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PUERTO RICO
Puerto Rico, Estado Libre Asociado a la Unión Americana, localizado el noreste caribeño, al este de la Rep. Dominicana y al oeste de las Islas Vírgenes. Puerto Rico está compuesto por un archipiélago que incluye la principal isla de Puerto Rico y un número de pequeñas islas y cabos, de las cuales la más grande es Vieques, Culebra y Mona. La isla es comúnmente conocida como «La Isla del Encanto». Era Precolombina La historia de Puerto Rico antes de la llegada de Cristóbal Colón no es muy bien documentada. Los primeros habitantes fueron cazadores y pescadores, existiendo pueblos como los Arcaicos e Igneri coexistiendo en los siglos V al X. Entre los siglos VII y XI la cultura taína se desarrolló grandemente en la isla, y dominaron la zona aproximadamente desde 1000 AC. A partir de la llegada de Colón, su historia cambió. Colonia Española Cuando Cristóbal Colón llegó a Puerto Rico durante su segundo viaje en 1943, la isla estaba habitada por un grupo de «Indios Arawak» mas conocidos como Taínos. Ellos llamaban a la isla «Borikén» o, en español, «Borinquen». Colón llamó a la isla San Juan Bautista, en honor al personaje bíblico. Luego la isla tomó el nombre de Puerto Rico, cuya capital es San Juan. En 1508, el conquistador español Juan Ponce de León fue el primer gobernador de la isla. Los españoles colonizaron la isla rápidamente. Los taínos fueron forzados a esclavitud. En 1511, los taínos se sublevaron contra la corona española. El cacique Urayoán, como lo planeó Agueybana II, ordenó a sus guerreros matar al soldado español Diego Salcedo para comprobar que los españoles no eran inmortales. Después de asesinarlo, continuaron mirando el cuerpo por 3 días reconfirmando su muerte. Varios fortines y murallas como La Fortaleza, El Castillo San Felipe del Morro y El Castillo de San Cristóbal, fueron construidos para proteger el puerto de San Juan de enemigos europeos ya que Francia, Holanda e Inglaterra tuvieron muchos intentos de capturar Puerto Rico pero fallaron. Durante el Siglo XVII y XVIII la isla tomó una gran importancia estratégica y referencia de la época colonial. En 1809, la Corte Suprema Central en Cádiz reconoció a Puerto Rico como provincia española con derecho a mandar representantes al parlamento español. Después de tantos victorias sudamericanas y centroamericanas de independencia, Puerto Rico and Cuba se convirtieron en las únicas colonias españolas. Hacia 1868, se proclamó el famoso Grito de Lares, que empezó en un pequeño pueblo rural en la ciudad de Lares pero las fuerzas independentistas fueron cobrando fuerza. Líderes de este movimiento, fueron figures como Ramón Emeterio Betances, considerado el padre del movimiento de independencia puertorriqueña, así como Segundo Ruiz Belvis. En 1897, Luis Muñoz Rivera y otros persuadieron al gobierno español liberal firmar las Cartas de Autonomía de Cuba y Puerto Rico. En 1898 el general Manuel Macias inaugura el Nuevo gobierno de Carta Autónoma, funcionando como primer gobernador el 17 de Julio de 1898. 1898. Colonia Americana El 25 de Julio de 1898, Puerto Rico fue invadido por EEUU ocupando Guanica. Como resultado de la guerra española Americana, España cedió Puerto Rico, www.elpilonrestaurant.com
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www.postlatino.com General Information Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a self-governing unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of the Virgin Islands. Puerto Rico is composed of an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands and keys, the largest of which are Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area and second smallest by population among the four Greater Antilles, which also include Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica. The island is also popularly known as «La Isla del Encanto», which translated means «The Island of Enchantment.» Pre-Columbian era The history of the archipelago of Puerto Rico before the arrival of Christopher Columbus is not well known. The first settlers were the Ortoiroid people, an Archaic Period culture of Amerindian hunters and fishermen. Between the 4th and 10th centuries, the Arcaicos and Igneri co-existed (and perhaps clashed) on the island. Between the 7th and 11th centuries the Taíno culture developed on the island, and by approximately 1000 AD had become dominant. This lasted until Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492. Spanish colony When Christopher Columbus arrived in Puerto Rico during his second voyage on November 19, 1493, the island was inhabited by a group of Arawak Indians known as Taínos. They called the island «Borikén» or, in Spanish, «Borinquen». Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of Saint John the Baptist. Later the island took the name of Puerto Rico (Spanish for «Rich Port») while the capital was named San Juan. In 1508, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León became the island’s first governor to take office. The Spanish soon colonized the island. Taínos were forced into slavery and were decimated by the harsh conditions of work and by diseases brought by the Spaniards. In 1511, the Taínos revolted against the Spanish; cacique Urayoán, as planned by Agüeybaná II, ordered his warriors to drown the Spanish soldier Diego Salcedo to determine whether the Spaniards were immortal. After drowning Salcedo, they kept watch over his body for three days to confirm his death. The revolt was easily crushed by Ponce de León and within a few decades much of the native population had been decimated by disease, violence, and a high occurrence of suicide. By 1520, when Charles V issued a royal decree that collectively emancipated the remaining Taíno population, the Taíno presence had almost vanished.