Vegetables & Fruit March/April 2025

SINCE 1988

MAART • APRIL 2025

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BROCCOLI & CAULIFLOWER RANGE GONGGA

SPACEDREAM

• Domed shaped heads • Very good heat tolerance • Small-medium size beads • Maturity is 70 - 80 days in summer

• High yielding variety for winter conditions • Maturing 90 - 110 days from transplant, depending on temperature and area • Excellent quality, smooth texture, very well tucked curds • Large frame size and great curd cover • Suitable for loose and prepack market

VELOZ

KAMINO

• Domed shaped heads • Very good cold tolerance • Small-medium sized beads • Maturity is 65 - 75 days in early winter and up to 90 days in late winter

• High yielding variety for summer conditions • Maturing 64 - 74 days from transplant, depending on the area • Excellent quality, white colour, very well tucked curds • Large frame size and great curd cover • Suitable for loose and prepack market

MACDUI

CLEOZIL

• Resistance to clubroot • Domed shaped heads • Very good heat tolerance • Small-medium size beads • Maturity is 70 - 80 days in summer

• Resistance to clubroot • High yielding variety for summer conditions • Maturing 70 - 75 days from transplant, depending on area • Excellent quality, smooth texture, very well tucked curds • Medium frame size and great curd cover • Suitable for loose and prepack market

NEEM KENNIS TAKE NOTE Weens afleweringsprobleme met die gewone posdiens word intekenare en lesers versoek om hul e-posadresse aan info@mediakom.co.za te stuur vir die elektroniese versending van GROENTE & VRUGTE - VEGETABLES & FRUIT.

Edition 224

ISSN 1015-85 37

www.vegetablesandfruitmagazine.co.za

COVER Although brassica breeders have produced varieties suited to warmer weather, brassicas still perform best in cooler conditions.

EDITORIAL Willie Louw (Group editor)

Due to delivery problems with traditional mailing services subscribers and readers are requested to send their e-mail address to info@mediakom.co.za for electronic delivery of VEGETABLES & FRUIT GROENTE & VRUGTE.

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Carien Daffue (Editor) 082 927 8294 018 293 0622 info@mediakom.co.za PO BOX 20250, Noordbrug, 2522 ADVERTISING Jana Greenall 082 780 9914 mediacom@lantic.net

NEWS 4 4 5 6 7 08 09

DESIGN Mercia Venter studio.chatnoir@gmail.com

Dutoit unveils sweet onions Father and daughter duo behind award-winning extra virgin olive oil Vyf groot ‘wyngeeste’ vir hulle blywende invloed vereer Favourable conditions lead to optimism about the apple and pear season Inefficient logistics cost citrus industry 5,2 billion Exploring avocado opportunities in China African armyworm outbreak in the northeast of South Africa

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BRASSICAS 10

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Clubroot-resistant brassica varieties from Starke Ayres Starke Ayres opens doors to showcase innovation Brassicas in colder seasons

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A fiery challenge and an innovative solution for macadamia Balancing act: Managing vigour and yield in macadamia orchards

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GENERAL 18 20 22 24 26 28 29 30

Korrekte diagnose en monitering van peste en plae is goud werd Rely on a unique Japanese solution Avokado-navorsing: bedryf stryk beperkings uit vir goeie toekoms Unlocking new horizons market access for fruit The rise of BigBucks Gala apples: A new era in orchard management and fruit quality Water-smart potato farming: pioneering sustainability Sentrum van uitnemendheid versterk plaagmonitering Zinc fertilisers are a game changer for African agriculture

VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MAART • APRIL 2025

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Dutoit unveils sweet onions D

utoit, the South African producer and distributor of fruit and vegetables, is introducing a new flavour sensation to South African kitchens with the launch of sweet onions. These sweet onions are expected to quickly become a pantry staple, thanks to their mild flavour, low pungency, and versatility in both raw and cooked dishes.

“We are thrilled to introduce sweet onions as part of our 2024/25 onion season,” says Pieter du Toit, commercial director - vegetables. “These onions are not only a culinary gamechanger, offering a unique sweetness and mild flavour, but they also reflect our commitment to continuous innovation, meeting consumer demand, and enhancing our global footprint.”

The introduction of sweet onions comes at a time when Dutoit’s commitment to innovation is in full swing, despite a

challenging start to the season. Heavy winter rains delayed planting, but the arrival of warmer weather in November 2024 allowed the crops to catch up. The result? A successful launch that proves the strength and resilience of Dutoit’s farming ope­ rations.

“We rely on cutting-edge farming technology to ensure consistent quality,” says Du Toit. “From GPS-guided tractors and drone monitoring to smartphone-controlled irrigation systems, these tools have allowed us to stay ahead of challenges and guarantee our onions meet the highest standards.”

In addition to advanced technology, Dutoit’s sweet onions benefit from state-of-the-art storage facilities. Cooling rooms set to a precise 1 °C ensure optimal freshness, while advanced camera systems during packing ensure only the best onions make it to market, whether locally or internationally.

The company has made significant improvements to its irrigation systems and drainage to reduce water usage while maintaining the health of the crops. With increased reliance on cooling storage, Dutoit has also addressed export logistics challenges, ensuring that sweet onions reach international customers in peak condition.

“This is more than just a new product; it is a symbol of our ability to innovate and adapt,” says Du Toit. “We are excited to see how South African consumers embrace sweet onions in their kitchens, and we look forward to expanding their reach on the global stage.”

Dutoit introduced sweet onions as part of their 2024/25 season.

Father and daughter duo behind award-winning extra virgin olive oil

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t Kleinbergskloof olive estate, the heart of their success lies in a father-daughter duo who share a passion for crafting extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). The tradition of blending their EVOO together is more than just a process - it is a method that reflects the values at the core of the farm's family spirit.

Hours spent tasting, discussing, and perfecting their blends bring a touch of love and craftsmanship to every bottle, ensuring that each batch is a testament to the farm's dedication to quality.

The lime-rich soils at the Kleinbergskloof farm, in the Garden Route, are reminiscent of the Champagne region in France and this is what gives their EVOO a distinctive and refined taste. Further to this, the farm’s proximity to the ocean further enhances their EVOO flavour profile, creating a product that stands out in both local and international markets. This positions Kleinbergskloof as a leader in South Africa’s growing olive industry.

The farm's commitment to quality has earned it significant recognition, including the prestigious Absa Top 10 olive oil award for its Kleinbergskloof family reserve. This accolade reflects the farm's dedication to producing outstanding olive oil.

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The win has opened doors to new opportunities and strengthened their position as a key player in the industry. The recognition has not only showcased their high-quality EVOOs, but has also given them a platform to mentor and collaborate with other farmers, creating a community that fosters learning and growth.

Product innovation and diversification also play a key role in Kleinbergskloof’s success, and it is his attitude of experimentation and innovation that keeps Kleinbergskloof on the cutting edge of the olive oil industry.

Though small, the Kleinbergskloof team is united in its mission, with each member playing a vital role in the farm’s success. The farm fosters a strong sense of community and teamwork, with many workers being family members or local neighbours. This tight-knit environment encourages a sense of shared responsibility, where each person’s contributions are valued and celebrated.

Through continuous training and opportunities for growth, Kleinbergskloof is dedicated to empowering its workers, equipping them with skills and leadership opportunities that help them thrive.

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Vyf groot ‘wyngeeste’ vir hulle blywende invloed vereer Die jaarlikse Wynoes-herdenkingsgeleentheid het vyf merkwaardige individue in die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf vereer vir hulle inspirerende prestasies en hoogstaande standaarde.

Hierdie samekoms het ‘n tradisie binne die Suid-Afrikaanse wyngemeenskap geword. Dit moedig uitnemendheid aan en herdenk die geskiedkundige geboortedatum van Suid-Afrikaanse wyn – 366 jaar gelede in 1659 toe wyn vir die eerste keer van Kaapse druiwe gepars is.

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ie 2025-ontvangers staan skouer aan skouer met merk­ waardige leiers wat in die verlede vereer is, en sluit in: Johann Krige, wat die 1659 Toekenning vir Visioenêre Leierskap ontvang het; Praisy Dlamini in die kategorie vir die Bevordering van Inklusiwiteit; Bennie Howard in die kategorie vir Wyn­ bevordering; en Jan Booysen in die kategorie vir Wingerd- en Wynbou. Die intree-ontvanger in die nuwe Wyn-Agriwerkerkategorie was Marcus Lewis.

“Dit is ‘n voorreg om weer eens die gasheer vir die Wynoesherdenkingsgeleentheid te wees op Groot Constantia, die oud­ ste wynproduserende landgoed in Suid-Afrika,” het Clifford van der Venter, voorsitter van die Groot Constantia Trust, by die geleentheid gesê. “Terwyl ons die geboorte van die SuidAfrikaanse wynbedryf vier en hierdie jaar se oes seën, vereer ons ook individue en organisasies wat buitengewone bydraes tot die bedryf gemaak het.

“Die individue wat ons hierdie jaar vereer, weerspieël die sterkte van die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf en is ‘n toonbeeld van die diepte en aanpasbaarheid in ‘n hoogs mededigende internasionale mark. Die geleentheid verteenwoordig nie net die samevloei van harde werk en toewyding nie, maar is ook ‘n viering van die dinamiese gemeenskap wat ons wynerfenis definieer.”

Johann Krige het die hoogaangeskrewe 1659 Toekenning vir Visioenêre Leierskap ontvang ter erkenning van sy

aansienlike bydraes tot die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf. Bekend vir sy proaktiewe leierskap en transformerende idees, het Krige deurlopend vooruitgang aangedryf, en nie net bloot daaraan deelgeneem nie.

Praisy Dlamini, wat vir haar leierskap in en toewyding aan die bevordering van inklusiwiteit vereer is, het Adama Wyne getransformeer tot ‘n baken van diversiteit. Haar reis van KwaZulu-Natal tot die eerste vroulike Protégé van die Kaapse Wynmakersgilde beklemtoon haar toewyding om enige versper­ rings van geslag, ras en sosio-ekonomiese status te verwyder.

Bennie Howard se toewyding oor dekades aan die SuidAfrikaanse wynbedryf besorg aan hom die eerbetoon vir Wynbevordering. As invloedryke wynbeoordelaar, Kaapse Wyn­­ meester en ondervoorsitter van die SA Nasionale Wyn­ skou­ vereniging het Howard die bedryf se globale reputasie wesentlik bevorder deur onderrig, kompetisies en kulturele promosies.

Jan Booysen se innoverende benadering het ‘n merkwaardi­ ge invloed op die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf gehad. Hy slyp sy kundigheid deur rolle by LNR Infruitec-Nietvoorbij en wend dit knap aan vir die bevordering van navorsing, tegnologie en opleiding in wingerdbou.

Marcus Lewis is deur die Wes-Kaapse departement van landbou as die eerste Wyn-Agriwerker gekies as deel van sy jaarlikse kompetisie vir die Wes-Kaap Prestige Agri-toe­ ken­ nings.

Agter is Clifford van der Venter (Groot Constantia Trust), Eulalia Fernandes (Air France-KLM), Willem Jordaan (Die Burger), Claude le Roux (Seabourne Logistics), Dr Ilse Trautmann (Departement van Landbou), Reghardt Strauss (Standard Bank), Wrenelle Stander (Wesgro), Rico Basson (South Africa Wine), Tracy Mkhize (Kaapstad Toerisme) en Flip Snyman (MCC Labels).

