nekerCxali, cacxvi da sxv. tyis saxeobrivi Sedgeniloba gansakuTrebiT 209

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

mravalferovania iq, sadac SeimCneva adamianis zegavlena. kolxuri tyis sxva damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebaa maradmwvane qvetyisa (Sqeri, baZgi, Wyori) da lianebis (Rvedkeci, suro, katabarda) arseboba. xmelTaSuazRviur-TurRauli floris warmomadgenlebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze mesameul periodSi SemoiWrnen CrdiloeTi kavkasiidan mTaSi, mogvianebiT ki _ barSi. esenia calkeuli saxeobis: muxa, nekerCxali, Zelqva, kakali, xurma da sxv. meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis Sedegad saqarTvelos mcenareuli safari gamdidrda sxvadasxva saxeobebiT, kerZod, sicivismoyvaruli (borealuri) mcenareulobiT (foTolmcvivanebiT), romlebic yvelaze farTod gavrceldnen saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, kavkasionis maRalmTianeTSi, tbebsa da Waobebis midamoebSi. mcenareuli safaris ZiriTadi tipebia tyeebi, buCqnarebi da balaxeuli mcenareuloba. tyeebi saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba barSic da mTaSic da vrceldeba zRvis donidan 1900-2400 m simaRlemde. maT respublikis saerTo farTobis 40% ukaviaT. yvelaze farTo gavrcelebisaa farTofoTlovani tyeebi, wiwviani tyeebi ki, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, gvxvdeba mxolod mTaSi. kolxeTis dablobze warmodgenil tyeebSi, ZiriTadi tyeSemqmneli jiSebia: muxa, wabli, wifeli, rcxila, muryani. amgvari tyisTvis damaxasiaTebelia lianebi: ekalRiWi, suro, katabarda, svia, Rvedkeci, dioskorea, ZaRlis satacuri. maradmwvane buCqnarebidan gvxvdeba Sqmeri, baZgi, wyavi, xolo foTolmcvivanebidan _ ieli, mocvi, kuneli, xeWreli, Sindanwla, jonjoli, zRmartli, ucveTela. aRniSnuli tyeebi ZiriTadad ganadgurebulia da maTi adgili e.w. meoreul (murynis, rcxilas) tyeebs ukaviaT. kolxeTis dablobze aseve gavrcelebulia Waobis tyeebic, romelSic muryani da lafani dominirebs. ariduli naTeli tyeebi gavrcelebulia mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi. warsulSi mas sakmaod didi farTobi ekava, dRes ki gaCanagebulia da mxolod calkeuli fragmentebis saxiT aris SemorCenili ivris zegnis zogierT ubanze (mag., Siraqis vakeze, vaSlovnis nakrZalSi). mcenareTa ZiriTadi edifikatorebia: sakmlis xe anu saRsaRaji, Savi Rvia, mravalnayofa Rvia. maTgan sakmlis xe iSviaTi reliqtia da yvelaze did koroms igi swored saqarTveloSi, vaSlovanis nakrZalis teritoriaze qmnis. naTel tyeebSi aseve gvxvdeba: kavkasiuri akaki, SiSveli akaki, qarTuli nekerCxali, broweuli, qarTuli nuSi, Trimli da sxv. tugais anu Walis tyeebSi, romlebic viwro zolis saxiT vrceldebian aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani mdinareebis mimdebared, gvxvdeba: muryani, tirifi, Zewna, TeTri verxvi, muxa, Tela, TuTa da sxv. Walis tyeebi umeteswilad ganadgurebulia da maTi adgili meoreul balaxeul-buCqnar mcenareulobas an sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebs ukavia. mTebSi tyis mcenareulobas gacilebiT meti farTobebi ukavia. MmaT wilad modis saqarTvelos tyeebis 95%. qveda mTebi Semosilia foTlovani polidominanturi tyeebiT, sadac ZiriTadi tyeSemqmneli jiSebi muxa da rcxilaa, zogan _ jagrcxila, wabli, cacxvi, muryani da sxv. tyeebis mniSvnelovani farTobi ganadgurebulia da maTi adgili dasaxlebul punqtebsa da sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebs ukaviaT. Sua mTebSi gabatonebulia wiflnarebi, Tumca aq gvxvdeba rcxila, wabli, Tela, nekerCxali, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi muqwiwvianebic ki. saSualo mTebSi calkeul ubnebze foTolmcvivani mcenareuli saxeobebi qmnian wminda koromebs. magaliTad, uTxovaris tye _ md. alaznis zemo welis auzSi, bawaris nakrZalis midamoebSi; Zelqvis 210

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tye _ sof. babaneurTan (axmetis raioni), bzis tye (yvarelTan), wyavis tye _ md. didxevis xeobaSi (alaznis auzi) da sxv. absoluturi simaRlis matebasTan erTad dasavleT saqarTvelos wiflnar tyeebs muqwiwviani tyeebi enacvleba, sadac gabatonebulia saxeobebia naZvi da soWi. amgvari tyeebis gavrcelebis qveda sazRvari aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi fragmentebis saxiT md. aragvis da md. diRmiswylis (mtkvris marjvena Senakadi) zemo welis auzamde aRwevs. wiflnari da muqwiwviani tyeebis gavrcelebis arealis zemoT, daaxloebiT z.d. 1800 m-dan gvxvdeba juja da tanbrecili tyis mcenareuloba kerZod, aryi, nekerCxali, wifeli, maRalmTis boyvi, aRmosavluri muxa. zogan (TuSeTi, md. enguris zemo welis auzi) aRniSnul sartyelSi gvxvdeba fiWvis sakmaod mZlavri tyeebic. buCqnarebSi ganarCeven maradmwvanesa da foTomcvivans. maradmwvane buCqnarebi ufro metad gavrcelebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos mTis tyeebsa da maRalmTianeTSi, xolo foTolmcvivanebi _ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. maradmwvane buCqnarebi Sqeri, baZgi, wyavi kolxuri tyis erT-erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas warmoadgens da gavrcelebeulia kolxeTis gorak-borcviani zolis Rrma xeobebSi. aq qvetyis funqcias zogjer bza da uTxovari asrulebs. maRal mTaSi maradmwvane buCqnarebi damaxasiaTebelia subalpebisaTvis, rac z.d. 1800-2000 m-is zemoTaa warmodgenili. aq gvxvdeba deka, wiTeli mocvi, keweri, Rvia. balaxeuli mcenareuloba mravalgvaria: mdelos, stepis (velis), Waobis, naxevrad udabnoebis da mTis. saqarTvelos teritoriaze namdvili udabno ar gvxvdeba, Tumca aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi warmodgenilia naxevrad udabnos mcenareuloba. aq gvxvdeba: xurxumo, Carani, abzinda. stepis mcenareulobaSi Warbobs gvalva da yinvagamZle mravalwliani balaxebi. maTgan gabatonebulia uro, romelic warmoadgens gardamaval saxeobas naxevrad udabnosa da stepis mcenareulobas Soris. uros garda tyis damaxasiaTebelia vaciwvera, wivana da efemerebi. mdeloebi gvxvdeba maRal mTaSi, z.d. 1800-3500 m simaRleebze. Tumca mTis tyis ganakafebze igi ufro dablac Camodis da qmnis meoreul mdeloebs. maRal mTaSi mdeloebi damaxasiaTebelia subalpuri da alpuri zonebisTvis. subalpebSi igi maRalbalaxeulobas, e.w. Sambs (Sambnars) qmnis, sadac balaxi maRali (1-2 m, zogjer 3-5 m) da xSiria. �seTi simaRlis gamo mas `mamontis florasac~ uwodeben. aq gvxvdeba: diyi, laSqara, baiasnairni da sxv. subalpuri mdeloebis mniSvnelovani nawili saxeSecvlilia. maT sustad aqvT SenarCunebuli pirvandeli bunebrivi saxe. Amitomaa, rom subalpebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba maRalbalaxeuloba. alpur mdeloebs gacilebiT meti farTobi ukaviaT da warmodgenili arian dabalbalaxeulobiT (20-30 sm-mde), Tumca intensiuri Zovebis Sedegad arc maT aqvT SenarCunebuli pirvandeli saxe. isini iyofa namdvil mdeloebad da xalebad (noxebad). namdvil mdeloebs qmnian marcvlovnebi da islianebi, xolo xalebs _ nairbalaxovnebi (marcvlovnebis, islianebisa da parkosnebis garda). alpuri xalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mkveTri ferebis mqone yvavilovani balaxeuloba: wiTeli gvirila, maCita, naRvela, xolo namdvili mdeloebisaTvis _ vaciwvera, wivana da sxv. balaxovani Waobebi damaxasiaTebelia TiTqmis yvela simaRliTi safexurisaTvis, Tumca yvelaze farTo gavrcelebisaa kolxeTis dablobis centralur da dasavleT nawilSi. aq gvxvdeba lerwami, lelqaSi, laqaSi, Tavnaskva, islebi da xavsebi. amgvari mcenareuloba, agreTve warmodgenilia samxreT saqarTvelos tbebis midamoebSi, wyalsacavebis sanapirosa da gaCexili tyeebis adgilebSi. 211

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samxreT saqarTvelos zeganze da mimdebare mTebis kalTebze gabatonebulia mTis qserofitebi. isini warmodgenilia mravalwlovani balaxovani da buCqnari mcenareebiT, e.w. friganiT. buCqnarebidan tipiuria glerZa, salbi, rZiana, kurdRliscocxa da zRarba. mcenareTa Tavisebur tips qmnian kldeebisa da qvayrilebis balaxovnebi, romlebic yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebelia maRali mTis kldovani ubnebisaTvis. saqarTveloSi isini erTian areals ar qmnian da gavrcelebuli arian calkeuli fragmentebis saxiT. saqarTvelos mcenareulobis meoreuli safari. bunebis komponentebs Soris adamianis zegavlena yvelaze mkafiod mcenarul safars daetyo. kerZod, daqveiTda tyeebis Sedgeniloba da produqtiuloba. es ki iwvevs tyis funqciis (wyalmaregulirebeli, niadagdacviTi, rekreaciuli) Sesustebas an maT saerTod dakargvas. uaresdeba mimdebare teritoriebis sanitarul-higienuri pirobebic. sameurneo saqmianoba aris is mniSvneloani faqtori, ramac Secvala saqarTvelos Tanamedrove mcenareuli safari. mraval adgilas gaiCexa tye da misi adgili daikava meoreulma buCqnarebma, balaxovnebma, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebma (xexilis baRebma, venaxebma, baRCeul-bostneulma kulturebma, plantaciebma). Ees, gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia Savi zRvis sanapiro zolisaTvis, vake-dablobebisa da mTiswineTisaTvis. mtacebluri eqspluataciis Sedegad ganadgurda muxis, bzis, wablis, fiWvis araerTi koromi. xemcenareebis zogierTi saxeoba SemorCa mxolod Znelad misadgom adgilebSi, mTis ferdobebze, sanakrZalo ubnebze da sxv. ganakaf teritoriebze ki gavrcelda am regionisaTvis naklebad damaxasiaTebeli mcenareebi. tyis adgils umeteswilad qserofituli buCqnarebi an mdeloebi ikaveben. magaliTad, iseTebi, rogoricaa ZeZvi, kowaxuri, CitavaSla, jagrcxila, evropuli rcxila da sxv. aseTi mcenareebi vrceldebian ara marto aRmosavleT, aramed dasavleT saqarTveloSic, rac erTgvar `uCveulo~ iers aZlevs notio subtropikebis landSafts. ganakaf adgilebSi aRdgenili tyis masivi saxeobrivad gansxvavebulia pirvandelisagan. kerZod, wiflnarebis ganakafze viTardeba SedarebiT naklebad Rirebuli rcxilisa da sxva foTlovani xeebis Sereuli formaciebi, uares SemTxvevaSi ki tye saerTod ispoba da mis adgils buCqovan-balaxovani mcenareebi ikaveben. aseTive procesebi viTardeba Warbtenian ubnebze an intensiuri gaZovebis pirobebSi. mravali axlad dasaxlebuli mcenare naklebmomTxovnia niadaguri pirobebis mimarT, amitom farTod vrceldebian. magaliTad, balaxovani sarevelebi, romlebic aviwroeben sxva balaxovnebs, qmnian mZlavr kordsa da monodominantur safars. es sarevelebi Tavdapirvelad vrceldebian nasven miwebze, danagvianebul adgilebSi, Semdeg ki _ sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebzec. saqarTvelos biologiuri mravalferovneba saqarTvelos SedarebiT mcire teritoria biologiuri, maT Soris ekosistemuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. igi ukavSirdeba kavkasiis ekologiur derefans (romelic erTgvari xidia centralur aziasa da evropas Soris), floris ganviTarebis unikalur istorias, geologiuri agebulebis, reliefisa da klimatis mravalferovnebas. saqarTveloSi izrdeba WurWlovani mcenareebis 4100-ze meti saxeoba. didia endemebis wilic. saqarTvelos floris daaxloebiT 900 saxeoba endemuria; maT Soris 600 212

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

saxeobamde kavkasiis endemia, xolo 300 saxeobamde – saqarTvelosi. endemizmis aseTi maCvenebeli (21%) uCveulod maRalia zomieri sartylis qveynebisaTvis. sainteresoa, rom WurWlovani mcenareebis raodenobiT saqarTvelo evropaSi me-5 adgilzea – italiis, espaneTis, saberZneTis da safrangeTis Semdeg (SedarebisTvis – espaneTSi, romelic farTobiT saqarTveloze 7-jer didia sul 4900 aseTi saxeoba xarobs; xolo irlandiaSi sul – 890 saxeoba). mravalferovania saqarTvelos cxovelTa samyaroc: gvxvdeba ZuZumwovarTa 108 saxeoba (pirveli adgili evropaSi), frinvelebis – 360-ze meti (aseve, erT-erTi pirveli adgili), qvewarmavlebis – 53 (me-3 adgili), amfibiebis – 13, Tevzebis – 160-mde (maT Soris mtknari wylis – 84) da uxerxemloTa – aTasobiT saxeoba. biologiuri mravalferovnebis saerTo maCveneblis mixedviT (farTobis erTeulze gaangariSebiT) saqarTvelo msoflioSi 36-e adgilzea da mas ZiriTadad tropikuli qveynebi uswrebs. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom CvenSi metad maRalia e.w. genetikuri da agrobiomravalferovnebis xarisxic. samwuxarod, bevri saxeoba da jiSi gadaSenda an gadaSenebis pirasaa misuli. maTgan, albaT, upirvelesad unda davasexelod – qarTuli xalxuri poeziisa da legendebis erT-erTi `gmiri~ – jiqi anu vefxi, anu leopardi (Panthera pardus). saqarTveloSi Walebis `derefnebiT~ samxreT-aRmosavleTidan Tavad vefxvic (Panthera tigris) misi kaspiuri anu Turanuli qvesaxeoba – P.t. virgata) Semodioda. ukanasknelad vefxvi saqarTveloSi 1922 wels mokles – Tbilisis maxloblad. es qvesaxeoba gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi mTel mis gavrcelebis areSi amowyvites. kavkasiuri keTilSobili irmis (Cervus elaphus maral) da niamoris (Capra aegagrus) ricxovnobamac erT periodSi CvenSi kritikul zRvars miaRwia, Tumca am mxriv bolo dros situacia umjobesdeba. tyeebs Soris globalurad unikaluria kolxuri tye. saqarTveloSi am ekosistemis yvelaze didi da tipobrivi, centraluri nawili mdebareobs. is, erTi mxriv, ganixileba rogorc msofliosTvis iSviaTi zomieri sartylis teniani (wvimiani) tye. kolxeTis garda bunebaSi arsad gvxvdeba pontos muxa, medvedevis aryi, kolxuri bza, kolxuri jonjoli, kolxuri Txili, ungernis da smirnovis rododendronebi da sxv. mxviara mcenareebs Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT, aseve reliqtur-endemuri, kolxuri suro. Savi zRvis sanapiroze xmelTaSuazRviur elementebsac vxvdebiT. SedarebiT mSral pirobebSi, saxeldobr afxazeTSi, biWvinTis siaxloves, qviSian niadagebze da kldovan ferdobebze vxvdebiT reliqtur endems biWvinTis fiWvs (Pinus pityusa), xolo ufro qvian adgilebSi biWvinTis fiWvTan erTad xmelTaSuazRviuri xemarwyva (Arbutus andrachne) da mananas buCqic (Erica arborea) gvxvdeba. muqwiwvovani tyeebi, soWnarebi da naZvnarebi saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad kolxeTSia gavrcelebuli. Tumca, naZvnarebi aRmosavleTiT kavkasionze, fSavis aragvis xeobamde, xolo mcire kavkasionze Tbilisamde, md. veres saTaveebamde aRwevs (ufro aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT aseTi tyeebi aRar gvxvdeba). tyiswarmomqneli orive ZiriTadi saxeoba – kavkasiuri soWi (Abies nordmanniana) da aRmosavluri naZvi (Picea orientalis) – kavkasiis an kavkasia-SavizRvispireTis endemebia. kavkasiur soWs gigantur soWsac uwodeben: aRwerilia 65-70 m simaRlis individebi. muqwiwvovan tyeebs saqarTvelos tyiT dafaruli farTobis daaxloebiT 16% uWiravs. farTobis mixedviT muqwiwvovanebze gacilebiT naklebad, Tumca geografiulad sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli kavkasiuri fiWvnarebi (Pinus kochaina): isini 213

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

ufro mSral ferdobeb maRalmTis umTavresi ekonomikuri mniSvneloba isaa, rom mravalferovani mdeloebi zafxulis saZovrebad gamoiyeneba: gviani gazafxulidan Sua Semodgomamde aTasobiT cxvar-Zroxa balaxobs ialaRebze. saukunovani tradiciis mixedviT Semodgomaze cxvars barSi, velebsa da naxevradudabnoebSi – zamTris saZovrebze – gadarekaven, iq gadaazamTreben da mart-aprilSi ukan, ialaRebisken daiZvrebian. subalpur mdeloebze da buCqnarebSi bevria samkurnalo da sakvebi Rirebulebis mqone mcenareebi. magaliTad, dekas foTlebidan da begqondaridan (Thymus spp.) `Cais~ ayeneben, kvliavs (Carum carvi) xinklisa da sxva kerZebis momzadebisas iyeneben, mTis Rolosagan (Rumex) fxali mzaddeba, mocvis (Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea) sasargeblo Tvisebebi kargadaa cnobili da a.S. mravalferovania da gansakuTrebulia faunac: `jixvi~ krebiTi, qarTuli saxelia gareuli Txis 2 saxeobisa – dasavleT kavkasiuris (Capra caucasica) da aRmosavleT kavkasiuris, anu daRestnuris (C. cylindricornis). es orive saxeoba dedamiwaze mxolod kavkasionis maRalmTaSia gavrcelebuli. saqarTveloSi, samwuxarod, mxolod TuSeTsa da xevsureTSi SemorCa Sinauri Txis uSualo `winapari~ – niamori (C. aegagrus), romelic adre saqarTvelos maRalmTaSi TiTqmis yvelgan gvxvdeboda. didi zomis balaxismWamelebidan aRsaniSnavia agreTve arCvi (Rupicapra rupicapra), romelic jer kidev SemorCenilia kavkasionsa da mcire kavkasionze. niamori da dasavleT kavkasiuri jixvi globalurad gadaSenebis safrTxis qveS myof saxeobebad iTvleba; aRmosavleT kavkasiuri jixvi ki – aseT safrTxesTan axlos mdgomad. saqarTvelos maRalmTaSi gavrcelebuli es oTxive saxeoba saqarTvelos wiTel nusxaSia Setanili maRali sakonservacio statusiT. maRalmTis balaxovani ekosistemebis stabilurobas mTavar safrTxes pirutyvis Warbi Zoveba uqmnis. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos maRalmTaSi mosaxleoba tradiciulad misdevda e.w. momTabare mecxvareobas, rac barSi zamTris saZovrebis sakmarisi raodenobiT arsebobasac gulisxmobs. cxvris nawili izamTrebda da izamTrebs aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos stepebsa da naxevradudabnoebSi, nawili ki XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan yizlaris naqiraveb saZovrebze, CrdiloeT daRestanSi dadioda, sadac sabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelos Sesabamisi instituciebi 300,000 haze meti saZovris menejments axorcielebda. sabWoTa kavSiris kolafsis da Semdgom ganviTarebuli istoriul-politikuri viTarebis gamo, es SesaZlebloba aRar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, 90-ian wlebSi cxvris suladoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. Tumca, dReisTvis cxvris xorcze saeqsporto moTxovnileba mkveTrad izrdeba da saqarTveloSi cxvris suladoba kvlav matulobs. qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kvaldakval sul ufro meti sifrTxilea saWiro didmasStabiani infrastruqturuli proeqtebis danergvisas da Semdgom ingrastruqturis movla-patronobisas: navTob- da gazsadenebis, eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis, gzebisa da rkinigzebis, hidroeleqtrosadgurebis da misT. mSeneblobisas da eqspluataciisas mkacrad gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes bunebis dacvis moTxovnebi, gansakuTrebiT – biomravalferovnebis konservaciis TvalsazrisiT prioritetul areebSi. maRalmTis monakveTebi daculia riwis, fsxu-gumisTis, lagodexis nakrZalebSi, yazbegis, TuSeTis, borjom-xaragaulis da axlad daarsebul javaxeTis erovnul parkebSi. wyalWarb (an Warbwylian) warmonaqmnebs (sxvadasxvagvar Waobebs, drodadro datboril monakveTebs da sxv.), wyalsatevebs (tbebsa da xelovnur wyalsacavebs), mdinareebsa da myinvarebs saqarTvelos farTobis daaxloebiT 1/10 uWiravT. yvelaze metad wyalWarbi saqarTveloSi kolxeTis dablobia: Waobebi, mcire zomis tbebi, 214

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

mdinareebi da arxebi urTierTgadaxlarTul, erTian sistemas qmnian. kolxeTis dablobis biomravalferovnebis mniSvnelobis damadasturebeli isicaa, rom ispanis Waobebi (qobuleTTan, 770 ha) da centraluri kolxeTis Warbwyliani teritoriebi (guria-samegreloSi, 33710 ha) Setanilia saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis wyalWarbi teritoriebis msoflio nusxaSi, romelic wyalWarbi teritoriebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso konvenciis (ramsaris konvenciis) moqmedebis sferoSia moqceuli. biomravalferovnebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs md. rions. იგი zuTxisebrTa bunebrivi gamravlebisaTvis gamosadegi ukanaskneli mdinare aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi. sxva mdinareebi adamianis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli cvlilebebis gamo am funqcias veRar asrulebs. Sav zRvaSi (iseve, rogorc kaspiis zRvaSi) gavrcelebul zuTxisebrTa yvela saxeoba globalurad safrTxis qveS myof saxeobebadaa miCneuli. Cvens wylebSi gavrcelebuli eqvsive saxeoba saqarTvelos wiTel nusxaSicaa Setanili: bolo drois gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom saqarTvelos wylebSi zuTxisebrTa ricxovnoba gasuli saukunis dasawyisTan SedarebiT 37-jer Semcirda da amJamad 10000 individs ar aRemateba. saqarTveloSi meore mniSvnelovani Warbwyliani are samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTia, romelic mcire zomis tbebis simravliT gamoirCeva (tabawyuri, saRamo, karwaxi, xanCali, madatafa, buRdaSeni da sxv.). aq mdebareobs saqarTvelos yvelaze didi tbac – faravani (37,5 kv.km). wyalWarb adgilebSi umetesad isliani Waobebi Warbobs. kolxeTis dablobsa da samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (gansakuTrebiT javaxeTSi) frinvelTa saxeobebis didi mravalferovneba aRiniSneba: am teritoriebze gadis migrirebadi frinvelebis gzebi da es Warbwyliani teritoriebi umniSvnelovanes Sesvenebis adgilebs warmoadgens maTTvis. magaliTad, Savi zRvis sanapiroze 150-ze meti saxeobis frinveli gvxvdeba – aTiaTasobiT wyalmcuravi frinveli Seisvenebs xolme gadafrenis periodSi. bevria aq mobinadre saxeobac. Savi zRvis marSurti gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs mtacebeli frinvelebis migraciisas: magaliTad, rogorc bolo gamokvlevebma aCvena – baTumTan yovel Semodgomaze 34 saxeobis (maT Soris 5 globalurad safrTxis qveS myofia) 800000-ze meti gadamfreni mtacebeli frinveli aRiricxeba, aqedan yvelaze metia krazanaWamia arwivi (daaxloebiT 400000 individi) da Cveulebrivi (stepis) kakaCa (Buteo buteo vulpinus; 150-250 aTasi individi). Semodgomaze gadamfreni am raodenobis mtacebeli frinveli arasodes, arsad aRnusxula dasavleT palearqtikaSi (anu evropaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi). aseTi `sanaxaoba~ ara mxolod mlvlevarebisTvis, aramed frinvelebiT dainteresebuli turistebisaTvisac metad mimzidvelia. samxreT saqarTvelos marSruti frinvelebis raodenobiT gacilebiT mcire, magram sakmaod mdidaria saxeobaTa da maT Soris iSviaT saxeobaTa raodenobiT, rac javaxeTis rbil, vulkanur, tbian landSaftTan SexamebiT ganumeorebel STabeWdilebas axdens. msxvili infrastruqturuli proeqtebi (portebis gafarToeba, navTobis terminalebis, hidroeleqtrosadgurebis, maRali Zabvis gadamcemi xazebis, saavtomobilo gzebis da rkinigzebis mSenebloba da sxv.), sasmeli wylis uyairaTo moxmareba da wylebis dabinZureba, aramdgradi TevzWera da brakonieroba mTavari safrTxea, rac saqarTvelos wyalWarbი ekosistemebიs biomravalferovnebas emuqreba. saqarTvelos tyis resursebi uaxloes warsulSi saqarTvelos tyis resursebis 99% garemosdacviT, garemosaRmdgen da sanitarul-esTetikur funqciebs atarebda da maTi eqsploatacia akrZaluli 215

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iyo. mxolod kolxeTis dablobis Warbtenian niadagebze warmodgenili tyeebi miekuTvneboda sameurneo daniSnulebis resurss. amJamad viTareba diametraluradaa Secvlili. energetikulma krizisma da mtaceblurma damokidebulebam mZime mdgomareobaSi Caayena tyeebi. saqarTveloSi ar darCa regioni, sadac tyis eqspluatacias ar hqonoda mtacebluri forma. tyis masivebi ZiriTadad jansaRi da esTetikurad maRalefeqturi xe-mcenareebis xarjze mcirdeba. xe-tyis eqsporti ZiriTadad samxreTuli mimarTulebisaa _ gaitaneba azerbaijanSi, somxeTsa da TurqeTSi. tyis fitomasis 1/3 Seadgens muqwiwviani mcenareebis masa (118 mln m3), xolo danarCeni farTofoTlovnebze da buCqnarebze modis. amJamad tyis resursebis moxmareba ramdenime mimarTulebiT xorcieldeba. esenia: sayofacxovrebod (gaTbobisa da saWmlis damzadebis mizniT), mSenebloba da avejis mrewveloba. saqarTvelos teritoriis 1/3-ze meti tyeebiTa da buCqnarebiTaa dafaruli, xolo saerTo farTobis 95% tyis potencialis mqonea. amJamad erT sul mosaxleze 100 m3 xe-tyis fitomasa modis. es erT-erTi mniSvnelovani bunebrivi resursia qveynisaTvis. arada, Cvens siaxloves arian qveynebi, romlebic aRniSnuli resursebis did deficits ganicdian. saqarTvelos tyeebis daaxloebiT naxevari sxvadasxva dacviT (wylis, niadagis, garemos), xolo erTi meoTxedi gamajansaRebel, rekreaciul da saganmanaTleblo-sanakrZalo funqciebs asruleben. administraciuli raionebidan teritoriis naxevarze meti tyiTaa dafaruli gulrifSis, soxumis, borjomis, qedis, Suaxevisa da xelvaCauris raionebSi. yvelaze Raribia tyeebiT walkis, aspinZis da siRnaRis raionebi (teritoriis 5-10%). saqarTvelos tyeebi mdidaria iseTi buCqnarebiTa da xe-mcenareebiT, romlis nayofi xasiaTdeba sxvadasxvagvari kvebiTi da samkurnalo TvisebebiT, da romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas teqnikur nedleulad. maTi mopovebisa da gamoyenebis masStabebi Zalze mcirea. GansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi nayofis an mcenareebis mopoveba-damzadeba, romelTac gaaCniaT garkveuli mniSvneloba farmacevtikaSi. cnobilia, rom vitaminebisa da sxva kvebiTi TvisebebiT velurad mzardi xili ramdenjerme aRemateba mis `kulturul~ TanamoZmes. gansakuTrebuli perspeqtivebia mefutkreobis ganviTarebaSi, radgan saqarTvelos tyeebSi sakmaodaa iseTi mcenareuloba, romelTagan neqtris mopoveba maRalproduqtiul da maRalxarisxovan Tafls iZleva. saqarTvelos tyeebi mdidaria xil-kenkriTa da mdidaria xis TesliT (wiwvovani, farTofoTlovani, buCqnarebi), romelTac maRali saeqsporto daniSnuleba gaaCniaT. gansakuTrebiT faseulia wiwvovan mcenareTa Tesli, romelTac didi farmacevtuli daniSnuleba aqvs da farTod gamoiyeneba parfiumeriaSi. saqarTveloSi calkeuli jiSis mcenareTa Teslis aTeulobiT tonis mopovebaa SesaZlebeli. mwvane nargaoba fasdaudebelia didi qalaqebis atmosferuli haeris gajansaRebis saqmeSi. igi `asufTavebs~ mas mtvris, gamonabolqvis da xmaurisagan. Cveni dedaqalaqi mwvane safaris simwiriTaa (4.5 m2 erT mcxovrebze) cnobilia. mwvane nargaobis SedarebiT maRali maCvenebliT gamoirCeva bolnisi, duSeTi, sagarejo, TeTriwyaro, TianeTi da sxva qalaqebi. mwvane nargaoba, garda sanitarul-dacviTi funqciebisa, aqtiur rekreaciul-sakurorto daniSnulebasac atareben. mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos kurortebis garSemo mwvane nargavebis SenarCunebis problema. tye-parkebi zrdian saqarTvelos kurortebis rekreaciul daniSnulebas. saqarTvelos kurortebidan gamwvanebis doniT gamoirCevian: gagra, java, bakuriani da borjomi. 216

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5.3.8. rekreaciuli resursebi saqarTvelo gamoirCeva bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovnebiT da Sesabamisad, bunebriv-rekreaciuli resursebis simdidriT. bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovneba, upirveles yovlisa, aisaxeba landSaftur mravalferovnebaSi. saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia barisa da mTis 52 tipis landSafturi erTeuli, dawyebuli notio subtropikulidan da damTavrebuli nivaluriT. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari mravalferovneba warmodgenilia SedarebiT mcire farTobze, rac zrdis bunebriv-rekreaciuli resursebis maqsimalurad da efeqturad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. mTlianad saqarTvelosaTvis hava zomieri da komfortulia. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia zomierad maRali temperaturebi zafxulSi da SedarebiT grili zamTari. simaRlis matebasTan erTad zafxulis temperaturebi klebulobs da am periodSi saqarTvelos mTebs maRali rekreaciuli daniSnuleba eniWeba. bunebriv-rekreaciuli TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ori zona: zRvis sanapiro da mTa (500-dan 2000 m-mde). aq Tavmoyrilia klimatur Tu balneologiur kurortTa umravlesoba. swored aRniSnul zonaSi mcenareuloba warmodgenilia farTofoTlovani, Sereuli da wiwvovani tyeebiT. sazRvao-klimaturi kurortebia: mwvane koncxi, maxinjauri, qobuleTi, ureki, gagra, biWvianTa, axali aToni da sxv. SavizRvispireTis kurortTa maRal esTetikur mxaresTan erTad (mTisa da zRvis haeris Sexameba, mdidari mcenareuloba) didi mniSvneloba aqvs Savi zRvis balneologiur Tvisebebs. misi wylebi naklebi marilianobiTa da dabali temperaturebiT gamoirCeva. amis gamo igi ufro `komfortulia~ subtropikuli Tu tropikuli sartylis sxva zRvebTan SedarebiT. KurortebisaTvis uaryofiTad unda CaiTvalos zafxulis garkveul periodebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebadi teniani tropikuli amindebis (mxuTvare) sixSire, rac didi aorTqlebiTa da maRali ganpirobebuli. meore zonaSi, z. d. 500-2000 metramde Tavmoyrilia saqarTvelos balneo- Tu klimaturi kurortebis udidesi nawili. xSir SemTxvevaSi es kurortebi orive funqcias atareben, rac zrdis maT rekreaciul daniSnulebas. zogierTi maTgani sayovelTaodaa cnobili (borjomi, wyaltubo, abasTumani, bakuriani), Tumca am zonis kurortTa umravlesobis saxeli naklebadaa reklamirebuli. araferi ician sazRvargareT iseTi maRalsamkurnalo Tvisebebis mqone wylebis kurortebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa: Sovi, uwera, cixisjvari, nunisi, menji, lebarde, lugela da sxv. am mimarTebiT saqarTvelos bunebriv-rekreaciuli resursebi praqtikulad auTviseblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. momsaxurebis dabali donisa da rTuli yofiTi pirobebis gamo saqarTvelos sakurorto-rekreaciuli obieqtebi TandaTan kargaven saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobas da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis momsaxurebiT kmayofildebian. saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia mineraluri wylis msoflioSi cnobili TiTqmis yvela saxeoba, xolo maT umravlesobas maRal esTetikur bunebriv garemoSi aqvs gamosasvleli. rekreaciuli daniSnulebis mZlavri funqcia SeiZleba SeiZinon saqarTvelos daculma teritoriebma, romelTa umravlesobaSi kargadaa Semonaxuli, rogorc esTetikuri garemo, aseve bunebrivi mravalferovneba. sanakrZalo meurneobis Secvla bunebrivi parkis (nacionaluri parkis) reJimiT saSualebas mogvcems nakrZalebi mosaxleobis rekreaciuli uzrunvelyofisa da savaluto Semosavlebis wyarod vaqcioT. 217

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maRali rekreaciuli daniSnuleba gaaCniaT bunebriv warmonaqmnebs. maTgan mniSvnelovania SedarebiT iolad dasaZlevi mwvervalebi da mdinareTa xeobebi. isini samTo turizmis ganviTarebis saukeTeso saSualebaa, romelic ase popularulia evropaSi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mRvimeebis rekreaciuli mizniT gamoyenebas. saqarTvelo cnobilia maTi mravalsaxeobiTa da raodenobiT. speleoturizmis jerovan doneze ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTveloSi TiTqmis araferia gakeTebuli, Tu ar CavTvliT axali aTonis mRvimis keTilmowyobas, romelsac ZiriTadad sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis mohqonda Semosavali. speleoturizmisaTvis gansakuTrebulad xelsayreli mdgomareoba da mdebareoba gaaCnia wyaltubos midamoebSi aRmoCenil mRvimes, romlis masStabebi da cnobil kurortTan siaxlove gansakuTrebul mniSnelobas aniWebs mas. Zalze efeqturi bunebriv-rekreaciuli resursia xelovnuri wyalsatevebi da tbebi. maTi umravlesoba tyian da subalpur landSaftebSia warmodgenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom marto riwis tbas yovelwliurad 1,5 milioni turisti moinaxulebda. amJamad mniSvnelovan turistul-rekreaciul centrad yalibdeba sionisa da Jinvalis wyalsacavebis Semogareni. mniSvnelovania `Tbilisis zRvis~ rekreaciuli gamoyenebis perspeqtivebic. saqarTveloSi didi rezervebia sportul-samonadireo turizmis ganviTarebis mxriv. Cveni mezobeli qveynebis SeZlebuli mosaxleoba dainteresebulia amgvari formis rekreaciis ganviTarebiT. saqarTveloSi gamoCndnen firmebi, romlebic monadireTa dainteresebis mizniT gareuli cxovelebis moSenebas misdeven. xelsayreli viTarebaa satbore da sakalmaxe meurneobebisa da Sesabamisad, TevzWeris, rogorc rekreaciis erT-erTi formis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT. saqarTvelos araerTi tba Tu wyalsacavi mdidaria Zvirfasi sarewao mniSvnelobis TevziT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Savi zRvis Selfur zolze, sadac uxvadaa sxvadasxva jiSis da maRali sakvebi daniSnulebis Tevzebi. rekreaciul resursebs istoriul-kulturuli daniSnulebis obieqtebic miekuTvnebian. saqarTvelo mofenilia amgvari ZeglebiT. gansakuTrebiT mdidaria Sida qarTli da mesxeT-javaxeTi. ucxoelisTvis gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelia saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba, TviTmyofadi kultura da xelovneba, adgilobrivi rewva da arqiteqtura. am mxriv saqarTvelos yvela raioni gamoirCeva, gansakuTrebiT kavkasionis maRalmTianeTi (svaneTi, raWa, xevsureTi, TuSeTi da sxv.). erT-erT mniSvnelovan rekreaciul resursad SeiZleba CaiTvalos tradiciuli soflis meurneoba, gansakuTrebiT ki mevenaxeoba. Semodgomis rTveli, Rvinis qarxnebi, maTi teqnologiuri procesebi, qarTuli meRvineobis tradiciebi da mravali sxva, yovelTvis iyo ucxoel turistTa dainteresebis sagani. 5.3.9. saqarTvelos wiTeli nusxa da daculi teritoriebi saqarTvelos wiTeli nusxis samarTlebrivi safuZvelia saqarTvelos kanoni wiTeli nusxisa da wiTeli wignis Sesaxeb (2003 w.). TviT wiTeli nusxa saqarTvelos prezidentis 2006 wlis #303 brZanebulebiT aris damtkicebuli. nusxa, Sesabamisi kvlevebis safuZvelze, periodulad axldeba. wiTeli nusxa saerTaSoriso kriteriumebis mixedviTaa Sedgenili da sakmaod arasaxarbielo suraTs asaxavs. kerZod, saqarTvelos faunis wiTel nisxaSi Setanili 139 saxeobidan 5-s miniWebuli aqvs erovnul doneze gadaSenebulis, 11-s – gadaSenebis ukiduresi (kritikuli) safrTxis 218

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

winaSe myofis (CR – Critically Endengered), 32-s – gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofis (EN – Endengered), 91-s – mowyvladis (VU – Vulnarable) statusebi; floris wiTel nusxaSi Setanili 56 merqniani saxeobidan 2-s miniWebuli aqvs gadaSenebis ukiduresi safrTxis winaSe myofis, 18-s gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofis da 36-s mowyvladis statusebi (balaxovan mcenareTa nawili damuSavebis procesSia). saqarTveloSi bunebis dacvas didi xnis istoria aqvs. XX saukunemde bunebriv teritoriebs icavdnen ZiriTadad religiuri mosazrebebis da safeodalo-samonadireo savargulebad gamoyenebis mizniT. samecniero safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT daculi teritoriebis Camoyalibeba CvenSi XX saukunis aTiani wlebidan daiwyo: 1912 wels daarsda kavkasiaSi pirveli – lagodexis – nakrZali. mas Semdeg saqarTveloSi ar Semwydara daculi teritoriebis sistemis ganviTarebaze zrunva. am saqmeSi fasdaudebeli wvlili miuZRviT gamoCenil mecnierebsa da bunebis qomagebs – niko kecxovels, vasil gulisaSvils, dimitri sosnovskis da sxvas. daculi teritoriebis sistemis nakli sabWoTa periodSi umTavresad iyo erTferovneba (sistema mxolod nakrZalebisagan anu mkacrad daculi, socialuri sivrcidan izolirebuli erTeulebisagan Sedgeboda) da teritoriuli arasakmarisoba (nakrZalebs saqarTvelos farTobis mxolod 2,4% eWiraT). didi Zvrebi moxda daculi teritoriebis sistemis ganviTarebis saqmeSi postsabWoTa etapze – saerTaSoriso bunebis dacviTi organizaciebis (WWF-is da sxv.) da donorebis xelSewyobiT (garemos dacvis globaluri fondi – GEF, msoflio banki, germaniis da norvegiis mTavrobebi da sxv.) sistemam daiwyo dinamiuri winsvლa orive mTavari naklis aRmosafxvrelad. amJamad saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebis sistema moicavs 14 saxelmwifo nakrZals, 11 erovnul parks, 19 aRkveTils, 42 bunebis Zegs da 2 dacul ladSafts. maTi saerTo farTobi 600 aTas heqtars aRwevs, rac saqarTvelos saerTo farTobis 8.3%-ia. isini saqarTvelos tyiT dafaruli farTobis 10%-s moicavs, rac sabWoTa periodis analogiur maCvenebelze 3-jer metia. ukanasknel dros mkveTrad gaumjobesda menejmenti, iklo brakonierobisa da tyis aralegaluri Wris SemTxvevebma, imata turistebis raodenobam. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sistema kvlav dinamiurad da warmatebiT viTardeba: Seiqmna axali daculi teritoriebi fSav-xevsureTSi, aWaraSi, javaxeTSi, raWaSi da sxv. axali didmniSvnelovani, xangrZlivvadiani mizania daculi teritoriebis qselis Camoyalibeba anu daculi teritoriebis `kunZulebis~ urTierTdakavSireba ekologiuri derefnebiT. evropis erT-erTi da kavkasiis uZvelesi daculi teritoria – lagodexis nakrZali – icavs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis TiTqmis yvela tipis tyian landSafts da maRalmTis mcenareulobas. afxazeTsa da aWaraSi mTis kolxuri tyeebi daculia kintriSis, fsxu-gumisTis, riwis nakrZalebSi da mtiralas erovnul parkSi; biWvinTis fiWvnarebi da kolxuri winamTebis tyeebi biWvinTa-miuseris nakrZalSia daculi, xolo mSrali naTeli, Rviian-sakmlisxiani tyeebi – vaSlovanis nakrZalsa da erovnul parkSi. saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebidan yvelaze meti tye (60000 haze meti) borjomis nakrZalsa da borjom-xaragaulis erovnul parkSia moqceuli. bawaris (TuSeTSi, md. alaznis xeoba) nakrZals ganasxvavebs is, rom aq daculia iSviaTi reliqturi wiwvovani, uZvirfasesi saxeobis – uTxovris – SesaniSnavi koromi, sadac aTaswlovan xeebsac ki SexvdebiT (zogierTi individis asaki 1200-1400 welsac ki aRwevs). istoriulad am tyis dacva imis Sedegicaa, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba uTxovars `angelozis xed~ miiCnevs. saqarTvelos mTaSi sxvaganac (xevSi, mTiuleTSi, 219

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xevsureTSi) dResac SesaniSnavadaa Semonaxuli `xatis tyeebi~ – arynarebi, fiWvnarebi da sxv.