[13] African slaves were introduced to replace the Taíno. Puerto Rico soon became an important stronghold and port for the Spanish Empire. Various forts and walls, such as La Fortaleza, El Castillo San Felipe del Morro and El Castillo de San Cristóbal, were built to protect the port of San Juan from European enemies. France, The Netherlands and England made several attempts to capture Puerto Rico but failed to wrest long-term occupancy. During the late 17th and early 18th centuries colonial emphasis was on the more prosperous mainland territories, leaving the island impoverished of settlers. In 1809, in the midst of the Peninsular War, the Supreme Central Junta based in Cádiz recognized Puerto Rico as an overseas province of Spain with the right to send representatives to the recently convened Spanish parliament. The representative, Ramon Power y Giralt, died after serving a three-year term in the Cortes. These parliamentary and constitutional reforms, which were in force from 1810 to 1814 and again from 1820 to 1823, were reversed twice afterwards when the traditional monarchy was restored by Ferdinand VII. Nineteenth century reforms augmented the population and economy, and expanded the local character of the island. After the rapid gaining of independence by the South and Central American states in the first part of the century, Puerto Rico and Cuba became the only Spanish colonies found in the Americas. The Spanish Crown revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. This time the decree was printed in three languages — Spanish, English and French — intending to attract Europeans of non-Spanish origin, with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity and strength with the arrival of new settlers. Free land was offered to those who wanted to populate the islands on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Toward the end of the 19th century, poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as «Grito de Lares». It began in the rural town of Lares but was subdued when rebels moved to the neighboring town of San Sebastián. Leaders of this independence movement included Ramón Emeterio Betances, considered the «father» of the Puerto Rican independence movement, and other political figures such as Segundo Ruiz Belvis. In 1897, Luis Muñoz Rivera and others persuaded the liberal Spanish government to agree to Charters of Autonomy for Cuba and Puerto Rico. In 1898, Puerto Rico’s first, but short-lived, autonomous government was organized as an ‘overseas province’ of Spain. The charter maintained a governor appointed by Spain, which held the power to annul any legislative
INTERNATIONAL
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Mensaje y Saludo Of icial del Honorable Oficial Eddie A A.. Pérez Alcalde de la Ciudad de Har tf ord Hartf tford Con gran placer y respeto doy gracias al periódico Postlatino por proveernos la oportunidad de comunicarnos con nuestros hermanos latinos a través de tan interesante y relevante periódico. En nombre del Estado, de la Ciudad de Hartford y del mío propio hago provecho de esta ocasión para dirigir un saludo fraternal a todos los puertorriqueños e hispanos que cada día laboran con arduo empeño y devoción, no solo en nuestra ciudad de Hartford, sino también en nuestro estado de Connecticut al igual que en los Estados Unidos de América. Yo siempre he sido fiel creyente de que una fuerza laboral bien educada acelera el desarrollo económico en los vecindarios, genera más empleo y transforma ciudades de una forma más competitiva en nuestra economía global. Desde mis días como un activista y organizador de comunidades, y ahora como Alcalde y miembro de la Junta de Educación, mi sueño siempre ha sido mejorar la calidad de vida de todas las personas que viven en nuestra ciudad. Estamos progresando increíblemente, y sabemos que trabajando juntos podemos lograr más. Estaremos invirtiendo un billón de dólares en nuestras escuelas durante los próximos 10 años. Esta inversión ya ha dado resultados excelentes. Se han construido y remodelado siete escuelas nuevas y seis escuelas adicionales serán completadas, lo cual compone la segunda fase de este proyecto impresionante. El programa de construcción de escuelas está creando empleo y estamos trabajando para crear una fuerza laboral mejor adiestrada para atraer y mantener trabajos de altos salarios en la ciudad capital, proveyendo así trabajos e iniciativas para el desarrollo económico nuestros vecindarios.
Estamos celebrando la gran apertura de nuevos negocios y lugares de entretenimiento al igual que educativos como lo es el nuevo Museo de Ciencias. Definitivamente somos una ciudad que va rumbo al progreso! La diversidad de nuestra población nos fortalece y nuestros sueños nos unen como ciudad. Si usted vive en Hartford, disfrute de todo lo que esta hermosa ciudad tiene que ofrecer, y si nos visita, le extiendo la más cordial bienvenida.
Alcalde Eddie A. Perez
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«Commonwealth» En 1947, EEUU otorga a Puerto Rico el derecho a elegir democráticamente su propio gobernador. Luis Munoz Marin fue elegido durante las elecciones de 1948, siendo el primer gobernador popularmente electo. En 1950, la administración Truman permite a Puerto Rico un referéndum democrático para determinar si Puerto Rico desea redactar si propia Constitución. Una constitución local fue aprobada por la Convención Constitucional el 6defebrero de 1952, ratificada por el Congreso Americano. Puerto Rico adoptó el nombre de Estado Libre Asociado o su término en ingles, Commonwealth. Playa en Vieques.
