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Wentworth Institute of Technology School of Architecture and Design

Studio 07 | Fall 2023 Fragile Ecologies and Spatial Justice in Petare

Course Number: ARCH 4000 Lecture/Lab/Total Credits: 0/12/6 Class Schedule: M & Th 12:00-5:50

Professor: Ignacio Cardona

Index 3 4-5 6-7

Syllabus Summary D4L Fragile Ecologies (Exhibition) Site Photos

8-9 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 20-21 22-23 24-25 26-27

Students Projects Excerpts Noah Silva Mike O’Connor Jan Lerddeekunlam Camilla Maruca Lois Piche Narmina Muslimova Kaitlyn Germann Ryan Jeune Michael O’Driscoll Kyle Sylvester

28-29 30 31

Guest Critics Partnership References

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

Syllabus Summary This studio course introduces topics of design in the urban realm. Students engage with complex issues and agendas, and develop proposals in response to the physical, cultural, and social contexts that inform design at the urban scale. Topics pertinent to the Urbanism concentration are addressed. This section works specifically with Petare, the densest self-produced neighborhood -frequently called informal settlements or slums- in the Western Hemisphere. The course was conducted in partnership with local designers, community members, and stakeholders. Fragile Ecologies and Spatial Justice in Petare is a studio-based course that takes advantage of the Petare Projected Model (scale 1:2500) developed in the framework of D4L Fragile Ecologies Exhibition to develop: (1) dynamic analysis of the urban ecologies of Petare, 2) the analysis of spatial opportunities and constraints offered by self-produced urbanization, 3) the drafting of an urban framework to improve spatial opportunities of Petare, and 5) categorization of architectural infrastructures towards urban revitalization. Design Process Phase 0: Research Fragile Ecologies and Spatial Opportunitie Analysis of D4L Exhibition. Phase 1: Analysis Data Translation and Synthesis Phase 3: Systems Taxonomies of Urban Systems Phase 4: Framework (frequently called Master Plan) Urban Framework and Design Test Phase 5: Desing Test Architecture Proposal and Narratives

Studio 7 | ARCH4000 | Fall 2023

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

Designing For Life: Fragile Ecologies. This course builds on top learnings from the D4L Fragile Ecologies Exhibition (The Case of Caracas) which took place at CEIS the Wentworth Institute of Technology between 30 March and 15 September. The Exhibition will be showcased in Caracas in Summer 2024. D4L Fragile Ecologies explores the potential of ecological design to make good on the promise of Spatial Democracy for historically under-served populations. We understand Spatial Democracy as a design framework seeking to meet three conditions: 1) equitable distribution of access to urban opportunities, 2) landscape infrastructure design in synergy with other urban systems such as sustainable mobility, and 3) management of urban densification to promote a socioeconomic mix in land occupation. Additionally, the D4L: Fragile Ecologies exhibition gathers together two years of research on how fragile ecologies can work synergistically toward a sustainable city model. It includes a 5.33 meter long scale model (1:1000) of the Quebrada Tocome and the creation of a new water landscape around it. This generates a system of urban connections and proximities around floodplains created for adapting to climate change. The new infrastructure allows for economic revaluation of the land, and opens opportunities for building densification and for increasing access to affordable housing integrated into the urban landscape through inclusionary zoning. The exhibition also includes a scale model of Petare (1:2500) that projects a series of proposals where the management of landslides provides the opportunity to consolidate a new system of public spaces in the densest self-produced neighborhood in the Western Hemisphere. The physical model show how an understanding of urban ecologies associated with sloping land can lead to the creation of an urban fabric that can revitalize access to Spatial Opportunities and promote the Right to the City. Both strategies - floodplain ecologies in Tocome and landslide ecologies in Petare- are planned together and coordinated, with the aim of designing a more democratic city.