5.4. saqarTvelos mTis landSaftebis potenciali saqarTveloSi mTian teritoriebze, romelsac 40 aTas. kv. km-ze meti farTobi ukavia, warmodgenilia mTis landSaftTa 7 tipi: 1. mTis subtropikuli semiariduli; 2. mTis subtropikuli ariduli; 3. mTis zomierad Tbili humiduri; 4. mTis zomieri semihumiduri; 5. mTis zomieri semiariduli; 6. mTis zomierad civi; 7. maRali mTis notio da civi. saqarTvelos mTis landSaftebi warmodgenilia kavkasionis, mcire kavkasionisa da mesxeT-javaxeTis vulkanur fizikur-geografiul olqebSi. saqarTvelos mTis landSaftTa geoekologiuri maxasiaTeblebidan aRsaniSnavia: dabali, saSualo, maRali mTis, mTis qvaburebis, paleoglacialuri da glacialuri reliefis formebi, romlebic warmodgenilia zR.d. 3000-dan 5201 metramde diapazonSi. maTTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia eroziul-denudaciuri geomorfologiuri procesebi karstulisa da akumulaciuris monawileobiT, aqtiuri mewyruli da Rvarcofuli procesebiT. hava ZiriTadad zomierad Tbili da zomierad humiduria, semiariduli, semihumiduri da ariduli danestianebis formebiT; mzis naTebis xangrZlivoba 2200-2500-dan (samx. saqarTvelos mTianeTi) 1900-2000-mde sT/weliwadSi (kavkasioni); ianvris saSualo temperatura _ 2-12 gradusi, ivlisis +4+200, temperaturuli amplituda 18-250, aqtiur temperaturaTa jamia 200-35000, qaris saSualo siCqare 1.0-5.0 m/wm-Si; naleqebis raodenoba 600-2800 mm-is farglebSi meryeobs, aorTqleba 300-800 mm, Tovlian dReTa ricxvi 30-150 dRe, danestianebis koeficientia 0.6-1.5. hidrologiuri maxasiaTeblebia _ Camonadeni 10-80 l/wm-Si weliwadSi kv.km.-ze, gazafxulisa da zafxulis maqsimumebiT. mcenareuloba _ kolxuri hemihileebi, wiflnari, muxnari, wiflnar-muqwiwvovani, naZvnari da arynari tyeebi, ariduli meCxeri tyeebi, subalpuri da alpuri mdeloebi. fitomasis raodenoba meryeobs 10-dan 800 t/ha-mde. niadagebi _ mTis Savmiwebi (samx. saqarTveloSi), tyis yavisferi da karbonatuli, mTis mdelos da sxv., pedomasebis raodenoba meryeobs 200-dan 1000 t/ha-mde. anTropogenuri zemoqedebis formebi: mosaxleobis saS. simWidrovea 15-20 kaci kv.kmze, aq warmodgenilia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 10%, kavkasionis farglebSi aRiniSneba mosaxleobis mudmivi klebis tendencia. sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba ZiriTadad ukavSrdeba mesaqonleobas, rekreaciul da satyeo meurneobas, romelic amJamad mkacrad regulirdeba. saqarTvelos mTis bunebrivi landSaftebi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia dacul teritoriebze, rTulad misadgomi xeobebis pirobebSi, saSualo da maRalmTiani reliefis pirobebSi. anTropogenuri transformaciis xarisxi saSualo an umniSvneloa, radgan mTis landSaftTa udides nawilze ar mimdinareobs aqtiuri sameurneo saqmianoba. gvxvdeba praqtikulad ucvleli landSaftis fragmentebic. mTis landSaftTa potenciali _ resursuli (maT Soris energetikuli), ekologiuri da rekreaciulia. 220

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5.4.1. dabali mTis subtropikuli semiariduli landSaftebi dabali mTis subtropikuli semiariduli landSaftebi warmodgenilia samxreTaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, moicavs sagarejos, siRnaRisa da dedofliswyaros administraciuli raionebis samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilebs. fizikur-geografiuli daraionebis TvalsazrisiT landSafti moqceulia iveriis zomierad notio da mSral subtropikul olqSi (mirzaan-sarTiWalis da garej-eldaris qveolqSi. misi reliefis absoluturi simaRle saSualod 200-1000 m-is farglebSi meryeobs da warmodgenilia damreci ferdobebiT, bedlendebiT, aridul-denudaciuri (naklebad eroziul-denadaciuri) formebiT. reliefi ZiriTadad agebulia meoTxeuli naleqebiT (TixebiT, konglomeratebiT, qviSaqvebiT), aq aRniSineba pasiuri geomorfologiuri procesebi. hava zomierad Tbili subtropikuli semiaridulia. aqtiur temperaturaTa jami 350040000-is farglebSi meryeobs. mzis naTebisa (2100-2300, sxva monacemebiT (Сванидзе..., 1987, – 2200-2500 saaTi) da jamuri radiaciis (120-130 kkal/sm2) maCveneblebi saSualoa saqarTvelosTvis. uyinvo periodi 200-220 dRis manZilze grZeldeba; ianvris saSualo temperatura 0-1, ivlisis +22+24, wliuri amplituda ki 22-25 gradusia. naleqebis raodenobis mxriv (400-500 mm) landSaftebi erT-erTi yvelaze deficituria saqarTveloSi (gansakuTrebiT zafxulis meore naxevarSi); Tovlian dReTa ricxvi 10-20-ia, rac Zalzed umniSvnelo maCvenebelia mTiani teritoriebisTvis. aorTlqlebadobis maCveneblebiT (800-1000 mm) landSafti arasakmao danestianebis (0.6) zonaSi warmodgenili. katastrofuli klimaturi movlenebiს mixedviT landSafti erT-erT yvelaze stabilurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos; setyva aRiniSneba mcire raodenobiT, Tumca igi gamoirCeva xangrZlivobiT. eroziuli procesSi ZiriTadad qaris moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. landSafti moklebulia stabilur mdinareebs, isini ZiriTadi droebiTi nakadebis saxiT viTardeba. mdinareTa saSualowliuri Camonadeni (1-2 l/wm kv.km-ze) aseve erT-erTi umniSvneloa saqarTveloSi. tenis deficitis da reliefis formaTa gamo seluri movlenebi ar aRiniSneba. uroiani da vaciwveriani velebis, jag-ekliani stepis da naTeli tyeebis mcenareuloba ganviTarebulia wabla, mcire da saSualo sisqis Savmiwebze, romlebic meqanikuri Sedgenelobis mixedviT mZime Tixnaris kategorias ganekuTvnebian. tyeebi ZiriTadad vaSlovanis nakrZalis farglebSia warmodgenili, romelTa saSualo fitomasa 1520 t/ha-s farglebSi meryeobs (nax. 9.3). cxovelTa samyaro ZiriTadad stepisa da WalisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebiTaa (ZiriTadad mRrnelebiT, qvewarmavlebiT da frinvelebiT) warmodgenili, gvxvdeba namarxi faunis araerTi Zegli. fitomasebis mniSvnelovani nawili (40-45%) miwisqveSa geohorizontebze modis. miwiszeda fitomasis 30% xemcenareebis saSualebiT formirdeba, buCqnarebze 60% modis, xolo danaCeni _ balaxeulobaze. pedomasebi sakmaod maRali maCveneblebiT (10 aTasi t/ ha-ze) xasiaTdeba, rac soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani safuZvelia. landSaftis vertikalur struqturaSi 4-5 miwiszeda geohorizonti (semiariduli mezofituri tyeebis, buCqnarebisa da balaxeulobis) gamoiyofa, romelic Tavis mxriv mcire simZlavriT (mezomakrostruqtura _ 4-8 m), saSualo sirTuliT da didi daZabulobiT xasiaTdeba. landSaftur-eTologiuri Taviseburebebidan aRsaniSnavia steqsebis humidur-semiariduli dinamika, romlis safuZvels warmoadgens humidur (2.6; 3 G⇑; 4 G↑; 5,6 G; 3 G↓) da semiaridul (6S) mdgomareobaTa monacvleoba, damatebi221

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

Ti (Termuli) da meorexarisxovani (danestianebis xarisxiT) traqtorebiT. landSafturi saxeebis raodenobis mxriv mTis subtropikuli semiariduli landSaftebi naklebad mravalferovanTa kategorias (5-10 erTeuli 1000 kv.km-ze) ganekuTvneba. landSaftis farglebSi warmodgenilia navTobis (taribanis) umniSvnelovanesi, maRalxarisxovani sabado, romlis savaraudo maragi (sxvadasxva monacemebiT) 500600 mln. tonis farglebSi meryeobs. sxva saxis wiaRiseuli resursebi (garda umniSvnelo raodenobis samSeneblo masalebisa) landSaftis farglebSi warmodgenili araa. rekreaciuli resursebidan aRsaniSnavia daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsi, romelic aTasobiT damTvalierebels izidavs. igi mTis da vakis subtropikuli semiariduli landSaftebis sazRvrebzea warmodgenili, ris gamoc moklebulia rekreaciuli TvalsazrisiT maRalefeqtur peizaJs. miuxedavad imisa, rom landaSftis farglebSi warmodgenilia fsevdovulkanuri talaxis da adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis balneologiur kurortTa araerTi kera, igi rekreaciuli TvalsazrisiT araarsebiTi funqciis mqonea. daculi teritoriis saxiT warmodgenilia vaSlovanis nakrZali. mas ukavia 8 aTasi heqtari farTobi, rac anTropogenuli transformaciis xarisxis gansazRvris mniSvnelovani indikatoria. aratradiciuli resursebidan mTis subtropikuli semiariduli landSaftebi yvelaze efeqturia helioresursebis misaRebad, rac ganpirobebulia uRrublo dReTa mniSvnelovani raodenobiT (20%). landSafti TiTqmis dausaxlebelTa kategoriaSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT – warmodgenilia mcire soflebi (taribani, kasriswyali) da droebiTi sadgomebi. mrewvelobis dargebidan landSaftis farglebSi ganviTarebulia (lokalurad) sabTob-energetikuli da kvebis mrewveloba. miwis fondi ZiriTadad zamTris saZovrebis (udidesi nawili), buCqnarebis, meCxeri tyeebisa da bedlendebiTaa warmodgenili. soflis meurneobaSi ZiriTadad mecxoveleoba (mecxvareoba) gamoirCeva. mohyavT saSemodgomo xorbali (mdinareTa xeobebis siaxloves). calkeul adgilebSi misdeven mevenaxeobas (taribanis da natbeuris tafobebSi), romlis produqciac maRali SaqrianobiT gamoirCeva. memcenareobis produqciis mosavlianobis mcire maCveneblebi, miuxedavad maRali potencialisa, savegatacio periodSi tenis deficitiT (87%) da irigaciis umniSvnelo masStabebiTaa ganpirobebuli. landSaftis farglebSi warmodgenili saavtomobilo gzebi gruntisaa, romelTa sixSire kargad gamoxatuli droiT TaviseburebebTanaa (sezonebTan) dakavSirebuli. landSaftur-ekologiur viTarebas gansazRvravs anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis formebi (Zoveba, miwaTmoqmedebis kerebi), ris gamoc igi transformaciis xarisxiT umniSvnelod SecvlilTa kategorias ganekuTvneba. landSafti gamoirCeva saSualo mdgradobiT miwaTmoqmedebisadmi, maRali mdgradobiT Zovebisadmi da maRali TviTaRdgenis unariT. landSafts gaaCnia maRali energetikuli (saTbobis maragebidan gamomdinare) da sasoflo-sameurneo potenciali. socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebidan umTavresia resurswarmoebiTi funqcia, meorexarisxovani _ garemosaRmdgeni funqcia (dakavSirebuli aridul-denudaciuri formebis ganviTarebis mastabilizirebel potencialTan), mesamexarisxovani _ transasazRvro ekologiuri derefnis funqcia. 222

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

5.4.2. dabali mTis subtropikuli ariduli landSaftebi dabali mTis subtropikuli ariduli landSaftebi warmodgenilia vaSlovanis seris samxreT ferdobebze, saqarTvelos ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi, dedofliswyaros raionSi, iveriis zomierad notio da mSral subtropikul fizikurgeografiul olqSi, ivris zeganis qveolqSi. reliefis absoluturi simaRle meryeobs 200-700 metris farglebSi. igi agebulia riynariT, qviSebiTa da TixebiT. Warbobs aridul-denudaciuri formebi, cicabo ferdobebi. xSiria bedlendebi. hava subtropikuli ariduli, zomierad kontinenturia _ cxeli zafxuliTa da zomierad civi zamTriT. ianvris saS. temperatura 0-20, ivlisis +23-25 gradusia, temperaturuli amplituda 23-27 gradusis farglebSi meryeobs. naleqebis raodenoba 300 mm-ia. aorTqlebadoba 900 mm, danestianebis koeficienti 0.3-ia. atmosferuli naleqebi warmodgenilia Tavsxma wvimebis saxiT. Tovlis aramyari saburveli yalibdeba 1020 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mzis naTebis xangrZlioba 2400-2500 sT-ia, xolo aqtiur temperaturaTa jami 40000-ze meti. uyinvo periodi wlis 2/3-is ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. qaris saSualowliuri siCqarea 2-4 m/wm-Si. landSafti praqtikulad moklebulia hidrografiul qsels _ mdinareebi warmodgenilia droebiTi nakadebis saxiT (yvelaze ariduli teritoria saqarTveloSi). landSaftis farglebSi gavrcelebulia naxevradudabnos mcenareuloba da saqarTvelos stepuri (velis) landSaftebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovelTa samyaro (ZiriTadad frinvelebi, mRrnelebi, qvewarmavlebi). mcenareulobidan aRsaniSnavia Rvia, surnelovani abzinda, yarRani, mananisebrTa saxeobebi – sxva, romlebic warmodgenilia mcire simZlavris Tixnar da mZime Tixnar udabno-velis mura da wabla niadagebze. landSafti gamoirCeva helioresursebis maRali maCveneblebiT. aq uRrublo dReTa ricxvi 65-80-ia, rac Zalian maRali maCvenebelia saqarTveloSi. qaris energiis gamoyenebisTvis araxelsayreli pirobebia, xolo hidroenergetikul resursebs landSafti praqtikulad moklebulia. igi sruliad gamouyenebelia rekreaciuli daniSnulebiT _ aq saerTod ar gxvdeba sakurorto adgilebi, rekreaciuli obieqtebi, bunebrivi RirSesaniSnaobebi. fitomasis saerTo raodenoba 18-20 t/h-s farglebSi meryeobs, romlis udidesi nawili (3/4) modis vertikaluri struqturis miwisqveSa nawilze. miwiszeda fitomasisi 4/5 formirdeba xemcenareebis mier. hidomasebi 5-6 aTasi t/ha, xolo liTomasebi 12-15 t/ha-zea. dabali mTis subtropikul aridul landSaftebSi dasaxelebuli punqtebi araa warmodgenili. igi praqtikulad moklebulia mudmiv mosaxleobas. sezonuri dasaxelebebi gvxvdeba zamTris periodSi (dekemberi-marti). soflis meurneoba mecxoveleobis (mecxvareobis) profilisaa _ landSafti aqtiurad gamoiyeneba zamTris saZovrebis saxiT. landSafts axasiaTebs rTuli, semiaridul-ariduli tipis eTocikli, nawilobriv Termuli da hidrogenuli (nivaluri) traeqtoriiT. aq warmodgenilia qserofituli derivatebisa da buCqnarebis mezo (A2 _ saSualo daZabulobis, umniSvnelo sirTulis) da buCqnarebisa da balaxeulobis mikromezostruqturebi (A1a _ didi daZabulobiT, umniSvnelo sirTuliT). 223

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

anTropogenuli zemoqmedeba ZiriTadad ZovebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rac landSaftis farglebSi, gravigenul bunebriv procesebTan erTad, ganapirobebs mis umniSvnelo tranformacias. landSafts aseve axasiaTebs araarsebiTi mravalferovneba (1-5 saxe 1000 kv.km-ze) da maRali produqtiuloba. landSaftur-ekologiuri viTarebidan gamomdinare landSafti aramdgradi ekosistemaa. dabali mTis subtropikuli ariduli landSaftebisTvis unda ganisazRvros garemosdacviTi (nawilobriv resurswarmoebiTi) socialur-ekonomikuri funqcia. masze sasurvelia gavrceldes sanakrZalo (daculi teritoriis) reJimi, ganisazRvros ekologiuri derefnis funqcia, raTa igi gaxdes umniSvnelovanesi transsasazRvro rgoli saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis semiariduli da ariduli landSaftebis gadaSenebis piras myofi faunis dacvisa da integraciis mizniT. 5.4.3. saSualo mTis zomieri semihumiduri landSaftebi saSualo mTis zomieri semihumiduri landSaftebi warmodgenilia mesxeTSi, saqarTvelos samxreT nawilSi da moicavs aspinZis (ZiriTadad), axalqalaqis (nawilobriv) administraciuli raionebis teritoriebs. landSaftebi miuyveba md. mtkvris zemo dinebis aspinZa-varZiis monakveTs (nawilobriv md. faravnis xeobas) 40 km-is manZilze, saSualod 1000-1700 m simaRlebriv diapazonSi. reliefi vulkanogenuria _ cicabo (kanioniseburi) eroziul-denudaciuri formebiT. reliefis centraluri nawili ukavia md. mtkvris antecedentur (gamkveT) xeobas, romelic warmodgenilia 1280-1000 metrze zR. donidan. xeobis farglebSi gamoiyofa fskeri, terasebi, ferdobebi da SedarebiT mosworebuli Txemebi. fskeri aluviur-proluviuri warmoSobisaa, romelic agebulia TixebiT, qviSebiTa da mergelebiT. landSaftisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kontinenturi semihumiduri hava zomierad civi zamTriT da xangrZlivi, zomieri Tbili zafxuliT (zafxulSi tenis deficitiT). mzis naTebis xangrZliobaa 2200-2300 sT/wl-Si, jamuri radiacia _ 140-150 kkal/sm2, aqtiur temperaturaTa jami 1500-20000-ia, uyinvo periodi wlis mesamedze grZeldeba; naleqebis raodenobaa 400-500 mm, aorTqlebadoba 500-600 mm, danestianeba zomieri xasiaTisaa (0,8-1,0). haeris temperatura ianvarSi _ 4-80-ia, ivlisSi +14+160, wliuri amplitula 18-240-is farglebSi meryeobs. qaris saSualo siCqare 2-3 m/wm-ia, rac umniSvnelo maCvenebelia. Tovlis safari aRiniSneba 75 dRis manZilze, mdgardi saburveli ki 50 dRis manZilze. xSiria elWeqi da setyva. landSaftis farglebSi araerTi Termuli da subTermuli miwisqveSa wylis gamosavalia. zedapiruli Camonadeni xasiaTdeba umniSvnelo (2-3 l/n kv.km-ze) maCveneblebiT. Camonadenis TiTqmis 2/3 formirdeba gazafxulze, amave periodSi aRiniSneba wyaldidobebi. landSaftis farglebSi seluri movlenebi ar aRiniSneba. mcenareulobis gavrcelebas kargad gamoxatuli geografiuli da eqspoziciuri saxesxvaobani gaaCnia. landSaftis farglebSi, mdinare mtkvris xeobis fskerze warmodgenlia ariduli meCxeri tyis fragmentebi, mimdebare terasebze frigana, ferdobebze _ Sibliaki, xolo Txemebze mdelo-stepis mcenareuloba. landSaftis tyianobis maCvenebelia 2-5%, xolo fitomasa 17-20 t/ha-zea. fitomasis TiTmis naxevari miwiszeda geohorizontebSi yalibdeba. miwisze fitomasis udidesi nawili (90%) derivatebisa da qserofituli buCqnarebis mier iqmneba, rac ganpirobebulia balaxeulobis ganviTarebisaTvis araxelsayreli pirobebis arsebobiT. pedomasebis raodenobaa 4-5 aTasi t/ha, xolo liTomasebis _ 16-17 aTasi t/ha. 224

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

cxovelTa samyarodan, anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis gamo, ZiriTadad frinvelebi da mRrnelebia SemorCenili. landSaftis farglebSi md. mtkvari (nawilobriv md. faravani) Tevzis saxeobrivi siuxviT gamoirCeva. landSaftur-ekologiuri viTarebidan gamomdinare aq gvxvdeba mcire sisqis sustad ganviTarebuli yavisferi niadagebi, ekocidirebuli zedapirebi da mdelos Savmiwiseburi niadagebi (Txemebze). landSaftis fargebSi sasargeblo wiaRiseulidan mxolod samSeneblo masalis adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sabadoebs vxvdebiT. aseve umniSvneloa qaris resursebis energetikuli gamoyenebis perspeqtivebic. aq perspeqtiulia helio (65-80 uRrublo dRe) da rekreaciuli resursebis gamoyeneba. amJamad balneologiuri kurortebi (varZia, xerTvisi, naqalaqevi, todoSi, oloda) mxolod adgilobrivi mniSvnelobisaa. maT Soris gansakuTrebulia varZiis qloridul-hidrokarbonatul-natriumiani Termuli wylebi (debiti 300 m3/dRe-RameSi, t – 45-550, mineralizacia – 12-13 g/l), romelic msoflio mniSvnelobis varZiis samonastro kompleqsis (muzeum-nakrZalis) mijnazea warmodgenili. miuxedavad sakurorto adgilebis simcirisa, istoriul ZeglTa simravle (xerTvisi, Tmogvi, naqalaqari, vanisqvabebi da sxv.) da daniSnuleba, tradiciuli meurneobis formebi, samSeneblo arqiteqtura, mosaxleobis turistul industriaSi monawileobis gamocdileba, mTis zomier semihumidur landSaftebs udidesi rekreaciuli resursebisa da potencialis mqone regionad warmoaCens. landSaftis farglebSi mosaxleoba araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. eTnikurad erTgvarovani mosaxleoba ZiriTadad mdinare mtkvris mimdebare terasebze cxovrobs, simWidrovis saSualo maCvenebeli (15-20 kaci) ramdenjerme CamorCeba saSualo respublikur maCvenebels. meurneobis dargebidan aRsaniSnavia sasoflo-sameurneo specializacia, romelic ZiriTadad mecxoveleobazea (bagur-saZovruli saxorce-sarZeve mimarTulebis, mecxvareoba, mefutkreoba, meTevzeoba) orientirebuli. sasoflo-sameurneo miwis fondis udidesi nawili (90%) sakveb kulturebze da saTib-saZovrebze modis. aRsaniSnavia, rom aspinZis raionSi, romelic tradiciuli mexileobiT, mebostneobiTa da memarcvleobiT gamoirCeoda, ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze SeimCneva aRniSnuli kulturebiT dakavebuli farTobebis intensiuri kleba (saxnavi Semcirda 1/3-iT, mravalwliani kulturebiT dakavebuli terioriebi _ 50%-iT). aRsaniSnavia mesxuri mevenaxeobis da yvelis warmoebis aRorZinebis tendenciebi, rac maRalefeqturi aRmoCnda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ekonomikuri stabilurobisTvis. samrewvelo sawarmoTa raodenoba, romlebic ZiriTadad kvebis mrewvelobis profilisaa, umniSvneloa. udides perspeqtivebs inarCunebs sasmeli da mineraluri wylis samrewvelo gadamuSaveba, riTac dainteresebulia rogorc adgilobrivi, ise mezobeli qveynebis (TurqeTi, siria) momxmarebeli. landSaftis farglebSi funqcionirebs erTaderTi, respublikuri mniSvnelobis aspinZa-varZiis gza, romelic aqtiurad gamoiyeneba turistuli miznebiTac. landSaftur-ekologiuri viTarebidan aRsaniSnavia: anTropogenuli transformaciis mniSvnelovani masStabebi (hifsometrulad yvelaze dabali adgili praqtikulad gardaqmnil bunebriv-teritoriul kompleqsebs ukaviaT), umniSvnelo landSafturi mravalferovneba (5-10 saxe 1000 kv.km-ze), diferencirebuli anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis formebi (terasebze _ agrosawarmoo-bunebriv-anTropogenuli, ferdobebze _ gravigenuli, Zoveba, Txemebze anTropogenuli) da mdgradoba (migraciis reJimis mixedviT), araarsebiTi produqtiuloba (2-3 t/ha-ze), saSualo sirTulis Termuli (nawilobriv nivaluri) traeqtoriis eTocikli. 225

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mTis zomieri semihumiduri landSaftebis vertikalur struqturaSi gamoiyofa ori tipi: S1L _ semihumiduri mdelo – stepis araarsebiTi simZlavris (1-2 m), primitiuli sirTulis (2-3 geohorizoni) da didi daZabulobis mikromezostruqtura; Q3Д _ semihumiduri derivatebis mcire simZlavris (2-4 m), ubralo sirTulis (6-7 geohoizonti) da saSualo daZabulobis (erTi geohorizonti vertikaluri profilis 1-2 metrze) mezostruqtura. mTis zomieri semihumiduri landSaftebisTvis umTavresad unda ganisazRvros rekreaciuli funqcia, meorexarisxovnad – resurswarmoebiTi (terasebze) da garemosdacviTi (ferdobebze). sasurvelia xerTvisi-varZiis da eruSeTis mimdebare monakveTi erovnuli parkis statusiT gaerTiandes saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebis qselSi. 5.4.4. saSualo mTis zomieri semiariduli landSaftebi mTis zomieri semiariduli landSaftebi warmodgenilia mesxeT-javaxeTis vulkanuri mTianeTis fizikur-geografiul olqSi, mesxeTis da javaxeTis qveolqebSi, adigenis, axalcixis, aspinZis, axalqalaqis, ninowmindis da walkis administraciuli raionebis teritoriaze. landSafts, romelic hifsometrulad warmodgenilia zR.d. 900-2200 metr daipazonSi, axasiaTebs mosworebuli, akumulaciuri da vulkanuri vakeebi (centrSi) da eroziul-denudaciuri gorak-borcviani (periferiebze) reliefi, kanioniseburi xeobebi (calkeul adgilebSi). mTis zomier semiaridul landSaftebs axasiaTebs mSrali, zomierad civi, mcireTovliani zamTari da zomierad Tbili zafxuli. ianvris saS. temperatura _ 4-60, ivlisis +18+210-ia, mzis naTebis xanZlivoba 2200-2500 sT-ia, aRiniSneba 65-80 uRrublo dRe weliwadSi romelTa ZiriTadi nawili zafxulis Tveebze modis. naleqebis raodenoba 400-600 mm-is tolia, aorTqlebadoba 600-700 (axalqalaqis vulk. plato) da 800-900 mm-is (axalcixis qvabuli) farglebSi meryeobs. amis gamo, zafxulis TveebSi, axalcixis qvabulSi aRiniSneba diskomfortul temperaturaTa mniSvnelovani maCveneblebi. landSaftis farglebSi Tovlis safari 100-150 dRis manZilze yalibdeba. aorTqlebis maCvenebelTa sxvadasxvaoba landSaftis farglebSi Taviseburi hidrologiur viTarebas ganapirobebs. javaxeTis vulkanuri platosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mcire zomis mdinareTa (braleTi, korxi-aragva, WobareTi, didi wyali da sxv.) xSiri qseli, mniSvnelovani farTobebis mqone tbebis didi raodenobas da Waobiani teritoriebi. seluri movlenebi lokaluri xasiaTisaa. mTis zomieri semiariduli landSaftebis mcenareuloba kargad gamoxatuli geografiuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. axalcixis qvabulSi warmodgenilia stepis, friganis, Sibliakis, iSviaTad naxevradudabnos mcenareuloba, xolo axalqalaqis da walkis vulkanur platoebze _ stepisa da mdelo-stepis mcenareuloba. landSaftis farglebSi, sasaRvro zolSi da tabawyuris tbis midamoebSi, fragmentebis saxiT SemorCenilia tyis mcire koromebi fiWvnaris, qarTuli muxis, rcxilis, ifanisa da foTolmcvivani buCqnarebis saxiT. stepebSi dominirebs vaciwvera, marcvlovani da nairbalaxovani mcenareuloba. daculi teritoriebidan aqtiurad funqcionirebs javaxeTis erovnuli parki, vulkanuri warmoSobis tbebis midamoebSi dafuZnebuli da TeTrobis aRkveTili. axalcixis midamoebSi warmodgenilia mwvane zonis tyeebi. fitomasebis raodenoba heqtarze 20-25 tonis, pedomasebis 5-6 aTasi, xolo liTomasebis 15-16 aTasi tonis farglebSia. 226

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cxovelebidan gvxvdeba mRrnelebi, araerTi saxeobis frinveli (gnoli, yaryati, kavkasiuri roWo, didi TeTri yanCa da sxv.). aqauri wylebi mdidaria TevziT (kalmaxi, cimori, murwa da sxv.), romlebic maRali kvebiTi xarisxiT gamoirCevian. axalcixis qvaburSi warmodgenilia tyis yavisferi da mZime Tixnari aluviuri niadagebi, xolo javaxeTis vulkanur platoze maRalnayofieri mTis Savmiwebi. mTis zomieri semiariduli landSaftebi bunebrivi resursebis mniSvnelovani maragebiT gamoirCevian, rac maRalganviTarebuli meurneobis sawindaria. axalqalaqis, ninowmindisa da walkis raionebSi gamovlenilia torfis aTeulobiT sabado, romelTa saerTo maragi 1,5 mln. tonas aRemateba. samrewvelo mniSvneloba gaaCnia aqatis, obsidianis da diatomitis sabadoebs, romelTa maragebi aTeulobiT aTasi toniT ganisazRvreba. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia dekoratiul-mosapirkeTebeli qvis araerTi sabado 60 mln. m3-ze meti maragiT. landSaftis farglebSi da mis periferiebze xelsayreli pirobebia helio da qaris energiis misaRebad, Termuli da mineraluri wylis gamoyenebisaTvis. aqauri Termuli wylebi maRali debitiT (700-1000 m3/dR.) da temperaturebiT (80-1000) gamoirCevian. landSaftis farglebSi, yalibdeba mniSvnelovani wylis resursebi (1,5 km3). tbebsa da wyalsacavebSi Tavmoyrilia 0,7 mlrd m3 wyali. aqtiuri temperaturaTa jami 1500-2500 gradusis farglebSi meryeobs, uyinvo periodi wlis 35-50%-s Seadgens, rac maRalnayofier niadagebTan erTad, erTwliani kulturebis ganviTarebis arsebiTi winapirobaa. landSafti aseve mdidaria rekreaciuli resursebiT, rac istoriul-kulturul ZeglTa (kumurdo, alastani, baraleTi, koTelia, Wixarula da mravali sxva), klimato-balneologiuri kurortebis simravliT (amJamad adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis), daculi teritoriebis da sxva bunebrivi RirSesaniSnaobebiTaa (TevziT mdidari wylebi, bunebrivia sayinuleebi, vulkanuri formebi, kanioniseburi xeobebi) ganpirobebuli. mTis zomieri semiariduli landSaftebi praqtikulad aTvisebulia, Tumca eTnikurad araerTgvari mosaxleoba ZiriTadad mdinareebis da satransporto magistralebis gaswvriv, saSualo mTis tyis landSaftebis mijnazea warmodgenili. axalcixis qvabulSi mosaxleobis simWidrove 15-20 kacis, xolo javaxeTis vulkanur platoze 10-15 kacis farglebSi meryeobs. mrewvelobis dargebidan aRsaniSnavia kvebis mrewvelobis aTeulobiT sawarmo, romelic ZiriTadad rZis produqciis gadamuSavebaze orientirebuli. mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs saSen-masalaTa (tufis) da xe-tyis gadasamuSavebeli sawarmoebi, romlebic msxvili saqalaqo dasaxlebebis farglebSia warmodgenili. mesxeT-javaxeTSi tradiciuli soflis meurneoba (mexileoba, memarcvleoba, mevenaxeoba, mebostneoba, mekartofileoba) garkveul cvalebadobas ganicdis, rac dakavSirebulia saxnavi miwebis SemcirebasTan (1950-2000 ww. _ 20-30%-iT) da sakvebi kulturebiT dakavebuli farTobebis intensiur zrdasTan. amis gamo, igi SeiZleba CaiTvalos maRalganviTarebuli mecxoveleobis (sarZeve-saxorce mesaqonleoba, mecxvareoba, mefutkreoba) regionad. gzebis ZiriTadi arteriebi myarsafriania, Tumca maTi udidesi nawili amortizebulia. xSiri qselis saxe aqvs droebiT gruntis gzebs, romlebic vake reliefis da semiariduli havis pirobebSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi funqcionireben. landSaftur-ekologiur viTarebas gansazRvravs intensiuri anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba, rac aqtiur sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. landSafti, romelic maRali mdgradobiT gamoirCeva, praqtikulad gardaqmnilTa kategorias ganekuTvneba; aq bunebrivi zemoqmedeba solarul-Termuli xasiaTisaa. landSaftis 227

