Copyright (c) 2025 by W.E.B Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy, Clark Atlanta University. Digitally published in Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. All rights reserved. The opinions herein do not necessarily reflect those of Clark Atlanta University. The mention of specific products or services within this publication does not constitute or imply a recommendation or endorsement by Clark Atlanta University or the W.E.B. Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy unless so explicitly stated. All trademarks, copyrights, and corporate logos revert to their respective owners. Aside from the downloadable copies for personal use, this document may only be reproduced, transmitted, sold, or displayed with prior written approval from the W.E.B. Du Bois Southern Center for Studies of Public Policy of Clark Atlanta University.
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Executive Summary
The 2024-2025 Georgia Legislative Review by the W.E.B. Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy at Clark Atlanta University addresses vital issues and legislative actions affecting African American communities in Georgia The report focuses on public policy regarding environmental justice, education, voter suppression, healthcare, housing, criminal justice, budget, and taxes, among other concerns
The 2025 Georgia legislative session was characterized by a significant and troubling disconnect between the pressing needs of its residents and the priorities of the General Assembly. While lawmakers introduced a slate of bills that touched upon critical issues from housing and healthcare to voting rights and environmental justice the session ultimately failed to deliver the meaningful, comprehensive solutions required to support the state’s most vulnerable communities. Instead, tangible progress on economic and social welfare was largely sidelined in favor of a divisive, socially conservative agenda that sought to roll back equity initiatives and restrict individual freedoms, leaving foundational problems to worsen
The state’s severe and deepening affordable housing crisis, for instance, went largely unaddressed Georgia’s working families are increasingly caught between a shortage of available homes, the aggressive purchasing of single-family properties by corporate landlords, and a legislative body unwilling to intervene. Bills aimed at regulating these predatory practices and protecting tenants from exorbitant rent hikes stalled in committee, leaving families to contend with stagnant wages and an ever-increasing risk of eviction and displacement. This legislative inaction ensures that for many, particularly within Black communities who are disproportionately affected, the goals of economic stability and homeownership remain frustratingly unattainable
Simultaneously, the legislature continued its unrelenting assault on voting rights and principles of equity Under the guise of promoting "election integrity," lawmakers introduced measures that would create significant new barriers to the ballot box One such proposal, House Bill 661, sought to impose harsh felony penalties for even unintentional voter registration errors, a move that would undoubtedly intimidate and disenfranchise eligible voters. This was coupled with a coordinated and cynical attack on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) principles within educational institutions and state government, threatening to dismantle vital programs and scholarships designed to address long-standing systemic inequality.
This pattern of stalled progress was evident across other critical areas In criminal justice, promising bipartisan efforts to reform outdated and punitive policies ultimately failed to pass Proposed bills that would have restored eligibility for the HOPE Scholarship for students with past drug convictions (HB 206) and removed barriers to housing and employment for returning citizens (HB 650) were left behind. Likewise, in environmental justice, Black communities continue to bear a disproportionate burden of environmental hazards, yet legislation to ensure safe drinking water (HB 43, HB 193) and address the cripplingly high energy costs faced by low-income families (HR 67) was not advanced, demonstrating a profound lack of urgency.
Georgia’s public health system remains in a state of crisis, a fact underscored by the legislature’s repeated failure to expand Medicaid, a decision that leaves hundreds of thousands of Georgians uninsured The state’s maternal mortality crisis the second-worst in the nation saw only mixed legislative results While bills were passed to enhance a mortality review committee (HB 89) and cover fertility preservation services (HB 94), these incremental steps were overshadowed by the defeat of a radical anti-abortion bill (HB 441) and the failure of crucial measures to expand access to HIV care and prevention.
In conclusion, the 2025 legislative session was defined far more by what it failed to do than what it accomplished While a few minor reforms were passed, the overarching theme was one of missed opportunities and a legislative agenda profoundly misaligned with the public good The persistent focus on socially divisive issues at the expense of foundational economic security and public health underscores an urgent need for Georgians to demand a legislature that prioritizes the well-being of all its citizens.
At the W.E.B. Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy at Clark Atlanta University, our mission is to analyze and assess legislative actions to determine their potential impact on Black communities in Georgia. We have evaluated fifteen bills recently passed by the Georgia Legislative Session and signed into law by Governor Brian Kemp Our analysis highlights the direct effects of these laws on the daily lives and prospects of Black Georgians, aiming to inform and empower community engagement in the policy-making process Additionally, we have graded each legislator based on their voting record on these policies, reflecting their alignment with our advocacy for the interests and needs of Black communities.
In conclusion, this report is our attempt to educate the public on whether policy making in the Georgia Legislative Assembly positively or negatively impacts Black communities in Georgia. Our hope is that this report will be used to educate the general public so that they can make informed decisions on who to vote for and what policies significantly impact African Americans in Georgia.
Joseph L Jones, Ph D
Impacts of the National Political Climate on Georgia’s 2025 Legislative Session
Fallon McClure
Introduction
Georgia’s 2025 legislative session unfolded against the backdrop of an altered national political environment. With a new federal administration in power, state lawmakers responded by proposing bills that often aligned with national policy shifts. This close mirroring of federal priorities shaped legislative proposals and outcomes on key issues, including health care, immigration, education, taxation, and the death penalty
This overview highlights both alignment and tension between state and federal priorities, revealing where Georgia’s lawmakers followed national cues and where they diverged What is clear is that Georgians witnessed a strong policy alignment between the state and Washington, D.C. Most of the legislation presented failed to serve the interests of working-class families and vulnerable populations in Georgia due to partisan agendas that overshadowed pressing socioeconomic issues.
The 2025 legislative session was lackluster in advancing policies to significantly improve housing affordability, encourage the expansion of health care, or provide hard-working Georgians with livable wages. The legislative outcomes from this session offer piercing insight into how deeply national politics can shape decisions at the state level and signal the potential impact on what working families in Georgia may expect in future sessions, making continued public attention and voter engagement essential
Medicaid/Health Care/Reproductive Care
Legislators again failed Georgia’s vulnerable communities on health care by not expanding Medicaid during the 2025 session. As a result, many low-income and working families remain without reliable access to affordable health care. The consequences are especially serious for children and new mothers. Georgia already ranks among the worst states for maternal and infant health, with glaring disparities in access to essential care, including prenatal, mental health, and postpartum services. These gaps make it the riskiest state in which to give birth and contribute to higher mortality rates and reduced quality of life The continued lack of support for low-cost, subsidized health care reflects a broader political climate that is increasingly indifferent to the needs of the uninsured and underinsured
State-level political agendas are increasingly paralleling those of the current federal administration regarding reproductive rights. Partisan lawmakers are advancing measures that further restrict access to birth control and related care. Georgia’s 2025 legislative session reflected these national policy priorities, which often leave our seniors and working families many of whom have limited access to routine health care resources at greater risk.
Immigration
Our state legislation was also significantly shaped by federal immigration policies unfolding on the national stage. Nationally, documented and undocumented immigrants are being detained, incarcerated, and deported to non-native foreign countries. These cases include documented university students holding U.S. student visas.
The 2025 legislative session presented bills that closely aligned with the national party’s priorities. These measures created a climate of fear among Georgia’s immigrant communities, encouraged racial profiling, and undermined trust between vulnerable populations and local government institutions, especially between law enforcement and schools, as seen on the national stage.
Education
Georgia’s working class often uses education as an equalizer and a pathway to economic mobility Education can be a step toward job stability and higher wages Legislation that narrows that path can hinder the financial potential of working-class families Such decisions are socially unjust and both economically and legislatively unsound, as they shortchange Georgia's future workforce while deepening cycles of poverty rather than breaking them.
