Curriculum Connections 2014

’s Most tive waves cr orm surges increasing the amount of destruc tre escarpment to form, and 54, a tropical cyclone had caused a 1.8 me clones Pam and Z cy al pic tro d an 67 19 in s rge su rm sto ed nu after conti s were successfully counte rge su rm sto 99 19 d an 96 19 the , ars ye nt ce of severe erosio ce en urg res a 11 -20 05 20 n ee tw be r ve we erference, ho beach profile, and has b the in ng eri low me tre ex in ed ult res s ha onths erson, 2011). As shown be t the boundaries of human settlements (Patt monstrating the de de w, vie lite tel sa a m fro en se be n ca the in changes -2020. due to extreme storm events between 1971 dth o

Figure 2: Mitochondria Structure (Davidson, 004) 2 n, s idso e Dav ( ss ture truc S st ce opla ro hlor : Cd P resre a3n atuFigu 2004) Beaches are Gold Coast Southern e th ive ct tru ns Co n, ents such as osio e Drift, Deposition, Er processes. Longshor e development of th ct which affe es nc rre cu oc l ra tu ar e all na ents are ocess in which sedim pr l ra tu na e th Figure 2 is in ift d Dr te ra st illu as s, nd and current ng a coastline by wi interacting with the rs e; wate l is ta as co ag of t en tor fac em k ov ris m ves ore s the st lvemo vo the swash of the wa in lts su re d an , nd wi ailingha prev40 1 wn the beach the er imgeate of ov est ck do an ve d bad drag en th is l ia er at m is Th rther an angle. lly to deposit sand fu ua in nt co s d at an pe ing re fer s suf oces ha theeprof andnc being inserte 2014). have e ers have differing views on the topic of chloroplast e ag wouald 1 farm of the sam s and

s al im n A n i st la p ro lo h C – II I t ar P

es Animal activist to to become autotrophs. sedthem poing as ance chinto allow als,op anim tantially lower chances earlier and not to right for animals to be treated humanely thek in eve beli s vist acti ris ts ble Righ ifia al od nim A n-m no . Other key , Anim (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2009).In saying this es pos pur an hum for sed abu or d ed an loit er exp nd rs include ge w f g that would be undertaken on animals to allo stin e te f th e o rov app not o uld als wo ists are ctiv re ts A the y. However, ditRigh the work they undertake as they will need act imp atly gre ld wou It . rted inse le be sty to s life last n rop s betwee link enchlo in turn would disadvantage activists as th his n. T ed o test ing s be mal ani , the ding use o fen e detobacc nd tim spesuc h as ces protect the animals. Not only that b to t mp atte in ney mo or re po mo n, nd tio spe to mp d consu req oluire be oh , alc itywill lead to many issues of animal’s way ay m nd a nce rma erfo p al d nim a an t y ffec vit a tly cti rea ina g ouldcal wysi last ph ropd n an tiochlo s unethical r not approve of. According to Anima Right Activists it i ould D. wFo CVists al activ nimof me ant which velop delife, urposes. the to change their way of living for human p19 ses and raing o use ugh testi acc thro nimals le, atob mpput 71-2010 (Patter g rin du h ac Be f clif gs Kin of s ph gra oto Ph lite telveloping CVD to 1 in Sade 8:of ece s (Smith, fit from animals containing chloropla

