CompanionQuarterly vol27 no2 June2016

COMPANION QUARTERLY – Official Newsletter of the Companion Animal Society

Companion Quarterly

OFFICIAL NEWSLETTER OF THE COMPANION ANIMAL SOCIETY Volume 27, No. 2 | June 2016

VOLUME 27 NO 2 JUNE 2016

Making sense of consensus statements

Tooth resorption in a cat

Congenital cerebellar malformation in a JRT puppy

Specialist profile: Debbie Simpson

Conference reports: - ACVS Summit - VOS Meeting

Volume 27 | No. 2 | June 2016 ISSN No. 1173-6941

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2016 President

Brendon Bullen | brendonbullen@gmail.com

Companion Quarterly

Secretary

Rochelle Ferguson | rochellemf@hotmail.com

Treasurer

Aimee Brooker | ollyaimee@gmail.com

Committee Members

Helen Beattie | helenbnz@gmail.com Hannah Bain | hannah.bain@merck.com Warren Stroud | stroud@wellpet.co.nz John Munday | j.munday@massey.ac.nz Catherine Watson | cath@vetservices.co.nz Toni Anns | toni.anns@zoetis.com

2 Editorial 4 From the editor 6 From your society 8 CAS noticeboard 10 News in brief 14 What is your diagnosis?

EDITORAL COMMITTEE Sarah Fowler (Editor) Genevieve Rogerson Angus Fechney Christine Moloney (Advertising) Janice Thompson Simon Clark

Address for submitting copy/ correspondence

Sarah Fowler 66 Callum Brae Drive, Rototuna, Hamilton 3210 T (H) 07 845 7455 | M 027 358 4674 E sarah.fowler@gmail.com

Brendon Bullen

16 How do I make sense of information?

Boyd R Jones

Advertising Manager

Christine Moloney 25 Manchester St, Feilding T 06 323 6161 | F 06 323 6179 E christine.moloney@totallyvets.co.nz

NZVA website www.nzva.org.nz

20 Tooth resorption in a cat Geraldine Gorman

26 Congenital cerebellar

malformation resembling human Dandy-Walker syndrome in a Jack Russell Terrier x Fox Terrier puppy Bernard Vaatstra

CAS website www.cas.nzva.org.nz Copyright

The whole of the content of the CAS Newsletter is copyright, The Companion Animal Society (CAS) and The New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA) Inc.

Cover photograph

Jasmine Rogerson helping Genevieve Rogerson train for the Heaphy Track.

Photo by Genevieve Rogerson.

Newsletter design and setting

30 CAS Specialist Profile – Debbie Simpson

34 NZVJ Companion Animal

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Digest: Volume 64, 3, 2016

38 Industry News 40 Conference report: Wisdom

from the 2015 American College of Veterinary Surgeons Surgical Summit Alastair Coomer

Penny May T 021-255-1140 E penfriend@xtra. co.nz

Disclaimer The CAS newsletter is a non peer reviewed publication. It is published by the Companion Animal Society (CAS), a branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association Incorporated (NZVA). The views expressed in the articles and letters do not necessarily represent those of the editorial committee of the CAS newsletter, the CAS executive, the NZVA, and neither CAS nor the editor endorses any products or services advertised. CAS is not the source of the information reproduced in this publication and has not independently verified the truth of the information. It does not accept legal responsibility for the truth or accuracy of the information contained herein.

Neither CAS nor the editor accepts any liability whatsoever for the contents of this publication or for any consequences that may result from the use of any information contained herein or advice given herein. The provision is intended to exclude CAS, NZVA, the editor and the staff from all liability whatsoever, including liability for negligence in the publication or reproduction of the materials set out herein.

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42 Conference report: 43rd Veterinary Orthopaedic Society Meeting Andrew Worth

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44 Massey News 46 What is your diagnosis:

Vets in Stress Programme

48

24 Hour Freephone Confidential Counselling Service

The answer

Companion Animal Health Foundation Update

50 New Zealand Companion Animal Council Update

0508 664 981 Helps you solve personal and work problems, including: Relationship problems Drug and alcohol issues Work issues Change Stress Grief

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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EDITORIAL

Whatever your views are on alternative medicine, it cannot be denied that it is a popular and growing industry for both human and animal treatments.

There are many reasons behind why people seek out alternative treatments for themselves and for their pets. I think we as clinicians can learn from some of these drivers, to improve the services we provide for clients, whether we offer alternative therapies or not.

Communicate a holistic view

There is a widespread opinion that alternative practitioners take a more holistic view of their patients. There is absolutely no reason why this is only in the realm of alternative medicine.

There is no doubt that the environment and the patient’s mental state have an impact on susceptibility and chronicity of diseases. We also know never to take clinical signs at face value and are always thinking about what else they may represent.

So why this persistent view that only alternative practitioners are holistic? Can we communicate our thinking process better to clients to let them know we see their pet as a whole, and not just a disease or syndrome? Could we do better at maximising wellness and wellbeing for our patients, and letting clients know we are not just here to fix sickness and disease.

People want to feel like they are doing something

There is nothing worse than watching someone or something you care about suffer, and feeling helpless to do anything about it. Being presented with a poor prognosis and no guidance on how to improve things for their pet would be upsetting for almost anyone. Even when the prognosis is poor, most people want to do anything to help. There are many possible interventions we can discuss with clients, for example pain relief, environmental improvements, physical therapies, even just scheduled attention time. Even if they are not able to change the outcome, these are likely to improve the welfare of pets, while avoiding feelings of helplessness and loss of hope for clients.

- Does this pruritic patient really need antibiotics or steroids, would an antibacterial spray or shampoo be just as effective?

- Is manuka honey an option for this wound?

- Does this patient require long-term anti-inflammatories for arthritis, or are there other interventions that could be tried first?

There are many other examples of cases where we can offer effective treatments that don’t include antimicrobials or other drugs, and yet be just as effective or more effective at resolving clinical issues. These treatments are likely to be more popular with many clients, while at the same time, in the case of antibiotics, not creating an environment where resistance can arise.

Everyone likes to feel listened to

People want to feel like their concerns are taken seriously and that they are being listened to. Compliance to treatment regimes is entirely dependant on owner willingness to follow through. Clients may have personal views that make them unwilling to proceed with our recommended treatments. If we cannot persuade clients of the benefits of these treatments, then working within the confines of their views is important, whether or not you believe them to be true. If we make these people feel patronised for their opinions, even if it may make us feel better, it is unlikely to have a positive outcome for the client, their pets or us.

I think there are many ways in which we can learn lessons from the popularity of alternative medicine, and use these to offer the best service for our clients and patients we can. l Brendon Bullen, CAS President

Many people prefer more natural options

Many people prefer the idea of using natural ways of resolving medical issues, even if they are not necessarily against the use of drugs. Drugs do have potential side effects, and there is a lot of material on the internet about these adverse events that may make owners nervous about using them. We, as vets also have a responsibility to limit antibiotic usage due to resistance concerns, so this preference for people towards more natural options may make it easier to practice more responsibly.

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Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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FROM THE EDITOR

Introducing Companion Quarterly – the new-look CAS Newsletter The CAS Newsletter is the mechanism by which the Executive Committee of the Companion Animal Society communicates with, and provides useful, high quality CPD to its membership.

It is also a vehicle for practitioners to share interesting cases and experiences with their colleagues. It is not a peer-reviewed publication. However articles are edited and if it is considered necessary, they are sent to an expert in that particular field, to ensure that accurate, reliable information is published.

The CAS Newsletter is in its 27th year with its 4th editor and has been through a number of changes in that time. It was started

by Boyd Jones while at Massey in the late 1980s. Jan Jones took over in 1996, followed by Janice Thompson in 1999. Janice was editor for the next 14 years until she passed the reins to me in 2013.

In the early years, the Newsletter was quite literally that; a newsletter. It comprised a few typed pages of short paragraphs of CAS news and information of use to companion animal veterinarians and a few black and white images.

Initially producing the newsletter manually was awkward and expensive but with the advent of computers it became easier to include more figures and more colour. This increasingly professional appearance encouraged the submission of more and better articles and attracted more advertisers.

Thus throughout the years it has become progressively larger, brighter and more comprehensive and it has been in its current format (i.e. full colour) since 2011. It long ago out grew its name and in fact several years ago the editorial committee tried to change its name but could come up with none that they liked better. Recently we had been hearing opinions from advertisers that they felt that the Newsletter appeared a bit dowdy and old-fashioned. Many on the CAS Executive agreed with this sentiment and thought it was time for a facelift.

When she heard that we were planning a revamp, Sara Passmore, Head of Member Services and Communication at NZVA offered the services of Stephanie Lee, the NZVA graphic designer to help us come up with a new look for the Newsletter. We jumped at this opportunity to create a design for the Newsletter that was not only modern, fresh and enticing to read but also made clear that the CAS Newsletter is part of the NZVA stable of publications which together with NZVJ, Vetscript (and the other SIB publications) provide members with a full suite of veterinary news, CPD and scientific content.

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As part of this revamp, Sara and Stephanie suggested that as a name “CAS Newsletter” undersells what this publication actually is – it has moved far beyond its newsletter origin. They suggested it was time to update the name of the Newsletter to go along with the fresh new look and proposed “Companion Quarterly” which was received enthusiastically by the CAS Executive and Editorial committees.

As part of the new design we are aiming to include more colour and photographs in each issue of Companion Quarterly.

I would therefore like to reissue my invitation for you all to send in any quality photographs of (companion) animals. I am particularly interested in photos of animals doing interesting things or in interesting places. Any that are landscape orientation (or can be cropped to this), clear, in-focus and available as a large file (e.g. >1 MB) may be considered for the cover.

I would also like to take this opportunity to remind members that there is an award ($150) for each article accepted for publication (from practitioners and students). The prize for best in each issue ($100) and best article of the year ($400) are kindly sponsored by Eyevet Services and the prize ($400) for best Article of the Year from a student is generously sponsored by VetEnt. If you are considering submitting an article and feel you need some guidance, we have several documents prepared which may be of help (Instructions for Authors, Case Report Guidance).

I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those involved with the production of the new-look Companion Quarterly: Stephanie and Sara at NZVA, Penny May our page-setter who takes a pile of word docs and turns it into an attractive readable magazine, Christine Moloney our advertising manager, the CAS Editorial committee and of course the authors and advertisers without whom we would have no content. l Sarah Fowler, Editor, Companion Quarterly

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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FROM YOUR SOCIETY

CAS Executive Committee Meeting 24/25 February 2016, Wellington

SUMMARY OF MINUTES Attendance: Catherine Watson, Rochelle Ferguson, Brendon Bullen, Hannah Bain, John Munday, and Warren Stroud.

Discussion around work on the “new look” CAS newsletter. New policy of not charging NZVA for advertising on basis that CAS can access Vetscript at no charge.

Apologies: Helen Beattie, Pauline Calvert, Sarah Fowler, Aimee Brooker

Cat Management Strategy Group:

Matters arising from previous minutes and correspondence:

Request from EVBF for a commitment to regular funding – In light of CAS 2013 contribution of $30,000, we will decline to commit to regular contributions, but they remain an area we would like to support in the future, particularly when lump sums are being distributed.

TradeMe veterinary examination reports – VPIS have raised the issue that these may be interpreted by buyers as pre-purchase examinations and would like CAS to get a legal opinion. The committee will look at ways of ensuring that the intention is clear but note that the reports are not being uploaded to the site, even when sellers are indicating that they are complying with the code.

President’s report – Brendon Bullen:

Summary of media reports, noting an increase in approaches from media for comment. Attended meeting with VCNZ to look at ways of supporting new graduates in practice. Speaker for CAS stream at conference secured, with the topic being lameness and joint disease.

Treasurer’s report – Aimee Brooker:

Taken as read. In light of low interest environment and no requirement to have all of the reserves immediately available, it was decided to investigate the NZVA investment fund for a portion of CAS reserves.

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Newsletter Editor’s report – Sarah Fowler:

Feedback was given on the draft strategy document.