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junto con Cuba, las Filipinas y Guam a los Estados Unidos bajo el Tratado de París. EEUU y Puerto Rico tienen una larga e histórica relación. Puerto Rico empezó el siglo XX bajo el régimen militar americano. «The Foraker Act» o Acta Orgánica de 1900 otorga a Puerto Rico la elección popular de la Casa de Representantes. En 1917, el Acta de Jones Shafroth otorga a Puerto Rico la ciudadanía estadounidense y provee elección popular del Senado para completar su Asamblea Legislativa Bicameral. Como resultado de esta ciudadanía americana otorgada, muchos puertorriqueños fueron reclutados para la Segunda Guerra Mundial y subsecuentes guerras americanas, así como otros originaron un éxodo importante hacia tierras norteamericanas logrando una comunidad hispana importante de influencia y progreso latino dentro de EEUU. Desastres naturales, como un terremoto y severos huracanes junto a la Gran Depresión envolvieron a Puerto Rico en la pobreza. Algunos líderes políticos, como Pedro ALbizu Campos, que lideró en Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico, demandó cambios. En marzo 21 de 1937, una marcha fue organizada en Ponce por este partido que se convirtió en un sangriento evento donde la policía tuvo que intervenir y hubieron muchas muertes, este hecho es conocido como la Masacre de Ponce.
Cultura La cultura puertorriqueña es una mezcla de cuatro culturas: Africana (por los esclavos), Taína (indígenas americanos), españoles y mas recientemente norteamericanos. De África, tienen la bomba y plena, un tipo de música y danza con mucha percusión y maracas. De los taínos, permanecen muchos nombres para sus municipalidades, comida, instrumentos musicales como güiro y maracas, así como muchas palabras y modismos. De los españoles el idioma oficial, la religión católica y el legado de sus valores morales y tradiciones. De EEUU, reciben el dominio del inglés y el origen de una cultura híbrida que se ha desarrollando entre EEUU y la isla. La música se ha desarrollado con un sabor único. Temprano en el siglo pasado, la influencia africana y española fue notable. Más hoy, los movimientos culturales caribeños y americanos juegan un rol vital en los géneros musicales que van emergiendo. Los símbolos oficiales son la Reinita Mora (un ave típica), la Flor de Maga (flor), el ceibo o ceiba, típico árbol, y obviamente un símbolo de orgullo nacional es el coquí (tipo de rana de la región). Deportes El baseball es uno de los deportes que generan mas popularidad en Puerto Rico. También han participado de la Copa Mundial De Béisbol ganando la Copa Mundial en 1951, cuatro medallas de plata y cuatro medallas de bronce. Famosos beisbolistas puertorriqueños como
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Ingrid’s
Roberto Clemente, Orlando Cepeda, que desfilan en el Salón de la Fama de Béisbol. Boxeo y volleyball son considerados también populares. Puerto Rico es el tercer ganador de copas mundiales y el líder de campeonatos mundiales per capita. Estos triunfos incluyen a Miguel Cotto, Felix Trinidad, Wilfred Benítez, y Wilfredo Gómez. El equipo nacional de basquetbol integró la Federación Internacional de Basquetbol en 1957. Desde entonces, han ganado mas de 30 medallas en competiciones internacionales, incluyendo medallas de oro en tres campeonatos de las Américas y en 1994 en las Juegos de Buena Voluntad. Participantes de esta disciplina han ganado fama mundial, como Orlando el Gato Meléndez quien fue el primer atleta puertorriqueño en jugar para Harlem Globetrotters. Puerto Rico ha tenido representación en competiciones internacionales como los Juegos Olímpicos de verano e invierno, los juegos Panamericanos, los Juegos Caribeños, Centro Americanos. El año 2010 serán anfitriones en los Juegos Centroamericanos en Mayagüez. Turismo El turismo es de importantes divisas monetarias para la isla por muchos años. Ya que Puerto Rico es dueño de hermosas maravillas naturales, ediciones culturales e históricos, conciertos y eventos deportivos, la isla atrae una gran variedad de turistas. Atrae turistas americanos, así como mexicanos, dominicanos, venezolanos, españoles, franceses y asiáticos.
·Aguadilla: con un aeropuerto local. ·Arecibo: lugar del famoso observatorio de Arecibo. ·Bayamón: lugar del Parque de Ciencias. ·Cabo Rojo: hermosas playas.. ·Cataño: cuna de Bacardi, la mas grande destilera de ron. ·Culebra: isla con hermosas playas como Flamenco. ·Fajardo: casa de los faros Fajardo y su bahía luminiscente, villas de pesca Las Croabas, competiciones de caballos de Paso Fino. ·Mayagüez: hogar del Dr.Juan Rivero ·Ponce: casa del museo de Arte de Ponce, Castillo de Serralles, plantaciones de Café en Hacienda Juanita. ·San Juan: el turístico viejo San Juan, Museo de Arte de Puerto, Castillo de El Morro y exponentes paisajes. ·Rio Grande: Reserva Forestal El Yunque ·Vieques: isla y casa de hermosas playas, castillos españoles y majestuosas montañas.
Zuleika Rivera, Miss Universo 2006.
MULTISERVICE
Saluda a la comunidad Puertorriqueña y ofrece su servicio de envío de paquetes y cajas.