wave fit and not bene bene o ue obtliq othe bdue eatoble btlin wgould ers pass ion and feroc ity in arm fsa zier a coas Gra Repo rted by Indira Shield s on al nd ng rti po ns orry ab tra o wnce. ed tmsta t necircu nosame ould the ht w f drn oug ns o atio situ rs in ) rme 09 een r, fa 20 betw ccu to o ectio ble conn The re a we If this situation and ive. In turn they would be able ente rtain es,for surger to surv m ord them ment orin t st d quen fee te fre qua to ade e als du anim g d in fee to od ing er hav are y el es Maggi Sietsma, the founding activ style chstoic life been veor po se ch ha 4). Thi 200 th of foreshore 500 tosynthesis to occur (Eva ng et or al., le sions ns, a of Expres g c direct on artisti al lo g in that money to allow pho for bewith duneer r d wat fo y tate ar hed ss ograp vege chore l ce any ofpur se cia Comp ne srib cha an Dance is fin jor dune system uting to the s, the temma s they wo r gy to survive. This i‘The l anised ficia a moder weeve Door’, s b5ene , ho re 3) o ner Figu 13). In beach ecos ys wn eeuce heir (S t n io rod p o os t of Er ble a tale l e The Academic Journal of old b ta age the ould as of w n versio hey Co t se e g ea aus tin bec ), en ascular Dis prevov d rdi Ca ofh an ac de be an Within The Region ity tiv Bluebeard. Her skilful manipulation Ac an m Hu Canterbury College 2014 ity (See e of man activ of the different elements in this d hu ge y. om on ec cause of the absenc dom estic viole nce woul d n Be alia t. str en al hesesanAu ev pr e or piece has resulted in a dance which m nd av have become typic ally not be ift to transport all sa Dr e or sh keeps the audience engaged and on ng Lo s, he orth against storm surgessyno nymo us, but after Beac ent repbe arnrec uthe to ord ast So the edge of their seats, drawing d Coing ol ac e th t ec ot ns pr essio to Expr s st hing lo watc ne them out of the light and into the d du ha ningAIH maiby no red ary bru Fe in as, Kingscliff Beach W ch su s the ase ea pany darkness. Com ar e , Danc es rg The very better prepared the stronger l road loca e 2005-2011 storm su to e seem ag will m on ciati da asso in n g tha ltin D Sietsma is regarded as one of , resu re on CV pealmo onse,Ther e is some thing ds l ap en visua tra e. As a respclear and sp ag m line lia da . m or st Australia’s leading choreographers of nt the exte to e to du y SC rit e la danc SL a t pu nd abou e po ng la d ivati sam ad and it’s not hard to see why. She e dgen He capt se er disease group ea . Th the Cu oth t of

at Kingscliff Beac ion os Er tal as Co of s ue iss the nt ve pre to is not taken Canterbury College sustainabilit the g tin ec aff , se ari l wil s ue iss ic om on ec d an l cia so l, menta Curriculum Connections resulting in the l e, tlin as co the ge ma da to e nu nti co l wil ion Coastal Eros of animals and plan es ss ce pro al tur na ny ma g tin up err int m, ste dune sy to infrastructure such as r e 9, this erosion will in turn result in damage st the Marine Para pa g ttin cu lly tua en ev t, en rpm ca es h ac be s along the d ma ke the beach an una an s, lue va rty pe pro e as cre de l wil n tow the to y due to the dec om on ec al loc the en ak we r the fur l wil ich estination, wh th

PAGE 18 Prep students paint the billabong from “Tom Tom”

Contents Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

PAGE 19 Year 2 students creating blot paintings

English - Prep Writing Piece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 English - Year 3 Writing and Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 English - Year 9 English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 English - Year 11 English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Mathematics Year 5 Mathematics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Science - Year 3 Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Science - Year 11 Biology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Visual Art - Prep Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Visual Art - Year 2 Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Visual Art - Year 3 Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Visual Art - Year 7 Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Visual Art - Year 11 Visual Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Visual Art - Year 12 Visual Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 History - Year 2 History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 History - Year 6 History Asylum Seekers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 History - Year 6 History Antarctic Exploration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 History - Year 10 History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 History - Year 12 Ancient History. . . . . . . . . . 35 Geography - Year 6 Geography Antarctica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Geography - Year 6 Geography Feed the World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Geography - Year 10 Geography. . . . . . . . . . 43 Tech Studies - Year 6 Design and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Health and Physical Education - Year 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Japanese - Year 9 Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Dance - Year 12 Dance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

PAGE 2 An interesting story by Mikayla (Prep) Curriculum Connections 2014

Foreword The 2014 edition of Curriculum Connections has been expanded to include samples of work from the Junior School. This is an exciting inclusion as it allows readers to appreciate the developmental nature of assessment. By looking at student responses from the earliest years through to the last years of schooling, it becomes clear that effective assessment takes students on a journey of discovery and exploration. Rather than just being a tool to collect data, assessment can also be a conduit to creativity. Thoughtfully designed assessment can unlock the thinking potential of all students. As Greek historian Plutarch said, “The mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be kindled”. What is exciting about showcasing the broad range of student response is that it shows the unlocking of students’ minds as they problem solve and search for the best way to respond to the tasks that have been set for them. The examples published show the kindling of creative thought and expression across a range of topics and more interestingly, for the first time, across a range of year levels.