Voor is die vyf ontvangers: Bennie Howard (Wynbevordering), Praisy Dlamini (Bevordering van Inklusiwiteit), Johann Krige (1659 Toekenning vir Visioenêre Leierskap), Jan Booysen (Wingerd- en Wynbou) en Marcus Lewis (WynAgriwerker).

VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MAART • APRIL 2025

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Favourable conditions lead to optimism about the apple and pear season Tru-Cape is excited about the growing category for blushed pears. Not only does it offer an opportunity to serve markets further away from South Africa, but it also enables Tru-Cape to supply blushed pears throughout the year.

Tru-Cape producers are optimistic about the current apple and pear harvest, which promises a good yield thanks to positive conditions in all growing regions.

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he apple and pear production areas in the Western Cape experienced a late but chilly winter with excellent rainfall.

Conditions were favourable during the flowering period, and fruit development was satisfactory.

“Except for the recent warm days, our summer has been cool to date. Late Robert Zulch from the Witzenberg Valley used to say a cool summer is an indication of a good apple season, and we’re currently seeing it in the fruit size,” says Calla du Toit, Tru-Cape’s procurement manager and an apple and pear producer of the Witzenberg Valley. “When temperatures are scorching, the tree starts to stress, causing smaller fruit. In cooler conditions, you see growth of 3-4 mm each week, and the trees look happy.”

No excessive wind damage has been recorded thus far, and the fruit has a nice and clean appearance in all production areas. A bit of sleet during November has been the only downside up until now.

“We have much to be thankful for, as we had no significant wind or flood damage this year.” The apple season is about a week later than usual, but Du Toit expects later varieties to catch up.

“At this stage, we do not expect a bumper crop because of fewer Fuji types, Royal Gala, and Pink Lady on the trees.

However, we are cautiously optimistic about a good, average season with exceptional quality all around.”

According to all indications, Europe and the United Kingdom are geared to get going with Royal Gala quite early on.

“We are excited about these opportunities, as Tru-Cape’s Royal Gala offering has grown rapidly over the last couple of years, particularly thanks to the addition of BigBucks Gala and Flash Gala,” says Du Toit.

Renewed focus on blushed pears It is the start of a new chapter for Tru-Cape as the first com-

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mercial quantities of Cape Blush were harvested on farms this season.“The growing blushed pear category offers new opportunities to us,” Du Toit says excitedly.

“Cape Blush is an early variety offering great colour and fruit size, which is to producers’ benefit. Our trials indicate a better storage ability than Rosemarie, which tends to turn yellow. We now have the chance to supply markets further away from us with early blushed pears. We can also supply markets with a demand for bigger fruit, such as Canada and Vietnam.

The Chinese market finds the red blush attractive, enabling us to supply blushed pears to Vietnam and China throughout the year. Cape Blush follows on the last Forelle of the previous season.”

Tru-Cape is also marketing Celina pears under the QTee brand for the first time.

Improvement in the port of Cape Town.

The apple and pear industry remains hopeful that logistics will be less of a challenge than in the past couple of years. According to Roelf Pienaar, managing director of Tru-Cape, the port of Cape Town has shown a lot of improvement during December 2024. While it is a step in the right direction, he emphasised there is still room for improvement.

“The fruit export season commenced later, giving port authorities more time to prepare and alleviate the pressure during the traditional peak periods. Weather conditions were also more favourable during December, with the wind causing less disruption than in other years.”

While the overall productivity of the port did not improve much, operations were certainly more stable.

“Equipment was more readily available, and the operational processes have certainly improved. We are grateful for the good work of Hortgro and other role players to help address the crisis.” ­

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Inefficient logistics cost citrus industry 5,2 billion An independent study by the Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) has found that the combined direct and indirect cost of inefficient logistics to the citrus industry was a staggering R5,27 billion last season alone. This represents a debilitating loss of foreign revenue to the country and a setback in creating desperately needed jobs.

CITRUS GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

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he Citrus Growers’ Association of Southern Africa (CGA) sta­ted that they hope that finance minister Enoch Godong­ wana will prioritise South Africa's logistics crisis.

“The huge cost makes it clear that large-scale publicprivate partnerships at ports across South Africa are urgently needed. While the findings of the impact assessment are deeply concerning, the CGA views this as an opportunity to collaborate with stakeholders and implement effective solutions,” said Dr Boitshoko Ntshabele, incoming CEO of the CGA. BFAP has quantified the price of logistical inefficiencies for the 2024 citrus season as follows: • The direct expenditure increase was estimated at R1,56 billion.

• The indirect cost – the revenue not earned as produce is sold at a lesser price – amounts, conservatively, to R2,6 billion.

• Waste is estimated at R1,1 billion.

Citrus is a perishable product with a limited shelf life, so it is especially vulnerable to the impact of delays. The study quantifies the effects of slow port throughput, deteriorating road and rail infrastructure, unreliable schedules, inefficiency surcharges imposed by shipping lines, and missed market opportunities. The losses and added costs jeopardise the longterm viability of the citrus industry. They also impact emerging growers and new entrants the hardest.

“Finally quantifying the damage is an important step. In a certain sense, South Africa has gotten used to the destruction of value that has been happening on a greater or lesser scale over the last few years. It is incredibly frustrating for the growers and their rural communities, who feel the impact directly,” said Gerrit van der Merwe, Chairperson of the CGA and a grower in Citrusdal.

Citrus is South Africa’s biggest agricultural export industry.

The industry maintains close to 140 000 jobs on farm level.

Because of projected harvest increases over the next few years, the industry has the potential to create tens of thousands of jobs.

“If all role-players work together, we can reach an export level of 260 million 15 kg cartons of citrus by 2032, creating 100 000 jobs in the process. Last year we exported 165 million cartons. More fruit will be coming off our trees, but physically moving them to all the many markets that have a taste for our high-quality citrus is a problem. If not addressed soon, our ports, already beset with these delays, will not be able to

handle the increased volumes at all,” explained Dr Ntshabele.

The CGA welcomes president Cyril Ramaphosa‘s commit­ ment in the state of the nation address (SONA) ensuring that there are functional state-owned enterprises (SOEs). In the SONA he highlighted the repositioning of entities like Transnet to provide world-class infrastructure while enabling competition in operations. The CGA hopes the parliamentary debate can generate some much-needed further urgency on logistics reform.

“2025 must be a year of action on the logistics front. There seems to be a general assumption that the logistics crisis is over, but we are not out of the woods yet,” said Dr Ntshabele.

“We look forward to working with government to achieve the inclusive economic growth that only functional logistics can unlock.”

The establishment of a dedicated SOE reform unit was also highlighted by president Ramaphosa in his SONA. However, many reform initiatives have been launched by government in the past, to no or minimal effect.

The CGA acknowledges the progress made at our ports by Transnet. As the president stated: “New cranes and other port equipment are being commissioned to speed up the loading and unloading of cargo and reduce waiting times for ships.”

However, container terminal efficiency remains low, and the expected increase in citrus production will place further pressure on the ports - pressure they must be able to handle if our export economy is to grow.

The president also highlighted the publication of the new Transnet Network Statement which will enable private rail operators to access the freight rail system. This has the potential to be a moment of historic importance. “Urgency on the rail front will also boost our industry, as 90% of all citrus is currently moved to ports via roads, a more costly form of transport,” explained Dr Ntshabele.

In his speech, president Ramaphosa also underscored that through “opening new export markets for products we can significantly expand our agricultural sector”. New and expanded access to markets in Asia and the United States will not only benefit the local economy but the consumers in the destination countries as well, as South African citrus is widely valued for its counter-seasonal supply of quality citrus.

South Africa is the second largest exporter of citrus in the world. The industry passionately shares president Ramaphosa‘s stated goal, which is to “ensure that South African minerals, vehicles and agricultural produce reach international markets, securing jobs and earning much needed revenue for our fiscus”.

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Exploring avocado opportunities in China The South African avocado industry is on the cusp of a thrilling opportunity, one that could redefine its role in the global market. The inaugural shipment of South African avocados in September 2024 to Shanghai marks a significant milestone, setting the stage for a burgeoning agricultural partnership between South Africa and China.

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he International Fresh Produce Association (IFPA) recently hosted a webinar featuring representatives from both countries, where the discussion centred on the challenges and opportunities that may shape the future of South Africa's avocado industry. Notable participants included Derek Donkin, CEO of Subtrop South Africa, and other prominent figures from the local avocado sector.

China represents a relatively new but rapidly growing market for avocados, making it a vital focus for South African operators. The country specialises in two primary avocado varieties: the renowned Hass, known for its darkening skin when ripe, and various green skin cultivars that maintain their hue.

Currently, South Africa's commercial avocado plantings span approximately 20 800 hectares, yielding around 160 000 tonnes annually. With nearly half of this production exported, traditional markets in Europe, the United Kingdom, and Eastern Europe have been complemented by emerging opportunities in China, Japan, and India.

Derek Donkin emphasised the potential of this new market during the webinar. “China is an exciting frontier for our industry. With the right strategies, we can position South African avocados as premium products, appealing to a growing middle class that values quality and health benefits,” he noted.

Advantages for exporters The logistical advantages of exporting avocados to China cannot be overstated. The average ocean transit time from South Africa to major Chinese ports is about 22 days - significantly shorter than the 40 to 45 days typically required for shipments from Peru and Chile. This shorter transit time not only enhan­ ces the arrival quality of avocados but also aligns closely with consumer demand.

Additionally, the South African avocado season, which begins early and spans nearly the entire year, offers a strategic advantage. With limited supplies from Chile and Peru available

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VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MARCH • APRIL 2025

during certain weeks, South African avocados can effectively fill market gaps and potentially capture significant market share.

So far, South African avocados have been lauded for their superior quality and exceptional taste. "Our commitment to excellence in production and transportation has positioned us well in the marketplace," Donkin stated, highlighting that maintaining this quality is essential for sustainable success in China.

Growing consumer demand China's avocado consumption has shown promising growth, with imports peaking at 65 000 tons in 2023, although a slight decline to 49 000 tons was noted in 2024, potentially linked to economic factors affecting consumer spending. Despite these fluctuations, the demand for avocados remains on the rise, particularly among health-conscious families drawn to the fruit's nutritional benefits.

The shift in consumer attitudes presents a significant opportunity for South African producers to educate the market.

Donkin added. “By leveraging our rich history and expertise in avocado cultivation, we can better inform Chinese consumers about the health benefits and culinary versatility of our pro­ ducts.”

As the South African avocado industry looks towards this promising opportunity in China, it is crucial to foster strong communication and collaboration among producers, exporters, and market representatives. By focusing on quality, leveraging logistical advantages, and tapping into the growing demand for nutritious food, South African avocados could well become a staple in the Chinese market.

In this new era of agricultural cooperation, the potential for the South African avocado industry is bright - one that can not only enhance exports but also contribute positively to the local economy.

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African armyworm outbreak in the northeast of South Africa CropLife South Africa received notifications from livestock and crop producers in Gauteng and Mpumalanga regarding the possibility of a large-scale outbreak of the indigenous African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the northeast of Tswane (Pretoria) extending to Mashishing (Lydenburg), Carolina, Bronkhorstspruit, eMalahleni (Witbank) and Stofberg.