CAHF update:

John Munday has been made a Trustee, representing IVABS. Kate Hill also remains a Trustee, although no longer the IVABS representative. The other three Trustees, Jodi Salinski, Catherine Watson and Boyd Jones remain unchanged.

Veterinary Refresher Scheme:

Overall we felt the course remained valuable for participants and contributed positively to supporting small animal clinicians to maintain their skills. Agreed that the course will be offered in 2016 in the same format as 2015 (No forum, self-paced).

Guests – NZKC Becky Murphy and Peter Dunne

Becky outlined the accredited breeders scheme (ABS) for us. It has a small uptake with around 80 breeders participating. Becky plans to review the current genetic testing requirements of the ABS and a basic genetics course will be a requirement for registering a kennel name.

The NZKC have requested help from CAS regarding the eye scheme. They would like a scheme that is administered with a central database. Discussion also included developing a joint database with Australia and ensuring all testing is captured on a central database.

Becky Murphy is planning to meet with Australian counterparts in the next few months to look at their health and welfare protocols with a view to bringing

this knowledge back to NZ where applicable.

Mandatory DNA testing of parents is also being considered to verify the parentage of puppies. This is especially important for imported frozen semen. Overseas clubs how have done this have shown incorrect parentage in up to 14% of registered dogs.

Guests: NZVA Leanne Fecser, Shannon Leader, Julie Hood

Lottie Cantley was introduced to us as the new Director for Vetlearn.

A CPD strategy meeting is planned with Caroline Robertson, Pieter Verhoek and Lottie Cantley to answer the question: Are we educating the profession or just veterinarians?

There will be a combined conference in 2017 with sheep and beef, CAS and the deer branch. The TAG has agreed to this and will be in June or early July 2017.

JH presented the repositioning statement using a slideshow that board members have been giving at regional branch meetings.

AMR Update:

The AMR working group has produced antibiotic guidelines for companion animals. These were considered by the committee and feedback will be provided to the working group. The FECAVA guidelines were thought to be more useful and orientated towards the working environment of the clinician.

CAS subscriptions – no change to the CAS subscription rate and plan to offer new graduates free CAS membership for one year.

WASAVA representative – CAS has a complimentary registration available for their representative and plan to offer this to members on a first come, first served basis. A conference report would be required.

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Committee planning:

Honoraria – The President honoraria is to remain at $10,000 to reflect the increasing time required for media work, the Secretary honoraria is removed as this work is now undertaken by the CAS Manager, and the Treasurer’s honoraria was reduced from 7,500 to 5,000 to reflect a reduction in time taken.

Name: In dealing with more external stakeholders, we have found that we have had to explain who we are as the name Companion Animal Society doesn’t immediately convey that we are veterinarians. The term society was also thought to be misleading as we are not a separate entity from the NZVA. After discussion two names were proposed – Small Animal Veterinarians of the NZVA (SAV), or Companion Animal Veterinarians of the NZVA (CAV). It was decided to survey members to gauge their preference and propose a name change at the AGM.

Strategy Planning:

The vision and mission statements were updated to reflect why we exist and what our function is: Our Vision: “A thriving companion animal veterinary profession” Our Mission Statement: “To promote and support companion animal veterinary practice in New Zealand”.

Welfare focuses for 2017 – Educating owners to recognise pain in their animals and when to seek veterinary care, second generation line breeding practices, banning the Scottish fold breed, improving husbandry of exotic companion animals.

Student members – Plan to run a student event in July each year.

The committee then worked through a strategic planning exercise as the basis of a business review document.

Articles – to create articles aimed at the public to educate on veterinary matters for the NZKC Dog World and the SPCA magazine.

Annual Plan 2017:

Next meeting: 19 May at NZVA, Wellington l

Additions to the 2016 annual plan include: Wellness project – the development of the “Ask your Vet” website to support wellness programmes in clinics has stalled. It was decided to park this initiative and explore other alternatives.

CAS will explore funding research into wellness and will look to call for research projects to fund later this year.

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Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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The CAS noticeboard Hill’s Pet Nutrition/CAS Educating the Educators Scholarship Educating the Educators Scholarship This scholarship provides assistance for veterinary educators to attend advanced level continuing education events outside New Zealand. We recognise the importance in supporting our leading veterinarians’ participation in international conferences to ensure they remain up to date. With the terms of the scholarship we also encourage the dissemination of this knowledge to the wider CAS membership through articles in the CAS Newsletter and presentations to regional branches.

generously supported. Applications are considered at the end of March and September each year but can also be made on a case by case basis. The scholarship provides $10,000 per annum to be divided between applicants. We are very grateful to Hill’s Pet Nutrition as the principle sponsor along with support from Massey University Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences and VetLearn.

Please email the CAS Secretary Rochelle Ferguson cas@vets.org.nz for more information or see our website.

Thanks to Hill’s Pet Nutrition for their ongoing support.

This scholarship is open to both CAS members and non-members – with CAS members being more

CAS/CAHF Annual Project Grant 2016 Sponsored by Virbac The Companion Animal Health Foundation (CAHF) is a charitable trust established by the Companion Animal Society to fund research projects that will enhance companion animal health and welfare. The CAHF website has a list of the projects that have been supported by the CAHF and details of the papers published following this research. Applications are invited from

CAS members each March and September for funding towards research projects that meet the aims and objectives of the CAHF. Application details along with the terms and conditions are also available from the website.

Alternatively please contact: Rochelle Ferguson (CAS Secretary) E cas@vets.org.nz

WINNER

“Diskospondylitis: a case-based review”

Philomena Tuohy

March 2016 | Volume 27 (1) | Pages 26–30

Article of the Issue

EYEVET Services Limited

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G SCH RAN OL TS & AR SH Ava IPS ilab NZ VA le to C me mb AS ers

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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NEWS IN BRIEF

CAS Annual Service Award 2015 The CAS Annual Service Award for 2015 has been awarded to Sue Blaikie. Sue is a companion animal veterinarian from Raumati on the Kapiti coast. She was a member of the CAS executive committee for a number of years, many of them as Secretary.

After serving a term from 1999 to 2002 on the Wellington-based executive committee, Sue re-joined CAS in 2006 and went straight into the role of Secretary. She held this position until late 2013 when she resigned from the committee after giving a total of 11 years of service. During this time, with Sue as Secretary, CAS successfully bid for and won the right to hold the WSAVA 2013 conference in Auckland. This was a busy period for CAS generally and Sue particularly. Sue was the driving force behind the selection of the primary conference organiser who were integral to the success of the congress.

During her time on the committee Sue has served as the CAS representative for the NZCAC, represented CAS at WSAVA 2010 congress in Geneva, and was involved with the Animals in Schools Education Trust (AISET). This work involved bringing together diverse organisations such as the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Wellington Zoo, NZ Kennel Club, NZ Cat Fancy, Federated Farmers, and the RSPCA to work with NZVA on educating schoolage children about animals.

Along with this, she has accurately collated and documented CAS history so we have an enduring record of the people that have shaped the organisation over the years and contributed to its objectives. Within the committee she was not afraid to ask the hard questions, even the unpopular ones. Her ability to dissect an issue to ensure every aspect was considered was highly valued by other committee members and added greatly to the debate and quality of the subsequent decisions made.

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Photo courtesy of Sue Blaikie

Sue created the e-CAS in 2009. This bulletin was written by Sue every quarter and is regarded highly by our members as a way of keeping up-to-date and in touch with the NZ veterinary profession.

We are very grateful for the work that Sue has done for CAS, she has been a supportive member of the CAS committee and I think you would all agree that she is a very worthy recipient for the 2015 CAS Annual Service Award. l

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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NEWS IN BRIEF

CAS Continuing Education Grants 2016 Every year CAS randomly selects two practitioners, one new member and one continuing member to receive a prize of $500 towards companion animal continuing education from Vetlearn. The winners for 2016 are Reidun Nicholson (new member) and Garry Ball (continuing member).

Reidun Nicholson

I work part-time at South Wairarapa Veterinary Services and am thrilled to have won the CAS prize for new members. I have put the $500.00 of continuing education towards the Wound Management and Bandaging workshop to be held at Massey University in August. l

Garry Ball

Hi, I’m Garry Ball, graduate of the class of ’76 and approaching forty years in companion animal practice firstly in the Hutt Valley and for the last eighteen years at Vetcare Tauranga. I work from our Bethlehem Veterinary Centre and am a 50% shareholder in Vetcare with Nick Sygrove and a great team of five other veterinarians. All part-time of course, as living in the beautiful Bay of Plenty demands a good work-lifestyle balance. Although very much a general practitioner I have particular interest in dentistry and dermatology. We

are about to add the IM3 CR7 digital radiology suite and look forward to taking dentistry to the next level. My recent CDP courses have been dental workshops with David Clarke in Fiji, Anthony Caiafa in Auckland, and the Essential Gastroenterology workshop at Massey. I am keen to attend a cytology/ haematology workshop to sharpen up my in-clinic cytology and a better trained eye to utilise blood smears and enhance the value of our HM5 haematology analyser. Thanks to CAS I am looking forward to that opportunity.

l

Photo courtesy of Reidun Nicholson

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Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Photo courtesy of Garry Ball

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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What is your diagnosis?

THE QUESTIONS‌ BRENDON BULLEN BVSc Companion Animal Clinician Pet Doctors Kelburn Case History

A 3-year-old male entire guinea pig was seen with an 18-month history of significant smegma deposits around the prepuce.

This had been gradually worsening with the owner having to clean him weekly. He had an excellent diet of mostly hay and grass, leafy greens, and a small number of pellets, but was slightly overweight. He had excellent dental health.

It was suspected that the excessive accumulation of smegma was caused by the guinea pig masturbating and so castration was recommended which was performed immediately. A scrotal hernia developed post-surgery and which was repaired surgically 1 week later. Castration appeared to resolve the smegma issue, with significantly reduced accumulation.

Six months later he represented with inappetance, lethargy and weight loss of 200g leaving him underweight. The owners had observed him vocalising while urinating and a small amount of blood was seen in the urine. There was also significant build up of preputial smegma.

Urine was obtained via cystocentesis and urinalysis revealed a USG of 1.014 with a pH of 8.5. Urine cytology showed large numbers of crystals which looked similar to the photograph below.

Questions

1. What is your interpretation of the urinalysis and its significance to the case?

2. What are your differential diagnoses?

3. What is the next diagnostic step? l Answers revealed on page 46.

Figure 1. Calcium carbonate crystals in urine.

Contact: 44 Upland Road, Wellington, ph 04 475 9539

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Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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FEATURE ARTICLE

How do I make sense of information?

Reviews and Consensus Statements

BOYD R JONES, BVSc, FACVSc, DECVIM-Ca, Emeritus Professor Companion Animal Medicine Recently a number of papers have appeared in American and UK Companion Animal Journals aiming to provide an overview of current understanding of a particular topic in the form of a consensus statement or a review article. An editorial published in the Journal of Small Animal Practice (Dennis, 2015) and later reprinted in the WSAVA News Bulletin prompted this article for the CAS Newsletter because it made me think clearly about the relative merits of each type of subject review.

The editorial by Dennis (2015), entitled ‘Making Sense of Consensus Statements’, addresses the value of literature reviews and consensus statements to readers/ clinicians/researchers and how such articles provide an evidence base to guide what we do in practice. The editorial raised a number of issues as to how much weighting we might give to information published in the different formats.

There is a wealth of information in journals and textbooks but most of us don’t have the time to read these extensively because of work and family commitments, even though we may want to. In review articles and consensus statements the authors have done the hard work for us to summarise the topic and keep us informed, and reading them is a quick way to get up to date and understand current practice.

However, each type of review process has limitations and these should be understood.

Dennis (2015) emphasised the two types of literature reviews. The non-systematic review typically is written by an expert Contact: Massey University, Palmerston North 16

in the subject. This is a narrative or authoritative review: journal article, book chapter etc. The author(s) include what they think should be included, which opens any such review to bias.

