May Extension Connection Sullivan County 2015

Volume LXXXXVI, No. 5

Liberty, NY -:- May, 2015

Volunteers Kaitlyn, Janice, and William helped clean up the grounds at CCESC in celebration of Earth Day.

(USPS) 525 - 100

Why Have My Hens Stopped Laying? Regional Livestock & Poultry Processors Farm Pond Fish Management Oriental Bittersweet Jam on It! Youth Have Many Fair Opportunities! Have You Heard about Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS)?

Replenishing Worn Out Garden Soil Volunteer Opportunities

Preventing Burns at Home When Using Oxygen

Upcoming Programs Three Day Master Food Preserver Certification Training Basic Vegetable Gardening Native Plants vs. Invasive Species Living at Home with Arthritis Weeds, Shoots, & Flowers! Intro to Poultry Farming Intro to Commercial Vegetable Farming CCESC Master Gardener Annual Plant Sale

Jams and Jellies workshop held on April 18th. The participants learned about hot water bath canning and jelled products. They each took home a jar of jalapeno pepper jelly, carrot cake jam, and a mixed berry freezer jam.

Preventing Burns at Home When Using Oxygen

13

Upcoming Programs & Events

14

Free Gardening Seminars, Ag Programs, MG Plant Sale

16

Ag Programs & MG Plant Sale

17

Replenishing Worn Out Garden Soil

18

7

CCESC Spotlights

20

An Overview of Emerging Business Models in the Local Foods Landscape

8

Volunteer Opportunities

22

Jam on It!

10

In Case You Missed It

23

Fast Facts

24

Youth Have Many Fair Opportunities!

12

News to Use

25

Membership Exchange

26

Message from the Executive Director

3

Why Have My Hens Stopped Laying?

4

Regional Livestock & Poultry Processors

5

Farm Pond Fish Management

6

Oriental Bittersweet

Have You Heard About ‘Mal de Debarquement Syndrome 12 (MdDS)?

Necessary Business The Extension Connection (USPS-525-100) is published monthly for $25.00 enrollment by Cornell Cooperative Extension of Sullivan County, located at 64 Ferndale-Loomis Road, Suite 1, Liberty, NY 12754-2903. Entered at Liberty, New York, as a periodical class matter. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in section 412, Act of February 24, 1925. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Extension Connection, 64 Ferndale-Loomis Road, Suite 1, Liberty, NY 12754-2903.

The Extension Connection Edited by: Nicole Slevin Layout & Design by: Tracey Argent Produced at Cornell Cooperative Extension Sullivan County 2015 Board of Directors Donna Willi..……..…...…..………….………..………..President Earl Myers…………..…….………………….........Vice President Pamela Rourke……………………………...…………...Secretary Glenn Pontier…………………………...…….…………Treasurer Dawn Boyes Christopher Gozza Sonja Hedlund Steve Mogel Edward Moran Louisa Parker Mike Sakell Janet Threshman Pete Tweed

Cooperative Extension in New York State provides Equal Program and Employment Opportunities. New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, New York State College of Human Ecology, and New York State College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University, Cooperative Extension Associations, County Governing Bodies, and the United States Department of Agriculture, cooperating.

NOTICE: Official endorsement of advertisers and their products is not intended by the acceptance of their advertisements for the Extension Connection.

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REGULAR OFFICE HOURS 8:30 am to 4:30 pm ~ Monday-Friday Phone (845) 292-6180 Fax: (845) 292-4946 Website: www.sullivancce.org Email: sullivan@cornell.edu Twitter @ccesullivan Facebook \ccesullivan

Staff Colleen Monaghan...……………..…………...Executive Director Tracey Argent…………………Sr. Administrator & HR Manager SueAnn Boyd………………..…...Sr. Administrative Assistant & Master Food Preserver Susan Dollard………………...Community Horticulture Educator Marylin Jones...…………………….….4-H Community Educator Bonnie Lewis……….…….....................Dependent Care Educator Michelle Lipari………………....Ag & 4-H Community Educator Erica Lynch ……….…………………….……..Kitchen Assistant Melinda Meddaugh……..Ag & Natural Resources Issue Leader, SC Planning Liaison Nicole Slevin…………………………Public Affairs Coordinator Tara VanHorn...…………………………….…..Finance Manager Sean Welsh……………….…Youth & Family Team Coordinator John Wilcox…………………….....Building & Grounds Manager

Extension Connection

May, 2015

Colleen Monaghan, Executive Director cm638@cornell.edu Finally! Spring is here! There’s so much energy buzzing around the CCE office it’s hard to know where to begin this month. We’ve got lots of registrations and clinics in the works to prepare 4-H’ers for fair, which is just around the corner; BOCES students and Master Gardener Volunteers are visiting the education center grounds almost daily to clean up our teaching gardens and greenhouses, plant seeds, and answer helpline calls as home gardeners start to prep their garden boxes and compost piles for the season. Our capital improvement projects are ongoing, and meeting rooms are booked nearly every night with educational workshops and planning meetings. May is especially exciting for Extension because we have so many great offerings to announce. May 9th we’ll board a coach bus here at 10:45 am for the Grains to Grapes Tour, to taste the fun side of agriculture at Sullivan County’s breweries and distilleries, along with a BBQ lunch courtesy of the Rockland House. Hope to see you there! We also have CCE Home Food Preservation experts Katherine Humphrey and Judy Price coming to teach the 3 Day Master Food Preserver class. Once you earn your certificate, you can volunteer with Extension and teach your friends and neighbors how they, too, can preserve the year’s harvest to enjoy throughout the year. We receive so many calls throughout the year from homeowners who want to grow their own vegetables and home gardens that we’re starting the season off right by offering some classes around starting your vegetable garden and choosing the best plants for our region. With support from our friends at Sullivan Renaissance, we’re offering a few free gardening seminars too! To celebrate Earth Day, CCE staff and volunteers took to our nature trail May, 2015

and cleaned it up so feel free to come on by one of these days to enjoy the 1.2 mile walk. Admittedly, we’re a bit overwhelmed! But all the action we’re seeing here is what the first three months of my tenure were all about. A little bit of planning and preparation has brought us to a place where we can be confident that we’re offering programs, supports, and opportunities that the community has asked for, and that we’re doing it well. If you attend a workshop or program, you will see that we are asking folks to complete a new feedback form at the end of the class. This is one of the tools our program advisory committee helped us create so we can make sure we’re hitting the mark with our efforts, and if we’re not, how we can do better. The form is optional, but we really

hope you’ll take a few minutes to tell us what you think. As always, my door is open to the community. I hope you continue to feel comfortable reaching out to help us understand how you see Extension contributing to the vitality of the Sullivan County community. I can be reached at 845-292-6180, or cm638@cornell.edu. If I’m out in the garden, which is quite possible this time of year, please leave a message! I’ll be sure to ring you back on a break. Until next month, put your hands in the dirt and enjoy the longer days!

Gardening with Youth. Start teaching them when they are young to promote a love of nature and share the rewards of growing one’s own food.

Extension Connection

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Submitted by Michelle Lipari, Ag & 4-H Community Educator A common question from small backyard laying flock owners is "Why have my hens stopped laying?" There are many factors which can cause hens to stop laying and in many cases there are multiple causes which add up to few or no eggs.

in the flock. Remember some death is normal over the period of a year in any flock. However, if you suspect a disease, contact a skilled veterinarian for help in examining your flock and get an accurately diagnosis and treatment.

The most common causes of decreased egg production include: decreasing day length, improper nutrition, disease, advancing age and stress. Decreasing Day Length or Insufficient Day Length Hens require 14 hours of day length to sustain egg production. Once day length drops below 12 hours, production will decrease and frequently stop. This happens naturally from October through February. To prevent this, provide artificial light to maintain a constant day length of at least 14 hours per day. One 40 watt light for each 100 square feet of coop is adequate. The lights should be added in the morning hours so the birds can go to roost as the sun sets. This prevents birds from being stranded in the dark when lights are turned out during dark hours. Some small flock owners find it easier to leave the lights on continuously. This is not a problem as long as you do not use light bulbs over the 40 watt size. However, the time clock will help lower your electric bill. Improper Nutrition Layers require a completely balanced ration to sustain maximum egg production over time. Improper nutrition can occasionally cause hens to stop laying. The most common problem is failing to provide a constant source of fresh water. This is especially a problem during the coldest months when the Page 4

water can freeze. Provide adequate water equipment so the birds always have fresh water. Inadequate levels of energy, protein or calcium can also cause a production decrease. This is why it is so important to supply your laying hens with a constant supply of nutritionally balanced layer food balanced at 16% - 18% protein. Feeding whole grains, scratch feeds and table scraps will cause the birds diet to become improperly balanced. Many times these imbalances can cause other problems like prolapse (egg blow-outs). Prolapse is caused when the bird is too fat and/or egg is too large and the birds reproductive tract is expelled with the egg. Prolapse usually cause permanent damage to the hen and is fatal in many cases. Feeding oyster shell "free choice" (always available) is also a good idea to help insure strong egg shells.

Your best protection against disease is to buy healthy stock and keep them isolated from other birds. Buying adult poultry and introducing them to your flock is asking for trouble. If you wish to increase your flock, buy chicks from a reputable hatchery or hatch some of your own eggs. Adult birds can look healthy and carry diseases. Aging Hens Production hens can lay efficiently for two laying cycles. However, after two or three years, many hens decline in productivity. This varies greatly from bird to bird. Good layers will lay about 50 to 60 weeks per laying cycle. Between these cycles they will be interrupted by a rest period called a molt. Poorer layers and older hens will molt more often and lay less. Removal of non-layers is recommended if economical egg production is your goal. Stress Any stress such as moving, handling, changes in environmental conditions or fright can contribute to or be the main cause for egg production declines. Common stresses include: 1. Chilling. Chickens do not handle damp, drafty conditions well. Prevent excessive exposure to wet, drafty conditions during colder months.