CROPLIFE

“W

hile there may be less fruit on the trees this season, the quality and size of the fruit are outstanding,”says Deon Malherbe from the farm Eselfontein in the Warm Bok­ keveld, noting that the season is running about fourteen to sixteen days later than last year.

According to Nico Verhoef, the financial director at Witzenberg Properties, early varieties, of which about 40% to 60% were destroyed by frost during the flowering stage, represent only approximately 10% of the overall crop. Fortunately, the later varieties were spared from the frost, and producers are cautiously optimistic about the later part of the harvest.

“Producers in the early market segment faced a significant setback, but the reduced volume helped to drive prices upwards. We were also concerned that the cool spring conditions and late-season rain might affect the sugar levels of the cherries. However, we are now harvesting firm cherries with high sugar levels, to our delight.”

Johan Brink, Tru-Cape’s national marketing manager, says the market is currently empty, and cherry prices are approximately 25% higher than last year.

“The local market prices are aligned with those in the export market, and we are experiencing strong demand from local retailers and municipal markets.”

Verhoef mentions that all South African retailers are now keenly interested in cherries, a shift from a few years back.

“The local public is more aware of cherries, and there is growing demand for them even in the informal market.”

Around 70% of Tru-Cape’s cherry harvest is sold within South Africa, but Brink sees promising opportunities in the United Kingdom, Europe, the Far East, and the Middle East.

“It has always been our strategy to focus on the local market as much as possible to reduce our risk. However, with new orchards and increasing cherry production, we are shifting our approach to grow exports.”

Malherbe is also thrilled about talks of South African cherries gaining market access to China by 2027 and the tremendous opportunity for the industry.

Witzenberg Properties aims to sell 50% of its cherries in the export market this year. South Africa produces less than 1% of the global cherry supply, yet according to Brink, international markets definitely prefer South African cherries.

“The market is willing to pay a premium for South African cherries because of the incredible flavour and exceptional quality.”

These armyworms are generally blackish (1A) in colour but can be brown to green (1B). Unlike the fall armyworm, the African armyworm lacks clear spots and from the images received, it is clear that this is the black, crowded or gregarious form (1C) – identified by the black head.

Better varieties Malherbe is particularly enthusiastic about advancements in cultivar development in the cherry space.

“The new generation of varieties outshine the older cultivars, and you might want to reconsider your approach if you're not using the best varieties available. Factors like fruit size, shelf life, taste, and yield will guide you when selecting varieties,” he explains, adding that cherries are a prime example of a farming crop with high risks and rewards.

The drive in the market is for bigger fruit, even as large as 28 mm and more. “When selecting cultivars, think about the future and keep these market trends in mind,” is his advice.

As the leading exporter of pome fruit in South Africa, TruCape Fruit Marketing is committed to focusing on apples and pears, but cherries are a good addition to their marketing basket, reckons Roelf Pienaar, the managing director of Tru-Cape.

The South African Cherry Association reports a remarkable 54% growth in cherry orchards from 2020 to 2023. Notably, around 73% of the country’s cherry production occurs in the Ceres area, where many of Tru-Cape’s shareholders are actively farming.

“Many of them are venturing into the cherry industry, which presents an excellent diversification strategy for those growing apples and pears. I see great potential in cherries, and we aim to increase our volumes in the upcoming seasons, particularly to take advantage of opportunities in trading markets like the Far East and the Middle East,” says Pienaar.

“At Tru-Cape, our sole purpose is to create value for our growers, and we now have the chance to enhance their farming operations by marketing and promoting quality cherries.”

VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MAART • APRIL 2025

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BRASSICAS

Clubroot-resistant brassica varieties from Starke Ayres Clubroot is a common disease of the Brassica family, caused by the soil-born pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae that can infect cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, and others. It can survive for years in the soil as resting spores before the presence of a susceptible host stimulates the germination of these spores.

Heinrich Kleyn STARKE AYRES PRODUCT MANAGER – CABBAGE, BROCCOLI AND CAULIFLOWER

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nfection begins in the root hairs and later the main roots become swollen and will often develop galls. Infected roots become dysfunctional, leading to yellowing, wilting and stunting of plants and ultimately general decline and death. The infected roots, often resembling thick fingers, make identification of the disease relatively easy.

Spores are spread by the movement of infected soil on implements, footwear, and livestock. They are also waterborne so can spread in run-off water from infected areas. When soil conditions are favourable and a susceptible host is present, the resting spores germinate and produce zoospores which are mobile in soil water. These “swim” to root hairs and the disease cycle begins. Germination can occur between 12 and 27 °C with soil temperatures between 18 and 25 °C ideal.

There are no means of eradicating the disease from infested soil, and no chemical treatment. There are however management practices that can minimize its impact. Crop rotation is very important, planting the same family of crops in the same field should be avoided for a period of at least four years. For

rotation to be effective, it is important to eliminate any alternate hosts during the intervening years.

Limit movement of machinery, people, and livestock between infected and clean areas. If infected areas are to be worked, clean any machinery thoroughly before moving to another area. Where possible, infected areas should be worked last in a day and the cleaned equipment allowed to dry overnight. No soil or infected plant material should leave the suspect area. Hygiene measures such as footbaths or dedicated footwear for use in infected areas can be implemented. All staff and visitors must be made aware of the threat and all sanitation protocols.

Waterways should be regularly maintained to prevent any water from infected areas getting into clean areas.

Use of resistant varieties. Once established, the disease is unlikely to disappear. It is still possible to produce successful crops using resistant varieties as part of an integrated management programme. After an extensive trial and testing period, Starke Ayres can now offer growers the choice of using resistant varieties for cauliflower and broccoli production with the commercial introduction of two proven varieties:

Macdui Macdui is a broccoli variety well suited to the fresh market. It has shown very good resistance to clubroot and is a spring/summer variety. This variety shows very good heat tolerance and a maturity of 70 to 80 days depending on conditions. Heads are a nice dome shape with mediumsized beads. Macdui was trialled as BR 956.

Cleozil* Cleozil is a novel hybrid suited to harvest in the shoulder and summer seasons. It produces plants with very erect frames. Heads are very consistent, of medium size with white curds, and give a visually appealing final product.

The variety has good clubroot tolerance. Cleozil was trial­ led as CF 958.

10 VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MARCH • APRIL 2025

BRASSICAS

Starke Ayres opens doors to showcase innovation Starke Ayres recently hosted a comprehensive educational field open day, inviting producers and agricultural enthusiasts from diverse regions to engage in a thorough exploration of seed technology and farming practices.

F

ounded in 1877, the company has built a robust legacy in seed provision, with a particular emphasis on vegetable, flower, and lawn seeds. Based in Johannesburg, Starke Ayres has developed a solid reputation as a principal supplier of vegetable seeds within the region and has established international recognition among professional growers seeking high-quality seed varieties.

The three-day open day offered attendees an opportunity not only to familiarise themselves with Starke Ayres' range of seed offerings, but also to observe how these seeds perform under real-world agricultural conditions.

CG Smit, the national sales manager, highlighted the significance of such events, stating: “The purpose of this day is to show the public what we do. Most plants on display are commercial products we sell daily, so we want visitors to see how they grow and perform in the field. This hands-on approach allowed producers to gain a deeper understanding of the products they may incorporate into their practices.”

The biennial farmers’ day stands out as a key event on the agricultural calendar, designed to showcase the latest advancements in seed varieties and modern farming techniques.

This year’s event provided a forum for producers to compare crops that they had cultivated with those offered by Starke Ayres, giving them insight into new plant varieties that could potentially enhance their yields and efficiency.

By bringing current agricultural trends to the forefront, Starke Ayres aims to empower producers with the knowledge needed to innovate in their farming practices.

Throughout the landscape of the Starke Ayres farm, various interactive stations were set up for the field day, where agricultural experts demonstrated a range of different seed types, featuring popular selections such as lettuce and beetroot. Producers had the opportunity to engage directly with representatives, asking questions and gaining insights tailored specifically to their diverse farming needs.

This interactive environment not only fostered a spirit of collaboration but also encouraged participants to share their own experiences and knowledge, enriching the dialogue surrounding agricultural practices.

The open day attracted attendees from countries such as China, Mauritius, Nigeria, and Botswana. This gathering served to reinforce Starke Ayres' position in the international agricultural market. The enthusiasm and dedication to agricultural excellence displayed at the event emphasised the company’s commitment to supporting producers both locally and globally. Producers were able to network with one another, creating connections that could lead to future collaborations

De Wet Meyer, technical sales specialist at Starke Ayres, talking to producers about their speciality seeds.

Nosipha Mackay, manager of poverty alleviation with the City of Ekurhuleni, attended the Starke Ayres open day.

Lionel Donovan, senior sales re­pre­sentative for Starke Ayres, showing producers the tomato varieties.

Casper Beneke, senior plant breeder at Starke Ayres.

and shared learning opportunities.

With a continuous focus on quality and service, supported by accredited laboratories that comply with International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) standards, Starke Ayres is well-positioned for advancements in agricultural innovation.

The commitment to showcasing effective methods and high-quality seed options ensures that Starke Ayres remains a pivotal player in helping producers adapt to the ever-changing landscape of agriculture. This ongoing dialogue and sharing of knowledge between Starke Ayres and the agricultural community pave the way toward a sustainable and productive future for all involved in the sector.

VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MAART • APRIL 2025

11

BRASSICAS

Brassicas in colder seasons

Parthenon field broccoli

Brassicas, including cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower, are well known as cold weather crops.

Although brassica breeders have produced varieties suited to warmer weather, brassicas still perform best in cooler conditions. Their excellent nutritional value makes them a fortunate exception among vegetable crops as they prefer the cold.

Sakata Seed Breeding

T

hrough conventional breeding methods, such as crosspollination of two genetically different species, breeders have successfully identified key genes and genetic markers that enhance adaptability to different growing conditions.

In response to colder temperatures, the plants can undergo

several physiological changes: • Thicker cell walls: Cold acclimation changes the cell structures by growing a thicker cell wall. This is the main reason plants grow slower during winter.

• Hormonal adjustments: Adapting the hormone levels inside the plant helps regulate the plant’s response to the cold.

• Signal transduction pathways: The Ca²+ signal transduction pathway (a communication system within the plant) helps the plant respond to the cold.

• Cold response proteins: Certain proteins are produced to help regulate the plant’s response to the cold.

• Increased energy production: The plant’s metabolism produces more energy to withstand the cold better.

Sowing dates for the colder season Sowing at the right time is extremely important as the plants grow slower in cold conditions. Preferably, seedlings should be well-established in seedling trays before transplanting, allowing strong root development to minimise transplant shock. The quicker a plant can overcome transplanting shock, the better it can withstand colder temperatures before the extreme cold starts. In winter, seedlings take about six weeks to be ready for transplanting, whereas in summer, they only take four weeks.

Fertiliser and chemical application

Ullyses broccoli

12 VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MARCH • APRIL 2025

The correct fertilizer application can significantly impact a crop’s cold tolerance.

Nitrogen management: Nitrogen is essential for brassica

BRASSICAS

Optima cabbage

production, but excessive amounts can negatively affect the plant's ability to tolerate the cold. Higher nitrogen levels in the profile can disrupt the translocation of elements like calcium and potassium which are responsible for the plant's ability to withstand the cold.

Pest and disease control: Although the disease and pest pressure are expected to be lower in the colder months, the correct pest and disease management strategies should still be applied.