Ten expert reviewers with their own experiences, opinions and beliefs could produce very different reviews on the same subject. Anecdotal information or beliefs without evidence backing can affect the review. We are all victims of our own experiences! For anyone very familiar with the subject and who may know the reviewer(s), the bias is often obvious but that is not so for all readers. There is evidence to support the limitations of non-systematic reviews. Dennis (2015) quoted the study of Oxman and Guyatt (1993) who concluded that subject experts (in human medicine) were less likely to produce consistent and reliable literature reviews than non-experts who were trained in research methodology. The experts don’t do the review process well and their conclusions might not agree with the results of objective studies.

objectives, materials and methods, in which a predetermined systematic process for identifying and including a study in the review is described in sufficient detail for the method to be replicated by another investigator. The quality of the methodology of the included studies is assessed and scored.

Statistical analysis can be applied to systematic reviews including metaanalysis of primary studies (Dennis 2015). Systematic reviews provide the greatest level of evidence but there are few published in veterinary medicine (Beauvais et al. 2012 a, b, Merola and Mills, 2015). Furthermore, a systematic review may be unable to provide sufficient evidence for recommendations if there are few or inadequate clinical studies. This limitation would apply to most veterinary medical topics.

Some authors have tried to provide a systematic review of published literature but when there was insufficient evidence in the form of published studies, expert consensus formed the basis of their recommendations (Mueller et al. 2011).

The second type of review article is the systematic review, where the data from all other published studies are reviewed.

The review contains a statement of

That is the status of review articles. So where do consensus statements stand in the information stakes? Consensus statements provide an authoritative

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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review in which a varying number of selected experts on the subject unite to write a set of recommendations, statements or guidelines regarding a subject of interest to the profession.

The experts contribute to a consensus statement according to a predetermined method for providing recommendations and a conclusion as to whether consensus exists. Despite the use of an agreed method for analysing data, consensus statements probably have selection and reporting bias as with authoritative reviews. Consensus statements may be more reliable than reviews produced by a single author as the multiple authorship moderates any statements made. The expert opinions contained in a statement/ recommendation represent the degree of consensus between the expert panel members on the subject. While most consensus statements may be more reliable than author reviews, they lack evidence from ‘high level’ studies on the topic. Remember too that the experts are selected by someone and there is bias in that selection even though the selection process is supposed to be fair and geographically equitable.

Consensus statements take into account expert opinion, published and unpublished clinical studies, relevant data from other species and current theory on the subject. The scope and limitations of any consensus statement are usually noted and discussed by the authors (experts) and should be understood by the reader. The authors of many consensus papers often recommend that the consensus document they have produced be modified as new information becomes available.

While non-systematic reviews remain the most common form of subject reviews, consensus statements are becoming more common and they advance understanding of the reviewed topics.

Furthermore, the statements can set the scene for further research. If sufficient studies become available the rigour of a systematic review may be possible.

There are numerous recent review articles and consensus papers published in companion animal journals (Rouchelou et al. 2015, Van Hoek et al.

2015). Veterinary interest groups with international membership have often initiated the studies to reach formal consensus or to provide guidelines in areas within their discipline e.g. diabetes 18

mellitus in cats (Sparkes et al. 2014 for International Society of Feline Medicine), superficial bacterial folliculitis (Hillier et al. 2014 International Society for Companion Animal infectious Diseases).

The World Small Animal Veterinary Association has also sponsored a number of publications on key topics to collate the views of acknowledged experts on controversial areas of veterinary diagnostics and medical procedures to produce guidelines that are helpful for companion animal veterinarians.

Guidelines have been produced for vaccination recommendations, renal standardisation (glomerular disease), liver disease (histopathology), gastrointestinal biopsy, pain management and other topics (www.wsava.org/guidelines).

Other organisations (American animal Hospital Association and American Association of Feline Practitioners) have collaborated to establish a task force(experts) to produce guidelines for veterinarians e.g. pain management in dogs and cats (Epstein et al. 2015). The costs of production for this pain study were funded by a number of different pharmaceutical companies but the final guideline document was subject to critical review before publication. Its recommendations have been endorsed by the International society of Feline Medicine and the International Academy of Pain Management (Epstein et al. 2015).

Webinars − web-based seminars supported by video-conferencing software, are now commonplace where a group of expert clinicians or researchers discuss a specific topic and the format allows interaction between the experts and the audience to reach a conclusion on best practice or current understanding. This format provides a more immediate summary of a topic but lacks scientific rigour and a hard copy summary is often not produced.

Webinars and literature reviews that are sponsored by commercial companies could be open to bias in selection of the participants or lead authorship.

Many journals now require a declaration from the author(s) regarding potential conflicts) of interest.

In conclusion, when you read review papers or consensus statements, understand how they have been produced. You are the reader and must understand the value and limitations of the paper or article that the authors have produced. Be able to discriminate and

look for the evidence. If the article says it is a critical review (Van Hoek et al. 2015), ask yourself “is it critical” and if so, why can that title be used?

Be discerning and happy reading!

Acknowledgement

Thank you to Allan Bell who provided helpful suggestions and information for preparation of this article

References

Beauvais W, Cordwell JM, Broadbelt DC. The effect of neutering on the risk of urinary incontinence in bitches – a systematic review. Journal of Small Animal Practice 53, 198–204, 2012a Beauvais W, Cordwell JM, Broadbelt DC. The effect of neutering on the risk of mammary tumours in dogs– a systematic review. Journal of Small Animal Practice 53, 314–22, 2012b Dennis SG. Making sense of consensus statements. Journal of Small Animal Practice 56, 535–6, 2015 Epstein ME, Rodan I, Griffenhagen G. 2015 AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 17,251–72, 2015 Hillier A, Lloyd DH, Weese JS, Blondeau JM, Boothe D, Breitschwerdt E, Guardabassi L, Papich MG, Rankin S, Turnidge JD Sykes JE. Guidelines for the diagnosis and antimicrobial chemotherapy of canine superficial bacterial folliculitis. Veterinary Dermatology 25,163–75, 2014 Merola I, Mills DS. Systematic review of the behavioural assessment of pain in cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery Doi 10.1177/1098612X15578725, 2015 Mueller RS, Besignor E, Ferrer L, Holm B, Lemarie S, Paradis M, Shipstone MA. Treatment of demodicosis in dogs: 2011 clinical practice guidelines.

Veterinary Dermatology 23, 86–96, 2012 Oxman AP, Guyatt GH. The science of reviewing research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 703, 125–33, 1993 Sparkes AH, Cannon M, Church D, Fleeman L, Harvey A, Hoenig M, Petersen ME, Reuch CE, Taylor S, Rosenberg D. ISF Consensus guidelines on the practical management of diabetes mellitus in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 17, 235–250, 2015 Pouchelon JL, Atkins CE, Busadori C, Oyama MA, Vaden SL, Bonagura JD, Chetboul V, Cowgill LD, Elliot T, Francey T et al. Cardiovascular-renal axis disorders in the domestic dog and cat: a veterinary consensus statement.

Journal of Small Animal Practice 56, 537–52, 2015 Van Hoek I, Hesta M, Biourge V. A critical review of food-associated factors proposed in the aetiology of feline hyperthyroidism. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 17, 837–47, 2015 l

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Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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FEATURE ARTICLE

Tooth resorption in a cat This article was written as part of the requirements for receiving the Hill’s Pet Nutrition/CAS Educating the Educators Scholarship

GERALDINE GORMAN,

MVB, MANZCVS (Small animal dentistry and oral surgery)

Max, a 10-year-old neutered male DSH cat, presented 2 weeks after having a prophylactic scale and polish and “extraction” of the mandibular left 3rd premolar tooth. On clinical examination he had severe, localised gingivitis at the site of the extraction and was painful to examine Figure 1. Under general anaesthesia, intra-oral radiographs showed retained ankylosed roots at the extraction site. Further investigation revealed that the referring veterinarian had assumed the cat was suffering from tooth resorption and amputation of the crown was performed. No intra-oral radiographs were taken at the first dental procedure.

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Feline tooth resorption (TR) is a frustrating condition with studies showing a prevalence of up to 67% of cats. It is one of the most common dental diseases in cats and one study showed a strong link between the age of the cat and incidence of TR, with older cats having a much higher risk of developing TR lesions. This condition has been known by many different names including feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL) and neck lesions but the preferred name is now simply tooth resorption.

Clinically, the affected cats usually present with hyperaemic and hyperplastic gingiva over the affected tooth (Figure 2). The most commonly affected is the mandibular 3rd premolar, but any tooth can develop TR. The lesions at this stage are painful and

there may be calculus on adjacent teeth.

Probing, even with a soft cotton bud, can elicit a severe painful response especially if the lesion is on a canine tooth.

Diagnosis of most TR is during routine prophylactic scale and polish treatments under general anaesthesia in clinically normal cats. The lesions are so sensitive that many cats twitch even while anaesthetised when the scaler or probe touches the tooth. Dental radiography is essential for full evaluation of the extent and type of TR and also for formulation of the correct treatment plan.

To understand the complex condition that is feline tooth resorption (TR), a quick revision of the anatomy of the tooth is required (Figure 3). There are two types and five stages of feline TR.

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Figure 1. Photograph of extraction site (mandibular left 3rd premolar) 2 weeks after initial extraction, showing severe localised gingivitis.

Figure 2. Clinical appearance of a TR lesion on mandibular right 3rd premolar tooth Figure 3. Diagram of the anatomy of a normal tooth

Contact: Pet Dental Vet Ltd, gg4vet@hotmail.com or Bay of Islands Veterinary Services

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Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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The initial lesion begins in the cementum layer at the cervical area of the tooth where activated odontoclastic cells destroy the cementum. The resorption then progresses into the dentin within which it extends into the root or the crown. In the lesions that extend towards the crown, the enamel overlying the resorbed dentin is lost, inflammation and infection occurs, leading to a clinically evident defect in the tooth. This inflammatory TR which involves mainly the crown is known as type 1 and the periodontal ligament remains intact. In type 2 TR the subgingival cemental resorption progresses towards the root apex, the cementum is replaced with hard bone-like material and the periodontal ligament is lost, leading to an ankylosed root. In type 2 TR, when the whole lesion is below the gingiva there is no inflammation or sensitivity but the lesion may eventually extend into the crown and become contaminated by oral bacteria leading to painful inflammation.

The type of TR can only be determined by intraoral radiography and some multi-rooted teeth may exhibit both types of TR in different parts of the tooth. These lesions are classified as type 3 TR. The definitions of the types of TR are listed below:

Figure 4. Type 1 TR (red arrow). This tooth must be fully extracted as it has a normal periodontal ligament space and there will be inflammation associated with it.

• Type 1 TR – there is a focal or multifocal radiolucency on the radiograph of a tooth with otherwise normal radiopacity and normal periodontal ligament space (Figure 4) • Type 2 TR – there is narrowing or loss of the periodontal ligament space in at least one area and decreased radiopacity in part of the tooth (Figure 5) • Type 3 – there are features of type 1 and type 2 TR in the same tooth Treatment of TR is by extraction, crown amputation or both, depending on which type of TR is present on radiographs. In type 1 TR the whole tooth should be extracted as these have a normal periodontal space and the lesions are inflammatory.

In type 2 TR there is often no normal tooth root structure left to extract and so crown amputation has been shown to be an effective and successful treatment. However in cases where the lesion has been exposed to contamination from the oral cavity over a long time some inflammation is likely to have entered the coronal part of the resorbing root. Therefore any identifiable root should be removed. In teeth also affected by endodontic or periodontal disease, or in cats with concurrent stomatitis, total extraction is advised. The best outcome is always extraction of as much root as possible without causing iatrogenic damage. All cases should have the gingiva sutured closed after treatment. If there is radiographic evidence of root resorption well below the gingiva and the crown exhibits no clinical signs of TR or sensitivity, the tooth may be left in situ but regular 6-monthly monitoring is recommended.

Figure 5. Type 2 TR (red arrow). There no evidence of a periodontal space on this radiograph and the radiopacity of the roots is almost the same as the surrounding bone. Extraction is likely to be impossible and amputation below the alveolus followed by gingival closure is appropriate.

So getting back to Max, our painful patient – what went wrong?

Firstly no intra-oral radiographs were taken at the first dental procedure. The radiograph taken under the second general anaesthesia showed that the mandibular left 3rd premolar showed type 2 TR with loss of the periodontal ligament on both mesial and distal roots (Figure 6). The roots were ankylosed and the crown amputation had not been performed below the level of the alveolus. The gingiva had not been sutured closed.