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produqtiuloba Zalzed maRalia _ 8-13 t/ha-ze (fitomasis 50%), rac ZiriTadad balaxeulobis saxiT formirdeba. dominirebuli bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsebi warmoadgenen ori saxis vertikalur struqturas: S1m _ semiariduli mezofilurqserofitul (nairbalaxovani stepi) da S1g _ semiaridul qserofitul-mezofilur mikrostruqturebs (marcvlovani balaxeulobis stepi), romelTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia martivi sirTulis, didi daZabulobis struqtura da Termul-semiariduli traeqtoriis rTuli eTocikli nanomikroTermaluri humiduri zamTris stabilizaciis (2.36) da gazafxulis mikromezoTermuli struqturis Seqmnis (3.4G⇑) steqsebis dominirebiT. mTis zomieri semiariduli landSaftebis ZiriTadi socialur-ekonomikuri funqcia resurswarmoebiTia, meorexarisxovani _ rekreaciuli, romlebic misi istoriul – kulturuli, ekologiuri, bunebriv-resursuli da sameurneo potencialidan gamomdinareobs. 5.4.5. saSualo mTis zomierad Tbili humiduri landSaftebi saSualo mTis zomierad Tbili humiduri landSaftebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qveda da saSualo mTis farglebSi zR.d. 400-1400 (das. saq.) da 600-1600 (aRm. saqarTvelos) simaRlebriv diapazonSi. amgvari Tavisebureba ganapirobebs mis landSaftur mravalferovnebas _ dasavleT saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba mTis zomierad Tbili humiduri landSaftis 2 (qveda da saSualo mTis tyis kolxuri) qvetipi da 10 gvari, xolo aRm. saqarTveloSi 3 (qveda, saSualo da qveda mTis tyis gardamavali semihumidurisken iveriis) qvetipi da 9 gvari. fizikur-georafiuli daraionebis mixedviT landSaftebi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia kavkasionis da mcire kavkasionis mTian olqebSi, maT Semadgenel 5 qveolqSi, or aTeulamde raionsa da xuT aTeulamde qveraionSi. isini gvxvdeba saqartvelos 40-ze meti administraciuli raionis teritoriaze. landSaftebis farglebSi reliefi ZiriTadad saSualo da cicabo daxrilobis ferdobebiT xasiaTdeba, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia karstuli, eroziul-denudaciuri procesebi. eroziul-akumulaciuri procesebi aRiniSneba terasirebul xeobebsa da mTis qvaburebSi. Tanamedrove geodinamiuri procesebidan aqtiuria mewyruli, eroziuli, karstuli da seluri movlenebi, rac garda bunebrivisa, ukavSirdeba Zlier anTropogenur zemoqmedebas. mewyruli da eroziuli procesebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan masStabebs dasavleT saqarTvelos im Warbtenian raionebSi aRwevs, romlebic imyofebian kolxeTis baris da mTis tyis landSaftebis mijnaze. hava zomierad Tbili humiduria, gardamavali notio subtropikulidan (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) humidurisaken da semihumidurisaken (aRm. saqarTveloSi). dasavleT saqarTveloSi haeris temperatura +4-00 (ianvari) da +16 +220 (ivlisi) gradusia, aRmosavleTSi -2 -60 da +18 +220 Sesabamisad. mzis radiacia 130-140 kkal/sm2-is farglebSia, mzis naTebis xangrZlivoba 2000 saaTidan (aWara, afxazeTi), 2100 (guria, imereTi) _ 2200 sT-mdea (qarTli, kaxeTi). aqtiur temperaturaTa jami 2000-3500 gradusia. naleqebis saSualo raodenoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1500-2000 mm-mdea (2500 mm-ze meti qarispira ferdobebze aWarasa da afxazeTSi), kaxeTis kavkasionze 1200-1400 mm, mcire kavkasionze 600-700 mm. aorTqlebadoba 500-600 mm-dan (kaxeTi, dasavleT saqarTvelos garkveuli raionebi) 700-800 mm-mdea (Sida aWara, qarTli, lixis qedis midamoebi, imereTi). landSaftis farglebSi aRiniSneba zomieri (qarTli, kaxeTi) da Warbi danestianeba. Warbi danestianebis arealebSi (qvaburebi, samegrelo-afxazeTis, aWara-guriis raionebi) agvistos TveSi aRniSneba gardamavali periodi zomieri danestianebiT. 228

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Tovlis safari saSualod 30-50 dRis manZilze yalibdeba. elWeqian da setyvian dReTa raodenoba maqsimaluri raodenobiT aRiniSneba kaxeTSi, SedarebiT naklebia mcire kavkasionis farglebSi, umniSvnelo (1-2 dRe) dasavleT saqarTveloSi. geografiul faqtorTa mravalferovneba mTis zomierad Tbil humidur landSaftebSi mTis tyis mcenareulobis nairgvarobas ganapirobebs. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani farTobebi ukaviaT wiflnarebs (maradmwvane qvetyiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi da foTolmcvivani buCqnarebiT aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi), holidominantur kolxur tyeebs, hemihileebs, rcxilnar-wiflnarebs, muxnar-rcxilnarebs (aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo, mcire kavkasioni), wiflnar-naZvnarebs (borjomis xeoba) da sxv. mravalferovania cxovelTa samyaroc _ gvxvdeba mtacebelTa, frinvelTa, mRrnelTa araerTi saxeoba. niadagebidan aRsaniSnavia saSualo da mcire sisqis tyis yomrali, neSompala-karbonatuli da tyis yavisferi (qveda mTebSi) tipebi. Camonadenis mixedviT landSaftis farglebSi mniSvnelovani saxesxvaobebia, kerZod 50-80 mm/wm km2-dan (dasavleT saqarTveloSi), 20-40-mde (aRmos. saqarTveloSi). wliuri Camonadenis TiTqmis 1/3 modis miwisqveSa wylebze, romelic ZiriTadad saSualo mTebSi yalibdeba. mdinareuli qseli xSiria aWara-guriis raionsa da kaxeTis kavkasionze, SedarebiT mcire karstul regionebSi, umniSvnelo mcire kavkasionze. Camonadenis maqsimumi mTeli landSaftis farglebSi gazafxulze aRiniSneba. mTis zomierad Tbili humiduri landSaftebi mniSvnelovani resursebiT xasiaTdeba, romelTagan gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia hidroenergetikuli, bio da rekreaciuli resursebi. hidroenergetikuli resursebis formireba pirdapir kavSirSia tyis mcenareulobasTan, rac ganapirobebs wylis masis akumulacias da zomier xarjvas. fitomasebis raodenoba 150-300 t/ha-s farglebSia, romlis udidesi nawili (92-95%) xemcenareebze modis. fitomasebSi ZiriTad tyeSeqmnil jiSad wifeli gvevlineba (7090%), romelsac maRali sameurneo daniSnuleba gaaCnia. hedomasebis (3,5-6 aTasi t/ha) da liTomasebis (1-17 aTasi t/ha) raodenobiT landSafti saSualoze maRali resursebis mqone landSaftTa kategoriaSi erTiandeba. landSaftis farglebSi vxvdebiT rogorc saerTaSoriso, aseve adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis aTeulobiT balneologiur da klimatur kurorts, bunebrivi RirSesaniSnaobebiT (kartuli mRvimeebiT da sxv.) da landSafturi mravalfnerovnebiT gamorCeul regionebs; aqve warmodgenilia sagareubno kurortebis zona maRali Terapevtuli daniSnulebis mqone saSualo mTis tyis mcenareulobiT. landSafti SedarebiT Raribia wiaRiseuli resursebiT (calkeuli gamovlinebebi qvemo qarTlsa da afxazeTSi), helioresursebiT (40-50 uRrublo dRe, 1500-2000 kvt. sT. sm2-ze) da qaris resursebiT (lixis qedis Txemuri nawilis garda). mosaxleobis raodenobiT da simWidroviT gamoirCeva aRmosavleT saqarTvelos da mcire kavkasionis teritoriebi (25-30 kaci 1 kv.km-ze), dasavleT saqarTveloSi igive maCvenebeli 5-25-is farglebSi meryeobs. meurneobis ZiriTad dargs mTis metyeveoba warmoadgens. sameurneo sawarmoTa ZiriTadi tipebi xe-tyis damuSavebasa da kvebis mrewvelobasTanaa (mesaqonleobis produqciis gadamuSaveba) dakavSirebuli. soflis meurneoba intensiuri xasiaTis ZiriTadad qveda mTis tyis landSaftebis farglebSia, rac dakavSirebulia rogorc meCaieobasa da subtropikul mexileobasTan (dasavleT saqarTvelo), ise mexileoba-mevenaxeobasTan (aRmosavleT saqarTvelo) da marcvleuli kulturebis da kartofilis warmoebasTan (mcire kavkasioni). mecxoveleobidan aRsaniSnavia saxorce mesaqonleoba da mecxvareoba (natyevarebsa da meorad mdeloebze), mefutkreoba, meTevzeoba da sxv. mniSvnelovani gzebi ZiriTadad 229

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mdinareTa xeobebSi da baris landSaftebis mijnazea warmodgenili. droebiTi gzebis qseli sakmaod xSiria qveda mTis tyis landSaftebSic. landSaftur-ekologiur viTarebas, garda zemoTaRniSnuli Taviseburebebisa, gansazRvravs hidrogenuli (intensiuri naleqebi), gravigenuli (mewyerebi, Rvarcofebi) da Termuli tipis bunebrivi zemoqmedeba. anTropogenuri zemoqmedebiT (sasoflo sameurneo saqmianoba, satyeo meurneoba, rekreacia) TiTqmis mTlianadaa transformirebuli saSualo daxrilobis ferdobebi da mTis qvaburebi. isini Zlier SecvlilTa kategorias ganekuTvnebian (transformaciis xarisxi 50-80%). sakmaodaa saxecvlili qveda mTis landSaftebi, sustad ki saSualo mTebis landSaftebi. mTis zomierad Tbili humiduri landSaftebi mniSvnelovani produqtiulobiT (16-20 t/ ha-ze) da saSualo mdgradobiT xasiaTdebian. landSafturi mravalferovneba mcirdeba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, zRvis donidan simaRlis matebasTan erTad. kaxeTis kavkasionis farglebSi warmodgenilia landSaftis 10-15 saxe yovel 1000 kv.km-ze, mcire kavkasionis farglebSi 15-20, dasavleT saqarTvelos qveda mTebSi 20-30, xolo saSualo mTebSi 30-50 erTeuli. vertikalur struqturaSi dominirebs kolxeTis humiduri (K5) da iveriis humiduri (F5) mezofituri xemcenareebisa da buCqnarebis makrostruqturebi, romlebsac axasiaTebT didi simZlavre, saSualo sirTule da mcire daZabuloba. vertikaluri struqturis dinamika dakavSirebulia fitogenur-Termul eTociklTan pluvialur-nivaluri traeqtoriT, romelSic dominirebs makromegaTermuli humiduri stabilizaciis mezomikroTermuli humiduri gamartivebis (4.3↓), mezoTermuli humiduri garTulebis (4G↑) da nanomikroTermuli humiduri zamTris stabilizaciis (2.3 G) steqsebi. landSaftis funqciaTa gansazRvra mis Semadgenel erTeulTa Tanamedrove mdgomareobis da potencialis Taviseburebebs ukavSirdeba. saSualo mTis tyis landSaftebi ZiriTadad garemosdacviTi da rekreaciuli (nawilobriv resurswarmoebiTi) funqciisaa, aqtiuri sasoflo-sameurneo raionebis da msxvil saqalaqo dasaxlebaTa siaxloves myofi qveda mTis tyis (gardamavali semihumidurisken) landSaftebi _ garemosaRmdgeni da rekreaciuli funqciis, xolo mTis qvaburebSi warmodgenili qveda mTis tyis kolxuri landSaftebi resurswarmoebiTi da garemosdacviTi funqciis mqonea. 5.4.6. saSualo mTis zomierad civi landSaftebi saSualo mTis zomierad civi landSaftebi ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTveloSi, dasavleTi, centraluri kavkasionis, aWara-imereTis, SavSeTis da arsianis qedebzea warmodgenili saSualod zR.d. 1000-2200 metris (optimaluria 1400-2100 m z.d.) diapazonSi. landSaftebi fragmentebis saxiT aseve gvxvdeba centraluri kavkasionis farglebSi (liaxvis, Tergis, argunis, piriqiTa da TuSeTis alaznis xeobebSi) da TrialeTis qedze. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mTis zomierad civi landSaftebi z.d. 2400-2600 m-mdec vrceldebian. isini erTiandebian 5 fizikur-geografiul qveolqsa da 18 raionSi, rac ganpirobebulia maTi mravalferovnebiT. aq gamoiyofa 2 qvetipi da 7 gvari. isini warmodgenilia saqarTvelos or aTeulze met administraciul raionSi. reliefi ZiriTadad eroziul-denudaciuria, zogan karstuli da paleoglacialuri. damaxasiaTebelia cicabo ferdobebi, kanioniseburi xeobebi, frialo kldeebi, paleoglacialuri da akumulaciuri warmoSobis farTo xeobebi da mTis qvaburebi. Tanamedrove geomorfologiuri procesebidan aRsaniSnavia intensiuri Tovlis zvavebi, mewyerebi aRiricxeba fragmentulad. 230

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hava zomierad civi hemiduri da sustad kontinenturia, uxvTovliani zamTriT da xanmokle zafxuliT. ianvris temperatura –30–70-ia, ivlisis +12+160. mzis naTebis xangrZlivoba 2000-2300 saaTia, mzis radiacia 140-150 kkal/sm2, aqtiur temperaturaTa jami 1000-2000 saaTi. landSaftis farglebSi wylis resursebis formirebis saukeTeso pirobebia, rac dakavSirebulia uxv naleqebTan (1000-1600 mm centralur kavkasionze, 2000 mm qarispira ferdobebze, dasavleT kavkasionze, 3000 mm guria-aWaraSi, 600-1000 mm aRmosavleT kavkasionze) da aorTqlebadobis umniSvnelo maCveneblebTan (400-500 mm). Tovlis safaris saSualo simZlavre 40-100 mm-is farglebSia, xSirad igi 2-3 metrsac aRemateba. Tovlis safaris xanZlivoba 150-170 dRis tolia. qaris siCqare umniSvneloa (2,0-3,0 m/w weliwadSi), rasac ver vityviT elWeqian (40-50) da setyvian (gansakuTrebiT aRm. saqarTveloSi) dReTa ricxvze. landSaftisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mdinareTa xSiri qseli da mdinareTa saSualo wliuri Camonadenis mniSvnelovani maCvenebeli (60-70 l/w 1 km2-ze dasavleT kavkasionze; 40-50 aWara-imereTis qedze; 20-30 aRm. kavkasionis farglebSi). Camonadenis maqsimaluri raodenoba ZiriTadad aRiniSneba gazafxulis bolos (dasavleT saqarTvelo) da zafxulSi. seluri Rvarebis gavrcelebis aqtiuri zonebi damaxasiaTebelia aRmosavleT da centraluri kavkasionisTvis. mcenareuloba mravalferovania. damaxasiaTebelia saSualo mTis wiflnar-muqwiwviani da muqwiwviani formaciebi maradmwvane (kolxuri) qvetyiT, fiWvnari tyeebi, agreTve zeda mTis arynari, muxnari, fiWvnari da rcxilnar-muxrani meCxeri da tanbrecila tyeebi, maRalbalaxeulobisa da buCqnarebis fragmentebiT. zeda mTis mcenareuloba eqstremalur bunebriv pirobebSi viTardeba, rac dakavSirebulia Tovlis maRal safarTan da efeqtur temperaturaTa umniSvnelo maCveneblebTan. mcenareulobis gavrcelebas kargad gamoxatuli geografiuli da eqsporiciuri saxesxvaobani axasiaTebs (mSral, samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze tyeebSi warmodgenilia foTolmcvivani buCqnarebi, karstul raionebSi _ kalcefiluri flora, mcire da centraluri kavkasionis farglebSi monodominanturi fiWvnarebi da naZvnarebi da sxv.). niadagebi dakavSirebulia rogorc geografiul pirobebTan, ise mcenareulobasTan – karstul raionebSi warmodgenilia neSompala-karbonatuli, tyis farglebSi gaewrebuli yomrali, wiwvovnebSi mTis eweri (mgelaZe, 1983), xolo zeda mTebSi mTa-mdelos niadagebi. cxovelTa samyaro mravalferovania, Tumca maTTvis eqstremaluri pirobebi tyis zeda sazRvarze iqmneba. gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli pirobebia frinvelTaTvis, romelTgan aRsaniSnavia kavkasiuri roWosa da SurTxisTvis xelsayreli ekologiuri garemo (nax. 9.9). bunebrivi resursebi nairgvarobiT xasiaTdeba. landSafti gansakuTrebiT mdidaria: tyis resursebiT (saqarveloSi muqwiwvianebis maragi aRemateba 100 mln m3-s, helioresursebiT (uRrublo dReTa ricxvi 45-65 dRe), energetikulad mniSvnelovani wylis da mineraluri wylis resursebiT, zooresursebiT (samonadireo meurneobis ganviTarebis saSualeba), bunebrivi RirsSesaniSnaobebiT (xeluxlebeli landSaftis fragmentebi, kanioniseburi xeobebi, gamoqvabulebi, CanCqerebi, rTuladdasaZlevi monakveTebi) da rekreaciuli resursebiT (gansakuTrebiT sasunTqi gzebis mkurnalobisTvis). umniSvneloa agroklimaturi resursebis da qaris energiis potenciali. landSaftis farglebSi maqsimaluria fitomasis (400-800 t/ha) da liTomasebis (15-16 t/ha) maCveneblebi. landSafti TiTqmis dausaxleblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT calkeul mdinareTa xeobis zeda nawilebs (gansakuTrebiT kodoris, cxeniswylis, rionis, aWariswylis) da gamWoli saavtomobilo gzebis (adigeni-xulo, bor231

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jomi-cxrawyaro) mimdebare teritoriebs, sadac mosaxleobis simWidrove 5-10 kacis farglebSi meryeobs. samrewvelo sawarmoebi ZiriTadad xe-tyis gadamuSavebazea orientirebuli. soflis meurneoba fragmentuladaa ganviTarebuli da specializebulia erTwliani kulturebis (marcvleulis) da kartofilis moyvanaze. gzebi umeteswilad droebiTia _ atareben sezonur xasiaTs. landSaftze bunebrivi zemoqmedeba hidrogenuli an gravigenul-hidrogenuli xasiaTisaa, rac Zalzed frTxil damokidebulebas moiTxovs. Tu saSualo mTis muqwiwviani tyis landSafti SedarebiT sust anTropogenul zemoqmedebas ganicdis, igive ar iTqmis zeda mTis tyis landSatebze, sadac anTropogenuli zemoqmedeba intensiur ZovebasTan, sakvebi kulturebis mopovebasTan da tyis resursebis aqtiur gamoyenebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. mTis zomierad civ landSaftebSi rTuli ekologiuri viTareba respublikis samxreTi sazRvrebis da saavtomobilo gzebis siaxloves aRiniSneba. anTropogenuri transformaciis xarisxi mniSvnelovania (20-50%) mTis qvaburebsa da gamWol xeobebSi, rekreaciulad aqtiur raionebSi (zemo raWa, waRveri-bakurianis regionebi). danarCeni teritoriebi sustad saxeSecvlilTa an praqtikulad ucvlelTa kategoriaSi erTiandeba. landaSftis farglebSi warmodgenilia araerTi daculi teritoria, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia riwis, fsxu-gumisTis nakrZalebi da sakurorto tyeebi (borjom-bakurianis monakveTi). landSafti gamoirCeva maRali (30-59 saxe _ central. kavkasioni) da saSualo (15-3% saxe _ aWara-imereTis qedi, TrialeTis qedi) mravalferovnebiT, gansakuTrebuli aramdgradobiT. amis gamo, sameurneo (satyeo) saqmianoba mxolod mkafiod gansazRvruli normebisa da jerovani (kristaluri) agebulebis teritoriebzea SesaZlebeli. arada, landSafti gamoirCeva maqsimaluri produqtiulobiT (35 t/ha), rac dakavSirebulia siTbosa da tenis optimalur TanafardobasTan.; amgvari viTareba ganapirobebs ara marto kavkasiaSi, aramed mTel Crdilo evraziaSi biomasis maqsimaluri raodenobis dagrovebis saSualebas. saSualo mTis zomierad civ landSaftebSi vertikaluri struqturis ori ZiriTadi tipi gamoiyofa: muqwiwvianis makrostruqturebi (T5) da meCxeri tyeebis mezostruqturebi (T3). maT axasiaTebs didi da saSualo sirTulis da saSualo daZabulobis vertikaluri struqtura. landSatfebis eTocikli rTulia, romlis ZiriTadi reJimi fitogenur-Termulia nivalur-pluvialuri traeqtoriiT. eTociklSi dominireben hidrogenuli, nivaluri da struqturis stabilizaciis mezomakroTermaluri steqsebi (4.5 G). subdominant steqsebs miekuTvnebian gazafxulis garTulebis (3.4 G↑) da Semodgomis gamartivebis (3.2. G↓) mdgomareobebi. landSaftebs mkafiod diferencirebuli funqciebi gaaCniaT. saSualo mTis wiflnar-muqwiwvovani tyis landSaftis ZiriTadi funqcia garemosdacviTi xasiaTisaa, Tumca masTanvea axlos resurswarmoebiTi (eqspoziciis, reliefis daxrilobis, Tovlis mudmivi safaris xangrZlivobis da simZlavris gaTvaliswinebiT) da rekreaciuli (zemo svaneTis, borjom-bakurianis, glola-Sovis, riwa-avadxaras, abasTumani-zekaras monakveTebze) funqciebi. zeda mTis tyis landSaftebs mxolod garemosdacviTi funqcia unda ganesazRvroT. 5.4.7. maRali mTis notio da civi landSaftebi maRali mTis notio da civi landSaftebi warmodgenilia kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedisa da misi samxreTi ganStoebebis zeda nawilSi zR.d. 1800-2400 m-dan (2600-mdan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi) 5000 m-mde, mcire kavkasionis, eruSeTis mTianeTis, arsianis, SavSeTis, abul-samsaris, javaxeTis, murakvalis, heqtafinis, somxeTis 232

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qedebisa da loqis vulkanuri masivis Txemur nawilSi. landSaftebi vrceldebian 40-ze meti administraciuli raionis teritoriaze da Sedian 3 fizikur-geografiul olqSi, 7 qveolqSi da or aTeulze met raionSi. landSaftebSi gaerTianebulia 4 qvetipi da 13 gvari. qvetipebSi Cveulebriv ganixileba maRali mTis subnivaluri da glacialur-nivaluri landSaftebi, Tumca maTi struqturul-funqcionaluri da gamoyenebiTi Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, isini landSaftur dagegmarebaSi ar ganixilebian. maRali mTis notio da civ landSaftebSi warmodgenilia 2 ZiriTadi qvetipi _ subalpuri tye-buCqnarebisa da mdelos da alpuri buCqnarebisa da mdelos. maT Soris sazRvari dasavleT da centraluri kavkasionis frglebSi 2800-3000 metris, xolo mcire kavkasionis da mesxeT-javaxeTis farglebSi z.d. 3000-3200 metrze gadis. reliefi denudaciuri, paleoglaciuri, karstuli da vulkanuria. xSiria cirkebi, karebi, dakbiluli kldeebi, cicabo ferdobebi, pikuri mwvervalebi, mosworebuli da kldovani Txemebi, lavuri platoebi da kanoniseburi xeobebi. denudaciuri procesebi aRiniSneba saSualo da cicabo ferdobebze. hava notioa, civi xangrZlivi zamTriT da grili zafxuliT. ianvris saSualo temperatura _ 8-100-ia (zogadi diapazoniT -5-120), ivlisis +5+120 (alpur zonaSi +3+50). naleqebis raodenoba dasavleT da centralur kavkasionze 2000 mm-s aRemateba, mcire da kaxeTis kavkasionze 1500-1600 mm-ia, mesxeT-javaxeTSi 600-800 mm. dasavleT saqarTveloSi maRali mTis notio da civi landSaftebi Warbi danestianebiT gamoirCevian, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi sakmao danestianebiT (K>1,5-s), rac dakavSirebulia aorTqlebadobis umniSvnelo maCveneblebTan (200-400 mm). mzis naTebis maqsimaluri maCveneblebi aRiricxeba javaxeTsa da TrialeTSi (2300-2500 sT), sadac aseve maRalia mzis radiacia (130-150 kkal/sm2). Tovlian dReTa ricxvi 180-220-ia, rac ganapirobebs Tovlis safaris mniSvnelovan stabilurobas. qaris saSualowliur maCveneblebi maqsimaluria javaxeTisa da abul-samsaris qedebis Txemze, TrialeTis qedis dasavleT nawilSi. hidrografiuli qseli sakmaod xSiria. mdinareTa Camonadeni maqsimaluria dasavleT kavkasionze (80-100 l/wm km2-ze), saSualo (40-60 l/wm) aWara-imereTis qedze, SedarebiT mcire (10-20 l/wm) TrialeTis qedsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi ZiriTadia zedapiruli Camonadeni (Camonadenis 3/4-4/5), centralur kavkasionze igi 2/3-is tolia, xolo aRmosavleT kavkasionze 1/2-ze meti. dasavleT saqarTveloSi maqsimaluri Camonadenis 50-60% zafxulSi formirdeba (aRmosavleTSi _ 30-40%), xolo samxreT saqarTveloSi gazafxulze (40-50%). landaSftis farglebSi xSiria mcire zomis tbebi (afxazeTis, kodoris, xarulis qedebze). biogeografiulad landSaftis farglebSi sami zona gamoiyofa: subalpuri, alpuri da subnivalur-nivaluri. subalpuri da alpuri zona warmodgenilia saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze (garda TrialeTis qedisa), xolo subnivaluri da nivaluri zonebi ar gvxvdeba aWara-imereTis, javaxeTis da abul-samsaris qedebze. subalpur zonaSi warmodgenilia subalpuri meCxeri da tanbrecila tyeebi (wiflnarebi, arynarebi, fiWvian-Rviiani tyeebi, juja tirifi), dekianebi, gvimrebi, maRalbalaxeuloba. alpur zonaSi mcenareuloba SedarebiT Raribia _ gvxvdeba marcvlovani da nairbalaxovani mdeloebi, parkosani mdeloebi, mTis Waobis mcenareuloba da sxv. subnivalur zonaSi ZiriTad xavsianebi da e.w. alpuri xalebia warmodgenili. niadagebi mcire da saSualo simZlavrisaa – gavrcelebulia mTa-mdelos kordiani da gaewrebuli, kordian-torfiani da primitiuli niadagebi. cxovelTa samyarosTvis (ZuZumwov233

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rebisTvis) TiTqmis mTeli wlis manZilze araxelsayreli ekologiuri garemoa, ris gamoc landSaftis farglebSi ZiriTadad frinvelTa da mRrnelebis araerTi saxeobaa warmodgenili. bunebrivi resursebidan umniSvnelo maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba agroklimaturi resursebi (aqtiur temperaturaTa jamSi 500-15000-ia), savegetacio periodi grZeldeba 3-4 Tvis manZilze, wiaRiseuli, helio da qaris resursebis gamoyenebas garkveuli perspeqtivebi gaaCnia, igive iTqmis mineraluri wylis calkeuli gamovlinebebis Sesaxeb (svaneTi, afxazeTi, raWa, mTiuleTi). landSafti aseve Raribia bunebrivi RirsSesaniSnaobebiT, Tumca gaaCnia mniSvnelovani resursebi alpinizmis, samTo-saTxilamuro sportisa da samTo turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis (mis farglebSi warmodgenilia gudaurisa da bakurianis kompleqsebi, araerTi turistuli marSrutis mniSvnelovani monakveTi). landSaftis farglebSi mniSvnelovani raodenobTi yalibdeba fitomasebi _ 35-40 t/ha-ze dekianebSi, 18-20 t/ha-ze maRalbalaxeulobaSi, 7-10 t/ha-ze alpur mdeloebze. pedomasebis raodenoba maqsimaluria subalpur zonaSi (4200 t/ha), minimaluri (300 t/ha) subnivalurSi. liTomasebi matulobs pedomasebis klebis Sesabamisad _ 17 aTasi t/ha-dan 26 aTas t/ha-mde. landSati praqtikulad moklebulia mudmiv mosaxleobas, aRiniSneba mxolod droebiTi, zafxulis sadgomebi. aseve droebiTia rZis gadamamuSavebeli mcire sawarmoebi. aq ZiriTadad momTabare mecxoveleobas da sakvebi kulturebis damzadebas misdeven. aRsaniSnavia, rom kavkasionis farglebSi sakvebi kulturebiT dakavebuli farTobebis zrdas sistematuri xasiaTis aqvs. calkeuli monacemebiT, XX sakukunis meore naxevarSi mestiis, onis, yazbegis, TianeTis, duSeTis da sxva maRalmTian raionebSi sakvebi kulturebiT dakavebuli farTobebi saSualod 40-50%-iT gaizarda. gzebi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia droebiTi bilikebis saxiT. zemoTaRniSnuli faqti subalpur zonaSi mniSvnelovan anTropogenur zemoqmedebaze migvaniSnebs, rac intensiur ZovebasTan da sakvebis mopovebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. bunebrividan landSafti ZiriTadad hidrogenul (zvavebi) da nawilobriv gravigenul zemoqmedebas ganicdis. transformaciis xarisxi subalpur zonaSi mniSvnelovania (20-50%), xolo alpurSi umniSvnelo (igi praqtikulad ucvlelTa _ 5%-mde _ kategoriaSi SeiZleba gaerTiandes). landSafti ZiriTadad aramdgradia, Tumca mosworebul zedapirebze da maRalproduqtiul arealebSi (10-12 t/ha) mdgradoba mkveTrad matulobs. landSafturi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva dasavleTi da centraluri kavkasioni (30-50 gvari 1000 kv-km-ze), umniSvnelo raodenobiT (5-10) samxreTi mTianeTi. landaSftisTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia vertikaluri struqturis ori tipi: maRalbalaxeulobis mikromezustruqturebi, ubralo sirTuliT, didi daZabulobiT (L2 n, m) da nairbalaxovani (alpuri) mdelos nanostruqturebi (L1 m, g), saSualo sirTuliT (6-7 geohorizonti) da didi daZabulobiT. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia rTuli eTocikli, ZiriTadad nivaluri (nawilobriv fitogenur-Termuli) traeqtoriiT, nivaluri (60-75%), struqturis Seqmnisa da garTulebis steqstebis (2 G⇑, 3.4 G↑) dominirebiT. landSaftur-ekologiuri viTarebidan gamomdinare (Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, potenciali, produqtiuloba) maRali mTis alpuri mdelos landSaftebs ZiriTadad resurswarmoebiTi, xolo subalpuri maRalbalaxeulobisa da meCxeri tyeebis bunebriv-teritoriul kompleqsebs _ garemosdacviTi funqcia unda ganesazRvroT. 234

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

5.4.8. saqarTvelos landSaftebis sasoflo-sameurneo potenciali landSaftTa potencialis jerovani gansazRvra soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis arsebiTi winapirobaa. aq igulisxmeba: 1.

2.

im resursul saSualebaTa erToblioba, romlebic SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes amJamad an perspeqtivaSi cxovrebis pirobebis dacvisa da gaumjobesebis, ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da momavali Taobebis ganviTarebisTvis; im TvisebaTa erToblioba da Taviseburebani, romlis safuZvelze da romlis mixedviTac SeuZlia landSafts Seasrulos esa Tu is socialur-ekonomikuri funqcia.

landSaftTa potenciali SeiZleba Seicvalos an transformirdes sazogadoebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, romelTa Soris, Tanamedrove etapze, ZiriTadia resursuli da ekologiuri, meorexarisxovani ki seliteburi da rekreaciuli moTxovna. landSafts SesaZlebelia hqondes rogorc erTgvari, aseve mravalgvari potenciali, romelic misi struqturul-funqcionaluri da gamoyenebiTi (daniSnulebiTi) Tvisebebidan gamomdinareobs. potencialis cvalebadobas landSaftis sezonuri da eTologiuri Taviseburebanic ganapirobebs, rac misi struqturul-funqcionaluri mdgomareobebis dinamikas ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, maRali mTis subalpuri da alpuri landSaftebi zamTarSi rekreaciuli, xolo zafxulSi resursuli potencialis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva. umetes SemTxvevaSi landSafti erTdroulad sxvadasxvagvar potencials flobs. magaliTad, q. Tbilisis midamoebSi warmodgenili saSualo mTis tyis landSaftebi resursuli, ekologiuri da rekreaciuli potencialis mqonea. aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania landSaftTa potencialis rogorc Tvisebrivi (xarisxobrivi), aseve sivrce-droiTi cvalebadobis Seswavla da klasifikacia. sasoflo-sameurneo potenciali aris landSaftis unari, awarmoos sxvadasxva saxis memcenareobis produqcia. amgvari unaris gamosavlenad saWiroa: reliefis, agroklimaturi resursebis, wylis brunvis da biogeociklis, niadagis nayofierebisa da struqturuli Taviseburebebis kompleqsuri analizi. xSirad landSaftis bunebriv-resursul, gansakuTrebiT ki sasoflo-sameurneo potencials landSaftis produqtiulobasTan aigiveben, raSic mis mier drois garkveul monakveTSi nivTierebisa da energiis kvlavwarmoebis unari igulisxmeba. ufro metic, landSaftTa potencialis SenarCuneba an amaRleba misi produqtiulobis SenarCunebasa da zrdasTanaa gaigivebuli. amgvari Tvalsazrisi gamarTlebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki landSafti da misi potenciali mxolod sazogadoebis mudmivad mzardi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisTvis iqneba gankuTvnili. Tumca, landSaftis sxvagvari Tvisebebisa da potencialis gauTvaliswinebloba sameurneo da socialuri ganviTarebis, mosaxleobis keTildReobis Semaferxebel garemoebad SeiZleba warmoCindes. landSaftis sasoflo-sameurneo potencialis Sesaxeb mkafiod metyvelebs misi sameurneo gamoyenebis tradiciebi da istoriul-geografiuli Taviseburebani. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba vaxuSti bagrationis `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosi~ da ivane javaxiSvilis `saqarTvelos ekonomikur istorias~ ekuTvnis. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis istoriuli gamocdileba da tradiciebi TvalsaCinoa mTel msoflioSi – qarTuli vazis da xorbalis araerTi saxeoba, xili, futkari, cxeni, ZaRli, cxvari da Sinaur cxovelTa araerTi jiSi maRali sameurneo potencialiT da endemizmiTaa cnobili. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi araarsebiT235

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

ad ganixileba maTi gavrcelebis da aRdgenis SesaZleblobebi da soflis meurnebis regionuli (da zonaluri) specializacia. arada. zemoTaRniSnuli Sromebi mraval sayuradRebo cnobas gvawvdis saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis im tradiciebis da mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb, romelTa gaTvaliswinebam arsebiTi roli SeuZlia iTamaSos dargis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. ivane javaxiSvilis saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo. masSi mocemulia umniSvnelovanesi cnobebi saqarvelos mosaxleobis, demografiuli viTarebis, sasoflo da saqalaqo dasaxlebaTa, meurneobis tipebis istoriul-geografiul TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb. igi dawvrilebiT ganixilavs vaxuStis naSroms da mis mixedviT gamoyofs xuTi tipis vertikalur bunebriv zonas bunebrivi potencialis da kulturul mcenareTa gavrcelebis mixedviT. esenia: Turinjnarinj-zeTisxiliani, brinj-bambiani, venaxovan-xexiliani, xexiliani, uvenax-xilo. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari vertikaluri zonaloba kulturul mcenareTa ekologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, pirveli da unikaluri cdaa geografiuli azrovnebis istoriaSi. vaxuSti bagrationi araerT iseT kulturas da mis mosavlianobas aRwers, romelic amJamad saerTod an TiTqmis ar iwarmoeba saqarTveloSi. maT Sorisaa brinji, bamba, zeTisxili, seli, abreSumi, tyis xili, marcvleulis araerTi saxeoba (maT Soris qeri, fetvi, Svria, Romi) da sxv. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom amgvar produqciaze msoflioSi mudmivad mzardi moTxovnaa, xolo saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili – maTi warmoebisTvis sruliad Sesabamisi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ekologiuri soflis meurneobis ganviTareba, rasac didi yuradReba eTmoba, ZiriTadad ekologiurad sufTa sasuqebis gamoyenebas da Teslbrunvas ukavSirdeba. saqarTveloSi mudmivad iyo da aris nakelis da kompostis simcire, Tumca praqtikulad ar gamoiyeneba lami – masala, romlis udides mniSvnelobaze araerTgzis saubrobs Tundac vaxuSti bagrationi. magaliTad, Sida qarTlis aRwerisas aRniSnavs, rom `romelni velni irwyvian liaxviTa, puri misi ars yovelTa qarTlisaTa umjobesi~ . saqarTveloSi lamis dagrovebis arealebi emTxveva wyalsacavebis geografias, rac ZiriTadad mTisa da baris mijnazea warmodgenili. mTiani teritoriebi, vaxuStis mier, sam nawilad: venaxovan-xexilian, xexilian da uxexilo zonas miekuTvneba. mTis pirveli da meore zona mciremiwianobiT da dabali nayofierebiT xasiaTdeba, ris gaumjobesebaSic arsebiTi roli SeuZlia lamis gamoyenebam iTamaSos. cnobilia, rom msoflios araerTi qveynis (CineTi, egvipte, indoeTi da sxv.) soflis meurneoba umeteswilad ukavSirdeba mdinareTa mier wyaldidobisas motanil nasal masalas. lami, romelic mdidaria bunebrivi mineralebiT, 10-12 jer aRemateba efeqturobiT nakels (rogorc SemadgenlobiT, ise xangrZlivobiT) da komposts. igi zrdis niadagis forianobas da Sesabamisad – mis wyalgamtarobasa da siTbocvlas.