Disease Disease problems can occur under the best of conditions. Often one of the 2. Handling or moving. Once the layfrom Stone Ridge Farm with pond first signs of disease is a dropView in egg ing flock is in place, limit any unproduction. Other symptoms of disnecessary moving or handling. ease include dull and listless appearSwitching roosters or changing the ance, watery eyes and nostrils, cough(Continued on page 5) ing, molting, lameness and mortality Extension Connection

May, 2015

(Continued from previous page)

Poultry:  Hudson Valley Duck - Ferndale NY - USDA Processing, whole bird only. Contact Kenia Cruz at 845-292-2500

pens population will also disrupt the pens pecking order and cause some temporary social stress in your flock. 3. Parasites. If external or internal parasites are present, get proper diagnosis and treatment. 4. Fright. Limit the movement of children, dogs, livestock and vehicles around your flock as well as loud noises to prevent frightening the hens.



Eklund Processing - Stamford, NY - NYS Certified, whole and parts. Contact James Eklund at 607-435-9375



KNK Poultry - Edmeston, NY - NYS Certified, whole and parts. Contact KNK Poultry at 607-965-8361

Livestock:  Krantz Butcher Shop - Callicoon, NY- Custom Processing. Beef, Pork, Deer and Sheep/Goat. Contact Gary Krantz at 845-482-5784

5. Predators also can stress the birds and create a decrease in production. Other problems to consider when you see a decrease in egg collection: 1. Predators and snakes consuming the eggs. 2. Egg-eating by hens in the flock. 3. Excessive egg breakage. 4. Hens hiding the eggs when able to run free.



Eklund Processing- Stamford, NY - USDA Processing, Beef, Pork, and Sheep/Goat. Contact James Eklund at 607-435-9375



Larry’s Custom Meats- Hartwick, NY- USDA Processing, Beef, Pork, and Sheep/Goat. Contact Larry at 607-293-7927



Eagle Bridge Custom Meat- Eagle Bridge, NY- USDA Processing, Beef, Pork, and Sheep/Goat. Contact Steve Farrara at 518-6772702



NY Custom Processing- Bridgewater, NY - USDA Processing, Contact NY Custom Processing at 315-204-4084

Source: Philip Clauer, Poultry Extension Specialist, Animal and Poultry Sciences

Calling All Vegetable Farmers CCE will be rolling out a vegetable farmer brochure for the county and will need your help with up to date information. Please keep an eye out for information to be sent to your farm!

DHI Herdcode 70096 70120

Herdowner

March Type

Breed

#

Milk

Fat

Protein

Brandon Peters Dairy J&E Weissmann Farms Thony’s Dairy

DHI-AP DHIR-AP

H H

96.4 34.8

22602 20357

799 737

689 623

DHI-AP

H

56.8

18820

740

580

DHIR-AP

M

24.1

18263

672

568

70093

Weissmann MShorthorns Hughson, Wilfred

DHI-AP

H

126.4

16412

667

525

70375

Ashluck Farm

DHI-AP

X

29.0

16198

554

507

70021

Glassel, Robert

DHI-AP

H

45.2

14834

517

449

70146 70374

May, 2015

Extension Connection

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Submitted by Melinda Meddaugh, Ag & Natural Resources Issue Leader Farm ponds are found on private lands across New York State. Most of these ponds are less than an acre in area and provide recreation for the whole family. Often, fishing is a main component of farm pond recreation. To ensure a farm pond will provide decent fishing for many years, it is important for pond owners to practice good management practices.

Coldwater ponds are usually deeper, spring fed ponds whose surface temperature seldom, if ever, rises above 72 degrees fahrenheit. In contrast, the surface temperature of warmwater ponds remains above 72 degrees fahrenheit for considerable periods in the summer. Coldwater ponds are generally stocked with trout, while warmwater ponds are stocked with largemouth bass.

Farm Fish Pond License Prior to stocking fish in your pond, you should obtain a Farm Fish Pond License from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). The license allows the licensee, his immediate family, and his employees to take fish at any time, in any size, in any number, and in any manner as stipulated in his license. The farm fish pond license also serves as a stocking permit, eliminating the need to obtain a separate DEC fish stocking permit which is required to stock fish into any waters of the state. The Farm Fish Pond License is free and is good for five years. You can obtain an application for the license from any DEC Regional Office.

Trout Trout are unable to reproduce in most farm ponds and must be restocked every two years to maintain satisfactory fishing. A standard stocking rate is 400 -600 fall fingerlings (5 to 6 inches long) per surface acre of water. From an angling standpoint, rainbow trout and brook trout are more suitable for stocking than brown trout.

Pond owners should be aware that the laws governing fishing require all persons 16 years of age and older to have a fishing license except citizen-resident landowners and lessees or members of their immediate families actually occupying and cultivating farm lands. This means that guests or friends of the pond owner must have a license to fish the pond even though it is privately-owned. Laws pertaining to seasons, size limits, and daily take also apply to owners of private fish ponds unless a farm fish pond license is obtained. Stocking Fish Deciding on what fish species to place in your farm pond depends on the pond type (i.e. coldwater or warmwater). Page 6

Warmwater Fish Warmwater species of fish have an advantage over trout in the farm pond situation because they can reproduce. Either a largemouth bass/ bluegill combination or bass/ golden shiner combination are generally recommended. However, fathead minnows can be substituted for the bluegill or golden shiners as the prey species. A standard stocking rate is 100 bass fingerlings per surface acre along with 500 bluegill fingerlings or 200 adult golden shiners. Fathead minnows may be stocked at a rate of 300-400 fingerlings per acre. Generally, bass should be stocked when pond water temperatures are equal to the hatchery water temperatures. Yearlings obtained in the spring should be stocked in May and June. Fingerlings should be stocked in September and October. Bass and shiner or minnow fingerlings can be stocked at the same time. In an established pond, minnow or shiner fingerlings should be stocked a year or two prior to stocking yearling or adult bass. Bass should not be harvested until they have reproExtension Connection

duced successfully, which is usually two years after stocking them as fingerlings. Therefore, they may be fished for but only a few should be removed at any one time. Stocking bluegill with the bass provides another species for the angler to enjoy, especially children. However, an intensive amount of fishing pressure must be placed on the bluegill because of its high reproductive ability. In time, if an adequate number of bluegill are not removed, they will overpopulate the pond and become stunted. Research by Cornell University indicates that 15 times as many bluegills as bass can and should be harvested. The average bass/ bluegill pond can support annual harvests of only about eleven adult bass per acre. Overharvest of adult bass will obviously tip the balance in favor of bluegills. If the pond owner is only interested in bass or is just an occasional angler, a bass and shiner or minnow combination is a better choice. While bullheads are popular with some anglers, they can overpopulate a pond and become stunted. Furthermore, they are bottom feeders and their foraging often keeps the water muddy. Turbidity will work to the disadvantage of bass if they are present in the pond. Stocking Permits A permit from DEC is required before stocking fish into any water of the state that is privately or publicly owned. DEC issues several permits that authorizes fish stocking, including the following:  Fish stocking permit  Farm fish pond license for qualified ponds  Fishing preserve license, or Triploid grass carp stocking license. (Continued on page 7)

May, 2015

(Continued from previous page) Submitted by Susan M. Dollard, Horticulture Community Educator Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. staff-tree family (celastraceae) Origin: Eastern Asia, Korea, China, and Japan Background Oriental bittersweet was introduced into the United States in the 1860s as an ornamental plant and it is still widely sold for landscaping despite its invasive qualities. It is often associated with old home sites, from which it has escaped into surrounding natural areas. Distribution and Habitat Oriental bittersweet has been reported to be invasive from Maine to North Carolina west to Wisconsin and Missouri. It occurs in forest edges, open woodlands, fields, hedgerows, coastal areas, salt marshes, and disturbed lands. While often found in more open, sunny sites, its tolerance of shade allows it to invade forested areas. Ecological Threat Oriental bittersweet is a vigorous growing plant that threatens native vegetation from the ground to the canopy level. Thick masses of vines sprawl over shrubs, small trees, and other plants, producing dense shade that weakens and kills them. Shrubs and trees can be killed by girdling and by uprooting as a result of excessive weight of the vines. In the Northeast, Oriental bittersweet appears to be displacing the native American bittersweet (celastrus scandens) through competition and hybridization. May, 2015

Obtaining Fish The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation does not build, survey or stock private ponds. Since most of the operating funds in DEC's Division of Fish, Wildlife, and Marine Resources come from the sale of hunting and fishing licenses, field investigations, and fish stocking are only carried out on waters open to the general public. There are a number of private fish hatcheries located across the state where pond owners can obtain fish. Check with your local DEC fisheries office for a listing of local hatcheries.