In the 2025 legislative session, an attempt was made to expand eligibility for the HOPE Scholarship to include students with certain drug-related convictions, demonstrating a departure from the federal administration’s actions on education access. The state enacted a law in 1990 that, as it stands, creates barriers to pursuing higher education by making such students ineligible. Such barriers stymie economic mobility. This decision to modify that law signals state legislators' divergence from recent federal cuts in early childhood education
While the political behavior is changing regarding HOPE eligibility, state legislators have yet to fully fund Georgia’s public education system Each legislative session is marked by an annual budget that consistently falls short of the amount requested to support the financial needs of our public schools. The lack of full funding, combined with self-sabotaging private school vouchers that disproportionately benefit wealthier families, leaves the students of Georgia's working families marginalized in underserved and underresourced public classrooms.
Baby Products Taxation
Georgia’s working families are also being squeezed by stagnant wages, rising rents, and unaffordable childcare, making it increasingly difficult for them to purchase basic care items In a split from the national political landscape, state legislators introduced a bill exempting select baby products such as diapers, strollers, and wipes from taxation. While the bill did not garner enough support for passage, this move signals a growing acknowledgment of the financial burdens working families face as they struggle to raise their young children in the current economic climate.
Death Penalty
During this legislative session, state lawmakers diverged from the current national administration on the death penalty While the administration continues to support capital punishment, long-standing human rights concerns remain over its uneven implementation Georgia legislators, however, aligned with other states by extending protection to a vulnerable group by banning the death penalty for persons with intellectual disabilities. The new legal safeguards are especially significant for those who have long faced disparities in the application of the death penalty.
Conclusion
The current national political landscape significantly shaped Georgia's 2025 legislative session. Emboldened by a conservative federal administration, state lawmakers advanced legislation that mirrored national partisan priorities, often at the expense of hard-working families and vulnerable communities National party trends may signal the direction Georgia is heading in and underscore the urgent need for immediate and sustained civic action
Education
CarlynnWooten Scott
Introduction
During the 2025 legislative session, Georgia lawmakers introduced a slate of pivotal education bills, shaping the quality, content, and environment of the state’s schools. Guided by Governor Kemp’s agenda to “safeguard classrooms from violent intentions and political agendas,” the session produced a mixed landscape of policy. While some legislation aimed to enhance school safety, literacy, and student wellness, other measures introduced politically charged antiDiversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) mandates and expanded school choice, creating significant risks to educational equity, particularly for Black students.
Advancements in Student Support and Readiness
Several bipartisan initiatives focused on creating a safer and more supportive learning environment. In response to a tragic school shooting, HB 268 passed, establishing an Office of School Safety and allocating funds for mental wellness services. However, its provision for a student records tracking database sparked concern among Black families, who cited the potential for racial bias in discipline and the disproportionate impact of increased law enforcement presence on Black students Another bipartisan measure, HB 340, the DistractionFree Education Act, requires schools to restrict cell phone use in grades K–8, a move proponents argue will improve academic performance and social-emotional development
Legislators also took steps to address critical academic and mental health needs To boost literacy, SB 93 eliminated the disproven "three-cueing" method and expanded the Professional Standards Commission's role in teacher training, a crucial reform for Black students who historically lag in reading proficiency. To combat chronic absenteeism, which surged to 20.7% post-pandemic, SB 123 prohibits expulsions based solely on absenteeism and creates review teams to develop intervention strategies, addressing systemic inequities that disproportionately affect Black, rural, and low-income students.
Access to mental health support was expanded through HB 81, which established an interstate compact allowing school psychologists to practice across seven states, helping to address workforce shortages and improve resource availability for students. In workforce development, HB 192, the Top Talent Act, mandated career and technical education for grades 6–12 and replaced traditional graduation plans with individualized college and career pathways, expanding access to dual enrollment and technical programs. Financial aid access was also broadened by HB 38, which lowered credit-completion requirements for need-based aid, potentially benefiting many economically disadvantaged students.
Contentious Debates on Equity and School Governance
Despite these advancements, the session was dominated by politically divisive issues School choice remained a contentious topic While a bill to incentivize charter school expansion failed, SB 82 passed, providing local boards with incentives to authorize charter schools and
implementing stricter standards for denying their applications. Supporters argue this expands educational opportunities, but critics warn it diverts essential funding from traditional public schools, posing budgetary challenges and raising questions about equitable access for all families
The most polarizing debates centered on anti-DEI legislation SB 1, the Riley Gaines Act, prohibits transgender students from participating in girls' sports and mandates gender-specific facilities based on sex assigned at birth, raising significant privacy and equity concerns. Furthermore, after an explicit DEI ban failed to advance, legislators inserted similar language into a bill concerning teacher sick leave. This new language aimed to ban terms such as “implicit bias,” “antiracism,” “intersectionality,” and “systemic oppression” from schools, threatening the loss of state funding for non-compliance. These efforts are widely viewed as an attempt to erase Black history and silence discussions on racial justice Relatedly, bills like SB 74 and HB 483 sought to remove library exemptions for distributing "harmful materials" to minors, a move opponents warned could criminalize librarians and lead to the censorship of books by and about marginalized communities
Budgetary Priorities and Unmet Needs
Governor Kemp’s budget allocated an additional $3.7 billion to K–12 education, but the distribution of these funds revealed conflicting priorities. While school safety grants received a substantial $294.07 million, funding for other critical student supports was comparatively minimal: $19 58 million for mental health, $15 28 million for students in poverty, and $12 5 million for after-school programs This disparity, coupled with the non-guaranteed nature of the grants, raises concerns about the long-term sustainability and reach of these vital programs
Several promising bills that would have supported vulnerable students failed to pass. HB 60, the Healthy Start Act, would have expanded access to school breakfast programs, while HB 370 aimed to provide critical support and testing for students with dyslexia. The failure of these bills, alongside the decision not to integrate systemic equity indicators into the state’s Quality Basic Education (QBE) funding formula, represents a significant missed opportunity to institutionalize equitable funding and support.
Conclusion
Georgia’s 2025 legislative session produced a complex and often contradictory set of education policies. While initiatives addressing literacy, mental health, and career readiness hold the potential to improve student outcomes, their impact is threatened by politically motivated efforts to expand school choice and dismantle DEI frameworks. The stark disparities in funding allocations further undermine the goal of creating a truly supportive educational system for all students. Moving forward, a more intentional focus on equitable implementation and resource allocation will be essential to ensure that every student in Georgia has the opportunity to receive a high-quality education, free from political agendas.
Housing
Tamill Harris
Introduction
Despite economic gains, Georgia faces a severe shortage of affordable homes, leaving many without options The housing crisis in Georgia is getting bleaker by the day, with no clear end in sight. Multiple contributing factors continue to be barriers between Georgia families and the American Dream. Georgia’s housing market has been plagued with a shortage of housing developments at affordable rates for nearly 20 years. Not to mention, between April 2023 and April 2024, the Metro Atlanta area saw 62,700 new residents and a statewide increase of 116,646 relocating to the Peach State.
Meanwhile, potential homebuyers are competing with Wall Street-based private equity firms, which have bought up as many as 70,000 single-family homes in the Metro Atlanta area over the past 15 years In addition to Georgia’s housing shortage, residents must contend with rising rent and stagnant wages Popular Georgia cities like Savannah, Augusta, and Atlanta have seen significant rent spikes, now comparable to places such as Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and New York. However, wages in Georgia have not kept pace. The rise in rent might be easier to justify if employers in Georgia paid wages at the level of those cities.