PAGE 8 Year 5 Maths - Exploring Patterns

We hope you appreciate the examples that follow. Ms Ralda Deoki and Mrs Leanne Lyle Directors of Curriculum K-Year 12

Dear members of the Canterbury College family, This is the completed Academic Journal of Canterbury College for 2014. There are many examples of talented work from our students and we can only publish a select sample for you. Enjoy the creativity that is evident in their works. Thank you for working in partnership with us. Mrs Donna Anderson Head of College

PAGE 9 Year 3 Science students created a “Moon Farm” Canterbury College The better prepared the stronger

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Prep Writing Piece After reading the Dreamtime story “How the kangaroos got their tails�, students were asked to write about their favourite part of the story. They were asked to concentrate on using capital letters, full stops and spaces between words. Students used the most obvious sounds in words to convey their message. They also focused on using correct letter formation for upper and lower case letters. Mrs Nicole Miller Prep Teacher

Mikayla Thompson (Prep)

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Year 3 Writing and Science This task integrated English and Science. After studying the Sun and the Moon in Science, the students were asked to write an information report based on a planet of their choice. They were given the opportunity to present their text through a variety of modalities. Carly Oh displayed her knowledge of the moon through her text. Her writing was aimed at a Prep/ Year 1 audience and she cleverly used a narrative with some scientific facts for entertainment purposes. Ms Emily Nolde, Year 3 Teacher

Carly Oh (Year 3)

Canterbury College The better prepared the stronger

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Year 9 English In Term 2, the Year 9 English unit focused on the representations of war in poetry. The students learnt that through the experiences of war, many people have been inspired to write poems that reflect on the horror, the humanity and the glory of war. These poems have been powerful tools in society to encourage people to reflect on war and to instigate change. The unit explored a range of poems that respond to different wars, from different perspectives and cultures. The assessment item required students to develop a written proposal, where they had to select and promote three poems that should be included in an anthology of war poetry. They could choose poems that are anti-war, prowar or a selection of both. Mirae Yun chose three anti-war poems, arguing their representation of the horrors of war. This is Mirae’s proposal. Mrs Simone Hartley Curriculum Coordinator, English (Years 7-9)

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The Representation of War in Poetry Anthologies of war poetry will need to include meaningful and powerful poems about the significant impacts war has had on the society. Three anti-war poems that are essential for a war anthology include ‘We Shall Bring Forth New Life’ by Sadako Kurihara, ‘Five Ways to Kill a Man’ by Edwin Brock and ‘To My Mother’ by George Barker. The reason why these poems are vital is because they use their own specific techniques to effectively portray the horrors and darkness of war and have significant impacts on readers. By stating the story, themes and the poetic techniques used throughout the three poems, I hope to convince you that the poems must be included in your war anthology. I will also be discussing the impacts the poems had on me. ‘We Shall Bring Forth New Life’ is a poem written by Sadako Kurihara and includes a powerful anti-war message that is essential for your anthology. The poem is about a lady giving birth in a basement during the aftermath of the atomic bomb and a midwife who risks her own life to help give birth. It is also a description of what was happening to people after the atomic bomb in Japan during World War II. The theme of this poem is that people should sacrifice for each other to continue the generation of human life. The author reinforces the point that if people are in tough times, sacrificing themselves for the helpless ones is the right and heroic act to do. This is evident in lines 20 and 23 as the line: ‘Bring Forth New Life!’ is repeated. Furthermore, the poem portrays how resilient people are in war and shows that no matter what situation people are in, they should always help those around them. Powerful techniques are used throughout the poem. The poet uses descriptive language to illustrate the story. For example: ‘raw smell of blood’, ‘stench of death’ and ‘reek of smell’ (lines 4 and 5). The use of language choices lets the readers use their sense of smell and lets them experience how terrible it was during