5.5. bunebrivi katastrofebi da riskebi saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeimuSava katastrofebis riskis Semcirebis erovnul strategia, romelic miznad isaxavs katastrofis riskis Semcirebis erTiani sistemis Camoyalibebas, katastrofebisadmi mzaobisa da maTze reagirebis SesaZleblobebis da efeqtianobis gaumjobesebas. strategiis mizani orientirebulia qveynis sacxovrebeli, sameurneo da bunebrivi garemos mdgrad ganviTarebaze. katastrofebis riski ukavSirdeba iseT movlenebs, ro236

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

goricaa: wyaldidobebi da wyalmovardnebi, mewyruli, denudaciuri da Rvarcofuli movlenebi, miwisZvrebi, setyva, safrTxe, zvavebi, Zlieri qarebi, tyis xanZrebi, erozia, gvalva, teqnogenuri avariebi da sxv. saqarTvelo, rogorc araerTi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis xelmomweri qveyana, aRniSnul dokumentSi uzrunvelyofs gaeros sami globaluri CarCo dokumentis: „katastrofis riskis Semcirebis sendais samoqmedo CarCo-programa 2015-2030~ (marti, 2015), „mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis~ (seqtemberi, 2015; SDGs) da gaeros „klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb CarCo-konvencia~ (ivnisi, 1992; UNFCCC ) miznebis integrirebas. aseve, uzrunvelyofs zemoxsenebuli dokumentebiTa da „saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebiT~ bunebrivi katastrofebis prevenciis, mzaobisa da maTze efeqturi reagirebis mimarTulebiT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebas. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, katastrofis riskis Semcirebis erovnuli strategia da samoqmedo gegma SesabamisobaSia gaeros „katastrofis riskis Semcirebis sendais samoqmedo CarCo-programa 2015-2030~-is prioritetul mimarTulebebTan. hidrogenuli katastrofebi hidrogenuli katastrofebidan maRali riskebi axasiaTebs wyaldidobebs da wyalmovardnebs. stiqiuri wyaldidobis da wyalmovardnebis mixedviT, saqarTvelo iyofa 5 gansxvavebul: kavkasionis, mcire kavkasionis, samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, kolxeTis dablobis da aRmosavleT mTaTaSoris baris regionad. kavkasionis mdinareebi xasiaTdeba zafxulis, mcire kavkasionis (mesxeTisa da lixis qedebi), aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaTaSorisi baris da samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mdinareebi – gazafxul-zafxulis, xolo kolxeTis dablobis mdinareebi – wyalmovardnebiT mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. wyaldidobebi da wyalmovardnebi saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela mdinarisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT maRali riskiT gamoirCeva: bzifis, kodoris, enguris, rionis, cxeniswylis, aragvis, xramis, veres da mtkvris calkeuli monakveTebis auzebi, agreTve mdinare iori da kaxeTis kavkasionis mdinareebi. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi gaizarda rogorc wyalmovardnebis saSualo ganmeorebadoba, ise intensivoba. wyaldidoba-wyalmovardnebis Sedegad didi ziani adgeba sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebs, dasaxlebebs, sagzao da kavSirgabmulobis infrastruqturas. Tovlis zvavebs iwvevs Zlier danawevrebuli da daxrili reliefi, intensiuri Tova, Tovlis safaris simaRlis swrafi mateba, Tovlis intensiuri dnoba, qarbuqi, haeris temperaturis mkveTri cvlileba, wvima da xmauri. Tovlis zvavebi wlis civ periodSi yovelwliurad fiqsirdeba. aRniSnuli stiqiuri movlenis sixSirisa da intensivobis zrda 1970 wlidan SeiniSneba. Tovlis zvavebis Sedegad didi zarali adgeba adamianTa sameurneo saqmianobas, dasaxlebebs, iwvevs adamianTa msxverpls, ngrevas, gzebis Caxergvas da Sesabamisad, transportis moZraobis Sewyvetas, eleqtrogadamcemi anZebis da gazsadenebis mwyobridan gamosvlas, tyis dazianebas da sxv. zvavebma SesaZlebelia gare samyaros xangrZlivi droiT mowyvitos aTeulobiT dasaxlebuli punqti, asobiT ojaxi ki iZulebuli gaxdes datovos mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili. wylismieri eroziuli procesebi garemos mniSvnelovan ekologiur safrTxes uqmnis, xolo qveynis ekonomikas sagrZnob zians ayenebs. saqarTveloSi, umTavresad, wylismieri eroziuli procesebis ori tipi gvxvdeba: 1) miwebis farTobuli gadarecxva – e.w. `niadagis erozia~ ; 2) mdinareTa napirebis garecxva. eroziuli procesebis uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis arealSi moqceulia 1 700 000 ha farTobi. eroziuli procesebi 237

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

saqarTveloSi sayovelTao xasiaTs atarebs. procesebi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda ukanasknel aTwleulSi, radganac moiSala arsebuli napirsamagri nagebobebis umravlesobis funqcionireba da daiwyo mdinareTa napirebze mdebare, mWidrod dasaxlebuli teritoriebis eroziuli procesebis eqstremaluri negatiuri gamovlineba. msgavsi movlenebi damaxasiaTebelia rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos wyaluxv mdinareTa mWidrod dasaxlebuli napirebisTvis, aseve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barisTvis. klimatis globaluri cvlilebis da anTropogenuli faqtoris gaZlierebis fonze, wylismieri erozia, bunebrivia, kidev ufro saSiS xasiaTs miiRebs. eroziuli procesebis eqstremaluri gamovlinebis SemTxvevaSi, sxva negatiur SedegebTan erTad, ar aris gamoricxuli adamianTa msxverplic. eroziis Sedegad, yovelwliurad nadgurdeba niadaguri safari saSualod 1 000 ha farTobze, maSin, rodesac niadagis biogenur regeneracias saukuneebi sWirdeba. napirebis intensiuri garecxva mimdinareobs mTiswineTisa da vakis mdinareebSi. dReisTvis dadgenilia mdinareTa napirebis intensiuri garecxvis ubnebi saerTo jamiT 1 500 km, sadac yovelwliurad nadgurdeba maRalnayofieri niadagi saSualod 150 ha farTobze. xSirad, mdinareTa napirebis garecxva sanapiro mewyrebis warmoqmnas da sacxovrebeli saxlebis ngrevas iwvevs. saqarTvelo miekuTvneba msoflios im qveynebis ricxvs, sadac eroziul procesebs metad farTo gavrceleba da saSiSi xasiaTi aqvT. saqarTvelos mTagorian raionebSi iSviaTad naxavT iseT ferdobs, romelic ar iyos erozirebuli da xevebiT daserili. SeimCneva intensiuri mewyeruli da Rvarcofuli movlenebi. eroziuli procesebis intensivobis zrdis erT-erTi mizezi gaxda mTagoriani teritoriebis didqanobiani ferdobebis itensiuri aTviseba da Zoveba, am miznebisaTvis Seuferebeli sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis gamoyenebiT. imis nacvlad, rom ferdobebi gamoeyenebinaT kulturul saZovrebad (rac gacilebiT nakleb saSiSi iqneboda eroziuli procesebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT) maTze daiwyes ufro momgebiani saToxni kulturebis, simindis, Tambaqos da sxvaTa moyvana. aseTma midgomam didi da gamousworebeli ziani miayena Cvens upirveles simdidres _ miwas. iq sadac aseT qmedebas hqonda adgili gamZafrda erozia, niadagis struqturianobis darRvevis, niadagSi humusis Semcvelobis Semcirebis da maTi Tanmdevi procesebi. eroziuli procesebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT rTuli mdgomareobaa Seqmnili zemo imereTis, aWaris, svaneTis da saqarTvelos sxva maRalmTian regionebSi. niadagur-eroziuli procesebis intensiobis mixedviT saqarTvelos teritoria SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg raionebad: 1. 2.

3.

4.

5. 238

kolxeTis dablobis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba sustad ganviTarebuli eroziuli procesebiT, romlebSic sWarbobs gverdiTi erozia. dasavleTi saqarTvelos vakis, gorak-borcvebis da mTis qvabulebis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba ZiriTadad qimiuri gamofitvis procesebiT wylismieri eroziis monawilebiT. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vakis, gorak-borcvebisa da zegnebis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba ZiriTadad qarismieri eroziis procesebiT wylismieri eroziis monawilebiT. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vakis, gorak-borcvebisa da zegnebis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba ZiriTadad qarismieri eroziis procesebiT, Tumca adgili aqvs wylismieri eroziis procesebsac. saSualo mTis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba ZiriTadad xazobrivi eroziuli procesebiT.

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

6.

maRali mTis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba zedapiruli Camorecxvis intensiuri procesebiT, siRrmiTi eroziis monawileobiT.

egzogenuri (geodinamiuri) safrTxeebi saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba egzogenuri stiqiuri procesebis yvela forma. amgvari mravalferovneba ukavSirdeba geologiuri agebulebis, reliefuri formebis da havis mravalferovnebas. maT ganawilebas, da Sesabamisad, egzogenur procesebs kargad gamoxaTuli geografiuli saxesxvaobani axasiaTebs. zRvis donidan 1000 metramde, anu dablob, gorak-borvian da dabali mTebis gavrcelebis arealebisTvis, ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia akumulaciuri, eroziuli da denudaciuri procesebi. saSualo mTebisTvis intensiuria eroziul-denudaciuri da karstuli procesebi, xolo maRal mTebSi – denudaciur-eroziuli da glacialuri. cnobilia, rom Rvarcofuli da mewyruli procesebi damaxasiaTebelia TiTqmis sruli simaRlebrivi speqtris landSaftebisTvis. amJamad gamovlenilia sxvadasxva xarisxis egzogenuri saSiSroebis riskis 50 000-ze meti ubani, romelTa saerTo farTobi 1.5 milion ha-s aRemateba, xolo dinamikaSi myofi mewyrebis 70%-mde fiqsirebulia dasaxlebuli punqtebis, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebisa da infrastruqturuli obieqtebis zonaSi. egzogenuri procesebis uSualo saSiSroebis zonaSi imyofeba 2 000-mde dasaxlebuli punqti 200 000-ze meti mosaxliT, agreTve centraluri saavtomobilo gzebis, navTob da gazsadenebis, didi hidroteqnikuri wyalsacavebis arealebi. saqarTveloSi miwisZvris maqsimaluri magnituda SeiZleba iyos 7, xolo am miwisZvriT gamowveuli efeqtisa da zaralis Sefaseba MSK skalis mixedviT – 8-10 bali. miwisZvrebi TbilisSi epicentriT fiqsirdeboda 1912, 1913 da 1920 wlebSi, romelTa efeqti ar aRemateboda 5-6 bals. 2000 wlis 14 dekembers Tbilisidan samxreT-dasavleTiT, 11 kilometrSi moxda miwisZvra Ms=3.5, romelmac miuxedavad misi simcirisa, daaziana Senobebi Tbilisis mowyvlad ubnebSi (Zveli Tbilisi, Tavisuflebis moednis mimdebare teritoria). 2002 wlis 25 aprilis Tbilisis miwisZvrac dabali klasis miwisZvra iyo – Mw=4.5, magram Senobebis mowyvladobis gamo daiRupa 7 adamiani, dazianda skolebi, sacxovrebeli Senobebi. miwisZvris efeqti iyo 6-7 bali, xolo registrirebuli maqsimaluri gruntis aCqareba 0.11g. istoriul da instrumentul monacemebze dayrdnobiT, TbilisSi momxdari miwisZvrebis maqsimaluri efeqti iyo 7 bali, xolo Sor manZilze momxdari didi miwisZvrebis efeqti, dedaqalaqSi ar aWarbebda 7-8 bals. miwisZvrisgan miyenebuli zarali gansakuTrebiT didia mWidrod urbanizebul teritoriebze. mowyvladi masStaburi Senobebi Zlieri miwisZvris SemTxvevaSi, did adamianur msxverpls da ekonomikur zarals iwvevs. klimatogenuri safrTxeebi setyva fiqsirdeba qveynis mTel teritoriaze. misi intensivoba da sixSire gansakuTrebiT maRalia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. yovelwliurad aRiniSneba am movlenis 5-dan 15-mde SemTxveva. setyvas SeuZlia mTlianad gaanadguros naTesebi, mosavali, daamsxvrios Siferisa da kramitis saxuravebi, Caamsxvrios minebi, daazianos avtomanqanebi, daxocos saqoneli da frinveli. rodesac setyvis calkeuli marcvlebis wona 100-200 gr da metia, SesaZlebelia adamianTa daRupvac. arasruli monacemebiT, bolo 13 weliwadSi qveynisTvis setyvisgan miyenebulma zaralma 140 milion lars gadaaWarba. saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmosavleTis mimarTulebis Zlieri qarebi aRiniSneba kolxeTis dablobze, md. yvirilas auzis qvemo welSi, Sida qarTlis baris centra239

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

lur nawilSi. dasavleTis mimarTulebis qarebi aRiniSneba saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, gansakuTrebiT ki SavizRvispira zolSi, Sida da qvemo qarTlSi, kaxeTis samxreT nawilSi. orive mimarTulebis Zlieri qarebi aRiniSneba agreTve qveynis mTiani da maRalmTiani regionebis Txemur nawilebSi. am movlenebis ganmeorebis sixSire bolo 20 weliwadSi 2-jer gaizarda da yovel 4-5 weliwadSi meordeba. Zlieri (25-30 m/wm siCqaris) qarebis ganmeorebadoba maRalia da weliwadSi 5-7-is farglebSi meryeobs, xolo Zalian Zlieri (30 m/wm-ze meti) qarebi quTaisi-zestafonis monakveTSi da Tbilisis gareubnebSi weliwadSi 1-2-jer, xolo qveynis sxva regionebSi, saSualod 5 weliwadSi erTxel meordeba. mTiani regionebis gadasasvlelebze da Txemur nawilebze Zalian Zlieri qarebis albaToba ufro xSiria da yovelwliurad ramdenjerme aRiniSneba. Zlieri qarebi azianebs kavSirgabmulobisa da eleqtrogadamcem xazebs, iwvevs zRvis Relvas, mtvrian qariSxals, qarbuqs da Tovlis araTanabar ganawilebas, rasac mosdevs namqerebis warmoqmna, niadagis tenisgan gaRaribeba da sxva. Cvens pirobebSi gansakuTrebiT araxelsayreli movlenaa satransporto magistralebze qarbuqiT gamowveuli namqerebis warmoqmna. es arRvevs transportis muSaobis reJims, rac qveynis ekonomikisTvis mniSvnelovani zaralis momtania. gvalva aRiniSneba qveynis praqtikulad mTel teritoriaze, gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT ki kaxeTis, Sida da qvemo qarTlis, aseve zemo imereTis regionebi gamoirCeva. mis Sedegad SesaZlebelia mTlianad ganadgurdes erTwliani (wlis mosavali) da mniSvnelovnad daziandes mravalwliani sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi. gvalvis Camoyalibebas ganapirobebs naleqebis normaze gacilebiT dabali raodenoba, haeris maRali temperatura da sxva anomaliuri hidrometeorologiuri movlenebi (maT Soris xangrZlivi periodis mSrali qarebi). 2000 wels gvalvam, romelic 7 Tve gagrZelda, qveynis teritoriis 50%-ze meti moicva. stiqiam saerTaSoriso klasifikaciiT dadgenili oTxive stadia (meteorologiuri, hidrologiuri, sasoflo-sameurneo da socialur-ekonomikuri) gaiara. zaralma 300 milion lars gadaaWarba. tyis da velis xanZrebis safrTxe tyis xanZrebis saSiSroebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovania xanZrebi samcxe-javaxeTis, imereTis, kaxeTis, Sida qarTlisa da aWaris regionebSi (xanZarsaSiSroebis I-III klass mikuTvnebuli farTobebi). bolo wlebis statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, tyis xanZrebis SemTxvevaTa umetesoba, gansakuTrebiT dasaxlebul punqtebTan axlos mdebare tyis masivebSi, anTropogenuli zemoqmedebiT aris gamowveuli. xanZrebis warmoqmnis anTropogenuli mizezebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia: dasaxlebuli punqtebis siaxlove (mosaxleobis daudevroba, nagavsayrelebi da a.S), sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis „gadawvis~ praqtika, samrewvelo obieqtebis siaxlove, xanZarsawinaaRmdego dacviTi zolebis ararseboba, tyiTsargeblobis wesebis darRveva (tyis Wris adgilebis gauwmendaoba). amJamad saqarTveloSi, TiTqmis yovelwliurad, 10 – 13 aTasi xanZari fiqsirdeba, rasac ramdenime ateuli adamianis sicocxale ewireba. velis xanZris gavrcelebis mniSvnelovani xelSemwyobi faqtoria qarsafari zolebis ganadgureba (gaCexvis da „gadawvis~ praqtikis Sedegad). anTropogenul mizezebs emateba bunebrivi faqtorebic (mag.: maRali temperaturuli reJimi 2014 wlis zafxulSi). rogorc bunebrivi, aseve anTropogenuli faqtorebiT gamowveulma xanZrebma, Sesabamisi kontrolis da prevenciuli RonisZiebebis gautareblobis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa stiqiuri xasiaTi miiRos. saqarTveloSi masiuri xanZrebi SesaZlebelia ganviTardes ramdenime aTas heqtarze (2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros xanZarma moicva 1 000 ha-mde farTobi) da savaraudod, gamoiwvios rogorc msxverpli 240

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

mosaxleobaSi, aseve regionebis infrastruqturis moSla, adgilobriv mcxovrebTa evakuacia da Sesabamisi teritoriebis grZelvadiani (minimum 5 weliwadze meti xniT) ekologiuri dazianeba. tyis da velis xanZrebi gansakuTrebul safrTxes uqmnis niadags. niadagis humusovani fenis gadaxureba da Sesabamisad, organuli nivTierebebis da calkeuli sakvebi elementebis danakargebi, sabolood, niadagis fizikuri da qimiuri maxasiaTeblebis Secvlas da misi nayofierebis daqveiTebas iwvevs. niadagisTvis miyenebuli ziani damokidebulia xanZris intensivobaze da mis xangrZlivobaze (rac ufro Zlieri da xangrZlivia xanZari, miT ufro maRalia niadagidan organuli nivTierebebis danakargi). amasTan, niadagi warmoadgens mravali mikro da makroorganizmis sacxovrebel garemos, romelTa umravlesoba iRupeba maRali temperaturis pirobebSi. Sedegad, bunebriv nivTierebaTa wrebrunvis darRvevis gamo, niadagis nayofiereba mcirdeba. xanZrebi gansakurebiT saSiSia ferdobebze, radganac, mcenareuli safaris gadawvis Sedegad, mniSvnelovnad izrdeba niadagis wylismieri eroziis riski.

5.6. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis dinamika da demografiuli problemebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis pirvelive wlebi qveynis mosaxleobisaTvis urTulesi problemebiთ aRiniშna. gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ganviTarebulma araordinarulma procesebma umZimesi socialur-ekonomikuri krizisi da demografiuli sistemis mniSvnelovani deformireba gamoiwvia. aRniSnul movlenaSi katalizatoris roli, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom, aTobiT wlebis manZilze arsebuli ekonomikuri kavSirebis myisierma gawyvetam, afxazeTSi da samxreT oseTSi inspirirebulma SeiaraRebulma konfliqtebma da samoqalaqo omma Seasrula. 1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi katastroful vardnas ganicdida ZiriTadi ekonomikuri maCveneblebi. 1990-1994 ww. saqarTveloSi warmoebuli mTliani Sida produqti TiTqmis 5-jer Semcirda. 1994 wels mrewvelobis mTliani produqcia 1958 wlis, xolo soflis meurneobisa 1945 wlis doneze iyo daqveiTebuli. 1990 wels mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebuli iyo naxevar milionze meti adamiani, romlis mniSvnelovani nawili umuSevari darCa. 1990 wels saSualoTviurma inflaciam saqarTveloSi 1.7% Seadgina, 1992 wels 21.3%, xolo 1994 wels 56.3%. 1994 wels mTliani Sida produqti erT sul

nax 1. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenobis dinamika (1989-2018 ww.) 241

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

nax. 2. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Sobadobis, mokvdaobisa da bunebrivi matebis zogadi koeficientebis dinamika (1990-2017 ww.).

mosaxleze, mxolod 506 dolaris toli iyo, ris mixedviTac saqarTvelo msoflios uRaribesi qveynebis rigSi aRmoCnda. arsebuli mdgomareoba TiTqmis myisierad aisaxa demografiul maCveneblebSi. mkveTrad Semcirda mosaxleobis da dabadebulTa absoluturi raodenoba, gaizarda mokvdaobis koeficienti, intensiurad mimdinareobda mosaxleobis demografiuli daberebis procesi, Zalian maRal masStabebs miaRwia emigraciam. 1989-2002 ww. aRwerebs Soris periodSi mosaxleobis raodenoba 19.1%-iT Semcirda (nax. 1). mosaxleobis klebis tendencia Semdgom wlebSic gagrZelda, ris Sedegadac 1989-2018 ww. mosaxleobis klebam 30.9% Seadgina. aRsaniSnavia, rom es ukanaskneli maCvenebeli yofil sabWoTa respublikebs Soris yvelaze maRali iyo. 1990-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi SeimCneoda Sobadobis mkveTri klebis tendencia, romelic 2005 wlis CaTvliT grZeldeboda. 1990-2005 ww. Sobadobis zogadi koeficienti 37.4%-iT Semcirda (nax. 2). 2005-2016 wlebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli koeficienti matebis tendencias amJRavnebda, 2017 wlis monacemis mixedviT misi mniSvneloba Semcirda da 14.3‰ Seadgina. dafiqsirebuli faqti, savaraudod momavalSic SenarCunebuli iqneba. rac Seexeba mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis meore mTavar komponents – mokvdaobas, aRniSnul periodSi, yovel aTas mcxovrebze misi mniSvneloba mateba-klebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda. momavalSi, mosaxleobis demografiuli daberebis procesis gaTvaliswinebiT, mosalodnelia arsebuli donis metnaklebad SenarCuneba an mcire mateba. Sobadobisa da mokvdaobis sferoebSi mimdinare procesebi, mosaxleobis bunebriv matebaSi piulobs saboloo asaxvas. 1990-2017 wlebSi mkveTrad (80.8%-iT) Semcirda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis koeficienti, romelmac 2017 wels mxolod 1.5‰ Seadgina. urbanizacia saqarTveloSi intensiurad mimdinareobda urbanizaciis procesi. Tuki me-19 saukunis miwuruls qalaqebSi cxovrobda qveynis mosaxleobis mxolod 15.8%, 2017 wels aRniSnulma maCvenebelma 57.2% Seadgina. gansakuTrebiT swrafad mimdinareobda urbanizaciuli procesebi 1960-ian wlamde (nax. 3). 242

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

nax. 3. qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis wili qveynis mosaxleobis saerTo radenobaSi (1897-2017 ww.).

aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamad saqarTveloSi mkveTradaa gamoxatuli urbanuli qselis polarizeba. 1990 wels TbilisSi, qveynis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 26% cxovrobda. 2017 wlis monacemebis Tanaxmad ki aRniSnulma maCvenebelma 29%-s gadaaWarba. amJamad TbilisSi cxovrobs qveynis qalaqis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis naxevarze meti (51%). Tbilisis Semdgom, yvelaze mravalricxovani qalaqebia: baTumi, quTaisi da rusTavi. migracia saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze, sxvadasxva formiTa da intensivobiT, yovelTvis axasiaTebda migraciuli procesebi. miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelebi istoriulad naklebad migrirebad erebs miekuTvnebodnen, rasac xels uwyobda miwaTmoqmedebis da kulturis istoriuli tradiciebi. sabWoTa imperiis arsebobis periodSi gare migraciuli procesebi minimaluri iyo, vinaidan aRniSnuli imperia praqtikulad Caketil sivrces warmoadgenda. am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosaTvis gare migraciad unda miviCnioT calkeul sabWoTa respublikebTan arsebuli migraciuli procesebi. saqarTvelo emigraciuli qveyana 1960 wlidan xdeba anu maSin, roca am wels qveynidan gasulTa raodenobam 16.8 aTasiT gadaaWarba SemosulTa raodenobas. 1990 wlamde migraciis uaryofiTi saldos yvelaze maRali mniSvneloba 1975 wels dafiqsirda (-25.5 aTasi), ris Semdgom igi Semcirda da 1976-1990 wlebSi saSualod -17.6 aTass Seadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganxiluli drois monakveTSi migraciuli saldo uaryofiTi iyo, mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis maRali maCveneblebis Sedegad, qveynis mosaxlerobis saerTo raodenoba ar ar Semcirebula. saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom, sazRvrebis gaxsnisa da 1990-ian wlebidan ganviTarebuli araordinaruli movlenebis Sedegad, radikaluri cvlilebebi ganicada migraciuli nakadebis mimarTulebebma, warmoudgenlad gafarTovda migraciis geografia, Seicvala, migrantTa asakobrivi, sqesobrivi da socialuri struqtura. gansakuTrebiT did masStabebs aRwevda migraciis uaryofiTi saldo 1992-1996 wlebSi. aRniSnuli drois monakveTSi qveynidan wasulTa raodenoba 673.1 aTasiT aRemateboda CamosulTa raodenobas (nax. 4). saqarTvelos migraciul procesebSi mniSvnelovani movlena moxda 2004 wels, rodesac 1960 wlidan pirvelad qveyanaSi, CamosulTa raodenobam 5.5 aTasiT gadaaWarba 243

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nax. 4. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gare migraciis saldo (1990-2017 ww.)

gasulTa raodenobas. momdevno 2005 wels dadebiTi gare migraciuli saldo TiTamis 14-jer gaizarda da 76.3 aTasi kaci Seadgina. aRniSnuli movlena SesaZlebelia aixsnas imiT, rom ,,vardebis revoluciis’’ Semdgom periodSi, sazRvargareT myofi Cveni Tanamemamuleebis garkveul nawils, mieca qveyanaSi socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisa da Rirseuli dasaqmebis imedi, ris gamoc isini dabrundnen samSobloSi. amasve emateba evropis sxvadasxva qveynidan da ruseTidan saqartvelos mosaxleobis deportaciis procesi, ris Sedegadac samSobloSi ramdenime aTasi adamiani dabrunda. aRniSnuli procesi xanmokle aRmoCnda da 2006 wlidan moyolebuli garemigraciuli saldo kvlav uaryofiTi iyo. saqarTvelodan emigrirebuli adamianebis absoluturi umravlesoba, qveyanas mZime socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo tovebs. umuSevrobis maCvenebeli 2004-

nax. 5. emigrantTa raodenobis ganawileba 10 ZiriTadi qveynis mixedviT (procentebSi) 244

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

2010 wlebSi 3.7 punqtiT gaizarda da 2010 wels 16.3% Seadgenda. erovnul-demokratiuli institutis mier 2011 wlis seqtemberSi Catarebuli gamokvlevis mixedviT, mosaxleobis 62%-ma ,,samuSao’’ qveynis nomer pirvel problemad miiCnia. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT, qveynidan gamgzavrebulTa ZiriTadi nawili ruseTSi iyo emigrirebuli (64.5%), rac umTavresad am qveynis geografiuli siaxloviTa da enobrivi barieris ar arsebobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdgom, saqarTvelo gavida dsT-s Semadgenlobidan, ris gamoc situacia ruseTTan kidev ufro daiZaba. Seqmnilma viTarebam saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisaTvis gaarTula ruseTSi Casvla. 2002-2014 wlebis aRwerebs Soris, Tuki saqarTvelodan emigrirebulTa ZiriTadi nawili ruseTSi miemarTeboda, 2014 wlis aRweris Tanaxmad ruseTSi emigrirebulTa wili 21.7%-s Seadgenda. aRniSnuli aRweris monacemebiT, emigrirebulTa saerTo raodenobaSi mniSvnelovani iyo germaniaSi, TurqeTSi da italiaSi emigrirebulTa wili (nax. 5). 2014 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebis mixedviT 2002-2014 wlebSi Soris periodSi, saqarTvelos regionebs Soris dadebiTi Sida migraciuli saldo gaaCndaT mxolod Tbiliss da qvemo qarTlis regions. yvelaze maRali uaryofiTi Sida migraciuli saldo dafiqsirda imereTSi da samegrelo – zemo svaneTis regionebSi. saqarTvelosaTvis umniSvnelovanes problemas warmoadgens droebiT okupirebuli teritoriebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa (igp) problema. gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministros oficialuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, igp-Ta raodenoba, 2014 wlis seqtembris mdgomareobiT, daaxloebiT 260 aTas adamians Seadgenda. saqarTveloSi arseboben eko-migrantebi, romlebic iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa gansakuTrebul kategoria warmoadgenen. aRsaniSnavia, rom qveynaSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris statusis miniWebis safuZvels ar warmoadgens stiqiuri ubedurebebi, ris gamoc eko-migrantebi samarTlebrivi dacvis farglebs gareT imyofebian. saqarTvelos mTavrobis iniciativiT, 2004 wlidan xorcieldeba mizanmimarTuli programa, romelic gulisxmobs aRniSnuli kategoriis mosaxleobis sacxovrebeliT uzrunvelyofas. 2017 wlisaTvis mTavrobis daxmarebiT daaxloebiT 2 aTasi ojaxis sacxovrebliT dakmayofileba ganxorcielda. eko-migrantebis umravlesoba aWaraSia Tavmoyrili, sadac mdgomareobas arTulebs Tavisufali miwis nakveTebis simcire da mosaxleobis SedarebiT maRali zrdis tempi. mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenloba 1989 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris mixedviT, qarTvelebis xvedriTi wili mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi 70.1%-s Seadgenda. damoukideblobis wlebSi Catarebuli aRwerebis mixedviT (2002 da 2014 wlebi), miuxedavad qarTvelebis raodenobrivi klebisa, maTi wili mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi matulobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom es ukanaskneli faqti emigraciul procesebs ukavSirdeba, vinaidan qveynidan gasul mosaxleobas Soris mravlad iyvnen sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebic. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT, qarTvelebis Semdgom meore adgilze aRmoCndnen azerbaijanelebi, romlebmac somxebi Caanacvles. 2002 da 2014 wlebis monacemebiT afxazebisa da osebis mcire raodenoba ganpirobebulia im faqtiT, rom aRniSnul aRwerebSi aRricxul iqna saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriebze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba. 1989-2014 ww. 90%-ze metiT Semcirda rusebis, berZnebisa da ebraelebis raodenoba. 245

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenloba 1989, 2002 da 2014 wlebi

erovneba qarTveli afxazi osi somexi rusi azerbaijaneli berZeni

absoluturi raodenoba (aTasi) 1989* 2002** 2014 3787.4 3661.2 3224.6 95.9 3.5 0.9 164.1 38.0 14.4 437.2 248.9 168.1 341.2 67.7 26.5 307.6 284.8 233.0 100.3 15.2 5.5

procenti 1989* 70.1 1.8 3.0 8.1 6.3 5.7

2002** 83.8 0.1 0.9 5.7 1.5 6.5

2014 86.8 0.0 0.4 4.5 0.7 6.3

1.9

0.3

0.1

ebraeli

24.8

3.8

1.4

0.5

0.1

0.0

ukraineli

52.4

7.0

6.0

1.0

0.2

0.2

qurTi

33.3

2.5

1.6

0.6

0.1

0.0

iezidi

…. . .…

18.3

12.2

…

0.4

0.3

qisti

. . .…

7.1

5.7

…

0.2

0.2

danarCeni

56.7

13.5

14.0

1.0

0.3

0.4

5400.8

4371.5

3713.8

100.0

100.0

100.0

sul

** monacemebi 2002 wlidan moicaven saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriebs.

demografiuli viTareba saqarTvelos regionebSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli arasaxarbielo socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sedegad, mniSvnelovnad cvlileba ganicada mosaxleobis regionulma ganawilebam. 2002-2014 wlebSi, Tbilisis gamoklebiT, yvelgan mosaxleobis kleba dafiqsirda. mosaxleobis dinamika saqarTvelos regionebSi 2002, 2014 da 2018 wlebSi regioni

mosaxleobis raodenoba (aTasi)

mosaxleobis cvlileba (aTasi)

2002

2014

2018

2002-2014

2014-2017

Tbilisi

1081.7

1108.7

1158.7

27.0

5.9

aWara

376.0

334.0

346.3

-42.0

5.0

guria

143.4

113.4

110.5

-30.1

-0.8

imereTi

699.7

533.9

507.0

-165.8

-4.2

kaxeTi

407.2

318.6

314.7

-88.6

-1.1

mcxeTa-mTianeTi

125.4

94.6

93.9

-30.8

-0.8

raWa-leCxumi da qv. svaneTi

51.0

32.1

30.2

-18.9

-1.1

samegrelo-zemo svaneTi

468.0

330.8

320.8

-137.2

-2.5

samcxe-javaxeTi

207.6

160.5

155.9

-47.1

0.1

qvemo qarTli

497.5

424.0

432.3

-73.5

3.4

Sida qarTli

314.0

263.4

259.3

-50.6

0.3

246

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

gansakuTrebiT didi iyo klebis masStabi imereTSi (-165.8 aTasi) da samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi (-137.2 aTasi). yvelaze urbanizebulia aWara da imereTi, sadac qalaqis mosaxleobis wili Sesabamisad 55.4 da 48.6%-s Seadgens. dabalurbanizebul regionebs miekuTvneba kaxeTi (22.3%), mcxeTa-mTianeTi (22.2%), raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis (22.3%) mxare. 2017 wlisTvis, Sobadobis zogadi koeficienti yvelaze maRali iyo aWaraSi (17.8‰) da qvemo qarTlSi, danarCen regionebSi ki, aRniSnuli maCvenebeli kritikul mniSvnelobaze dabali iyo. ganxiluli koeficientis yvelaze dabali mniSvneloba (11.1‰) raWa-leCxumSi da qvemo svaneTSi dafiqsirda.

Sobadobis zogadi koeficienti *

mokvdaobis zogadi koeficienti *

bunebrivi matebis zogadi koeficienti *

qalaqis mosaxleobis wili * (%)

15 wlamde mosaxleoba (%) **

65 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba (%) **

mosaxleobis saSualo asaki **

saqarTvelos regionebis demografiuli maCveneblebi

Tbilisi

13.1

10.5

2.6

100

19.1

12.0

36.3

aWara

17.8

10.2

7.7

55.4

19.7

11.0

35.7

guria

13.2

16.7

-3.5

28.2

16.3

18.8

41.8

imereTi

14.6

16.8

-2.2

48.6

17.4

17.5

40.5

kaxeTi

14.9

15.2

-0.3

22.3

17.8

17.4

40.2

mcxeTa-mTianeTi

12.8

14.6

-1.8

22.2

17.0

16.9

39.8

raWa-leCxumi da qv. svaneTi

11.1

24.1

-12.9

22.3

12.1

28.3

48.2

samegrelo-zemo svaneTi

13.7

15.8

-2.1

39.0

16.9

17.0

40.8

samcxe-javaxeTi

13.8

12.3

1.5

34.1

19.8

14.0

37.7

qvemo qarTli

15.6

10.1

5.4

42.4

21.1

11.2

35.6

Sida qarTli

14.0

13.2

0.8

39.9

18.4

14.9

38.8

saqarTvelo

14.3

12.8

1.5

57.2

18.6

14.3

38.1

* – 2017 weli; ** – 2014 weli.

2017 wels, gansakuTrebiT maRali mokvdaobis zogadi koeficienti dafiqsirda raWa-leCxumis da qvemo svaneTis regionSi (24.1‰), guriaSi da imereTSi. ganxiluli koeficientis SedarebiT dabali mniSvnelobebiT gamoirCeoda aWara da qvemo qarTli. am ukanasknelTa Soris, Sobadobis maRali da mokvdaobis dabali maCveneblebis Sedegad, yvelaze maRali iyo mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba. igive maCvenebeli katastrofulad dabali iyo raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis regionSi (-12.9‰). saqarTvelos regionebSi intensiurad mimdinareobs mosaxleobis demografiuli daberebis procesi. am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze daberebulia mosaxleoba raWa-leCxumis da qvemo svaneTis mxareSi, sadac 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis wili regionis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi 28.3%-s Seadgens. Sesabamisad am ukanasknelSi yvelaze maRalia saSualo asakis maCvenebeli, romelic 48.2 wlis tolia. da247

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

berebuli mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili aseve maRalia guriaSi, imereTSi, kaxeTSi da samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi. aRniSnul regionebSi demografiuli daberebis done mis kritikul zRvars (7%), orjer da metjer aWarbebs. saqarTvelos regionebs Soris, SedarebiT dabalia mosaxleobis saSualo asakis maCveneblebi TbilisSi, aWaraSi da qvemo qarTlSi. demografiuli viTareba mTiani regionebSi

(onis municipalitetis magaliTze) mTiani regionebis demografiuli viTarebis formirebaSi da ganviTarebaSi, ZiriTad rols rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri da bunebrivi faqtorebi asruleben. magaliTad, 1990-iani wlebSi ganviTarebulma socialur-ekonomikurma procesebma, rasac endogenuri da geodinamiuri procesebis gaaqtiurebac mohyva, kidev ufro gaarTula onis municipalitetSi wlebis manZilze arsebuli isedac arasaxarbielo demografiuli viTareba. arada, onis raioni, geografiuli mdebareobis gamo, umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs kavkasiis regionSi geopolitikuri procesebis stabilizaciaSi. amave dros igi gamoirCeva maRali resursuli potencialiT (energetikuli, biologiuri, rekreaciuli, sasoflo-sameurneo da sxv.), rac meurneobis araerTi mimarTulebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. onis municipalitetSi umZimesi demografiuli viTarebis erT-erTi indikatoria mosaxleobis absoluturi raodenobis mkveTri kleba. aq 1990-2017 wlebSi mosaxleobis absoluturi raodenoba 53.5%-iT Semcirda (nax. 6). katastrofuli kleba ganicada mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis maCveneblebma. Sobadobis zogadi koeficienti 1990 wels 12.7‰-s toli iyo, 2016 wels ki misi mniSvneloba 9.2‰-mde Semcirda. amave wels, onis municipalitetSi dafiqsirebuli mokvdaobis zogadi koeficienti, qveynis masStabiT erT-erTi yvelaze maRali (24.4‰) iyo. igi 1.8-jer aRemateboda saqarTveloSi arsebuli mokvdaobis saSualo dones. amgvari viTareba mosaxleobis demografiuli daberebis maRali maCveneblebs ukavSirdeba. aseve katastrofulad daeca mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis koeficientis mniSvneloba (nax. 7). onis municipalitetis mosaxleobis bunebriv moZraobaSi arsebuli negatiuri tendenciebisa da masStaburi emigraciuli procesebis Sedegad, mkveTrad Semcirda mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi 15 wlamde asakis bavSvebis wili. aq amJamad TiTqmis yoveli mesame mcxovrebi 65 wlis da ufrosi asakisaa.

nax. 6. onis municipalitetis mosaxleobis dinamika (1990-2017 ww.) 248

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

nax. 7. Sobadobis, mokvdaobisa da bunebrivi matebis koeficientebis dinamika onis municipalitetSi, 1990-2016 ww. 15 wlamde da 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis raodenoba (1989 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2014 wlebi) absoluturi monacemebi asaki <15 65+

procenti

2002

2014

2002

2014

2239

708

17.5

11.5

2633

1845

20.5

30.1

1989-2014 wlebis aRweraTaSoris periodSi, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda onis municipalitetis soflis mosaxleobis geografiul ganawilebaSi. ukve 2014 wlisT-

nax. 8. mosaxleobis ganawileba vertikaluri zonebis mixedviT onis municipalitetis soflebSi 1989 da 2014 wlebSi (absoluturi monacemebi) 249

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

vis, maRalmTian zonaSi (1800 metrze maRla) aRaravin cxovrobda. amave periodSi 2.4-jer Semcirda mosaxleobis absoluturi raodenoba saSualomTian zonaSi, xolo dabalmTian da baris zonebSi Sesabamisad 2-jer da 1.9-jer (nax.8). municipalitetis soflebSi mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobam, 2014 wels 3474 mcxovrebi Seadgina, rac 2-jer da metjer naklebia 1989 wlis maCvenebelze. arsebuli demografiuli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, onis municipaliteti demografiulad ,,momakvdavi~ municipalitetebis ricxvs miekuTvneba. samwuxarod, analogiuri viTarebaa guriis, imereTis, fSav-xevsureTis, mTiuleTis, xevis da Sida qarTlis mTian regionebSi. Seqmnili umZimesi demografiuli mdgomareobis dasaregulireblad, gadaudebel amocanas warmoadgens yuradReba daeTmos maT mdgrad ganviTarebas, ris gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba mosaxlebis aRwarmoebis sasurveli mdgomareobis miRweva. da kidev ufro gamwvavdeba demografiuli viTareba.