This allowed the root remnants to be exposed to oral bacteria causing infection and inflammation which delayed healing. In this case the best solution was to extract the remaining roots as near to the apex as possible leaving uninfected ankylosed root tissue and then suturing the gingiva closed.

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Figure 6. Radiograph of Max’s mandibular left 3rd premolar extraction site showing ankylosed roots (red arrows) and remnants of roots remaining at level of alveolus (blue arrow).

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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A gingival flap was created and the alveolar area was cleaned with a size 1 round bur. Root remains were visualised in the alveolus and a narrow moat was created around them with the bur. Using a 1 mm winged elevator and a root tip pick, as much remaining root as possible was removed below the alveolar crest (Figure 7). The edges of the alveolus were then smoothed with the round bur.

A post extraction radiograph was taken (Figure 8) and the gingiva sutured closed with polyglycolic acid caprolactone 5/0 suture (Serafast, Ethical agents, Auckland, NZ).

Radiographs of the other teeth were taken and the mandibular right third premolar had a similar lesion to the left side but the mesial root had evidence of some periodontal ligament (Figure 9).

Clinically this tooth appeared normal but showed some sensitivity when probed.

Again a gingival flap was created, the crown sectioned with a size 699 tapered fissure bur from the furcation towards the crown and both roots elevated and extracted as fully as possible. In this case the mesial root came out intact as did most of the distal root (Figure 10).

Despite the radiographic appearance of having no periodontal ligament this tooth was extracted almost fully. The gingiva was sutured as before. Max was sent home on oral meloxicam (Metacam 0.5 mg/mL Oral Suspension for Cats) at a dose rate of 0.05 mg/kg PO, SID for 4 days for pain relief. At a post-surgery revisit one week later, both extraction sites had fully healed with no evidence of inflammation.

Conclusion and summary of management of tooth resorption in cats • Radiograph and probe every tooth.

• TR Type 1 – extract the whole tooth and root, smooth the alveolus with a round bur and suture with size 5/0 fast absorbing monofilament.

• TR Type 2 – extract as much tooth and root as possible without causing iatrogenic injury but in cases of advanced root resorption crown amputation to at least 2 mm below the alveolar crest may be appropriate.

Smooth and suture as above.

• Send home on pain relief and advise soft food for 1 week.

• Recheck annually as cats with one TR are very likely to get more lesions.

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References

Figure 7. A gingival flap was created and the root remnants visualised for extraction

Mestrinho LA, Runhau J, Braganca M, Niza MRE. Risk assessment of feline tooth resorption, Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 30, 78-83, 2013 DuPont GA, DeBowes LJ. Comparison of periodontitis and root replacement in cat teeth with resorptive lesions. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 19, 71-75, 2002 DuPont GA. radiographic evaluation and treatment of feline dental resorptive lesions. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 35, 188-92, 2005 Gorrel C. Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions. Proceedings of the 28th WSAVA World Congress. Bangkok, 2003 Tooth Resorption in Cats. American Veterinary Dental College, http://www. avdc.org/nomenclature.html Hale F. Tooth Resorption in Cats. http:// www.toothvet.ca/PDFfiles/Tooth_ resorption_in_cats.pdf l

Figure 8. Post-extraction radiograph of the left mandible with a red arrow indicating the extraction site.

Figure 9. Radiograph of mandibular right third premolar with ankylosed roots (red arrow)

Figure 10. Extracted sectioned roots of mandibular right third premolar tooth

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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CASE REPORT

Congenital cerebellar malformation resembling human Dandy-Walker syndrome in a Jack Russell Terrier x Fox Terrier puppy BERNARD VAATSTRA,

BVSc (Dist) MVS (Hons) MANZCVSc DACVP

Introduction

A 6-month-old female Jack Russell Terrier x Fox Terrier presented with a history of neurological derangement from first attempts at ambulation. The owners reported frequent falling to one or the other side and an inability to negotiate steps and other obstacles. There was slight improvement over the first two months of life and the clinical signs remained stable after that. The pup was smaller than two littermates but had normal mentation and appetite.

Complete parvovirus vaccination records were available for the dam and pups.

Clinical examination confirmed the presence of ataxia, uncoordinated movement, and dysmetria. Limb muscle tone was lacking. Intention tremor was observed when a cat was introduced to the room. Some ability to balance was retained. There was no evidence of nystagmus.

A cerebellar disorder was suspected based on the history and clinical examination. Clinical differentials included congenital malformation, hypoplasia associated with parvovirus infection, abiotrophy, and neoplasia. A congenital malformation was favoured given the early onset of clinical signs, lack of progression, and complete vaccination history. The owners opted for humane euthanasia due to the likelihood of a lifelong neurological disorder with associated risk of injury through misadventure.

Necropsy

Histopathology

1(b)

Transverse sections through the cerebellar hemispheres revealed multifocal disorganisation and thinning of the folia with variable loss of granular and Purkinje cells and a lack of germinal cells. Some of the remaining Purkinje cells were degenerate, characterised by vacuolation and/or central chromatolysis. The neuropil subjacent the vermis defect was partially lined by ependyma and contained scattered haemosiderin-laden macrophages.

Discussion

Based on these findings, a morphological diagnosis of cerebellar vermian aplasia with hemispherical hypoplasia, dysplasia, and atrophy was given. The lesion was similar to previous reports of canine cerebellar malformations in the literature. Unfortunately, the scientific literature is not uniform with regards to nomenclature of such syndromes, with cases described variously as cerebellar vermian hypoplasia, inferior cerebellar hypoplasia, cerebellar agenesis, and Dandy-Walker-like syndrome (Bernadino et al. 2015; Kobatake et al. 2013;

Contact: Gribbles Veterinary, 840 Tremaine Ave, Palmerston North

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1(a)

The body weighed 4.8 kg and body condition was judged to be suboptimal (3/9). There was no identifiable cerebellar vermis or paravermis and both cerebellar hemispheres were markedly attenuated (Figure 1). Only the right and left flocculus regions were identified, measuring 6x4x3mm and 9x5x4mm respectively. The defect communicated with the 4th ventricle, which was covered by a thin membrane contiguous with the meninges. No other significant gross abnormalities were detected.

Figure 1(a). Brain removed from 6-monthold Fox Terrier x Jack Russell Terrier at necropsy. Note complete absence of cerebellar vermis. There are small residual hemispheres either side of the defect. 1(b) normal brain of age-matched mixed breed pup for comparison.

Harari et al. 1983; Kornegay 1986).

Nevertheless, it is likely that these cases represent related disorders resulting largely from largely uncharacterised genetic defects. A similar situation exists in humans, where several related disorders are termed the DandyWalker complex. Thus a diagnosis of canine Dandy-Walker-like syndrome is appropriate given that it is not aetiologically specific.

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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This case demonstrates the types of neurological defects that occur when parts of the cerebellum are missing or malformed. An understanding of normal cerebellar structure and function helps to elucidate how this happens.

The cerebellum is connected to the dorsal brainstem by three sets of peduncles. This anatomical position provides a clue to its function, regulating and refining impulses travelling between the brain and spinal cord and ultimately, the peripheral nerves and skeletal muscles. The three broad functional roles of the cerebellum are as follows: 1 Co-ordination of movement 2 Maintenance of equilibrium in conjunction with the vestibular system 3 Regulation of muscle tone and control of posture Major inputs to the cerebellum arise from the olivary nucleus in the caudal medulla; the vestibular nerves and nuclei to co-ordinate head and eye movement; proprioceptive input from muscles and joints via the spinocerebellar tracts; and from the pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex to alert the cerebellum of anticipated movements.

The major outputs from the cerebellum arise from three pairs of nuclei deep in the white matter (shown as F, I and D in Figure 2). The fastigial nucleus (associated with the cerebellar vermis) projects through the caudal cerebellar peduncle to vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation, influencing extensor rigidity, posture, and balance. The interpositus nucleus (associated with the paravermis) projects to the red nucleus in the midbrain, correcting errors related to gross movements. The dentate nucleus (associated with the hemispheres) projects to the thalamus to adjust fine movements.

When things go wrong with the cerebellum, the result is a characteristic range of neurological disturbances depending on the location and extent of the damage. Small, focal lesions may not produce any noticeable effect due to compensation by other parts of the brain. Large lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres tend to result in loss of muscular coordination and jerky movements of the limbs on the affected side. Lesions of the vermis

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Figure 2. Transverse section of normal cerebellum showing the outer grey matter folia and inner white matter (the latter stained blue). Labelled are the vermis (V), paravermis (P), hemisphere (H), fastigial nucleus (F), interpositus nucleus (I), and dentate nucleus (D).

result in truncal tremor and gait ataxia.

Lesions of the flocculonodular lobe affect the vestibular system, resulting in disequilibrium and nystagmus.

In the present case, complete loss of caudal and rostral vermis correlated with the clinical picture of hypermetria, intention tremor, postural defects and hyperextension. The presence of residual flocculus explained the retention of some ability to balance and the lack of horizontal nystagmus.

Cases of Dandy-Walker-like cerebellar malformations are rare in dogs. Reports typically describe partial or complete loss of the vermis and hemispheres, and cyst-like dilatation of the fourth ventricle (Kobatake et al. 2013; Kornegay 1986; Lim et al. 2008). Clinical signs generally become evident within the first few weeks of life when pups begin to ambulate. There may be slight improvement initially as compensation occurs, but from several weeks of age the condition remains static throughout life (Kornegay 1986).

A heritable basis for canine DandyWalker-like malformations has been suspected based on clusters of cases occurring in related dogs of certain breeds (Bernadino et al. 2015;

Noureddine et al. 2004). Recently, a deletion in the VLDLR gene was identified as the likely cause of DandyWalker-like malformation in Eurasier dogs (Gerber et al. 2015). In humans, DandyWalker spectrum disorders have been associated with chromosomal defects (including trisomy 18), heterozygous deletion of the linked genes ZIC1 and ZIC4, exposure to teratogens such as warfarin, and in utero infections (Grinberg et al. 2004; Imataka et al.

2007; Kobatake et al. 2013). So while there may be specific genetic defects in certain dog breeds, the possibility of multiple aetiologies producing similar lesions cannot be excluded.

Canine parvovirus is suspected of causing simple cerebellar hypoplasia (similar to cats with panleukopenia virus), but has not been detected in dogs with other congenital cerebellar malformations (Schatzberg et al. 2003).

For this reason, and the fact that dams and pups were completely vaccinated, parvoviral involvement was considered unlikely.

This report describes a case of DandyWalker-like congenital cerebellar malformation in a Jack Russell Terrier x Fox Terrier pup. The cause was

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

not identified, but in the absence of detectable toxic or infectious aetiologies, a genetic defect must be considered.

References

Bernadino F, Rentmeister K, Schmidt MJ, Bruehschwein A, Matiasek K, Matiasek LA, Lauda A, Schoon HA, Fischer A. Inferior cerebellar hypoplasia resembling a Dandy-Walker-like malformation in purebred Eurasier dogs with familial non-progressive ataxia: a retrospective and prospective clinical cohort study. PLoS One 10:e0117670, 2015 Gerber A, Fischer A, Jagannathan V, Drogemuller M, Schmidt MJ, Bernadino F, Manz E, Matiasek K, Rentmeister K, Leeb T. A deletion in the VLDLR gene in Eurasier dogs with cerebellar hypoplasia resembling a Dandy-Walker-like malformation (DWLM). PLoS One 10:e0108917, 2015

Grinberg I, Horthrup H, Ardinger H, Prasad C, Dobyns WB, Millen KJ. Heterozygous deletion of the linked genes ZIC1 and ZIC4 is involved in Dandy-Walker malformation. Nature Genetics 36:1053–5, 2004 Harari J, Miller D, Padgett GA, Grace J. Cerebellar agenesis in two canine littermates. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 182:622–3, 1983 Imataka G, Yamanouchi H, Arisaka O. Dandy-Walker syndrome and chromosomal abnormalities. Congenital Anomalies 47:113–8, 2007 Kobatake Y, Myabayashi T, Yada N, Kachi S, Ohta G, Sakai H, Maeda S, Kamashina H. Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of Dandy-Walker-like syndrome in a wire-haired miniature dachshund. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 75:1379–81, 2013

Kornegay JM. Cerebellar vermian hypoplasia in dogs. Veterinary Pathology 23:374–9, 1986 Lim JH, Kim DY, Yoon JH, Kim WH, Kweon OK. Cerebellar vermian hypoplasia in a Cocker Spaniel. Journal of Veterinary Science 9:215–7, 2008 Noureddine C, Harder R, Olby NJ, Spaulding K, Brown T. Ultrasonographic appearance of Dandy Walker-like syndrome in a Boston Terrier. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 45:336–9, 2004 Schatzberg SJ, Haley NJ, Barr SC, Parrish C, Steingold S, Summers BA, deLahunta A, Kornegay JN, Sharp NJ. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of parvoviral DNA from the brains of dogs and cats with cerebellar hypoplasia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17:538–44, 2003 l

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CAS SPECIALIST PROFILE

Debbie Simpson

BVSc, MANZCVS, FANZCVS The CAS Specialist Profile is a regular feature that aims to provide an insight into the path New Zealand veterinarians have taken to achieve specialisation.