Curriculum Connections 2014

war. Metaphors are continuously used to describe the basement the people sheltered in as hell, for example: ‘In that basement room, in the lower reaches of hell’ (line 8). When I read this poem, I was horrified by some of the harsh situations innocent people had to live through during war. I also realised how hard and miserable life was to all people, soldiers and innocent people, during war. The poet effectively describes a horrible situation and persuades me war should not exist. Therefore, ‘We Shall Bring Forth New Life’ is a powerful poem that must be included in your anthology. There is another excellent poem that should be included. Another powerful poem to include that has a strong antiwar message is ‘Five Ways to Kill a Man’ by Edwin Brock. It is about the progression of wars and how each different war had different ways to kill people. The poem mainly focuses on famous examples of conflicts that readers can easily recognise and identify. The poet includes conflicts such as Jesus’ crucifixion (stanza 1) and conflicts during the medieval period (stanza 2). The message of the poem is that men have always wanted to kill each other and that mankind does not need war because they will find their own ways to kill each other. Moreover, the theme of the poem is that killing has become an impersonal thing. This is obvious as the poem starts off with the death of Jesus Christ, which is the death of one person, then gradually talks about war and the killing of many innocent people, not just aimed at one person. The poem is structured with run-on sentences and to read the poem, readers need to follow the punctuation. For example, in lines 20 and 23, even though they’re two separate lines people have to read the lines without pausing to keeps the poem flowing. Furthermore in line23, readers need to pause at the full stop even though it’s on the same line because the poem would not make sense if the punctuation was ignored. Parts of the poem sound like an instruction manual on how to kill a man and uses second person language. For example, ‘Dispensing with nobility, you may, if the wind allows, blow gas at him.’ (lines 15 and 16). This leads to the tone used throughout the poem, unemotional and detached while describing a horrible subject such as death. By using this particular tone, it takes away the emotion of killing people and highlights the fact that people do not care. The lack of emotion also forces readers to actually feel emotion of unimportance towards war. I was horrified by the indifference of killing people in this poem but then I realised the meaning of it was to point out the fact that war is just one of those many ways of killing people. ‘Five Ways to Kill a Man’ is in contrast to other war poems that often focus on emotions and therefore is a perfect poem for your anthology. There is another poem that is vital for any antiwar anthologies.

‘To My Mother’ is a poem written by George Barker and is an excellent poem that must be included in an anti-war anthology as it includes a powerful message. The poem is a sonnet about the speaker’s love for his mother and is a description of his mother. The theme of this poem is that no matter the circumstances, family is still on people’s mind. This is evident in the poem as the poet is thinking and writing about his mother even though he is in war. This depicts the humanity of war as the author emphasizes the point that nothing can stop a child’s unconditional love for their mother. By saying that his mother will ‘move from mourning into morning’ (line 14) portrays the fact that she will move on from hard time to start a new, fresh beginning. This reinforces the fact that at some point in time, people will lose someone they love, but they should accept the fact and carry on with life, not mourn for the rest of their lives. Additional to the theme, the poet uses effective techniques to tell the story. To describe the poet’s mother, he uses extended metaphors and describes his mother as being a large lady. For example, ‘seismic with laughter’ and ‘she is a procession’ (lines 3 and 7). There are also many similes throughout the poem that describes the mother’s appearance and personality. The similes include: ‘sitting as huge as Asia’ and ‘irresistible as Rabelais’ (lines 3 and 5). I believe ‘To My Mother’ is a very sad poem about separation between families due to war. However, the poem is also very lovely as it is a soldier’s poem to his mother expressing his absolute love. Moreover, the poem also encourages me to move on if I am ever in hard times. Therefore, ‘To My Mother’ is an excellent poem for your anthology as it is anti-war but is also encouraging at the same time. ‘Bring Forth New Life’, ‘Five Ways to Kill a Man’ and ‘To My Mother’ are excellent examples of war poetry that is vital for an anti-war anthology. They will have significant impacts on readers as each of these poems have unique techniques to effectively illustrate the horrors of war. It is evident from the poems’ stories, themes, techniques and the impacts they had on me that they will make impressive additions to your anti-war anthology. Mirae Yun (Year 9)

Canterbury College The better prepared the stronger

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YEAR 11 ENGLISH

Supermarket

In Term 1, Year 11 English students studied a range of short stories that explore the experiences of marginalised people and groups; those who do not have a voice.

I hated exercise. I absolutely hated it. The only reason I was running on the treadmill was because my doctor said I had to run for forty minutes a day. Yes – my weight was getting out of control. Unfortunately I normally felt like passing out in half the time the doctor prescribed.