Water management Effective water management plays a key role in ensuring successful production during colder months. Good irrigation practices help optimise growth and can avoid excess water on top and around the crop when the freezing temperatures set in.

Twister

Sakata has a wide variety of brassica varieties in their product range. Visit the website www.sakata.co.za or talk to a local sales representative to find the right variety for a spesific area this winter.

DISCLAIMER: This information is based on Sakata’s observations and/or information from other sources. As crop performance depends on the interaction between the genetic potential of the seed, its physiological characteristics, and the environment, including management, Sakata give no warranty express or implied, for the performance of crops relative to the information given nor do Sakata accept any liability for any loss, direct or consequential, that may arise from whatsoever cause. Please read the Sakata Seed Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd Conditions of Sale before ordering seed.

13

MACADAMIA

A fiery challenge and an innovative solution for macadamia As the sun rises over the sweeping landscapes of KwaZulu-Natal, the lush green fields of macadamia trees reflect the potential for robust agricultural endeavours. However, lurking beneath the beauty of this region is a peril that can quickly turn prosperous fields into charred wastelands: wildfires.

With the increasing occurrence of these uncontrolled blazes, ensuring the safety of farms has never been more crucial.

A collective responsibility

“E

very single farm worker in this province is a fire-fighter,” states Terry Tedder, the chairman of the KwaZuluNatal Fire Protection Association (FPA). This sentiment encapsulates the gravity of the situation in a region characterised by vast tracts of sugarcane, macadamia, and timber. Here, the responsibility of fire prevention falls upon each farm worker, emphasising the need for comprehensive fire-fighting training and access to proper personal protective equipment.

Recognising the inherent risks, agricultural insurance companies in the region, such as Patula Risk Agri and Safire Insurance Company, are taking significant proactive steps. They have made it mandatory for insured farmers to become members of local FPAs to partake in essential risk mitigation strategies. This partnership is a vital component in fostering a culture of safety and preparedness against fire hazards.

For sugarcane growers, the Grocane rules and regulations provide clear instructions for establishing firebreaks and maintaining an inventory of on-farm fire-fighting equipment. This ensures that farmers are not only compliant with insurance requirements but also equipped to handle potential threats effectively.

The power of collaboration The correlation between agriculture and fire safety is underscored by the National Veld and Forest Act 101 of 1998, which

14 VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MARCH • APRIL 2025

mandates provincial governments, district, and local municipalities to establish membership within an FPA. This cooperative framework is essential for minimizing fire risks across all agricultural sectors.

The forestry industry further reinforces this approach. According to Tedder, corporate members like Sappi or Mondi employ teams of over 100 trained individuals dedicated to fire prevention. Conversely, in the macadamia and sugarcane industries, every laborer on the farm is trained to be a firefighter, highlighting a unique aspect of safety.

“Proper training on what to do and how to behave around a fire is critically important,” Tedder emphasizes.

The commitment to fire safety can be seen as an investment rather than a mere cost - enhancing risk management and potentially safeguarding farmers' livelihoods.

The role of artificial intelligence In a groundbreaking development, KwaZulu-Natal’s FPAs have embraced artificial intelligence to bolster fire prevention efforts. High-tech monitoring systems allow for round-the-clock surveillance of the vast rural districts and agricultural lands, which significantly enhances response times to potential fires.

One centralised control room, perched high in the timberclad hills near Richmond, monitors nearly 678 000 hectares of region's land. The use of advanced cameras equipped with AI technology has transformed how fire detection is managed. For instance, the Lions River FPA operates 19 cameras

MACADAMIA covering 300 000 hectares, while the Zululand regional FPA monitors around 400 000 hectares with similar technology.

These cameras are crucial in identifying smoke and potential fire outbreaks.

“The artificial intelligence aspect reacts as soon as there is a change in the picture,” Tedder explains. If the cameras detect smoke during the day or a certain colour at night, an alarm goes off in the control room. This quick-reaction system ensures that firefighters on the ground can mobilize swiftly to mitigate the damage.

At the Richmond control room, staff members continuously monitor multiple screens, ensuring that no critical alerts go unnoticed. During one recent visit, there were reports of 48 active fires being addressed. The state-of-the-art cameras, mounted on steel towers between 30 to 75 meters high, rotate 360 degrees and cover significant portions of land. Each camera costs around R21 000 to operate monthly and is a testament to the investment made in protecting the agricultural heart of the region.

Once a fire is detected, an alarm notifies controllers, who then contact ground teams using real-time coordinates provided by the monitoring system. This level of responsiveness helps to bring blazes under control more quickly than in the past, crucially minimizing the impact on agricultural outputs.

While technological innovations have improved response times, the unpredictability of fire seasons remains a concern.

Typically, KwaZulu-Natal experiences around 572 fires between May and October, which corresponds with the growing season for certain crops. The weather plays a significant role; for in-

stance, the delay of frost this year until mid-July put additional pressure on farmers to prepare firebreaks in time.

“Farmers have a cut-off time for firebreak preparation, and when pressure mounts, mistakes can happen,” warns Tedder.

To counteract the potential for errors, farmers must confirm they possess the appropriate permissions before initiating any controlled burns.

Despite the official end of the fire season, Tedder emphasises the necessity for continued vigilance. Producers need to remain alert and aware, suggesting that proactive communication with FPAs during any burn operations can lead to smoother management of fire-related activities.

As the agricultural landscape of KwaZulu-Natal continues to evolve, the partnership between proactive fire safety measures and innovative technology remains indispensable. For macadamia producers and other producers in the region, being prepared is not just a matter of compliance; it is a commitment to safeguarding their hard-earned work, protecting their workers, and securing the future of their crops.

The story of fire prevention in KwaZulu-Natal is one of community collaboration, determined resilience, and the quest for a safer agricultural environment. By embracing best practices in fire management, investing in technology, and fostering a culture of safety, macadamia producers can not only safeguard their lands but also contribute to the resilience and sustainability of the broader agricultural sector. In the face of challenges, the spirit of innovation and collaboration in KwaZulu-Natal shines as a beacon of hope for a safer agricultural future.

Source: Macadamia SA

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Kelpak, a natural seaweed biostimulant, is scientifically proven to benefit pollen tube development and germination leading to improved nut-set and nut-retention. This results in more nuts and a higher kernel weight per tree. In a nutshell, that means significantly increased profits for you the grower.

15

MACADAMIA

Balancing act: Managing vigour and yield in macadamia orchards Centuries of selective breeding with apples has led to an increase from 100 trees per ha to up to 10 000 trees per ha in the last 70 years. Macadamia’s natural vigour may restrict options for high-density plantings in certain contexts, and comparing the evergreen macadamia with an inclination to grow vigorously by nature with deciduous apples, is not that simple.

Anneli Bosman TOPNUT

N

evertheless, differences aside, basic plant physiology still applies to both of these horticultural crops, and much can be learned by “borrowing” information and principles on which cultivation and tree manipulation in other tree crops are based.

Dense, vigorous macadamia trees may limit tree productivity due to source-sink competition and a deficient photosynthetic capacity. So, if one wants to increase tree productivity, does that mean strong vigour needs to be curbed? The answer is somewhat contradictory.

Strong vegetative growth at the juvenile stage is crucial for orchard establishment and uniformity. Initial vigour with good upper ground growth (a large effective leaf surface) provides

16 VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MARCH • APRIL 2025

sufficient photosynthates to be transported to the roots, to promote the development of a well-buffered root system, able to withstand environmental stressors such as drought spells.

New flushes are very important for future bearing branches and the production of leaves. The leaves can be seen as the “factory” of the plant, photosynthesising to produce carbohydrates. There is also a positive correlation between early vigour and precocity.

But on the contrary, strong vigour in mature trees is not necessarily desirable. The goal should be to obtain initial high vigour, with low (or rather controlled) vigour at maturity. The aim of all pre-planting and post-planting practices should always be to achieve a balance between vegetative and reproductive growth.

If done correctly and timeously, these practices will create good tree architecture with an adequate supply of carbohy-

MACADAMIA

The current focus of research in macadamia is on increased yield and quality of nuts of scion cultivars, with very little research on dwarfing varieties in macadamia and an understanding of canopy architecture specific to macadamia.

drate reserves stored in the permanent parts of the tree in autumn and summer. Such parts include the trunk, branching structure and root system. The better these organs are developed, the higher the storage capacity for carbohydrate reserves.

These carbohydrates are utilised during the stages of nut growth and oil development since carbohydrate production through photosynthesis alone is not sufficient to provide in the very high demand for such sinks during these stages.

A prerequisite for opting for a high-density planting scenario in macadamia is moderate, controlled growth. In highdensity plantings with dwarfing rootstocks, tree volume will be restricted and precocity promoted. Research in apples has proven that dwarfing rootstocks allocate a higher amount of dry weight to reproductive growth, accompanied by a decrease in vigorous vegetative growth. Unfortunately, there are currently no vigour-controlling rootstocks, commercially available in the macadamia industry.

In early years training can be done so that vegetative growth and thus nut distribution is improved. With almonds, apples and pears, branches are trained horizontally which eliminates apical dominance, produces a shorter branch with shorter internodes, fewer nodes and more and longer racemes. Flowering and fruitfulness are increased with this practice.

Such relationships in macadamia are unclear at this stage.

It is interesting that the natural branching angle on dwarfing rootstocks also tends to be wider, which then naturally have the same result as achieved with the manipulation of limb bending.

Deciduous horticultural species have been researched much more comprehensively when compared to the relatively few research results available on evergreen, naturally vigorous forest trees such as macadamia. Macadamia has only been domesticated for about 150 years, and most commercially cultivated varieties are only two to five generations removed from their wild ancestors.

Compare that to the apple industry (between 4 000 and 10 000 years old) and the viticultural industry (11 000 years old), and it becomes clear that best practices in macadamia still need to be refined to the same extent.

To take the young macadamia industry to the next level, much research is needed on advanced tree training, pruning

systems and dwarfing rootstocks, all of which are widely applied and well-researched principles in the cultivation of apples and grapes. These practices allow for a reduction in tree spacing and increased flowering points per hectare, resulting in high yield efficiency, and reduced and controlled growth.

The current focus of research in macadamia is on increased yield and quality of nuts of scion cultivars, with very little research on dwarfing varieties in macadamia and an understanding of canopy architecture specific to macadamia. The fact that the gene pool of macadamia is largely untouched is a big positive and opens up tremendous scope for future breeding.

Principles already thoroughly researched in other industries may be explored which may lay a solid foundation for future research in macadamia.

References Dhakal Poudel, P., Cowan, M., De Faveri, J., Topp, B. & Alam, M. (2023) Macadamia breeding for reduced plant vigor: Progress and prospects for profitable and sustainable orchard systems. Sustainability. 2023; 15(19): 14506.

Huett, D.O. (2004) Macadamia physiology review: a canopy light response study and literature review. Crop & Pasture Science 55: 609-624.

Poudel, P.D., Cowan, M., Topp, B. & Alam, M. (2022) Evaluating Seven Macadamia Seedling and Cutting Rootstocks for Their Effect on Scion Growth. Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 11, 90.

Robinson, T. (2003) Apple-orchard planting systems, p. 335407. In: D.C. Ferree and I.J. Warrington (eds.) Apples: Botany, production and uses. CABI publishing, Oxfordshire, UK. Smart, R. & Robinson, M. (1991) Sunlight into wine: A handbook for winegrape canopy management. Winetitles, Broadview, South Australia, Australia.