Studio 7 | ARCH4000 | Fall 2023

Photos of Petare: 1. Ignacio Cardona | 2, 3, and 4: Rolando Peña

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

5, Enrico Pugliese | 3, and 4: Ignacio Cardona

Studio 7 | ARCH4000 | Fall 2023

City Hinges Reconnecting the embeded region of Petare to Caracas The architectural vision for reconnecting Petare to Caracas encompasses a transformative approach that transcends mere physical connectivity. By designing innovative pedestrian bridges and corridors, this initiative seeks to bridge the geographical gap between these areas while also bridging socio-economic divides. Through thoughtful design, these bridges serve as conduits of connectivity, facilitating the seamless movement of people, ideas, and opportunities. Integrating seamlessly into the urban 1 landscape while providing safe, accessible, and inviting passages for pedestrians. Lining the corridors with program activates the spaces, filled with informal markets the corridors connect the metro aswell as the university to the rest of 2 3 Petare. 1. Master Plan | 2. Program Diagram | 3. Collage 05

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

Noah Silva

4 4. Master Plan Isometric | Program

Studio 7 | ARCH4000 | Fall 2023

rhi·zome observe conditions, categorize activity, engage organizations, generate interventions rhi·zome is a series of tests, in both process and design. Engaging with the unique environment of Petare requires risk taking in decision making, as the living urban fabric is ever changing. With this in mind, rhi·zome consists of a taxonomized mapping 2 1 system in which repeating forms with design intervention potential are identified and categorized. Each site can then be analyzed and connected with an existing organization, allowing for each project to provide a community amenity in a space controlled by private citizens, protecting the privatepublic relationship with the city. Five design tests, one of each condition, are explored in deeper context. The overarching goal of rhi·zome is the creation of a network of micro-interventions 6 connected by community 1. Off Main Vein | 2. Connecting Veins | 3. Engaging and form. Space | 4. Defining Edges | 5. Stringing Together 10

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

Michael O’Connor

6. Taxonomy on Paper | 7. Taxonomy in Context | 8. Conditions Diagram

Studio 7 | ARCH4000 | Fall 2023

Mariposas: The Effect of Pulsebeat Connections

Adhering to the Butterfly Effect, my project focuses on bridging connections by addressing disorganized infrastructure connection, disconnected pathways, and prioritizing safe pedestrian traffic. Inspired by communitycentric values, the design strategically places public spaces, following the 15-minute walk urban rule. The beginning point is the stadium, a core hub that gathers people, harnessing the energy and spreading it, creating ripples of safe pedestrian public spaces. With inspiration from my home country, Thailand, vibrant colors and Voronoi shapes integrate, inspired by Petare’s residency structure. The design embodies placemaking principles, creating a sense of belonging in community engagement in vibrant communal spaces.

“Stitching connections in Petare for improved pedestrian accessibility, communal public spaces, and economic opportunities.”

1 1. DIAGRAM OF CONCEPTS AND CONDITIONS

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

Jan Lerddeekunlam

2 2. SITE PLAN & CIRCULATION

Studio 7 | ARCH4000 | Fall 2023

Programed Pathways Creating economical opportunites from circulatory connections that were adapted from the solutions of the landslide risk issues in the city. The landlisde risk issues in Petare is caused by the steep slopes of the challeneging topogarphy mixed with the formation of the rocks. Transportation becomes difficult with this landscape, which is why Petare adpeted the Metro Cable Cars into the transportation network. These cable car stations meet at a major node in the center of the site, where the topograhpy is prone to landslides. The Programed Pathway proposal gives a handicapped excessible route from station to station, while also providing economical opportunities with the semi permenaent vendor booths lining the pathways, as well as the underground shops along the interior path. Landslide prevention techniques are used throughout the proposal to allow for these opportunities to take place without concern of future lanslides. 14

Terracing

Rock Bolts

Biotech

6 5 1. Petare Playground, adapted from Leonardi Aray 2. Landslides in Neighborhoods | 3. Ground Floor Plan 4. RockBolting | 5. Second Floor Plan | 5. Boitechnical Slope Stabilization Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

Camilla Maruca

7 10 2. Axonometric View

Studio 7 | ARCH4000 | Fall 2023

Agriculture Communnity Center A place of growth, education, making connections, and expanding the community. This site consists of an agriculture center that goes through the process of planting all the plants on the agriculture retaining walls that follow the flow of the topography of the site that creates the beds of all the crops that will be grown for the community; such as, across the street is a pharmacy market which is already existing, and across the street directly Infront of the agriculture building I propose a new market that will allow this site to sell their produce. Also, on this site there is a new education spaces for the communities children to learn and become educated on the importance of variation. Connection to the school is two new soccer fields and plenty of space to play during the school day.