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www.postlatino.com decision, and a partially elected parliamentary structure. In February, Governor-General Manuel Macías inaugurated the new government under the Autonomous Charter. General elections were held in March and the autonomous government began to function on July 17, 1898. United States colony On July 25, 1898, during the SpanishAmerican War, Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States with a landing at Guánica. As an outcome of the war, Spain ceded Puerto Rico, along with Cuba, the Philippines, and Guam to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris. The United States and Puerto Rico thus began a long-standing relationship. Puerto Rico began the 20th century under the military rule of the U.S. with officials, including the governor, appointed by the President of the United States. The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Rico a certain amount of popular government, including a popularlyelected House of Representatives. In 1917, the Jones-Shafroth Act granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship and provided for a popularly-elected Senate to complete a bicameral Legislative Assembly. As a result of their new U.S. citizenship, many Puerto Ricans were drafted into World War I and all subsequent wars with U.S. participation. Natural disasters, including a major earthquake, a tsunami and several hurricanes, and the Great Depression impoverished the island during the first few decades under American rule. Some political leaders, like Pedro Albizu Campos who led the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, demanded change. On March 21, 1937, a march was organized in the southern city of Ponce by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party which turned into a bloody event when the local police opened fire upon the cadets and bystanders. It has since then become known as the Ponce massacre. The internal governance changed during the latter years of the Roosevelt–Truman administrations, as a form of compromise led by Muñoz Marín and others. It culminated with the appointment by President Truman in 1946 of the first Puerto Rican-born governor, Jesús T. Piñero. On June 11, 1948, Piñero, signed the «Ley de la Mordaza» (Gag Law) or Law 53 as it was officially known, passed by the Puerto Rican legislature which made it illegal to display the Puerto Rican Flag, sing patriotic songs, talk of independence and to fight for the liberation of the island. It resembled the anti-communist Smith Law passed in the United States. Commonwealth In 1947, the U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor. Luis Muñoz Marín was elected during the 1948 general elections, becoming the first popularly-elected governor of Puerto Rico. In 1950, the Truman Administration allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans
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Tostones y Arroz con Habichuelas. desired to draft their own local constitution. On October 30, 1950, Albizu-Campos and other nationalists led a 3-day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico. The most notable occurred in Jayuya and Utuado. In the Jayuya revolt, known as the Jayuya Uprising, the United States declared martial law and attacked Jayuya with infantry, artillery and bombers. The Utuado Uprising culminated in what is known as the Utuado massacre. On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to assassinate President Harry S Truman. Torresola was killed during the attack, but Collazo was captured. Collazo served 29 years in a federal prison, being released in 1979. Don Pedro Albizu Campos also served many years in a federal prison in Atlanta, Georgia, for seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government in Puerto Rico. A local constitution was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952, ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year, and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25, 1952, the anniversary of the 1898 arrival of U.S. troops. Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as «Free Associated State»), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic. Culture Puerto Rican culture is a mix of four cultures, African (from the slaves), Taíno (Amerindians), Spanish, and more recently, North American. From Africans, the Puerto Ricans have obtained the «bomba and plena», a type of music and dance including percussions and maracas. From the Amerindians (Taínos), they kept many names for their municipalities, foods, musical instruments like the güiro and maracas. Many words and other objects have originated from their localized language. From the Spanish they received the Spanish language, the Catholic religion and the vast majority of their cultural and moral values and traditions. From the United States they received the English language, the university system and a variety of hybrid cultural forms that developed between the U.S. mainland
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and the island of Puerto Rico. The University of Puerto Rico was founded in 1903, five years after the island became part of the U.S. Early in the history of Puerto Rican music, the influences of African and Spanish traditions were most noticeable. However, the cultural movements across the Caribbean and North America have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences that have reached Puerto Rico. The official symbols of Puerto Rico are the Reinita mora or Puerto Rican Spindalis (a type of bird), the Flor de Maga (a type of flower), and the Ceiba or Kapok (a type of tree). The unofficial animal and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the Coquí (a type of frog). Other popular symbols of Puerto Rico are the «jíbaro», the «countryman», and the carite. Sports Baseball was one of the first sports to gain widespread popularity in Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico Baseball League serves as the only active professional league, operating during the winter. No Major League Baseball franchise or affiliate plays in Puerto Rico, however, San Juan hosted the Montreal Expos for several series in 2003 and 2004 before they moved to Washington, D.C. and became the Washington Nationals. Puerto Rico has participated in the World Cup of Baseball winning one gold (1951), four silver and four bronze medals and the Caribbean Series, winning fourteen times. Famous Puerto Rican baseball players include Roberto Clemente and Orlando Cepeda, enshrined in the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1973 and 1999, respectively. Boxing, basketball, and volleyball are considered popular sports as well. Puerto Rico has the third-most boxing world champions and its the global leader in champions per capita. These include Miguel Cotto, Félix Trinidad, Wilfred Benítez, and Wilfredo Gómez. The Puerto Rico national basketball team joined the International Basketball Federation in 1957. Since then, it has won more than 30 medals in international competitions, including gold in three FIBA Americas Championships and the 1994 Goodwill Games. August 8, 2004, became a landmark date for the team when it became the first team to defeat the United States in an Olympic tournament since the integration of National Basketball Association players. Winning the inaugural game with scores of 92-73 as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics organized in Athens, Greece. Miscellaneous practices of this sport have experienced some success, including the «Puerto Rico All Stars» team, which has won twelve world championships in unicycle basketball. Organized Streetball has gathered some exposition, with teams like «Puerto Rico Street Ball» competing against established organizations including the Capitanes de Arecibo and AND1’s Mixtape Tour Team.