Toft, B.D., Alam, M.M., Wilkie, J.D. & Topp, B.L. (2019) Phenotypic association of multi-scale architectural traits with canopy volume and yield: moving toward high-density systems for Macadamia. HortScience horts, 54(4), 596-602.

Zeng, H., Yang, W., Lu, C., Lin, W., Zou, M., Zhang, H., Wan, J. & Huang, X. (2016) Effect of CPPU on Carbohydrate and Endogenous Hormone Levels in Young Macadamia Fruit.

PLoS ONE, 11.

VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MAART • APRIL 2025

17

GENERAL

Korrekte diagnose en monitering van peste en plae is goud werd Moderne landboubestuurspraktyke is presisie-gedrewe. Die hoeksteen van enige besluitneming rakend pes- en plaagbeheer is korrekte diagnose van die probleem.

Wilma Van der Westhuizen TEGNIESE BESTUURDER, NEXUS

AG

D

ie oorsaak van sub-optimale ontwikkeling en groei van plante kan aan ’n wye verskeidenheid oorsake toegeskryf word. Dit is gevolglik uitdagend om oplossings vir probleme te vind as die oorsaak onbekend is. Die korrekte diag­nose van ’n simptoom is dus krities omdat die diagnose die regstellende aksies gaan bepaal.

Verskeie mikrobes kan siektesimptome in plante veroorsaak, insluitend swamme, bakterieë, protozoa, virusse, aalwurms, fito­­plasmas en viroïdes. Peste soos insekte en myte veroorsaak natuurlik ook skade-simptome. Abiotiese oorsake (nie-lewende faktore) sluit ondoeltreffende besproeiingsbestuur, klimaat, voedingstekorte, toksisiteite, grondkompaksie en die opbou van soute in.

Die beste plek om te begin is om die probleem binne konteks te plaas. Versamel al die toepaslike inligting en waarnemings rakende die probleem. Kyk eers na die groter prentjie, plaas die probleem binne konteks en fokus dan op die probleem.

Benader die diagnose van die probleem wat waargeneem is sistematies en probeer om soveel oorsake as moontlik uit te skakel. Byvoorbeeld: As abiotiese oorsake van die probleem uitgeskakel word, kan biotiese oorsake oorweeg word. As daar geen ooglopende veroorsakende agente soos byvoorbeeld sporulasie van ’n swam of die teenwoordigheid van ’n insek opgemerk word nie, moet ’n blaar en/of grondmonster vir ontleding na ’n laboratorium gestuur word.

Die metodiek agter die neem van ’n monster is belangrik.

Akkurate resultate van ’n ontleding is afhanklik van die kwali­ teit van monsterneming. Die monster moet verteenwoordigend wees van die probleem in die gebied.

Wanneer grond- en wortelmonsters geneem word om vir die teenwoordigheid van aalwurms te toets, moet monsters op meer as een plek geneem word wat dieselfde simptome toon. Hierdie sub-monsters kan dan bymekaar gevoeg word vir ontleding.

18 VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MARCH • APRIL 2025

Vir siekte-ontleding moet alle simptomatiese plantdele ontleed word. Indien moontlik, moet die hele plant ontleed word. As dit nie moontlik is nie, moet slegs die kroonarea, wortels en grond (vir grondgedraagde siektes) of bo-grondse plantdele (kankers) vir ontleding gestuur word.

“Voorkoming is beter as genesing” - dit beteken dit is makliker om iets te stop voor dit nog gebeur het, as om die skade te herstel. Hierdie beginsel is ook van toepassing in die landboubedryf. Om die uitbraak van ’n pes of siekte in ’n boord of blok te voorkom, moet goeie, betroubare moniteringsdata beskikbaar wees.

Moniteringsdata wys die fluktuasies van pespopulasies en siektedruk en dien as die alarmstelsel wat vroegtydig teen ’n moontlike probleem waarsku.

Die moderne neiging is dat landboupraktyke die minste uitwerking op die omgewing moet hê, terwyl dit steeds volhoubaar en winsgewend vir die produsent moet wees. Gereelde monitering van boorde of blokke gee betyds en gereeld inligting oor die identiteit, hoeveelheid en ligging van peste en siektes.

Hierdie inligting kan gebruik word om ’n bestuurstrategie te beplan. Landbou-chemikalieë word gevolglik doeltreffender en volhoubaar gebruik.

Die diagnose van ’n afwyking is belangrik en moenie nagelaat word nie. Net soos die gebruik van die verkeerde geneesmiddel vir ’n siekte ondoeltreffend is, is die toediening van ’n verkeerde landboumiddel teen ’n pes of siekte ondoeltreffend.

Moderne laboratoriumtegnieke en tegnologie soos moleku­ lêre identifikasie van swamme, bakterieë, virusse en aalwurms, asook die apparaat wat gebruik word, maak dit eenvoudiger en vinniger om monsters te ontleed.

Korrekte diagnose en monitering is waardevolle toerusting wat deel uitmaak van volhoubare en winsgewende produksie­ stelsels.

Kontak die naaste NexusAG Croplife-geakkrediteerde ge­ was­­ad­viseur vir meer inligting.

Nexus kan ook geskakel word by 021 860 8040 of besoek die webtuis­te by www.nexusag.net.

KORREKTE DIAGNOSERING VAN PESTE EN PLAE IS GOUD WERD! Die hoeksteen van goeie besluitneming is korrekte diagnose omdat die diagnose die remediërende aksies bepaal.

MONITERING NODIG VIR DIAGNOSE • Stel ’n betroubare moniteringstelsel op om akkurate data te verseker.

• Betroubare moniteringsdata help om plaaguitbrake betyds waar te neem.

• Gereelde monitering verskaf tydige inligting oor die identiteit, hoeveelheid en ligging van peste en siektes.

• Moniteringstelsels toon infestasie-, infeksie- en skadevlakke.

• Gebruik die data om die gepaste aksies uit te voer.

MONSTERKWALITEIT MAAK SAAK • • • •

Akkurate resultate vereis hoë gehalte monsters.

Monsters moet die probleem in die area ve eenwoordig.

Aalwurmtoetse vereis monsters van meerdere besme e areas.

Ontleed alle simptomatiese plantdele vir volledige siekte-ontleding.

LOS PROBLEME SISTEMATIES OP • • • •

Sistematiese aksies is die sleutel tot probleemoplossing.

Versamel alle relevante inligting.

Plaas die probleem binne konteks.

Ondersoek al die moontlike oorsake binne hierdie konteks.

NexusAG CropLife-geakkrediteerde gewasadviseurs bied pasgemaakte gewasbestuursprogramme, wat elke produsent se unieke omgewing en spesifieke omstandighede in ag neem, om volhoubare oplossings te bied.

KONTAK ONS VIR MEER INLIGTING: www.nexusag.net 021 860 8040

GENERAL

Rely on a unique Japanese solution Jaco Marais COMMERCIAL AND MARKETING MANAGER – NORTH, PHILAGRO

P

hthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) and Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917), commonly known as the potato tuber moth (PTM) and tomato leaf miner (TLM) respectively, are Lepidopteran species from the Gelechiidae family. Larvae from these two species can cause significant damage to crops, resulting in severe losses in yield. Warmer and drier climatic conditions may increase their abundance and activity. (2) Insect resistance management of PTM and TLM is critical in ensuring sustainable control. Short life cycles, large quantities of eggs being laid by a single female moth and the capacity to resist the effects of chemical active ingredients when used irresponsibly, contribute to resistance development.(4,6) To ensure sustainable control of PTM and TLM as well as ensure the continued efficacy of control measures currently on the market, the following steps are advised:(6) • The use of registered insecticides with different modes of action (MoA) in accordance with label recommendations.

• Implementation of a comprehensive integrated pest management (IPM) strategy.

Potatoes serve as hostplants for PTM and TLM, with several production areas in South Africa being considered a high risk.

PTM and TLM that infest leaves may pose a risk to smaller, younger plants early in the season.(5) As foliage decreases towards the end of the season, PTM larvae start searching for new sources of feeding material.

Larvae penetrating small cracks in the soil surface may reach and infest tubers.(5) Stored tubers may also be damaged if egg-laying moths gain access to storage facilities.(1,5) As with any pest, the use of an IPM strategy is recommen­ ded in managing PTM and TLM populations in an environmentally and economically sound manner.

This includes the following: • Monitoring and scouting for pest populations.

• Chemical control measures. Management of PTM and TLM resistance development to chemical active ingredients is critical in ensuring the sustainable use of insecticides.

• Biological control measures.

• Cultural control practices.

• Where applicable, use of resistant or tolerant crop varieties.

SumiPleo® is the perfect choice for controlling PTM and TLM as part of an IPM and resistance management strategy. It contains the novel active ingredient, Pyridalyl (IRAC group: UN)

20 VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MARCH • APRIL 2025

that was identified and developed by Sumitomo Chemical Company, Japan.

Key characteristics include: (3) • Unique chemical molecule (dichloropropenederivitive) with no risk towards cross resistance with any other molecule currently on the market.

• A contact and stomach insecticide in an emulsifiable concentrate formulation.

• Larvae cease to feed within three to four hours after ingestion.

• When applying SumiPleo® against PTM and TLM, a 50% to 80% reduction in damage from leaf miners, Liriomyza huidobrensis and Liriomyza trifolii, may be expected.

• SumiPleo® is effective against all larval instars.

• SumiPleo® has no adverse effects on beneficial organisms like predatory mites, wasps, beetles, earthworms, and pollinators, including bees. This makes SumiPleo® ideal for use in IPM. • SumiPleo® has a pre-harvest interval of 14 days on potatoes.

• SumiPleo® does not require to be applied with additional adjuvants during application. It has excellent rain-fast charac­ teristics once the spray mixture on the target plant has dried.

References 1. CABI DIGITAL LIBRARY. 2021. Datasheet: Phthorimaea operculella (Potato tuber moth). CABI Compendium. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/ Date of access: 21 June 2023.

2. KROSCHEL, J., SPORLEDER, L. and CARHAUPOMA, P. Pest distribution and risk atlas for Africa - Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873). International Potato Centre. https://cipotato.org/ Date of access: 26 June 2023.

3. SAKAMOTO, N., UEDA, N., UMEDA, K., MATSOU, S., HAGA, T., FUJUSAWA, T. and TOMIGAHARA, Y. 2005. Research and development of a novel insecticide “Pyridalyl”. Sumitomo Kagaku 2005-I. 4. RODITAKIS, E., VASAKIS, E., GRISPOU, M., STAVRAKAKI, M., NAUEN, R., MAGALI, G. AND BASSI, A. 2015. First report of Tuta absoluta resistance to diamide insecticides. Journal of Pest Science, 88: 9-16.

5. VISSER, D. 2011. A complete guide to vegetable pests in South Africa. Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Pretoria. 316 pp.

6. Visser, D., Nofemela, R. en Mailula, T. 2017. The invasive tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) in South Africa. ARC, Insect Ecology – Insect Pests: Fact Sheet no.3.