1. Agriculture Center| 2.Connection Tower View | 3. Circulation Diagram| 4. Soccer Fields | 5. Kids playground 16

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

Lois Piche

Transportation Hub = Opportunity Exchange Public transportation as catalyst for the future opportunities NARMINA MUSLIMOVA

Fall 2023 | Studio 07 NARMINA MUSLIMOVA Fall 2023 | Studio 07

NARMINA NARMINAMUSLIMOVA MUSLIMOVA FallFall 2023 2023| Studio | Studio 07 07

Lack of accessibility makes the everyday life of a Petare resident quite challenging, forcing them to climb up and down the OPPORTUNITY TRANSPORTATION EXCHANGE OPP TRANSPORTATION HUB HUB endless 45-degree stairs, OPPORTUNITY TRANSPORTATION HUB OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION HUB TRANSPORTATION HUB OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE OPPORTU TRANSPORTATION HUB TRANSPORTATION HUB EXCHANGE OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION HUB HUB OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE OPPOR TRANSPORTATION HUB TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB HUB TRANSPOR OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION HUB OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION HUB HUB OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE EXCHANGE OPP TRANSPORTATION HUB HUB TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB HUBEXCHANGE vereda, and through the TRANSPORTATION OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB HUB OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB HUB HUB TRANSPORTATION HUB TRANSPORTAT OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION HUB TRANSPORTATION HUB OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE EXCHANGE EXCHANGE OPPORTUNITY OPPORTU OP EX TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB HUBOPPORTUNITY TRANSPORTATION HUB TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB HUB HUB OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION HUB OPPORTUNITY EXCHANG TRANSPORTATION HUB OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE EXCHANGE EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB HUB HUB OPPORTUNITY EXC EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION HUB TRANSPORTATION HUB OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE EXCHANGE EXCHAN TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB HUB HUB OPPORTUNITY HUB OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE EX TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB HUB OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION HUB traffic full of gasoline smell OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION HUB TRANSPORTATION HUB TRANSPO OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION HUB OPPORTUNITY EXCHAN TRANSPORTATION HUB TRANSPORTATION HUB TRANSPORTATION HUB OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE EXCH TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB HUB OPPORTUNITY EXC TRANSPORTATION OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUN EXCHAN TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB HUB HUB TRANSPORTATION H and noise, for at least TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATI HUB HU 90 minutes, before they 1 reach some kind of public transportation. However there is a noticeable tendency: where there is a public transportation hub, there is almost always some kind of “informal” activity. But that is the advantage because it creates a dedicated 3 public space without the designer’s involvement. LEGEND These public spaces 1 Parking 8 Possibility for Educational /Youth Facility in turn offer more jobs, 2 MetroCable Station 9 Public Playground & & Transportation Hub Outdoor Sports Courts economic development, 3 Bike Parking 10 Underground Parking and community 4 Residential Projects 11 Ramp Park interaction. The proposed 5 Warehouse repurposed 12 Foot Bridge into Coop Working design is aimed to erase 6 Public Park 13 Improved Bus Stops the borders and become 7 Gymnasium TOTAL POTENTIAL 14 Public Community Farm a catalyst for the future OPPORTUNITY AREA 1:1000 M² opportunities. 2 4 SCALE 43,000 NARMINA MUSLIMOVA Fall 2023 | Studio 07