5.7. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri Taviseburebani da problemebi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi ramdenime aqtualuri sakiTxis gadawyvetas saWiroebs: regionSi (kavkasia, Savis zRvis mosazRvre qveynebi, centraluri azia, axlo aRmosavleTi) konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas, eqsportze orientirebuli meurneobis ganviTarebas, ganaTlebis sistemis modernizacias, biznesgaremos gaumjobesebas, efeqturi infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, inovaciebis farTo danergvas da evropuli faseulobebis sayovelTao dafuZnebas. aRniSnul regionSi saqarTvelos centraluri mdebareoba xelsayrel faqtorad miiCneva mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis. saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba ramdenime etapad ganxorcielda. gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, xeli Seewyo bazris liberalizacias, rac mewarmeebisaTvis gadasaxadebis, nebarTvebis, gaformebis da licenzirebis procesebis gamartiveba da dokumenturi biurokratiis maqsimaluri SezRudva mohyva. saxelmwifos investiciebi didi raodenobiT iqna mimarTuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze, rac ver aisaxa ekonomikuri zrdis tempebsa da dasaqmebulTa raodebobaze. yovelwliurad izrdeboda da izrdeba ucxouri investiciebic, rac mxolod ramdenime dargis (sabanko seqtori, energetika, sagzao infrastruqtura) stimulirebisTvis iqna gamoyenebuli. mTavari mizani â&#x20AC;&#x201C; axali teqnologiebis danergva, eqsportis zrda, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna â&#x20AC;&#x201C; neli tempebiT viTardeboda. amJamad umuSevrobis done, oficialuri informaciiT, 15%-s aRwevs, rac misi gamoTvlis kriteriumebis mixedviT ver asaxavs realur viTarebas. umuSvroba kvlav rCeba saqarTvelos umTavres socialur-ekonomikur gamowvevad. gansakuTrebiT neli tempebiT viTardeba soflis meurneoba, ris gamoc qveyanaSi importirebuli kvebis produqtebi moxmarebis 70%-ze mets Seadgens. amgvari viTareba kapitalis gadinebis da adgilobrivi bazris Seferxebis winapirobaa. eqsportisa da importis disbalansis maCveneblebiT saqarTvelo regionSi erT-erT bolo adgilze. ukanasknel wlebSi mudmivad izrdeba memcenareobis da mecxoveleobis warmoebuli produqciis moculoba, rac axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebas, da Sesabamisad, saSualo mosalianobis matebas ukavSirdeba. aseve SeiniSneba memcenareobis mTeli rigi saxeobebiT (simindi, qeri, lobio, kartofili, bostneuli da sxv.) dakavebuli farTobebis Semcirebis tendencia. 250

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

ekonomikuri zrdis dabali tempebi ver aisaxa siRaribis maCveneblebis Semcirebaze. misi daZleva kvlav rCeba qveynis umTavres socialur gamowvevad. saxelmwifo udides Zalisxmevas axorcielebs socialurad daucveli mosaxleobis daxmarebisTvis, rac jer kidev Sorsaa sasurvel donemde. srulyofil saxes ver Rebulobs saSualo fenis Camoyalibebis procesi, kerZo seqtoris konkurentunarianoba, finansur resursebze xelmisawvdomoba da sxv. garkveul imeds aCens saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis xelSekruleba, rac ukve iZleva ramdenime saxeobis (Rvino, mineraluri wylebi, Tafli, kakali, Txili, Ciri, yveli da sxv.) sasursaTo produqtis eqsportirebis saSualebas. mZafri msoflio konkurencia axal moTxovnebs uyenebs saqarTvelos ekonomikas. aucilebel pirobad rCeba ekologiurad sufTa produqciis warmoeba, adgilobriv mewarmeTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba, sainvesticio garemos gaumjobeseba da soflis meurneobis zonaluri specializaciis jerovani gansazRvra. arsebiTi disbalansia eqsport â&#x20AC;&#x201C; importis maCveneblebs Soris, rac valutis gadinebis arsebiTi mizezia. amJamad importis moculoba 3-jer aRemateba eqsports. saqarTvelo produqciis eqsports ZiriTadad axorcielebs mezobel, evrokavSiris qveynebsa da CineTSi. savaWro brunviT gamoirCeva TurqeTi, ruseTi, azerbaijani, CineTi, ukraina da germania. socialur-ekonomikur problemaTa Soris kvlav mwvaved gamoiyureba sakuTrebis uflebis dacva, davebis gadawyvetis samarTlebrivi CarCos efeqtianoba, antimonopoliuri politika, mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo mxardaWera, sainvesticio kanonmdeblobis daxvewa, inovaciebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, sabanko davalianebaTa maRali done da sxv. arasasurvel doned miiCneva iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa: mosaxleobis mier internetis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, kvlevisa da ganviTarebisTvis saWiro finansebze xelmisawvdomoba, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis dacva da sxv. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis aucilebelia eqsportis zrdis xelSewyoba, infrastruqturis Semdgomi ganviTareba da qveynis satranzito potencialis maqsimaluri gamoyeneba, lojistikuri centrebis Seqmna, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze momsaxure infrastruqturis ganviTareba, energetikuli seqtoris efeqtianobis amaRleba da warmoebuli energiis maCveneblebis gazrda energetikuli damoukideblobis miRwevis mizniT. umeteswilad gamouyenebelia saqarTvelos umdidresi energetikuli potenciali, gansakuTrebiT Termuli wylebis, qaris da mzis energiis saxiT. kvlav maRalia samewarmeo sferoSi energiis sferosTan, vaWrobasTan, transportTan da uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivebis xvedriTi wili, rac 53% Seadgens. amgvari viTareba uaryofiTad aisaxeba mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis, mecnierebis, ganaTlebis da sxva dargebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebze. qveynis ekonomikisTvis gamowvevad rCeba bunebrivi katastrofebis raodenobisa da â&#x20AC;&#x17E;xarisxis~ zrda, klimatis cvlilebasTan adaptacia, tyis resursebis racionaluri gamoyeneba, mwvane ekonomikis ganviTarebis tempebi. socialur problemaTa Soris aqtualobiT gamoirCeva umuSevrobis problema, romelic garda raodenobrivi maCveneblebisa, asakobrivi da profesiuli struqturis mixedviTac moqmedebs cxovrebis doneze. gansakuTrebiT maRalia dausaqmebel axal251

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

gazrdaTa xvedriTi wili, romliTac saqarTvelo „gamoirCeva~ aRmosavleT evropasa da centraluri aziis qveynebs Soris. problemaa Sromis bazarze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris arsebuli didi disbalansi. aq garkveul rols TamaSobs umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemac, rac jer kidev ver iTvaliswinebs axalgazrda specialistebis moTxovna – miwodebis tendenciebs. amJamad umaRles damTavrebul axalgazrdaTa 1/3 umuSevaria. TiTqmis igive maCvenebeli axasiTebs profesiuli ganaTlebis mqone specialistebis dasaqmebas. arsaniSnavia isic, rom saqarTvelo kvlav arasaxarbielo adgilzea msoflioSi saganmanaTleblo sistemis xarisxis da kvleviT da treningis momsaxurebis xelmisawydomobiT. amJamad ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba 2 milion mcxovrebs aRwevs, romelTagan dasaqmebulad 88% miiCneva. dasaqmebulTa Soris naxevari TviTdasaqmebiTaa dakavebuli, raSic SinameurneobebSi saqmianoba iTvleba. dasaqmebis struqtura aisaxeba ara mxolod umuSevrobis problemaze, aramed mosaxleobis Semosavlebzec. xelfasis maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva mSenebloba, transporti da kavSirgabmuloba, samTo-mopovebiTi mrewveloba, safinanso saqmianoba, saxelmwifo mmarTveloba, gamanawilebeli organizaciebi da sxv. kvlav umniSvneloa anazRaureba soflis meurnebis da ganaTlebis sferoSi, sastumro da sarestorno biznesSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom xelfasis zrda TvalsaCinoa 2012 welTan SedarebiT. magaliTad, igi jandacvis sferoSi 5-jer, socialur momsaxurebasa da Tevzis meurneobaSi – 4-jer, xolo ganaTlebasa da turistul biznesSi – 3.5-jer gaizarda. TiTqmis erTgarovani suraTia saqarTvelos regionebSi warmoebuli produqciis da dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wilis ganawilebis mixedviT. am maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva Tbilisi, aWara, imereTi da qvemo qarTli, xolo yvelas CamorCeba raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi, guria da mcxeTa – mTianeTis mxare. mosaxleobis saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebic didi saxesxvaobebiT da arasaxarbielo tendenciurobiT xasiaTdeba. ukanasknel wlebSi mudmivad izrdeba ucxoeTidan miRebuli saxsrebis da qonebis gaqiravebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis odenoba. amave dros mcirdeba soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebi, rac am sferoSi mimdinare uaryofiT procesebze miuTiTebs. TvalSi sacemi sxvaobaa qalaqis da soflis mosaxleobis Semosavlebis mxrivac. yovelTviurad, saSualod qalaqad mcxovrebi adamiani saSualod 25%-iT met Semosavals iRebs, vidre soflad mcxovrebi. da piriqiT, soflad mcxovrebi moqalaqis saSualoTviuri xarjebi aswvw ¼-iT naklebia, vidre qalaqad mcxovrebis. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis danaxarjebis TiTqmis naxevari sursaTze da janmrTelobis dacvaze modis, umniSvnelo ki ganaTlebaze, rac miuRebeli tendenciis maCveneblebia. mZime viTarebaa socialuri daxmarebis mimRebTa raodenobis mimarTulebiTac. miznobriv socialur daxmarebas 1.5 milioni moqalaqe iRebs (saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 40%), romlis TiTqmis 1/3 saarsebo Semweobas saWiroebs. aseve maRalia sapensio asakis adamianTa ricxvi, rac mosaxleobis 15% Seadgens. gaeros prognoziT, pensionerTa xvedriTi wili saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi, 2050 wlisTvis, 25%-s miaRwevs, rac TiTqmis gaaormagebs Sesabamis danaxarjebs. problemaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia janmrTelobis dacvasTan dakaSirebuli sakiTxebi, razec garkveulwilad metyvelebs gardacvlilTa xvedriTi wili mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi da gardacvalebis mizezebis analizi. ukanasknel wlebSi swrafad izrdeba axalwarmonaqmnebiT (simsivniT), kanis da sunTqvis organoebis daavadebiT gamowveul gardacvalebaTa raodenoba. zrdis tendeciiT xasiaTdeba sisxlis mimo252

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qcevis mizeziT da tramvebiT gardacvalebis SemTxvevaTa raodenoba. TvalsaCino progresia Cvil bavSTa sicocxlis SenaCunebis sferoSi, sadac orjeraa Semcirebuli (2013 – 2017 wlebi) maTi gardacvalebis SemTxvevebi. garkveuli tendenciebis maCvenebelia daavadebebis struqtura. gansakuTrebiT xSiria sunTqvis organoebis, saWmlis momnelebeli, sisxlis mimoqcvis, Sardsasqeso organoebis infeqciuri daavadebebi. am ukanasknelSi raodenobiT gamoirCeva sasunTqi gzebis infeqcia, rac rTul ekologiur viTareaze migvaniSnebs. TiTqmis analogiuri viTarebaa 14 wlamde asakis bavSvebSi, romelTa Soris ricxovnobiT infeqciuri, sunTqvis da saWmlis momnelebel organoTa daavadebebi „gamoirCeva~ . saqarTveloSi intensiurad mimdinareobs tyis aRdgena – gaSeneba. ukanasknel periodSi, yovelwliurad saSualod 180 ha-mde tyis nargaobis gaSeneba xerxdeba, rac ekologiuri gajansaRebisTvis saxelmwifo zrunvis maniSnebelia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom izrdeba tyis Wris moculoba, rac yovel wels saSualod 650 aTas m3 aRemateba. es saqarTvelos tyeebis yovelwliuri zrdis 2/3-ia, rac tyiani teritoriebis da tys resursebis zrdis saSualebas iZleva. kvlav maRalia atmosferoSi stacionaruli obieqtebidan mavne nivTierebebis gafrqvevis moculoba (44 aTasi tona wliurad), rac 2010 wlidan moyolebuli matulobs. Tumca aseve izrdeba da maRalia maTi „daWeris xvedriTi wili, rac amJamad 90%-ze metia. atmosferul haerSi gabneuli nivTierebebis ZiriTadi nawili airad da Txevad nivTierebebze modis, romelTa Soris naxSirJangi da naxSirwyalbadi Warbobs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ukanasknel wlebSi mcirdeba avtotransportidan atmosferoSi gafrqveul nivTierebaTa raodenoba (saSualod 150 aTasi tona), Tumca izrdeba masSi azotis dioqsidis, naxSirwyalbadis da Wvartlis xvedriTi wili.

5.8. saqarTvelos Tanamedrove gamowvevebi, mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi miznebi da amocanebi mdgradi ganviTareba rogorc kacobriobis, ise yoveli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi amocanaa. misi miRweva moiTxovs konkretuli mizanebis dasaxvas, rac arsebul viTarebas (Tanamedrove gamowvevebs), ganviTarebis istorias da perspeqtivebs ukavSirdeba. mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebi strategiuli da taqtikuri amocanebis gansazRvriT da maTi gadawyvetiT xorcieldeba. rogorc nebismieri saxelmwifos, ise saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mizania qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReobis gaumjobeseba, materialuri da kulturuli faseulobebis dacva, ekonomikis da socialuri sferos aRmavloba, momavali TaobebisTvis jansaRi bunebrivi garemos SenarCuneba, qveynis saerTaSoriso avtoritetis amaRleba da regionuli stabulurobis SenarCuneba. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis arsebiTi winapirobaa biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovneba, meurneobis da kvebis produqtebis warmoebis ramdenime aTaswlovani istoria da tradiciebi, kulturul saxeobaTa endemuri jiSebi, mosaxleobis maRali inteleqtualuri potenciali, wylis da rekreaciuli resursebis udidesi maragebi, xelovnebisa da kulturis msoflioSi erT-erTi aRiarebuli da gamorCeuli done, xelsayreli satransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis xelisSemSleli faqtorebia: araxelsayreli geopolitikuri mdebareoba; mravalferovani, Tumca mcire raodenobis bunebrivi resursebi; formirebadi meurneoba da sabazro urTierTobebi; eTnikuri da teri253

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toriuli konfliqtebi; rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba da demokratiuli sazogadoebis formirebis procesi. saqarTvelos xelisufleba araerTi gamowvevis winaSe dgas, romlis ZiriTadi mizani mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis ganxorcieleba da misi xelisSemSleli faqtorebis prevenciaa. swored mdgrad ganviTarebas unda ganapirobebdes mosaxleobis politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri, ekologiuri da kulturuli aqtivoba. mxolod mdgradi ganviTarebis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, cxovrebis donis amaRleba, qveynis progresuli winsvla. saxelmwifom, erTis mxriv, uari unda Tqvas imgvar qmedebaze, rac Seqmnis socialur, ekonomikur da ekologiur problemebs, xolo meores mxriv – xeli Seuwyos zemoTaRniSnuli mimarTulebebis ganviTarebas, mdgradobis amaRlebas da viTarebis gaumjobesebas. qveynis rogorc mdgradi ganviTarebis, ise mosaxleobis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia mxolod kargad organizebul, samarTlebrivad gamarTul, konsolidirebul da ganaTlebaze orientirebul saxelmwifos. amgvari Sedegis misaRwevad sasurvelia ganisazRvros saxelmwifo politikis rangSi ayvanili Semdegi amocanebi): sagareo politikis da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sferoSi – qveynis samxedro usafrTxoebis da blokuri miukerZoeblobis, regionSi Tanabaruflebiani da keTilmezobluri partniorobis xelSewyobis, saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis dacvis da evropul samarTlebriv sivrceSi integraciis gziT; ekonomikis sferoSi – socialurad da ekologiurad orintirebuli sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis, ekologiurad sufTa adgilobrivi warmoebis stimulirebis, bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis, tradiciuli soflis meurneobis da masze orientirebuli kvebis da msubuqi mrewvelobis upiratesi ganviTarebis, rekreaciuli da gansakuTrebiT turistuli meurneobis optimaluri dagegmarebis gziT; socialur sferoSi – mosaxleobis ganaTlebis da mecnierebis stimulirebis, sacxrovrebeli garemos gajansaRebis, kulturuli da istoriuli faseulobebis SenarCunebis, janmrTelobis dacvisa da sportis ganviTarebis, mosaxleobis socialuri aqtivobis da CarTulobis amaRlebis gziT; ekologiur sferoSi – orientacia „mwvane qveynis~ statusze, daculi teritoriebis farTobebis zrdis da SemecnebiTi (samecniero, saganmanaTleblo) turizmis xelSewyobis, degradirebuli landSaftebis da ekosistemebis aRdgenis, narCenebis utilizaciis da gadamuSavebis gziT; mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi – samecniero-praqtikuli mimarTulebebis ganviTarebis, Tanamedrove mecnierebatevadi da unarCeno teqnologiebis, ekologiuri dargebis upiratesi kvlevis, umaRlesi da saSualo skolis daaxloebis, maswavlebelTa finansuri stimulirebis da axalgazrda kadrebis skolaSi mozidvis, mosaxleobis ekologiuri ganaTlebis da ekologiuri cnobierebis amaRlebis gziT; regionuli da adgilobrivi infrastruqturis sferoSi – centralur adgilTa Teoriis realizaciis, mTiani teritoriebis ganviTarebaze orientaciis, praqtikuli codnisa da gamocdilebis implementacia, demokratizaciis da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis CarTulobis amaRlebis, decentralizaciis, centrisa da regionebis maqsimaluri daaxloebis, maTi sistemuri TanamSromlobis, mosaxleobis dasaqmebis da 254

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cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebis, ekonomikuri stimulirebis (sakuTrebis uflebis gaZlierebis), informaciaze xelmisawvdomobis xelSewyobis gziT. mdgradi ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis dagegmareba sasurvelia ganxorcieldes xanmokle (5 wlamde), saSualo xangrZlivobis (10 wlamde) da grZelvadian (15-20 wlamde) perspeqtivaSi. amgvari dagegmareba aseve unda iTvaliswinebdes regionul (mxareebi, municipalitetebi, sakrebuloebi), nacionalur (saxelmwifo) da globalur (kavkasiis regioni, evropa-aziis TanamSromlobis areali, msoflio Tanamegobroba) ganviTarebis da TanamSromlobis interesebs. sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, rom mdgradi ganviTarebis strategiis da misi principebis realizacia TandaTanobiT anu evoluciur xasiaTs unda atarebdes. igi unda iTvaliswinebdes rogorc qveynis regionul specifikas, ise geopolitikur viTarebas da globalizaciis procesebs. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos calkeuli regionebis mdgradi ganviTarebis tempi SesaZlebelia sxvadasxvagvari iyos, Tumca igi arsebiTad ar unda gansxvavdebodes.

5.9. saqarTvelos geografiis da mdgradi ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri procesebi qarTuli geografiuli skolis ganviTarebis axlebur gaazrebas saWiroebs. Teoriul gamokvlevebTan erTad, rac geografiuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis aucilebeli winapirobaa, sasurvelia gamoyenebiTi geografiuli mimarTulebebis swrafi ganviTareba da popularizacia, geoinformaciuli teqnologiebis farTo danergva saswavlo da samecniero procesSi, evropuli gamocdilebis gaTaviseba, saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan TanamSromlobis gafarToeba, geoekologiuri eqspertizis, Sefasebis, kadastris, samecniero-geografiuli turizmis da ekoauditoruli saqmianobis organizeba. qarTul geografiul skolas, ise rogorc arasdros, esaWiroeba yuradRebis gamaxvileba mTiani teritoriebis problematikaze da masSi sxvadasxva, analogiuri TematikiT dainteresebuli samecniero Tu praqtikuli organizaciebis Cabmis aucileblobaze. am mimarTulebiT, ukanasknel wlebSi, qarTvel geografTa aqtiurobis SemcirebasTan erTad, SeiniSneba aqtivizacia kavkasiis sxvadasxva samecniero-geografiul wreebSi. amgvari viTareba uaryofiTad imoqmedebs qarTuli geografiuli skolis regionul avtoritetze da ganviTarebaze. aRniSnul viTarebas amwvavebs isic, rom ukanasknel wlebSi qarTul geografiul skolas gamoaklda ramdenime gamoCenili mecnieri, romlebsac kargad icnobdnen saerTaSoriso asparezze da romlebic samarTlanad iTvlebodnen mTiani teritoriebis eqspertebad demogeografiis, geoekologiis da landSaftur-ekologiis sferoSi. amJamad Zalze aqtualuri kavkasiis da kerZod, saqarTvelos geopolitikuri sivrcis Taviseburebebis Seswavla. igi ukavSirdeba mezobeli qveynebsa da regionSi mimdinare politikur, ekonomikur, demografiul, socialur procesebs da ekologiur viTarebas. neli tempebiT, Tumca mainc viTardeba regionuli da transasazRvro TanamSromloba. keTilmezobluri TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebs saqarTvelosTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. es ukavSirdeba im teritoriul pretenziebs (saxelmwifo da eTnikuri sazRvrebi, rac garkveuli simwvaviT nebismier dros SeiZleba dadges. saqarTvelos bunebrivi mravalferovnebis da ekologiuri Taviseburebebis kvleva aqtualuri samecniero-praqtikuli xasiaTis amocanaa. es gansakuTrebiT exeba rTul 255

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(vertikaluri da horizontuli struqturis mqone landSaftebi) da aramdgrad teritoriebs. klimatis globaluri cvlilebis fonze aseve aqtualuria maRali sakonservacio Rirebulebis mqone tyeebis da Warbteniani teritoriebis, semiariduli da semihumiduri, alpuri da subalpuri landSaftebis Seswavla. swrafad izrdeba geodinamiuri procesebis intensivoba da riskebi, ris gamoc aqtualuri xdeba landSaftebis mdgomareobaTa monitoringi da marTva, TvalsaCinoa bunebrivi landSaftebis sazRvrebis cvlileba, romlis dadgena saWiroebs geografiuli mecnierebis gaaqtiurebas. saqarTvelos bunebrivi da socialur – ekonomikuri potencialis kvleva aqtualuri samecniero-praqtikuli amocanaa. igi, erTis mxriv, ukavSirdeba bunebrivi resursebis efeqturi sameurneo gamoyenebis problemebs, xolo meores mxriv – im socialur-ekonomikur problemebs, romelic ganapirobebs SromiTi resursebis regionul disbalanss. bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebidan gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria wylis, miwis da tyis resursebis marTvis problemebi. magaliTad, wylis resursebis gamoyenebas araerTi problema ukavSirdeba, maT Sorisaa wylis resursebis raodenobrivi cvlilebis (ruseTis mxridan ukanaskneli 20 wlis manZilze fiqsirdeba Camonadenis cvlileba kavkasionis farglebSi anu dasavleT kavkasionze matebaa – 11%, centralur kavkasionze aseve mateba 1%-iT, xolo aRmosavleT kavkasionze kleba 6%iT) da misi moxmarebis (qalaqebi, soflis meurneoba, biznesi, turizmi da sxv.) geografiuli Taviseburebebis Seswavlis Zalian dabali done. socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis geografiuli Taviseburebani Sesaswavlia iseTi aqtualur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa mosaxleoba da moTxovna resursebze, depopulacia da regionuli ganviTareba, samomxmareblo kalaTa da janmrTeloba, infrastruqturis ganawileba, miwis privatizacia da biznesi, umuSevroba, ganaTleba da socialuri infrastruqtura, administraciuli dayofis Taviseburebani (Temebis da sakrebuloebis geografia), bunebrivi kataklizmebi da saxelmwifo biujeti, energetika da riskebi. eTnogeografiuli da istoriul-geografiuli kvleva ukavSirdeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: eTnografiuli da sameurneo tradiciebi, meurneobis istoriuli tipebi, kulturuli mcenareebi, xalxuri mkurnalobis tradiciebi, mosaxleobis ekologiuri kultura da sxv. kontaqtebi mezobel regionebTan (saZovrebis aTvisebis regionuli Taviseburebani), Temebis da komunebis (Sveicariisa da avstriis gamocdileba) ekologiuri da ekonomikuri aqtivoba, administrirebis tradiciebi, adgilobrivi rewva (mcire resursebis fonze) da a.S. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, kerZod ki kavkasionis farglebSi arsebuli demografiuli krizisi qarTul geografiul skolas axali gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs. mTebSi mkveTrad gauaresda mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, rigi raionebi demografiuli TvalsazrisiT e.w. „momakvdav raionTa~ kategoriaSi aRmoCnda. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1999 wels miRebul iqna saqarTvelos kanoni – „maRalmTiani regionebis socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis~ Sesaxeb, xolo 2016 wels „mTis kanoni~ , viTareba kvlav uaresdeba. mTian regionebSi faqtobrivad moSlilia komunikaciebi, TandaTanobiT ikargeba meurneobis tradiciuli dargebi, realuri gaxda kulturuli memkvidreobis dakargvis saSiSroeba da a.S. krizisis Sedegebi saxezea, Tumca maTi daZlevis gzebze mravalgvari Sexeduleba arsebobs da dausrulebeli diskusia mimdinareobs. amgvari viTareba problemebis dauyovnebliv Seswavlas, axlebur gaazrebasa da gadawyvetas moiTxovs. saqarTveloSi Zalze aqtualuria mTiani teritoriebidan mosaxleobis migraciis masStabebi da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. praqtikulad daclilia fSavi da 256

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xevsureTi, swrafi tempebiT mcirdeba mosaxleoba mTiuleTSi, xevsa da raWaSi. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi demografiuli viTarebis gamosworebis erTerT mniSvnelovan instrumentad geografiaSi kargad cnobili centralur adgilTa Teoriis da meTodologiis gamoyeneba migvaCnia. igi exeba iseTi dasaxlebuli punqtebis gansazRvris meTodologias, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mimdebare teritoriebis socialur momsaxurebas da ekonomikur ganviTarebas. amgvari midgoma Zalzed efeqturia mTiani teritoriebis da uaryofiTi demografiuli procesebiT gamorCeuli regionebisTvis. saqarTvelos mTianeTis CarTva qveynis ganviTarebis procesSi aqtualuri samecniero-praqtikuli da politikuri amocanaa. centralur adgilTa Teoriis praqtikuli realizacia uSualod ukavSirdeba raionuli dagegmarebis da regionuli ganviTarebis Teoriebs. am mimarTebiT aqtualuria erTiani geografiuli gamokvlevebi. saqarTveloSi raionul dagegmarebaze saubari praqtikulad amJamad iwyeba, rac qarTul geografiul skolas axal gamowvevebs uyenebs. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi arsebiTad moiSala qveynis sakurorto infrastruqtura, praqtikulad Seuswavlelia misi Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da rekreaciis axali centrebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. dRis wesrigSi dgeba kurortebis kompleqsuri Sefasebis aucilebloba (Semdegi faqtorebis mixedviT: adgili, garemo, wyali, mcenareuloba, eTnokultura, istoriuli Zeglebi da sxv.), adgilobrivi sasursaTo produqciis formirebis da realizaciis (miwodebis) perspeqtivebi, zamTris turizmis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi da sxv. sakurorto meurneobis ganviTareba regionuli stabilizaciis mniSvnelovani winapiroba unda gaxdes. turizmi samarTliand iTvleba saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebad. msoflioSi cnobili sakurorto-rekreaciuli resursebidan umravlesoba saqarTveloSicaa. ufro metic, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aRniSnuli resursebi mcire teritoriazea warmodgenili, am mxriv Cveni qveyana msoflioSi umdidresad da unikalurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. amgvari potenciali Cvens qveyanaSi turizmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis, maT Soris ki samecniero turizmis rogorc Teoriuli da praqtikuli mimarTulebis, ganviTarebis winapirobaa. geografiul literaturaSi samecniero turizmis Sesaxeb Zalze cotaa iseTi naSromi, romelic srulyofilad warmoaCenda mis arss, struqturas, adgils mecnierebaTa sistemaSi, kvlevis obieqtsa da sagans. turizmisadmi miZvnil uamrav gamocemaSi samecniero turizmi moxsenebulia rogorc am dargis erT-erTi mimarTuleba, Tumca araferia naTqvami misi meTodologiis Taviseburebebze Tu praqtikul mniSnelobaze. saqarTveloSi samecniero turizmis Teoriuli da praqtikuli ganviTarebis safuZvlebis damuSaveba warmoadgens gamoyenebiTi geografiis ganviTarebis erTerT aqtualur sakiTxs. samecniero-geografiuli turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis, Teoriul kvlevasTan erTad, sasurvelia gamoiyos da warmoCindes is geografiuli kvanZebi, romlebic gamoirCevian rogorc calgeuli geografiuli obieqtebisa da komponentebis, ise lanSafturi da eTnogeografiuli mravalferovnebiT. nebismieri bunebaTsargeblobiTi xasiaTis proeqti bunebrivi faqtorebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis analizs da erTian geografiul eqspertizas saWiroebs. racionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis konceptualuri safuZvlebis Seqmnaze ZiriTadi pretenzia ki or samecniero mimarTulebas SeiZleba hqondes: ekologias da erTian geografias. erTiani geografiis momxreTa umravlesoba kvlevis obieqtad ganixilavs rogorc geografiul garsSi (globaluri Tvalsazrisi), ise sxvadasxva rangisa da Sedgenilobis teritoriul kompleqsSi adamianisa da bunebis urTier257

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Tdamokidebulebis sivrce-droiT TaviseburebaTa Seswavlas. dasavleTis araerT qveyanaSi geografia erTian mecnierebad ganixileba, Tumca aq ZiriTadi aqcenti socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis analizsa da prognozirebazea gadatanili. calkeul SemTxvevaSi, integraciul ganStoebebad iseTi â&#x20AC;&#x17E;bunebriv-sazogadoebrivi~ mimarTulebebic miiCneva, rogoricaa msoflio okeanis geografia, melioraciuli, rekreaciuli, istoriuli, samxedro geografia da sxv. msoflioSi swrafad izrdeba daculi teritoriebiT dakavebuli farTobebi, romlebic ZiriTadad mTian regionebSi formirdeba. amasTan, mTiani regionebi gamoirCeva ekologiuri, ekonomikuri, istoriuli, eTnikuri da sxv. TaviseburebebiT, ris gamoc samarTlianad miiCneva msoflios bunebrivi da kulturuli memkvidreobis umniSvnelovanes kerebad. saqarTveloSic axali erovnuli parkebis organizeba swored mTiani teritoriebis farglebSi igegmeba, rac zogjer winaaRmdegobaSia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur interesebTan. aq gadamwyveti sityva geografebs ekuTvniT, rac zemoTaRniSnul proeqtebSi aqtiur monawileobas moiTxovs. swored maT unda gansazRvron mTian landSaftTa mdgradobis xarisxi bunebrivi Tu anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis mimarT, geodinamiur procesTa SesaZlo ganviTarebis Taviseburebani, bunebaTsargeblobis mimarTulebani, demografiuli problematika, bunebrivi-resursuli potenciali da misi efeqturi gamoyenebis gzebi. geografiuli mecnierebis umniSvnelovanesi asparezi geoekologiuri eqspertizaa, rasac Cvens qveyanaSi araarsebiTi yuradReba eqceva. arada igi civilizebul msoflioSi nebismieri sameurneo saqmianobis aucilebeli winapirobaa. misasalmebelia, rom msgavsi eqspertizis, kerZod ki ekoaditoruli nebarTvis mniSvneloba ukve warmoCinda saqarTveloSi zogierTi bunebrivi resursis xangrZlivvadiani eqsploataciisaTvis nebarTvis gasacem nusxaSi. praqtikulad xelaxla iwyeba saubari geoekologiuri eqspertizis mniSvnelobisa da aucileblobis Sesaxeb. igi xorcieldeba bunebaTsargeblobiTi profilis proeqtebisa da saqmianobis ekologiuri saimedoobis dadgenis mizniT. eqspertizis Sedegebi orientirebulia im amocanebis gadaWraze, romelic uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebisTvis jansaR garemos gaumjobesebas an SenarCunebas. nebismieri bunebaTsargeblobiTi xasiaTis proeqti bunebrivi faqtorebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis analizs da erTian geografiul eqspertizas saWiroebs. racionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis konceptualuri safuZvlebis Seqmnaze ZiriTadi pretenzia ki or samecniero mimarTulebas SeiZleba hqondes: ekologias da erTian geografias. erTiani geografiis momxreTa umravlesoba kvlevis obieqtad ganixilavs rogorc geografiul garsSi (globaluri Tvalsazrisi), ise sxvadasxva rangisa da Sedgenilobis teritoriul kompleqsSi adamianisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis sivrce-droiT TaviseburebaTa Seswavlas. dasavleTis araerT qveyanaSi geografia erTian mecnierebad ganixileba, Tumca aq ZiriTadi aqcenti socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis analizsa da prognozirebazea gadatanili. miuxedavad imisa, rom geoekologiuri eqspertizis ZiriTadi debulebebi asaxulia msoflios mravali saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo aqtSi, misi meTodologiis daxvewa da srulyofileba kvlav rCeba araerTi mecnierebis, maT Soris geografiis erT-erT aqtualur amocanad. civilizebuli msoflio did yuradRebas uTmobs kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvidreobis SenarCunebis sakiTxebs. saqarTveloSi kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi dadgenilia an aqtiurad mimdinareobs saqmianoba maTi gansazRvris mizniT. rac Seexeba bunebriv memkvidreobas, aq jer araa SemuSavebuli is kriteriumebi, riTac 258

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SesaZlebeli iqneboda saqarTveloSi arsebuli da kacobriobisTvis faseuli teritoriebis da landSaftebis gamovlena. aqac gadamwyveti sityva, biologebTan da geologebTan erTad, qarTvel geografebsac ekuTvniT. saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis ganviTareba uSualod ukavSirdeba miwis resursebis yovlimomcvel kadastrs, sadac niadagis bunebrivi nayofierebis gansazRvras udidesi roli eniWeba. niadagis bunebrivi nayofierebis saxecvlileba ukavSirdeba rogorc bunebrivi garemos erTgvarovan da mudmiv gamoyenebas, ise klimatis globalur cvlilebas. igi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa miwaTmoqmedebaSi, Tanac iseT qveynebSi, sadac ar an ver iTvaliswineben bunebriv-resursul potencials da erTgvarovani kulturuli mcenareebis moyvaniT arian dakavebuli. amgvari tipis miwaTsargebloba iwvevs: niadagis qimiuri da organuli Sedgenilobis gaRaribebas, misi profilis zeda nawilSi monokulturis fesvTa sistemis SenarCunebas, qimikatebis akumulacias, niadagebis struqturis cvlas da Sedegad â&#x20AC;&#x201C; nayofierebis Semcirebas. cnobilia, rom amJamad nayofiereba dakarguli aqvs msoflios saxnavi teritoriebis naxevars. saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis ganviTareba, rac saxelmwifos prioritetuli mimarTulebaa, uSualod ukavSirdeba bunebrivi riskebis obieqtur da srulyofil Sefasebas. amgvari Sefasebis gareSe warmoudgenelia rogorc dargis ganviTareba, ise masSi Cabmuli mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri stabiluroba. ukanasknel wlebSi SeimCneva soflis meurneobisTvis iseTi xasiaTis bunebrivi movlenebis geografiis saxecvlileba, rogoricaa Tovlis safaris simZlavre da xangrZlivoba, naleqebis ganawileba, setyvisa da qaris maCveneblebi. cnobilia isic, rom agrarul seqtors praqtikulad aRar gaaCnia obieqturi informacia aRniSnuli movlenebis Taviseburebebsa da maxasiaTeblebze. amgvari viTareba geografiul mecnierebas axal moTxovnebs uyenebs da zrdis geografiuli prognozirebis mniSvnelobas. klimatis globaluri cvlileba da masTan dakavSirebuli procesebi TvalsaCinoa mTel msoflioSi. igi ukve aisaxeba sazogadoebis yofa-cxovrebaze da xSir SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTad moqmedebs masze. klimatis globaluri cvlileba prognozebi sxvadasxvagvaria. sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom misi ganviTarebis Sedegad dadgenilia haeris temperaturis da naleqebis ganawilebis cvlileba, mcenareTa da cxovelTa adgilsamyofelis degradacia, mdinari wylis reJimis cvlileba, myinvarebis dnobis intensivobis zrda, bunebrivi landSaftebis sazRvrebis cvlileba, sasicocxlo garemos degradacia da mosaxleobis migracia. amJamad araerTi saerTaSoriso fondis Tu safinanso organizaciis, saxelmwifo Tu arasamTavrobo seqtoris mier gansakuTrebuli yuradReba maxvildeba iseTi problemebis Seswavlisa da gadawvetis aucileblobaze, rogoricaa klimatis globaluri cvlileba da misi Sedegebi, sasmeli wylis xarisxi da transasazRvro mdinareebis gamoyenebis Taviseburebani, daculi teritoriebis erTiani evropuli qselis formireba, bio da landSafturi mravalferovneba, niadagis degradacia da sxv. gansakuTrebiT. saqarTveloSi, klimatis cvlilebis tendenciebis mixedviT, ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze aRiniSneba naleqebis da haeris temperaturis saSualowliuri maCveneblebis zrda. ramdenime aTwleulSi klimatis cvlilebis tendenciebi yvelaze TvalsaCino aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris landSaftebisTvis gaxdeba. aq amJamad saqarTvelos mosaxleobis naxevarze meti anu 2 milioni mcxovrebia. prevenciuli qmedebebis ganxorcielebis gareSe, winaswari prognozebis mixedviT, ekologiuri migracia â&#x20AC;&#x17E;emuqreba~ amJamindeli mosaxleobis 1/3-s. 259