Prevention and Control Do not buy, plant, transplant Oriental bittersweet or dispose of live or dead seed-containing material. Manual, mechanical, and chemical methods can be employed to control it. Vines can be pulled out by the roots, cut repeatedly, or treated with systemic herbicides. No biological controls are currently available for this plant. Native Alternatives Caution: Although our native bittersweet (celastrus scandens) would be an excellent plant to use as an alternative, many nurseries often confuse it with the exotic invasive bittersweet under the native label. Be certain of the species you are buying or choose another plant. Also, because of hybridization between the native and exotic species, many feel it is irresponsible to plant the native species when the invasive occurs in the area. Source: nps.gov/plants

Dealing with Possible Problems Sometimes pond fishing deteriorates because the pond is overpopulated with fish such as bluegills or bullheads. If this occurs, thin the fish down or eliminate the population entirely and restock with a more desirable species. Minnow traps or a fifty foot seine are ideal for removing small fish from a pond. Use of these devices can be specified in the farm fish pond license. If you want to remove all the fish, it may be necessary to completely drain the pond. Hopefully, a drainpipe was installed when the pond was built. If not, you still may be able to siphon water out or employ a large water pump. Aquatic weeds are a common problem in ponds. Some weed growth may lead to greater fish production but extensive growth interferes with both fishing and swimming. The decay of weeds can use up the dissolved oxygen in the water and cause a fish kill during winter months. If you experience excessive aquatic plant growth in your pond, you can obtain a copy of DEC's publication entitled "Aquatic Plant Control in Your Pond." It provides useful information on the different methods used to control aquatic vegetation. A helpful publication is "Fish Management in New York Ponds" (Bulletin 116) from the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University. You can obtain a copy by sending your request to the Distribution Center-GP, 7 Business and Technology Park, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850. There is a small fee. Source: New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.

Extension Connection

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Submitted by Colleen Monaghan, Executive Director In response to growing public interest in regionally-focused food systems, a proliferation of business models for expanding sales into these markets is occurring. In a recent U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Economic Research Service (ERS) report, the most recent data and findings on several aspects of local and regional models were shared, but even that report noted that the concept of localness may vary by the audience, purpose and data of the food system dimension where local is applied (Low, et al., 2015). Given that some of the growth in regional food systems is anchored in the idea of increasing the share of food dollars retained by farmers, if not their allied business associates and communities, it seems important to better understand how different models address those goals. We propose a typology of local/regional food system business models, employing representative categories to help small and medium sized farmers learn how their operations best fit the changing food marketing landscape. Figure 1 represents a variety of the most common food system enterprises, both local and non-local. The typology can be divided into four quadrants using the sales volume as the horizontal dimension and the value-added (operating profit margin) per unit of sales as the vertical dimension. The types of models are ordered, and connected by arrows, to represent common evolutionary steps that operations may take if their current marketing choice or portfolio evolves with plans to expand or decrease in scale, as new marketing opportunities appear or financial challenges arise. The top two quadrants (and their subcategories) will be Page 8

the focus of this article, as they correspond most directly to the business ventures found in local and regional food systems, and as Low, et al. (2015) reported, these intermediated sales may also be the future for growth in these markets.

producers to “leverage” the power of more collaborative markets, thus they are relatively low on the vertical axis of Figure 1.

Figure 1. A Classification Scheme of Local Food Business Models

Direct Marketing As a broad category, direct marketing encompasses several marketing models that have emerged as a growing segment, but with slowing growth in most recent years (Low, et al., 2015). This category represents highmargin outlets with low sales volumes, high input costs (including labor) and limited ability to scale up due to seasonality and low share of consumer dollars spent in these markets. Online sales and roadside stands allow for the higher margins desired in direct markets but do not allow Extension Connection

Farmers’ markets, a fast growing sector of local/regional food systems whose growth has plateaued in the past few years in terms of total numbers across the U.S., have been one of the central business models for direct marketing enterprises. Although commonly cited as a great start-up marketing choice and one that improves farm gross sales (e.g., Hunt, 2007), there is some agreement that potential sales volume may be limiting to vendors, and in some cases may not cover the additional inputs required by farmers’ mar(Continued on page 9)

May, 2015

(Continued from previous page) ket sales (i.e., packaging and labor requirements) (Hardsety and Leff, 2010; LeRoux, et al., 2010). An increasing number of farms provide their products directly to their consumers through community supported agriculture agreements: a model that provides more stable profit margins with an ability to scale up in areas near urban consumer centers. For this reason, it is placed higher on the vertical axis of Figure 1. Value-Based Food Supply Chains As illustrated in Figure 1, value-based food supply chains serve as one potential mechanism to scale food enterprises up while retaining some marketing control. Within this larger category, several models have emerged with varying organizational and marketing strategies which may influence whether producers and their communities will benefit from their existence. Farm direct to wholesale, where farms sell products directly to specialty retailers, restaurants, and institutions, may allow for long term relationships and informal contractual supply chains. Although long-term, cooperative supply chains may allow the prices paid to the farmer to be sustainably higher than commodity counterparts, some tension does arise in finding a price that works for both the buying and selling businesses (King, et al., 2010). Similarly, multi-farm CSAs allow the farmer to retain control over their products (in terms of setting production levels and/or prices), but farmers use a collectively-owned centralized system to market, sell and distribute their products. The model can provide favorable returns to producers, but one of the main challenges faced is maintaining equity among producers given the wide variety of volume and product type (Schmidt, et al., 2011). May, 2015

Finally, food hubs are where the producer leaves all elements of the supply chain to a central organization, similar to a mainline distributor, but with governance aligned with collaborating producers’ missions. Fair pricing is a key distinguishing characteristic of this value chain model, but also a challenge as the organization and the producer both aim to maximize profits while working in an environment of small margins. Table 1 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each category of the typology. Conclusion A generalized typology of marketing choices and the associated advantages and disadvantages will assist small and medium-sized farmers respond to their own desire to grow or respond to future innovations in their local econo

my and/or market linkages in the future. The categories outlined in Figure 1 are necessarily broad, but may help enterprises identify their current position(s). And, as they move forward with future planning, this summary may direct them to the most relevant case studies, literature and market players so effectively compiled in a number of directories and bibliographies developed by key food system organizations. For a more detailed discussion please see the full article on the extension website titled An Evolving Classification Scheme of Local Food Business Models: http://www.extension.org/pages/70544/ an-evolving-classification-scheme-oflocal-foodbusinessmodels#.VOaQNC6Hyug

Table 1. Market Typology Advantages and Disadvantages

Market Orientation

Customers

Managerial Control

Pricing Power

Market Volume Potential

Roadside Stand and Online Sales

Local, traveling and national households

Full control

High

Low to high

Farmers Markets

Local households, travelers

Full control

High

Low to medium

CSA

Local households

Full control

Medium

Low

Farm Direct to Wholesale

Local, independent businesses, institutions

Full control

Medium

Medium

Multi-Farm CSA

Local households and businesses

Medium

Medium to High

Food Hubs

Local businesses and institutions

Medium

Medium to High

Traditional Distributor

All buyers

Shared control Shared to limited control Limited control and pricing power

(Continued on page 19)

Extension Connection

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Submitted by SueAnn Boyd, Master Food Preserver Jams, jellies, conserves, marmalades, preserves, and butter can add zest to meals while providing a good way to use fruits that are unsuitable for canning or freezing. All are preserved by sugar and gelled to some extent, but difference in texture and fruit are distinguished one from another. Individual characteristics depend upon the type of fruit used, how it is prepared, the proportions of different ingredients in the mixtures, and the cooking methods used. Any of these products can be made in the traditional manner by cooking the ingredients until they have reached the appropriate temperature for the gel to form. Some may have commercial pectin added to shorten the cooking time and provide uniform results from batch to batch. Sweet spreads are a class of foods with many textures, flavors, and colors. They all consist of fruits preserved mostly by means of sugar and they are thickened or jellied to some extent. Fruit jelly is a semi-solid mixture of fruit juice and sugar that is clear and firm enough to hold its shape. Other spreads are made from crushed or ground fruit. Jam also will hold its shape, but it is less firm than jelly. Jam is made from crushed or chopped fruits and sugar. Jams made from a mixture of fruits are usually called conserves, especially when they include citrus fruits, nuts, raisins, or coconut. Preserves are made of small, whole fruits or uniform-size pieces of fruits in a clear, thick, slightly jellied syrup. Marmalades are soft fruit jellies with small pieces of fruit or citrus peel evenly suspended in a transparent jelly. Fruit butters are made from fruit pulp cooked with sugar until thickened to a spreadable consistency. For proper texture, jellied fruit products require the correct combination of fruit, pectin, acid, and sugar. The fruit gives each spread its Page 10

unique flavor and color. It also supplies the water to dissolve the rest of the necessary ingredients and furnishes some or all of the pectin and acid. Good-quality, flavorful fruits make the best jellied products. Pectins are substances in fruits that form a gel if they are in the right combination of acid and sugar. All fruits contain some pectin. Apples, crab apples, gooseberries, and some plums and grapes usually contain enough natural pectin to form a gel. Other fruits, such as strawberries, cherries, and blueberries, contain little pectin and must be combined with other fruits high in pectin or with commercial pectin products to obtain gels. Because fully ripened fruit has less pectin, onefourth of the fruit used in making jellies without added pectin should be under ripe. Caution: Commercially frozen and canned juices may be low in natural pectins and make soft textured spreads. The proper level of acidity is critical to gel formation. If there is too little acid, the gel will never set; if there is too much acid, the gel will lose liquid (weep). For fruits low in acid, add lemon juice or other acid ingredients as directed. Commercial pectin products contain acids which help to ensure gelling. Sugar serves as a preserving agent, contributes flavor, and aids in gelling. Cane and beet sugar are the usual sources of sugar for jelly or jam. Corn syrup and honey may be used to replace part of the sugar in recipes, but too much will mask the fruit flavor and alter the gel structure. Use tested recipes for replacing sugar with honey and corn syrup. Do not try to reduce the amount of sugar in traditional recipes. Too little sugar prevents gelling Extension Connection

and may allow yeasts and molds to grow. Jams and Jellies with Reduced Sugar Jellies and jams that contain modified pectin, gelatin, or gums may be made with non caloric sweeteners. Jams with less sugar than usual also may be made with concentrated fruit pulp, which contains less liquid and less sugar. Two types of modified pectin are available for home use. One gels with one-third less sugar. The other is lowmethoxyl pectin which requires a source of calcium for gelling. To prevent spoilage, jars of these products may need to be processed longer in a boiling-water canner. Recipes and processing times provided with each modified pectin product must be followed carefully. The proportions of acids and fruits should not be altered, as spoilage may result. Acceptably gelled refrigerator fruit spreads also may be made with gelatin and sugar substitutes. Such products spoil at room temperature, must be refrigerated, and should be eaten within 1 month. Preventing Spoilage Even though sugar helps preserve jellies and jams, molds can grow on the surface of these products. Research now indicates that the mold which people usually scrape off the surface of jellies may not be as harmless as it seems. Mycotoxins have been found in some jars of jelly having surface mold growth. Mycotoxins are known to cause cancer in animals; their effects on humans are still being researched. Because of possible mold contamination, paraffin or wax seals (Continued on page 11)