NARMINA MUSLIMOVA Fall 2023 | Studio 07

NARMINA MUSLIMOVA NARMINA MUSLIMOVA NARMINA MUSLIMOVA Fall 2023 | Studio 07Fall 2023 | Studio Fall07 2023 | Studio 07

OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE OPPORTUNITY EXCHANGE EXCHANGE TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION HUB TRANSPORTATION HUB HUBOPPORTUNITY

LEGEND

Parking

Possibility for Educational /Youth Facility

MetroCable Station & Transportation Hub

Public Playground & Outdoor Sports Courts

Bike Parking

10 Underground Parking

Residential Projects

11 Ramp Park

Warehouse repurposed into Coop Working

12 Foot Bridge

Public Park

13 Improved Bus Stops

Gymnasium

14 Public Community Farm

SCALE 1:1000

= min

WAR

EHO

USE

10,000-20,000 x

450 x

REH

W AR

@ rush hour

REH

= 10 x

REH

min 2,000 x

= 150 x

W ARE

USE

min 80 x

150 x

= min

WAR

EHO

USE

EHO

USE

min

= 375 x

W AR

755 NEW PARKING SPACES + bike/motorbike 1. Concept | 2. Existing Conditions of the Site | 3. parking 250 x 420 x Legend Existing Informal Market at Petare | 4. 200 - 500 x 85 x Station for Proposed Plan 3

W AR

OUS

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD A

ACCOMODATION FOR AT LEAST 500 FAMILIES

Narmina Muslimova LEGEND

1 4

Parking

Possibility for Educational /Youth Facility

MetroCable Station & Transportation Hub

Public Playground & Outdoor Sports Courts

Bike Parking

10 Underground Parking

Residential Projects

11 Ramp Park

Warehouse repurposed into Coop Working

12 Foot Bridge

Public Park

13 Improved Bus Stops

Gymnasium

10 m

14 Public Community Farm

6 SCALE 1:1000 755 NEW PARKING SPACES + bike/motorbike parking

250 x

85 x

W AR

420 x

200 - 500 x

OUS

5 C 3m

10 m

ACCOMODATION FOR AT LEAST 500 FAMILIES

46 x

400 x

500 x

400 - 600 NEW JOBS

1,400 M² OF BLUE & 14,400 M² OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

9 3m

19,500 M² OF NEW RECREATIONAL SPACES

10 m

3.2 m

1.5 m

8,900 M² OF NEW DEDICATED PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

5. Proposed Plan | 6. Section A: Proposed Street Typology | 7. Proposed Opportunities Summary Studio 7 | ARCH4000 | Fall 2023

Community Conucos Creating space to allow the communities within Petare to thrive, protected. Community conucos is a project that stems from the existing tradition of conucos, or backyards, being the heart of each home. Conucos encompass social lives, gatherings, and sometimes even livelihoods through growing food within their spaces. The community conuco aims to replicate this, and allow people to take ownership of it. It is in landslide risk area and is comprised of retaining walls to combat this. Overall, the community conucos aim to foster a safe space to create life as they want to. Whether this is through entertainment, agriculture, markets, and more. The Community Conucos create economic oppurtunities that are controlled by the community itself.

1. Markets | 2. Celebration and Entertainment | 3. Food Production | 4. Rentable Vertical Plots within Retaining Walls 20

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

Kaitlyn Germann

5 5. Axonometric Urban Analysis

Studio 7 | ARCH4000 | Fall 2023

Pathway Fusion A system that encourages connecting dead end pathways into an new system that revolves around connections. Pathway Fusion is a design test for an urban framework that seeks to produce a multiscalar connectivity in Petare Norte. The proposal is a design test for a systems of pathways that creates macro and microscale connections while defining neighborhood units.

This project focuses on bring a connection through small pathways. This will later help with the citys relationship with a ceratin area, proposing a more in socail growth.

