Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review Assignment

Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review Assignment

Continued research on Bicycle/Scooter Planning

Annotated Bibliography included

Caitlin Chan

END350

9/21/2020

Annotated Bibliography/ Literature Review Bicycle/ Scooter Planning

Transportation today involves how one gets to their destination and how long it takes. Urban city residents have the luxury of choosing what transportation method they want to use from walking to using public transit like buses, trains, if not their own personal vehicle or a new type of method called “micro-mobility” which includes riding a bike or scooter. Cities around

the world are continuing to improve and expand but one major issue is how can the millions of people who live in one city be able to commute to their destinations without the potential drawbacks of traffic and accidents? Current planners discover research indicating one solution was to incorporate more attention to bicycle and scooter planning. By compiling articles and journals, this work of journalism focuses on targeting the audiences in urban areas. In hopes of relieving congestion on roads and improving travel time, this cannot be accomplished without proper road safety policies, clear explanation of what money you can potentially save, and the current evidence of how the environment can be aided. Given this topic is rarely new and still being implemented, research is not complete and conclusions are open to change. It is a worldwide known fact that most of the population living on earth are clustered together in cities. Over time the level of crowdedness and rent has increased rapidly. Urban areas are still trying to find ways to cope with the large and growing number of residents while determining how to make life sustainable for its current citizens; to call a place home entails comfortability. Cities today in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic have realized mass transit systems contribute no benefit to its passengers. Due to the fear of spread and the increased awareness of social distancing, people either resort to using their own cars or started to travel cheaply by using bikes and scooters. City streets are not like rural areas where everything isn’t

within walking distance, this helps bikers and scooter riders continue their schedule. While this mode of transportation became very popular, safety is always on everyone’s minds, even before

the pandemic. A study done in Philadelphia, PA, gave insight on how introducing a citywide bike sharing program helped reduce accidents on the roads involving motor vehicles and bikers

(Hamra et al., 2020). After analyzing evidence from 2010-2018, the results of the study concluded that the rate of accidents involving bicyclists was 106% greater at the time bicycle share was implemented compared with January 2010. Before bike share was introduced the rate decreased 1% annually. After bike share started the rate of bicycle events decreased 13% annually. The program still needs to be perfected but after this case the goal is now clear that once a city adjusts, bikes and scooters can share the road with ease. Others may argue that bike or scooter related car accidents are based on the biker’s or scooter rider’s own actions, but there

is evidence against that accusation. This case study examines what types of technology-related distracted behaviors are among bicyclists in Manhattan and the rate of how many users wear their bicycle helmet (Ethan et al., 2016). Within 50 hours using a camera during summer months of 2014, results found riders were almost four times more likely not to wear a helmet on rental bikes as compared with non-rentals. Rates of technology-related distractions were low. This draws attention to how the roads are designed, do they keep people on the road safe or does it in fact do the opposite? A study on two populations in Boston, one community-sense and the other street-sense concluded in the end, wide two-way cycle tracks with freshly painted lines, stencils, and arrows were low risk for crime and a cycle track’s median, red color, stencils, and arrows low risk for crash (Lusk et al., 2019). Another way of looking at it is clean signs, balconies, cafes, street lights, no cuts between buildings, and flowers were low risk for crime and witnesses, little traffic, and bike signals low risk for crash. A similar study found (Riggs & Gilderbloom, 2017): Safety issues are tied to multi-lane, one-way streets, often housed by poor and minority residents. For a 5-year period in a mid-sized city, an evaluation is developing on the number of collisions, crime data, counts of trees, housing valuation data, foreclosure, and vacant and abandoned structures on a 13 block street with both one- and two-way streets. Results came to the conclusion that higher incidence of collisions and injuries on multi-lane streets than on their two-way counterparts- for motorists, bikes, and pedestrians. Neighborhoods with one-way multilane streets experience greater abandonment, lower housing values and slower increases in property values. By restructuring the roads, we keep drivers and pedestrians out of harm's way. Two specific population groups that must be protected are children and older adults aged 65 and up because they are most vulnerable for becoming involved and being injured in motor vehicle accidents. Children today are encouraged to find healthier ways of traveling, for example,