Finally, much remains to be said about Georgia’s outdated or nonexistent housing laws. Georgia residents are left without meaningful tenant or homeowner protections or the comprehensive pathways to homeownership that more progressive states have committed to. Without updated or effective state laws to show that Georgia’s housing crisis is a legislative priority, the Georgia General Assembly’s inaction continues to place more residents at risk of losing access to the American Dream
Background
Georgia has a housing shortage and a speculative real estate problem fueled by corporate landlords buying up the state’s single-family homes. This dismal reality has led U.S. Senator Jon Ossoff to spearhead an investigation into corporate landlords who are egregiously outbidding and outbuying hardworking families for single-family homes. Unfortunately, 99.6% of rental properties in multiple state House districts in Georgia are owned by private equity firms, impacting both affluent, predominantly white suburbs and predominantly Black working-class neighborhoods
For example, in Henry County, where Black residents make up an estimated 56% of the population, companies own 64% of single-family rental housing units. In Paulding County, where an estimated 68% of residents are white, companies own 78% of all single-family rentals. Despite this broad reach, tracking or penalizing large private equity firms like Blackstone, Progress Residential, and Amherst who are rapidly purchasing single-family homes in Georgia remains difficult, largely because the state has historically banned rental registries It becomes increasingly difficult to track these companies’ purchases when they use hundreds of different names and addresses to obscure ownership Overlapping challenges such as corporate overreach, rising rent, stagnant wages, and weak regulation have created a housing market that increasingly favors institutional investors over Georgia families In response, lawmakers introduced House Bill 374 in the 2025 legislative session.
During the 2025 session, GA HB374 was introduced and made it to the committee before the end of the session. However, while limited in nature and not fully repealing Georgia’s ban on rental registries, this bill would amend Georgia's local government code to authorize local governing bodies to establish housing management databases for residential rental properties, with specific provisions and limitations
It becomes increasingly difficult to track these companies’ purchases when they use hundreds of different names and addresses to obscure ownership. Overlapping challenges such as corporate overreach, rising rent, stagnant wages, and weak regulation have created a housing market that increasingly favors institutional investors over Georgia families. In response, lawmakers introduced House Bill 374 in the 2025 legislative session.
Ultimately, Georgia’s lack of regulation and oversight is allowing corporate landlords to reshape the housing landscape unchecked
Georgia’s real estate market is not exempt from the market conditions plaguing the country. Even beyond homeownership, Georgia’s renters are facing record-breaking costs. With low supply, speculative real estate practices, and unchecked pricing, hardworking residents in Georgia are now facing rent prices far beyond their reach In the first half of 2023, Metro Atlanta had a record 72,000 evictions filed by June According to the Census Bureau, 51 8% of renters were cost-burdened in 2022 signifying that residents had less money for other necessities like food, healthcare, or savings. Without proper legislative actions to cap rent increases or protect tenants, Georgia residents will continue to find it difficult to live securely.
Impact on Black Communities
Opportunities to make meaningful progress on Georgia’s housing crisis were largely sidelined this past legislative session. While there is evidence that state legislators recognize the severity of Georgia’s housing challenges, that recognition has yet to result in bold or transformative action. Several bipartisan bills aimed to regulate unchecked real estate practices including placing caps on the number of homes acquired by Wall Street-backed firms, prohibiting rent price coordination, limiting excessive rent increases, and redefining squatting as a criminal offense were introduced but stalled in committee or failed to advance before Sine Die
Georgia’s housing crisis is not confined to any one demographic or geographic area. Corporate overbuying affects both predominantly white, affluent neighborhoods and predominantly Black, working-class communities. However, issues of this magnitude have a disproportionate impact on Black communities, making it more difficult to recover from displacement or rise above compounding economic and structural barriers
Foreseeable Problems for Black Communities
For the foreseeable future, the status of Georgia’s housing market will remain bleak. While there were several bills introduced in both chambers this session, if these bills do not move forward, they will be considered dead after Sine Die This is unfortunate because many of these bills would have tackled significant issues that prevent some Black Georgians particularly in the Metro Atlanta area from achieving upward mobility and stability
However, in a state like Georgia that tends to lean in the direction of a growth machine where politicians, developers, real estate professionals, and business leaders collaborate to promote economic and physical growth while prioritizing profit and land value over the needs of residents these bills will need to be continually pursued in upcoming sessions Only sustained political will from both chambers of the General Assembly can ensure that the people of Georgia are prioritized over unchecked development and profit.
Voting & Elections
Daisja R. Johnson
Introduction
In the 2025 legislative session, the Georgia General Assembly introduced and debated several bills that, while framed as efforts to strengthen election integrity and public safety, have the potential to further disqualify and endanger Black voters These measures House Bill (HB) 661, Senate Resolution (SR) 483, Senate Resolution (SR) 429, and House Bill (HB) 831 engage with voting access, felony disenfranchisement, and election-related protections.
House Bill 661: Felony Charges for Voter Qualification Violations
Status: Introduced (Not Passed)
HB 661 seeks to impose felony penalties for violations of voter eligibility rules even when those violations are unintentional The legislation amends a section of Georgia’s election code that outlines who qualifies to vote, including U S citizenship, age, residency, and felony status However, the bill fails to specify what constitutes a violation. It offers no guidance on which actions would qualify as criminal offenses, whether intent is required, or if third parties such as those assisting with registration could be prosecuted. Instead, it broadly states: “Violation of this Code section shall constitute a felony, and upon conviction shall be punished as provided for in Code Section 21-2-600 ”
In effect, the law introduces harsh penalties without establishing clear standards. This lack of specificity creates language that is so vague it can be interpreted in multiple ways. This ambiguity opens the door to uneven application of the law, depending on the discretion, bias, or assumptions of those in power Rather than ensuring fairness, it allows the same act to be treated differently depending on who commits it
The implications are far-reaching. A returning citizen who mistakenly believes their voting rights have been restored could register in good faith and face felony charges. A person purged from the voter rolls without their knowledge might attempt to re-register and be criminalized for doing so Even a volunteer assisting neighbors with voter registration could be prosecuted if one of those individuals is later deemed ineligible. None of these scenarios involve deceit or fraud yet under HB 661, they would be treated as criminal acts.
Senate Resolution 483: Voting Ban for Crimes of “Moral Turpitude”
Status: Senate Read and Referred (Not Passed)
Senate Resolution 483 (SR 483) is a proposed amendment to the Georgia State Constitution that aims to eliminate one of the most persistent and racially discriminatory barriers to voting in the state: the ban on voting for individuals convicted of felonies involving “moral turpitude ” If passed, the resolution would remove vague and outdated language that currently prevents thousands of Georgians from registering to vote until their full sentence including prison time, probation, parole, and often financial restitution is completed.