2 1. Circulation | 2. Design Area

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

Ryan Jeune

3. South Facing Section Inspiration Projects: 4. El Progreso (Medellin) | 5-6. Comuna 13 (Medellin) Studio 7 | ARCH4000 | Fall 2023

Multi-Axial Bridging An intimate system of shifting vertical connectors

Multi_Axil Bridging is a design test for an urban framework that seeks to produce a multiscalar connectivity in Petare Norte. The proposal is a design test for a systems of pathways that creates macro and microscale connections while defining neighborhood units. This design test is a vertical connection system connecting the people of Petare in macro and micro pathways. This connection system adds a layer of infrastructure to the city as the people have increased opportunity for economic and social growth through pop-up shops, public parks, and a school.

1. Urban Framework Plan | 2. Informal “Zones” of Petare 24

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

Michael O’Driscoll

Verdant Park Verdant Park uses Bioswales to control water reducing landslide risk in the process. Verdant Park stands as a visionary response to Petare’s urban challenges, proposing an architectural marvel that seamlessly intertwines environmental sustainability with cultural vibrancy. At its core, the park leverages the innovative use of bioswales, strategically designed landscape elements that not only enhance the aesthetic appeal but also serve as a dynamic solution for water control and management. These bioswales act as natural filters, mitigating stormwater runoff and promoting groundwater recharge, contributing to the overall resilience of the city.

1 1. Phases of Construction

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

Kyle Sylvester

D/E

F 2

2. Axon | 3. Existing Water Supply | 4. Park Perspective

Studio 7 | ARCH4000 | Fall 2023

Instructor: Ignacio Cardona. Doctor of Design (Harvard, 2021), Urban Designer (Unimet, 2003), and Architect (USB, 1998), with 20+ years of teaching experience, he is currently Associate Professor at Wentworth Institute of Technology, and Director of the Spatial Opportunity Lab. He is also President of the Latin American Institute of Spatial Democracy. Guest Critic: Alex Krieger is Professor in Practice of Urban Design at the Harvard GSD and Instructor at Wentworth Institute of Technology. He is coeditor of Mapping Boston and Towns and Town-Making Principle. He is also a Principal at NBBJ, a global firm offering services in architecture, urban design, and planning. Guest Critic: Oscar Grauer is a Doctor of Design (Harvard, 2001), Urban Designer (Harvard, 1980), and Architect (USB, 1998). He is board member of Venezuelan Academy of Engineering and Habitat. Oscar has been a professor and researcher at numerous worldwide institutions, including UPenn, MIT, and FAPERJ. Guest Critic: NJ Unaka is Assistant Professor at Wentworth Institute of Technology. NK holds a Phd in Architecture from University of Wisconsin (Milwaukee), a Master in Architecture from Boston Architectural College, and a B.S. in Civil Engineering from University of Massachusetts (Lowell). Guest Critic: Rolando Girodengo holds a MAUS from Harvard GSD and a BArch with Honours from Tecnológico de Monterrey. His projects has been featured in architecture books, magazines, and websites. He has servef as faculty at various universities in Boston, while working as a consultant for the InterAmerican Development Bank. 28

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

Guest Critic: Ben Hait. Visiting Professor at Wentworth Institute of Technology since 2022. Ben holds a Master of Architector (Harvard, 2019), and a Bachelor in Architecture (Polytechnic State University-San Luis Obispo, 2012). Ben has been Senior Architect in firms like Marble Fairbanks Architects, and DiMela Shaffer. Guest Critic: Miguel Lopez Melendez. Instructor in History and Theory at Louisiana State University. Doctor of Design (Harvard, 2021), Master in Urban Design (Harvard, 2014), and Architect (Tecnológico de Monterrey, 2008) His research explores Urbanism and Autonomy in postmodern urban thinking from from philosophy, art, and political approach. Guest Critic: Kelly J. Hutzell is Associate Dean at the SoAD in Wentworth Institute of Technology. She holds a MSAUD (Columbia, 2022), and a BArch (RWU, 1996). Kelly has a degree in architecture (Massachusetts) and has performed differente academic roles in places lke Carnegie Mellon Institute and New Jersey Institute if Technology. Guest Critic: Mark Mulligan is an architect and educator with a deep knowledge of construction technology and a multi-faceted engagement with Japanese architecture and urbanism. He holds a MArch (Harvard GSD), and BArch (Yale University). Mark is currently Associate Dean at the SoAD in Wentworth Institute of Technology Guest Critic: Leonardi Aray holds a bachelor degree of Architecture (Universidad Simon Bolívar, Caracas), and earned a Master of Community Planning (University of Rhode Island). He leads LAA, a emergent Boston-based architectural firm focussed in inclusionary housing, informality, and neighborhood planning. Studio 7 | ARCH4000 | Fall 2023