THIS ISSUE HANNAH BAIN TALKS TO DEBBIE SIMPSON WHO IS A REGISTERED SPECIALIST IN VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY BASED AT THE SKIN VET WHICH OPERATES OUT OF THE STRAND VET IN PARNELL AND VETERINARY SPECIALISTS AUCKLAND IN MT WELLINGTON.

What is your specialty, and how many years have you been practicing as a registered specialist?

My specialty is Veterinary Dermatology and I have been practicing as a registered specialist since July 2014.

Where did you obtain your veterinary degree, and did you move directly into a residency from there?

My degree is from Massey University and I was lucky enough to go straight into the Pfizer (Zoetis) internship with the

Photo courtesy of Debbit Simpson

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Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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Veterinary Specialist Group (VSG) in Auckland as a new graduate. This internship is a fantastic opportunity for any new graduate and I would strongly encourage any 4th or 5th year vet students who think they might be interested to contact VSG and ask to spend time seeing practice there. The main purpose of the internship is to prepare new graduates for residencies, but even if a vet student is not sure of the career path they want to take seeing practice is still a great chance to observe the specialists at work and to pick up some very helpful tips for practice. The vets there are extremely friendly and approachable and love to teach. I could not have wished for a better first year out. After the VSG internship I went to Brisbane and did another internship with Veterinary Specialist Services, then moved to Melbourne to undertake the Dermatology residency at the Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Group.

involved a year of sitting in a classroom with teenagers in their final year of school learning about physics, chemistry, biology and maths. It took 5 years to complete the veterinary degree, then another 2 years of internships and 4 years of studying and working towards specialist exams.

What drove you to specialise, and why did you choose dermatology?

The worst part of the job is never feeling like there is enough time to do everything I want to do. There is so much to learn still, and never enough hours in the day to get things finished.

I first became interested in dermatology when my own dog got some skin problems while I was in my third year at Massey. She was diagnosed with demodicosis and atopy. Adrian Witham and Richard Squires at Massey were amazing at putting me on the right track with her skin problems, and at their suggestion I took her to see Duncan Graham from Animal Dermatology NZ. His work up was really interesting. He skin-tested her (and let me stay and watch!), then very kindly allowed me to spend time with him both in Palmerston North and in Nelson, seeing practice.

Yours was an interesting path to becoming a vet and then a registered specialist, please explain.

It takes a long time to complete the process of becoming a specialist! I did a few different jobs before applying for vet school, including working in law, children's publishing and working as air crew for British Airways in London. After I left air-hostessing I had to go back to school in Auckland and do sciences before applying for vet school. That

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What do you like most about your job?

The best thing about the job is the satisfaction of being able to help the patients and clients, just like Adrian, Richard and Duncan helped me and my Labrador Holly all those years ago.

Having an itchy dog with clumps of fur missing, that scratches all day and night, is no fun! The relief of having a diagnosis and being able to help her at last was huge.

What is the worst part of your job?

What is the most challenging part of your job?

It’s hard dealing with the business side of things when I am not naturally good at that. I am also particularly challenged with anything technological. My only IT problem-solving strategy is turning the thing off and turning it back on again – if that doesn’t work I need expert help.

What advice would you give to someone thinking of specialisation?

It is very rewarding, and the more you know about your subject area the more you enjoy your work. However, there are a lot of sacrifices – exercise, friendships, other hobbies, family time – they have all had less time spent on them than I would have liked in the last 10–15 years.

What do you think about vets specialising later in their careers, after a significant period of time in general practice?

I think it is hard as you are used to earning more money and having a reasonable lifestyle when you have already been working – as a vet student you are used to living on nothing and studying for long hours. But anyone who is prepared to make those sacrifices in terms of time and money will get a lot of satisfaction from being able to devote so much time into one area of practice.

Do you think NZ needs more specialists, and if yes, in what areas?

I would love to see more specialists in New Zealand. Particularly oncologists.

What are your passions outside of work?

I am still learning to have passions outside of work! I love spending time with Holly my Labrador, walking her in the mornings and evenings is my time to enjoy some fresh air and get ready for the day, or wind down at the end of the day. I have started doing yoga, which I love, and have also been taking a few golf lessons. At the moment I find the simple things in life give me a lot of pleasure – reconnecting with old friends since I got back to Auckland has been particularly nice.

It’s no coincidence that your dog Holly has had skin problems, but we’d assume these are under control now?

Holly's allergies are under control now but she looks a bit like a patchwork quilt after having a TPLO and epidural, as well as a laryngeal tie back recently! She is 12 years old now but is a typical Labrador – nothing stops that tail from wagging.

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New Zealand Veterinary Journal Companion Animal Digest Volume 64, 3, 2016

Here we present brief summaries of the articles from the most recent issue(s) of the New Zealand Veterinary Journal that are likely to be of interest to companion animal veterinarians. Remember, even if you are not a subscriber to the print version of NZVJ, all NZVA members have free online full-text access to the NZVJ at http://www.sciquest.org.nz/nzvj SARAH FOWLER BSc, MSc,

PhD, BVSc Editor, Companion Quarterly and Scientific Editor, NZVJ

Professor Hugh Blair, all from the Institute for Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences at Massey University. Professor Jolly has been a central figure in animal genetic research at Massey University for more than 50 years, Dr Dittmer is a pathologist who is particularly interested in molecular genetics while Professor Blair’s expertise is in population genetics, epigenetics and the epidemiology of genetic diseases.

This review focuses on genetic disorders of domestic animals and particularly on the epidemiology and control of these disorders. The evolution of breeds of domestic species is discussed along with the effects of inbreeding, founder effect and various modes of inheritance on the epidemiology of genetic disease.

Throughout the historical background is reviewed after which the reader is bought up to date with the most recent biochemical and molecular methods for investigating and screening for genetic disease in animals

Review of medical genetics of domestic animals

Animal medical genetics: a perspective on the epidemiology and control of inherited disorders RD Jolly, KE Dittmer and HT Blair Pages 135–144 This is a thorough, comprehensive and readable review of animal medical genetics. The authors are Emeritus Professor Bob Jolly, Dr Keren Dittmer and

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between breeds. Since cats have preexisting alloantibodies directed at the antigen they lack, there is a risk of a transfusion reaction if a naive recipient is given non-matching blood. Type A cats given type B blood may experience anaphylaxis, haemolysis and death while the lifespan of transfused cells are significantly reduced in type B cats given type A blood. This is the first study to investigate the prevalence of the various blood types in cats in NZ.

Do I need to blood-type this cat?

Distribution of blood types in a sample of 245 New Zealand non-purebred Cats RP Cattin Pages 154-157

Why they did it

The feline blood typing system includes types A, B and AB, with considerable variation in the prevalence of these blood types in different locations and

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Photo courtesy of Ryan Cattin

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What they did

What they found

What they found

Take-home message

The authors reviewed the results of all of the blood typing tests done on non-purebred domestic cats at Gribbles Veterinary Pathology and New Zealand Veterinary Pathology (NZVP) from 2009–2014.

They calculated the proportion of cats with each blood type and then used a χ2 test to determine whether there was a difference in the proportions between domestic short haired and long haired cats, between the North and South Island or between the two laboratories. They also calculated the probability of a random mating producing kittens susceptible to neonatal isoerythrolysis. This occurs when a type B female mates with a type A male generating anti-A antibodies that are then absorbed by a type A kitten from her colostrum.

Depending on laboratory from which the data came, 79–89% of cats were type A, 10–18% were type B and 1% was type AB. The proportions were the same in long and short-haired cats and in the North and South Islands. They estimated that 18–32% of blood transfusions would be at risk of a transfusion reaction and that neonatal isoerythrolysis would be a risk in 9–16% of random matings between non-pedigree cats.

The survey had a 40% response rate. Annual vaccination with MLV vaccines was recommended by 27% of veterinarians for adult dogs and by 59% of vets for adult cats while 45% (dogs) and 25%(cats) of vets followed the WSAVA guidelines and recommended 3-yearly vaccination. A minority of veterinarians (30% for puppies and 23% for kittens) were recommending the minimum age for the final puppy/kitten vaccination in line with the vaccine guidelines (14–16 weeks for puppies and 13–16 weeks for kittens). The Vaccine Associated Feline Sarcoma Task Force has recommended that cats are vaccinated in the distal limbs. Despite this recommendation, the preferred site for administration of MLV vaccines to cats was the interscapular/ dorsal neck region (69%).

Veterinarians can now compare their own vaccination practices and attitudes with those of veterinarians nationally, and internationally. l

Take-home message

These results suggest that there is a high risk that any random blood transfusion between non-purebred cats in NZ may result in complications. Blood should be typed and ideally crossmatched before it is transfused between non-pure bred cats.

Similarly, neonatal should be on everyone’s list as a potential differential diagnosis for illness and/or death in neonatal kittens.

Vaccination – what are your colleagues recommending?

Policies for the vaccination of cats and dogs in New Zealand veterinary practices NJ Cave, R Jackson and JP Bridges Pages 145–153

Why they did it

Despite strong evidential underpinning, the recommendations in the recently published Vaccination Guidelines from WSAVA have not been universally accepted. In light of this, the authors thought it was likely that there was a broad range of vaccination practices among veterinarians in NZ.

What they did

The authors sent a postal questionnaire to all 483 veterinary practices in NZ. The questionnaire included a variety of questions pertaining to the vaccine practise recommended by the veterinarians at that practice: vaccination interval, core vs. non-core vaccines, timing of kitten/puppy vaccines and vaccination site in cats.

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Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Source: https://pixabay.com/

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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INDUSTRY NEWS

Core vaccination of cats – new WSAVA guidelines, new Nobivac® label claim Introduction

The introduction of triennial core vaccination of dogs was relatively straightforward, with a solid base of supporting data. However, protocol recommendations for the core cat respiratory vaccines (feline herpesvirus, FHV; and feline calicivirus, FCV) have been less clear. The immunity provided by these vaccines is less robust than the dog core vaccines or feline panleukopaenia virus (FPLV) vaccines, and cats can still be infected and show clinical signs despite vaccination. Different groups, such as WSAVA VGG (World Small Animal Veterinary Association Vaccine Guidelines Group) and the ABCD (European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases), have often been vague or conflicting with their revaccination recommendations for FHV/ FCV, which has led to some confusion over the best approach to the revaccination of cats.

Previous WSAVA guidelines

The 2010 WSAVA guidelines1 recommend triennial revaccination against FHV and FCV, however also note the following: • The protection afforded by the FCV and FHV vaccines will not provide the same efficacy of immunity as seen with the FPV vaccines. Therefore the feline core vaccines should not be expected to give the same robust protection, nor the duration of immunity, as seen with canine core vaccines.

• The VGG has adopted the recommendation of triennial revaccination for FHV and FCV but appreciates that this is a point of debate amongst experts. For example, the ABCD recommends annual revaccination for cats considered at high risk, but triennial revaccination for low risk (predominantly indoor) animals.