They looked at the ways authors use a range of techniques to manipulate audiences to feel empathy for the characters and their situations. Aaron Dora created a thoughtful and sometimes humorous story about a person with a weight problem and was very successful in drawing readers into the character’s world. Mrs Shona Sunebeck Curriculum Coordinator, English (Years 10-12)

I was infuriated at my own lack of physical condition on a daily basis, and I didn’t seem to be getting much better either. I’ve always blamed it all on my genetics. Both of my parents were large and everyone else seemed to be able to just lose weight with ease, why couldn’t I? I was pulled out of the weak exercise focus I had by my wife’s voice. “Honey, I’m going to get the lollies now,” she announced, “Do you remember what Kooper wanted?” “He’s only five; lollies are lollies to him. Just don’t get anything healthy. Apparently he’s allergic,” I joked sarcastically between breaths. She laughed. Her laugh was by far the most charismatic in the world; like a great symphony you couldn’t get enough of. It’s serenity to me. But I can’t help wondering sometimes whether she only married me because I can make her laugh. I mean, she certainly didn’t marry me for my excessively large gut and my multiple chins. No… my looks aren’t exactly appealing. But I was trying my hardest to change it for her. “Alright, I’ll get him whatever’s on special,” she said, giving me a kiss on the cheek and going for the door. “Wait!” I exclaimed louder than I had anticipated, “I’ll go.” She seemed surprised by my eagerness; especially considering… last time.

Supe “Are you sure? You remember what happened la-” “I’ll go!” I maintained,

There was silence for a moment, until, finally understanding my need to prove to her that I could, in fact,

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Curriculum Connections 2014

handle a petty trip to the supermarket, she accepted. She appeared pleased, but I could tell she was worried about a repeat of last time. I ignored it, giving her a kiss on the cheek and walking out the door optimistically into the day. Unfortunately, when I lumbered into the crowded supermarket, I lost all optimism. Public places are never easy for a man of my size without receiving a shroud of judgemental stares and comments. The sea of shoppers around me felt more like spectators at a circus, where I was the main attraction. Every step felt heavier, and like daggers to my skin, I had to endure the piercing stares of all the thin, slim people who surrounded me.

All at once, a tsunami of high school memories thumped into me. “Get in, get the lollies and get out,” I urged myself. I thought of my wife, and what she would do in this situation. I pictured her wearing her pink pyjamas, riding a horse into the supermarket yelling, “stuff the world!” She never really cared much what people thought of her, so this was something she’d actually do. The image of it forced me to break out into laughter, rousing what felt like the entire store, and causing the teenagers next to me to sneak away snickering. ‘Yes, I’m sure the fat man in the lolly aisle laughing for no reason will be everyone’s Facebook status today,’ I thought.

I attempted to nonchalantly escape from the confectionary aisle, basket full of lollies in hand, but I was soon met with the stares of the checkout crowd. Some were stares of pity, some of judgemental amusement, some even of disgust... None of the stares were friendly. I felt like the circus attraction again. I was the bearded lady, the clowns and the circus elephants all packed into one. ROLL UP, ROLL UP. WATCH FATTEST MAN IN THE LAND BUYING A BASKET FULL OF LOLLIES. COME WATCH AS HE – All at once, a tsunami of high school memories thumped into me. There was a ringing in my ears. A heard of buffalo were stampeding in my chest. The ringing got louder. All the names came back to me. Fatty! Loser! Useless! Whale! The tsunami was relentless. Reflected in the faces of the shoppers around me was Jim, who used to shove my face down a toilet bowl day after day. Jake, who used to grab my lunch from my hands, hissing, “You don’t need that! Look at you!” All of a sudden I couldn’t breathe! The tsunami had filled my lungs with disgusting salty water! I needed to get out; get out of the water; get out of that stuffy, overcrowded convenience store before I drowned. I let the basket of lollies crash to the ground as I ran out of the store, gasping for air. All I could think of all the way home was what I was going to say to my wife. When I finally arrived, my wife was sitting on the couch. She looked up at my sweaty, dishevelled figure in the doorway, and I found that thinking of excuses on the way home was pointless, for her eyes showed that she understood everything. As I slumped on the couch beside her, she gazed at me sympathetically. In her illuminated face I saw the girl from high school. The girl who left her group to sit with me every day. The only good person, and the woman that I love. Finally she said, “It’s OK, I’ll get the lollies,” stroked the back of my head, and left. I’d like to say that she makes everything OK, but sometimes the tsunamis are so bad that nothing can stop them. What I can say is that she’s my anchor; she stops the tsunamis from washing me away. Aaron Dora (Year 11)

ermarket At that point, above all else I really just wanted to get out. I felt like the literal elephant in the room, and I just wanted to crawl back to the safety of my house like a hermit crab – but I wasn’t ready to give up. Twenty kids needed lollies for this party, and I was too involved to go back now.