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Consequently, practitioners of this style have earned participation in international teams, including Orlando «El Gato» Meléndez, who became the first Puerto Rican born athlete to play for the Harlem Globetrotters. Orlando Antigua, whose mother is Puerto Rican, made history in 1995, when he became the first Hispanic and the first non-black in 52 years to play for the Harlem Globetrotters. The Puerto Rico Islanders Football Club, founded in 2003, plays in the United Soccer Leagues First Division, which constitutes the second tier of football in North America. Puerto Rico is also a member of FIFA and CONCACAF. In 2008 the archipelago’s first unified league, the Puerto Rico Soccer League, was established. Secondary sports include Professional wrestling and road running. The World Wrestling Council and International Wrestling Association are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island. The World’s Best 10K, held annually in San Juan, has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally. Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the Summer and Winter Olympics, the Pan American Games, the Caribbean World Series, and the Central American and Caribbean Games. Puerto Rican athletes have won 6 medals (1 silver, 5 bronze) in Olympic competition, the first one in 1948 by boxer Juan Evangelista Venegas. On March 2006 San Juan’s Hiram Bithorn Stadium hosted the opening round as well as the second round of the newly formed World Baseball Classic. The 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games will be held in Mayagüez in 2010. Tourism Tourism has been an important money revenue industry for Puerto Rico for a very long time. Because Puerto Rico is host to diverse natural wonders, cultural and historical buildings, concerts and sporting events, the island attracts a wide variety of tourists. The fact that visitors from the United States do not need a passport to enter Puerto Rico attracts a large number of tourists from the mainland United States each year. Other groups of tourists that visit Puerto Rico in large numbers include Mexicans, Dominicans, Venezuelan, Spaniards, French and Asian tourists. ·Aguadilla: site of old Ramey AFB, now a local airport ·Arecibo: site of the famous Arecibo radio observatory ·Bayamón:, site of the Science Park ·Cabo Rojo: site of beautiful beaches. ·Cataño: home of Bacardi, the world’s largest rum distillery. ·Culebra: an island in itself is home to beautiful solitary beaches such as Flamenco beach ·Fajardo: home of the Fajardo Lighthouse and its luminicent bay, Las Croabas fishing village, the Paso Fino horse national competition ring and the beautiful seven seas beach ·Mayagüez: home of the Dr. Juan A. Rivero Zoo and a local beer brewery ·Ponce: home of the Ponce Museum of Art, Castillo de Serralles, Hacienda Juanita coffee plantation museum, and the Old Firehouse in the main square of the town. ·San Juan: home of Old San Juan, the Puerto Rican Museum of Art, El Morro Castle and many more points of great interest ·Trujillo Alto: home of Lake Carraizo Dam.
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HONDURAS
Aspectos Generales Honduras es una república democrática en América central. Fue conocido como la Honduras española para diferenciarla de la Honduras británica (Belize). Limita al oeste con Guatemala, al sudoeste con el Salvador, al sudeste con Nicaragua, al sur con el Océano Pacífico, y el Golfo de Fonseca, y al norte con el Golfo de Honduras. SU tamaño es de 110.000 Kms. 2 y tiene una población de aprox. 7.500.000 habitantes. Su capital es Tegucigalpa. Etimología Los españoles usaron al menos tres diferentes términos para referirse a Honduras: Guaymuras – nombre que Colón les dio por una ciudad moderna cerca de Trujillo. Bartolomé de las Casas lo generalizó después para toda la colonia. Higueras – referencia a las calabazas que producía el árbol jícaro, muchas de las cuales flotaban en las aguas de la costa noreste de Honduras. Honduras – significa profundidad. Colón había escrito «Gracias a Dios que hemos salido de esas Honduras mientras cruzaban la costa noreste. Geografía El territorio hondureño consiste principalmente de montañas, pero existen planicies cerca de las costas. Hay una vasta y plana jungla llamada La Mosquitia con la reserve forestal de Río Plátano que ha sido declarada por UNESCO como patrimonio de la humanidad, junto al Río Coco que divide al país. Tiene recursos naturales como oro, plata, cobre, zinc, hierro, antimonio, carbón, pescado y energía hidroeléctrica. Ecología La región es considerada un foco de biodiversidad por la cantidad de plantas y especies animales que habitan allí. El país alberga 6000 especies de plantas vasculares, de las cuales 630 son orquídeas, alrededor