London Case Study City Profile

LONDON CASE STUDY CITY PROFILE

CARLY OVERTON

ARCH 483 CASE STUDY CITY PROFILE: LONDON MARCH 3, 2014

table of contents PART I: EXISTING STATE PART II: urban form PART III: urbanization process Conclusion References and works cited Illustration citations

PART I: EXISTING STATE History Demographic profile Population Density megacities housing typologies street character planning patterns & policies growth issues

History of London 1209 43

Romans land and begin conquest of ‘Britannia’ and Londinium (London) emerges. first bridge across River Thames is built

450

60

787

Boudica, Queen of Iceni tribe revolts against Roman rule, destroying Londinium.

“Old” London bridge completed, made entirely of stone and becomes the only bridge across Thames until 1750

Anglo Saxon settlers arrive and establish Saxon London west of Roman city, called “Lundenwic”

1215

The magna carta Viking raids begin. Saxon king Alfred the Great resettles London within the Roman city, repairing the defensive walls

1066

Normans invade Britain. William the conqueror crowned king at Westminster abbey

1245

construction commences on main part of current Westminster abbey

1486

king marries Elizabeth of York

1492

Columbus discovers new world

1500

London 50,000

population

Roman London

ANGLO SAXONS

NORMAN

MEDIEVAL

TUDOR

43 - 410

410 - 1066

1066 - 1154

1154 - 1485

1485 - 1603

100

London becomes capital of Roman Britain with a population of about 60,000.

1042

Edward the confessor crowned king

1078

Construction of stone fortress today known as the tower of London, begins.

1050 200

Defensive wall built around the current “the city” - famously known today as London’s financial district

400

Empire collapses as Romans leave Britain and London falls into a decline

King establishes first palace and Abby at Westminster

1269

Westminster abbey completed

reaches

1571

Queen Elizabeth I opens the original royal exchange, London’s first stock market

1349 1086

The Domesday book commissioned and London’s population reaches18,000

“Black Death” plague spread by rats and dirty living conditions, killing 35% of population

1599

Globe theatre built to stage Shakespeare’s plays. Later burns down 1613

1700’s 1642

English civil war

1660

Monarchy restored

1661

Crown jewels made

1665

great plague kills 1/5 of population

1908

London grows rapidly in light of industrial revolution

1703

Buckingham palace built

1711

summer olympic games

1851

Great Exhibition population reaches 2.35 million during reign of queen Victoria

new st. paul’s cathedral built

1720

Industrial revolution

1868

Abolition of public hanging

1914 - 18

World war I

1948

summer olympic games

1917

1994

1926

1997

King adopts ‘Windsor’ surname

General strike

IRA ceasefire

princess diana killed in car crash

STUART

GEORGIAN ERA

Victorian era

World wars

MODERN ERA

1603 - 1714

1714 - 1837

1837 - 1901

1901 - 1945

1945 - PRESENT

1666

great fire of London destroys 80% of buildings in city, including st. paul’s cathedral

1675

st. paul’s cathedral construction begins

1694

Bank of England established

1800’s

World’s largest city during reign of queen Victoria. rapid growth leads to millions to poverty living in slums.

1805

battle of Trafalgar

1815

Battle of waterloo

1833

Britain abolishes slavery across empire

1890

Great Britain rules approximately one quarter of the world

1930’s

Unemployment in the UK reaches 3 million

2000

London Eye opens

1939 - 45

World war II German bombing kills 30,000 londoners.

1945

postwar immigration transforms London into a multicultural hub

20th century

two world wars takes a tole on London by slowing growth pace

2005

prince charles maries camilla parker bowles. 52 people killed in july 7 terrorist attacks

2012

Summer Olympic games.

Queen Elizabeth II celebrates diamond jubilee

history ROMAN LONDON 43 - 410 A.D.

Tudor LONDON 1485 - 1603

Victorian LONDON 1837 - 1901

7 years after invading Britain, London was historically formed by the Romans in 50 AD then later destroyed in 61 AD in a revolt against Roman rule by Boudica, Queen of Iceni Tribe, and was then quickly rebuilt. With a population of 600,000 people, London became the capital of Roman Britain in 100 AD and had a defensive wall built defining the area now known as London’s famous financial district called “the city”. As Roman Rule collapses in 400 AD, the Romans abandon Londinium as it falls into a decline.

