DoYouReallyKnowClusterofDifferentiation?
TherearemanyusesofCDmolecules,notonlyparticipatingintherecognitionofantigens,capturing antigens,promotingtheinteractionbetweenimmunecellsandantigensorimmunemolecules,butalso mediatingtheadhesionbetweenimmunecells,immunecellsandmatrix,intheimmuneresponseAnd playanimportantroleinbothactivationandeffectorphases
Whatisclusterofdifferentiation(CD)?
Clusterofdifferentiation(alsoknownasdifferentiationgrouporsimplyClusterofdifferentiation,CD) referstothecellsurfacemoleculesusedtoidentifythoseusedforimmuneantigenrecognition Physiologically,CDmoleculesareusuallyusedasimportantreceptorsorligandsofcells;inaddition, someCDscanbeusedinthesignalingcascadeofcells(cascadereaction),therebychangingthe behaviorofcells;someCDproteinsarenotrelatedtocellcommunication,buthasotherfunctions, suchascelladhesion.
Morethan400moleculeshavebeencharacterizedandgivenofficialnamesasaresultofthe informationproducedbythe10HumanLeukocyteDifferentiationAntigensWorkshopsoverthepast 30years.Leukocytepopulations,subsets,anddifferentiationstagescanallbeidentifiedandisolated usingCDmolecules,whicharefrequentlyusedascellmarkersmAbsdirectedagainstthesemolecules haveproventobecrucialinbiotechnology,biomedicalresearch,anddiagnosis.Theyhaverecently beenacknowledgedascrucialtoolsforthetreatmentofanumberofcancersandautoimmune disorders
Whatisclustersofdifferentiationnomenclature?
InthefirstInternationalWorkshopandConferenceonHumanLeukocyteDifferentiationAntigens,the CDnomenclaturewassuggestedandestablished(HLDA)Thissystemwascreatedtoclassifythe variousmonoclonalantibodies(mAbs)producedbyvariouslaboratoriesaroundtheworldagainst epitopesonthesurfacemoleculesofleukocytes(whitebloodcells)Aftertwodistinctmonoclonal antibodies(mAb)havebeenshowntobindtotheproposedsurfacemolecule,themoleculeisgivena CDnumberIfthemoleculehasonlyonemAborhasn'tbeenthoroughlycharacterized,itwilltypically havealowercase"w"beforethenumberdesignation,whichstandsfor"workshop."(asin"CDw186").
Multiplemoleculesthatshareacommonchainaredenotedbyalowercaseletter(e.g.,CD1a,CD1b, CD1c,CD1d,orCD1e)aftertheCDnumberOtherinstancesincludetheintegrinchainsCD11a, CD11b,andCD11c,whichallcombinewithCD18toformvariousdimers.Othertimes,aswithCD66, differentmembersofthesamegenefamilyhavehadtheirnameswritteninlowercase(CD66a,CD66b, CD66c,CD66d,CD66e,andCD66f).AlowercasesuffixinrelationtocarbohydrateCDstructures denotesamodificationofthesamecarbohydratesequence(forinstance,CD15s=sialylatedCD15, LewisxAg;CD60b=9-O-acetylatedgangliosideGD3)
CDmarkersforimmunophenotyping
Analyzingdiversecellpopulationsforthepurposeofdeterminingthepresenceandrelativeabundance ofdifferentpopulationsofinterestisknownasimmunophenotypingByrecognizingparticular antigensthatthesecellsexpress,ormarkers,antibodiesareusedtodistinguishbetweendifferenttypes
ofcells.Thesemarkersaretypicallymembraneproteinsthatfunctionincelladhesion,communication, ormetabolism
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