READ THE LABEL BEFORE USE. SUMIPLEO® Reg. no. L8377, Act no. 36 of 1947. Pyridalyl dichloropropene-derivative (500 g/L). DANGER. May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways (aspiration hazard). May cause an allergic skin reaction. Causes eye irritation. May cause drowsiness or dizziness. Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects. Philagro South Africa (Pty) Ltd, Reg. no. 98/10658/07. PostNet Suite #378, Private Bag X025, Lynnwood Ridge 0040 Pretoria: 012 348 8808 l Somerset West: 021 851 4163. www.philagro.co.za.

Tindrum 24/127

SumiPleo

®

Unieke chemie. Unieke voordele.

SumiPleo® word reeds wyd vertrou as effektiewe alternatiewe chemie vir weerstandsbestuur van Lepidoptera plae in Suid-Afrika.

Beheer van Aartappelmot en Tuta absoluta in aartappels, Afrika bolwurm en Tuta absoluta in tamaties, Ruitrugmot in koolgewasse asook Afrika bolwurm in blaarslaaisoorte is geregistreer. Registrasie vir die beheer van Herfskommandowurm (Spodoptera frugiperda), ’n indringerplaag op mielies en suikermielies is ook nou beskikbaar. ‘n Afname in skade as gevolg van Liriomyza huidobrensis en Liriomyza trifolii op aartappels, asook Liriomyza trifolii en Chrysodeixis acuta op tamaties kan verwag word met die gebruik van SumiPleo®.

VERSTANDIGE KEUSE • Unieke chemiese molekuul (dichloropropeen-derivaat), met ’n nuut geïdentifiseerde metode van werking wat nie met enige ander bestaande aktiewe bestanddeel gedeel word nie. Geen kruisweerstand met ander chemiese groepe is tans bekend nie.

• ’n Kontak- en maaginsekdoder in ’n emulgeerbare konsentraat-formulasie.

• SumiPleo® is aktief teen alle larvale instars. Kort ná inname (3 tot 4 uur) staak teiken-larwes met vreet.

• Dit het byna geen nadelige impak op voordelige organismes soos roofmyte, wespes, voordelige kewers, erdwurms of bestuiwers soos bye nie.

• SumiPleo® benodig nie bykomende bevorderings- of kleefmiddels nie. Dit het uitstekende reënvastheidvermoë sodra die spuitmengsel op die teikenplant droog geword het.

• SumiPleo® is ideaal vir gebruik in ‘n Geïntegreerde Plaagbestuur Strategie. DiPel® DF en Florbac® WG, Philagro SA se uitstaande Bacillus thuringiensis aanbiedings, maak uitstekende biologiese vennote met die gebruik van SumiPleo®.

Vir meer inligting oor SumiPleo®, gesêls vandag nog met jou naaste Philagro-agent of produkbestuurder, Jaco Marais - 072 390 3547.

LEES DIE ETIKET VOOR GEBRUIK. DIPEL® DF (Reg. Nr. L6441, Wet Nr. 36 van 1947) bevat Bacillus thuringiensis, var kurstaki (Bakterië) (32 000 IE/mg). Hierdie produk is nie geklassifiseer as gevaarlik volgens GHS nie.

FLORBAC® WG (Reg. Nr. L5531, Wet Nr. 36 van 1947) bevat Bacillus thuringiensis, var aizawai (Bakterië) (15 000 IE per mg). WAARSKUWING: Veroorsaak ernstige oogirritasie. Skadelik vir waterlewende organismes. SUMIPLEO® (Reg. Nr. L8377, Wet Nr. 36 van 1947) bevat Pyridaliel dichloropropeen derivaat (500 g/L). GEVAAR: Mag dodelik wees indien ingesluk en in lugweg beland (aspirasiegevaar). Mag allergiese velreaksie veroorsaak. Veroorsaak oogirritasie. Mag slaperigheid of duiseligheid veroorsaak. Baie giftig vir waterlewende organismes met langdurige gevolge. DiPel® en FlorBac® is geregistreerde handelsmerke van Valent BioSciences, Libertyville, VSA. SumiPleo® is ‘n geregistreerde handelsmerk van Sumitomo Chemical Company, Tokyo, Japan.

Philagro Suid-Afrika (Edms) Bpk l Reg. Nr.: 98/10658/07 PostNet Suite #378, Privaatsak X025, Lynnwoodrif 0040 Pretoria: 012 348 8808 l Somerset Wes: 021 851 4163 www.philagro.co.za

P R O D U K T E W AT W E R K V A N M E N S E W AT O M G E E

GENERAL

Avokado-navorsing: bedryf stryk beperkings uit vir goeie toekoms Onderwyl reën die aanvang van 2025 se avokado-seisoen in die noordelike provinsies vertraag het, het die SA Avokadokwekersvereniging (SAAKV) hul jaarlike navorsingsimposium op Tzaneen met ‘n rekordbywoning aangebied. Sowat 300 produsente, navorsers en verskaffers van insetmiddele het die simposium bygewoon. By dié geleentheid doen navorsers verslag oor die vordering en resultate van hul werk wat in opdrag van die SAAKV uitgevoer word.

Z

ander Ernst, voorsitter van die Vereniging, sê die simposium is ‘n toekomsgerigte benadering vir ontwikkeling en dra by tot die bedryf se groei en volhoubaarheid. Elke besprekingsessie is nóg ‘n boublok vir die bedryf se krag en veerkragtigheid. Die program het ‘n balans gehad van besprekings oor onder meer produsente se praktiese sorge en strategiese langtermyn-oorwegings en dit was ‘n goeie geleentheid vir kennis-uitruiling en ‘n leerskool vir almal.

Die bedryf bevind hom volgens Ernst in veranderende klimaatstoestande en ontvouende marktoestande en die simposium help om bedryf vir verandering voor te berei. Hy sê dit is belangrik hoe ‘n bedryf se afsonderlike dele saam werk. Die avokadobedryf se sukses hang onder meer af van navorsers se samewerking, praktiese eksperimentering en gesamentlike innovering.

Water en rypwording Een van die navorsingsprojekte waaroor verslag gedoen is, handel oor avokado’s se watergebruik. Die indruk bestaan dat

avokado’s meer water as die meeste ander (vrugte)gewasse gebruik en nie produktief met watergebruik is nie.

Die bestaande inligting oor avokado’s se watergebruik is volgens die betrokke navorsers nog nie wetenskaplik met ‘n vergelykende maatstaf vasgestel nie. Dit is onwaarskynlik dat die bestaande waardes op alle avokadoproduksiestreke van toepassing kan wees.

Navorsers stel nou ‘n basis op met wetenskaplike inligting oor avokado’s se watergebruik in Suid-Afrika.

Om te kan bereken hoeveel water plaaslike avokadobome nodig het, moes die navorsers inligting versamel van volwasse avokado’s van die Hass-kultivar in ‘n warmer en ‘n koeler produksiestreek. Faktore wat in berekening gebring is, sluit die boorde se blaredak, die soort besproeiingstelsel en weerkundige inligting van ‘n aantal seisoene in.

Toegang tot nuwer uitvoermarkte en geskikte kultivars daarvoor word voortdurend ondersoek. Navorsers het verslag gedoen oor probleme met een van die nuwer avokadokultivars, Lamb Hass, se volwassenheid en rypwording. Produsente het probleme ondervind om Lamb Hass in die regte stadium te oes.

Dié kultivar help die plaaslike bedryf om hul seisoen uit te brei en hul aandeel in die uitvoermark te beskerm. ‘n Voordeel van hierdie nuwe kultivar is dat dit eenvoudiger snoeiwerk vereis en minder chemikalieë benodig. Ongelukkig is ervaar dat hierdie avokado’s oneweredig ryp word omdat die vrugte nie tydens oestyd gelyktydig volwassenheid bereik het nie.

Ten einde ‘n betroubare maatstaf te vind om die vrugte se oesgereedheid te kan bepaal, het navorsers verskeie faktore in meer besonderhede ondersoek. Dit het intensiewe toetse vir die avokado’s se suikerinhoud, die konsentrasie suurheid en die grond se pH-graad ingesluit. Die navorsing is in ‘n boord van Westfalia in KwaZulu-Natal uitgevoer.

Die resultaat was dat ‘n avokado se droë massa ‘n betroubare maatstaf gee om volwassenheid te kan bepaal. Die navorsers het ook bevind dat die vrug se suikerinhoud potensiaal het om oesgereedheid te kan bepaal. Die resultate verskaf ‘n nuttige hulpmiddel aan produsente oor die kultivar se oesgereedheid.

Sonbrand Produsente se lewerings word soms belemmer deur sonbrandskade wat op verskeie vrugte voorkom. In 2023 is beraam dat skade weens sonbrand ‘n verlies van sowat R777 miljoen aan

22 VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MARCH • APRIL 2025

ALGEMEEN

Pride Makhwa, Mpho Bopape, Khudani Neluanle en Suzan Matlou.

Produsent Lungi Mukansi saam met Katlego Phaswana en Matimba Macebele van die Mangeke Group.

Verteenwoordigers van Farm Trace, Melissa Visagie, Melissa Albertyn, Werner Roets en Dian Malherbe, saam met Eugene van den Heever van Label Pro. Charl Kotze, Johan van der Vyver en Marinus Enslin.

uitgevoerde Suid-Afrikaanse vrugte veroorsaak het. By avokado’s kan oesverliese van 5% tot 50% wissel en sulke vrugte kan nie uitgevoer word nie. Die verliese verskil volgens ‘n seisoen se weerstoestande en streke se klimaat, sê Werner van der Nest van Dux Agri.

Hy het tydens die simposium gesê dat tot 27% van SuidAfrikaanse uitvoervrugte in 2023 weens sonbrand verlore gegaan het. Sonbrand veroorsaak hitte- en waterstremming aan vrugte.

Weens gesondheids- en veiligheidsvereistes kan tradisio­ nele chemiese middels nie meer as teenvoeter vir sonbrand gebruik word nie. Vrugte moet toenemend met omgewingsvriendelike produkte behandel word en met minder of geen chemiese middels geproduseer word. Dux Agri spesialiseer in biotegnologiese oplossings vir landbou waarin daar geen chemiese neerslag in gewasse is nie.

Om sonbrandskade teen te werk het die maatskappy mid­­dels getoets om sonstrale te weerkaats en middels wat ‘n skerm­ laag om vrugte plaas. Die middels verminder die voorkoms van beskadigde vrugte en verhoog blare se chlorofil-inhoud. Dit verhoog ook die suikerinhoud (brix), die droë materiaal, fermheid, massa en vruggrootte. Volgens Dux Agri se proefnemings met ‘n produk wat ortokiselsuur bevat, Eckosil, was die resultaat doeltreffende voorkomende beskerming teen sonbrand en beter gehalte avokado’s.

Van der Nest het produsente aangeraai om eerder vroeër as later met voorkomende behandeling teen sonbrand te begin en van die biologiese oplossing daarvoor gebruik te maak.

Surprise Mabundla, Brendan van der Westhuizen en Kevin Kay.

Carl Henning en Mike Elliott.

VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MAART • APRIL 2025

23

GENERAL

Unlocking new horizons market access for fruit As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, market access has emerged as a vital concern for South African fruit producers. Navigating the complexities of international trade is no small feat, and understanding the nuances of various markets is essential for success.

Agbiz

W

ith support from organisations like the Agricultural Business Chamber of South Africa (Agbiz), producers have the resources to amplify their voices and tackle challenges in the fruit sector, ultimately unlocking new opportunities for growth and sustainability.