walking and biking. But their safety can be threatened in the process, many urban areas have tried different methods to ensure safety for adult pedestrians. This case study will focus more on how safe the commute is in the environment for children, youth pedestrians and bicyclists, since very little research is being conducted for this age group (Hagel et al., 2019). By drawing conclusions from results, the authors hope they can encourage evidence-based recommendations that will increase safe active transportation. The older adult age group is known to prefer walking to riding vehicles (Jancey et al., 2013). Car accidents involving pedestrians is an ongoing topic that policy makers and planners try to solve. The majority of the victims in these accidents are vulnerable older adults aged 65 and older and motorized mobility scooters. Encouraging people to go outdoors and not worry about getting hurt should be something that is immediately guaranteed. The UK Government recently confirmed a new track for bikes, scooters and skateboards in Weymouth (European Union News, 2018). The 40-metre-long pump track facility will provide a safer place for these users. This is the first time a council has provided an outdoor, free to use, standalone pump-track in the United Kingdom. Due to the demand for a facility where children can ride bikes, scooters and skateboards safely, this can also encourage people to be active and get outdoors. Canada, China, Japan, and Singapore for example, have been able to actively improve transportation in their cities allowing for more flow of movement, money, and people above all. A project in Canada will draw conclusions from a group of novice e-bike riders over a three-year period in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario to further find answers on how urban ebike usage will change the surrounding environment and what certain challenges will arise (Edge et al., 2018). Important themes include “types of trips e-bikes are typically used for, implications for physical activity, prospects for enabling a modal shift away from cars and encouraging multimodal transit, and limitations. Further research is needed to better understand how e-bikes influence physical activity, social determinants of health, and safety; how demographic and physical environment factors influence individual decisions around modal shift; and differences in use patterns between avid and novice cyclists.” Transportation in China greatly influenced the public health of its citizens (Jiang et al., 2017). As more roads are built and more cars are driven, injuries and fatalities have increased as well due to inadequate emergency response systems and trauma care. Air quality has seen an improvement in China but there are still carbon emissions being released on busy roads and gas fueled automobiles. Japan is among many countries for example the Netherlands and Denmark in terms of per capita bicycle ownership use (Steele,

2012). This study examines the timeline of prewar and postwar Japan, when the emergence of the distinctive bicycle culture that offered personal mobility to ordinary people slowly influenced the new found contribution of the bicycle to both social and economic development. The conclusion will explain how and why Japan was able to develop a long lasting and revolutionary bicycle culture. A study located in Singapore examines the usage of new dockless bike-sharing services (Shen, Zhang, & Zhao, 2018). After collecting GPS data on all dockless bikes from the largest bike sharing operators in Singapore for nine consecutive days, resulting in over 14 million records. The authors adopted spatial autoregressive models to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of bike usage during the study period. Fleet size, surrounding built environment, access to public transportation, bicycle infrastructure, and weather conditions were accounted for. In conclusion, high land use mixtures, easy access, more supportive cycling facilities, and free-ride promotions positively impacted the usage of dockless bikes. The negatives were drawn from rainfall and high temperatures. Instead of the idea of wasting money, by using bicycle and scooters there can be more efficient ways of travel for groups of people who cannot access personal vehicles. Parking issues like location and space are becoming more difficult to have open spots for everyone. New York Citi bikes require a docking station for storage and use. This concept applies to e-bikes and escooters, the city’s main problem is the loss of parking space and increase in road blocks once more docking stations are built (Deffenbaugh & Engquist, 2019). One solution is the dockless station where people can leave the e-bikes or e-scooters anywhere. Examples in Boston and Los Angeles show it can actually cause a mess. As more e-bikes and e-scooters are used for convenience in cities, more issues are found in terms of safety and placement. Parking violation cases show that compared to scooters and bikes, cars have the overwhelming majority of tickets collected (Thigpen, Klein, & Brown, 2020). In this case study of San Jose in California, research concluded only 2 percent of the 530 scooters they observed impeded pedestrian access. The COVID-19 pandemic greatly influenced how people travel in order to maintain their social distance. In order to reduce transmission risk, streets were opened for more people to travel by foot, bike or scooter. Cities for example San Francisco in California, Austin in Texas, and Brussels in Belgium agreed “micromobility” to be the recommended method of transportation.