2015 WSAVA guidelines

The recently published 2015 WSAVA guidelines2 include important updates to the recommended protocol for the vaccination of cats:

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• The VGG recommends that cats at low risk be vaccinated triennially against FHV/FCV, and annual revaccination of cats at higher-risk.

• A low-risk cat might be defined as a solitary, indoor animal that does not visit a boarding cattery.

• A higher-risk cat might be defined as an animal that regularly visits a boarding cattery or that lives in a multicat, or indoor-outdoor household.

Most New Zealand cats would fall into the category of higher-risk, where annual vaccination against FHV/FCV is recommended. A bivalent product (i.e. containing only FHV and FCV antigen) is recommended.

New Nobivac Tricat Trio duration of immunity claim

Nobivac Tricat Trio was recently approved for a 3-year duration of immunity (DOI) against all three components. The product previously had a 3-year DOI for FPLV, and 1-year for FHV and FCV. The new label claim is based on data3 that was published in 2006, however with Nobivac Ducat for use in interim years, most clinics have been comfortable with their chosen protocol. The increasing role WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines play in many clinics’ protocol decisions has created some interest in a 3-year DOI for Nobivac Tricat Trio over recent years, leading to the recent acquisition of the new claim.

The 3-year DOI for Nobivac Tricat Trio is based on robust real-time challengeof-immunity data. Challenge studies are considered the gold-standard for establishing duration of immunity3,4 and are preferred as supporting data for registration; the EMEA and ACVM consider them gold standard for establishing efficacy.

For some diseases, serum antibody gives a strong correlate of protection.

For other diseases this is not the case,

particularly where cell-mediated immunity is important for protection as with FHV2; where local mucosal immunity (IgA) is important in disease prevention such as with FCV2; or where there are differences in cross-protection between different fieldstrains.

Nobivac provides core cat vaccines for all situations Nobivac offers two core cat vaccines that allow the flexibility to vaccinate according to the WSAVA guidelines recommendations:

Nobivac Tricat Trio (FPLV, FHV, FCV): 3-year DOI for all 3 components. Use as the core vaccine for the primary course, and triennially for adult cats.

Nobivac Ducat (FHV, FCV): Use in conjunction with Tricat, in interim years for cats at higher-risk of exposure to the core feline respiratory viruses, as per the 2015 WSAVA guidelines2, including cats that: • Visit boarding catteries • Have access to outdoors • Live in multi-cat households

References

1. Day MJ et al. (2010). WSAVA guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats.

JSAP 51.

2. Day MJ et al. (2016). WSAVA guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats.

JSAP 57.

3. Gore TC et al. (2006). Three-year duration of immunity in cats following vaccination against feline rhinotracheitis virus, feline calivicirus, and feline panleukopenia virus. Vet. Ther. 7 (3).

4. Mouzin DE et al. (2004). Duration of serologic response to three viral antigens in cats. JAVMA 224 (1).

ACVM No. A10164 and A08107 ® Registered trademarks. Schering-Plough Animal Health Ltd. Ph: 0800 800 543. www.msd-animalhealth.co.nz. NZ/NFE/0316/0002.

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Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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CONFERENCE REPORT

Wisdom from the 2015 American College of Veterinary Surgeons Surgical Summit Nashville, Tennessee

This article was written as part of the requirements for receiving the Hill’s Pet Nutrition/CAS Educating the Educators Scholarship

ALASTAIR COOMER ,

BVSc, MS, Dipl. ACVS

The American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) was established in 1965, and since then has set the standard for advanced professionalism in veterinary surgery. The culmination of these advances are showcased annually at the ACVS Surgery Summit, when over 1000 opinionated and enthusiastic veterinarians converge on a convention centre in the USA to present and absorb the latest advances in the world of veterinary surgery.

In 2015, the ACVS Surgery Summit was held in Nashville Tennessee. As a lover of barbeque and pork (and surgery, of course), I jumped at the opportunity to travel back to the American southeast.

Then I remembered that Nashville was also the spiritual home of country music; an art I am less partial to.

In recent years, across TED talks, veterinary and medical conferences, evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been disseminated and promoted with almost sectarian intent. This has left many of us questioning our daily practice of the “art” of surgery, relative to the ever-changing EBM “science” of surgery. It was therefore very refreshing, and encouraging, seeing that almost the entire ACVS Surgery Summit was filled with anecdotal experience, and comparison of this to the current EBM. Across the board, there were as many roundtable discussion sessions, as there were behind-the-lectern presentations. This is a theme that has been translated to the programme for the 2016 NZVA Worlds in Fusion Conference in June this year.

Over three days, I attended sessions covering everything from peri-operative checklists, elbow disease, spinal surgery, urinary and endocrine surgery and of course no surgical conference would be complete without a heated debate about the management of canine cranial cruciate

1

ligament injuries. Here are a couple of the high points:

Checklists

Checklists save lives, and complications.

It is as simple as that, and applies to most industries from aviation to medicine.

Surgical checklists are becoming more commonplace in human hospitals, as strategies are implemented to reduce complications. Such checklists and protocols have been shown to have a real impact on measurable parameters, with a prominent study in the New England Journal of Medicine documenting mortality and complication rates dropping by 50% with the implementation of a surgical checklist.

For a checklist to be effective, it must be user friendly, and must have the primary goal of improving surgical safety.

Therefore it should only contain critical information for patient safety. Good surgical checklists have three sequential checkpoints for the surgical team:

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Figure 1. Old resident mates: Alastair Coomer (VSG & VSA), Laura Cuddy (University College Dublin), Stan Kim (University of Florida), Kelley Thieman-Mankin (Texas A&M).

Figure 2. When in Nashville, one really should eat barbecue. This place is the best of the best.

Contact: Veterinary Specialist Group, 97 Carrington Rd, Mt Albert, Auckland

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Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

1 Pre-induction of Anaesthesia: this first step is a “sign-in” of sorts, where team members confirm the identity of the patient, surgical procedure and risk of blood loss. Many surgical checklists will also include administration of prophylactic antibiotics at this point, as timely antibiotic prophylaxis is extremely important in preventing surgical site infections, and these should be administered ~20 minutes prior to surgery for maximal efficacy.

2 Pre-operative time-out: this occurs immediately prior to making the surgical incision. The entire team verbally introduces themselves, including their role in the procedure. The patient identity and procedure are again confirmed, and the surgeon reviews any critical steps in the procedure, while the anaesthesia team does the same. Confirmation of administration of prophylactic antibiotics, and availability of instrumentation (including sponge/ instrument count) and imaging is performed.

3 Post-operative time-out: At the completion of the surgical procedure, the procedure is recorded, along with sponge and instruments counts, and any equipment or patient concerns are addressed. The recovery plan is discussed and documented, including any additional procedures before anaesthetic recovery.

A good surgical checklist should take 30–60 seconds to complete, at each of the checkpoints. The greater challenge, however, is cohesive implementation across the clinic or hospital. As a stereotype, veterinarians and certainly surgeons, are reluctant to change their “system” if they do not perceive there to be a problem with it. Incremental implementation of these new systems, and buy-in across the entire team will not only improve surgical safety, but also encourage delegation of responsibility and promote collegiality. Healthy patients and a healthy workplace are intertwined. Personally, I have used surgical checklists during my residency, and we have a number of clinical checklists in everyday use at both Veterinary Specialist Group (VSG) and Veterinary Specialists Auckland (VSA) hospitals.

Cranial cruciate ligament injuries

ACVS is like most surgical symposia, in that it is often dominated by cruciate

ligament discussions. As a deviation from that trend, this Surgical Summit was rather muted. What was presented, however, was fairly compelling. As more and more scrutiny is cast over surgical management of cranial cruciate ligament tears in dogs, the evidence that tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) results in clearly superior outcomes compared to lateral suture stabilization is very strong.

What is assumed by most, but proven by few, is the superiority of TPLO over other biomechanical modifications such as tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA).

The decision between these advanced techniques therefore comes down to risk versus benefit, and answering the question “what procedure provides the best balance of outcome versus complications”. What ACVS taught me this year, is that TPLO is still very clearly on top of that list. This is evidenced by the following snippets:

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- in VCOT 2015, Ramirez et al. described 40% major complication rate using the modified Maquet technique (MMT). Most of these complications were intra-operative or perioperative fractures; and most of them required surgical stabilization. This has led most surgeons to conclude that if a TTA is to be performed, then the tibial osteotomy should be complete (per original TTA technique) and not using MMT technique.

- Many surgeons were referencing Felix Duerr’s 2014 VCOT survey of surgeons and practitioners treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injuries in dogs.

The statistics that more surgeons still perform extracapsular stabilization in preference to TTA, more practitioners recommend no surgery than TTA, and that both surgeons and practitioners would perform TTA on a client dog, but opt for TPLO on their own dog, provides further support that TPLO remains the standard of care for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injuries in dogs.

We all have our own preferences for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injuries in dogs, and we are all in a very privileged position this year, with the NZVA securing one of the world leaders in veterinary orthopedics Dr. Ursula Krotscheck to be the keynote speaker at the 2016 Worlds in Fusion NZVA Conference. Dr. Krotscheck will add considerable weight and validated option to the round-table discussions during the conference.

4 Figure 3. Inside the Gaylord Opryland Convention Centre - this place was almost the size of Levin, but completely indoors.

Figure 4. Good Southern Fare.

References:

Ramirez J, Barthélémy N, Noël S, Claeys S, Etchepareborde S, Farnir F, Balligand M. Complications and outcome of a new modified Maquet technique for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in 82 dogs.

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 28, 339–46, 2015 Duerr FM, Martin KM, Rishnew M, Palmer RH, Selmic LE. Treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disease.

A survey of ACVS Diplomates and primary care veterinarians. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 27, 478–83, 2014 l

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CONFERENCE REPORT

43rd Veterinary Orthopaedic Society Meeting Big Sky, Montana, Feb 28 – Mar 5, 2016 This article was written as part of the requirements for receiving the Hill’s Pet Nutrition/CAS Educating the Educators Scholarship

ANDREW WORTH, BVSc, PGDipVCS, FANZCVS, PhD, Associate Professor and Registered Specialist in Small Animal Surgery The annual Veterinary Orthopaedic Society (VOS) conference is the premiere North American meeting in veterinary orthopaedics and this year was attended by over three hundred specialists, academics and general practitioners with an interest in small animal orthopaedics. VOS consists primarily of research abstracts and state of the art addresses over five and a half days including a poster session. Many of the presentations are pre-publication and represent the cutting edge in new developments. The following were some of the highlights from this year's meeting.

Cruciate disease

Anatomic CORA Based Levelling Osteotomy (aCBLO), developed by Don Hulse, is a modification of the TPLO. An aCBLO uses the principal that the proximal tibia of the dog, by way of having a caudally sloped tibial plateau offset from the anatomic axis of the tibia, can be described similar to an angulated bone that has a centre of angulation relating to a shift in the long axis. Using the centre of rotation of angulation (CORA) principle developed by Dror Paley to correct skeletal deformities, a cut can be made at the CORA and the proximal tibia rotated to alter the long axis and change the plateau angle. This is essentially an upside down TPLO cut that is non-articular and does not require as much angulation.

Over 1400 cases have been performed by three surgeons involved in development of the aCBLO technique. They reported a very low complication rate and good to excellent results in the majority of cases. This is now being taught as a clinical procedure and special instrumentation is available. Meanwhile a group led by Mike Conzemius has shown some promising results utilising canine tendon allografts for intra-articular stabilisation, though further development is still ongoing.

A study comparing complication rates, length of hospital stay and cost associated with in-patient care showed that staged TPLO is preferable to single-session TPLO for dogs with bilateral cruciate disease undergoing surgery.

Osteosarcoma

For many years surgical oncologists have been reporting that dogs with limb salvage procedures that developed infections at the surgery site lived longer (slower metastasis) than those that did not. This suggested that OSA in dogs is an immunemodulated neoplasm. Research has since shown that OSA cells express HER2/neu, a receptor seen in breast cancer in women.