Canterbury College The better prepared the stronger

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This is an Islamic plate that Year 5 students used as an example.

Year 5 Mathematics: Using Rotational Symmetry to Re-create a Plate

Jordan Miller (Year 5)

Maleah Lang-McMahon (Year 5)

Year 5 students were given one quarter of a plate and asked to re-create the whole plate. This authentic task was based on what archaeologists do when parts of artefacts are found and how plate designs (such as Islamic plates) are based on mathematical concepts. The task allowed students to demonstrate their understanding and ability to describe transformations of twodimensional shapes as well as identify line and rotational symmetry. The opportunity to use mathematical tools such as a compass helped them to use the radius to draw the outline of the circle and the transformational skills of reflection and rotation were consolidated. The students used higherorder thinking skills such as analysis, design and evaluation when recreating their plate. Mrs Leanne Lyle Director of Curriculum K-6

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Curriculum Connections 2014

Year 3 Science In Term 3, Year 3 studied that Earth’s rotation on its axis causes regular changes, including night and day. As part of this unit, the students investigated the moon and what the moon was like. They were given the option to investigate the possibility of growing food on the moon and create a “Moon Farm”. This extension project gave students the opportunity to explain whether NASA could grow crops on the moon. They built models to accompany their presentations. Dylan Higginbottom (Year 3) independently created this excellent design, including the use of solar panels. He included the use of robots in his model that were used to tend his farm. Mrs Piper Ray Year 3 Teacher

“Moon Farm” By Dylan Higginbottom (Year 3)

Canterbury College The better prepared the stronger

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Cell Cell B Biology iology EExtended xtended R Response esponse Year Year 1 11 1 B Biology iology Tiana Tiana H Holder older

Year 11 Biology

The Endosymbiosis Theory - Part I

The Endosymbiosis Theory -­‐ Part I During the 1970’s Lynn Margulies devised the In Term 1, Year 11 Biology

of the Endosymbiosis theory (Oktar, students studied cell Margulies devised the tthesis During hesis tthe theory ((Oktar, During tthe he 1 1970’s 970’s LLynn ynn Margulies devised the t2013). hesis o of f This he EEndosymbiosis ndosymbiosis Oktar, 2 2013). 013). TThis his is the theorytheory that hypothesises the biology. is the theory that hypothesises the origins of certain organelles within eukaryotic cells (Kids.net.au, is the theory that hypothesises the origins of certain organelles within eukaryotic cells (Kids.net.au, origins of certain organelles within eukaryotic As part2014). There is evidence that implies single-­‐celled organisms once covered the earth (University of of their assessment, students 2014). There is evidence that implies single-­‐celled organisms once covered the earth (University of cells (Kids.net.au, 2014). There is evidence that were required to complete a research Utah, YYet ssymbiosis aactivity m iintricate w ble Utah, 2 2014). 014). et tthrough hrough ymbiosis aand nd p parasitical arasitical ctivity more ore ccomplex, omplex, organisms ntricate ccells ells once were ere aacovered ble tto o implies single-celled assignment pertaining to Cell Theory. To be formed (Oktar, 2013). Organelles such as mitochondria, and chloroplasts were originally single be students formed had (Oktar, 2013). Organelles such as mitochondria, and chloroplasts were 2014). originally single the earth (University of Utah, do well, to research widely