The reformation after the black death created a pull toward Protestantism. Additionally, The Royal Exchange was founded while mercantilism grew with large chain companies such as the East India Companywere established in order to expand to the new world.

From 1831 to 1925 London was the world’s largest city that began to adopt Victorian characteristics in new buildings and when refacing old. Victorian style, or the ‘new seriousness of the Gothic revival’, as expressed

by Rukin, Pugin and Ecclesiologists, was less pretentious than classicism itself: the move from Roman or Greek to italianate forms. Architecture during this time period became more emphatic and assertive, with proticos, window dressings, and features that were bigger, more protruding and visible where monumentality was being expressed not only in public and civic buildings but in private buildings. New structures were being built out of elaborate ornamented stone rather than dingy brick or stucco. New purpose built office blocks became common in the 1850’s, giving the city monumentality lacking elsewhere in London. Residential developments of 1860’s increased in size and pretensions, where the common house became terraces, in addition to squares and crescents of South Kensington and Bayswater.

anglo-saxon London 410 - 1066 Anglo-Saxon settlers arrive in 450 AD, establishing Saxon London, otherwise officially known as “Lundenwic”, west of the Roman city. After the vikings attack in the 9th century, Saxon king Alfred the Great resettles Londoners back within the Roman city, repairing its previously built defensive walls. In the 11the century Edward the Confessor is crowned king and begins to establish landmarks, specifically abbey and palace at Westminster.

norman & medieval London 1066 - 1154 Following the Normans invasion of Britain in 1066, Medieval London begins with crowning William the Conqueror king at Westminster Abbey with plans to begin construction of the Tower of London in 1078. During the Medieval era, London establishes the “Old” London Bridge (1209), the only bridge across the Thames until 1750; encounters the “Black Death” plague in 1348, an outbreak spread by rats and filthy living conditions killing roughly 40,000 people, and concludes by reaching a population of 50,000 people in 1500.

stuart London 1603 - 1714 Stuart London underwent the Great Plague in 1665, killing 1/5 of the population and unfortunately followed by The Great Fire of London in 1666 that took 10+ years to rebuild. The Industrial Revolution in the 18th century kick starts London’s rapid growth and development period, beginning with the completion of Buckingham Palace in 1703 and construction of Christopher Wren’s masterpiece St. Paul’s Cathedral in 1708

Georgian London 1714 - 1837 Georgian London’s urbanistic virtues lay precisely in those areas that did not show.

During this period, Italy and south Germany were experimenting with expressive baroque characteristics, England chose a refined Palladianism, a style strongly based on symmetry, perspective, and values of the formal classical temple architecture of ancient greeks and romans. Prince Regent and architect John Nash impacted the history of London’s urban development by giving London its first and only boulevard : regents street, intended to link the two royal palaces : existing carlton house and a new pleasure pavilion in regents park. Acquiring Buckingham Palace in 1762, George III spent the next 75 years enlarging the palace. London in the 18th century faced a lot of crime, eventually establishing a professional police force called the Bow Street Runners, who punished more than 200 offences by death. The Georgian Era also formed new districts in the west, such as Mayfair, in addition to new bridges over the river Thames.

Increased traffic congestion led to the establishment of the world’s first local urban rail system. A booming city developing and growing quickly led to overcrowding which ultimately led to more diseases, including the cholera epidemic of 1832, which ultimately led to the greatest achievement of the Victorian period: cleaning the city of being dirty and deadly through the movement of sanitary reform. Grand gestures in the service of beauty or visual expressions would only be considered as long as it connected to a project that promoted obvious economic gain. Gestures include a system of sewers, bew streets ti replace and sanitary areas, and removal of traffic obstructions. The most notable gesture during the Victoria Era would be the ‘Vicoria Embankment’ which basically was built as a lid to cover the intercepting sewer that conveyed Metropolis wastes far down the Thames and the underground Metropolitan District Railway.

The 1890’s revealed a series of civic embellishment projects that

revived the spirit, including Admiralty Arch and the mall, the new Whitehall Government Buildings , Kingsway and the Aldwych, and county hall specifically situated across the Thames to confront the palace at Westminster.

modern London 1945 - present From the 1940’s and on, London became on the of the most diverse cities in the Europe as it started to see large numbers of immigrants from commonwealth countries including Pakistan, Bangledash, India, and Jamaica.