A vaccine has been developed for osteosarcoma in dogs based on attenuated Listeria bacteria expressing the HER2/ neu protein (Nicola Mason, University of Pennsylvania). The use of the vaccine, added to amputation and chemotherapy has shown promising results in a limited initial trial. The median survival time was 900+ days (versus the expected 300 days) and 67% of dogs were alive after 2 years versus the expected 10%.

Contact: Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442 42

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

This vaccine is undergoing further trials in both dogs and now a similar product is being trialled in people.

Osteoarthritis management

Galliprant is a new drug developed to treat the inflammatory pain associated with arthritis in dogs. NSAIDs target the production of prostaglandins. Side effects of NSAIDs such as GI ulceration and renal disease are mediated by inhibition of constituent prostaglandin pathways (mainly COX1) and although some drugs are more COX2 selective, there are still adverse events reported for all NSAIDs which are potentially fatal.

Recent research has uncovered that prostaglandin E2 formed in inflammation acts on four different cell receptors of which one primarily mediates the painproducing cell changes. The other three are constitutive. A new class of drug, prostaglandin receptor antagonists, is being developed. The first of these is undergoing FDA approval for use in dogs with osteoarthritis. The drug will be called Galliprant and may be available in the US by the end of 2016. With no currently known side effects and efficacy test results that show its effectiveness, this drug could be game-changing in our treatment of dogs with OA. Further investigations are underway.

Feline anti-nerve growth factor antibody was shown to be effective in a phase I clinical trial in cats. In both rodent models and in clinical use in humans, anti-nerve growth factor antibody has been shown to be analgesic in osteoarthritis. The study was funded by the company Nexvet, which is bringing this product to market.

A nutriceutical containing glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate (Dasuquin/ Cosequin) was blindly tested against a placebo using accelerometry (objective assessment) and the canine brief pain index (subjective, scored by the client) as outcome measures. Sixty dogs with degenerative joint disease received Dasuquin or a placebo over 90 days.

There was no difference in outcome measures between the groups and a similar number of dogs in either group had to be withdrawn and “rescued” with a NSAID. Similar studies looking at herbal remedies for OA revealed no benefit over placebo.

There were several studies looking into aspects of stem cell therapy. A new system of off-the-shelf allogenous stem cells is in development and some basic science was introduced. There are also several studies looking at accelerometers and objective measures for evaluating an orthopaedic patient.

Operative pain management

A further new development that is pending FDA licensing, is a lipid membrane encapsulated bupivacaine solution (NOCITA) that will be licensed to be used to infiltrate surgical planes on closure. The data presented showed efficacy based on decreased need for rescue opioids in dogs undergoing stifle surgery as compared to sham-injected controls. This product is not licensed for intra-articular use but rather is injected using moving-needle infiltration. The lipid breaks down over time releasing drug over 72 hours and this has the potential to provide sustained postsurgical local anaesthesia. It would have advantages in hospitals that are not using epidurals or local nerve blocks (guided by US or nerve stimulators).

Surgical techniques

A nice study proved that closed, fluoroscopically guided lag screw fixation is more accurate and results in fewer post-operative complications than open reduction using landmarks.

Minimally invasive, open or fully closed, both assisted by C-arm fluoroscopy has become the standard at the MUVTH and we have been very happy with the results.

Two ex-vivo cadaveric studies by the same investigators looked at the efficacy of both TTA and TPLO in cats with cruciate ligament transection. Neither technique effectively countered cranial tibial subluxation. The models were criticised by some in the audience for short-comings associated with the absence of forces replicating the pull of the hamstrings.

Outcome evaluation of therapy for lumbosacral disease in dogs was assessed in a retrospective study by Oregon State University. Subjective criteria and complication rates were used to compare the outcome of conservative management with NSAIDS versus epidural steroid administration/s or dorsal laminectomy/discectomy or surgical stabilisation/discectomy [L7/ S1 pins and PMMA (bone cement)].

The dogs in the stabilised group had better outcomes than the other groups suggesting that fixation of the lumbosacral space to prevent motion is beneficial to outcome. However the serious complication rate was higher in this group indicating the need for greater accuracy with pin/screw placement to avoid neurovascular structures. This problem was later addressed by a group from Florida reporting on the use of frameless stereotactic CT guidance for instrumentation of the canine spine.

Stereotactic CT using fiducial marker systems and camera arrays are widely used in human surgery but remain outside the realm of most veterinary practices. To this end I have been developing a system at Massey using 3D printing of customised implants.

The lumbosacral junction can be bridged by an osteointegrating implant that also acts as it’s own drill guide. I have performed this in four dogs with excellent results and presented this work as a poster at the VOS 2016 conference.

I would like to thank the sponsors of the CAS Educating the Educators Fund, Hills Pet Nutrition, Massey University and CAS itself. The grant provided assisted me to attend this state of the art conference. l

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Massey News People

It is with great pleasure that we can announce that Kat Crosse – our most recently completed surgical resident – has successfully passed the Board examinations to become a Diplomate of the European College of Veterinary Surgeons. This qualifies her as a Specialist in Small Animal Surgery. Kat rejoined the VTH as a tenured Senior Lecturer in Small Animal Surgery in April. We are very happy to have her as a member of the team.

Massey graduate Heather Mossman Bancroft-Hunt has also become boarded in veterinary surgery.

Several 2015 graduates have achieved success in the recent Intern matching programmes: • Stefan Gordon: VCA Emergency Animal Hospital & Referral Center, San Diego, California, USA • Zaki Jafry: 404 Veterinary Emergency and Referral Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada • Aimee Crook: Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Canada • Chelsea Dillon: Pet Emergency and Specialty Center, San Diego, California, USA • Sophie Lovell: Massey University, Palmerston North, NZ Several of our interns have secured positions in overseas programmes:

Working Dog Centre

The MU WDC is once again inviting application for research funding for the 2016 round. Veterinarians with research questions than would enhance the health and welfare of working dogs are invited to apply for funding through the website: http:// workingdogs.massey.ac.nz l

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• Barry Hedgespeth (Massey Class 2014): Medicine internship, Florida, USA • Phil Hyndman (Massey Class 2012): Rotating internship, Prince Edward Island, Canada • Ingrid Wilson (Massey Class 2013): Medicine residency, Washington State University, USA • Kevin Frame (Massey Class 2014): Surgical internship, Florida, USA • Heidi Saarenkari Emergency and Critical Care internship, Murdoch University, Australia • Alex Fowler (Class of 2014): Equine surgery residency, North Carolina State University, USA • Helene Desanti (current Equine Intern): Equine medicine residency.

University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA • Ralph Edwards (Equine Intern 20142015): Radiology residency, Utrecht University, Netherlands • Brianna Dalbreth (Massey Class 2014 – who has completed an internship at VSG in Auckland) is also progressing to an advanced training program in the USA. This is a fabulous outcome for these recent students/colleagues, and it is great to see Massey alumni getting out into the world and achieving their goals.

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Clinical Trials at the Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital

The Companion Animal Group at Massey University needs your help!

Several clinical trials are underway to answer important scientific and medical questions. Where appropriate (due to the study design), trials have been approved by the Massey University Animal Ethics Committee and are only conducted with full consent of the owners (opting in is voluntary).

Results from these studies will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences and therefore will advance our profession and improve patient care. Many of the diseases of interest are infrequent presentations to veterinary clinics, so we need your help to ensure we can recruit adequate case numbers.

Contact details for the clinician leading the study is included at the bottom of each study outline. If you have any questions, or a case that you think may be suitable, please contact them directly by email or by phone on 06-350-5329.

Thank you for your assistance.

Study title: Faecal transplantation in dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) Hypothesis: HGE is associated with decreased diversity of the enteric bacteria. Faecal transplantation will increase the bacterial diversity and lead to earlier resolution of clinical signs.

Animals: Small breed dogs with acute signs of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, bloody diarrhoea, increased PCV (hemoconcentration) and low-normal total protein that have not been treated with antibiotics.

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Study design: This is a randomized blinded clinical study. Dogs will be randomly allocated to one of two groups: faecal transplantation or control.

All dogs will undergo colonoscopy under general anesthesia on the second day of admission. During that time, biopsies will be taken and faecal transplantation from a healthy donor (Massey University blood donors) will take place at the end of the procedure. Management of dogs will be identical, with the exception that dogs in the control group will receive antibiotics while the dogs in the faecal transplantation group will not. Faecal samples will be taken on admission, at discharge and one month after discharge.

Costs: The cost of the colonoscopy, biopsies, faecal transplantation and sequencing of the bacterial genome in the faeces are funded by the project and will not be charged to the client.

Approved by Massey University Animal Ethic Committee Protocol: 15/74 Contact: Dr. Arnon Gal (a.gal@massey.ac.nz)

Study title: Evaluation of a custom-designed 3D-printed titanium implant to support the lumbosacral joint in dogs with lumbosacral stenosis

Costs: The first 10 cases referred will receive a 30% discount off professional fees.

Contact: Dr. Andrew Worth (a.j.worth@ massey.ac.nz)

Study title: Urine cortisol metabolic signature in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism

Hypothesis: In canine hyperadrenocorticism, there is altered regulation of the metabolic pathways of cortisol biodegradation that leads to urinary secretion of a specific metabolic signature.

Animals: 1) dogs recently diagnosed with hyperadrenocorticism that are not treated or dogs with suspected hyperadrenocorticism, 2) dogs with congestive heart failure 3) normal healthy dogs.

Study design: 1) collection of two voided urine samples from the same day: one sample taken at home before coming to the Massey University VTH, 2) one sample taken during the visit at the Massey University VTH. Costs: There are no costs for the client with regards to analysis of the urine samples.

Hypothesis: Current therapeutic options for lumbosacral stenosis have a recurrence rate of 20%. This new approach seeks to improve the longerterm outcome.

Animals: Large breed dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis.

Study design: Dogs will have a CT examination of their lumbosacral joint.

Computer analysis will be performed to orient the spine in the best position to minimize nerve compression. A titanium implant will be designed and printed from this analysis that is unique to the patient. The implant will be placed at surgery to fuse the spine in the optimal position.

Approved by Massey University Animal Ethic Committee Protocol: 15/07 Contact: Dr. Arnon Gal (a.gal@massey.ac.nz)

Animals: Skeletally mature dogs with antebrachial angular limb deformities with owners motivated for surgical correction.

Study design: The cases will receive CT planning, computer-aided design (CAD) of cutting jigs and computer-simulated correction prior to wedge osteotomy and plate application as a one stage procedure, obviating the need for external skeletal fixation.

Costs: The first four cases referred will receive the implants and CAD at cost only.

Contact: Dr. Andrew Worth (a.j.worth@ massey.ac.nz) or Kat Crosse (k.crosse@massey. ac.nz)

Study title: 3D printing: “limbsparing” for cancer

Hypothesis: Canine patients that develop bone cancer usually require the affected body part to be amputated.

This has obvious implications for function and may be poorly tolerated by some patients, resulting in euthanasia.

Animals: Dogs and cats with bone cancer – mandible, radius, tibia, etc.

Study design: The cases will receive CT staging and planning, CAD design of implants and surgical implantation. A post-operative chemotherapy course will be administered while in hospital.

Costs: The first 10 cases referred will receive the implant design and production at cost price only. l

Study title: To further advance clinical research into the use of computer assisted surgery for angular limb deformity correction in dogs Hypothesis: Correction of angular limb defects in the skeletally mature dog is traditionally performed by ‘eye-ball’ correction of the angulation prior to external skeletal fixation. With CT and computer-aided design, precise geometric mapping of the angulation can be performed to achieve optimal correction of the angulation in all three planes.

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What is your diagnosis?

THE ANSWERS‌ 1. These are calcium carbonate crystals which have a characteristic dumbbell shape. They are a normal finding in the urine of guinea pigs and in the absence of clinical signs are not suggestive of disease. There is no good data on normal specific gravity for guinea pig urine, but an often quoted normal range is 1.012–1.025.

Alkaline urine is normal in small hindgut fermenting herbivores so 8.5 is considered a normal urine pH for guinea pigs.