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geografiuli movlenebisa da procesebis analizi da sinTezi geografiuli prognozirebis saSualebas iZleva. geografiuli prognozi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa klimatis cvlileba, msoflio okeanis donis mateba, gaudabnoeba da gaudabureba, tyeebis ekologiuri mdgomareoba da maTi produqtiuloba, wylis resursebis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi, miwis nayofiereba, mosaxleobis migracia da SromiTi resursebi, urbanizacia, adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis garemoze zemoqmedebis masStabebi da a.S. cnobilia geografiuli prognozirebis ramdenime tipi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan ZiriTadad drois masStabiT gansxvavdeba. igi SeiZleba iyos xanmokle (erT wlamde), 3 wlamde, 5-dan 10 wlamde, 10-dan 15 wlamde da xangrZlivvadiani (aTwleulebis, aswleulebis da aTaswleulebis). rac ufro drosa da sivrceSi swrafad ganviTarebad movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, miT ufro xanmokle prognozis saWiroebaa. geografiuli prognozi masStabebiTac gansxvavdeba. amJamad gansakuTrebiT popularulia saubari globalur prognozebze, Tumca igi damajerebeli mxolod regionuli da lokaluri prognozebis meSveobiT SeiZleba gaxdes. geografiul prognozirebaSi geografiuli garsis komponentTSorisi urTierTkavSirebis Sedegebis sistemuri prognozireba Tanamedroveobis aucilebeli pirobaa. magaliTad, havis cvlilebis prognozi havis maxasiaTeblebis prognozTan erTad, aseve moiTxovs bunebrivi landSaftebis, wylis resursebis gamoyenebis, niadagis nayofierebis, soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis, gansaxlebis da geografiuli garemos gamoyenebis sxva maxasiaTeblebis prognozirebas. saqarTveloSi dagegmilia daculi teritoriebis erTiani qselis formireba, rac ekologiuri derefnebis meSveobiT unda ganxorcieldes. amasTan dakavSirebiT wina planze gamodis geografiuli kvanZebis da barierebis kvleva, romelTa gamovlenas gadamwyveti roli eniWeba daculi teritoriebis ekologiuri koridorebiT dakavSirebis saqmeSi. daculi teritoriebis sistemis Seqmna ukavSirdeba panevropuli qselis Seqmnis da evropis ekoforumis iniciativebs, rac araerTxel gaJRerda evrokavSiris Sesabamisi struqturebis mier. rogorc msoflioSi, ise saqarTveloSi izrdeba daculi teritoriebis farTobebi, romlebic ZiriTadad mTian regionebSi formirdeba. es gasagebicaa, radgan mTiani regionebi jer kidev gamoirCeva ekologiuri, ekonomikuri, istoriuli, eTnikuri da sxv. mravalferovnebiT, ris gamoc samarTlianad miiCneva msoflios bunebrivi da kulturuli memkvidreobis umniSvnelovanes kerebad. saqarTveloSic axali daculi teritoriebis da ekologiuri koridorebis Seqmna an arsebulis gafarToeba ZiriTadad mTiani teritoriebis farglebSi igegmeba, rac zogjer winaaRmdegobaSia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur interesebTan. aq gadamwyveti sityva geografebs ekuTvniT, rac zemoTaRniSnul proeqtebSi aqtiur monawileobas moiTxovs. swored maT unda gansazRvron mTiani teritoriebis landSaftTa mdgradobis xarisxi bunebrivi Tu anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis mimarT, geodinamiur procesTa SesaZlo ganviTarebis Taviseburebani, bunebaTsargeblobis ZiriTadi formebi, demografiuli da socialur-ekonomikuri problematika, bunebrivi-resursuli potenciali da misi efeqturi gamoyenebis gzebi. mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi qvakuTxedi SesaZlebelia gaxdes landSafturi dagegmarebis Teoriul-praqtikuli gamocdilebis drouli aprobacia da danergva rogorc kavkasiis, ise saqarTvelos calkeuli regionebis ekologiurad mdgradi ganviTarebis mizniT. landSafturi dagegmareba postsabWouri sivrcis saxelmwifoTa mdgari ekonomikuri da ekologiuri ganviTarebis, miwaTsargeblobis axali orientaciis, teritoriuli dagegmarebis umniSvnelovanesi safuZveli xdeba. 2008 wels damTavrda landSafturi dagegmarebis germanuli skolis meTodologiu260

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ri safuZvlebis prezentacia da praqtikuli gamocdilebis aprobacia samxreT kavkasiis samive saxelmwifoSi, rac SemdgomSi mniSvnelovani winapiroba gaxdeba msxvil Tu saSualomasStabiani sameurneo proeqtebis realizaciisTvis. saqarTveloSi TandaTanobiT fexs ikidebs landSafturi dagegmarebis meTodologia da evropuli gamocdileba. igi ganyarebulia evropis landSafturi konvenciiT, romelsac qveyana 2011 wels miuerTda. masTan dakavSirebiT kvlav aqtualuri samecniero-praqtikuli daniSnulebis amocanaa iseTi sakiTxebis kvleva, rogoricaa: teritoriaze zemoqmedebis formebis da masStabebis, mdgradobis, transformaciis, anTropogenuli konfliqtebis, landSaftebis marTvis, landSaftebis momsaxurebis, teritoriuli dagegmarebis problemebis da TaviseburebaTa kvleva. cnobilia, rom landSafturi dagegmareba mowodebulia Seqmnas da ganavrcos informacia landSaftTa Tanamedrove mdgomareobis, anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis formebisa da masStabebis, mdgradobis, potencialis, socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebis Sesaxeb. igi axali Teoriulpraqtikuli mniSvnelobis samecniero mimarTulebaa, romelsac saqarTveloSi mcire xnis istoria gaaCnia. misi ganviTareba ara marto regionuli bunebaTsargeblobiTi problematikis gadawyvetas, aramed geografiuli kvlevis garkveuli meTodologiuri safuZvlebis (mTiani teritoriebis specifikidan gamomdinare) damuSavebasac ukavSirdeba. landSafturi dagegmareba mravalwaxnagovani samecniero amocanaa, romelic ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba. igi moicavs inventarizacias, Sefasebas, prognozirebasa da ekologiurad orientirebul RonisZiebaTa dasaxvas. aRniSnul qmedebaTa ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia wvril, saSualo da msxvil masStabSi, romelTa mixedviT ganisazRvreba is praqtikuli RonisZiebebi, rac ganapirobebs landSafturi dagegmarebis Sedegebis saimedoobas da efeqtianobas. saqarTveloSi landSafturi dagegmarebis procesSi sasurvelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes ramdenime specifkuri Tavisebureba da principi, romelTagan ZiriTadia: aqtualobis principi anu socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi – saqarTvelos ganviTarebadi qveyanaa, romelic TandaTanobiT icvlis sameurneo profils da miwaTsargeblobis formebs. gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria soflis meurneobis, satransporto infrastruqturis da turistuli meurneobis ganviTareba. qveyanaSi icvleba demografiuli viTareba da fonic – arsebiTad mcirdeba mosaxleoba da aTwleulebis manZilze icleba mTis mcxovrebTa raodenoba. saqarTvelo aRmoCnda ara mxolod regionuli, aramed msoflio geopolitikuri da ekonomikuri interesebis sferoSi. aq ukve realizdeba masStaburi infrastruqturuli da rekreaciuli proeqtebi. garda amisa, – saqarTveloSi rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebaa Seqmnili, rac aisaxeba bunebrivi garemos transformaciis da degradaciis masStabebze. izrdeba anTropogenuli datvirTva mTian teritoriebis sanapiro zonis landSaftebze, rac aisaxeba katastrofuli movlenebis masStabebze. ekonomikaSi wamyvan rols TamaSobs soflis meurneoba, Tumca Znelad inergeba Tanamedrove teqnologiebis da neli tempebiT mimdinareobs tradiciuli dargebis ganviTareba. mosaxleoba ZiriTadad moixmars erTgvarovan da ekologiurad arasaTanado kvebis produqtebs, rac aisaxeba sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobasa da janmrTelobaze. unikalobis principi anu bunebrivi da kulturuli potencialis gamoyenebis tendenciebi – saqarTvelo gamoirCeva bunebrivi, biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT. aq warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela bunebrivi zona, rac ki cnobilia msoflioSi. maT umravlesobas gaaCnia sameurneo da ekologiuri daniSnuleba. geografiuli barierebi (orografiuli, geologiuri, klimaturi) umniSvnelovanes 261

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rols asruleben im geoekologiuri procesebis ganviTarebaSi, rac upirveles yovlisa exeba havis, Semdgom ki hidrografiuli qselis, geodinamiuri procesebis, niadagebis, mcenareulobis da landSaftebis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs. isini aseve gansazRvraven adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis formebs da Sesabamisad – landSaftur-ekologiur viTarebas. unikaluria qveynis kulturuli memkvidreoba, agromravalferovneba, istoriuli arqiteqtura da tradiciebi, romelTa SenarCuneba mdgradi ganviTarebis arsebiTi winapirobaa. ekologiuri daZabulobis principi anu ekologiuri mdgradobis SenarCunebis tendenciebi – saqarTvelos ekologiuri problemebi aTeulobiT saxis konfliqts ukavSirdeba, romlebic SeiZleba davajgufoT faqtorebisa da procesebis mixedviT. gamoirCeva bunebrivi, anTropogenuri da samarTlebrivi konfliqtebi. bunebrivi konfliqtebi ganpirobebulia: 1. aqtiuri geodinamiuri procesebiT saSualomTian da maRalmTian landSaftebSi, rac geologiur agebulebas, tyeebis degradacias, hidrologiur da anTropogenul procesebs ukavSirdeba; 2. Savi zRvis akvatoriaSi mimdinare sanapiro procesebiT, romelic dakavSirebuli myari natanis katastroful SemcirebasTan; 3. stiqiur klimatur movlenaTa gaxSirebiT, agreTve wyaldidobebiT da wyalmovardnebiT, rac dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove klimatur procesebTan da reliefis anTropogenul transformaciasTan. anTropogenuli konfliqtebi ganpirobebulia: 1. mosaxleobis maRali (200-300 kaci/km2-ze) simWidroviT vakis da gorak -borcvian landSaftebSi; 2. satransporto komunikaciebiT mdinareTa xeobebsa da mTis ferdobebze; 3. Zovebis masStabebiT subalpur da alpur, semiaridul da semihumidur landSaftebSi; 4. procesebiT, romlebic ukavSirdeba tyian teritoriebze bunebrivi mcenareulobis ganadgurebas sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebis gafarToebis da mecxoveleobis ganviTarebis mizniT; 5. sanapiro diunuri zolis meorad fiWvnar tyeebze maRali anTropogenuli datvirTviT, romelTac umniSvnelovanesi rekreaciuli funqcia gaaCniaT. samarTlebrivi konfliqtebi ganpirobebulia: ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis arsebiTi ugulvelyifiT, sanapiro zolis (daculia kanoniT 500 metriani zoli), subalpuri zolis (kanoniT daculia 300 metriani zoli), mdinareTa xeobebis (kanoniT daculia 20-50 metriani zoli) da Walis tyeebis aTvisebiT; hidromorfuli landSaftebis (daculia saerTaSoriso konvenciiT), mwvane zonis da sakurorto tyeebis ukanono gamoyenebiT.

5.10. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciebi da strategiuli mimarTulebani gaeros generalurma asambleam 2015 wlis seqtemberSi miiRo 2030-is dRis wesrigi mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis, romlis 17 mizani da 169 amocana sam ZiriTad da urTierTdakavSirebul – ekonomikur, socialur da ekologiur (garemos dacviT) mimarTulebad erTiandeba. igi erTaderTi globaluri dRis wesrigia, romlis SesrulebaSic msoflios yvela qveyana Tanabrad monawileobs. mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebma xeli unda Seuwyos siRaribisa da SimSilis aRmofxvras; qveynebSi da qveynebs Soris uTanasworobis Semcirebas; mSvidobiani, samarTliani da inkluziuri sazogadoebebis mSeneblobas; adamianis uflebaTa dacvas; bunebrivi resursebis racionalur gamoyenebas da dacvas. Sedegad unda Seiqmnas pirobebi mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdisTvis, keTildReobisa da Rirseuli samuSao garemosTvis. mdgradi ganviTarebis am ambiciuri miznebis Sesrulebis vadad 2030 weli ganisazRvra. 262

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gaeros mdgradi ganviTarebis politikur forums (HLFP), romelic yovelwliurad ikribeba, pirveli nebayoflobiTi erovnuli angariSi (VNR) saqarTvelom 2016 wels waradgina. romelic Cveni qveynis zogad miswrafebebs, miznebis koordinaciis da nacionalizaciis instituciuri meqanizmis SemuSavebis process da samomavlo gegmebs asaxavda. momaval angariSs, romelSic mdgradi ganviTarebis yvela miznis da Sesabamisi indikatorebis ganxorcielebis detaluri progresi iqneba asaxuli, saqarTvelo 2019 wels warudgens maRali donis politikur forums. saqarTvelos mTavrobam mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis aqtiuri ganxorcielebis procesi 2015 wels daiwyo da dRemde am mimarTulebiT rTuli procesi gaiara. am wels, dargobrivi saministros eqspertebTan erTad Seiqmna samuSao jgufi, romelmac moaxdina im miznebisa da amocanebis gansazRvra, rac mocemul momentSi saqarTvelosTvis iyo prioritetuli. saqarTvelos nacionalizebuli aqvs 17-ive mizani, 99 amocana da 200-ze meti indikatori. Tumca, saqarTvelos mTavroba miznad isaxavs 169 samiznis nacionalizebas etapobrivad, 2030 wlamde. 2018 wels dagegmilia mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis erovnuli politikis dokumentebTan dakavSireba, rac 2030 wlis dRis wesrigis sajaro dawesebulebebis yoveldRiur saqmianobad gardaqmnisTvis aucilebeli komponentia. sapilote iniciativis farglebSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis administraciam, IDFI-isa da UNDP-is xelSewyobiTa da SvedeTis mTavrobisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) finansuri mxardaWeriT, Seqmna mdgradi ganviTarebis minebis sakoordinacio meqanizmi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis sabWo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi oTxi Tematuri samuSao jgufi Sedis, SeimuSava mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis erovnuli dokumenti â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis matrica, Sesabamisi globaluri da erovnuli indikatorebiT da Sefasebis formebiT. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis, araerTi organizaciisa da eqspertTa jgufis mier, SemuSavebulia sxvadasxva mimarTulebis usafrTxoebis koncefcia da ganviTarebis strategia, sadac problemebTan erTad, ganxilulia is ekologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTxebi, romelTa gadawyveta xels Seuwyobs gaeros dRis wesrigiT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sestulebas. 5.10.1. saqarTvelos ekologiuri usafrTxoebis koncefcia saqarTvelos ekologiuri usafrTxoebis koncefcia SemuSavebulia mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis iniciativiT da eqspertTa farTo jgufis monawileobiT. masSi warmoCenilia saqarTvelos ekologiuri usafrTxoebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi da problemebi, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis mizani, ZiriTadi amocanebi da uzrunvelyofis principebi. koncefciis mixedviT, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis mizania saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli da mosalodneli ekologiuri situaciebis Sesaxeb saimedo samecniero, mecnierul-teqnikuri informaciis mopoveba, misi obieqturi (raodenobrivi) Sefasebisa da mosalodneli saSiSi ekologiuri situaciebis Tavidan acilebis, Serbilebis da maT Tavidan acilebis sistemis SemuSaveba. igi unda iTvaliswinebdes: 1. arsebuli da mosalodneli ekologiuri safrTxis Sesaxeb moncemTa bazebis Seqmnas da monitoringis organizebas; ekologiuri safrTxis mimarT qveynis bunebrivi garemos, resursebis, ekonomikis da socialuri sferos mdgradobis da adaptaciis unaris Sefasebis Sedegebs. saqarTvelos ekologiuri usafrTxoebis ZiriTad amocanebad gansazRvrulia: klimatis cvlilebis gamomwvevi anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis Semcireba; bio- da land263

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

Safturi mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba; miwis degradaciis Tavidan acileba an Semcireba; stiqiuri movlenebis da riskebis prognozireba, Semcireba an Tavidan acileba; wylis da atmosferos dabinZurebis Semcireba an Tavidan acileba; samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis garemoSi gabnevis Semcireba; degradirebuli landSaftis aRdgena; bunebrivi garemos TviTaRdgenis meqanizmebis SenarCuneba; garemos da bunebrivi landSaftebis ekologiuri funqciebis SenarCuneba. ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia saxelmwifo, sameurneo, samecniero da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT. ekologiuri problemebis zogadi da geografiuli Taviseburebani klimatis cvlileba kvlav rCeba mTavar globalur, regional da nacionalur gamowvevad. igi aisaxeba yvela geografiuli komponentis struqturasa da funqcionirebaze. misi gavlena ukve TvalsaCinoa saqarTvelos myinvarebis da maTTan dakavSirebuli wylis resursebis reJimze, havasa da mis maxasiaTeblebze, mcenareulobis da ekosistemebis geografiul ganawilebaze da Sedgenilobaze. klimatis cvlileba aisaxeba bunebrivi garemos Tanamedrove mdgomareobasa da socialur-ekonomikur viTarebaze. misi Sedegebis prevencia saqarTvelos Tanamedrove ekologiur gamowvevaTa Soris upirvelesia. klimatis cvlilebis Sedegebis prevencia moiTxovs garemosdacviTi strategiis gadaxedvas, wylis resursebis ganawilebis axali sqemebis Seqmnas, axali teqnologiebis danergvas soflis meurneobaSi, daculi teritorieis qselis gafarToebas, ekologiuri ganaTlebis xelSewyobas, mosaxleobis cnobierebis amaRlebas, landSafturi dagegmarebis sayovelTao implementacia da sxva ekologiur aqtivobas. saqarTvelom 1995 wels klimatis Secvlis gaeros CarCo konvenciis ratificireba moaxdina, xolo 1999 wels moweril iqna am konvenciis kiotos protokoli, rac saTbulis airebis Semcirebas da misi gafrqvevis prevencias iTvaliswinebs. ozonos sferos degradacia did safrTxes warmoadgens cocxali organizmebis funqcionirebisaTvis. saqarTvelos 1998 wels SeuerTda ozonis Sris dacvis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs, rac miznad isaxavs ozondamSleli nivTierebebis gamoyenebis Semcirebas, maTi xmarebidan amoRebas an gamoyenebaze uaris Tqmas. bio- da landSafturi mravalferovnebis SenarCunebis mimarTulebiT aqtivoba saqarTvelos gamorCeul maCveneblebs msofliosa da kavkasiaSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas agrobiomravalferovnebis Sesaxebac, romlis mixedviTac Cveni qveyana araerTi parametriT gamoirCeva. saqarTvelos buneba da soflis meurneoba maRali zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba, rac ukavSirdeba rogorc bunebriv garemoze zemoqmedebis masStabebs, ise invaziur da genomodificirebul kulturul saxeobebs. amgvari viTareba afrTxes uqmnis rogorc cocxali samyaros da agrokulturebis calkeul saxeobebs, ise ekosistemebs da landSaftebs. biomravalferovnebis dakargvis an degradaciis ZiriTad safrTxes warmoadgens cocxali saxeobebis adgilsamyofelis degradacia, rac ukavSirdeba tyeebis gaCexvas, niadagis damuSavebas, erozias da geodinamiur procesebs., brakonierobas, garemos dabinZurebas, ucxo saxeobebis introduqcias da sxv. biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis efeqtur RonisZiebaTa Soris teritoriuli konservacia da ekologiurad orientirebuli teritoriuli dagegmareba ganixileba. biomravalferovnebis da evropis landSafturi konvenciebis moTxovnebis Sesrulebis mizniT saqarTveloSi miRebuli iqna erovnuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, qveyana SeuerTda biomravalferovnebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanes saer264

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TaSoriso xelSekrulebebs, rogoricaa: konvencia `saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis Warbteniani, gansakuTrebiT wylis frinvelTa sabinadrod vargisi, teritoriebis Sesaxeb~ (ramsaris konvencia), konvencia `gadaSenebis piras myofi veluri faunisa da floris saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb~, konvencia `veluri cxovelebis migrirebadi saxeobebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ (bonis konvencia), SemuSavda saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis dacvis strategia da sxv. miwis degradacia saqarTvelosTvis warmoadgens mniSvnelovan problemas. mciremiwiani qveynisTvis, sadac erT sul mosaxleze 0.15 ha saxnavi miwis farTobi modis, misi degradacia did safrTxes warmoadgens mdgradi ekonomikuri da socialuri ganvitarebisTvis. saqarTveloSi amjamad udabnos ekosistemebi ar fiqsirdeba, Tumca misi calkeuli regionebis (kaxeTis samxreT aRmosavleTi, qvemo qarTli, nawilobriv mesxeTi da Sida qarTli) naleqebis intensiuri Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi gaudabnoebis safrTxis winaSe SeiZleba aRmoCndes. saqarTveloSi miwis degradacias TiTqmis sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs. sxvadasxva monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi, sxvadasxva formiT, degradirebulia sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis daaxloebiT 1/3. saqarTveloSi miwis degradaciis ZiriTad mizezs erozia, niadagebis damlaSeba da daWaobeba, qimiuri dabinZureba da agroteqnikuri dazianeba warmoadgens. eroziul degradacias ganicdis saqarTvelos miwis fondis 1/7, romlis 10% qarismieri eroziis Sedegadaa degradirebuli. niadagebis damlaSeba da daWaobeba intensiur rwyvas da gruntis wylis donis niadagis zedapirisken â&#x20AC;&#x17E;amowevas~ ukavSirdeba. niadagebis qimiuri dabinZureba agroqimikatebis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba, romlis masStabebi da formebi stiqiur xasiaTs atarebs. miwis dabinZureba avtotransportidan, samrewvelo sawarmoebidan atmosferul haerSi gafrqveuli mavne nivTierebebiT da myari narCenebis bunebriv garemoSi dayris Sedegad xorcieldeba. saqarTveloSi wylis dabinZurebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens soflis meurneobaSi, yofa-cxovrebaSi da mrewvelobaSi gamoyenebuli wylebi. zedapirul wylebis xarisxis monitoringi warmoebs mtkvrisa da rionis auzis 22 mdinareze, paliastomis tbaze, sezonuri dakvirvebebi xorcieldeba kus tbaze, lisis tbaze da Tbilisis zRvaze. monitoringi xorcieldeba 44 SerCeul punqtSi, xolo dabinZurebis fonuri mdgomareobis SefasebisaTvis Seiswavleba 33 maxasiaTebeli. Savi zRvis akvatoriaSi hidrologiuri da hidroqimiuri maCveneblebi normis farglebSi meryeobs. ukanasknel wlebSi zRvebsa da okeaneebSi dabinZurebis raodenobrivi zrdis garda mimdinareobs misi xarisxobrivi Segenilobis cvla. magaliTad, Tu warsulSi ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgenda sameurneo-sayofacxovrebo Camdinare wylebi, amJamad wamyvani gaxda samrewvelo narCenebi, romlebic Seicaven navTobproduqtebsa da adamianis mier sinTezirebul mTel rig organul nivTierebebs. saqarTvelos tyianoba, tyeebis saxeobrivi Sedgeniloba, misi funqciuri daniSnuleba da mniSvneloba Cveni qveynis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi simdidrea. amJamad tyeebs saqarTvelos 2/5 ukavia, Tumca tyianobis potenciali gaaCnia teriroriis udides nawils (85%-s). tyeebi qmnian wylis resurs, icaven niadags da faunas, aregulireben klimats, xels uwyoben rekreaciuli resursebis jerovan gamoyenebas, uzrunvelyofen mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo da sameurneo moTxovnebs da sxv. amrigad, tyeebs udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis. saqarTvelos tyeebSi 400-ze meti saxeobis xe da buCqi izrdeba, bevri maTgani Sesulia `:saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi~ . qarTuli saxelwodebiT xis ori saxeoba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Zelqva da lafani Sesulia msoflios botanikur literaturaSi. 265

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1990-iani wlebis socialur-ekonomikurma krizisma da procesebma, msoflio bazarze xe-tyis resursebze mudmivad mzardma moTxovnam Zalian didi gavlena iqonia qveynis tyis mdgomareobaze, mis struqturaze, resursebze da funqcionirebaze. amJamad aqtiurad mimdinarebs tyis Semdgomi degradaciis prevencia, sakanonmdeblo bazis daxvewa, sazogadoebis farTo fenebis CarTvas gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi. Tumca, inventarizaciasTan erTad, rac saqarTvelos tyeebis resursuli potencialis warmoCenis upirvelesi saSualebaa, aucilebelia detaluri da msxvilmasStabiani landSaftur-ekologiuri Sefaseba, tyis davaadebebis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri brZola, aRsakveTad biologiuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba, tyis aramerqnuli resursebis gamoyeneba, dazianebuli adgilebis aRdgena da sxv. organuli samyaro da misi saxeobrivi mravalferovneba aseve did zegavlenas ganicdis. sxavadasxva mizezs Soris saxeldeba invaziuri agresiuli saxeobebi, romelTa intensiuri, SeuzRudavi gamravleba adgilobrivi biomravalferovnebis degradacias uwyobs xels. 1997 wels Seiqmna GISP â&#x20AC;&#x201C; globaluri invaziuri saxeobebis programa. igi asocirebulia IUCN-Tan (bunebis konservaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiri) da SSC (saxeobaTa gadarCenis komisia). GISP mizania gaaumjobesos invaziur saxeobebze gadawyvetilebis miRebis samecniero safuZvlebi, SeimuSaos maTi Semdgomi gamovlenis da Sefasebis sapasuxo sistema, Seamciros ekonomikuri zarali, SeimuSaos riskis Sefasebis saukeTeso meTodebi da gaaZlieros saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. qveynis faunas didi mniSvneloba aqvs meurneobisTvis, cocxali samyaros jerovani funqcionirebisaTvis, medicinis, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebisTvis. amJamad mTel rig regionebSi sagrZnobladaa Semcirebuli gareul cxovelTa raodenoba da saxeobrivi mravalferovneba, saqmianoba maTi dacvisa da gamravlebisTvis. saqarTveloSi garemoze da adamianis janmrTelobaze mavne zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erT seriozul ekologiur problemas warmoadgenen sayofacxovrebo da sameurneo narCenebi, maTi utilizacia, gauvnebloba da ganTavseba. qveynis masStabiT myari sayofacxovrebo narCenebis yovelwiuri moculoba Seadgens daaxloebiT 5,5 mln. m3. mxolod ramdenime nagavsayreli pasuxobs garemosdacviT da sanitarul moTxovnebs, udidesi nawili ki kvlav rCeba arsebiT damabinZureblad ekologiur safrTxed. damatebiTi dabinZurebis wyaroa aralegaluri nagavsayrelebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, romlebic warmodgenilia mdinareTa xeobebSi da sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebis siaxloves. sasoflo-sameurneo da sxva saqmianobis Sedegad garemoSi ganibneva sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebebi an cocxali organizmebi, romlebic warmoadgenen bunebisTvis ucxo fizikur, qimiur da biologiur sxeulebs. dadgenilia, rom qveyanaSi 1000-mde mavne organizmia gavrcelebuli, romelTa mier miyenebulia arsebiTi zarali sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa mosavlis da xarisxis mimarT. pesticidebis gamoyenebisas xSirad irRveva misi transportirebis, Senaxvis da realizaciis wesebi, rac saSiSroebas uqmnis garemos da adamianis ekologiur mdgradobas. qveynis dacva mcenareTa sakarantino da saSiSi mavne organizmebis SemoWrisa da gavrcelebisagan erT-erTi mniSvnelovani RonisZiebaa, rasac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces. sakarantino RonisZiebebis gautareblobam ganapiroba qveyanaSi iseTi sakarantino da saSiSi mavne organizmebis SemoWra, rogoricaa: farosana, kolorados xoWo, amerikuli TeTri pepela, aRmosavluri nayofWamia, filoqsera da sxv. sarevelebidan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; avSanfoTliani ambrozia, karolinas ZaRlyurZena da sxv. saqarTvelom 2007 wels saqarTveloSi ratificirebul iqna stokholmis konvencia 266

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`mdgradi organuli damabinZureblebis Sesaxeb~. aRniSnuli konvencia miznad isaxavs narCenebis saxiT arsebuli mod-ebis (mdgradi organuli damabinZureblebis) ganadgurebas da gamoyenebaSi arsebuli mod-ebis maqsimalurad SezRudvas, sabolood maT xmarebidan amoRebas. saqarTveloSi stiqiuri da katastrofuli movlenebis ganviTarebis masStabebi emuqreba rogorc dasaxlebul punqtebs, ise sasoflo-sameurneo miwebs, sameurneo da infrastruqturis obieqtebs. sxvadasxva saxis stiqiur movlenas da process ganicdis saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTeli teritoria. gansakuTrebulad sagulisxmoa mTian regionebi, romlebic amgvari procesebiT gamorCeuli arealia, rac xSirad gamxdara migraciis mizezi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze dafiqsirebulia 52 aTasamde mewyrulgravitaciuli ubani, 3000-mde Rvarcofis sadinari, mdinareTa napirebis eroziuli garecxvis 1000-ze meti ubani, zRvis napirebis intensiuri warecxva 180 km-ze da ramdenime aseuli Tovlis zvavis mudmivi Camosvlis adgili. yvela am procesebis sasiSroebis riskis arealSi moqceulia 3000-mde dasaxlebuli punqti da 400 aTasamde ojaxi. maRali intensivobis miwisZvrebis gaaqtiurebam (1991 w – raWa-imereTis, 1992 w – fasanauri-barisaxo, 2002 w – Tbilisi da a.S.) saqarTvelos seismuri daraionebis gadaxedva ganapiroba, amJamad qveynis ZiriTadi nawili 6 baliani miwisZvris arealSi imyofeba, xolo danarCenisTvis ufro maRali xarisxia gansazRvruli. wyaldidobebsa da wyalmovardnebze modis msoflioSi stiqiur ubedurebaTa miyenebuli zaralis 40%. saqarTveloSi geografiulad gansxvavdeba hidrografiuli qselis sixSire da Sesabamisad, wyaldidobebisa da wyalmovardnebis safrTxe. gadasaxedia hidrologiuri daraionebac, risi aucilebloba klimatis cvlilebas ukavSirdeba. icvleba Rvarcofuli sadinarebis geografia da masStabebi. maTi saSiSroebis arealSi moqceuli farTobebi 2 mln. heqtars Seadgens. saqarTvelo am maCveneblis xvedriTi wiliT miekuTvneba erTerT urTules mTian regions. Rvarcofuli movlenebi gvxvdeba mTiani teritoriis TiTqmis yvela geomorfologiur zonaSi. mravalsaxeobrivi Rvarcofuli procesebis masStabur ganviTarebas ganapirobebs ukiduresad `mgrZnobiare~ geologiuri agebuleba da rTuli klimaturi pirobebi. gabatonebuli gavrceleba aqvs Tavsxma wvimebiT gamowveul Rvarcofebs (65-85%) da TiTqmis yovel maT gamovlinebas Tan erTvis mniSvnelovani wyalmovardnebi, danarCeni modis mewyruli da glacialuri procesebiT transformirebul Rvarcofebze. amJamad qveyanaSi aRricxulia potencialuri Rvarcofebis 1000 meti kera. saqarTveloSi eroziuli procesebiT dazianebuli miwebis farTobi did sidideebs aRwevs. sul erozirebulia saxnavebis 30%, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi es sidide 29%, maT Soris adigenis raionSi – 72%, gurjaanis – 69%, borjomis – 64%, duSeTis – 54%, axalcixis – 71%. yvelaze naklebad erozirebulia saxnavebi lagodexis – 2%, yvarlis- 6%, dedoflidwyaros – 8%, ninowmindas – 12% raionebSi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi erozirebulia saxnavebis 33%. yvelaze mZime mdgomareoba aRiniSneba qalaq WiaTuris zonaSi – 96%, Coxatauris – 94%, mestiis – 89%, ambrolauris -81% da xaragoulis – 79% raionebSi. regionebis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis aucilebel RonisZiebad iTvleba droulad da kvalificirebulad iqnes ganxorcielebuli eroziis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebi. saqarTveloSi mewyruli da denudaciuri procesebi gamoirCeva masStaburobiT da sezonurobiT. maTgan sxvadasxva xarisxiT dazianebulia 1,5 milion heqtarze meti te267

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ritoria, saSiSroebis zonaSi imyofeba 2000-mde dasaxlebuli punqti, wyalsacavebis napirebis 25% da sxv. teritoriebi. stiqiuri movlenebis da procesebis prevencia ramdenime problemis gadawyvetas ukavSirdeba. maT Sorisaa: ganaTlebis da mecnierebis sferos yuradRebis fokusireba, mosaxleobis informirobilobisa da sazogadoebis mzadyofnis donis amaRleba, maTi prognozirebisTvis Sesabamisi kvlevebis Catareba, hidroklimaturi sadgurebis qselis Seqmna, informaciis gacvla, damcavi sainJinro nagebobebis mSenebloba, monitoringis organizeba da sxv. urbanuli ekologia saintereso samecnier â&#x20AC;&#x201C; praqtikuli mimarTulebaa, rac saqarTveloSi mxolod calkeuli monacemis geografiuli interpretirebis donezea ganviTarebuli. urbanizaciis tempebi Cvens qveyanaSi nela, Tumca ganuxrelad izrdeba. msgavsi procesiT xasiaTdeba ekologiuri problematikac, rac ukanasknel aTwleulebSi Cveni dedaqalaqis da araerTi sxva dasaxlebuli punqtis mTavar gamowvevad iqca. cnobilia, rom nebismieri qalaqi erTi milioni mosaxleobiT weliwadSi saSualod moixmars 470 milion tona anu TiTqmis 0,5 km2 wyals. moxmarebuli wylis didi nawili qalaqidan sxvadasxva SenarevebiT dabinZurebuli saxiT Caedineba mdinareebSi. aseTive qalaqSi yovelwliurad mimoqcevaSia 10 milion tonamde samSeneblo nedleuli, naxSiri _ 3.8, navTobi _ 3.6, bunebrivi airi _ 1.7 da Txevadi sawvavi _ 1.6 da 22 mln tona sxvadasxva nivTiereba. maTi narCenebis nawili xvdeba atmosferul haerSi, wylis obieqtebsa da niadagSi. qalaqebis ekologiis aqtualuri sakiTxebis mogvareba maTi mdgradi ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. ekologiuri usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ukavSirdeba ekologiur audits, ekologiur monitorings, ekologiur monacemTa bazebis Seqmnas, ekologiur eqspertizas, Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis sistematizacias da mosaxleobis ekologiur ganaTlebas. saqarTveloSi dRemde ar ganxorcielebula ekologiuri auditoruli saqmianoba, romlis Sedegad moxerxdeba garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis optimizacia, narCenebis marTva, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis strategiis SemuSaveba, da bolos, mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa. ekologiurma ganaTlebam SeuZlia arsebiTi roli iTamaSos ekologiuri problematikis efeqturi gadawyvetis saqmeSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mediiT misi gaSuqebis mniSvnelobaze, rac TiTqmis iSviaTad xorcieldeba. aranakleb mniSvnelovania samecniero da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis roli ekologiuri sakiTxebis warmoCenaSi. ekologiuri politikis efeqturi gatarebis saSualebaa saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi TanamSromlobis da partniorobis politikis safuZveli unda gaxdes mdgradi ganviTarebis principebi, romlis saSualebiT ganxorcieldeba: saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis debulebebis praqtikuli realizacia; garemos xarisxis da mdgomareobis kontrolis Sefasebis saerTo midgomebis, meTodikebis, kriteriumebis da procedurebis SemuSaveba; saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gamoyeneba ekologiuri usafrTxoebis problemebis gadawyvetaSi. 5.10.2. saqarTvelos niadagebis eroziisgan dacvis koncefcia saqarTvelos niadagebis eroziisgan dacvis koncefcia ukavSirdeba soflis meurneobis, rogorc meurneobis tradiciuli da mniSvnelovani seqtoris ganviTarebis problemebsa da SesaZleblobebs. soflis meurneoba qarTveli eris istoriuli da kulturuli memkvidreobis arsebiTi nawilia. misi mdgradi ganviTareba tradiciebis SenarCunebis da teqnologiuri siaxleebis danergvis gziT unda ganxorcieldes. am268