May, 2015

(Continued from previous page) are no longer recommended for any sweet spread, including jellies. To prevent growth of molds and loss of good flavor or color, fill products hot into sterile Mason jars, leaving 1/4-inch headspace, seal with self-sealing lids, and process 5 minutes in a boilingwater canner. Correct process time at higher elevations by adding 1 additional minute per 1,000 ft above sea level. If unsterile jars are used, the filled jars should be processed 10 minutes. Use of sterile jars is preferred, especially when fruits are low in pectin, since the added 5-minute process time may cause weak gels. Methods of Making Jams and Jellies The standard method, which does not require added pectin, works best with fruits naturally high in pectin. The other method, which requires the use of commercial liquid or powdered pectin, is much quicker. The gelling ability of various pectin’s differs. To make uni-

formly gelled products, be sure to add the quantities of commercial pectin’s to specific fruits as instructed on each package. Overcooking may break down pectin and prevent proper gelling. When using either method, make one batch at a time, according to the recipe. Increasing the quantities often results in soft gels. Stir constantly while cooking to prevent burning. Recipes are developed for specific jar sizes. If jellies are filled into larger jars, excessively soft products may result. Canned Foods for Special Diets The cost of commercially canned special diet food often prompts interest in preparing these products at home. Some low-sugar and low-salt foods may be easily and safely canned at home. However, the color, flavor, and texture of these foods may be different than expected and be less acceptable. In canning regular fruits without sugar, it is very important to select fully ripe but firm fruits of the best quality. Use

water or regular unsweetened fruit juices instead of sugar syrup. Juice made from the fruit being canned is best. Blends of unsweetened apple, pineapple, and white grape juice are also good for filling over solid fruit pieces. Adjust headspaces and lids and use the processing recommendations given for regular fruits. Splenda® is the only sugar substitute currently in the marketplace that can be added to covering liquids before canning fruits. Other sugar substitutes, if desired, should be added when serving. Sources: Judy Price and Katherine Humphrey, Cornell Cooperative Extension Food Preservation Expert Team. So Easy To Preserve, 5th Edition, University of Georgia, Cooperative ExtensionNational Center for Home Food Preservation, www.nchfp.uga.edu

2 ¼ pounds of peaches to yield 2 2/4 cups, finely chopped peaches 6 ½ cups sugar 1/3 cup lemon juice 2 pouches Certo liquid pectin or Ball liquid pectin Directions: Wash peaches. Place in boiling water for 30 to 60 seconds to loosen skins. Place in cool water. Peel and remove pits. Chop peaches in small pieces. Measure exact amount of fruit in a bowl. Measure the exact amount of sugar into a separate bowl. Stir sugar into fruit. Mix well. Let stand ten minutes, stirring occasionally. Stir pectin into lemon juice and stir into fruit mixture. Stir constantly until sugar is completely dissolved and no longer grainy, about 3 minutes. Pour into clean plastic or glass containers, leaving ½ inch headspace. Cover. Let stand at room temperature for 24 hours until set. Refrigerate up to 3 weeks or freeze up to one year. Thaw in refrigerator.

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Submitted by Marylin Jones, 4-H Community Educator

With the 4-H program year beginning October 1 and ending September 30, 4-H’ers have already completed half of their year! Many have already been involved in the project work they intend to show at fair, but there is still time for county youth to initiate a new project, refine or develop an ongoing project to a new level, designate a livestock animal to show, or join in one of the equine program’s calendar of events. The Sullivan County Youth Fair, organized by Cornell University Cooperative Extension’s 4-H Youth Development Program, is the showcase for county youth project work. In addition to 4-H members, exhibitors may be non-4-H youth if they reside in areas served by Sullivan County schools, or FFA members in good standing enrolled in agricultural classes in Sullivan County. Exhibitors ages 5-7 years may enter “cloverbud” classes to receive participant awards, while youth ages 819 years may exhibit and show to receive Danish awards.

skills and deepen understanding in project work, “to make the best better”.

Contrary to persisting perceptions of 4-H as only livestock-oriented, the 4-H Youth Fair offers evaluation and exhibition opportunities for classes covering every conceivable type of entry in departments such as personal development & leadership, communications & expressive arts, consumer & family sciences, visual arts, horticulture, environmental science, plant pathology, entomology, and science, technology,math & engineering in addition to the animal/livestock departments available for poultry & eggs, rabbit & cavies, pocket pets, dog, dairy, beef, goat, sheep, swine and horse as well as the Livestock Auction, the culmination of a youth’s market animal project. In addition to showcasing youth projects, the purpose of the 4-H Youth Fair is to provide an educational experience for its participants and the public. All judging for both static and livestock entries offer face-to-face evaluation experiences for participating youth. Additionally, written commentary is provided for every static exhibit while livestock judging provides verbal assessments that the public is able to hear. These types of critical feedback are important for youth to gain

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Extension Connection

The Sullivan County Youth Fair occurs in conjunction with the Grahamsville Little World’s Fair and takes place August 11-16 this year. Cornell University Cooperative Extension’s 4-H program invites all county families to join the experience by encouraging a young person to enter an exhibit or even a pet (Pocket Pet Show), participate in one of many free, hands-on activities, observe youth public presentations, attend an animal show to learn about different livestock breeds and what a gymkhana is, or just to enjoy a summer evening on a grassy hill watching the Bessie Bingo 4-H fundraiser. Pre-registration deadline for youth livestock projects is June 1. No pre -registration is required for youth still/static exhibits. Youth Building and Animal Fairbooks are posted on sullivancce.org. For more information on entry into the fair, project curriculum, 4-H member or volunteer enrollment, please contact Cornell Cooperative Extension Sullivan County at 845-292-6180.

May, 2015

Submitted by Bonnie Lewis, RN, Dependent Care Educator If you have had the feeling of swaying, rocking, or bobbing after stepping off a boat (commonly called motion sickness) that never goes away, in rare cases persisting months or years, you may have Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS). MdDs is associated with a number of other problems such as insomnia, headache, confusion, blurred vision, disorientation, and in some cases, anxiety and depression. The condition can be debilitating. People with the syndrome feel like they are still on the ship after disembarking, with the ground moving beneath their feet and their head rocking. Paradoxically, the only respite comes from riding in a vehicle such as a train or a car, but the relief is temporary, and symptoms return after the ride. While MdDS has been recognized for decades, the cause has been elusive, and there has been no effective way to treat it. Now there are preliminary findings from a small study by a team of NIDCD (National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders) supported researchers that are pointing to a promising treatment for MdDS. The findings may also shed light on more common conditions, such as motion sickness or the more typical, short-lived rocking sensation people experience after a cruise or a flight. Preliminary findings are based on decades-old experiments by space flight scientists. In a study published in 1962, researchers placed volunteers in a room that rotated slowly, then asked them to move their heads from side to side. The study volunteers developed unusual patterns of eye movements – hallmarks of May, 2015

MdDS. This pointed to a disturbance of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) as the cause of the eye movements. The VOR is a natural process by which your eyes compensate for head movements, keeping the image from wobbling while maintaining your spatial orientation. Without the VOR, you would have difficulty reading print when your head is moving and trouble with balance and walking. It was suspected that MdDS was rooted in a maladapted VOR: when at sea, the VOR adapts to the new pattern of motion, but upon return to dry land it fails to realign itself. If this hypothesis was correct, then it might be possible to readapt the VOR by treating patients with an opposing set of visual cues and pattern of motion: just as you straighten the course of a car that has drifted to the left by turning the wheel to the right, this strategy could potentially cancel out the misaligned components of the VOR and alleviate symptoms. After testing, the researchers concluded that maladaptation of the VOR was responsible for producing MdDS and that individualized patterns of visual stimuli and head movements can readapt it. Research is continuing to refine the therapeutic approach and scientists still don’t understand why MdDS affects more women than men, why symptoms are temporarily relieved by traveling in a vehicle, or which neural networks in the brain are responsible for the illusory sensation of motion. Sources: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/ health/inside/wtr2014/Pages/pg1.aspx U.S. Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health Extension Connection

This article (found on MedlinePlus) stands as a reminder to use precautions when using home oxygen therapy. If a family has someone using oxygen in the house, most likely due to some form of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), it puts them at a higher risk for burns a new study indicates. Oxygen therapy is a common treatment for people with the lung disease. But there is a burn risk for patients who smoke, because having a heat or flame source near oxygen gas can trigger a fire. Researchers looked at 685 Medicare patients with COPD who suffered burns between 2001 and 2010, and 2,055 patients who did not. Those who suffered burns were more likely to have been prescribed home oxygen therapy within 90 days prior to their burns. "The benefits of oxygen in COPD patients outweigh the modest risks of burn injury," said senior study author Dr. Alexander Duarte, a professor in the division of pulmonary critical care and sleep medicine at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. "However, health care professionals should educate and counsel patients and their families on the potential risk of burn injury and attempt to decrease this risk before prescribing home oxygen therapy," he added in a university news release. Many of the burns occurred on the face, neck, or hands. The death rate among patients who suffered burns was 10 times higher than among those with no burn injuries, the researchers found. Overall, one out of 1,421 COPD patients who were prescribed oxygen therapy suffered a burn each year, according to the study published March 30 in the journal Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Those most likely to suffer burns were men, poorer patients and those with three or more other medical conditions. Page 13

Free Class with Tips on Living at Home with Arthritis Wednesday, May 6, 2015 1:00 to 2:00 pm Extension Education Center . Liberty Caregivers who know a family member or friend living with the effects of arthritis can benefit from this class, with information from symptoms and warning signs to diagnosis and medical treatment. Participants in this web seminar will be able to:  Describe arthritis prevention and programs  Understand how to talk to an older adult loved one about arthritis  Take advantage of self-help aids and tools The class will provide invaluable tips for living with arthritis, as well as helpful coping and support resources, presented by Molly Carpenter (author, speaker, trainer, and family caregiver). Carpenter holds a bachelor’s of science in family science with a gerontology specialization from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and a master’s degree in education with a gerontology specialization from the University of Nebraska-Omaha. Pre-registration is encouraged by calling CCESC at 845-292-6180, emailing srb46@cornell.edu.