Georgia currently does not define what constitutes a felony “involving moral turpitude,” leaving local officials, clerks, and courts to decide who is eligible to vote The lack of clarity can create deep confusion, deterring many from voting out of fear of violating the law. According to the Prison Policy Initiative, Black people make up just 33 percent of Georgia’s population but over 51 percent of its incarcerated population The Sentencing Project estimates that one in every 19 Black adults in Georgia is disenfranchised due to a felony conviction compared to one in 77 white adults
By removing the moral turpitude clause, SR 483 would bring much-needed clarity and consistency to Georgia’s voting laws. More importantly, it would restore a fundamental democratic right to thousands of Georgians, many of whom have already served their time and are seeking to reintegrate into society It aligns with national trends recognizing voting not as a privilege for the morally approved but as a foundational right of citizenship
Senate Resolution 429: Felony Disenfranchisement Study Committee Status: Passed
Senate Resolution 429 (SR 429), introduced in 2025 by a bipartisan group of Georgia lawmakers, establishes the Senate Addressing Felony Disenfranchisement in Georgia’s Constitution Study Committee On the surface, SR 429 appears to reflect progress: a formal investigation into whether denying voting rights to individuals with felony convictions aligns with Georgia’s democratic values in the twenty-first century However, the impact of the resolution will depend entirely on whether the legislature takes the committee’s findings seriously and moves toward meaningful reform or whether it uses the study as a delay tactic to avoid politically risky action
Georgia is among the states with the highest rate of correctional control in the country, including probation, parole, and prison supervision This means that many individuals who are working, paying taxes, raising families, and contributing to society remain barred from participating in the democratic process And this burden falls disproportionately on Black Georgians As of 2025, nearly 58% of those disenfranchised due to felony convictions in Georgia are Black, even though Black residents make up only about one-third of the state’s population
While the resolution’s tone and intent are promising, SR 429 does not automatically guarantee change The committee, composed of six senators, is expected to submit a report with its findings by December 1, 2025, after which it will be disbanded. If the committee produces rigorous findings and the General Assembly acts on them, SR 429 could lay the groundwork for amending Georgia’s Constitution and ending one of the most durable tools of racial voter suppression in the state. In that best-case scenario, thousands of returning citizens many of them Black would regain their right to vote, thereby expanding democracy and correcting a historically unjust system
House Bill 831: Confidential Voting Protections for Survivors of Violence Status: Introduced (Not Passed)
House Bill 831, known as the VoteSafe Act, is a 2025 Georgia legislative proposal designed to protect the voting rights and physical safety of survivors of gender-based violence. The bill aims to shield the residential addresses of certain survivors from public voter rolls by offering a confidential voter registration status. Eligible individuals those who have experienced domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or human trafficking can apply to receive a voter protection card valid for four years. The card would allow them to vote without disclosing their residential address, which is otherwise public record under Georgia law.
On the surface, HB 831 appears to be a trauma-informed measure that acknowledges the vulnerability of survivors However, its relevance extends even deeper when considering the lived experiences of Black women, who face some of the highest rates of gender-based violence and statesanctioned neglect in the United States For example, Black women are nearly three times more likely than white women to be killed by an intimate partner, and homicide is a leading cause of death for Black women between the ages of 15 and 35.
These numbers help contextualize why HB 831 is both necessary and urgent. However, the bill is optin, which means access to its protections requires knowledge of the program, digital or legal literacy, and the ability to navigate bureaucratic systems. Survivors who are unhoused, digitally disconnected, or distrustful of government may find these barriers insurmountable. This concern is especially critical for communities that have historically been criminalized, ignored, or failed by public institutions particularly Black and queer Georgians. In sum, HB 831 is a meaningful step toward protecting voters at risk, but its success hinges on how equitably and effectively it is implemented
Conclusion
The 2025 legislative session in Georgia underscores a persistent reality: voter suppression today is often framed as reform House Bill 661, Senate Resolutions 483 and 429, and House Bill 831 may appear to advance election integrity or public safety, but together, they expose a deeper strategy one that restricts Black political power through legal ambiguity, punitive enforcement, and bureaucratic delay. While only one of these measures has been enacted, all reflect the continued use of state structures to control access to democracy rather than expand it.
Criminal Justice
Celeste White
Introduction
During the 2025 Legislative Session, Georgia lawmakers addressed the impact of drug-related criminal histories on an individual's civilian life. Attention was given to state policies that stifle educational, civic, and economic advancement for those with past criminal justice infractions. While House Bill 206 (HB 206) and House Bill 650 (HB 650) did not pass, they highlighted the urgent need to reform policy impediments that negatively impact Georgia’s Black communities The effort to reform legislation detrimental to the stability of Black communities reflects a necessary shift from Georgia’s traditional “law and order” and “tough on crime” political stances
This review examines HB 206, which sought to repeal the "Drug-free Postsecondary Education Act of 1990," and HB 650, the "Presidential Felon Freedom Act," which aimed to amend the same law . It is noteworthy that these bills were bipartisan efforts and represent a modern legislative sensibility toward transforming antiquated notions of punishment These initiatives revisit a 35-year-old state law that was established to adhere to federal requirements from the “Get Tough on Crime” era.
Georgia’s Road to HB 206
HB 206 was introduced on January 20, 2025, by a bipartisan group of legislators, including Eric Bell (D-District 75), David Clark (R-District 100), and Jasmine Clark (D-District 108), among others This effort focused on policy limitations affecting student eligibility for Georgia’s HOPE (Helping Outstanding Students Educationally) scholarships and grants.
The HOPE scholarship was established in 1993 by Democratic Governor Zell Miller to provide tuition assistance to high-achieving students attending Georgia colleges and universities . This statelevel funding initiative emerged during a period of federal mandates requiring higher education institutions to comply with the Drug Free Schools and Communities Act (DFSCA) of 1989 The DFSCA, developed under the 101st Congress, required any university or college receiving federal financial assistance to certify that it had implemented a drug prevention program.
Georgia’s implementation of this requirement meant that college students had to disclose any drugrelated arrests or convictions on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) Any illegal involvement with drugs including sales, distribution, or even proximity could eliminate a student's eligibility for aid Current FAFSA applications still require applicants to declare their felony status, without contextualizing how long ago the conviction occurred or whether the record was expunged.
HB 206 proposed that in Georgia, students would no longer be ineligible for HOPE scholarships or grants based solely on convictions for offenses involving marijuana or controlled substances The bill targeted students in the University System of Georgia (USG), the Technical College System of Georgia (TCSG), and any HOPE-eligible private postsecondary institutions, including the state’s ten Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). A 2021 report from the Georgia Budget and Policy Institute noted that undergraduate HBCU students represented approximately 17% of those eligible for HOPE, highlighting the bill's relevance to this population.
This legislation could change the narrative around student marijuana use and open funding opportunities for many students While arrests and convictions require punitive sanctions, lifting a collateral restriction like ineligibility for Georgia's leading scholarship offers opportunities that would not otherwise be available.
Why the Black Community Should Care
The reforms proposed in HB 206 are particularly significant for the Black community. According to a 2022 analysis of the Bureau of Justice Statistics' "Survey of Prison Inmates (2016)," one in three people in state prisons were first arrested before their 16th birthday. By repealing an outdated act, HB 206 would ensure that Georgia students, including those hoping to attend HBCUs, do not have to bear the burden of policies created during the 1990s War on Drugs. The bill’s sponsors acted as allies to students whose pasts are checkered with marijuana law violations, placing their academic achievement front and center.
Furthermore, there is a lack of historical evidence showing that the DFSCA produced concrete social benefits Repealing it would have a negligible financial impact on the state According to Georgia’s State Auditor, Greg Griffin, the cost for 15 students to receive the HOPE scholarship would be just $74,724 a minuscule amount compared to the state's overall education budget As attitudes in Georgia toward marijuana use have softened, it is logical to abandon draconian drug policies rooted in hysteria that disproportionately disadvantage marginalized communities
HB 650: The Presidential Felon Freedom Act
Like HB 206, HB 650 also addresses the collateral consequences for Georgians with criminal histories. HB 650 primary focus is to reduce impediments for those who have completed their sentences by restoring their eligibility for government-regulated resources, thereby increasing the probability of successful reintegration Crucially, the act seeks to rectify historic problems in Black communities, where over-policing has often resulted in disproportionately high rates of arrests and prosecutions
A key provision in HB 650 addresses residential stability by seeking to prohibit landlords from refusing to lease dwellings to individuals based on their criminal histories. Stable housing is essential for applying for jobs, programs, identification, and other critical services Existing practices often disadvantage individuals by branding them before they can meet standard rental requirements, such as providing employment history This punitive mindset is detached from the realities of record expungement and ignores that for many, criminal violations are in the distant past.
HB 650 also proposed eliminating criminal history inquiries for state-issued driver's licenses and identification cards A driver's license is vital for accessing services like opening bank accounts, traveling, and obtaining a REAL ID. The bill would have removed the clause that excludes persons whose licenses were suspended or revoked due to a felony conviction The act also proposed striking the use of criminal history to register to vote, severe on a jury, and reinstate professional licenses.