Students traveling to school have seen an increase in safety and are seen either walking or biking to school. One thing that is not emphasized is how the safe routes to school initiatives and

programs influence pupil transportation costs. This study assesses the potential economic benefits of these programs in the U.S. by eliminating the annual costs of using motorized transport for short trips to school, examining real world examples, and evaluating land use impacts on school transportation costs using a simulation analysis of school bus routes (McDonald et al., 2016). There is a way to reduce money used by families and school districts by going to public sector investments in walking and biking infrastructure near schools. For schools with larger numbers of children who live within walking distance, this can create potentially high cost-effective investments. Big companies have also been seen taking an interest in incorporating the current rideshare technologies with bikes and scooters. Uber and Lime agree on an $170 million investment in hopes of combining Uber’s electric bike and scooter division into Lime (Hughes, 2020). Due to COVID-19 there has been an increased need of micro-mobility globally. The demand is more profound in urban areas where social distancing is heavily encouraged in order to ensure each individual’s safety. This alternative way of transport can help encourage

more support for the economy due to the sudden lockdown and rise in unemployment. While electric scooters are indeed reducing carbon emissions in the environment it is still heavily dependent on the economy. This proposition focuses on the physical links between design parameters and system performance costs (Fu, 2008). The preferred strategy is exchanging batteries at gas stations. The main issue is the battery’s limit and benefits of being

environmentally friendly are not fully found at this time. By taking into account this criterion it can potentially provide more insights and evaluation results for scooter users, product engineers or policymakers to make their own decisions based on their preferences. My bibliography is only touching on recent articles of bicycle and scooter planning in urban areas. Recent years there seems to be more academic journals in the library on bicycle and scooter planning specifically. Transportation problems in general were always a problem, the sources all agree there needs to be an update to planning in order to prevent further deaths or injuries. There is not enough information for a concrete answer on what needs to be improved or what are all the benefits. From experiments, to researching old data and media, there is more evidence being collected to advocate better placement of bike and scooter riding lanes. This will provide some exposure to the topic and take examples from other countries, possibly more cities in the U.S. can follow their examples in creating road space for more than just cars. Sources gathered in this paper were easy to understand but the specific ways in which data was conducted

was hard to read. The message is not hard to receive; the specific terms may be difficult but the goal is universal. Planners, policymakers, government officials in the transportation department must take note there is factual proof behind how bicycle and scooter planning should be built without major problems. Testing allows for mistakes to be found and for them to not be repeated. Remembering some publications are older than others, certain details could have changed and can contain missing or unknown information. Easy accessible transportation for all in different modes can create more ways of traveling than ever before. However, in order to ensure the best and safest way to execute the new world of travel, each city, each urban community must abide by the same rules and regulations therefore creating a healthier world for all (Zack, 2019). By learning from others and their examples there is a clearer view on the new type of mobility being developed today which included e-bikes, e-scooters, ride-sharing, and autonomous vehicles. Working together can be the answer to finally solving essential issues in the global transportation network.

Annotated Bibliography

Contify Automotive News. (2017). Okinawa Autotech Unveils Electric Scooter in India. Athena Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd. https://link-galecom.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/apps/doc/A519705680/ITOF?u=sunybuff_main&sid=ITOF&xid=c31c0 ea6

Deffenbaugh, R., & Engquist, E. (2019). Startup puts a Charge into e-scooter legalization; Company has deals to put docking stations in garages. New York, NY: Crain's New York Business, 35(16), 0003. https://link-galecom.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/apps/doc/A583529548/ITOF?u=sunybuff_main&sid=ITOF&xid=83be9 446

New York Citi bikes require a docking station for storage and use. This concept applies to ebikes and e-scooters, the city’s main problem is the loss of parking space and increase in road

blocks once more docking stations are built. One solution is the dockless station where people can leave the e-bikes or e-scooters anywhere. Examples in Boston and Los Angeles show it can actually cause a mess. As more e-bikes and e-scooters are used for convenience in cities, more issues are found in terms of safety and placement.