The population of Greater London saw a steady decline after WWII, estimating 8.6 million people in 1939 and a significant decrease of 6.8 million people in 1980’s. Modern London held the Festival of Britain in 1951 that took place on the South Bank of river Thames, followed by the Great Smog of 1952, resulting in the Clean Air Act in 1956. London became a center for worldwide youth culture, presented in the subculture ‘Swinging London’ commonly associated with Chelsea, Carnaby Street, and King’s Road. Political boundaries expanded in 1965 to accomodate the growth of the urban area, resulting in the creation of a new Greater London Council. London was subject to bombing attacks by the Provisional IRA during the Troubles in Northern Ireland, followed by racial inequality riots, specifically notabl the 1981 Brixton riot. London ports moved down the Thames to Tilbury and Felixstone, resulting in the regeneration of the London Docklands as it became the Canary Wharf development.

In 1986, the Greater London Council was abolished, leaving the large metropolis area without a central administration until 2000 when London’s government was restored, creating the Greater London Authority. The millenium was celebrated by creating several notable structures and London landmarks, including the Millenium Bridge, the Millenium Dome, and the famous London Eye. The 2012 summer Olympics held in London also resulted in urban and city-wide improvements.

OUTER LONDON ENFIELD

BARNET HARROW

HARINGEY

BRENT

HILINGDON

CAMDEN ISLINGTON

EALING

WESTMINSTER HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

THE CITY

WALTHAM FOREST

REDBRIDGE HAVERING

HACKNEY TOWER HAMLETS

NEWHAM

BARKING AND DAGENHAM

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

SOUTHWARK

HOUNSLOW RICHMOND UPON

GREENWICH

LAMBETH

WANDSWORTH THE THAMES

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

BEXLEY

LEWISHAM

MERTON

NORTH

BROMLEY SUTTON

CROYDON

INNER LONDON WEST EAST

CENTRAL NORTH

demographic profile

density London area city

urban metro

ENFIELD

606.95 sq. mi.

671 sq. mi.

BARNET

3,236.31 sq. mi.

HARROW

population city density urban urban zone metro

8,308,369 13,690/ sq. mi.