A Nod to Justice Reform?
Other legislative actions in 2025 gestured toward reform. Senate Bill 244 (SB 244), which was passed, awards attorney’s fees to defendants who successfully disqualify a prosecuting attorney for misconduct. It was combined with HB 533, the Wrongful Conviction Compensation Act, which creates a process to compensate exonerated individuals However, last-minute amendments to SB 244 included provisions that could benefit individuals like Donald Trump in the Fulton County election interference case, a change widely viewed as a political maneuver that undercut the bill's original intent.
Conclusion
Both HB 206 and HB 650 represent significant steps toward reducing the long-term consequences of criminal convictions in Georgia They reflect a good-faith effort to dismantle punitive policies that disproportionately harm Black Georgians and other marginalized communities. Though neither bill passed in 2025, they have laid essential groundwork for the 2026 legislative session As Georgia changes, its policies must evolve as well. These proposed reforms offer more than symbolic gestures they offer tangible pathways to hope, equity, and a second chance
Environmental Justice
LaToria Whitehead
Introduction
Environmental justice focuses on identifying and addressing the disproportionate and adverse effects of environmental hazards on people of color and low-income communities. The framework of environmental justice began as a movement in the 1980s, stemming from the highly organized Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. The movement aimed to achieve social justice while also accomplishing political goals motivated by human rights, injustice, and alleviating the disproportionate burden of environmental hazards faced by people of color and low-income communities. Today, the environmental justice movement continues to address these inequities alongside other disparities such as energy burden, climate justice, green space, and food access Environmental injustices in Georgia continue to affect Black communities at higher rates due to long-standing and persistent systemic inequalities.
Historical Context
Historically, Black populations across Georgia have been systematically subjected to an unequal burden of environmental risks, including unsafe drinking water, deteriorating water infrastructure, and severe water affordability challenges Decades of deliberate disinvestment, environmental racism, and neglected public works have culminated in a spiraling cost and affordability crisis that disproportionately affects Black families. These issues are not accidental but are the direct result of historical policies and practices
During the 20th century, racial segregation was a cornerstone of urban planning in the United States. Municipal services and infrastructure development were explicitly prioritized for white residential areas, while housing options for Black communities were severely restricted, often through discriminatory zoning and redlining This deliberate neglect resulted in a profound and lasting disparity in the provision of essential services, including access to clean and safe water, which remains a significant challenge in Georgia today as aging water lines disproportionately fail in Black communities
A stark example of this systemic neglect can be found in DeKalb County, which has been under a federal consent decree since 2010 to repair its failing sewage system. The county’s repair plan designated "priority" areas on the predominantly white north side of the county while labeling areas on the majority-Black south side as "non-priority" This decision has allowed the faulty sewage system, which has been polluting the South River and neighborhood streams since the 1960s, to continue to fail in Black neighborhoods This case illustrates how water infrastructure and affordability are fundamentally linked, creating a vicious cycle that perpetuates disparities in access to clean, safe, and affordable water for low-income communities and communities of color.
Contemporary Challenges
Beyond failing infrastructure, Black Georgians face a disproportionate burden of health disparities stemming from industrial pollution. A significant threat comes from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of manufactured chemicals often called "forever chemicals" because they break down very slowly in the environment and accumulate in the human body. Exposure to PFAS is linked to a host of devastating health outcomes, including decreased fertility, increased high blood pressure in pregnant women, developmental delays in children, a heightened risk of cancer, and a compromised immune system. Scientific research confirms that PFAS contamination in drinking water is directly connected to socioeconomic and racial disparities, as the sources of contamination are often located in or near marginalized communities.
In response to growing public health concerns, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) took decisive action in 2024. It designated two of the most widely used PFAS compounds as hazardous substances under the Superfund law, a move designed to improve accountability and expedite the cleanup of contaminated sites. In Georgia, PFAS contamination is primarily linked to industrial sites, military bases, transportation hubs, and landfills A recent study revealed that these sources have contaminated numerous drinking water systems, disproportionately increasing water treatment costs for low-income communities and people of color across the state The same study also found that detectable levels of PFAS are present in the drinking water of these communities at a higher rate
This is part of a larger pattern Across Georgia, 64% of the state's EPA-designated Superfund sites the most toxic hazardous waste sites in the country are located in cities with majority-Black populations, even though Black individuals make up only about 31% of the state's population This proximity to industrial facilities, landfills, and waste sites leads to elevated health risks, including higher rates of asthma, cancer, and other pollution-related illnesses
A Pattern of Legislative Inaction
Despite the clear and present danger to these communities, legislative efforts to enact environmental justice protections in Georgia have consistently failed Over the years, multiple bills have been introduced, including the Georgia Environmental Justice Act (HB 432) in the 2021-2022 session and HB 260 and HB 485 in the 2023-2024 session, but none have successfully passed. They consistently stall in committee, failing to become law and leaving vulnerable communities unprotected. The 2025 legislative session saw the introduction of several more bills and resolutions aimed at addressing these disparities, but the pattern of inaction continued.
HB 43, the Disadvantaged Community Drinking Water Program, proposed providing financial assistance to communities where at least 30% of residents live at or below 200% of the federal poverty level to help them meet federal Safe Drinking Water Act standards. While this bill could have begun to repair longstanding injustices, it did not make it out of committee.
HB 193, the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 2025, aimed to regulate exposure to chemicals known to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity by requiring businesses to provide clear warnings and prohibiting the discharge of these chemicals into drinking water sources. However, critics noted that the bill did not prohibit the siting of industrial facilities in vulnerable communities; it merely mandated disclosure, a policy that can be seen as formalizing and permitting harm rather than preventing it This bill also did not make it out of committee
House Resolution 100 proposed creating a study committee to examine the cumulative impact of pollution on economic development, particularly in overburdened communities While a study committee is a preliminary step, it could have laid the groundwork for future policy informed by an environmental justice lens The resolution was not adopted
House Resolution 67, Georgia's Clean Energy Transition, sought to move Georgia to 100% clean energy by 2050 while focusing on workforce development and green jobs for low-income populations The resolution highlighted the state's severe " energy burden," noting that Black and Latino households with lower incomes spend up to three times more of their income on energy bills than other households due to legacies of racism that result in less access to energy-efficient housing This resolution also did not make it out of committee
Conclusion
Environmental injustice is a multifaceted crisis that degrades every aspect of community life, from health and education to housing, jobs, and economic prosperity. The persistent legislative failures in Georgia underscore the entrenched political and economic interests that oppose meaningful change. To move forward, Georgia must adopt policies that examine these issues holistically, recognizing that environmental health is inextricably linked to racial and economic equity. Addressing the historical and ongoing environmental inequities faced by Black communities requires intentional and decisive action. Future solutions must be grounded in strategies that prioritize health, empower communities, and hold polluters accountable to finally improve environmental equity and create the conditions for all Georgians to thrive.
Health & Human Services
Nykia Greene-Young
Introduction
Healthcare in the United States is rooted in systemic and institutional racism, which has led to persistent disparities, especially among Black communities. Georgia has played a role in this history through its health and human services policies and their impact on its Black population and most vulnerable residents. A healthier society can be achieved if health policies prioritize the needs of the most marginalized and at-risk populations.
As of 2025, Georgia’s healthcare system is ranked 45th in the nation This ranking considers healthcare access, affordability, and disease prevention Notably, Georgia reports higher breast cancer rates than the national average a largely preventable issue when screening is accessible The state ranks 49th in the percentage of uninsured adults (ages 19 to 64). Georgia has spent approximately $58 million on its Pathways to Coverage program intended to provide Medicaid coverage to about 7,000 residents through a waiver. However, many eligible individuals have lost coverage due to administrative issues. The $58 million spent far exceeds the cost of simply expanding Medicaid.