de 250 reptiles y anfibios, más de 700 especies de aves, y 110 especies de mamíferos. En la región noreste de la Mosquitia está la Reserva Forestal de Río Plátano, una foresta donde hay gran cantidad de vida. Honduras tiene sabanas y cadenas de montañas con pinos y árboles de roble. En las bahías tienen delfines, rayas, pez loro y tiburones blancos. Cultura E mas renombrado pintor es José Antonio Velázquez. Otro importante pintor es Carlos Garay y Roque Zelaya. Dos de los más notables escritores hondureños son Froilán Turcios y Ramón Amayas Amador, Otros como Marco Antonio Rosa, Roberto Sosa, Javier Abril Espinoza, Teófilo Trejo, y Roberto Quesada. Algunos de sus notables músicos incluyen a Rafael Coelho, Guillermo Anderson, Víctor Donaire, Francisco Carranza y Camilo Rivera Guevara. Los hondureños son frecuentemente llamados Catrachos, y se adoptó ese apodo debido al apellido del general español-hondureño Florencio Xatruch, que en 1857 comandó las fuerzas armadas contra un atentado de invasión norteamericana por el aventurero William Walker. El apodo es considerado un elogio. El idioma principal es el español en su 94%, aunque existen minorías que hablan lenguas amerindias. Algunas de las festividades hondureñas son su Día de la Independencia el 15 de Septiembre y el Día del Niño, que se celebra en las casas e Iglesias el 10 de septiembre, donde los niños reciben presentes como en fiestas de cumpleaños. Algunos vecinos hasta ponen piñatas en las calles. Otros feriados son Pascua, Viernes Santo, Día del Soldado, Navidad, Año Nuevo. Tiburones en arrecifes Hondureños
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General Information Honduras is a democratic republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras (now Belize). The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea. Its size is just over 110,000 km² with an estimated population of almost 7,500,000. Its capital is Tegucigalpa. Etymology The Spanish used at least three different terms to refer to the area that became the Central American country of Honduras. ·Guaymuras - a name Columbus provided for a town near modern Trujillo. Bartolomé de las Casas subsequently generalized it to apply to the whole colony. ·Higueras - a reference to the gourds that come from the Jicaro tree, many of which were found floating in the waters off the northwest coast of Honduras. ·Honduras - literally «depths» in Spanish. Columbus is traditionally quoted as having written Gracias a Dios que hemos salido de esas Honduras (English: «Thank God we have come out of those depths») while along the northeastern coast. Geography Honduras is surrounded by the Caribbean Sea (top), Nicaragua, a gulf on the Pacific Ocean, El Salvador (lower left) & Guatemala (left) Honduras borders the Caribbean Sea on the north coast and the Pacific Ocean on the south through the Gulf of Fonseca. The climate varies from tropical in the lowlands to temperate in the mountains. The central and southern regions are relatively hotter and less humid than the northern coast. The Honduran territory consists mainly of mountains, but there are narrow plains along the coasts, a large undeveloped lowland jungle La Mosquitia region in the northeast, and the heavily populated lowland Sula valley in the northwest. In La Mosquitia, lies the UNESCO world-heritage site Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, with the Coco River which divides the country from Nicaragua. The Islas de la Bahía and the Swan Islands (all off the north coast) are part of Honduras. Misteriosa Bank and Rosario Bank, 130 to 150 km (80–93 miles) north of the Swan Islands, fall within the EEZ of Honduras. Natural resources include timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, shrimp, and hydropower. Ecology The region is considered a biodiversity hotspot because of the numerous plant and animal species that can be found there. Like other countries in the region, Honduras contains vast biological resources. The country hosts more than 6,000 species of vascular plants, of which 630 (described so far) are orchids; around 250 reptiles and amphibians, more than 700 bird species, and 110 mammal species, half of them being bats. In the northeastern region of La Mosquitia lies the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, a lowland rainforest which is home to a great diversity of life. The reserve was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites List in 1982. Honduras has rain forests, cloud forests (which can rise up to nearly three thousand meters above sea level), mangroves, savannas and mountain ranges with pine and oak trees, and the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. In the Bay Islands there are bottlenose dolphins, manta rays, parrot fish, schools of blue tang and whale shark.