Why market access matters Market access refers to the ability of producers to sell their pro­ ducts in foreign markets. For fruit producers, this is influenced by a range of factors, including tariffs, import quotas, and phytosanitary regulations. Ensuring robust market access not only helps increase sales and profitability but also fosters economic growth and job creation within the agricultural sector.

With over 100 members, Agbiz plays a critical role in advocating for the interests of the agricultural community, specifically the fruit sector. The organisation serves as a conduit between producers and government stakeholders, facilitating conversations that lead to informed policy decisions.

The landscape of South African fruit exports South Africa has a rich diversity of fruit production, encompassing citrus, deciduous fruits, avocados, subtropical fruit, berries, and grapes. These products are not only integral to the local economy but also have significant export potential.

In 2022, South African citrus exports reached record levels, thanks in part to favourable growing conditions and strong demand from international markets. However, as producers celebrate successes, they must also contend with challenges that could impact their ability to access these lucrative markets.

Global market dynamics South African fruit producers primarily target markets in the United States, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Each of these markets has its own distinct characteristics, challenges, and opportunities.

The United States remains one of the most sought-after markets for South African fruit producers, particularly for citrus and avocados. South Africa is currently a member of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), which allows for duty-free exports of eligible goods. The next renewal of AGOA is expected in 2025, contingent upon the political regulations of their new president.

Despite the challenges posed by the legislative environment, there are ongoing efforts to improve market access for

24 VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MARCH • APRIL 2025

South African citrus and avocado. Producers have long awaited approval for new market entry, and lobbying efforts led by Agbiz and government officials have been instrumental.

The key takeaway for producers is to stay informed and actively participate in dialogues surrounding AGOA and its implications for trade.

Navigating complex regulations The European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK) are critical markets for South African fruit, particularly for citrus and wine. Both markets present opportunities, but producers must navigate strict regulatory frameworks involving phytosanitary measures.

Currently, South Africa is engaged in a dispute at the WTO regarding the EU’s claims about pests found in citrus exports.

The outcome of this dispute has significant implications for access to the EU market. It is crucial for producers to understand the science behind these claims and actively support the dispute resolution process.

With the separation of the UK from the EU, new trade agreements have emerged that could open opportunities, particularly for wine and sugar exports. Producers must familiarise themselves with the terms of these agreements to capitalise on the market potential.

Asia is a rapidly growing market for South African fruit, with increasing demand for products like apples, pears, and citrus. The establishment of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) protocols has been a game changer for accessing Asian markets, albeit a slow and complex process.

Producers must recognise that while SPS protocols may take years to negotiate, they represent a significant step toward opening new markets. Securing these protocols is akin to establishing micro trade agreements that allow specific commodities entry into new territories. As more protocols are signed, the potential for increasing exports to Asia will grow.

Key challenges in market access While the potential for growth is significant, obstacles persist in securing reliable market access for South African fruit producers: • Phytosanitary regulations: One of the major barriers to market access is compliance with phytosanitary regulations, which vary by country and can change based on emerging pest and disease threats. Producers must be proactive in maintaining farm management practices that adhere to these regulations.

ALGEMEEN

Engaging with industry associations like Agbiz allows producers to pool resources, share knowledge, and advocate for favourable policies collectively.

• Logistics and supply chain issues: The journey from farm to market can be fraught with challenges, including transport costs and infrastructure limitations. These issues can erode profit margins and affect the overall quality of the product by the time it reaches its destination.

• Market intelligence: Having access to up-to-date information about market trends, consumer preferences, and competitive pricing is crucial for producers. Investing in market intelligence tools and analytics can help producers make informed decisions.

• Sustainability concerns: Sustainability is becoming a key consideration for global consumers. Producers must adapt their farming practices to meet the growing demand for sustainable and ethically-sourced products, which may involve investments in new technologies and methods.

Strategies for enhancing market access To navigate the complexities of international trade and enhance market access, South African fruit producers should consider the following strategies: • Collaboration: Engaging with industry associations like Agbiz allows producers to pool resources, share knowledge, and advocate for favourable policies collectively. Collaborating with fellow producers can foster innovation and help address common challenges.

• Building relationships: Establishing relationships with buyers, importers, and stakeholders in target markets can provide insights into market demands and trends. This networking is essential for understanding the unique needs of each market.

• Investing in quality control: Implementing stringent quality

control measures ensures that products meet the required standards of target markets. Consistently high-quality produce strengthens the reputation of South African fruit in international markets.

• Diversification: Exploring opportunities beyond traditional markets can mitigate risks associated with market access challenges. By diversifying product offerings and target markets, producers can reduce dependence on any single market.

• Sustainable practices: Producing with sustainability in mind not only meets consumer demands but can also lead to better market access and pricing. Emphasizing environmentally friendly practices enhances brand value and attracts conscientious buyers.

As the South African fruit industry continues to evolve, understanding market access and studying global trade dynamics becomes more critical than ever. Challenges abound, but with the right strategies in place - collaboration, relationship building, quality control, diversification, and sustainability - fruit producers can thrive in the competitive landscape.

Organisations like Agbiz will continue to play a pivotal role in supporting producers as they navigate the complexities of international markets. By staying informed and engaged, South African fruit producers can position themselves for success, ensuring that their products make a significant impact in the global market.

With a commitment to quality and sustainable practices, the future looks bright for South African fruit producers ready to take on the world. The opportunities are vast; it's time to seize them.

VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MAART • APRIL 2025

25

GENERAL

Over 1 500 hectares of BigBucks Gala apples have been planted in South Africa.

The rise of BigBucks Gala apples: A new era in orchard management and fruit quality In recent years, the horticultural landscape has witnessed a significant transformation, particularly with the emergence of the BigBucks Gala apple variety. It has quickly become a favourite among apple growers and consumers alike, primarily due to its impressive yield potential and premium fruit quality.

A

ccording to the latest BigBucks newsletter, the surge in new plantings primarily took place between 2018 and 2020, with the harvesting volume now beginning to show remarkable growth. In this article, the journey of BigBucks Gala apples is explored, focusing on their area and volumes, fruit quality, and the essential strategies being implemented to ensure their success.

Growth trends The momentum of BigBucks Gala apples can be traced back to the establishment of the first commercial orchards in 2014.

Since then, the adoption of this variety has exploded, particularly in South Africa, which now boasts an impressive 2 586 583

26 VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MARCH • APRIL 2025

trees planted. This figure does not even account for additional plantings across regions such as the EU, the USA, and the newly emerging Australian market, which has recently awarded Plant Breeders Rights (PBR) to the variety.

As of now, over 1 500 hectares have been planted in South Africa alone, with this figure fluctuating based on the distances growers select for planting. The choice of rootstocks has significantly impacted the success of these orchards, with M7, M9, and more recently, Geneva, gaining traction among producers in the region.

The volume of BigBucks Gala apples harvested reflects this rapid expansion. In 2024, a record 1 917 515 cartons were packed for both local and export markets, marking an impres-

ALGEMEEN colour threshold of 80%, as defined by colour plates R5-R8.

The use of pre-harvest treatments such as Retain or Harvista is highly encouraged to boost fruit firmness, while post-harvest applications of Smartfresh further enhance the preservation of fruit quality. Trials conducted over recent seasons consistently confirm the effectiveness of these treatments.

Diversification In response to market demand for varying fruit qualities, the BigBucks Gala (BUK) class was introduced for the 2024 season. This class allows for the packing of fruit at a lower pressure standard of 5,9 kg, equivalent to standard Gala apples, and with a reduced colour threshold of 60%. The introduction of this class ensures that growers have the flexibility to cater to different market segments without compromising the overall brand integrity of BigBucks Gala.

Picking strategies Quality assurance is paramount for the BigBucks Gala brand, particularly with the emergence of Flash Gala™.

sive 56,3% increase in volume compared to the 2023 season.

This growth is expected to continue as the trees transition from early bearing to their full production potential. Further acceleration is anticipated with the addition of new orchard plantings, solidifying the BigBucks Gala's status as a leading apple variety.

Ongoing efforts are devoted to tracking and verifying the database for BigBucks Gala apples, spearheaded by industry veteran Geoff King, who brings extensive experience and insight into the South African fruit sector. This initiative aims to keep pace with the rapid expansion and ensure quality remains a priority.

Quality matters Quality assurance is paramount for the BigBucks Gala brand, particularly with the emergence of Flash Gala™, a premium offering tailored to deliver the highest standards in fruit quality. As noted in the BigBucks newsletter, the pressure standard for the veriety has been set at 6,5 kg for exports and 6,3 kg for local markets, compared to the 5,9 kg standard for typical Gala apples. This careful calibration ensures that the Flash Gala™ fruit meets the high expectations associated with its premium quality status.

A crucial focus area has been the inconsistent eating quality that has affected the variety in the past. As highlighted in the newsletter, a substantial effort is directed at addressing these issues to protect the integrity of the brand. From the 2025 season onward, the introduction of a pack house inspectorate will enhance accounta­ bility and quality control for growers and producers alike. If successful, this initiative should establish the necessary consistency in fruit quality, ensuring that it a trusted choice among consumers.

One notable aspect of the quality management strategy involves the recommended range for starch breakdown, which is set at 20-35%, alongside the pressure target of 6,5 kg/cm² and a

Fruit harvesting is another crucial aspect influencing the success of BigBucks Gala apples. The newsletter emphasises that younger orchards tend to yield a variety of fruit generations requiring multiple picks, especially in warmer climates. To counterbalance this, the “one week, one pick” rule serves as a helpful guideline until the orchard’s fruit is fully harvested.

Harvesting is strategised by grouping fruit according to colour and utilising starch tests to ascertain maturity. It is imperative to remember that BigBucks Gala apples are not a one-pick variety, as previously anticipated. Insights gained from older trees reveal the necessity of adopting a three-pick regime to achieve optimal returns. The shaded sections of the tree canopy require additional time for colour development without sacrificing the established maturity parameters.

While initial expectations yielded pack-outs in the 80-90% range, revisions indicate a more realistic target of 80%, showcasing still excellent results when compared with other varieties.

Combatting mislabeling Protecting the integrity of the BigBucks Gala brand is essential, particularly in light of past instances of mislabeling. There have been occurrences where Flash Gala™ apples have been mistakenly packed as similar varieties, such as Royal Beaut, Royal Gala Red, or even Topred. Such practices compromise consumer trust and could potentially lead to negative repercussions for the brand’s acceptance among consumers.

The BigBucks newsletter reminds stakeholders that BigBucks Gala is a solid blush variety and clearly differentiates itself from Royal Beaut and Royal Gala, which exhibit striping.

Upholding adherence to agreed-upon guidelines is crucial to preventing confusion and ensuring that consumers consistently receive the quality they expect.

The growth and success of the BigBucks Gala apple variety encapsulates the dedication of growers, the strategic use of quality control measures, and the robust management of orchard practices. The information shared through the BigBucks newsletter highlights not only the growth trends of this exceptional apple variety but also the ongoing commitment to quality and consistency.

VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MAART • APRIL 2025

27

GENERAL

Water-smart potato farming: pioneering sustainability

The spectre of water scarcity looms over South Africa, particularly in the Western Cape, a region that narrowly averted the notorious Day Zero water crisis in 2018. As erratic weather patterns lead to both droughts and floods, the threats to food stability and affordability are ever-increasing. Amid these challenges, Sandveld potato farmers have become pioneers in integrating water-saving technologies and regenerative farming practices, ensuring that this vital staple remains available on our plates.