Become a Certified Master Food Preserver 3 Day Program - May 19th - 21st 8:30 am to 4:30 pm $375.00 Extension Education Center, Liberty This course includes the scientific basis of food preservation, hands-on experience in boiling water and pressure canning, gelled products and pickling, demonstrations in freezing and drying, and discussions on other methods of preservation. CCE Home Food Preservation Experts Katherine Humphrey and Judy Price, will teach the program, which includes pre-and post -tests. Evening study is required. Program participants will earn a certificate of completion, the first important step to becoming a CCE Master Food Preserver.

Call 845-292-6180, email srb46@cornell.edu or visit sullivancce.org Space is limited so paid pre-registration is required no later than May 11th. Cost of program includes a 340 page handbook, lunch, and food samples to bring home. Sorry no refunds. Page 14

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May, 2015

Basic Vegetable Gardening Grow Your Own Food Thursday, May 7, 2015 5:30 to 7:30 pm $20 Per Person or $15 Per Enrollee* Extension Education Center, Liberty Attention home gardeners and new farmers! Local farmer Adrianne Picciano, better known as the “Dirt Diva�, will present on how to successfully grow many different vegetables. Topics covered include: soil preparation, best planting practices, and best varieties to grow in our zone. Pre-registration with payment is required in advance. Sorry, no refunds. Call 845-292-6180 ~ E-mail srb46@cornell.edu ~ Visit sullivancce.org *Anyone can enroll in CCESC for $25 per household, annually. Enrollees must identify membership status at time of payment to receive discount.

Native Plants Vs. Invasive Species Substituting Ornamentals Over Harmful Invasives Wednesday, May 20, 2015 5:30 to 7:30 pm $20 Per Person or $15 Per Enrollee* Extension Education Center, Liberty Learn to create a more natural garden or landscape! Renowned author and landscape architect Carolyn Summers will present on using native plants in landscaping and home gardens. Learn the full design potential of northeaster flora. The lecture covers ways to substitute native plants for imported, often invasive, plants and includes information on the latest DEC regulations and prohibited plants.

Pre-registration with payment is required in advance. Sorry, no refunds. Call 845-292-6180 ~ E-mail srb46@cornell.edu ~ Visit sullivancce.org *Anyone can enroll in CCESC for $25 per household, annually. Enrollees must identify membership status at time of payment to receive discount. May, 2015

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GO FROM A BROWN THUMB TO A GREEN THUMB!

Wednesday

Wednesday

May 6, 2015

June 3, 2015

6 PM to 8 PM

6 PM to 8 PM

GARDENING TRAINING 102

Weeds, Shoots & Flowers!

GARDENING TRAINING 103

Designing, Digging & Delegating!

All classes will be held at the Gerald J. Skoda Extension Education Center teaching garden located at 64 Ferndale-Loomis Road in Liberty. Sullivan Renaissance and Cornell Cooperative Extension Sullivan County are proud to announce a series of FREE hands-on instructional trainings to teach the public about gardening. Learn how to care for a garden from the ground up, start to finish! CCE Sullivan County Master Gardener Volunteers will teach horticulture basics and explain how you can use your skills at a community gardening project near you. Whether you are already involved in a community project or would like to volunteer - these classes are for you!

Pre-registration is required!

Register online at SullivanRenaissance.org or call (845)295-2445

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May, 2015

Upcoming Agriculture Programs 5/6 Conventional & Organic Pesticide Re-Certification Time: 9:30 am—3:45 pm Cost: $35 per person/ $30 per CCESC enrollee* (lunch and credits included) This full day workshop will offer pesticide re-certification credits in NY and PA. Partial funding provided by NYS Agriculture and Markets.

5/21 Intro to Commercial Vegetable Gardening Time: 5:30—8:00 pm Cost: $15 per person/ $10 per CCESC enrollee* Do you want to start your own vegetable farm? Topics to be discussed include insect, disease, and weed management, soil fertility, and organic certification requirements.

6/25 Intro to Poultry Time: 5:30—8:00 pm Cost: $15 per person/ $10 per CCESC enrollee* Michelle Lipari, CCESC Agriculture & 4-H Community Educator, will present on various topics including breed selection, egg hatching, raising chicks and adult birds, feed and nutrition, equipment, healthcare, and the regulations on selling eggs and meat.

Call 845-292-6180 or email srb46@cornell.edu or visit sullivancce.org All workshops to take place at the Cornell Cooperative Extension Sullivan County Gerald J. Skoda Extension Education Center on 64 Ferndale-Loomis Road in Liberty, NY 12754. Space is limited. Pre-paid registration is required. No refunds. Enrollees must identify membership status at time of payment to receive discount.

CCESC Master Gardener Annual Plant Sale May 30, 2015 10:00 am – 3:00 pm Extension Education Center, Liberty

Gardeners and those who love plants will love this sale! Great quality plants and accessories at super low prices! Enjoy a Selection of: • • 

Perennials Natives Annuals

• Herbs • Vegetables • Raffles

Master Gardener Volunteers will be on hand to answer gardening questions and offer free soil pH testing!

Questions for the sale can be directed to scmghelpline@cornell.edu or call the CCESC office at 845-292-6180. Like our facebook page for a sneak peek at the items for sale! May, 2015

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Submitted by Susan M. Dollard, Horticulture, Community Educator As you know, Master Gardener Volunteers are home gardeners with backyard gardens, for the most part. With the kids out of the house, my husband Tim and I have shrunk our vegetable garden down to 3 large troughs that we built right outside our kitchen door. They are raised up for accessibility for my daughter, who’s in a wheelchair and as we age they are easier to manage. I have planted in them for the last three years, rotating crops each year, but I am concerned that the soil is wearing out. I recently attended a class in the “Art of Soil Building”, with several of my fellow Master Gardeners. Now I know that alfalfa is a great cover crop, but with the small scale troughs I grow in, it seemed out of the question to try planting it. At the soil building class the instructor talked about replenishing your gardens and compost piles with alfalfa pellets and meal. Huh! This sounded much more doable. So I have purchased alfalfa meal and plan to replenish my gardens with it, because alfalfa meal is an all-natural fertilizer made from fermented alfalfa plants. It’s great at replenishing worn out soils when used as a soil amendment. It can also be used as an accelerant in compost piles. Different Forms of Alfalfa Alfalfa, a perennial flowering legume, is mainly known as an animal feed. It can be used in any of its forms: 

Freshly chopped alfalfa – Lightly dug into the soil

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Alfalfa hay – Use as mulch, or in layers as you build a lasagna garden

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Alfalfa meal – This is dried, ground alfalfa and can be sprinkled around the garden Page 18

soil structure, and helps to prevent erosion.





Alfalfa pellets – Alfalfa meal formed into pellets – check to be sure there are no other ingredients – sprinkle around the garden Alfalfa tea – Brewed by putting a cup of meal into a 5 gallon bucket and filling with water. Let this sit for several days. It will get stronger and more odiferous the longer you brew it. Strain the tea and water plants with it, or use it as a foliar spray. Benefits of Using Alfalfa

1. Good Source of Minerals Alfalfa is a good source of nitrogen, along with several other minerals including:  phosphorus  potassium  calcium  sulfur  magnesium  boron  iron  zinc The N-P-K ratio for alfalfa is approximately 3 – 1 – 3, depending on its source. 2. Builds Organic Matter Alfalfa builds organic matter in your soil providing nutrients to plant roots. Its high nitrogen content helps other organic material to decompose. Organic matter also helps to prevent compaction, acts like a sponge and holds moisture in the soil, improves

3. Feeds Microorganisms The microorganisms in your soil love alfalfa because of the protein, amino acids, fiber and sugars in its stalk – items they need to thrive. Alfalfa hay has an almost perfect balance of carbon to nitrogen (24:1) which soil organisms require. 4. Stimulates Growth Alfalfa contains triacontanol, a hormone which stimulates the growth of plant roots, enhances photosynthesis, and increases beneficial microbes which help to suppress many soilborne diseases. 5. Fixes Nitrogen Alfalfa actually takes nitrogen from the air and holds it as nodules on its roots, a process called “nitrogen fixing”. This nitrogen becomes available in the soil for other plants to use when the alfalfa plant is cut down and its roots are left in the soil, or when the plant is turned into the soil. 6. Stimulates Compost When added to your compost pile, alfalfa acts as a stimulator. It decomposes rapidly, creating heat which helps the rest of your compost to decompose. And your finished compost will have higher nutrient levels when alfalfa is used. Higher nutrient levels in your compost and soil means more nutrient-dense produce in your garden. 7. Controls Harmful Nematodes A study in Italy showed that alfalfa pellets significantly reduced infestation of root-knot nematode on tomato plants, and cyst nematode on carrots. As an added bonus, yields for both (Continued on page 19)

Extension Connection

May, 2015

(Continued from previous page) tomatoes and carrots were increased in comparison to the control groups.

may also be cut down at the soil level and used as mulch, rather than digging it in.