9,787,426 11,905,500 15,010,295

HARINGEY

BRENT

HILINGDON

WALTHAM FOREST

REDBRIDGE HAVERING

HACKNEY CAMDEN ISLINGTON

EALING

WESTMINSTER HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

THE CITY

TOWER HAMLETS

NEWHAM

BARKING AND DAGENHAM

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

SOUTHWARK

HOUNSLOW WANDSWORTH RICHMOND UPON

MERTON BROMLEY SUTTON

10,000+ 7,500 - 9,999 5,000 - 7,499 2,500 - 4,999 2,499 OR UNDER

LEWISHAM

THE THAMES

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

people per sq km

GREENWICH

LAMBETH

CROYDON

BEXLEY

ENFIELD

BARNET HARROW

HARINGEY

BRENT

HILINGDON

WALTHAM FOREST

REDBRIDGE HAVERING

HACKNEY CAMDEN ISLINGTON

EALING

WESTMINSTER HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

THE CITY

TOWER HAMLETS

NEWHAM

BARKING AND DAGENHAM

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

SOUTHWARK

HOUNSLOW WANDSWORTH RICHMOND UPON

GREENWICH

LAMBETH

LEWISHAM

THE THAMES

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

MERTON

> 20% increase BROMLEY

SUTTON

BEXLEY

> 10% increase

CROYDON < 10% increase

2001 - 2011 population CHANGE

ENFIELD

ENFIELD

BARNET HARROW

HARINGEY

BRENT

HILINGDON

EALING

HILINGDON

BARKING AND DAGENHAM

NEWHAM

TOWER HAMLETS

THE CITY

WESTMINSTER

HARINGEY

EALING

GREENWICH

SUTTON 400 - 500+ K 300 - 400 K 200 - 300 K 100 - 200 K 50 - 100 K 0 - 50 K

SUTTON

1801

1831

ENFIELD

HARROW

HARINGEY

BRENT

EALING

WESTMINSTER HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

THE CITY

NEWHAM

TOWER HAMLETS

HARINGEY

BRENT

HILINGDON

EALING

THE CITY

WESTMINSTER HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

50 - 100 K 0 - 50 K

50 - 100 K 0 - 50 K

CAMDEN ISLINGTON

EALING

WESTMINSTER HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

THE CITY

WALTHAM FOREST

TOWER HAMLETS

NEWHAM

BARKING AND DAGENHAM

CAMDEN ISLINGTON

EALING

WESTMINSTER HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

HOUNSLOW

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

1981

GREENWICH

BEXLEY

HOUNSLOW

TOWER HAMLETS

HARINGEY

RICHMOND UPON

NEWHAM

BARKING AND DAGENHAM

BRENT

HILINGDON

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

BROMLEY CROYDON

EALING

2001

GREENWICH

BEXLEY

HAVERING

WESTMINSTER

THE CITY

TOWER HAMLETS

NEWHAM

BARKING AND DAGENHAM

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

HOUNSLOW RICHMOND UPON

CROYDON

MERTON BROMLEY SUTTON

2011

HISTORIC POPULATION TRENDS

LEWISHAM

THE THAMES

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

BROMLEY

GREENWICH

LAMBETH

WANDSWORTH

LEWISHAM

MERTON

SUTTON

REDBRIDGE

HACKNEY CAMDEN ISLINGTON

SOUTHWARK

LAMBETH THE THAMES

WALTHAM FOREST

HAVERING

HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

WANDSWORTH

LEWISHAM

MERTON

SUTTON

THE CITY

HARROW

REDBRIDGE

SOUTHWARK

LAMBETH

WANDSWORTH THE THAMES

WALTHAM FOREST HACKNEY

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

SOUTHWARK

RICHMOND UPON

1981 ENFIELD

HARINGEY

BRENT

HILINGDON

TOWER HAMLETS

NEWHAM

CROYDON

BEXLEY

GREENWICH

LAMBETH

LEWISHAM

MERTON BROMLEY SUTTON

CROYDON

BARNET

HAVERING

THE CITY

THE THAMES

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

1951

HARROW

REDBRIDGE

HACKNEY

WESTMINSTER

WANDSWORTH RICHMOND UPON

BROMLEY

ENFIELD

HAVERING BARKING AND DAGENHAM

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

HOUNSLOW

BEXLEY

MERTON

SUTTON

CROYDON

BARNET HARINGEY

GREENWICH

BROMLEY

ENFIELD

BRENT

EALING

LEWISHAM

THE THAMES

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

REDBRIDGE

SOUTHWARK

WANDSWORTH RICHMOND UPON

WALTHAM FOREST

HACKNEY CAMDEN ISLINGTON

HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

LAMBETH

BEXLEY

1931

BARNET HARROW

NEWHAM

BRENT

HILINGDON

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

HOUNSLOW

GREENWICH

MERTON

SUTTON

1901

TOWER HAMLETS

HARINGEY

HAVERING BARKING AND DAGENHAM

SOUTHWARK

LEWISHAM

THE THAMES

CROYDON 400 - 500+ K 300 - 400 K 200 - 300 K 100 - 200 K

HILINGDON

THE CITY

WESTMINSTER

HARROW

REDBRIDGE

WALTHAM FOREST

HACKNEY CAMDEN ISLINGTON

EALING

LAMBETH

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

BROMLEY SUTTON

BRENT

HILINGDON

HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

WANDSWORTH RICHMOND UPON

MERTON

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

400 - 500+ K 300 - 400 K 200 - 300 K 100 - 200 K

HOUNSLOW

BEXLEY

LEWISHAM

THE THAMES

NEWHAM

TOWER HAMLETS

HARINGEY

HAVERING BARKING AND DAGENHAM

SOUTHWARK

GREENWICH

LAMBETH

WANDSWORTH RICHMOND UPON

ENFIELD

BARNET

HARROW

REDBRIDGE