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La Independencia de Honduras se celebra temprano en la mañana con bandas que marchan, desfilando con porristas y vistiendo diferentes colores. La fiesta catracha toma lugar el mismo día, con comida típica como frijoles, tamales, baleadas, yuca con chicharrón, y tortillas. En Navidad celebran con cena y abren los regalos a medianoche. Algunas ciudades tienen fuegos artificiales. Para vísperas de Año Nuevo, los fuegos artificiales y cohetes no cesan hasta medianoche. La Feria Isidra es celebrada en La Ceiba a finales de Mayo. Es llamado el «Carnaval de la Amistad». Gente de todas partes del mundo van por una semana, donde cada noche hay un pequeño carnaval en el vecindario. El sábado hay un gran desfile con carros y alegorías donde vienen gentes de Brasil, New Orleans, Japón, Jamaica, Barbados y muchos otros países. EL carnaval siempre bien acompañado de la Feria de la Leche, donde muchos hondureños demuestran sus productos y animales. Música La música popular en Honduras es variada. Música caribeña como salsa, merengue, reggae. También es escucha música ranchera en el norte, la parte rural del país. La música garifuna desciende de los caribeños que fueron deportados de St. Vincent a América Central en 1802. Los garifunas mantuvieron su cultura separada del sistema social dominante, incluyendo la chumba y hungu hungu (danzas circulares en ritmo de tres). Musical Popular El país ha producido músicos bien reconocidos como Guillermo Anderson, Karla Vega y grupos de rock como Diablos Negros, Victor’s Cereal Band, Delirium, Sueño, Digviana, Pez Luna, Sol Caracol, Khaticos, El Pez Montuca y Evolución Neutra. El Reggaeton también ha crecido con popularidad como artistas como Raggamofin Quillas, El Pueblo y DJ Sy. Símbolos Nacionales La bandera de Honduras está compuesta de 3 franjas horizontales, con franjas azules a los extremos representando el
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Honduras, vista aérea. Océano Pacífico y el Mar Caribe, y la central de color blanco. Tienen cinco estrellas azules representado los cinco estados de la Unión Central Americana. La estrella del medio representa Honduras, por ser el centro de la Unión. El Escudo de Armas fue establecido en 1825. Tiene un triángulo equilátero, tiene un volcán en la base con dos castillos, sobre los que hay un arco iris y un sol naciente. Tiene un lema que reza: República de Honduras, Libre, Soberana e Independiente». Gastronomía Hondureña La cocina hondureña combina la comida de la población Maya Lenca con la comida española y mexicana. Usan mucho el coco más que en cualquier otro país centroamericano, logrando dulces y deliciosos platos. Especialidades regionales incluyen pescado frito, tamales, carne asada y baleadas. Entre las sopas que poseen, está la sopa de frijoles, de mondongo, de mariscos y carne, ingredientes mezclados con plátano, yuca, con tortillas de maíz. Otros platos típicos son los tamales de maíz, envueltos en hojas de plátano. La dieta hondureña también tiene frutas tropicales como papaya, piña, ciruelos, maracuyá y bananas que son preparadas en muchas formas como postres y jugos.
Culture The most renowned Honduran painter is Jose Antonio Velásquez. Other important painters include Carlos Garay, and Roque Zelaya. Two of Honduras’ most notable writers are Froylan Turcios and Ramón Amaya Amador. Others include Marco Antonio Rosa, Roberto Sosa, Lucila Gamero de Medina, Eduardo Bähr, Amanda Castro, Javier Abril Espinoza, Teófilo Trejo, and Roberto Quesada. Some of Honduras’ notable musicians include Rafael Coello Ramos, Lidia Handal, Victoriano Lopez, Guillermo Anderson, Victor Donaire, Francisco Carranza and Camilo Rivera Guevara.
Los Gallos, Típica Artesanía Hondureña.
Sienna Learning Center saluda a la comunidad Hondureña y Puertorriqueña en las «Raíces Latinas» Siena Learning Center 29 Edson Street, New Britain, CT 06051 Tel. (860) 348-0622
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Hondurans are often referred to as Catracho or Catracha (fem) in Spanish. The word was coined by Nicaraguans and derives from the last name of the Spanish Honduran General Florencio Xatruch, who, in 1857, led Honduran armed forces against an attempted invasion by North American adventurer William Walker. The nickname is considered complimentary, not derogatory. The main language is Spanish spoken by a 94% as first language. The other languages that are minorities and are spoken by less than 4%, are Amerindian languages, and in the islands next to the coast English (spoken by less than 0.3%). Some of Honduras’ national holidays include Honduras Independence Day on September 15 and Children’s Day or Día del Niño, which is celebrated in homes, schools and churches on September 10; on this day, children receive presents and have parties similar to Christmas or birthday celebrations. Some neighborhoods have piñatas on the street. Other holidays are Easter, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, Day of the Soldier (October 3 to celebrate the birth of Francisco Morazán), Christmas, El Dia de Lempira on July 20, and New Year’s Eve. Honduras Independence Day festivities start early in the morning with marching bands. Each band wears different colors and features cheerleaders. Fiesta Catracha takes place this same day: typical Honduran foods such as beans, tamales, baleadas, yucca with chicharron, and tortillas are offered. On Christmas Eve, the people reunite with their families and close friends to have dinner, then give out presents at midnight. In some cities fireworks are seen and heard at midnight. On New Year’s Eve there is food and «cohetes», fireworks and festivities. Birthdays are also great events, and include the famous «piñata» which is filled with candies and surprises for the children invited. La Feria Isidra is celebrated in La Ceiba in the end of May A city located in the coast. It is usually called «The Friendship Carnaval». People from all over the world come for one week of festivities. Every night there is a little carnaval (carnavalito) in a neighborhood. Finally, on Saturday there is a big parade with floats and displays with people from Brazil, New Orleans, Japan, Jamaica, Barbados and many other countries. This celebration is also accompanied by the Milk