Edge, S., Dean, J., Cuomo, M., & Keshav, S. (2018). Exploring e‐bikes as a mode of sustainable transport: A temporal qualitative study of the perspectives of a sample of novice riders in a Canadian city. The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe Canadien, 62(3), 384–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12456 Compared to other countries like China and parts of Europe, North America is late to catch up to the user friendly sustainable e-bikes train. This case study will draw conclusions from a group of novice e-bike riders over a three-year period in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario to further find answers on how urban e-bike usage will change the surrounding environment and what certain challenges will arise. Since the implementation of e-bikes is fairly recent, this experiment can also touch upon how physical activity, health, safety, demographic and environmental factors influence each individual. Results in patterns of both avid and novice cyclists will be differentiated as well.

Ethan, D., Basch, C., Johnson, G., Hammond, R., Chow, C., & Varsos, V. (2016). An Analysis of Technology-Related Distracted Biking Behaviors and Helmet Use Among Cyclists in New York City. Journal of Community Health, 41(1), 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-015-0079-0 To get around a busy and bustling city like New York City, residents usually ride their bikes to avoid car related road congestion. While these riders can get around easier, their safety is still accounted for. This case study examines what types of technology-related distracted behaviors are among bicyclists in Manhattan and the rate of how many users wear their bicycle helmet. Within 50 hours using a camera during summer months of 2014, results found riders were almost four times more likely not to wear a helmet on rental bikes as compared with non-rentals. Rates of technology-related distractions were low. Males were more likely to wear headphones/earbuds, as were cyclists on Citi Bikes relative to other rental bikes. With these findings policymakers and planners can create better safety precautions for bike riders in urban

areas.

European Union News. (2018). New bike, scooter and skateboard track planned for Weymouth. Plus Media Solutions. https://link-galecom.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/apps/doc/A563201497/ITOF?u=sunybuff_main&sid=ITOF&xid=e4b7f c33

The UK Government has confirmed a new track for bikes, scooters and skateboards in Weymouth. The 40 metre long pump track facility will provide a safer place for these users. This

is the first time a council has provided an outdoor, free to use, standalone pump-track in the United Kingdom. Due to the demand for a facility where children can ride bikes, scooters and skateboards safely, this can also encourage people to be active and get outdoors. Fu, T.-T. (2008). A multi-criteria parametric evaluation of the refueling strategies for scooters. Journal of Engineering Design, 19(3), 227–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/09544820701327830 While electric scooters are indeed reducing carbon emissions in the environment it is still heavily dependent on the economy. This proposition focuses on the physical links between design parameters and system performance costs. The preferred strategy is exchanging batteries at gas stations. The main issue is the battery’s limit and benefits of being environmentally friendly are

not fully found at this time. By taking into account this criterion it can potentially provide more insights and evaluation results for scooter users, product engineers or policymakers to make their own decisions based on their preferences. Hagel, B. E., Macpherson, A., Howard, A., Fuselli, P., Cloutier, M.-S., Winters, M., Richmond, S. A., Rothman, L., Belton, K., Buliung, R., Emery, C. A., Faulkner, G., Kennedy, J., Ma, T., Macarthur, C., McCormack, G. R., Morrow, G., Nettel-Aguirre, A., Owens, L., ...Hubka, T. (2019). The built environment and active transportation safety in children and youth: a study protocol. BMC Public Health, 19(1), NA. https://link-galecom.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/apps/doc/A590752041/AONE?u=sunybuff_main&sid=AONE&xid=cd 2968b6

Children today are encouraged to find healthier ways of traveling for example walking and biking. But their safety can be threatened in the process, many urban areas have tried different methods to ensure safety for adult pedestrians. This case study will focus more on how safe the commute is in the environment for children, youth pedestrians and bicyclists, since very little research has been conducted for this age group. By drawing conclusions from results, the authors hope they can encourage evidence-based recommendations that will increase safe active transportation. Hamra, G. B., Schinasi, L. H., & Quistberg, D. A. (2020). Motor Vehicle Crashes Involving a Bicycle Before and After Introduction of a Bike Share Program in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2010–2018. American Journal of Public Health, 110(6), 863–867. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305613