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gvari miznis miRweva SeuZlebelia soflis meurneobis mTavari obieqtis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; niadagis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sefasebis da efeqturi gamoyenebis gareSe. saqarTvelos niadagebisTvis mTavari gamowveva misi nayofierebis degradaciaa, rac ZiriTadad eroziul procesebs ukavSirdeba. saqarTvelos mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi pirobebi (gansakuTrebiT hava da reliefi) niadagebis degradaciis garkveuli winapirobaa. niadagebis garkveuli nawili bunebrivi riskis zonebSia (stiqiuri movlenebi) warmodgenili, rac maT dabal nayofierebas ganapirobebs. ganlagebuli. vakeebze ki degradaciis mizezi xSiri rwyva da soflis meurneobs qimizaciaa. qveynis mTel teritoriaze aucilebelia niadagis dacvis (eroziis, meoradi damlaSebis sawinaaRmdego, tyis masivebi da mindorsacavi zolebis gaSeneba nayofismomcemi kulturebiT da sxv.) RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba. cnobilia, rom maRalmosavliani da xarisxiani sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis, jiSebisa da hibridebis danergviT, miwaTmoqmedebis teqnikuri saSualebebis gaumjobesebiT, melioraciis da pesticidebis gamoyenebiT, mudmivad izrdeba agrokulturebis mosavlianoba. am fonze aseve izrdeba wylismieri da qarismieri eroziis masStabebi, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba saxnav-saTesi, mravalwliani nargaobiT da saTib-saZovrebis dakavebuli miwis farTobi, klebulobs niadagis nayofiereba. aRniSnulis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezia miwaTmoqmedebaSi monokulturebis danergva da mravaljiSianobis (jiSuri mozaikis) ugulvelyofa, praqtikiT da mecnierulad dasabuTebuli agroteqnologis darRveva, eroziis sawinaaRmdegod erTwliani da mravalwliani, Zlieri fesvTa sistemis mqone mcenareTa gamouyenebloba, niadagis damuSavebis tradiciuli wesebis uaryofa, daterasebis maStabebis Semcireba, tradiciuli kulturuli jiSebis gamouyenebloba da sxv. saqarTvelos mTian regionebSi maRali daqanebis (150-ze meti) mqone ferdobebis mdgomareoba gviCvenebs, rom xSirad miwaTmoqmedebis da jiSTa SerCevis procesi praqtikulad uaryofs garemo pirobebs. aq eroziuli procesebis Sedegad miyenebuli zarali ar Semoifargleba mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis degradirebiT. erozia udides zarals ayenebs cocxal samyaros, wylis resursebs, infrastruqturas da sxv. eroziuli procesebis Sedegad warmoSobili xramebi da xevebi anawevreben farTobebs, arTuleben maT damuSavebas, xels uwyoben daleqvis gamo mdinareTa kalapotis da wyalsacavebis myari monataniT Sevsebas. gaaqtiurda eroziis Tanmdevi iseTi saSiSi procesebi, rogoricaa Rvarcofebi da mewyerebi. gansakuTrebiT rTuli mdgomareobaa Seqmnili zemo imereTis, aWaris, svaneTis, mTiuleTis, fSavis da sxva maRalmTian regionebSi. wylismieri erozia, niadagis zedapiruli Camorecxvisa da daxramvis procesebi gansakuTrebiT didi intensivobiT mimdinareobs da saSiS masStabebs iRebs teniani subtropikebis, agreTve mTiswineTSi. dadgenilia, rom 10-20 gradusiani daqanebis ferdobebidan weliwadSi Camoirecxeba 200-300 t/ha niadagi. rac ufro maRalia reliefis daxriloba da rac ufro naklebadaa warmodgenili xe-mcenareuloba, miT ufro intensiuria wylismieri erozia. mSrali klimatis pirobebSi, mcenareebiT daufarav ferdobebze, wylismieri eroziis procesi ufro intensiurad mimdinareobs, vidre sxva regionebSi. amgvar teritoriebze, Cveulebrivi intensivobis mqone wvimebis dros 6-120-iT daqanebuli ferdobis 1 ha farTobidan weliwadSi saSualod Camoirecxeba 30-40 t, xolo Tavsxma wvimebisas ki 150-200 t-mde niadagi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaTaSorisi baris mniSvnelovani nawili ganicdis qarismieri eroziis zemoqmedebas. aucilebelia, rom sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleb269

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ze dainergos niadagdamcavi teqnologiebi, moewyos an aRdgenil iqnas mindorsacavi tyis zolebi, Camoyalibdes da dacul iqnes garkveuli SezRudvebi da moTxovnebi farTobebis dasamuSaveblad gamoyenebul sasoflo-sameurneo meqanizmebze. intensiuria qarismieri eroziis procesi gare kaxeTisa da qarTlis regionebSi, rogorc zemo aseve qvemo qarTlSi, gardabnis, sagarejosa da dedofliswyaros raionebSi warmodgenil sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleebze. erozirebis maStabebis mixedviT saxnav miwebs yofen 7 kategoriad: 1. umniSvnelo (Camorecxva 2,5 tonamde ha-ze); II – susti (2,6-5,0); III – zomieri (5,1-10,0); IV – saSualo (10,1-15,0); V – Zlieri (15,1-20,0), VI – Zalian Zlieri (20,1-25,0), VII – katastrofuli (25 t/ha-ze meti). eroziis sawinaarmdego Teslbrunvebis saxeebis SerCevisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli saxnavi miwebis zemoT CamoTvlili kategoriebi. magaliTad, I-II kategoriis saxnavebze unda moewyos sasursaTo marcvleuli kulturebis Teslbrunva; III-IV kategoriis miwebze – mxolod nairbalaxiani marcvleuli kulturebis Teslbrunva; V-VI – kategoriis miwebze – mravalwliani balaxeuloba; VII – kategoriis miwebis nawilze – eroziis sawinaaRmdego Teslbrunva, misi umetesi nawili ki unda gayamirdes an daeTmos mravalwlian nargaobas da qardamcvel tyis zolebs. wylismieri eroziis Zlieri ganviTarebis zonebSi, niadagis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, saWiroa ferdobis daqanebis ganiv-konturuli mimarTulebiT wyalSemkrebi kvlebis mowyoba. erT-erTi efeqturi RonisZiebaa sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis zolurad Tesvac. zolebis gani unda ganisazRvros ferdobis daxrilobis, niadagis tipis, naleqebis raodenobis da intensivobis gaTvaliswinebiT. 3-50-mde daqanebis ferdobebze zolebis gani unda iyos 35-50 m-mde, 5-80 daxrilobis ferdobebze 20-30 m, xolo 8-120 daqanebaze 10-20 metri. 10-150 daxrilobis ferdobebze efeqturia agreTve buferuli zolebi, rac gulisxmobs ferdobis gardigardmo daumuSavebeli zolebis datovebas, xolo damuSavebul zolebSi mravalwlovani balaxebis an erTwlovani kulturebis Tesvas. kargi buferuli zolebi miiReba mravalwliani balaxebis, ionja-koindris, esparcer-saTiTuras narevebis, saSemodgomo xorblis, koindris, saSemodgomo xorblis, qeris, Wvavis, simindis, bardis, cercvelas da sxva msgavsi kulturebis TesviT. buferuli zolebis siganisa da maT Soris manZilis sidide damokidebulia ferdobis daxrilobis xarisxze. ferdobis daxrilobis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba zolebis sigane da mcirdeba maT Soris manZili. buferuli zolebis gani ar unda aRematebodes 5-10 metrs, xolo manZili maT Soris unda iyos 20-30 metri. 100-ze meti daqanebis ferdobebze niadagis dacvis erT-erTi radikaluri RonisZiebaa dateraseba. igi ara marto iZleva SesaZleblobas aqtiur, sameurneo brunvaSi CavabaT gamouyenebeli an eqstensiurad gamoyenebuli farTobebi, aramed xels uwyobs tenis dagrovebas niadagSi, wyvets an mkveTrad amcirebs Camonadenis siCqares, Tavidan gvaSorebs eroziuli procesebis ganviTarebas. farTobebis eroziisagan dasacavad terasebs awyoben im ferdobebze, romelTa farTobebis konturuli da zoliani damuSaveba da eroziissawinaaRmdego sxva RonisZiebebi ar iZleva sasurvel Sedegebs. terasireba warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze ufro efeqtur eroziis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebas 100-ze ufro meti daqanebis ferdobebisaTvis. msoflios mowinave qveynebSi damuSavebulia niadagis eroziis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis sistema, romlis gamoyenebac saSualebas iZleva mniSvnelovnad SevamciroT eroziuli procesebiT gamowveuli niadagis danakargebi. eroziisagan niadagis dacvis, mTagoriani teritoriis ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebis erT-erT perspeqtiul da saqarTvelosTvis mizanSewonil mimarTulebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos miwaTmoqmedebis landSaftur-adapturi sistema. landSaftis qveS igu270

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lisxmeba is bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsi, romlis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli komponentebia reliefi, geologiuri agebuleba, klimati, wyali, niadagi, mcenareuli da cxovelTa samyaro. landSafti zemoTaRniSnuli komponentebis mWidro urTierTkavSiris meSveobiT funqcionirebs. erTi komponentis cvla iwvevs landSafturi urTierkavSirebis da saboloo jamSi – landSaftis struqturis cvlas. landSafts gaaCnia rogorc horizontuli, ise vertikaluri struqtura. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis da sxva anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad, bunebrivi landSaftebi gardaiqmneba agro (bunebriv-anTropogenul) landSaftebad, Tumca maTi struqtura da funqcionireba ZiriTadad mainc ganpirobebulia bunebrivi movlenebiT da procesebiT. landSafturi miwaTmoqmedebis dros saWiroa yvela nakveTisTvis SemuSavdes misi mdgomareobis SenarCunebis, ganviTarebis an `gajansaRebis~ diferencirebuli programa, dafuZnebuli mecnierulad dasabuTebul prognozebze. amgvari midgoma efuZneba landSafturi dagegmarebis evropul gamocdilebas da meTodologias, rac gamyarebulia `evropis landSafturi konvenciiT~ (florencia, 2000). miwaTmoqmedebis landSaftur-adapturi sistemidan gamomdinare niadagdamcavi RonisZiebebi unda ganxorcieldes landSaftis ara romelime calke aRebuli elementisaTvis, aramed isini optimalur zemoqmedebas unda axdendnen landSaftis yvela komponentze. mTavaria landSaftis ara erTi romelime elementis, aramed komponentTSorisi kavSirebis dacva degradaciisgan. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos landSaftis degradaciis erT-erT iseT mniSvnelovan komponents, rogoricaa xramebisa da xevebis warmoqmna. es sakiTxi metad aqtualuria saqarTvelosTvis, radganac CvenTan saSualod sustad da Zlier danawevrebuli farTobebi Seadgenen Sesabamisad saerTo farTobis 5-10%-dan 20-30%-mde. saWiroa gamoyenebuli iqnes xram-xevebis Semdgomi zrdis SemaCerebeli RonisZiebebi, specialuri sainJinro, hidroteqnikuri nagebobebi, farTobebis dateraseba, ferdobebis danawevrebis procesis SeCereba ekologiurad gawonaswirebuli agrolandSaftebis SeqmniT. niadagur-eroziuli procesebis intensiobis mixedviT saqarTvelos teritoria SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg raionebad: I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

kolxeTis dablobis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba sustad ganviTarebuli eroziuli procesebiT, romlebSic sWarbobs mdinareTa kalapotebis gverdiTi erozia. dasavleTi saqarTvelos vakis, gorak-borcvebis da mTis qvabulebis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba intensiuri wylismieri eroziiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vakis, gorak-borcvebisa da mTis qvabulebis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba qarismieri da wylismieri eroziiT. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vakis, gorak-borcvebisa da zegnebis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba ZiriTadad qarismieri eroziiT, wylismieri eroziis monawilebiT. saSualo mTis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba ZiriTadad wylismieri da xazobrivi erozis intensiuri procesebiT. maRali mTis landSaftebi – xasiaTdeba niadagis intensiuri zedapiruli gadarecxviT, susti xazobrivi eroziiT.

5.10.3. saqarTvelos erovnuli strategia da samoqmedo gegma garemosdacviT ganaTlebaSi saqarTvelos erovnuli strategia da samoqmedo gegma garemosdacviT ganaTlebaSi ramdenime sakiTxs moicavs. aq ganxilulia garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis istoria, amJamindeli viTareba swavlebis sxvadasxva safexurze, strategiis mizani da ganxorcielebis principebi. 271

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strategiis mixedviT miCneulia, rom miuxedavad gaweuli qmedebebisa, ganaTlebis sistemaSi mdgradi ganviTarebis mniSvnelobis da Sesabamisi qmedebebis swavleba arasakmarisia. gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam daiwyo kvleva ganaTlebis SesaZlo rolis Sesaxeb garemosTan dakavSirebuli gamowvevebis aRmofxvrisTvis. belgradis 1975 wlis qartiaSi, pirvelad Camoyalibda garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis miznebi, amocanebi, principebi da samizne auditoria (UNESCOUNEP, 1975). 1977 wels saqarTveloSi, kerZod TbilisSi gamarTul konferenciaze `garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ miRebul iqna Tbilisis deklaracia, romelSic Camoyalibda garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis sistemis struqtura, rogorc adgilobriv, aseve erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneze. ukanasknel xanebSi garemosdacviTi ganaTleba ganixileba mdgradi ganviTarebis nawilad, rac aisaxeba terminSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; `ganaTleba mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis~. gaerTianebuli erebis evropis ekonomikuri komisiis ganmartebis Tanaxmad, ganaTleba mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis aseve integrirdeba sxva sferoebTanac, gansakuTrebiT mdgradi ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis da Sesabamisi problematikis mimarTulebiT. saqarTveloSi `ganaTleba mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis~ ganixileba rogorc mdgradi ganviTarebis fundamenturi strategia da praqtikuli ganxorcielebis xelSewyobi meqanizmi. 1996 wlis saqarTvelos kanonSi `garemos dacvis Sesaxeb~ garemosdacviT ganaTlebas adamianTa kanonieri ufleba uwoda. mogvianebiT, garemosdacviTi ganaTleba ganisazRvra rogorc saskolo saswavlo programis ganuyofeli nawili. 2004 wlidan ganxorcilda garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis integrireba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis, geografiis, ekonomikisa da socialuri sakiTxebis umaRlesi da saSualo skolis saswavlo programebSi. miuxedavad ganvlili sakmaod didi periodisa, kvlav arasakmarisia saskolo ganaTlebaSi ekologiuri ganaTlebisTvis saWiro masalis moculoba, moZvelda TvalsaCinoeba, dabalia pedagogebis momzadebis done, kavSiri umaRles saswavleblebTan da Sesabamis mimarTulebebTan, Tanamedrove problematikis saskolo ganaTlebaSi warmoCenis saSualeba da sxv. umaRles ganaTlebaSi Seiqmna sabakalavro, samagistroa da sadoqtoro programebi, garemos mdgomareobaTa Seswavlis samecniero-kvleviTi centrebi. Tumca kvlav dabalia maT Soris koordinaciis done, mecnierebas, ganaTlebasa da praqtikis integraciis masStabebi (gansakuTrebiT turizmis, ekonomikis, sabunebismetyvelo, sainJinro (teqnikur) da samSeneblo sferoebSi). strategiis da samoqmedo gegmis ZiriTadi mizania: saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis kuTxiT asaxuli moTxovnebis Sesabamisi gegmis Seqmna; garemosdacviT ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela qmedebisTvis saerTo standartebis, amocanebisa da miznebis gansazRvra; garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis meSveobiT mdgradi ganviTarebis sistemuri midgomebis danergvis mxardaWera sxvadasxva seqtorSi; saerTaSoriso miznebTan da standartebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana; garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis cnobierebis donis amaRleba da misi mxardaWera saqarTveloSi da sxv. saqarTveloSi garemosdacviTi ganaTleba xelmisawvdomi unda iyos yvelasaTvis, iyos interdisciplinuli, danergos kritikuli azrovneba, iTvaliswinebdes ekologiur problemaTa lokalur, regionul da globalur kavSirurTierTobebs, 5.10.4. saqarTveloSi katastrofis riskis Semcirebis erovnuli strategia saqarTvelos katastrofis riskis Semcirebis erovnuli strategia miznad isaxavs katastrofis riskis Semcirebis erTiani sistemis Camoyalibebas, erovnul da adgi272

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lobriv doneze katastrofebisadmi mzaobisa da maTze reagirebis SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebas da SesaZlo safrTxeebze reagirebis efeqtianobis gazrdas. maT miekuTvneba: wyaldidobebis da wyalmovardnebis, mewyrul-gravitaciuli da Rvarcofuli movlenebis, biologiuri, miwisZvrebis, klimaturi movlenebis, zvavebis, tyis da velis xanZrebis safrTxe, qimiuri dabinZurebis, teqnogenuri avariebis safrTxe da sxv. saqarTvelo, rogorc araerTi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis xelmomweri qveyana, aRniSnul dokumentSi uzrunvelyofs gaeros sami globaluri CarCo dokumentis: „katastrofis riskis Semcirebis sendais samoqmedo CarCo-programa 2015-2030~ (marti, 2015), „mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis~ (seqtemberi, 2015; SDGs) da gaeros „klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb CarCo-konvencia~ (ivnisi, 1992; UNFCCC) miznebis integrirebas. aseve, uzrunvelyofs zemoxsenebuli dokumentebiTa da „saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebiT~ bunebrivi katastrofebis prevenciis, mzaobisa da maTze efeqturi reagirebis mimarTulebiT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebas. dRemde saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs katastrofis riskis Semcirebisa da katastrofisTvis mzadyofnis erTiani sistema, romelic amJamad Camoyalibebis procesSia. 1990d2000 wlebi gaeros mier aRiarebuli iqna bunebrivi katastrofebis Semcirebis aTwleulad. 2000 wlis Semdeg SemuSavda bunebrivi katastrofebis Semcirebis saerTaSoriso strategia (UN-ISDR), sadac marTvis ZiriTad rgolad qveynebis mTavrobebi gvevlineba, xolo manamde arsebul reabilitaciisa da mzadyofnis midgomebs Soris upiratesoba eZleva kompleqsur midgomas. prioriteti eniWeba riskis Semcirebas, prevenciul zomebs, sazogadoebis informirebulobas, cnobierebisa da pasuxismgeblobis donis amaRlebas. bunebrivi katastrofebis Semcirebis saerTaSoriso strategiis safuZvelze, 2005 wels, kobeSi (hiogo, iaponia) gaimarTa gaeros katastrofis riskis Semcirebis msoflio konferencia, sadac miRebul iqna „hiogos 2005-2015 samoqmedo CarCo-programa~ – mimarTuli qveynebsa da TemebSi katastrofebis mimarT mdgradi praqtikis damkvidrebisken. 2015 wlis martSi, „hiogos 2005-2015 samoqmedo CarCo-programis~ vadis miwuruls, sendaiSi (iaponia) gamarTul gaeros katastrofis riskis Semcirebis mesame msoflio konferenciaze, winamdebare dokumentis gaZlierebis mizniT, miRebul iqna katastrofis riskis Semcirebis saerTaSoriso instrumenti – „katastrofis riskis Semcirebis sendais samoqmedo CarCo-programa 2015-2030~. gaeros mier 2015 wels miRebuli globaluri politikuri CarCoebi: „katastrofis riskis Semcirebis sendais samoqmedo CarCo-programa 2015-2030~ (marti, 2015 w.), „mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebi~ (seqtemberi, 2015 w.) da „parizis SeTanxmeba klimatis cvlilebis Taobaze~ (dekemberi, 2015 w.) urTierTdakavSirebulia da mimarTulia katastrofis riskis Semcirebisken, mdgradi ganviTarebisa da klimatis cvlilebebis Sedegebis Semcirebisken. „katastrofis riskis Semcirebis sendais samoqmedo CarCo-programa 2015-2030~ exeba bunebrivi da adamianuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli, mcire da msxvilmasStabiani, xSiri da iSviaTi, uecari da neli ganviTarebis mqone katastrofebis riskis marTvis meqanizmebis SemuSavebas yvela doneze (globaluri, regionuli, erovnuli da adgilobrivi) da yvela dargSi. dokumentSi gansazRvrulia Svidi globaluri mizani, romelTa miRwevac aucilebelia 2020-2030 wlebisTvis. zemoxsenebul miznebs warmoadgens: bunebrivi katastrofis Sedegad daRupulTa saSualo raodenobis arsebiTad Semcireba; dazaralebulTa saSualo raodenobis arsebiTad Semcireba; pirdapiri ekonomikuri danakargebis Semcireba mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi; kritikuli da socialuri infrastruqturisTvis (maT Soris jandacvisa da saganmanaTleblo 273

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obieqtebi) bunebrivi katastrofis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis arsebiTad Semcireba, maTi mdgradobis ganviTarebis gziT; mosaxleobisTvis sxvadasxva safrTxis adreuli Setyobinebis sistemebis xelmisawvdomobis arsebiTad gazrda da bunebrivi katastrofis riskis Sesaxeb informaciaze wvdomis gaumjobeseba. strategiaSi aseve naTqvamia, rom saqarTveloSi ukanasknel wlebSi stiqiuri hidrometeorologiuri movlenebis raodenoba saSualod 15%-iT, xolo stiqiuri geologiuri movlenebis raodenoba saSualod 58%-iT aris gazrdili. bunebrivi da adamianuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli katastrofebis garemoebebis/saxis dadgenis, riskis identificirebis, gaanalizebis, Sefasebisa da Semcirebis mizniT, saqarTvelos mTavrobam ukve gadadga mniSvnelovani nabiji „saqarTvelos safrTxeebis Sefasebis 20152018 ww. dokumentis~ damtkicebiT. dokumentSi Sesulia saxelmwifo uwyebebis warmomadgenlebiT dakompleqtebuli specialuri jgufebis mier, arsebuli mdgomareobis Seswavlis Sedegad gamovlenili, bunebrivi da adamianuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli safrTxeebi da gamowvevebi – maTi warmoSobis faqtorebis, dadgomis albaTobisa da uaryofiTi Sedegebis mixedviT. dokumentSi gansazRvrulia katastrofis riskis SemcirebisaTvis aucilebeli da saWiro prioritetuli mimarTulebebi. aRniSnuli strategiis safuZvelze momzadda samoqmedo gegma, romelSic gawerilia strategiis implementaciisTvis saWiro RonisZiebebi, pasuxismgebeli uwyebebi, damxmare da partniori uwyebebi/organizaciebi, Sesrulebis vadebi da dafinansebis wyaro. 5.10.5. saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis strategia da moqmedebaTa gegma saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis strategia da moqmedebaTa gegma – masSi ganxilulia: biomravalferovnebis mniSvneloba da mdgomareoba, misi kavSiri klimatis cvlilebasTan, biomravalferovnebis Semcirebis gamomwvevi Zireuli mizezebi da xelSemwyobi faqtorebi, samomavlo xedva da erovnuli miznebi, saxeobebi da habitatebi, daculi teritoriebi, tyis ekosistemebi, agraruli biomravalferovneba da bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebi, Sida wylebis ekosistemebi, Savi zRvis biomravalferovneba, sazogadoebis monawileoba, cnobirebis amaRleba da ganaTleba, strategiuli miznebi, erovnuli miznebi, amocanebi da qmedebebi, ganxorcieleba da resursebis mobilizacia, biomravalferovnebis sferoSi moqmedi ZiriTadi maregulirebeli instrumentebi da politikis ganmsazRvreli dokumentebi. saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis strategia da moqmedebaTa gegma moicavs qveynis biomravalferovnebis dacvisa da SenarCunebis samomavlo xedvasa da erovnul miznebs, rasac mosdevs situaciis analizi zemoTaRniSnuli Tematuri mimarTulebebis mixedviT. saqarTvelo konvencias „biologiuri mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb~ 1994 wels SeuerTda da, Sesabamisad, aRiara am konvenciis sami ZiraTadi amocana: biomravalferovnebis konservacia, biologiuri resursebis mdgradi gamoyeneba da genetikuri resursebis gamoyenebiT miRebuli sargeblis samarTliani da Tanaswori ganawileba. amJamad saqarTvelo aseve SeerTebulia biomravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebul sxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebs, rogoricaa: „konvencia gadaSenebis piras myofi veluri faunisa da floris saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb~ (CITES), „konvencia saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis Warbteniani, gansakuTrebiT wylis frinvelTa sabinadrod vargisi, teritoriebis Sesaxeb~ (e.w. „ramsaris konvencia~), „konvencia migrirebadi saxeobebis Sesaxeb~ (CMS) da „iuneskos konvencia msoflio mniSvnelobis bunebrivi da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis Sesaxeb~. 274

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msoflioSi 2010 wlisTvis dagegmili miznebis miRweva ver moxerxda. dRemde grZeldeba rogorc genetikuri, ise saxeobrivi da ekosistemuri mravalferovnebis Semcireba da biomravalferovnebaze adamianis mxridan uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis done umetesad stabilurad maRali an mzardia. eqspertebis azriT, Tu arsebuli negatiuri tendenciebi ar Seicvleba: Cveni saukune habitatebis kargvisa da saxeobaTa gadaSenebis arnaxuli masStabebis momswre gaxdeba; biomravalferovnebiT ganpirobebuli ekosistemuri servisebis farTo speqtri, SesaZloa, samudamod davkargoT; procesi kritikul zRvars gadaaWarbebs da kacobrioba katasrtrofis winaSe aRmoCndeba; yvelaze mtkivneulad biomravalferovnebis degradacia msoflios Rarib mosaxleobaze aisaxeba (rac aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebs seriozul dartymas miayenebs). saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier kavkasia biologiuri mravalferovnebis mxriv erT-erT yvelaze gamorCeul regionadaa aRiarebuli. WWF-is 35 `prioritetuli adgilidan~ erT-erTi („Savi zRvis didi auzi~) moicavs kavkasiis regions; Conservation International-is mier gansazRvruli `biomravalferovnebis 34 cxeli wertilidan~ (teritoriebi, romlebic gamoirCevian umdidresi, magram seriozuli safrTxis qveS myofi biomravalferovnebiT) saqarTvelos teritoria ori „cxeli wertilis~ – kavkasiisa da iran-anatoliis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. saqarTvelo mdidaria sxvadasxva tipis ekosistemebiT, habitatebiTa da maTTan dakavSirebuli saxeobebiT, maT Soris iseTi saxeobebiT, romlebic gamoiyeneba an potenciurad mniSvnelovania, rogorc sakvebi an sxva aucilebeli produqtebis wyaro. qveynis biomravalferovneba uzrunvelyofs adamianisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis ekosistemuri servisebis3 mowodebas, rogoricaa: tyis ekosistemebis SemTxvevaSi: • • • • • •

merqnuli da aramerqnuli resursebiT uzrunvelyofa, sufTa wylis akumulacia da regulireba, eroziisa da mewyeris prevencia da maTi zegavlenis Serbileba, naxSirbadis globaluri ciklis regulireba, rekreaciisa da turizmis maRalefeqturoba, saxeobebis sabinadro garemos Seqmna.

mdeloebis (saTib-saZovrebi) SemTxvevaSi: • • •

mecxoveleobis sakvebi baza da misi resursebiT momarageba, samkurnalo da sakvebi mcenareebis resursebiT uzrunvelyofa, tradiciuli mecxoveleobis SenarCuneba.

Savi zRva, tbebi, mdinareebi, Waobebi: • • • • •

dasasvenebel adgilebi migrirebadi frinvelebisTvis, naxSirbadis globaluri ciklis regulireba, rekreacia (maT Soris samoyvarulo Tevzaoba) da turizmi, komerciuli TevzWera, mosaxleobisa da meurneobis wyliT momarageba.

saqarTveloSi biomravalferovnebis Semcirebis gamomwvevi mizezebi da xelSemwyobi faqtorebi ramdenimea: 9 mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, rac adamianebs bunebrivi resursebis aramdgradi gamoyenebisken ubiZgebs energiis, sakvebisa Tu finansuri sargeblis misaRebad; 275

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9 ekologiuri ganaTlebis arasakmarisi done; 9 globaluri procesebis gaucnobierebloba; 9 bunebrivi resursebis mopovebis gaumarTlebeli sakanonmdeblo normebi biologiuri resursebis gamoyenebis regulirebis sferoSi; 9 meurneobis araerTi dargis ganviTarebis arsebiTi kavSiri bunebriv resursebTan. strategiaSi naTqvamia, rom 2030 wlisTvis saqarTvelo iqneba qveyana, sadac moqalaqeebi icxovroben bunebasTan harmoniaSi, sadac sayovelTaod aRiarebulia biomravalferovnebis faseulobebi; biologiuri resursebis konservacia da gonivruli moxmareba uzrunvelyofs ekosistemuri procesebis uwyvetobas, jansaR garemosa da sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sargebels mTeli sazogadoebisTvis. zemoxsenebuli samomavlo xedvis misaRwevad dasaxulia erovnuli miznebi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: ¾ mosaxleobis informirebulobis gazrda, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, mniSvnelovnad meti nawilis monawileoba biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis, biologiuri resursebiT sargeblobisa da biousafrTxoebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi. biomravalferovnebisa da ekosistemebis ekonomikuri faseulobebis integrireba regionuli ganviTarebis, soflis meurneobis, siRaribis Semcirebisa da sxva Sesabamis strategiebSi da erovnuli aRricxvisa da statistikis sistemebSi; srulad da efeqtianad moqmedi biousafrTxoebis erovnuli sistemis Seqmna; ¾ safrTxeSi myof bunebriv habitatebze moqmedi negatiuri faqtorebis Semcireba, am habitatebis sul mcire 60%-is (maT Soris, tyis fondis sul mcire 60%-is, wyalWarbi teritoriebis 80%-is, saTib -saZovrebis 70%-is) mdgradi marTvis uzrunvelyofis gziT; ¾ ucxo invaziuri saxeobebis mdgomareobis da maT mier gamowveuli safrTxeebis Sefaseba; ¾ agraruli ekosistemebis da bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebis marTva da konservacia; ¾ mdgradi nadirobis sistemis Camoyalibeba da sanadiro saxeobebis populaciebis sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelyofa; ¾ daculi teritoriebis farTobis gazrda (qveynis saxmeleTo farTobis sul mcire 12%, Savi zRvis akvatoriis – 2.5%-mde). mcenareTa da cxovelTa adgilobrivi jiSebisa da kulturul mcenareTa endemuri saxeobebis, aseve maTi monaTesave veluri saxeobebis, sxva socio-ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli mniSvnelobis saxeobebis genetikuri mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba; ¾ narCenebis marTvis gaumjobeseba; ¾ ekologiuri ganaTlebis xelSewyoba. garda aRniSnulisa, dagegmilia saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebis sistemis sazRvrebs gareT darCenili, biomravalferovnebis kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani adgilebis (Key Biodiversity Areas) identifikacia da Sefaseba. aseTebia: cxovelTa samigracio derefnebi, populaciebis damakavSirebeli koridorebi, botanikurad mniSvnelovani adgilebi (Important Plant Areas – IPA) da sxva. miznebs Sorisaa brakonierobis efeqtiani kontrolisa da zogadad biologiuri resursebis mdgradi gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofa, saTanado samecniero-informaciuli bazis arseboba/Seqmna da misi srulad amoqmedeba, sadac Tavs moiyris monacemebi mniSvnelovani biomravalferovnebisa da misi konservaciis Sesaxeb, daculi teritoriebis sivrciTi ganviTarebis gegmis SemuSaveba da daculi teritoriebis qselis Seqmna (rac 276

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gulisxmobs sxvadasxva tipis landSaftebSi integrirebuli daculi teritoriebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul qsels), transsasazRvro kavSirebis uzrunvelyofa mezobeli qveynebis daculi teritoriebis sistemebTan da sxv. saqarTveloSi tyis ekosistemebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebulia araerTi problema, romelTa Sorisaa: tyis resursebis aramdgradi marTva da xSirad ukanono mopoveba, Warbi Zoveba, xanZrebi, mavneblebi da daavadebebi, mouwesrigebeli nadiroba, klimatis cvlileba, arasworad dagegmili infrastruqtura, xelovnurad gaSenebuli tyeebis mdgomareoba da sxv. xelovnuri maTi saerTo farTobi daaxloebiT 110 000 ha-ia. maTi mTavari mizani tyis safaris gafarToeba da am gziT damatebiTi socialur-ekonomikuri da ekologiuri sargeblis uzrunvelyofa iyo. xelovnurad gaSenebuli tyeebis didi nawili axla 50-60 wlovan monokulturebs warmoadgens, sadac xSirad egzotikuri da garemosTan naklebad adaptirebuli saxeobebia gamoyenebuli (mag. Savi fiWvi – Pinus nigra). biomravalferovnebis mxriv es monokulturebi bevrad Raribia, vidre Sereuli tyis kulturebi, sadac ramdenime adgilobrivi saxeoba gamoiyeneba. Walis tyeebs, saSiSroebas uqmnian arakontrolirebadi invaziuri saxeobebi (mag. pavlovnia – Paulownia tomentosa, Walis tyeebis SemTxvevaSi – xemyrala – Ailanthus altissima da sxv.). aucilebelia saqarTvelos tyeebSi gavrcelebuli ucxo xe-mcenareebis mier gamowveuli potenciuri safrTxeebis detaluri Sefaseba. bolo wlebSi tyis xanZrebi seriozul problemad iqca. tyis xanZrebi zians ayenebs an sruliad anadgurebs tyis mcenareulobas, aferxebs tyis bunebriv ganaxlebas, anadgurebs niadagis nayofier fenas da infrastruqturas. bolo periodis yvelaze seriozul tyis xanZars adgili hqonda 2008 da 2017 wels, roca tyis aseulobiT heqtari mniSvnelovnad dazianda da nawilobriv mTlinad ganadgurda Sida qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi. 2013 wels momzadda erovnuli satyeo politika (koncefcia), romelic gansazRvravs saxelmwifos damokidebulebas saqarTvelos tyeebis mimarT − maTi ZiriTadi funqciuri daniSnulebisa da aseulobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi mizania tyis mdgradi marTvis sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs saqarTveloSi tyeebis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gaumjobesebas, biomravalferovnebis dacvas, tyeebis ekologiuri faseulobebis gaTvaliswinebiT maTi ekonomikuri potencialis efeqtian gamoyenebas, tyis marTvaSi sazogadoebis monawileobas da miRebuli sargeblis samarTlian gadanawilebas. agraruli biomravalferovneba (maT Soris agraruli ekosistemebi) da bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebi, romlebsac qveynis mTliani teritoriis daaxloebiT 43% ukavia, saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis umniSvnelovanesi da ganuyofeli nawilia. sabWoTa periodSi gegmiuri ekonomikis specializaciis politikam da industrial soflis meurneobaze gadasvlam, agraruli ekosistemebis seriozuli degradacia da sursaTisa da soflis meurneobisTvis mniSvnelovani adgilobrivi mcenareebisa da cxovelebis genetikuri resursebis Semcireba gamoiwvia. es procesi kidev ufro intesiuri gaxda gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, rodesac saxelmwifo koleqciebi da saseleqcio sadgurebi ganadgurda, xolo soflis meurneobis seqtoris spontanuri da qaoturi ganviTarebis gamo, gaizarda negatiuri zegavlena agroekosistemebze da bunebriv saTib-saZovrebze. amJamad saWiroa efeqtiani erovnuli sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs agroekosistemebisa da bunebrivi sakvebi savargulebis aRdgenasa da mdgrad gamoyenebas da, 277

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agreTve, mcenareTa da Sinaur cxovelTa adgilobrivi jiSebis, kulturul mcenareTa veluri monaTesave saxeobebis (sursaTad Segrovebuli da samkurnalo mcenareebis CaTvliT), mikroorganizmebisa da sokoebis genetikuri resursebis konservacias. es sistema mimarTuli unda iyos im Zireuli mizezebis aRmofxvrisken, romlebic agraruli biomravalferovnebisa da bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebis degradacias uwyobs xels. kulturul mcenareTa veluri monaTesave saxeobebis, samkurnalo da sasursaTo mniSvnelobis velurad mzardi mcenareebis genetikuri erozia ukavSirdeba habitatis degradacias (landSaftebis fragmentacia aramdgradi miwaTmoqmedebisa da Zovebis gamo), axali mavneblebisa da daavadebebis gavrcelebas da bunebidan am resursebis ukontrolo mopovebas komerciuli miznebiT. seriozul problemas warmoadgens kulturul mcenareTa adgilobrivi jiSebis, veluri monaTesave saxeobebis, samkurnalo da sasursaTo mniSvnelobis velurad mzardi mcenareebis konservaciis strategiisa da maT Sesaxeb informaciis naklebobac. soflis meurneobis arsebuli politika xels ar uwyobs sasoflo meurneobebSi sanimuSo sasoflo sameurneo praqtikis (mag. agroqomikatebis mdgradi gamoyeneba, irigaciis, miwis damuSavebisa da morwyvis Tanamedrove teqnologiebi) gamoyenebas, agroekologiuri meTodebis (landSafturi dagegmareba, qarsacavi zonebis gaSeneba, kulturaTa monacvleoba, niadagis filtracia da sxv.) gamoyenebisa da iomeurneobis ganviTarebas. ar arsebobs Zlier erozirebuli, mZime liTonebiTa da radionuklidebiT dabinZurebuli niadagebis aRdgenis an uaryofiTi Sedegebis Semcirebis adekvaturi programebi. gadaZoveba da bunebrivi saZovrebis degradacia kanonmdebloba da saxelmwifo programebi ar gansazRvravs saerTo saZovrebis mdgradi gamoyenebis instituciur CarCo-pirobebs, rac araorganizebul da usistemo ZovebaSi gamoixateba. bunebrivi saZovrebis degradacias, fermerTa codnis naklebobasTan erTad, xeli Seuwyo saZovrebis arasworma, aramiznobrivma privatizaciam da ijariT gacemam, aseve soflebis saerTo sargeblobaSi arsebuli saZovrebis marTvis kontrolis meqanizmebis ararsebobam. klimatis cvlilebis mimarT Zlier mgrZnobiarea alpuri, semiariduli da semihumiduri saTib-saZovrebi. cxadia, rom globaluri temperaturis matebas Zlieri zemoqmedeba eqneba maRali mTis, dabal temperaturebTan Seguebul mcenareTa saxeobebze. mosalodnelia maTi Canacvlebis procesebis ganviTareba Termofiluri (siTbos moyvaruli) saxeobebiT, romelTa gavrceleba aqamde maRali simaRleebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli dabali temperaturebiT iyo SezRuduli. am procesis Sedegad seriozuli Zvrebia mosalodneli alpuri mdeloebis mcenareulobaSi, Semdeg ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; subnivalur kompleqsebSic. strategiuli garemosdacviTi Sefaseba bevr qveyanaSi garemos dacvisa da biomravalferovnebis sakiTxebis ganviTarebis procesSi CarTvis erT-erTi qmediTi instrumentia. Tumca, is saqarTveloSi ar aris danergili. es aris procesi, romlis drosac xdeba sazogadoebrivi iniciativebis (gegmebi, programebi, strategiebi da kanonmdebloba) Sefaseba mosalodneli garemosdacviTi Sedegebis gamosavlenad da garemosdacviTi sakiTxebis srulad gaTvaliswinebis uzrunvelsayofad, socialuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebis analogiurad xorcieldeba. strategiuli garemosdacviTi Sefaseba Tavisi arsiT garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis procesis msgavsia. magram igi saSualebas iZleva ufro Rrmad gamoavlinos biomravalferovnebaze potenciuri zemoqmedeba dagegmvis stadiaSive. 278