Fair, where many Hondurans come to show off their farm products and animals. Music Popular music in Honduras is very varied, from Punta, the local genre of the Garifunas, to Caribbean music like salsa, merengue, reggae, and reggaeton all widely heard especially in the North, to Mexican rancheras heard in the interior, rural part of the country. The country’s ancient capital of Comayagua is an important center for modern Honduran music, and is home to the College for Fine Arts. The Garifuna Music are descended from escaped Island Caribs who were deported from St. Vincent to Central America (especially Honduras and also Belize) in 1802) by the British when they conquered St. Vincent. The Garifunas kept themselves apart from the social system then dominant, leading to a distinctive culture that include chumba and hunguhungu, a circular dance in a three beat rhythm, which is often combined with punta. There are other songs typical to each gender, women having eremwu eu and abaimajani, rhythmic a cappella songs, and laremuna wadauman, men’s work songs. Other
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Color y magia Hondureña, en sus bellos trajes típicos. forms of dance music include matadfgmuerte, gunchei, charikawi and sambai. Popular Music Though Mexican and American music has produced most of the most popular music in modern Honduras, the country has produced several well-known musicians, like singer-songwriters:Guillermo Anderson, Karla Vega and Honduran Rock groups: Diablos Negros and Victors Cereal Band (A.D.N.), Delirium, Sueño Digviana, Pez Luna, Sol Caracol, Khaoticos, URANIA, Ytterbium, Karpenter’s Kids, Fuego, El Pez, Montuca SoundSystem and Evolucion Neutra. Reggaeton has also been growing in popularity in recent years, and Honduras has emerged as a leading producer of artists. Notable artists include Raggamofin Killas, El Pueblo and DJ Sy. National symbols The flag of Honduras is composed of 3 equal horizontal stripes, with the upper and lower ones being blue and representing the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea. The central stripe is white. It contains five blue stars representing the five states of the Central American Union. The middle star represents Honduras, located in the center of the Central American Union. The Coat of Arms was established in 1825. It is an equilateral triangle, at the base is a volcano between two castles, over which is a rainbow and the sun shining. The triangle is placed on an area that symbolizes being bathed by both seas. Around all of this an oval containing in golden lettering: «Republic of Honduras, Free, Sovereign and Independent». The National Anthem of Honduras is a result of a contest carried out in 1904 during the presidency of Manuel Bonilla. In the end, it was the poet Augusto C. Coello that ended up writing the anthem, with the participation of German composer Carlos Hartling writing the music. The anthem was officially adopted on November 15, 1915, during the presidency of Alberto Membreño. The anthem is composed of a choir and seven stroonduran. The national flower is the famous orchid, Rhyncholaelia digbyana (formerly known as Brassavola digbyana), which replaced the rose in 1969. The change of the National Flower was carried out during the administration of general
Oswaldo López Arellano, thinking that Brassavola digbiana «is an indigenous plant of Honduras; having this flower exceptional characteristics of beauty, vigor and distinction», as the decree dictates it. The National Tree of Honduras is the Honduras Pine (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis). Also the use of the tree was regulated, «to avoid the unnecessary destructions caused by choppings or fires of forest.» The National Mammal is the White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus
virginianus), whicvh was adopted as a measure to avoid excessive depredation. It is one of two species of deer that live in Honduras. The National Bird of Honduras is the Scarlet Macaw (Ara Macao). This bird was much valued by the preColumbian civilizations of Honduras. Honduran cuisine Honduran Cuisine combines the food of the indigenous Maya-Lenca] population with Spanish food, Mexican food etc. Its most notable feature is that is uses more coconut than any other Central American cuisine in both sweet and savory dishes. Regional specialties include fried fish, tamales, carne asada, and baleadas. In addition to the baleadas, also a popular are meat roasted with chismol carne asada, chicken with rice and corn, and fried fish with pickled onions and jalapeños. In the coastal areas and in the Bay Islands, seafood and some meats are prepared in many ways, some of which include coconut milk. Among the soups the Hondurans enjoy are bean soup, mondongo soup (soup of intestines), seafood soups, and beef soups, all of which are mixed with plaintains, yucca, and cabbage (among other things), and complemented with corn tortillas. Other typical dishes are the montucas or corn tamale, stuffed tortillas, tamales wrapped in banana leaves, among other types of food. Also part of Honduran typical dishes is an abundant selection of tropical fruits such as papaya, pineapple, plums, zapotes, passion fruit, and bananas which are prepared in many ways while they are still green. Soft drinks are often drunk with dinner or lunch.
Honduras R elief Committ ee of Relief Committee Connecticut The mission of the Honduras Relief Committee of Connecticut - which was established as an emergency committee when Hurricane Mitch devastated the people of Honduras - is to engage in activities that promote the social, cultural, education and well being of people of Honduras. Also, to aid in emergency relief for the victims of Hurricane Mitch and any future natural disasters. The committee serves as an advocate and conduct charitable fund-raising for the people who live in Honduras, Central and South America. Committee Members: Ana Alfaro, Fernando Betancourt, Sonia Diaz, Prof.Dario Euraque, Florence McNutt, Evelyn Lopez, Reina Lopez, Jose L.Rodriguez, Irma Rosales, president Carlos Rosales, Anna Shelton, Ron Shelton, Damaris Whittaker and Sabas Whittaker.
Sra. Natalia Paguada, Madre Voluntaria 2009 junto con Carlos Rosales, presidente, Honduras Relief Committee of Connecticut y familia.