8. Provides Drought Resistance Because of alfalfa’s sponge-like ability to absorb and hold moisture, it helps plants grown in that soil to be more resistant to periods of low rain.

Using Alfalfa Pellets

9. Is a Dynamic Accumulator Alfalfa roots reach down into the sub-soil up to 8 feet, bringing valuable hard-to-reach nutrients up to the soil surface where they are stored in the leaves of the plant. Using the cut alfalfa in your garden and compost adds these nutrients to the upper layers of your soil where other garden plants can use them. Alfalfa is particularly good at bringing iron to the surface, a micro-nutrient needed for chlorophyll synthesis. 10. Is a Great Cover Crop Leaving garden beds bare in the winter leaves them exposed to the harsh elements of weather. They should always be mulched with alfalfa hay or a cover crop should be planted. Also known as “green manure”, cover crops are generally planted in the fall and then dug into the soil in the spring to improve soil. The crop

One way of getting alfalfa in your garden is to sprinkle pellets around the root area of your roses. You will notice that if it gets wet it starts to look like a bunch of wooly caterpillars. Most folks scratch it into the soil or cover it with mulch so they don't have to look at it. Another way to use alfalfa is to soak 6 cups of alfalfa pellets in a 20-gallon trash can full of water - with a lid on it! This stuff will break down and start to ferment - then stink. Stir it a bit (use a broom handle) and after 3 to 5 days you have alfalfa tea - a great spring tonic for the garden. Dip out the liquid and spread it around the roots of your roses. Water it in. When you get to the sludge, add more water and let it sit for another 5 days, then dip it out again. The remains from the second batch should be put into the compost bin or spread under the roses and turned under. Source: https:// extension.unh.edu/.

(Continued from page 9) Allison Bauman, lead author, is a graduate research assistant in the Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics at Colorado State University. She can be contacted by email, allie.bauman@colostate.edu. Hardesty, S.D. and Leff, P. (2010). Determining marketing costs and returns in alternative marketing channels. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 25(1): 24–34. Hunt, A.R. (2007). Consumer interactions and influences on farmers’ market vendors, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 22(1): 54 –66. King, R., M. S. Hand, G. DiGiacomo, K. Clancy, M. I. Gomez, S. D. Hardesty, L. Lev, and E. W. McLaughlin. (2010). Comparing the Structure, Size, and Performance of Local and Mainstream Food Supply Chains. ERR-99, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. LeRoux, M.N., Schmit, T.M., Roth, M. and Streeter, D.H. (2010). Evaluating marketing channel options for small-scale fruit and vegetable producers. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 25(1): 16– 23. Low, S., A. Adalja, E. Beaulieu, N. Key, S. Martinez, A. Melton, A. Perez, K. Ralston, H. Stewart, S. Suttles, S. Vo gel, and B.B.R. Jablonski. (2015). Trends in U.S. Local and Regional Food Systems: A Report to Congress. AP-068, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Low, S. and S. Vogel. 2011. Direct and Intermediated Marketing of Local Foods in the United States. Economic Research Report-128. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Schmidt, M. C., Kolodinski, J. M., DeSisto, T. P., & Conte, F. C. (2011). Increasing farm income and local food access: A case study of a collaborative aggregation, marketing and distribution strategy that links farmers to markets. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 4(1), 157-175.

May, 2015

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Business Spotlight - Sullivan County Democrat The Sullivan County Democrat has been an important supporter of CCE Sullivan County, in some capacity, for decades. The Democrat has shared CCE program information with its audience and provided opportunities for our staff to directly connect with the public through educational articles pertinent to the season. Throughout CCE Sullivan’s Centennial Campaign in 2013 and 2014, Democrat staff served on our media committee and worked closely with us to develop a special magazine to celebrate our 100 year anniversary with a personal touch. From keeping CCE work in the public’s eye to simply calling us to swap “howdies”, the Sullivan County Democrat has been supportive of our mission and vision locally.

Photo credit: Jason Dole

“As we turn the page on our 125th year of publication, we realize how important our roots are. The Stabbert family came to Sullivan County as farmers and ran a dairy farm in Obernburg for over 80 years! We know the importance of agriculture and the entire agricultural community, and appreciate everything Cornell Cooperative Extension does to make these valuable sectors of our economy so successful.” Fred Stabbert, SC Democrat Publisher

Partner Spotlight SC BOCES & Sam Rogers

4-H Member Spotlight - Eddie S.

For nearly two years, CCE has had the wonderful opportunity to develop a partnership with Sullivan BOCES, particularly with our neighbors at the Career and Tech School. CCE has been fortunate enough to work specifically with the Natural Science program under the guidance of instructor Samuel Rogers. With the students’ tremendous assistance in planning and construction, Sam has led the way in building a hands -on education center in the form of a greenhouse and high tunnel. Sam and his groups also provided important assistance on other projects including construction of our new EaT Kitchen and maintenance of the nature trail that lies between CCE and BOCES. CCE appreciates all of Sam’s hard work and that of his group of responsible students.

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For the second year in a row, 4H’er Eddie S. will advance to the state level Dairy Bowl event. As part of a Sullivan County contingent competing at the regional event on March 14, Eddie was able to fend off strong competition from the Orange and Ulster County teams. Eddie was ranked first place overall for individuals while his senior team captured the second place title. Knowledge from a broad range of dairy science topics is required to succeed in Dairy Bowl competitions and Eddie was able to field the rigorous questions concerning bovine anatomy, reproduction, nutrition and health, as well as information on field, grains, forages, and dairy management. As an eleven year member with the 4-H Moo Juicers club, dairy science has always been a special focus for Eddie. He has also rounded out his 4-H career in many a project area from community service and visual arts to woodworking. Although quiet in appearance, Eddie maintains a great sense of humor and it is evident he has enjoyed his quest for knowledge and success in Dairy Bowl. We wish him all the best at the state competition in May, as he seeks an opportunity to advance to the national event.

Extension Connection

May, 2015

Staff Spotlight Marylin Jones Marylin Jones has worked for CCESC for the past 14 years. Marylin’s primary focus is working in the Family & Consumer Science side of the 4-H Youth Development program. Marylin has a passion for textiles; sewing, crocheting, knitting, and crafting. She and her volunteers have brought these programs to the youth of Sullivan County. These youth have honed their craft enough to win ribbons at the State Fair and they have generously donated them to the Federation for the Homeless in Monticello. Marylin and her husband have three children and reside in Neversink.

Farm Spotlight Aaron Burr Cidery - Wurtsboro, NY Andy Brennan and Polly Giragosian, owners of Aaron Burr Cidery, have mastered the art of growing and foraging delicious cider apples. Interestingly enough, this orchard is not planted in the conventional method but rather amongst the forest. Andy does a wonderful job at producing apples by grafting, pruning, and nurturing the soil to its optimum potential. Even trees as old as 200 years are producing on this property. After all the growing and picking is complete, the process to turn these apples into hard cider begins, which is done by natural fermentation. In addition, Andy and Polly opened their farm up to a CCE educational event last fall for the Orchard Management workshop. The Aaron Burr Cidery sells its products at area farmers’ markets, for their cider CSA, restaurants, and even stores.

May, 2015

Extension Connection

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Volunteer Position Title: CCESC Afterschool Club Leader Purpose of Position: The CCESC Afterschool Club Leader provides CCE/4-H curriculum based programming one time per week, in the after school environment, at identified school buildings, from October - May. Responsibilities:  Works with CCESC staff on an annual calendar.  Prepares materials & facilitates weekly, curriculum based youth development sessions for up to 15 youth in the afterschool setting.  Ensures that information about meetings, events, activities, other opportunities and program or policy updates are communicated to members and parents in a timely manner.  Ensures that all member participation reports are submitted to CCESC monthly.  Keeps the 4-H Extension Educator(s) informed about club activities, special accomplishments, and problems.  Ensures that the club and its membership play an active and visible role in the community.  Ensures that volunteers, club members and their parents are aware of and follow all CCE youth protection and risk management policies and emergency procedures. Volunteer Position Title: Social Media Assistant Description: The social media coordinator will develop and implement a social media strategy to increase overall reach and brand awareness. He/she will use social media outlets to promote active CCESC campaigns, engage the public and increase online presence. Duties and Responsibilities  Identify key online channels for CCESC to establish a presence  Enhance a social media strategy to support the organization’s program outreach and fundraising activities, and establish targets for increasing online reach  Post regular updates to CCESC’s social media outlets, including news articles, blog posts, press releases, fundraising appeals, educational tips and facts, and other promotional items  Monitor activity and user interactions for all social media outlets  Adapt general CCESC campaign messaging for the different outlet-specific audiences

Go to sullivancce.org or call 845-292-6180 for complete position descriptions or more information. Page 22

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May, 2015

Shooting Sports Safety Night March 26

th

Thirty-two youth attended this workshop with parents in preparation for the 4-H Shooting Sports 2015 season. The certified 4-H volunteer instructors discussed safety and how to handle range etiquette in a firearm range setting. Instructors discussed some of the basics, including shooting stance, before getting a chance to use the laser shot. Range events will begin early May 2015.