Partnership Local Support: Community Council of Fechas Patrias in Petare, AREPA Architecture Ecology and Participation, Association of Industrialists and Merchants of La California and Los Ruices Sur (ASOICARUS), Association of Industrialists and Merchants of Los Cortijos and The Ruices (ASICOR), Boca Proyectos, Central University of Venezuela, and Simon Bolivar University.

Petare Projected Model and Data comes from D4L Exhibition: Wentworth Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Design Curator: Ignacio Cardona. Professors: Manuel Delgado, Robert Cowherd, Ryan Thomas, and Ignacio Cardona. Production leader: Joseph Scheuermann Production team and Installation: James Anderson, Salvatore Gentile, Andres Jimenez, Logan Middleton, Rylee Rehders, Chris Hudson, Riley Sagan, Patrick Gould, Joseph Tran, Jordan Ann Sperounis, Jeremy Donovan, Ciara Welch, Jason McDonald, Jona Sulaj and Catriel Ziggy Kurz Ribetto Media: Digital Technology Services Translations: Rodrigo Urdaneta and Ignacio Cardona Photographs: Nicola Rocco, Ramon Paolini, Reynaldo Díaz, and Ana Babic. Support and Conceptualization Team: Mark Mulligan, Chris Sledziona, Manuel Barrios, Joe Fratoni, Claudio Santiago, Jason Rebillot, and Sedef Doganer.

Wentworth Institute of Technology | SoAD

References Cardona, Ignacio. 2021. “Spatial Opportunities for Self-Produced Environments.” Doctor of Design Dissertation, Cambridge: Harvard Graduate School of Design. Escobar, Arturo. 2018. Designs for the Pluriverse : Radical Interdependence, Autonomy, and the Making of Worlds. Durham, North Carolina ; London, England: Duke University Press. Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano, EDU. 2014. «Modelo de transformación urbana - Proyecto Urbano Integral PUI zona n…». mayo 23. https://www.slideshare.net/ EDUMedellin/modelo-de-transformacin-urbana-proyecto-urbano-integral-puizona-nororiental. Fainstein, Susan S. 2010. The Just City. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Gouverneur, David C. 2014. Planning and Design for Future Informal Settlements: Shaping the Self-Constructed City. Taylor and Francis. https://doi. org/10.4324/9781315765938. Griffin, Toni L, Ariella Cohen, and David Maddox. 2015. The Just City Essays : 26 Visions for Urban Equity, Inclusion and Opportunity. Volume 1. New York: J. Max Bond Center on Design for the Just City at the Spitzer School of Architecture at the City College of New York. Jacob, Allan. 1995. Great Streets. MIT Press. Jacobs, Jane. 1961. «The uses of city neighborhoods». En , editado por Jane Jacobs, 112-40. The death and life of great American cities. New York. Perez, Rosario C. Giusti de, and Ramon A. Perez. 2008. Analyzing Urban Poverty: GIS for the Developing World. Redlands, California: ESRI Press. Sandercock, Leonie. 1998. Towards Cosmopolis : Planning for Multicultural Cities. Chichester ; New York: John Wiley. Shane, David Grahame. 2005. Recombinant Urbanism : Conceptual Modeling in Architecture, Urban Design, and City Theory. Chichester, England ; Hoboken, NJ.

Studio 7 | ARCH4000 | Fall 2023