2025 Legislative Session
Legislation Affecting Maternal Health
Georgia has the second-highest maternal mortality rate in the country at 66 6 per 100,000 live births. Rural areas fare significantly worse, with mortality rates up to 50% higher than urban areas. Of Georgia’s 159 counties, 120 are rural. These disparities are most pronounced among Black women. Contributing factors include the decision not to expand Medicaid, lack of culturally responsive care, and a shortage of healthcare providers. The state’s 6-week abortion ban has only deepened these disparities.
Two significant maternal health bills passed during the 2025 session:
HB89
This bill aims to improve maternal health outcomes by enhancing the Maternal Mortality Review Committee (MMRC) and requiring healthcare providers, facilities, and pharmacies to submit psychiatric or other clinical records to the committee. While HB89 could positively influence maternal health outcomes, it raises concerns about privacy and oversight. Without proper safeguards, it could possibly compromise the effectiveness of the MMRC, lead to misuse of sensitive information, and potentially harm Black mothers, who already face significant disparities in healthcare. The bill’s impact largely depends on the oversight and implementation processes.
HB94
HB94 seeks to improve maternal health by mandating that health insurance policies in Georgia cover standard fertility preservation services for individuals undergoing medically necessary treatments such as for cancer, sickle cell disease, or lupus that may cause infertility. This bill
represents a significant win for maternal health in Georgia, especially for Black women, who face disproportionate rates of these conditions
HB441 (Did Not Pass)
The Georgia Prenatal Equal Protection Act (HB441) sought to define a human being as including an unborn child from the moment of fertilization If passed, this bill would have criminalized abortion, undermined access to in vitro fertilization (IVF), and further limited maternal healthcare access This legislation posed a severe threat to Black women already affected by Georgia’s maternal health crisis and the existing abortion ban. Thankfully, it did not pass.
Legislation Impacting Community Health Outcomes
HB178 (Did Not Pass)
HB178 would have authorized Georgia's Department of Community Health to seek a federal waiver allowing Medicaid coverage for HIV treatment for low-income individuals Given that Black Georgians represent a disproportionate share of HIV cases, this bill had the potential to greatly improve access to care but it did not advance to committee or a vote.
SB195 (Did Not Pass)
SB195 would have allowed pharmacists to dispense and administer HIV prevention medications PrEP and PEP under specific conditions This bill could have dramatically increased access to preventive HIV care for disproportionately affected populations, including Black Georgians. Although it passed the crossover deadline, it ultimately died in committee.
Impact on Black Georgians
The outcome of the 2025 legislative session both in passed and failed bills has lasting implications for Black Georgians Systemic racism, policy neglect, and partisan politics continue to uphold inequities that can only be dismantled through culturally responsive and intentional policymaking One critical ongoing need is Medicaid expansion, which would increase access to preventive care, improve maternal and mental health outcomes, prevent premature deaths, and reduce racial disparities in healthcare access and outcomes. For Black Georgians, Medicaid expansion is not just a policy improvement it is a life-saving necessity.
Budget & Taxes
Nykia Greene Young
Introduction:
The legislative landscape in Georgia has been significantly influenced by recent changes at the federal level. The Fiscal Budget, House Bill 68, reflects the effects of federal tax cuts and reduced funding, particularly impacting support for low-income families, schools, and healthcare services. The federal resolution, House Resolution 1 also known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act affects Georgians in areas such as Medicaid, SNAP benefits, childcare, support for farmers and small businesses, and overall healthcare. These changes are expected to disproportionately harm rural communities and, more severely, Black communities throughout the state.
Bill Analysis
House Bill 68: General Appropriations for the State Fiscal Year
House Bill 68 establishes appropriations for the State Fiscal Year to fund the operations of state government and its departments, boards, bureaus, commissions, institutions, and other agencies. This includes the university system, public schools, municipalities, and political subdivisions. It also covers all other government-authorized activities, projects, leases, contracts, agreements, and grants, ensuring the control and administration of these funds
House Bill 136: Income Tax; Contributions to Foster Child Support Organizations; Expansion of Tax Credit
House Bill 136 introduces several changes to Georgia’s tax code, particularly around support for children and families. Key provisions include:
Increasing the state tax credit for child and dependent care expenses from 30% to 50% of the federal credit
Creating a $250 tax credit for each qualifying child under the age of six
Establishing a tax credit of up to $1,000 for employers who contribute to childcare costs for employees.
Expanding tax credits for contributions to organizations supporting aging foster children and justice-involved youth.
House Bill 847: House Study Committee on Evaluating Funding for Public Health
This bill creates a study committee tasked with evaluating public health funding across Georgia. The committee will assess current funding shortfalls and the impact of recent federal funding cuts, ultimately making recommendations to address critical needs.
House Resolution 304: House Study Committee on the Costs and Effects of Smoking
House Resolution 304 establishes a study committee to examine the health and economic impacts of smoking Topics include smoking-related diseases, secondhand smoke risks, and the annual national costs of smoking-related illnesses. The committee may also consider proposals to increase Georgia's tobacco tax.
Senate Bill 191: Amendments to Employment Security Law
Senate Bill 191 updates Georgia’s employment security laws to streamline and clarify the notice process for unemployment benefits and appeals Key updates include:
Allowing digital notifications for Unemployment Insurance (UI) claims and appeal decisions. Starting the appeal window from the date of the digital notice, instead of mailing date.
These changes aim to speed up and improve access to unemployment benefits for Georgians.
House Bill 111: Modifying Georgia’s Flat Income Tax Rate
House Bill 111 reduces Georgia’s flat income tax rate from 5 39% to 5 19%, with plans to reduce it further by 0.10% annually until it reaches 4.99%. Annual reductions are subject to economic benchmarks determined by the Office of Planning and Budget. The estimated revenue reduction is $748 million per year, with approximately 67% of the tax savings benefiting the top 20% of earners in the state.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the recent legislative changes to Georgia's budget and tax codes represent a complex web of fiscal priorities with significant and potentially disparate impacts on its citizens While bills like House Bill 136 offer targeted relief to families through expanded child and dependent care credits, these measures exist in a broader context of fiscal tightening. The reduction of the state's flat income tax under House Bill 111, which disproportionately benefits the state's highest earners, will reduce state revenue by an estimated $748 million annually. This reduction creates significant pressure on the very services healthcare, education, and family support that are critical for lowerincome households and communities of color.
For Black communities in Georgia, the stakes are particularly high As federal funding for programs like Medicaid and SNAP diminishes, the state's legislative choices become even more critical The creation of study committees to evaluate public health funding and the effects of smoking are necessary first steps, but their findings must translate into robust, equitable investments to prevent the widening of existing health and economic disparities. Ultimately, the true impact of this legislative session will be measured by whether the specific benefits provided to some families can outweigh the systemic challenges created by broad-based tax cuts and reduced public investment. Moving forward, ensuring an equitable future for all Georgians will require vigilant oversight and a commitment to policies that uplift the state's most vulnerable populations.
Other Issues
Tiffany Williams Nykia Greene-Young
Introduction
The Georgia State Legislature introduced several bills during the 2025 legislative session that aim to reduce visibility and equity for residents of the state, particularly targeting LGBTQIA individuals, Black Georgians, women, and marginalized K–12 student populations The introduction of such legislation appears to align with the national government's policy agenda, including the reform and removal of access to gender-affirming healthcare, restrictions on the freedoms, increased barriers for hiring and retaining Black professionals in various fields, and further reductions in maternal health equity for Black women.