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Berries and Brambles March 26

th

John Gorzynski, a long time local farmer from Cochecton, NY was the presenter at this workshop which was attended by over 25 people. John brought a wealth of hands on knowledge to his presentation. Participants had many of their growing berries questions answered. One participant said, “I feel like I just sat down and had a conversation with John; what a great way to learn.” Many thanks go out to John for donating his time and experience to CCESC Master Gardener Program.

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Horse Communications March 28th

Sullivan County sent four youth to this regional event in Ulster County. Youth who choose to do a Horse

Communication project are doing a public presentation on an equine topic. One Sullivan County youth was selected to move on to the NYS competition held at Cornell University.

Taking Your Product to Market—Become a Food Entrepreneur

Congratulations!

Fifteen people attended this workshop, which explained the process of getting the Ag & Markets permit through selling your product at market. Paula Barber, a Retired Food Safety Inspector with the NYS Department of Ag and Markets, and a local resident who has gone through the process from start to finish, was on hand to answer questions from all who attended.

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Dog Obedience March 31st

4-H Youth had an opportunity to join this six part series focused on working with dogs in a safe setting with a trained instructor. For six consecutive Tuesdays, youth worked on reading body language and trained canines with clickers. The class will wrap up on May 5, with a graduation ceremony and clickers for graduates donated by Liberty Agway. Thank you Agway and volunteer trainer Kaitlyn Smith!

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STARR Trip April 10 - 12th

The State Teen Action Representative Retreat (STARR) saw six Sullivan County youth attend along with two chaperones in Syracuse, New York. One of the Sullivan County youth, Jessica S., has been on the STARR planning committee for the past year. Youth have a chance to engage in workshops of their choosing on a wide variety of topics, with a dance culminating the weekend.

April 14th

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District Public Presentations April 18th

Seventeen Sullivan County youth had the opportunity to move on to this public speaking event, held at Ulster County Community College in Stone Ridge, NY. State Public Presentations is being held at Cornell University in May.

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Intro to Farming April 23rd

Nine people attended the first session in the Beginning Farmer Series. This workshop focused on the rules and regulations of farming. Topics discussed included how to get started, zoning lease options, ag assessment, writing a business plan, and marketing regulations.

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Soil, Water & Sun! April 1st

Over 40 people attended the Basic Gardening 101 class where they learned how to prepare the soil, how much to water, and proper planting location based on how much sun is needed. This class was held in partnership with Sullivan Renaissance. Part II: Weeds, Shoots, and Flowers! Will be held at CCE on May 6. Right: Master Gardeners doing soil tests at the Soil, Water & Sun class. Great Job! Great showing of Cornell Red. May, 2015

Photo credit: Diana Weiner

Extension Connection

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The most money ever paid for a cow at auction was $1.3 million

CCESC Program Areas 

Ag & Food Systems

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Environment &Natural Resources

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Community & Economic Viability  

Bamboo is the fastest-growing woody plant in the world; it can grow 35 inches in one day

Nutrition & Healthy Families Youth & Family Development

Ezra Cornell, co-founder of Cornell University, was the founder of Western Union, served as President of the New York Agriculture Society, And was a state senator

The first day of spring in the Southern Hemisphere is the first day of fall in the Northern Hemisphere

May is National: Nurses’ Day NASCAR Day Orange Juice Day Hamburger Day Bike to School Day Mother Goose Day Apple Pie Day

Small pockets of air inside cranberries cause them to bounce and float in water

Alpaca wool comes in 22 natural colors, the most of any wool-producing animal

Page 24

In an average lifetime, a person will walk the equivalent of 5 times around the equator

Some medications, such as antibiotics and antihistamines, can cause extra sensitivity to the sun’s rays

Extension Connection

The first capital of the United States was New York City

If you have 3 quarters, 4 dimes, and 4 pennies, you have $1.19. You also have the largest amount of money in coins without being able to make change for a dollar

The first railroad in the US ran a distance of 11 miles between Albany and Schenectady.

May, 2015

USDA’s Farm Service Agency (FSA) Offers Farm Bill Website and Online Overview of Farm Bill Programs The Agricultural Act of 2014 (the Act), also known as the 2014 Farm Bill, was signed by President Obama on Feb. 7, 2014. The Act repeals certain programs, continues some programs with modifications, and authorizes several new programs administered by the Farm Service Agency (FSA). Most of these programs are authorized and funded through 2018. For the latest on the Farm Bill programs administered by FSA, please visit the Farm Bill website at www.fsa.usda.gov/farmbill. An FSA program overview please read, download and/or print the recently posted FSA Farm Bill Fact Sheet titled, What’s in the 2014 Farm Bill for Farm Service Agency Customers? For more information on FSA, please contact your local USDA Service Center or visit www.fsa.usda.gov.

MG Helpline is Open Three Days a Week The Master Gardener (MG) Helpline is up and running three days a week now. Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays from 9:00 am - noon you can talk to a Master Gardener in person. All other times call 845-292-6180 and leave us a message. We will get back to you as soon as possible. The MGs can do soil pH tests, send out soil analysis, identify insects, identify plants and plant problems, and answer all of your gardening questions with research-based information. You can also send your questions to scmghelpline@cornell.edu.

In the photo below: Left to Right, Master Gardener Volunteers, Kristin Porter and Sandy Nackley are working together to answer gardening questions on our helpline.

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USDA Foodkeeper App The USDA has an app for your iphone or droid. To find out more information visit http://blogs.usda.gov/2015/04/02/ new-usda-foodkeeper-app-your-newtool-for-smart-food-storage/

Liberty Belle’s Annual Auction May 19th ~ 7:00 pm

New and gently used items will be up for bid at this fundraiser for the CCE Scholarship Fund. The public is welcome and it is suggested that you bring a friend. Call 845-292-4013 for more information. …………………………………

JEMS, Inc. (Jeffersonville Enhances More of Sullivan) JEMS, Inc. is opening an Outdoor Market in Jeffersonville, NY. The market will kick-off this year on Sunday, May 31. JEMS is looking for interested vendors to join us in our Outdoor Market that runs every Saturday through and including Saturday, September 5. For more information and to obtain an application, please contact: Michelle A. Gadoury, Event Coordinator 845-4822169.

May, 2015

Extension Connection

Page 25

Charles Keating Cell: 570-430-1045 Fax: 570-689-2688

Member Exchange ANIMALS & SUPPLIES FOR SALE  Oak Ridge Farm – Horses Boarded, Horse      

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Back Riding Lessons, hay for sale. 845-4824686 Lashside Farm. Full board or turnout. 845-292 -3765 Retired Horse Boarding on 45 acre farm. Your horse will be well taken care of on our peaceful farm. 845-482-4779 Lambs, Baby Goats and Hay 845-434-7764 Registered Polled Hereford Bulls for Sale. Bred cows. Call Stone Ridge Farm 845-4394359 Trout for sale. 6"-8" Brook Trout. Delivered or picked up. Call Beaverkill Trout Hatchery for details. 845-439-4947 Bring us your retiring horse or those in need of rest. We will provide personalized care on our 50 acre farm at reasonable cost. Heaven’s Gait Farm 1-516-721-9173. For Sale: Miniature Donkey Jacks. 845-4824061 Goats for sale. 845-252-7434

AUTOS & OTHER VEHICLES  1938-1939 International Stake Bed Truck Model #D-30-232 Cubic Inch Engine Rating 1.5 ton chassis #D3072207 T.G.W. 13.200. Very Good Shape- Asking $1200 – 985-7052  Go Kart. 5 hp. Briggs & Stratton. Good condition. 6 yr. old. $100 (845) 557-6090  1987 H-D Sportster, 9500 miles, excellent condition. Lots of extras $ 2200 obo. 2005 Artic cat sno-pro F7 Excellent Condition, $ 4100 miles. $3000.00

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EQUIPMENT FOR SALE  John Deere 3010, Diesel, WFE, Dual Hyd.    

Outlets, Rops. Asking $6,000. 845-551-1649 John Deere Snow Blower 44” fits the 500 series John Deere Tractor. Brand new, used once. Call for details 845-583-7818 2013 Kobelco Excavator NEW 20 hours $85,000 marilynk@mac.com 2005 Navigator 23,000 miles $15,000 marilynk@mac.com 5ft bush hog for sale. 845-428-5005

FIREWOOD

 1983 Glassport 19' 7'' inboard/outboard, 350    

 Brad Curry. Firewood - Landscaping - Logging - Scrap Iron (845) 807-8676

 Firewood delivered, Logging & Excavation 845 -807-3236

MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE  Yarn for sale. Alpaca 2 ply& core yarn 516941-7207

 2013 Kawasaki Motorcycle 650 KLR Dual Purpose on/off street legal bike, mint condition, under 300 miles, loaded with options $6000.004 person peddle boat Large, Mint heavy duty $500.00 2003 Arctic Cat pantera, 2 up(seater) 2000 miles, mint condition snowmobile $2000. Artic cat 370cc snowmobile 1000 miles- $1100. Mint condition 2 slots machines, mint working condition. Lights and sound with tokens- 120.00 each. Antique Mantle clocks (Mint) Many other items. Pete (845-557-8678) petetraina4u@yahoo.com