A study conducted in Philadelphia, PA, determined whether the citywide bike share program had any influence on rates of motor vehicle collisions involving a biker. An interrupted time series analysis was conducted on crash reports from 2010-2018 in Philadelphia County. Results of the study concluded that the rate of events was 106% greater at the time bicycle share was implemented compared with January 2010. Before bike share was introduced the rate decreased 1% annually. After bike share started the rate of bicycle events decreased 13% annually. Ultimately these programs are able to reduce rates of motor vehicle crashes involving a biker. Hughes, C. Uber leads $170M investment into scooter company Lime. (2020). UPI Top US News, NA. https://link-galecom.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/apps/doc/A622917047/ITOF?u=sunybuff_main&sid=ITOF&xid=e5e8c 75a

Uber and Lime agree on an $170 million investment in hopes of combining Uber’s electric bike

and scooter division into Lime. Due to COVID-19 there has been an increased need of micro-

mobility globally. The demand is more profound in urban areas where social distancing is heavily encouraged in order to ensure each individual’s safety. This alternative way of transport

can help encourage more support for the economy due to the sudden lockdown and rise in unemployment. Jancey, J., Cooper, L., Howat, P., Meuleners, L., Sleet, D., & Baldwin, G. (2013). Pedestrian and motorized mobility scooter safety of older people. Traffic Injury Prevention, 14(6), 647–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2012.749465 Car accidents involving pedestrians is an ongoing topic that policy makers and planners try to solve. The majority of the victims in these accidents are vulnerable older adults aged 65 and older and motorized mobility scooters. Safety measures must be implemented in order to ensure the safety of every pedestrian especially older adults who have limited mobility. In order to create walkable streets and better road environments, we should increase pedestrian safety awareness and encourage every community to treat older adults as a priority.

Jiang, B., Liang, S., Peng, Z., Cong, H., Levy, M., Cheng, Q., Wang, T., & Remais, J. (2017). Transport and public health in China: the road to a healthy future. The Lancet (British Edition), 390(10104), 1781–1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31958-X

Transportation in China greatly influenced the public health of its citizens. As more roads are built and more cars are driven, injuries and fatalities have increased as well due to inadequate emergency response systems and trauma care. Air quality has seen an improvement in China but there are still carbon emissions being released on busy roads and gas fueled automobiles. Without a change to the urban infrastructure, long term health will be negatively impacted and the environment. While these challenges are ongoing, China is still a leader in sustainable, healthy transportation. Lusk, A., Willett, W., Morris, V., Byner, C., & Li, Y. (2019). Bicycle Facilities Safest from Crime and Crashes: Perceptions of Residents Familiar with Higher Crime/Lower Income Neighborhoods in Boston. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 484–. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030484 This study watches the behavior of lower-income predominantly-minority residents and what bicycle-route surface or context they think as crime-free and crash-free. By drawing conclusions from this study, the desired environment these residents vouch for can be constructed and their neighborhoods will be seen in better health and lower risk of exposure to crime or crashing. Two populations in Boston, one community-sense and the other street-sense. In the end wide two-way cycle tracks with freshly painted lines, stencils, and arrows were low risk for crime and a cycle track’s median, red color, stencils, and arrows low risk for crash. Another way of looking at it is

clean signs, balconies, cafes, street lights, no cuts between buildings, and flowers were low risk for crime and witnesses, little traffic, and bike signals low risk for crash. McDonald, N., Steiner, R., Palmer, W., Bullock, A., Sisiopiku, V., & Lytle, B. (2016). Costs of school transportation: quantifying the fiscal impacts of encouraging walking and bicycling for school travel. Transportation, 43(1), 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-014-9569-7 Students traveling to school have seen an increase in safety and are seen either walking or biking to school. One thing that is not emphasized is how the safe routes to school initiatives and programs influence pupil transportation costs. This study assesses the potential economic benefits of these programs in the U.S. by eliminating the annual costs of using motorized transport for short trips to school, examining real world examples, and evaluating land use impacts on school transportation costs using a simulation analysis of school bus routes. There is a way to reduce money used by families and school districts by going to public sector investments in walking and biking infrastructure near schools. For schools with larger numbers

of children who live within walking distance, this can create potentially high cost-effective investments.