This agenda highlights a concerning effort to not only restrict individual freedoms but to dismantle a wide range of civil rights The majority of the Georgia General Assembly is represented by right leaning white male lawmakers, which reflects a direct correlation between the demographics of the legislature and the nature of the bills introduced and passed.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) programs were originally introduced to challenge the dominance of white establishments in corporate and governmental decision-making These programs aim to provide fair representation to minorities and women particularly Black individuals and women who have worked just as diligently as their white counterparts to earn degrees and leadership positions. However, DEI initiatives came under significant attack during the 2025 session, particularly in educational spaces such as public schools, colleges, and universities.
Bill Analysis
HB135
Aimed to prohibit discrimination based on hairstyles associated with race, color, or national origin in areas such as housing, education, and employment. Although introduced, this bill did not make it to committee or receive a vote.
HB127
Proposed significant restrictions on DEI programs in education agencies and postsecondary institutions. Originally intended to address sick leave accumulation for school personnel, the bill evolved to include prohibitions on promoting or maintaining DEI initiatives in public schools, colleges, and universities. It targeted aspects related to race, gender, color, ethnicity, sex, and gender identity. HB127 crossed over but ultimately did not pass.
HB483
Proposed amendments to Georgia law regarding the distribution of materials deemed harmful to minors in libraries. The bill removed existing legal exemptions for libraries and librarians, thereby enabling continued book banning. It modified penalties and repealed protections, allowing prosecution for lending materials considered harmful. Policies like HB483 are being introduced nationwide and are widely viewed as violations of First Amendment rights.
SB74
Similar to HB483, this bill also addressed harmful materials but introduced a clause requiring violations to be committed "knowingly." It classified such violations as misdemeanors of a high and aggravated nature and provided a legal defense for library staff who made a good-faith effort to comply with the law.
HB267
The Riley Gaines Act focuses on sex-based distinctions in educational settings, particularly athletics, restrooms, and privacy. It mandates that schools classify students strictly as male or female, replacing the term “gender” with “ sex, ” and imposes fines on staff who do not comply. Similar to SB1, the Fair and Safe Athletic Opportunities Act, this bill disproportionately targets transgender individuals and could have especially harmful impacts on Black girls, who already face intersecting forms of discrimination The bill could further marginalize students who do not conform to normative gender expectations
SB120
Prohibits local education agencies, school districts, and postsecondary institutions (including those in the University System and Technical College System of Georgia) from promoting or supporting DEIrelated programs or activities. It broadly defines DEI to include any effort offering differential treatment, benefits, or policies based on race, color, sex, ethnicity, national origin, gender identity, or sexual orientation It also bans the promotion of academic concepts such as unconscious bias, intersectionality, and social justice Institutions in violation face significant financial penalties, including the loss of state and state-administered federal funding. This bill had the potential to be especially harmful to Black students by rolling back policies addressing systemic inequality and eliminating scholarships, student support programs, and funding. It ultimately died in committee.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the 2025 Georgia legislative session was defined by a systematic, though largely unsuccessful, legislative assault on the principles of diversity, equity, and inclusion. The slate of bills introduced reveals a clear and coordinated effort to curtail the rights and visibility of marginalized groups, including LGBTQIA individuals, Black Georgians, women, and K-12 students.
While protective measures like HB 135 failed to gain any traction, a significant portion of the legislature’s energy was devoted to advancing a regressive agenda Bills like HB 127 and SB 120 sought to dismantle the very framework of DEI in education, threatening to erase decades of progress toward addressing systemic inequality. Similarly, HB 267, HB 483, and SB 74 aimed to create a hostile environment for transgender youth and restrict intellectual freedom through book bans, reflecting a broader national trend to legislate personal identity and police educational content.
Although many of these discriminatory bills ultimately stalled in committee or failed to pass, their introduction alone sends a chilling message. It signals an ongoing and determined effort by a legislative body that does not reflect the diversity of the state it serves to roll back civil rights. The events of the 2025 session serve as a stark reminder that the fight for equity and justice in Georgia is far from over, and vigilance will be crucial in the legislative sessions to come.
Legislative Grading Section
Joseph L. Jones Lakeshia L. Jones
At the W.E.B. Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy at Clark Atlanta University, our mission is to analyze and assess legislative actions to determine their potential impact on Black communities in Georgia. In this comprehensive review, we have evaluated fifteen bills recently passed by the Georgia Legislative Session and signed into law by Governor Brian Kemp Our positions on these bills are rooted in a commitment to advocating for policies that foster equity, justice, and prosperity within Black communities By examining the nuances of each bill, we aim to provide a clear understanding of how these laws could influence the lives of Black Georgians, either positively or negatively.
We take these positions to emphasize the importance of legislative accountability and to highlight the direct implications these laws have on the daily lives and prospects of Black residents in our state Understanding the broader socio-economic and political contexts in which these laws operate is crucial By shedding light on both the potential benefits and harms, we strive to ensure that our communities are well-informed and empowered to engage in policy-making, advocating for changes that support their well-being and advancement.
In addition, we assess each legislator based on their voting record on all twenty-two of these policies Legislators are assessed on how their votes align with our justifications for each bill, reflecting their commitment to the interests and needs of Black communities in Georgia This grading system aims to hold elected officials accountable and to inform the public of their representatives’ actions in the legislative process, promoting transparency and responsiveness in governance.
Therefore, assigning letter grades to each legislator is designed to help Georgia citizens see the clear contrast between Republican and Democratic state legislators' voting records regarding improving the quality of life for Black Georgians Moreover, the Du Bois Policy Center has taken positions on each of the fifteen bills passed into law, and below are the justifications for each for and against stance.
For Bills
1. HB38 Financial Aid Eligibility: Helpful to Blacks in GA. This bill expands the College Completion grant and lowers the credit completion threshold allowing more students to complete degrees and enter the job market
2 HB81 Interstate Compact for School Psychologist: Helpful to Blacks in GA; This bill enters GA in an interstate Compact to assist with the shortage of school psychologists.
3. HB94 Insurance: Helpful to Blacks in GA; Insurance eligibility; This bill places medically necessary expenses for standard fertility preservation when medically necessary for treatment for cancer, sickle cell, or lupus may directly or indirectly cause an impairment to fertility.
4.HB111 Income Tax Reduction: HB 111 is not impactful for Black Georgians; This bill is a tax cut that will benefit the top 1% of earners the most It will cost the state almost $750 million but will not benefit most of the Georgia
5. HB136 Foster Care Income Tax Credit: Not impactful to Black Georgians; HB136 will expand the child tax credit but not enough It is only for children under 6 and not expanded to youth up to age 17
6 HB340 Distraction Free Education Act: Has the potential to be harmful to Blacks in GA; HB 340 is the Distraction-Free Education Act that restricts the use of personal phone devices for kindergarten through eighth grade.The bill has the potential to be harmful by increased surveillance, over discipling, digital divide issues and emergency communication issues and Black youth in Georgia.
7. HB304 House Study on the Cost and Effects of Smoking: Helpful for Black GA; HR 304 created a committee to study the costs and effects of smoking and second hand smoke. This resolution's findings could possibly help to increase the tobacco tax and produce policy recommendations that may help reduce health impacts of tobacco, smoking and second hand smoke.
8. HR847 House Study Committee on Evaluating Funding for Public Health: Helpful to Blacks in GA; HR847 creates a study committee to evaluate public health funding in the state This committee will make final recommendations on needs and lack of funding for public health in GA and the impact of federal funding being cut This will be healthful to Black Georgians because they experience higher rates of health disparities across the state and could benefit from policy solutions to increase public health funding
9 SB82 Millage Qualification and Calculations: Has the potential to be helpful to Black Georgians; SB 44 has the potential to help Black Georgians by lowering the millage rate and allow school systems to receive equalization grants. It has the potential to lower tax rates for homeowners as well. It also has the potential of devaluing homes in Black communities and causing homes in these communities to have lower values when appraised which is an ongoing issue in these communities and for Black homeowners.