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

SOUTHWARK

HOUNSLOW

WALTHAM FOREST

HACKNEY CAMDEN ISLINGTON

CROYDON

1881

ENFIELD

HAVERING BARKING AND DAGENHAM

BROMLEY SUTTON

1851

BEXLEY

LEWISHAM

MERTON

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

BARNET

HARROW

REDBRIDGE

WALTHAM FOREST

HACKNEY CAMDEN ISLINGTON

GREENWICH

LAMBETH THE THAMES

CROYDON

ENFIELD

TOWER HAMLETS

WANDSWORTH RICHMOND UPON

400 - 500+ K 300 - 400 K 200 - 300 K 100 - 200 K 50 - 100 K 0 - 50 K

BARNET

HAVERING BARKING AND DAGENHAM

NEWHAM

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

HOUNSLOW

BEXLEY

BROMLEY SUTTON

400 - 500+ K 300 - 400 K 200 - 300 K 100 - 200 K 50 - 100 K 0 - 50 K

BARNET

GREENWICH LEWISHAM

MERTON

CROYDON

REDBRIDGE

SOUTHWARK

LAMBETH THE THAMES

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

BROMLEY

CROYDON

THE CITY

WESTMINSTER HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

WANDSWORTH RICHMOND UPON

WALTHAM FOREST

HACKNEY CAMDEN ISLINGTON

EALING

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

HOUNSLOW

BEXLEY

LEWISHAM

MERTON

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

400 - 500+ K 300 - 400 K 200 - 300 K 100 - 200 K 50 - 100 K 0 - 50 K

HILINGDON

GREENWICH

LAMBETH THE THAMES

BROMLEY

BRENT

HILINGDON

BARKING AND DAGENHAM

NEWHAM

TOWER HAMLETS

THE CITY

WESTMINSTER

HARINGEY

HAVERING

SOUTHWARK

WANDSWORTH RICHMOND UPON

MERTON

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

EALING

HARROW

REDBRIDGE

WALTHAM FOREST

HACKNEY CAMDEN ISLINGTON

HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

HOUNSLOW

BEXLEY

LEWISHAM

THE THAMES

HILINGDON

BARKING AND DAGENHAM

SOUTHWARK

LAMBETH

WANDSWORTH RICHMOND UPON

BRENT

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

SOUTHWARK

HOUNSLOW

NEWHAM

TOWER HAMLETS

THE CITY

WESTMINSTER HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

HARINGEY

HAVERING

HACKNEY CAMDEN ISLINGTON

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

BARNET

HARROW

REDBRIDGE

WALTHAM FOREST

HAVERING BRENT

ENFIELD

BARNET

HARROW

REDBRIDGE

WALTHAM FOREST

HACKNEY CAMDEN ISLINGTON

HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

ENFIELD

BARNET

CROYDON

BEXLEY

top world megacities

Karachi, Pakistan 23.5 million

Seoul, south Korea 22.5 MILLION

new York city, USA 8.4 million

TOKYO, JAPAN 37.2 MILLION

Shanghai, china 20.8 MILLION

Delhi, India 22.4 MILLION

Jakarta, Indonesia 26 MILLION

Manila, Philippines 20.7 MILLION

London

London is considered a world city and a large metropolis area, however it itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s considered to be a megacity.

london

Housing typologies

house or detached s e m i terraced f l a t s & House bungalow h o u s e detached h o u s i n g o t h e r a single story house no basement normally detached 1930â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plan = square 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plan = more oblong the bungalow became popular in the UK between WWI and WWII cost-effective living alternately, bungalow neighborhoods are low-density even closely spaced dwellings

completely separate from neighbors larger lots provide gardens spaces Victorian house kick started by industrial revolution houses built during queen Victoriaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reign defining quality of British cities & towns wide range of styles influenced from time built: classicism, Italian style, Gothic revival, queen Anne style, arts & crafts movement the late Victorian house & influences eventaully result in the Edwardian house tax on glass & brick abolished in 1850 resulted in a sustainable & very inexpensive material choice common Victorian features: sanitation (water closets & drainage) hot & cold water gas powered lighting sash windows terraces or detached houses brick / stone slate roof caters to all social classes

19th century two houses joined together units share a party wall plan is mirrored to duplicate common representation of UK suburbanization popularly emerged in suburbs during 1920-30 British housing boom middle class home owners preferred semi-detached to terrace houses strongly influenced by art deco, Tudor revival, chalet style, and machine era. now the most common dwelling type in England & most common property type in the UK

row of identical houses connected by shared party walls

a property occupying only part of a building

medium density housing originated in Europe

has a shared entrance occupies one floor

first street-lined houses with uniform facades emerged after the great fire of London