2. Differential diagnoses: For weight loss/inappetance/lethargy: This is a non-specific sign in any species, but especially hard to interpret with the limited clinical exam that can be performed in guinea pigs. The main differentials to consider are: - Dental disorder - Chronic pain - Neoplasia - Scurvy

The radiograph confirming the diagnosis of urolithiasis is shown in Figure 2. In this lateral whole-body view a small radioopaque body can be seen within the bladder. If radiography had not provided a diagnosis, the next diagnostic steps in this case would have been cystocentesis and urine culture.

Treatment and Outcome

Figure 2. Right lateral whole-body radiograph of the guinea pig showing radioopaque urolith within the bladder.

It was decided not to send the stone to the Minnesota Urolith Center (http://www.cvm.umn.edu/depts/ minnesotaurolithcenter/) for analysis since in a long-term study of uroliths isolated from guinea pigs, 93% were found to be composed of calcium carbonate (Hawkins et al. 2009).

Figure 3. Photograph of urolith removed from guinea pig via cystotomy with coin for scale.

For urinary signs: - Urolithiasis - Urinary tract infection - Neoplasia 3. The best next diagnostic step is radiography. In this case urolithiasis was the primary differential due to the urinary signs in combination with the crystals seen in the urine cytology.

Radiography is a non-invasive test and can be relatively simply performed in guinea pigs, a species where obtaining even a blood sample can be challenging for the clinician and stressful for the patient. In the absence of urolithiasis, a radiograph may assist with diagnosis of other potential causes such as arthritis or neoplasia.

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The guinea pig was anaesthetised and a cystotomy performed to remove the urolith (Figure 3).

The guinea pig was prescribed meloxicam (0.3 mg/kg PO BID) for 3 weeks for analgesia and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (Deprim liquid) (30 mg/kg PO BID). Antibiotic treatment was discontinued after a negative result was obtained from culture of a urine sample that had been taken during surgery. Chronic urinary tract infections are common in cases of urolithiasis in guinea pigs and the infection can accelerate further stone formation. It is highly advisable to start guinea pigs on antibiotic treatment while awaiting culture and sensitivity results.

He recovered well from surgery, regained the weight he had lost earlier and returned to his previous active behaviour and appetite. The prophylactic interventions discussed below were started once he had recovered from surgery (Figure 4).

Figure 4. The patient happily taking his post-operative analgesic.

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Discussion

The causes of urolith formation in guinea pigs are not well understood, and remain largely unknown. Clinical signs are commonly haematuria, stranguria and dysuria although in some cases the only clinical signs may be inappetance and decreased activity due to pain. Surgical removal is the treatment of choice for large or painful uroliths. Very small calculi may be able to be treated with dietary adjustments and periodic monitoring by radiography.

In a recent retrospective study (Hawkins et al. 2009) of guinea pigs whose uroliths were removed surgically, the mean age at the time of calculus removal was 3 years and 59% of patients were male. There was no difference in the incidence between intact and neutered guinea pigs. A third of the guinea pigs in this study also had crystalluria but the types of crystals found in the urine sediment did not predict composition of urinary calculi (Hawkins et al. 2009). Bacterial cultures of urine were mostly negative, however the majority of patients were receiving anti-microbial treatment at the time of sampling.

The following interventions are recommended to inhibit calculi formation in guinea pigs; recurrence is common without prophylactic measures.

- Encourage drinking to dilute the urine: greens can be sprayed with additional water, and drinking water sweetened slightly with honey to encourage consumption.

- Dandelions have a mild diuretic effect (the French word for dandelion is ‘pissenlit’ which literally translates to ‘urinate in bed’).

- Reduce dietary calcium: avoid legumes such as alfalfa and clover. The House Rabbit Society has a list of common vegetables and their calcium content on their website (http:// www.rabbit.org/journal/3-5/calcium.html).

- Potassium citrate at 10–30 mg/kg PO BID: citrate reduces stone formation by forming soluble complexes with calcium in the urine, thereby reducing the concentration of stoneforming calcium salts.

- Chlorothiazide at 1 mg/kg BID: this is a diuretic that also decreases calcium excretion in the urine.

- It is thought that vitamin C increases urinary excretion of calcium in guinea pigs and high levels can cause urolithaiasis, although there is not a lot of evidence for this and guinea pigs require some vitamin C supplementation to prevent scurvy. It is suggested to restrict vitamin C intake to approximately 10 mg/kg/day.

References

Hawkins MG, Annette AL, Drazenovic TL, Westropp JL. Composition and characteristics of urinary calculi from guinea pigs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 234, 214–20, 2009. l

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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Companion Animal Health Foundation Update The Companion Animal Health Foundation (CAHF) has had a successful start to 2016 with the completion of several projects and the funding of two new projects. We’ve also welcomed on board Laura Harvey as a new trustee, representing the New Zealand Veterinary Nursing Association. Laura now complements the existing trustee team of Kate Hill, Boyd Jones, John Munday, Jodi Salinski, and myself, Cath Watson.

The purpose of CAHF is to fund research that will ultimately be of benefit to companion animals in New Zealand.

Some examples of past projects undertaken by your colleagues in New Zealand include: • Examining the effectiveness of the NZVA hip scoring scheme at reducing hip dysplasia. The results of this study initiated the change to PennHip. (Soo and Worth, 2015) • Comparing the effects of several analgesic opioids in cat castrations.

(Kongara et al. in press) • Looking at the epidemiology of leptospirosis infections in dogs in New Zealand. (Harland 2015) For a more complete list of the research funded, see www.healthypets.org.nz The new projects funded this year so far include: • The comparison of bone marrow biopsy diagnostic quality for samples taken from different sites (Dr Arnon Gal).

• Genetic evaluation in four large dog breeds that have been selected for better elbow conformation using the NZVA elbow dysplasia (ED) scheme (Dr Andrew Worth).

A variety of different types of veterinarians are benefiting from grants provided by the CAHF; from academics to general practitioners. For example, those who are studying towards Massey University’s MVM qualification would be potential recipients of grants to go towards funding and completing their dissertation projects, with the assistance of an experienced researcher.

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So, if you have a project you feel could take advantage of the funds available, and what you have in mind ticks all the qualifying criteria set up by the fund (see www.healthypets.org.nz), then please do not hesitate in contacting us to discuss how we can help.

Currently, CAHF funds are sitting fairly stable with the payments for completed projects at a similar level to donations.

Regular donations from the Vet Centre Marlborough’s memorial scheme have continued which are greatly appreciated.

Professor Boyd Jones has also made a significant donation to the trust, which is also very much appreciated. These donations make it possible to continue funding veterinary-related companion animal research in New Zealand, but there is so much more that could be done. The CAHF trustees would like to encourage you all to consider ways in which you, your classmates, or your business could contribute to the fund.

Some ideas for you to consider: 1 Memorial scheme – The Vet Centre Marlborough have a wonderful idea for those special pets or clients in their clinic where a donation is made by the clinic on their behalf, and they will receive a personal thank you from CAHF. 2 Business donation from the sales of certain products or services, e.g. Waikiwi Vets makes 6-monthly donations based on the number of euthanasias performed, with a set amount from each euthanasia going towards CAHF.

3 Annual donation from you and your fellow Massey classmates.

4 Organise a fundraising event through your workplace or classmates.

5 A personal donation.

6 Client donations – CAHF can provide brochures for clients about CAHF with donation details.

We greatly appreciate our donors, and would welcome new benefactors so that we can apply these funds to furthering the interests of companion animals in New Zealand.

References

Harland A. Epidemiology of Canine Leptospirosis in New Zealand. Masters Thesis available from Massey University Library, 2015 Kongara K, Johnson CB, Sawicki R. Comparative effects of methadone, buprenorphine and morphine on electroencephalographic responses to castration in cats. Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, in press.

Soo M, Worth AJ. Canine hip dysplasia: phenotypic scoring and the role of estimated breeding value analysis. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 63, 69–78, 2015 l

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

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New Zealand Companion Animal Council Update ROSS BLANKS, NZVA

representative on the NZCAC Executive Board

Background

The New Zealand Companion Animal Council (NZCAC) has been restructured to create a more responsive organisation.

An Executive Board has been created.

The Board comprises nominated representatives from the original stakeholder organisations who funded the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR). They are the NZVA, CAS, NZ Kennel Club, NZ Cat Fancy and RSPCA. There are also a number of skills-based board members. The wider member forums continue and the intention is to build regular forum meetings in all the main centres and regional hubs to continue the collaborative and constructive work that these forums generate in the wider companion animal community.

The New Zealand Companion Animal Trust (NZCAT) continues with the trustees also being representatives from the stakeholder organisations.

They are tasked with managing and allocating funds forwarded from the NZCAC generated by NZCAR microchip registrations. These funds are used for projects which have been deemed worthy within the parameters of the trust deed. In general these are projects in the area of companion animal welfare and management. More information can be found at NZCAC.org.nz.

NZCAR updates

A recent development of interest is the introduction of Angel microchip scanners. The advantage these have is that the microchip numbers of animals that have been reported as missing, are downloaded each time the scanner is

used. This is resulting in the register being able to alert implanters when an animal that has been scanned comes up as missing, greatly enhancing repatriation efficiency. Contact NZCAR if you want to know more. Another valuable partnership being developed is with Pets on the Net, a dedicated lost and found site. This is all in an effort to make New Zealand’s pet repatriation capability second to none. A development we never foresaw at the outset is the uptake of microchip scanners by firms who have responsibilities to territorial authorities for uplifting road-killed animals. This at least provides closure for the owners of the unfortunate pets.

In an ongoing drive for excellence, there are a couple of things which veterinarians can be doing to greatly enhance the integrity of the system and its effectiveness. Of course the first is to upload new registrations to the register in a tidy and timely fashion ensuring that the detail on the microchip registration forms is accurate. This is especially important for email addresses that are the first contact the NZCAR makes with owners. The second important detail is that the alternative contacts nominated by owners should ideally not be in the same household and even more ideally, not in the same geographic location (i.e. disaster proofing). A third point to note is that an owner’s details in the register should never be changed unless done so in the presence of the verified owner.

Downstream complications of a lack of attention to this rule can be far reaching.

One does not want to be caught in the middle of property dissolution disputes, for example.

I would like to make a request of CAS members to implement the following steps (if they haven’t already) as part of their routine physical examination:

• Check for chip integrity by scanning all animals. Although 95% of chip failures to date have been from one brand of microchip that has been discontinued, a further 5% of failures were from other brands. For whatever reason failures do occasionally happen. The register has a process to cover all the bases so please contact them if you ever have to insert a microchip when you believe there is a dud chip already present.

• Importantly, ask owners if their contact details remain the same. This would be a great help as outdated contact details render the microchip much less effective in reuniting pets with their owners.

Remember this is our register that has enabled NZCAC, NZCAT and numerous other projects to get off the ground whilst providing a fabulous service to companion animals and their owners.

The NZCAR still has a problem with microchipped animals not showing up on the NZCAR or the National Dog Database (NDD). We know that the process with dogs being registered on the NDD leaves opportunity for this to happen but there have been instances in cats as well. There is very little use of Australian databases in New Zealand now and whilst the NZCAR will lift every stone to find the owner of an animal with a microchip which is not registered on the NZCAR, the owner of an animal presented to a clinic in the dead of night will not be located in 5 minutes if the animal is only registered on the NDD or on an Australian database. That is the reason we are so proud of the NZCAR and why I would encourage anyone out there who might not have embraced the model to strongly consider it.

Parting shot: To microchip an animal without ensuring the animal is registered on a database is a disaster for all concerned. l

Contact: rblanks@ihug.co.nz

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Companion Quarterly: Official Newletter of the Companion Animal Society | Volume 27 No 2 | June 2016

NZVA COMPANION ANIMAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

New Zealand Veterinary Association

Companion Animal Society Volume 27 No 1 March 2016

In This Issue ...

• Management of diabetes mellitus in cats • Diskospondylitis – a casebased review • Parasites in NZ cats and dogs - a survey • Conference report: American Veterinary Dental Forum 2015 • Specialist Profile: Robyn Gear • NZVJ Companion Animal Digest • What is your diagnosis?

VOLUME 27 NO 1 MARCH 2016