10. SB85 Grants for Foster Children: Helpful to Black Georgians; The GA Foster Care Scholarship Act will provide up to 30k scholarships for youth up to age 26 who were in foster care for postsecondary education. This bill will assist them with furthering their education and attending college. This bill has the potential to be helpful to Black youth in GA but should also be backed with policies that assist Black youth with access to resources, assistance with financial aid and guidance with higher education
11. SB93 Georgia Early Literacy Act: Helpful to Black Georgians; SB 93 bans the three-cuing system of structured literacy and reading GA would make the 9th state in the South to ban this method It provides training for teachers to assist in more scientific methods of teaching reading The bill is suggested to help close the literacy gap especially for more marginalized groups who do not receive as much help at home or outside of school in reading and literacy
12. SB123 Compulsory Attendance: Helpful to Black Georgians; SB 123 will attempt to address the absenteeism rates in Georgia schools. The goal is to bring the rate back down from a little over 21% to pre-pandemic numbers of 12%. This bill will also end the expulsion of students solely over absenteeism. The bill will develop a attendance review teams consisting of parents, counselors, teachers and social workers for schools who have rates of over 10% or school systems with one or more schools with rates of 15 % or more.
13. SB191 Employment Security: Helpful to Black Georgians. SB 191 is helpful to Black Georgians. This bill will speed up the process of unemployment claims and make a more fair, efficient and timely way of receiving unemployment benefits
14. SB244 Criminal Proceeding Reimbursement: Has the potential to be helpful to Black Georgians; This bill will compensate wrongful convictions However, there were last minute changes to the bill compensating for those whose prosecuting attorneys who were disqualified from the case attorney and court fees This change was thought to be added for another lawmaker and President Donald Trump and his Fulton County election interference case
15 SR429 Felony Disenfranchisement in Georgia Constitution Study: Helpful to Blacks in GA; This bill established a committee to study felony disenfranchisement in Georgia Georgia's disenfranchisement policies impact approximately a quarter million citizens This committee could be a step toward restoring voting rights
Against Bills
1. HB68 General Appropriations: Potential to be helpful to Black Georgians; HB 68 is the proposed and now budget and appropriations for FY 26. The budget invested heavily in education and public health this Fiscal year which has the potential to help Blacks in GA. The bill also made more changes in funding for mental health which has the potential to health Blacks in GA Blacks have major health, education and mental health disparities There are also highlights to the budget to such as pay increases for teachers
2. HB89 Public Maternity Health Review: Has the potential to be harmful to Black Georgias; HB 89 has the potential of compromising the effectiveness due to reduced oversight and lack of safeguards to prevent abuse of the process of the Maternal Mortality Review Committee (MMRC). The bill also requires healthcare providers, facilities, and pharmacies to submit psychiatric or other clinical records to the MMRC. This committee was developed to bring oversight and help to address maternal mortality.
3. HB129 Ad Valorem Tax: HB 111 is not impactful for Black Georgians; This bill is a tax cut that will benefit the top 1% of earners the most It will cost the state almost $750 million but will not benefit most of the Georgia
4. HB192: Top. State for Talent Act: HB 192 has the potential to be harmful to Black Georgians; HB 192 will increase teacher pay and other staff, will establish the GA Match Program to match students with high demand careers and assist with career and college planning. However, for Black students in improvised areas who rely on counselors for career and college planning this may develop barriers to information.
5. HB268: Education Safety Act: Has the potential to be harmful to Black Georgians; HB 269 is a school safety bill to address school safety measures and place silent panic attack alert systems in public schools throughout the state The bill has the potential to be harmful to Black students by possible worsening school discipline policies and criminalizes Black students for common adolescent behavior. The. issues of student privacy and data sharing also brings a possibility of harm.
6. SB1 Fair and Safe Athletic Opportunities Act: Harmful to Blacks in GA; SB1 targets transgender youth in sports and banning them from girl’s sports in GA. There are a very low number of trans youths in sports however, this bill has the potential to harm Black girls in sports and anyone who does not fit a particular " norm " Black girls already receive disproportionate discrimination due to their intersectionality, and this places a microscope on them This bill has the potential to harm them further through discrimination
7 SB82 Local Charter School Authorization and Support Act: Harmful to Black Georgians; SB 82 incentivizes the formation of charter schools in school systems across GA. It promotes grants for systems that approve charter school applications and penalties for those who deny them. It can be harmful to Black students due to access, equity, funding diversions from public schools to charter schools, accountability, increased discrimination and draining local public schools.
Methodology for Organizing andAnalyzing the Data
The analysis of the 2025 Georgia legislative session began with the Bill Tracker 50 software, a tool used to monitor legislative activities. Of the 1,310 bills introduced during the session, the W.E.B. Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy focused on 22 bills passed into law and conducted an analysis if each bill helped or harmed Black communities in Georgia.
The legislative scorecard is organized into five interconnected sections to provide a comprehensive analysis of legislator performance The report begins with the Legislator Summary, which offers a highlevel overview of each official's record by presenting their name, party, district, total possible voting chances, final Vote Index Percentage, and raw Total Score
For those seeking to understand the foundation of these scores, the Legislation Details section provides an in-depth look at each of the 22 bills included in the analysis. This area lists each bill's name, its legislative progress, the date of the final vote, and a clear statement on whether the Du Bois Policy Center supports or disapproves of it. To drill down even further, the Individual Bill Scores section offers a granular, vote-by-vote breakdown, showing the specific score (+1 or -1) each lawmaker received for every single bill
To help contextualize these numbers, the scorecard incorporates powerful visual tools The Vote Index section presents the data as a comparative bar chart, allowing for a quick visual assessment of legislator performance within the House and Senate. Finally, the Geographic Voting Maps section displays the results on a visual map of Georgia, with each district color-coded by its legislator’s score to reveal regional voting patterns and trends across the state.
The scorecard can be viewed externally by clicking the logo below.
Contributors
Joseph Jones, Ph.D., is the Executive Director of the W.E.B Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy and Associate Professor of Political Science at Clark Atlanta University.
Nykia Greene-Young, Ph.D., is the Domestic Policy Coordinator of the W.E.B Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Clark Atlanta University.
Tamill Harris, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Johnson C. Smith University.
Fallon McClure, Esq., is the Deputy Southeast Regional Director for Working Families Power
Celeste White, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Clark Atlanta University.
Daisja R. Johnson, a Graduate Student in the Mack Henry Jones Department of Political Science at Clark Atlanta University.
Lakeisha Jones, Ph.D., Chair and Associate Professor of Mathematics Science at Clark Atlanta University.
Carlynn Wooten Scott, Educator and Founder of Her Story Is Mine
LaToria Whitehead, PhD, MPH, CEO and Founder for the LS Whitehead Group, LLC, an Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Spelman College, and a Deputy Editor for the academic journal Environmental Justice.
Tiffany Williams, M.A., a Graduate Fellow at the W.E.B Du Bois Southern Center for studies in Public Policy.
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Isaacson, Cory , SB1 encourages lawsuits, creates toxic school environments February 7, 2025 https://www.acluga.org/news/sb-1-encourages-lawsuits-creates-toxic-school-environments/.
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HOUSING
Atlanta Regional Eviction Tracker Atlanta Regional Commission December 13, 2023
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Reynolds, Matt Investors Now Own 30% of Metro Atlanta’s Single-Family Rental Homes, Data Shows Atlanta Journal-Constitution. May 14, 2025.
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VOTING & ELECTIONS
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