Riggs, W., & Gilderbloom, J. I. “Hans.” (2017). How multi-lane, one-way street design shapes neighborhood life: collisions, crime and community. Local Environment, 22(8), 917–933. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2017.1303666 This study focuses on how road arrangements create unsafe urban neighborhoods. Safety issues are tied to multi-lane, one-way streets, often housed by poor and minority residents. For a 5-year period in a mid-sized city an evaluation will be made on the number of collisions, crime data, counts of trees, housing valuation data, foreclosure and vacant and abandoned structures on a 13 block street with both one- and two-way streets. Photography will aid in the process of finding visual distress on one-way versus two-way segments. Results came to the conclusion that higher incidence of collisions and injuries on multi-lane streets than on their two-way counterparts- for motorists, bikes, and pedestrians. Neighborhoods with one-way multi-lane streets experience greater abandonment, lower housing values and slower increases in property values. Seymour, E.,P.E.PhD.(M.), Kuhn, B.,P.E.PhD.(F.), & Turnbull, K., PhD. (2019). Smart Communities: From Vision to Reality. Institute of Transportation Engineers.ITE Journal, 89(8), 31-37. https://search-proquest-com.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/docview/2275867267?accountid=14169 Shen, Y., Zhang, X., & Zhao, J. (2018). Understanding the usage of dockless bike sharing in Singapore. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 12(9), 686–700. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2018.1429696 This study located in Singapore examines the usage of new dockless bike-sharing services. After collecting GPS data on all dockless bikes from the largest bike sharing operators in Singapore for nine consecutive days, resulting in over 14 million records. The authors adopted spatial autoregressive models to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of bike usage during the study period. Fleet size, surrounding built environment, access to public transportation, bicycle infrastructure, and weather conditions were accounted for. In conclusion, high land use mixtures, easy access, more supportive cycling facilities, and free-ride promotions positively impacted the usage of dockless bikes. The negatives were drawn from rainfall and high temperatures. Steele, M. W. (2012). The making of a bicycle nation: Japan. Transfers: Interdisciplinary Journal of Mobility Studies, 2(2), 70+. https://link-gale-

com.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/apps/doc/A397265530/AONE?u=sunybuff_main&sid=AONE&xid=1b c834bd

Japan is among many countries for example the Netherlands and Denmark in terms of per capita bicycle ownership use. This study examines the timeline of prewar and postwar Japan, when the emergence of the distinctive bicycle culture that offered personal mobility to ordinary people slowly influenced the new found contribution of the bicycle to both social and economic development. The conclusion will explain how and why Japan was able to develop a long lasting and revolutionary bicycle culture. Thigpen, C., Klein, N., & Brown, A. (2020). Parking Problems: Motor Vehicle Parking Violations Vastly Surpass Scooters and Bikes. Institute of Transportation Engineers.ITE Journal, 90(6), 4549. https://search-proquest-com.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/docview/2410838175?accountid=14169 Parking violation cases show that compared to scooters and bikes, cars have the overwhelming majority of tickets collected. In this case study of San Jose in California, research concluded only 2 percent of the 530 scooters they observed impeded pedestrian access. The COVID-19 pandemic greatly influenced how people travel in order to maintain their social distance. In order to reduce transmission risk, streets were opened for more people to travel by foot, bike or scooter. Cities for example San Francisco in California, Austin in Texas, and Brussels in Belgium agreed “micromobility” to be the recommended method of transportation.

Vogel, P. (2018). Are You Ready For The Self-Repairing Electric Scooter? Mondaq Business Briefing. https://link-galecom.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/apps/doc/A565157058/ITOF?u=sunybuff_main&sid=ITOF&xid=1778 99d3

Zack, R. (2019). A Data Standard for New Mobility. Institute of Transportation Engineers.ITE Journal, 89(6), 26-28. https://search-proquestcom.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/docview/2251989071?accountid=14169 Easy accessible transportation for all in different modes can create more ways of traveling than ever before. However, in order to ensure the best and safest way to execute the new world of travel, each city, each urban community must abide by the same rules and regulations therefore creating a healthier world for all. By learning from others and their examples there is a clearer view on the new type of mobility being developed today which included e-bikes, e-scooters,

ride-sharing, and autonomous vehicles. Working together can be the answer to finally solving essential issues in the global transportation network.