Maisonette multi story flat in one building

Georgian architecture reflected palacefeatures in the facade of the terraced housing: central dwelling units share a pediment supported by classical columns

a dwelling with 1+ floors separated horizontally from other flats has private enrance typically has internal personal staircase

up to WWII, terraced housing was the commmon form of high- density housing

bedsit a UK studio apartment

through terraces: have front + back door back-to-back: brick on 3 sides

one large room with combined spaces bathroom only separate room

post WWII housing redevelopment resulted in outdated terraces eventually replaced with tower blocks

purpose- converted built block h o u s e a collection of flats newly constructed

a converted self contained unit in an older building

EX: an apartment on the top floor of a newly constructed high rise block of flats is a purpose-built penthouse and block of flats.

ex: a loft = typically a warehouse, commerciial, or industrial space converted to a dwelling

as early as the 1840’s, purpose built office blocks were going up in moorgate, but the most extensive rebuilding occurred in the late 1850’s & 1860’s

commercial && commercial moble / temporary accomodation

planning patterns & policies

Shaped by the river Thames slicing the city in two , London is a a dense and multicultural city consisting of squares, wide streets, open spaces and parks. Separated by the Thames and connected by a series of bridges and tunnels, North and South London reveal two very different halves of London, each unique in character but together create the famous city known today. The development of Regentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s street began to shape the urban development of London, focusing on large retail boulevards geared towrad the pedestrian and their experience. Regents street led to the development and redevelopment of streets similar in nature, acting as a Path, such as Oxfford Street and Bond Street. The demolition of the slums of St. Gileâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s led to the formation of New Oxford Street, which is said to be one of the most beautiful corrections in London in recent times, far surpassing the architectural quality of Regent Street.

Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s zoning historically was rather vague, providing guidelines for distances, sizes, and tecnical regulations, boundaries, etc; however, initially there were no streetscape, housing, and urban characteristic guidelines or restrictions, and progressively London established examples of appropriate or recommended aesthetics, however this allowed to London to visually evolve based on the architect, time period, and surrounding context at the time. Ultimately this resulted in a mixed and varied city that created a diverse, cultural city with several different street frontages and styles; Basically London has a little bit of everthing.

street character : Victorian London

During Victorian London, streets lacks any appearance of virtuosity or taste and consisted mainly of uniform rows of houses. New streets also continue to cut through new and older built-up areas in order to relieve traffic congestion and facilitate slum clearance.

growth issues Georgian London During Georgian London, districts of squares and terraces intended for families of more modest means encouraged urban sprawl further east the marquess of Northampton in Islington. However housing continued to develop within the city during this time period, resulting in housing squares such as Bedford estate. Regents Park was originally intended to be a garden suburb for the very rich, with 50 private villas cohesively situated to appear as if each villa had the entire park to itself.

PART II: urban form edges districts public spaces legibility

edges CANARY WARF

croydon

Located in the Tower Hamlets in East London, Canary Wharf is a large busniess district serving as one of the two main London financial centers.Most of the tallest buildings in the United Kingdom can be found in this major business district, including One Canada Square, the second tallest in the UK

Located in the borough of Croydon in South London, Croydon is a large edge city in the middle of the transportation corridor between central London and the south coast of England. Home to the world’s first public railway ‘The Surrey Iron Railway’, Croydon, during the middle ages, expanded as a market town and as a center for charcoal production, leather, brewing and tanning. The railway formed Croydon into a commuter town during the 19th century and led to its roll as an important industrial area during the 20th century, known for car manufacturing, their airport, and metal working. A popular industrial area eventually led to a massive redevelopment, replacing the industry with the retail and service economy, sprouting the rise of office blocks and the Whitgift Shopping center.

office & retail space # employed

14,000,000 sq ft 105,000 people

districts 32 boroughs

all boroughs are a type of local government district created april 1, 1965, designating 12 inner London boroughs and 20 outer London boroughs.

ENFIELD

BARNET HARROW

HARINGEY

BRENT

HILINGDON

WALTHAM FOREST

REDBRIDGE HAVERING

HACKNEY CAMDEN ISLINGTON

EALING

WESTMINSTER HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM

THE CITY

TOWER HAMLETS

NEWHAM

BARKING AND DAGENHAM

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

SOUTHWARK

HOUNSLOW WANDSWORTH RICHMOND UPON

GREENWICH

LAMBETH

LEWISHAM

THE THAMES

KINGSTON UPON THE THAMES

MERTON BROMLEY SUTTON

CROYDON

BEXLEY

public spaces parks & gardens

squares

the royal parks

cemetaries

Central London consists of 5 Royal Parks: Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens, Green Park, St. James Park, and Regent’s Park. The suburbs hold the remaining Royal Parks, including: Greenwich Park, Bushy Park, and Richmond Park.