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba (gzS) ganviTarebis proeqtebSi garemosdacviTi aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebis umniSvnelovanesi meqanizmia, gansakuTrebiT swrafi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis Semcirebis saWiroebis pirobebSi, rac infrastruqturuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi gamoixateba. samwuxarod dRevandeli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT gzS-s procesi arasakmarisad iTvaliswinebs biomravalferovnebis sakiTxebs. sivrculi dagegmva aseve warmoadgens biomravalferovnebis sakiTxebis seqtorul da interseqtorul gegmebSi CarTvis efeqtian instruments. swored sivrculi gegmebi gansazRvravs Tu sad unda ganviTardes ekonomikuri saqmianoba an infrastruqtura. sivrculi dagegmvis procesi qmnis sxvadasxva seqtorebis warmomadgenlebis da aseve sxvadasxva dainteresebuli mxareebis erTmaneTTan komunikaciis SesaZleblobas. saqarTveloSi saWiroa am procesis ufro metad ganviTareba landSafturi dagegmarebis meTodologiis gaTvalisiwnebiT. ekosistemebisa da biomravalferovnebis ekonomikis (TEEB) mizania warmoaCinos biomravalferovnebis kargvisa da ekosistemebis degradaciis ekonomikuri efeqti. igi gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirebs ekosistemebisa da biomravalferovnebis Rirebulebis gaazrebasa da gaTavisebaSi aseve ekosistemebis mier motanili ekonomikuri sargeblis sxvadasxva seqtoris ganviTarebis gegmebSi integrirebis meqanizmebis SemuSavebaSi exmareba. saqarTvelo ekosistemebisa da biomravalferovnebis ekonomikis winaswari kvlevis sapilote qveyana gaxda da ramdenime daculi teritoriis ekosistemebis ekonomikuri faseulobis Seswavla ukve ganxorcielda. am Seswavlam gamoavlina, rom daculi teritoriebi aucilebelia imisTvis, rom qveyanaSi warmatebiT iqnas aTvisebuli ekoturizmis ekonomikuri sargebeli. dacul teritoriebze arsebuli ekosistemebis dacviT SesaZlebelia im ekosistemuri servisebis SenarCuneba, romlebzec adamiania damokidebuli, maT Soris iseTi dargebis ganviTarebis kuTxiT, rogoricaa: soflis meurneoba, hidroeleqtrogeneracia, TevzWera, wyalmomarageba da sxv. amave dros daculi teritoriebis mdgradi menejmenti Tavis wvlils Seitans siRaribis daZlevasa da resursebis samarTlianad gadanawilebaSi, xels Seuwyobs biomravalferovnebis ekonomikuri sargeblis transformacias daculi teritoriebis dafinansebis erT-erT meqanizmad. 5.10.6. saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi ganxilulia: saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis garemo, erovnuli Rirebulebebi, suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis uzrunvelyofa, saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTareba da demokratiis ganmtkiceba, evropuli da evroatlantikuri integracia, saqarTvelos satranzito funqciis gaZliereba, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, demografiuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, kavkasiaSi arsebuli konfliqtebi, ekonomikuri da socialuri gamowvevebi, meurneobis calkeuli mimarTulebebis usafrTxoebis politika da sxva, erovnuli mniSvnelobis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. bolo wlebSi msoflioSi da regionSi ganviTarebulma procesebma mniSvnelovnad Secvala saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis garemo. 2008 wlis agvistos samxedro agresiam, saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupaciam da iq ruseTis federaciis saokupacio jarebisa da samxedro infrastruqturis ganlagebam mniSvnelovnad gaauaresa qveynis da mTeli kavkasiis regionis usafrTxoebis garemo. amasTanave, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi arsebuli arastabiluroba da mTiani yarabaRis mougvarebeli konfliqti uaryofiT gavlenas axdens saqarTvelos usafrTxoebaze. 279

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saqarTvelos xelisufleba miiswrafvis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier aRiarebuli saxelmwifo sazRvrebis farglebSi qveynis, misi moqalaqeebisa da institutebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisken. mis uzrunvelsayofad saqarTvelo xelmZRvanelobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiTa da principebiT da miaCnia, rom usafrTxoeba ganuyofelia rogorc qveyanaSi moqalaqeTa urTierTdamokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, ise saerTaSoriso sistemaSi, radgan erTi saxelmwifos usafrTxoeba ver ganmtkicdeba meoris usafrTxoebis SezRudvis xarjze. saqarTvelo aRiarebs, rom keTildReobisken swrafva aris adamianis fundamenturi ufleba da misi maqsimaluri realizacia mxolod Tavisufal garemoSia SesaZlebeli. TiToeuli moqalaqis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad saqarTvelo ayalibebs qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebis iseT models, romelic efuZneba Tavisufali ekonomikuri garemos Seqmnas, rac gamoixateba mcire mTavrobis principiT, pasuxismgeblobiani makroekonomikuri politikiT, dabali gadasaxadebiT da miznobrivi socialuri politikis gatarebiT. mezobeli qveynebidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze konfliqtebis SesaZlo gadmodineba mas safrTxes uqmnis. kavkasiaSi arsebuli konfliqtebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs qveynis usafrTxoebaze da humanitaruli krizisebis ganviTarebis potenciuri wyaroa. amasTanave, ruseTi cdilobs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganawyos ruseTis federaciis CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionis mosaxleoba. afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis monakveTebze ruseTis federaciasTan saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris kontrolis ararseboba xelsayrel garemos qmnis transnacionaluri danaSaulisaTvis da am problemis efeqtiani gadaWris xelSemSleli damatebiTi faqtoria. saqarTvelosTvis aseve gamowvevaa somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris arsebuli konfliqti. am qveynebis SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis ganaxleba Seasustebs samxreT kavkasiis samive saxelmwifos usafrTxoebas da xels Seuwyobs regionSi ruseTis federaciis politikuri gavlenis zrdas. swrafi da mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis tempis Semcireba gamowvevaa saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebisTvis. saxelmwifo Semosavlebis mkveTrad Semcirebam, umuSevrobis ukiduresma zrdam SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos socialur daZabulobas da daemuqros qveynis ganviTarebas, stabilurobas da erovnul usafrTxoebas. saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis prioritetulia qveynis energodamoukideblobis ganmtkiceba. am mxriv mniSvnelovania energomatareblebis mowodebis wyaroebis diversifikaciis SenarCuneba. saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis ganmtkicebisaTvis aseve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sufTa energiis wyaroebis ganviTarebas da Sesabamisi infrastruqturis Seqmnas. qveynis ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovania demografiuli mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba. saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa ruseTis federaciis mier okupirebul teritoriebze demografiuli balansis xelovnurad da ukanonod Secvlis cdebi iq ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeebis CasaxlebiT da maTTvis gansakuTrebuli pirobebis SeqmniT. aseTi qmedeba gansakuTrebul safrTxes uqmnis afxazebis TviTmyofobis SenarCunebas. saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: ¾ okupirebuli teritoriebis deokupacia; ¾ ruseTis federaciasTan urTierTobais normalizeba; ¾ saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTareba da demokratiis ganmtkiceba; 280

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¾ CarTulobis politikis ganxorcieleba (saqarTvelo mowodebulia, Seqmnas iseTi formatebi da wamaxalisebeli meqanizmebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs okupirebuli teritoriebis mosaxleobis daaxloebas qveynis danarCeni regionebis mcxovreblebTan da okupaciis Sedegad gamyofi xazebiT daSoriSorebuli saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebas); ¾ saqarTvelos Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sistemis ganviTareba; ¾ Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciaSi gawevreba da evrokavSirSi integracia. saqarTvelo mdebareobs msoflios erT-erT yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan geopolitikur regionSi, romelic istoriulad udides rols TamaSobda evropisa da aziis ganviTarebasa da urTierTobebSi. dResac, es regioni wamyvan rols TamaSobs, magaliTad, navTobisa da gazis, saerTod, energomatareblebis msoflio ganawilebis sqemebSi da milsadenebis axal proeqtebSi (INOGATE, NABUCCO, South Stream da sxv.). saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis verc erTi programa ver iqneba qmediTunariani, Tu igi mxedvelobaSi ar miiRebs saqarTvelos gansakuTrebul geopolitikur mdebareobasa da rols. amitomaa, rom regionis mdgradi ganviTarebiT dainteresebulia kavkasiis, centraluri aziis, axlo aRmosavleTis da Savi zRvis auzis aTeulobiT saxelmwifo. 5.10.7. saqarTvelos maRalmTiani tegionebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb (mTis kanoni) – arsi da regulaciebi saqarTvelos mTavroba aqtiurad anviTarebs kanonmdeblobas, romelic mTiani regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri da ekologiuri problemebis gadawyvetas ukavSirdeba. amgvaria e.w. mTis kanoni, romelic gansazRvravs maRalmTiani regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri progresis stimulirebisaTvis imgvar SeRavaTebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofs aq mcxovrebTa keTildReobas, cxovrebis donis amaRlebas, dasaqmebis xelSewyobas, socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas. kanonis mixedviT, maRalmTian dasaxlebad iTvleba dasaxleba, romelic zRvis donidan 1500 metris simaRleze an mis zeviT mdebareobs. saqarTvelos mTavroba uflebamosilia, sxvadasxva kriteriumis (mTis ferdobis daxriloba, infrastruqturis mdgomareoba, klimaturi pirobebi da bunebrivi garemo, sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis simcire da simwire, demografiuli mdgomareoba, maT Soris, gamwvavebuli migraciuli procesebi) gaTvaliswinebiT, maRalmTiani dasaxlebis statusi mianiWos dasaxlebas, romelic zRvis donidan aranakleb 800 metris simaRleze mdebareobs. gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, am punqtiT gansazRvruli kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT, maRalmTiani dasaxlebis statusi SeiZleba zRvis donidan 800 metris simaRleze qveviT mdebare dasaxlebasac mieniWos. zRvis donidan Sesabamis simaRleze mdebareobis miuxedavad, maRalmTiani dasaxlebis statusi eniWebaT saqarTvelos Semdeg istoriul-geografiul mxareebSi mdebare dasaxlebebs: xevi, mTiuleTi, pankisis xeoba, maRalmTiani aWara, gudamayris xeoba, fSav-xevsureTi, TuSeTi, zemo svaneTi, qvemo svaneTi, leCxumi, raWa. amgvarad, saqarTvelos mTavroba maRalmTiani dasaxlebis statuss gansazRvravs ara mxolod hifsometruli, aramed eTnokulturuli, ekologiuri da socialur-ekonomikuri problematikis mixedviTac. fizikur pirs maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi mudmivad mcxovrebi piris statusi eniWeba, Tu igi akmayofilebs Semdeg kriteriumebs: aris saqarTvelos moqalaqe; registrirebu281

mTiani regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

lia maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi; yoveli kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi jamSi 9 Tvis an 9 Tveze meti vadiT faqtobrivad cxovrobs maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi. maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi mudmivad mcxovrebi piri sargeblobs am kanoniTa da saqarTvelos sxva sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare aqtebiT dadgenili socialuri SeRavaTebiT, kerZod: sapensio asaks miRweuli maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi mudmivad mcxovrebi pirisaTvis, romelic yovelTviurad iRebs saxelmwifo pensias, socialuri daxmarebis saxiT, yovelTviuri danamatis – saxelmwifo pensiis aranakleb 20 procentis – micemas; samedicino personalisaTvis, romlis Sroma saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetidan anazRaurdeba, saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebiT gansazRvruli wesiT yovelTviuri danamatis micemas: eqimisaTvis – saxelmwifo pensiis ormagi odenobiT; eqTnisaTvis – saxelmwifo pensiis odenobiT; zamTris periodSi (Sesabamisi wlis 15 oqtombridan momdevno wlis 15 aprilis CaTvliT) maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi mudmivad mcxovreb pirTa gaTbobis uzrunvelyofis xelSewyobis mizniT Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas (abonentis moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis yovelTviuri safasuris 50 procentis anazRaurebas, magram araumetes moxmarebuli 100 kvt.sT eleqtroenergiis safasurisa); dabadebuli pirveli bavSvisa da meore bavSvisaTvis, romelTa erT-erTi mSobeli aris maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi mudmivad mcxovrebi piri, 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelTviuri fuladi daxmarebis – aranakleb 100 laris – micemas, xolo mesame bavSvisa da yoveli Semdgomi bavSvisaTvis – 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelTviuri fuladi daxmarebis – aranakleb 200 laris – micemas; sajaro skolis maswavleblis sabazo Tanamdebobrivi sargos aranakleb 35 procentis – micemas; profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis maswavleblisaTvis danamatis – Sromis anazRaurebis aranakleb 35 procentis – micemas; sajaro skolis, mravalseqtoriani sajaro skolis moswavlisaTvis, profesiuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis studentisaTvis vauCeris gazrdili odenobiT micemas. maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi mudmivad mcxovrebi piri sargeblobs saSemosavlo gadasaxadTan da qonebis gadasaxadTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT dadgenili sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT. mewarme subieqti, romelsac saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad miniWebuli aqvs maRalmTiani dasaxlebis sawarmos statusi, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gansazRvruli vadiTa da wesiT Tavisufldeba gadasaxadebisagan. am kanoniT gansazRvrulia mTis ganviTarebisTvis momqmedi ori saxelmwifo organizaciis miznobrivi funqcionireba. amgvaria: 1. saqarTvelos mTis ganviTarebis erovnuli sabWo, romelic saqarTvelos mTavrobas dasamtkiceblad warudgens maRalmTiani dasaxlebebis ganviTarebis strategias, programas da samoqmedo gegmas; ganixilavs dasaxlebis maRalmTian dasaxlebaTa nusxaSi Setanis/maRalmTian dasaxlebaTa nusxidan amoRebis mizanSewonilobis sakiTxs. 2. maRalmTiani dasaxlebebis ganviTarebis fondi.

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CHAPTER 5 CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIC TRENDS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA

In September of 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which is composed of 17 goals and 169 targets united in three principal and interconnected trends: economic, social and ecological (environmental). It is the only global agenda with the equal participation of all countries of the world. The goals of sustainable development must help wiping out poverty and hunger; reduction of inequality in and among the countries, building peaceful, just and inclusive society; protection of human rights; rational use and protection of natural resources. As a result, the conditions for sustainable economic growth, welfare and decent work must be created. The timeframe to accomplish these ambitious goals of sustainable development was defined as the year of 2030. The United Nations High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF), which gathers annually was submitted the First Voluntary National Review (VNR) by Georgia in 2016. The VNR considers the general aspirations, process of coordination of the goals and developing the institutional mechanism for nationalization and future plans. Georgia will submit its next Review to the United Nations High-level Political Forum in 2019 to show the detailed progress record of the realization of all sustainable development goals (SDGs) and relevant indicators. The Administration of Government of Georgia (AoG) launched an active implementation process of SDGs in 2015 and has realized a complex process so far. That year, together with the experts from different line ministries, a joint technical working group was established, which identified the goals and targets of priority for Georgia by the given moment. Georgia has nationalized all 17 goals, 99 targets and over 200 indicators. However, the Government of Georgia aims to nationalize all 169 targets gradually, before 2030. In 2018, it is planned to link the SDGs with the documents of the national policy what is a necessary component of the daily activities of public establishments. In the framework of the Pilot Initiative the AoG together with IDFI and UNDP and with the financial support from Government of Sweden (SIDA) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), established UN Sustainable Development Goals coordination mechanism – SDGs Council with its four thematic working groups, elaborated national document on SDGs – SDGs Matrix, with respective global and national indicators and scorecard forms. For the sustainable development of Georgia, a number of organizations and groups of experts have developed safety concepts and development strategy in different fields, which, alongside with the problems, considers the ecological, economic and social issues, whose solution will support the realization of the obligations undertaken under the UN Agenda. Georgia’s Environmental Security Concept was developed on the initiative of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, with the involvement of a wide group of experts. The concept describes the topical issues and problems of the environmental security of Georgia, goal, main targets and principles of ensuring environmental security. According to the Concept, the goal of the environmental security of Georgia is to obtain reliable scientific and scientific-technical information about the present-day and expected ecological conditions on the territory of Georgia and develop a system for objective (quantitative) evaluation of the situation and 283

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prevention, mitigation and avoidance of expected environmental hazards. The system must consider: 1. creating the databases about the existing and expected environmental threats and providing monitoring, and 2. obtaining the results of evaluation of the stability of natural environment, resources, economics and social fields and adaptability of the country to the environmental threats. The main objectives of the environmental safety of Georgia are identified as follows: reduction of the anthropogenic impact of the climate change; conservation of bio- and landscape diversity; prevention or reduction of soil degradation; forecasting natural calamities and risks; reduction of dissemination of industrial and domestic waste in the environment; restoration of the degraded landscape; conservation of the mechanisms of self-restoration of the natural environment; conservation of the ecological functions of the environment and natural landscapes. Georgiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concept to protect the soils against erosion is associated with the problems and opportunities of the development of agriculture as that of a traditional and important sector of economy. Agriculture is an essential part of the historical and cultural heritage of the Georgian nation and its sustainable development must be ensured by maintaining the traditions and introducing technological innovations. This goal cannot be achieved without the evaluation of the present-day condition of soil and efficient use of soil, the main object of agriculture. The principal challenge for the soils of Georgia is the degradation of soil fertility what is mainly associated with erosive processes. The natural conditions of the mountainous areas of Georgia (the climate and relief in the first instance) are a certain precondition for soil degradation. Some soils are located in the zones of natural risk (natural calamities) resulting in their low fertility. As for the lowland areas, the main reason for soil degradation there is intense irrigation and agricultural chemization. Soil protection measures (such as anti-erosion and anti-secondary salination measures, growing forest massifs and field protection belts with fruit plants, etc.) are necessary on the whole territory of the country. It is known that the introduction of high-yield and quality agricultural crops, species and hybrids and improved technical methods of land cultivation and use of melioration and pesticides lead to the permanently increasing yield of agricultural crops. On this background, the scales of wind and water erosion increase, areas of arable and sowing lands, areas under the perennial plants and pastures and hey meadows increase and the soil fertility decreases. One of the reasons for this is the introduction of single-crops and rejecting mosaic crop growing patterns, violation of the practically and scientifically proved agricultural technologies, rejecting anti-erosive annual and perennial crops with strong root systems, ignoring traditional land cultivation measures, reducing the scales of terracing, rejecting traditional cultural crops, etc. The present-day state of the greatly inclined slopes (15Âş or more) in the mountain regions of Georgia evidences that the process of land cultivation and selection of species virtually ignores the environmental conditions. The damage caused by erosive processes is not limited to the degradation of the agricultural plots only. Erosion greatly damages the wildlife, water resources, infrastructure, etc. The gullies and gorges formed as a result of erosive processes dissect the areas, make them difficult to cultivate and support filling the riverbeds and water reservoirs with solid drift. Recently, such hazardous processes following the erosion, as mudflows and landslides, have been activated. Particularly critical is the situation in Zemo Imereti, Ajara, Svaneti, Mtiuleti, Pshavi and other high-mountain regions of Georgia. Depending on the intensity of soil erosion processes, the territory of Georgia can be divided into the following regions: 1. 284

andscape of Kolkheti Lowland: these are characterized by slightly developed erosive processes and dominant lateral riverbed erosion.

Chapter 5. Concepts and Strategic Trends of Sustainable Development of Georgia

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

lain, hilly and mountain basin landscapes of West Georgia: these are characterized by intense water erosion. lain, hilly and mountain basin landscapes of East Georgia: these are characterized by wind and water erosion. lain, hilly and plateau landscapes of East Georgia: these are characterized mostly by wind erosion and with some water erosion. verage mountain landscapes: these are characterized mostly by intense processes of water and linear erosion. igh mountain landscapes: these are characterized by intense soil surface washout and weak linear erosion.

The National Strategy and Action Plan of the Environmental Education of Georgia covers several issues. It considers the history of environmental education, present-day situation observed at different levels of education, goal of the strategy and principles of its implementation. As the Strategy suggests, despite the realized measures, the educational system shows a clear deficiency in teaching the importance of sustainable development and relevant actions. In the 1970s, the international society started to explore the possible role of education in responding to the environmental challenges. The Belgrade Charter (1975) was the first document to give the goals, objectives, principles and target audience of the environmental education (UNESCO-UNEP, 1975). In 1977, the Conference `On Environmental Education~ held in Georgia, Tbilisi in particular, adopted the Tbilisi Declaration giving the structure of the environmental education system at local, national and international levels. Recently, the environmental education has been viewed as a part of sustainable development evidenced by term `education for sustainable development~ . As the explanation of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe suggests, education for sustainable development is integrated into some other areas, too, and in the field of sustainable economic and social development and associated problems in the first instance. In Georgia, “the education for sustainable development” is considered as the fundamental strategy of sustainable development and mechanism supporting the practical implementation of such a development. Georgian Law “On Environmental Protection” of 1996 names “the environmental education” as a lawful human right. Later, environmental education was defined as an integral part of the school education program. In 2004, the process of integration of the environmental education into the curricula in natural sciences, geography, economics and social areas at higher educational establishments and secondary schools started. The principal goal of the strategy and action plan is as follows: within the framework of Georgian legislation, developing the plan meeting to the requirements in the field of education; identifying the general standards, objectives and goals for all actions associated with the environmental education; supporting the introduction of systemic approaches of sustainable development to different areas by means of environmental education and ensuring their harmonization with the international goals and standards; increasing the societal awareness of the environmental education and supporting it in Georgia, etc. Environmental education in Georgia must be accessible for all; it must be interdisciplinary, must help establish critical reasoning and must consider the links between the local, regional and global ecological problems. The goal of the National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy of Georgia is to establish the unified disaster risk reduction (DRR) system, improve disaster preparedness and response capabilities at national and local levels, and to increase response efficiency to the possible threats. Such threats include: floods, 285

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flash floods, landslide and gravitational processes, mudflows, biological hazards, earthquakes, climatic events, avalanches, forest and valley fires, chemical pollution, hazard of technogenic accidents, etc. The document defines the necessary and proper priorities to reduce the risk of catastrophes. The Strategy served as a basis for development of an Action Plan, which defines concrete activities needed for the Strategy implementation, as well as responsible institutions, supporting and partner institutions/ organizations, implementation timeframes and sources of finance. The Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Georgia considers the importance and state of biodiversity and its links with the climate change, the principal reasons for the biodiversity reduction and factors improving the biodiversity, future vision and national targets, species and habitats, protected areas, forest ecosystems, agrarian biodiversity and natural grasslands, inland water ecosystems, the biodiversity of the Black Sea, public participation, measures to increase awareness and improve education, strategic goals, national goals, objectives and actions, implementation and resource mobilization, principal regulatory instruments and policy-defining documents in the field of biodiversity. The Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Georgia give the Vision and National Targets of the protection and conservation of biodiversity followed by the situation analysis in the above-mentioned thematic areas. The Strategy states that by 2030, the people of Georgia will be living in a harmonious relationship with nature, whereby biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, ecosystem processes and services are maintained, a healthy environment is sustained and benefits essential for the society are delivered. The conservation and reasonable use of biological resources ensures the continuity of the eco-system processes, sound environment and vital benefit for the whole society. National targets have been set in order to achieve the Vision, with the following ones as being most important: ¾ Increasing the population’s awareness and ensuring that significantly more people, especially local populations, are interested and effectively taking part in the decision-making processes that contribute both to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and to biosafety; integrating the economic values of biodiversity and ecosystems into the legislation, national accounting, rural development, agriculture, poverty reduction and other relevant strategies; establishing an effective and fully functional national biosafety system. ¾ Reduction of the negative factors directly affecting the threatened natural habitats through the sustainable management of at least 60% of these habitats, including at least 60% of forests, 80% of wetlands and 70% of grasslands. This must be achieved through the sustainable management. ¾ Assessing alien invasive species with regard to their status and impact. ¾ Proving due management and conservation of the agricultural ecosystems and natural grasslands. ¾ Having a national system of sustainable hunting in place, which ensures the viability of game species. ¾ Expanding the protected areas (ensure that at least 12% of the country’s terrestrial and inland water areas and 2.5 % of the Black Sea marine area are covered by the protected areas); maintain the genetic diversity of local plant and animal species and endemic plant species as well as their relative wild species and other social-culturally or culturally valuable species; improving waste management. ¾ Supporting environmental education. ¾ Safeguarding the genetic diversity of the species. The National Security Concept of Georgia considers such issues, as the safety environment of Georgia, national values, ensuring sovereignty and territorial integrity of Georgia, developing state institutions and strengthening democracy, European and Euro-Atlantic integration, strengthening the transit role of 286

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Georgia, ensuring the environmental security of Georgia, ensuring demographic security, conflicts in the Caucasus, economic and social challenges, safety policy for the individual branches of economy, urgent issues of a national significance, etc. Georgia recognizes that the pursuit of prosperity is a fundamental human right to guarantee, one that is only possible in a free environment. To achieve maximum welfare for its citizens, Georgia strives for the sustainable development of the state by creating a free economic environment characterized by small government, responsible macroeconomic policy, low taxes, and focused social policy. Georgia is located in one of the most important geopolitical regions of the world, which historically always played a great role in the development and mutual relations between Europe and Asia. To date, this region plays a leading role, e.g. in the plans of global distribution of oil and gas and energy carriers in general and in new pipeline projects (INOGATE, NABUCCO, etc.). No programs of social-economic development can become effective unless it considers the special geopolitical location and particular role of Georgia. This is why several tens of states of the Caucasus, Central Asia, Near East and Black Sea basin are interested in the sustainable development of the region.

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msoflios regionebi

geologiuri agebuleba 288

davaleba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rukis analizi

tyeebis degradaciis xarisxi

landSaftTa SesaZlo cvlilebis xarisxi 289

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

landSaftTa mdgradoba

mosaxleobis simWidrove 290

davaleba – saqarTvelos regionebi da garemos gamoyeneba

davaleba – saqarTvelos regionebi da garemos gamoyeneba

afxazeTi – riwis tba

aWara – baTumis midamoebi 291

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

mesxeTi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; qvablianis xeoba

javaxeTis vulkanuri plato da abul-samsaris qedi 292

davaleba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; saqarTvelos regionebi da garemos gamoyeneba

mTiani samegrelo

guria â&#x20AC;&#x201C; kurorti baxmaro 293

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

leCxumi – cxeniswylis xeoba (cageri)

kaxeTi – md. kabalis xeoba 294

davaleba – saqarTvelos regionebi da garemos gamoyeneba

Sida qarTli – md. qsnis xeoba

mTiuleTi – sof. mleTa da gudauris plato 295

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da problemebi

mcxeTis bunebriv-istoriuli landSafti

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CHAPTER 6 TRANSDISCIPLINARY FIELD STUDY COURSE

Introduction The livelihood of families living in Caucasus mountain regions depends on the availability and the quality of natural resources, e.g. on soil for subsistence agriculture, on quality pastures for livestock, on wood,on non-timber forest products, and on water. At the same time, the growing urban population works in the secondary and tertiary sectors and needs high-quality products and ecological services provided by mountain regions, e.g. meat, cheese, vegetables and fruits but also recreational services and tourism facilities. On-going environmental, economic and socio-cultural changes in rural and urban regions as well can harbor a potential for more sustainable development in Caucasus; but they can also or simultaneously generate negative impacts. Given this background overarching research question for our field study course (FSC) within the University education project “Sustainable Mountain Development (SMD) and Resource Governance” (SCOPES) at ASPU for Armenia and TSU for Georgia is: How can research support efforts towards a more sustainable development – specifically for the transition context of Caucasus mountain regions?

Preparation and methods applied for FSC - Mid-term preparation FSC working with transdisciplinary teaching and research methods need a Mid-term preparation phaseinvolving “real world” partners and building-up partnership within FSC region. This preparation phase from the experience of this SCOPES project lasts as least 8 month an in this ideal case of Lagodechi up-to 3 years. During preparation phase SCOPES team in cooperation with not-academic, non-university partners had the chance to bring in TD research and teaching methods to the FSC in a mid-term perspective. Overall intention was to work for real-world clients for a real world case study region in the Caucasus transition context. Coming from this pre-condition our transdisciplinary field study courses focused it’smid-term preparation on the following three pillars: • • •

“Real world” partnership with local “clients” beneficiaries in a concrete case study region Case-study-based preparatory socio-ecological research Involvement of local beneficiaries oriented on jointly implementing “pilot” small infrastructure projects; so called “Seed Money Activities” (SMA)

The preparation of the Lagodekhi FSC in summer 2017 lasted 3-4 years with in an NGO based “environment and security” project component. This gave the chance to developed TD research and real world involvement continuously. Cooperation was step-by step developed, bringing together university staff and “real world” actors, such as local NGO, water user association and local government institutions. This locally based institutional development was leaded by a national NGO. Seed-Money-Activities (SMA): Transdisciplinary“action research approach”during FSC was followed up by implementation ofsmall pilot infrastructure projects – so called Seed Money Activities (SMA).Our TD field study course profited 297

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very much from preparatory baseline research and SMA implementation. Students had the possibility to join a real world learning process on the ground with local stakeholders and clients on the ground. As lesson learnt it is recommended to foresee a preparation phase for TD-FSCourses of a Minimum of one year. In case of preparation of the Lagedekhi FSC in Georgia there was an ideal combination of preparatory research and implementation projects plus partner network established. Overall preparation and learning process lasted even 3 years – with parallel engagement of Tbilisi University and a national NGO. In case of pilot FSC ofMarmarik in Armenia concrete results were reached as well within a preparation phase of at least 8 month and a similar partnership approach involving Erevan University and a national NGO. Short-term preparation During short-term preparation of FSC SCOPES team did not involve only university teaching staff and master students, but also the well-established networklocal partners and NGO as partnersfacilitatorsplus possible clients in FSC case study region On the university level -starting two month before the FSC -during student’s workshopsthe following five thematic issues have to be prepared during student’s workshops. Step by step 1 – 5: 1. Defining overall objective of FSC andConcept and Methodology of FSC • • •

What means TD research for Sustainable Mountain Development (SMD) Presentation of the preparatory work of University researches, NGO, local partners, natural resource user associations, local government in FSC municipality/communes Definition of focus domains of field work during FSC – on the example of the Lagodechi FSC the following: Agriculture and Pastoralism Water (Drinking water – irrigation water) and natural hazards Regional and Landscape planning – Sustainable Regional Development – as integrated topic Infrastructure – housing – social infrastructure and services (School, kindergarden, medical services, a.o.) 5. Nature conservation and Lagodekhi National park (Ecosystem services – benefits for local population, Participatory management of protected areas) 1. 2. 3. 4.

•

Definition of DRAFT positve/negative factors having impact on SMD in FSC region

2. Methodological Workshop: Defining specific objectives of baseline research intended during FSC: • • • • •

Basic method of Triangulation Socio-ecological analysis with the help of Questionnaires Excel-based assessment of the questionnaires– test and final results Mapping exercise of land use and housing with the help of GIS tools Conduction of expert interviews along the domains, assessed during FSC (see below under “Procedure for conduction of FSC”)

3. Workshop on Action Research: Development of specific methods for identification and participation in FSC of hands-on, non-academic local partners: • • 298

Methods for analyzing and identifying relevant stakeholders in the field study course region Definition of the terminology, e.g. stakeholder, researcher, client, beneficiary, Local action group, locally based natural resource use association, e.g. for water, forest or pastures

Chapter 6. Transdisciplinary field study course: Exposure to the real-world transition context in the Caucasus

4. Discussion Workshop on TD- Water governance and water planning, natural hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction • Housing, communal infrastructure, public services • Sustainable Regional Development and Spatial-, Landscape-Planning • Sustainable Tourism Development • Mapping of Housing on the example of the community of Gurgeniani • Nature conservation and Large Protected Area Management on the example of the Lagodekhi National Park “Summer schools” are mostly oriented on “testing” contact to local population, get information, testing methods defined before – covering the more possible domains of sustainable or not-sustainable development. But this approach is mostly lacking a baseline participatory research phase as pre-condition for tine-tuning objectives with relevance for planning practice and benefits for local stakeholders or “clients”. Summer schools if consulting Bootsma et al 2014 are clearly associated to the category “Bringing the real world into the classroom” with elements of “Visiting the real world” (see categories defined byBootsma et al 2014 , discussed in the following paragraph). During our Field Study Course (FSC) transdisciplinary and action research methods have been used with exposure to the real live challenges of a mountain region in Georgia or Armenia. During SCOPES IP FSC have been officially integrated into Curricula of TSU and ASPU – the Georgian and Armenian Partner Universities. Based hands-on examples of small infrastructure projects – so called Seed Money Activities (SMA, see chapter above) - andon their own field experience, the thematic student’s working groups analyzed and presented their findings to a broader public and local government just in the premises of the municipality administration. The aim of this part is to create awareness of inter- and transdisciplinary nexus between various studies, and to integrate individual disciplinary methodological experience – based on a SMA case study – into a joint research strategy and methodology that supports more sustainable development and landscape planning of the region. This means giving development issues priority over academic issues, and thus reflecting the role of research in SMD and landscape planning against the needs of a local government administration – in this case the representatives of the Lagodechi Municipality of Kacheti / Eastern Georgia.

Questionnaire Golden regulation for interview: Students are allowed, to stay with one interview only for 40 minutes, and then to proceed further with additional interviews in order to achieve our results. Further perspective and personal contact to you as respondent and knowledgeable person is very important for us and we would like to invite you to the presentation of results. Language will be in Georgian, but in any case your patience is necessary, because it has briefly to be translated to English for our international students. A. GENERAL INFORMATION ON HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS Community/Village: _______________ district____________________ profession _______________ Age: ______ Sex: _______________ Married/not Married: _____________ Date: _______________ Time started _______________ Time Finished _______________ 299

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1. Basic information about the household members (List of all the people who normally use the same entrance, live and eat their meals together) ID

Sex

Age range M a r i t a l E t h n i c 1: 0.1–14y. status group 2: 15- 25 3: 26 – 45 4: 46 – 64 5: 65 +

Level of education a. Unlearned b. Elementary (6-12) c. Basic (12-15) d. Secondary (15-18) e. Vocational (15-17) f. Higher edu. (Bachelor, Master, Doctor)

Main occupation g. Agriculture h. Tourism (hotel etc.) i. Student j. School k. Household l. Government m.Services (health, edu…) n. Trade & industry o. Other (pls specify)

1 2

2. Basic information about the household establishment A) Since how many years do you live in this place? (In case they do not know, then the year or general period) When did you move to the village?

0-5 years

6-10 years

11-20 years

21-30 years

31-40 years

Morethan 40 years

B. Born here: Y/N 3. Why did you move to this village/place? 4. Agriculture (if household performs agriculture) – Crops Plot Area/size ID of the plot (ha)

What is the status of the plot? p. Bought q. Rented r. Borrowed s. Gift t. Inherited u. Given by govt. v. Other (specify)

Land use (list crops) w. annual crops (list) x. perennial crops (list) y. Meadow for Haymaking z. pasture

How much of [CROP] has your household harvested, during the last cropping season? Kg

Is this amount corresponding to a good, average or bad harvesting season? (Y/N)

Hoch much of this crop did you use for your household? Kg

How much did you sell? Kg

1* 2

*House garden 5. Physical assets (buildings) – What buildings does your household own? Building Nr. of ID rooms

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Do you rent out your building, e.g. for Tourists

Which is the year, the house was built?

Do you live in house Observations by only for summer – or all interviewer – Type of house year. – – State of house Or other period of time during year (e.g. jan-feb)

Chapter 6. Transdisciplinary field study course: Exposure to the real-world transition context in the Caucasus

6. Do you have any specific business? (Y/N); Please describe ______________________________ 7. How would you rate your level of happiness/life satisfaction? (Circle nr.) 1 2 3 4 5 8. Income & Occupation of the household Member ID

What is/are your occupations? Main occupation

How many hours per week do you spend on average for this occupation?

Where do you perform What is your position in this company? this occupation? e.g. Name of company Own company?

Additional occupations (Nebenjobs)

9. Does any member of your household currently own and/or operate livestock? Stock Livestock type ID

Number

What is the status of the livestock? 1. Owned (bought/natural regrowth) 2. Rented 3. Borrowed

During the last 12 months, what livestock products have you produced? List products (eggs, meat, milk etc.)

4. Gift 5. Inherited 6. Other (specify) 1 2

10. How do you rate pasture Management 1 2 3 4 5 * 1 very poor, 2 poor, 3 average, 4 good, 5very good GROUP 1 – LAND AND PASTURE MANAGEMENT GROUP 2 – WATER, IRRIGATION AND NATURAL HAZARDS GROUP 3 – ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS GROUP 4 – LANDSCAPE PLANNING, FOREST RESOURCES, NATURE PROTECTION, BIO DIVERSITY AND PROTECTED AREAS GROUP 5 – SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Results of the teaching-learning process during FSC Key Results of the learning process during FSC for both - University teachers and professors and for master-students -can be summarized as follows: •

From the methodological point of view the need for contextualization through socio-ecological baseline researchwas clearly identified; before implementing action – SMA - on the ground

•

From the adaptation point of view, existing proofed in practice survey methods – here HAI+ (https://www.cifor.org/library/3341/measuring-livelihoods-and-environmental-dependencemethods-for-research-and-fieldwork)must be adapted to the specific context,to research questions 301

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and to the stakeholder and client network (e.g. NGO, district government, local resource users as SMD “clients in the region of the TD-FSC •

From the mutual learning point of view 2-phase preparation of TD FSC is crucial. Learning process going through baseline research, stakeholder participation and Client’s needs for SMA on the ground cannotbe finalized during FSC.

•

From the participatory point of view, work with stakeholders and clients-beneficiaries is mostly a new approachfor professors and teaching staff and even more for master students participating in FSC

•

From the point of promoting locally basedResource Governanceinvolving researcher, stakeholders and local NGO concerned conduction of TD-FSC combined with SMA implementation on the ground contribute to more Resource Governance und transparency on natural resource management.

Topics of this compendium on methods for research and fieldwork: research, methodology, livelihoods, environmental assessment, developing countries, household surveys, rural communities, poverty, methodology.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

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