M

onique Vlok, chairperson of the Sandveld Potato Growers’ Association, emphasises the critical nature of water in South Africa. “Water is our scarcest, most precious resource, and we need to use every drop wisely.” This motto has guided local farmers as they navigate the complexities of farming in a climate increasingly marked by extremes.

With a hot, dry summer where rainfall is scarce, farmers in the Sandveld region are implementing innovative practices to conserve water while maintaining their production levels.

The adoption of precision irrigation, soil moisture monitoring, and the improvement of farming methods has led to remarkable results over the past decade. Research from the University of Pretoria indicates that these water-saving measures have reduced average water usage by 20%, a significant achievement considering the context of the ongoing water crisis.

One local farmer, Johan Smit, exemplifies this movement toward efficiency. He has managed to cut his water consumption by an impressive 30%. “We are doing everything we can to make the best use of every drop of water,” Smit explains.

Utilising soil moisture probes and taking evapotranspiration figures from local weather stations into account, he tailors his irrigation to the precise needs of his potatoes, eliminating waste and ensuring sustainability.

The Sandveld region‘s unique agricultural climate allows for potato farming year-round, making it a crucial player in stabilising national supply and prices. As Willie Jacobs, CEO of

28 VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MARCH • APRIL 2025

Potatoes SA, points out, the Sandveld contributes nearly 20% to the national potato crop. “Without their focus on water savings, South Africa could find itself facing unaffordable potato prices in the future,” Jacobs warns.

The impacts of supply fluctuations are starkly evident. Du­ ring the 2024 season, even a slight reduction in the national potato crop - just 1,7% below the five-year average - resulted in a staggering 37% increase in prices, with peaks reaching 172% higher. Such statistics underscore the critical importance of maintaining stable potato production, especially against the backdrop of climate change and unpredictable weather events.

Boreholes and cover crops To ensure the sustainability of water resources while continuing to produce potatoes, farmers like Smit are meticulously careful to manage borehole water extraction. Each borehole on his farm is equipped with metering devices, preventing over-extraction and ensuring that a reserve of groundwater remains. This careful stewardship reflects a growing awareness among local farmers about the necessity of protecting water resources for future generations.

Additionally, Smit has embraced regenerative farming techniques, which have gained traction among local growers. Traditionally, potato fields were left fallow for a few years to prevent soil-borne diseases. However, in a move toward enhanced sustainability, farmers are now planting cover crops

Sentrum van uitnemendheid versterk plaagmonitering Die stryd teen indringerplae in die sagtevlugtebedryf het momentum gekry met die bekendstelling van die FruitfFy Africa (FFA) Sentrum van Uitnemendheid vir Plaagmonitering.

Hortgro en FruitFly Africa

ook bessies, wyn- en tafeldruiwe kan beïnvloed.

H

Kernkomponente van die inisiatief sluit in:

ierdie baanbreker-inisiatief deur die Suid Afrikaanse sagte­vrugtebedryfsorganisasie Hortgro, is daarop ge­ mik om die bedryf se toekoms te beveilig en produsente ’n mededingende voordeel te gee.

Met die toenemende bedreiging van indringerplae, soos die Oosterse vrugtevlieg, stompkopkewer (PSHB) en suzukiasynvlieg (SWD), poog hierdie nuwe inisiatief om plaag-op­ names, vroeë opsporing en strategieë vir ingryping te ver­ sterk. Die sentrum sal die kundigheid en infrastruktuur van FFA benut – wat sedert 2001 ’n belangrike rol speel in die op­spo­ring, monitering en beheer van skadelike plae.

Hortgro se uitvoerende direkteur, Anton Rabe, beklem­ toon die belangrikheid van proaktiewe plaagbestuur.

“Ons moet verstaan waar plae voorkom en waar nie, aan-­­­ ge­sien dit direkte implikasies het vir gewasbeskermingstrate­ gieë en -praktyke. As ’n indringerplaag onmiddellik opgespoor word, kan dit dalk uitgeroei word voor dit vestig en ons ook kosbare tyd gee om bestuurstrategieë te ontwikkel.”

FruitFly Africa bedryf meer as 6,000 plaagmoniteringslok­ valle in die belangrikste produksiegebiede van sagte vrugte.

Die Sentrum van Uitnemendheid gaan hierdie netwerk uitbrei en fokus op sleutelpeste wat ’n bedreiging vir die appel-, peer- en steenvrugsektor inhou, maar wat moontlik

like rye immediately after harvesting potatoes. The deep roots of rye not only preserve the remaining soil moisture but also eliminate the need for additional irrigation.

“This cover crop not only protects the soil from erosion but also naturally suppresses weeds, reducing our reliance on herbicides,” Smit explains. Once the fields are ready for the next potato crop, the rye is cut and incorporated back into the soil, enriching its organic matter and improving water retention.

Despite ongoing concerns regarding agriculture’s water consumption, particularly during dry spells, potatoes have emerged as a remarkably efficient crop. “We have experimented with various crops to determine the most effective use of land and resources,” Smit shares. “But nothing compares to potatoes in terms of maximising food production while using minimal water.”

The commitment of Sandveld farmers to efficiency is evident in their impressive yields, which reach 70 tons per hectare in summer and 44 tons in winter - well above the national average of 40 tons per hectare. “South Africa’s food security relies on innovative and forward-thinking agricultural practices,” Jacobs insists.

As the country grapples with significant water challenges,

• Vroeë waarskuwingstelsels – Versterking van die moni­ teringsnetwerk om nuwe plaagbedreigings so gou as moontlik op te spoor.

• Uitgebreide plaagmonitering – Fokus op hoërisikoplae soos die stompkopkewer en suzuki-asynvlieg wat reeds in Suid-Afrika opgespoor is.

• Geïntegreerde plaagbestuur – Verbetering van biologiese beheermaatreëls, insluitend die steriele insektegniek, waar tot 65 miljoen steriele Mediterreense vrugtevlieë per week gedurende die 2023/24-somerprogram vrygelaat is om plaagbevolkings te verminder.

• Bedryfsamewerking – ’n Gesamentlike benadering om plaag­bestuurkundigheid te deel en ’n breër spektrum van die landboubedryf te bevoordeel.

Bogenoemde inisiatiewe gaan in samewerking met die de­ par­tement van landbou en ander nasionale en provinsiale pesvoorkomings-inisiatiewe geskied. Die bekendstelling van die sentrum is ’n stap om die volhoubaarheid en internasionale mededingendheid van Suid-Afrika se sagtevrugtebedryf te verseker, en versterk sy posisie as ’n wêreldleier in vindingryke plaagbestuur.

the success of Sandveld potato farmers demonstrates that sustainability and innovation can go hand in hand in overcoming these issues. Jacobs praises the tireless efforts of the region's farmers. “They are proving that smart farming methods can ensure a steady supply of one of the country’s most important staple foods.”

In a world teetering at the edge of a water crisis, the Sandveld potato sector serves as a beacon of hope, blending tradition with modernisation to ensure food security for South Africa’s future. As Vlok aptly puts it: “We have taken this challenge head-on”.

By investing in adaptive practices and fostering a culture of conservation, the Sandveld region offers an inspiring model for agricultural resilience in the face of climate change. These farmers are not only feeding the nation but are also shaping the future of sustainable agriculture. Their efforts exemplify how strategic foresight, innovation, and a deep respect for natural resources can safeguard both livelihoods and food security for generations to come. In an era where every drop counts, the lessons learned from Sandveld are invaluable as South Africa seeks to navigate the complexities of climate resilience in agriculture.

VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MAART • APRIL 2025

29

GENERAL

Zinc fertilisers are a game changer for African agriculture In the quest for agricultural growth across Africa, zinc fertilizers are emerging as a vital solution.

They tackle critical soil deficiencies, boost crop yields, and play a significant role in promoting food security. Simon Norton, Director of the International Zinc Association in Africa, sheds light on the manufacturing of zinc fertilisers, how they are applied in the soil, and the diverse range of crops that stand to gain from their use.

SIMON NORTON DIRECTOR OF THE INTERNATIONAL ZINC ASSOCIATION (AFRICA)

“Z

inc is a crucial micronutrient that is essential for crop growth and development,” Norton emphasises. With nutrient-poor soils being a widespread challenge in Africa, zinc fertilizers provide a powerful means to enhance agricultural productivity and contribute to sustainable food systems.

The production of zinc fertilizers begins with raw materials such as zinc sulphate, zinc oxide, and chelated zinc compounds, sourced from mined zinc ores or recycled industrial by-products.

The manufacturing process blends zinc with other essential nutrients, resulting in uniform pellets through granulation, followed by drying and packaging.

“Zinc fertilizers are meticulously engineered to maximize efficiency and usability,” explains Norton. “The granules are crafted for even distribution and optimal absorption, ensuring that plants receive the nutrients needed to thrive. Surfactants play a key role by ensuring that the zinc ion reaches the right soil locations to enhance crop growth.”

Zinc can be applied through various methods, each suited to different farming needs. For large fields, broadcast application ensures uniform distribution but requires careful management to minimalise nutrient loss. Band application places zinc fertilisers near the roots, increasing nutrient availability while reducing the overall quantity needed.

Foliar sprays provide quick and effective solutions for crops with visible zinc deficiencies, while seed coating applies zinc to seeds before planting, giving seedlings immediate access to this critical nutrient. Additionally, fertigation allows for precise nutrient delivery via irrigation systems.

“Each method has its advantages,” Norton highlights, noting that the choice of application depends on the specific crop, soil conditions, and the farmer's goals.

Zinc fertilizers have proven particularly effective for a wide variety of crops: • Cereals: Wheat, rice, and maize benefit significantly from zinc’s role in grain filling and root development.

• Legumes: Beans and lentils experience enhanced nitrogen

30 VEGETABLES & FRUIT | MARCH • APRIL 2025

Simon Norton, Director of the International Zinc Association (IZA) Africa.

fixation and improved seed quality.

• Vegetables and fruits: From tomatoes to citrus, zinc boosts yield, quality, and disease resistance.

• Oilseeds and tubers: Crops like soybeans and potatoes show stronger growth and resilience.

“Using zinc is not merely about increasing yield; it is about ensuring the nutritional quality of our food,” stresses Norton, highlighting the critical link between zinc deficiency in soils and human health in Africa.

Addressing zinc deficiencies in African soils carries implications beyond farming. “Zinc is essential for human nutrition.

Adequate zinc levels in our crops lead to healthier communities and help combat malnutrition and stunted growth.”

Moreover, zinc fertilizers contribute to building resilience against climate change. Norton points out that healthy, zincenriched crops are better equipped to withstand drought and pest stresses, making zinc integrally important to sustainable farming practices.

With the promise of enhancing agricultural productivity and improving food quality, zinc fertilizers are indeed a catalyst for agricultural growth in Africa, paving the way for a healthier future.

Ontgin die landboumark ten volle...

Maak gebruik van die spesialiste UITGEWERS VAN: Koringfokus / Wheat Focus: Die spesialistydskrif vir kleingraan in Suid-Afrika Vegetables & Fruit / Groente & Vrugte: Ontgin alternatiewe moontlikhede in nismarkte Subtrop Journal: Joernaal vir avokado-, mango- en lietsjiekwekers.

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