Cemetaries within the city have been known to provide additional green spaces. Notable Cemetaries include Karl Marx burial place, Highgate Cemetary, and Michael Faraday.

garden squares Garden squares typically originated as smaller green spaces in central London for private residents, but most are now open to the public.

Garden Squares open to the public include: Soho Square, Russell Square, and Lincoln’s Inn Fields, in addition to over 100 garden squares located in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.

coucil parks Council Parks are parks owned by the council that were historically developed between the 19th Century and WWII. Council Parks incluide: Alexandra Park, Battersea Park, and Victoria Park.

suburb green space The suburbs are home to major open spaces that have more of a partial-natural character as they were originally protected from central urbanization. Green Spaces in the suburbs include: Hampstead Heath, Clapham Common, Wandsworth Common, Epping Forest, Trent Park, Mitcham Common, Hainault Forest Country Park, South Norwood Country Park, Wildspace Conservation Park, and Thames Chase.

greenways

Historically, public squares have been a recognizable characteristic of London, however most began as garden squares, or communal gardens, typically fenced, for private residents surrounding the square. This type of space is most common in Central London’s urban design and development.

Many of the squares of London are not in fact square, as most of the original square-shaped areas have been transformed due to historical events and changes of the city, like the Great Fire of London, for example. Some public squares dually serve, in addition to being a ‘square’, as a historic landmark. Examples of public squares that are London Landmarks include: Trafalgar Square, Parliament Square, Leicester Square, Piccadilly Circus, Covent Garden, and Claremont Square.

Trafalgar square

parliament square

picadilly circus

COVENT GARDEN

Greenways are planned green routes in London. Planning for these long-distance green routes began with County of London Plan by Patrick Abercombie, who saw an open space deficiency as one of London’s 4 main defects where the solution lies in planning green corridors, wedges and spaces. Notable greenways include: The Greenway (NE London), Thames Path, the South East London Green Chain, the Parkland Walk, and the Capital Ring.

kew gardens The Royal Botanic Garden at Kew is the most famous paid garden in London, consisting of 121 hectares of gardens and greenhouses.

Kew Gardens is the worlds largest collection of lliving plants with collections containing 30,000+ different species and kinds.

Hampton Court Palace The Royal residence of Hampton Court Palace is a celebrated garden in the borough of Richmond Upon the Thames and once inhabited by the Royal Family in the 18th century.

legibility landmarks

recognizable city-scape & wayfinding

tower bridge

the London eye

big ben & parliament

Buckingham palace

Westminster abbey

st. paulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cathedral

signage

PART III: urbanization process history and key influences on growth and development

history & key influences on growth and development key historical events Roman Rule 43 AD Anglo-Saxon Rule The Great Fire of London 1666 WWI & WWII Industrial Revolution Development of the Railway

Georgian London : regents street

Regents street combined the function of a triumphal way with that of a mercantile street, devoted to the luxury retail trade. Regents street served a variety of purposes: provided a triumphal roadway to impress visiting royalty and relieve the notorious congestion of Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s streets by providing a north - south route, it provided new housing, a stimulated retail trade, and eliminated insanitary slum property. Regents street remained a sucessful corridor of high-class retail shops.

works cited research & information

pictures

Olsen, Donald J.. The city as a work of art: London, Paris, Vienna. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. Print.

Picadilly Circus, Public Spaces. http://s3.amazonaws.com/medias.photodeck.com/1095b964-ddea-11e0-bbfd-af4c35ffa743/ JasonHawkes-6149_xlarge.

Colquhoun, I., 2004. RIBA Book of 20th Century British Housing, London: Architectural Press East Thames, 2006. East Thames Housing Group: High Density Toolkit, www.eastthames.co.uk/ highdensity GLA (Greater London Authority), 2003a.

Housing for a Compact City, London: GLA. “Cultural Strategy”. Greater London Authority. 6 September 2010.

The London Plan - Introduction - Positioning London. Greater London Authority.

Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 538–539 “Roman London”. Museum of London. No date available.

Adewunmi, Bim (10 March 2013). “London: the everything capital of the world”. The Guardian (London) 2011 Census. Office for National Statistics. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/ index.html.