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Chevy and 20' dual axle trailer. Needs work. Make offer. 203 740 0167 Hot water radiators 25.5" x 15.5" to 47" [10 total] and 19" x 36.5" and 39" BO 203-7400167 Men’s size 8 chest high fishing waders with felt soles. Worn once paid $200 asking $85. 914-237-2329. SNOWBLOWER- Agway gas dual stage 6 speed #523 23 inch wide $280 or best offer 845 791-4501 WOODSTOVE- Dutchwest cast iron Convection Heater Model 2462 by Vermont Castings. 2 speed fan, extra-large for up to 25 inch logs, accessories included. $765 or best offer 845 791-4501 5 foot 3 pt. hitch Woods Finish Moore RM59. Asking $500. 434-6850 2 pairs of snow shoes-Little Bear Trappe of Aspen $45. 973-890-1747 Leave message. 2008 Meyer 7 ½ ‘MDII EZ Mount Snow Plow. Mint condition, well maintained and garage kept. All you need is vehicle specific mount and harness. Over $4000.00 new. Have mount for 2004-2014 Nissan Titan. Light use on small driveway. Just bought ATV with plow and no longer need truck with plow. Plow comes equipped with Plow Flowmaster Air dam for those long road trips. Helps keep truck running cool. $2000. Call or text 845-590 -0140 or 845-583-6244

(Continued on page 27)

Extension Connection

May, 2015

Member Exchange HAY FOR SALE

 HAY – Square Bales - Local Delivery available    

845-887-4582 Hay 1st, 2nd, 3rd square, round and wrapped. Protein – 19.1 – 22.6 composted. Topsoil, sand, gravel and cattle. 845-985-7866 Hay square bales 845-807-2532 Round Hay Bales for sale – 583-6024 Hay-2nd and 3rd cutting grass; forage analysis, 19-23% protein; $6.50

FOR BETTER BUSINESS

 Licensed Security Guards & Any size property

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FARMERS’ MARKET CORNER

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Maple Jelly, Maple Sugar. 845 -292-7838

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 Muthig Farm - Maple Syrup, Maple Cream,  Justus Asthalter Maple Syrup Inc. – New &

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used maple equipment & supplies for all size maple producers. Syrup, Cream, Candies, we ship anywhere. Sugar Hill Containers and Leader glass in stock. Call us at 845-292-8569 or email family@justusmaple.com/ www.justusmaple.com CATSKILL MOUNTAIN HONEY Pollen, propolis, Royal Jelly, bee supplies & equipment. Hives supers frames from our shop. Save $$ Jim Kile 845-647-6759 Farm fresh real food prepared and delivered weekly. Naturalcontents.com 888-551-8625 Wahldairyfarm.com Home grown Pork, Beef and Eggs. Guinea Fowl – 845-887-5737 Asian Specialty Vegetables. Charlie Koh. Seon Organic Farm 631-599-0072 Nutritious and Delicious Home Made Soups and Breads delivered to your door. Woodridgesoupemporium.com Organic Garlic for sale; reasonable prices. Call John 845-292-1195 "Dogs Luv'em" all natural Murray's chicken dog treats. 845-283-1128 All Natural Organic Sunbird Cookies. 5-6 oz.-no eggs, no dairy, handmade with Love. Gluten Free and Vegan. Kim-845-901-4706 Story’s Neversink Plant Co.-Rare succulents and interesting plants. By app’t. Only. John W. Story, Proprietor 845-985-5071 Korwan's Nursery Rhododendrons, perennials, trees, shrubs, and woodcarving. Landscaping 845-482-3345 Beaverkill Trout Hatchery- top quality trout, brook, brown & rainbow for sale. Trout preserve open Apr.1- Labor Day- 845-439-4947 email: troutlady61@yahoo.com THEODORA ORGANIC FARM Email: Theodoraorganicfarm@gmail.com- 646-710-0505 “No Farms, No Food” On farm vegetable and fruit stand open Saturday 10-2. River Brook Farm, Cochecton, NY 845-932-7952 Fertrell organic fertilizers, soil amendments and complete soil testing with recommendations available. Baron Organics, Products & Support, Jeffersonville, NY 12748. 845-482-3209

May, 2015

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patrol. Alarm & camera installation with central station. Since 1980” When you are away your neighbors will pay” Reasonable rates. 845-5578678. petetraina4u@yahoo.com Muthig & Sons - Landscaping - Logging Decks - Roofs - Firewood (845) 807-1711 Clown for all occasions, info @ www.misssunshinetheclown.com for all your party entertainment. 845-807-6222 Klein's Tax Service. 25+ Years Experience. (845) 292-9225 T-shirts and machine embroidery for your business, club, organization. Hats, aprons, tote bags. Local business. Mountain Bear Crafts, Livingston Manor, NY. 845-439-8050. See photos: www.mountainbearcrafts.com Wurtsboro Veterinary Clinic- 163 Sullivan St. Box 190, Wurtsboro, NY 12790 845-888-4884 Dr. Linda Tintle, Dr. Dean Tinter, Dr. Nancy Odell, Dr. Joe D’Abbraccio Norbert’s Clock Repair. Antique specialist. Fair Price. For estimate/pickup 845-887-5831 Group Travel around the world with Barbara’s Bunch. Call, 914-799-3362 or email: barbarahahl@yahoo.com Old interesting barn finds? Call for free appraisal 482-4901 Hartley Consulting, INC. Strategic Development for Non Profits. www.hartleyconsulting.com Duke Pottery. www.dukepottery.com Pottery Studio, Art Gallery, Gift Shop. Open Year Round, Fri, Sat, Sun 11:00-5:00 or by chance. 855 Co. Rd. 93, Roscoe, NY Clemente S Frances, Attorney at Law 845-8876344 or 570-729-8607. PO Box 866 32 Lower Main St. Callicoon, NY 12723 O&L Digital Photo- Weddings, Sweet 16, Birthdays, Baptisms and special events. Album packages & DVD video. 845-932-5020 or 917693-9891 www.dbase.com or olima@msn.com

FURNITURE & HANDMADE ITEMS  Visit Charlie Barbuti Furniture Mall for all your furniture and mattress needs. 292-4826 www.barbutifurniture@verizon.net

 Majek Furniture- Full Line Furniture and Mattress showroom; www.Majekfurniture.com

FOR A BETTER YOU

 Jin Shin Jyutsu, Near Grahamsville. Energetic, Harmonizing 647-6572  Dr. Jorge R. Delgado. Board certified Chiropractic Neurologist. 23 yrs. experience. Caring, quality chiropractic care in a warm, comfortable atmosphere. Rt. 52 West, Liberty, NY (845) 292 -3455  Yoga classes near Neversink Dam. Gentle stretches for seniors and beginners. Schedule Mon, Wed, Sat a.m. Thurs. p.m. I free introductory class. Yoga improves flexibility & health.

Extension Connection

Reiki sessions by appt. Relieve stress & pain. Call Joy 845-292-7870  Catskill Aesthetics & Laser Center, Loree Ann Stanton, RN-HT, CDN - Botox, Fillers, Laser for Hair, Veins and Brown Spots, Peels 794-3030

REAL ESTATE – AGENCIES, PROPERTIES, & RENTALS

 1200 sq. ft. apt for rent. 2nd story 3 bdrm- 2 full

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baths. Tri-Valley school district. Washer/ Dryer hook- up. Open concept floor plan. Pets allowed with security. Grounds are cared for. $900.00 a month. 1st month security. (845-9857052) Apt. for Rent- 1 spacious bdrm, laundry alcove, excel. Heat/ hot water in private custom built home, wooded acres. Location: Harris off old 17.Rent: 650.00 Avail. March. —914-237-2329 EAGLE VALLEY REALTY Farms, Homes, Country Properties, Listings Needed. Gerald Euker, Broker Call: (845) 252-3085 Catskill Brokers, Inc. Real Estate Services. Cynthia L. Johnson, Broker. Woodbourne, NY 845-434-7860- email: catskillbrokers@hvc.rr.com For all your real estate needs come for a visit and stay for a lifetime. “Trout Town USA” Roscoe, NY. Sullivan County, Delaware County – Lilly@elliot-pomeroy.com McKean Realtors – Farms and Lake Front Homes 845-583-6003 Barbanti Realty- 40 years in business- 845-292 -2800 Rieber Realty, Monticello, NY 845-794-0211. www.RieberRealty.com

HELP WANTED  Garden Assistant Needed for residential vegetable garden. Salary Negotiable, knowledge of gardening, preferred Horticulture student. 845888-5047  Full time Healthy Food and Bakery Prep. Experience preferred. Send resumé to info@javaloveroasters.com  Rabbits for all Reasons and Chicks to Hens of Many Breeds. Member of A.R.B.A. for 37 years. 845-888-0274  Part time farm help available. 845-434-8832

WANTED  Looking for a piglet to raise for four months for    

slaughter. 845-733-4031 or emiller384@hotmail.com Wanted: Speedex Tractors Parts & Accessories 845-557-8030 Wanted: Llama for pet. Please call 845-4823509 Looking for stories and/or photos about Camp 4 -H pines. Contact Neversink Historian, Carol Smythe Po Box 307 Grahamsville, NY 12740 Wanted: Side Delivery Hay Rake in Working Condition. Call Mike 482-3628

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Earl Kinney

Excavating & Trucking Ready To Meet Your Needs Free Estimates - 40 Years Experience  DRAINAGE  SEPTIC SYSTEMS  FOUNDATIONS  DRIVEWAYS  ROADS  PONDS  LAND CLEARING  GRADING STONE SAND GRAVEL REDSHALE

No Job Too Big or Too Small

887-5540

OFFICE - 46 ROCK AVE., HORTONVILLE EVENINGS - 887-5647

Trucking & Hauling

Bulldozing

J. HUGHSON EXCAVATING, INC. - CONSTRUCTION -

Foundations — Sand — Gravel—Fill—Topsoil Septic Systems Installed

845-482-9826

PO Box 557 Jeffersonville, NY 12748