bacteria (as contained bacteria (as they they contained their own own DNA) DNA) yet yet through through the the process process of of endosymbiosis endosymbiosis these these and explore the intricate workings of their Yet through symbiosis and parasitical activity more complex, have become dependent on living inside a cell. Margulies proposed that mitochondria cells inorganelles detail. Tiana Holder (Year 11) organelles have become dependent on living inside a cell. Margulies proposed that mitochondria intricate cells were able to be formed (Oktar, 2013). Organelles produced anthe excellent essay which were rresult o f EEndocytosis o f aaerobic b acteria and cchloroplasts w tthe o ndocytosis o were t he esult o f ndocytosis o f erobic b acteria hloroplasts and were ere he rresult esult were of f EEoriginally ndocytosis of f suchand as mitochondria, chloroplasts single covered thoroughly all aspects of the photosynthetic bacteria (IUPI Department of Biology, 2002). In both cases the two organelles were bacteria (as they contained their own DNA) yet through the photosynthetic bacteria (IUPI Department of Biology, 2002). In both cases the two organelles were research task. anaerobic aan eenvironment w rresulted iin he of endosymbiosis these organelles have anaerobic b bacteria acteria tthat hat w were ere u unable nable tto o eexist xist iin n process n aaerobic erobic nvironment which hich esulted n ttbecome he m mutual utual Mr Laurie Maetam dependent on living inside a cell. Margulies proposed that beneficial r elationship o f b oth c ells, t his p rocess b eing c alled s ymbiosis ( IUPI D epartment o f B iology, beneficial of both cells, this process being called symbiosis (IUPI Department of Biology, Curriculum Coordinator,relationship Science (Years 10-12) mitochondria were the result of Endocytosis of aerobic 2002). Symbiosis occurs when two different cells benefit from living and working together 2002). Symbiosis occurs when two different cells and benefit from were living together bacteria chloroplasts theand resultworking of Endocytosis of (University of Utah, 2014). When one cell begins to live inside another the process is called photosynthetic bacteria (IUPI Department of Biology, 2002). (University of Utah, 2014). When one cell begins to live inside another the process is called In both cases the two endosymbiotic organelles were anaerobic bacteria that endosymbiosis. endosymbiosis. ‘The ‘The endosymbiotic theory theory describes describes were unable to exist in an aerobic environment which resulted how a large host cell ingested bacteria could easily how large host cell and and ingested of bacteria could ina the mutual beneficial relationship both cells, this easily process become dependent another for being called symbiosison (IUPIone Department of Biology, 2002). become dependent on one another for survival, survival, resulting in a (University of Symbiosis when tworelationship.’ different cells benefit from living resulting in occurs a permanent permanent relationship.’ (University of and working together (University of Utah, 2014). When one cell Utah, 2014). Endocytosis is when a substance gains Utah, 2014). when a issubstance gains begins to liveEndocytosis inside anotheris the process called endosymbiosis. entrance into by entering through the cell entrance into the the cell cell by describes entering through the cell cell ‘The endosymbiotic theory how a large host membrane. The cell membrane then invaginates to lock and ingested bacteria could easily become dependent on membrane. The cell membrane then invaginates to lock one another material for survival, resultingthe in a permanent relationship.’ the the foreign foreign material inside inside the cell cell creating creating an an (University of Utah, 2014). Endocytosis is when a substance gains intercellular vesicle (Lye, 2014). Figure 1 explains the intercellular vesicle (Lye, 2014). through Figure the 1 explains the entrance into the cell by entering cell membrane. process o h b rrely o iimprove The cell then invaginates lock theyyet foreign material process of f membrane how ow o organelles, rganelles, began egan tto o to ely on, n, et mprove the f unctionality o f a e ukaryotic c ell. inside the cell creating an intercellular vesicle (Lye, 2014). Figure the functionality of a eukaryotic cell. 1 explains the process of how organelles, began to rely on, yet improve the functionality of a eukaryotic cell.

Part II -­‐ Organelles Part II - Organelles

The mitochondria chloroplasts organelles mitochondriaand and chloroplasts areare twotwo organelles that The The mitochondria and chloroplasts are two organelles without their assimilation into the cell would have greatly altered that without their assimilation into the cell would that without their assimilation into the cell would have have the function of the cell. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts greatly altered the function of Both greatly function of the the to cell. cell. Both containaltered their ownthe DNA which is comparable bacteria. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA organelles are responsible for energy metabolism withinDNA which comparable to Both organelles cells.is 2014). Mitochondria greatly benefitedare which is (ScienceDaily, comparable to bacteria. bacteria. Both organelles are Eukaryotic cells as they allowed the cell to use oxygen to form responsible for energy metabolism within cells. responsible for energy metabolism within cells. ATP, by using the Kreb’s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (ScienceDaily, 2014). Mitochondria greatly (ScienceDaily, 2014). greatly benefited benefited (Wordpress.com, 2014).Mitochondria This is done by mitochondria breaking Eukaryotic c ells a s t hey a llowed t he c ell t o u se o xygen down carbohydrates and fatty acids create Eukaryotic cells as they allowed the to cell to uATP se o(Cooper., xygen tto o 2000). Similarly chloroplasts are essential in the process of form ATP, by using the Kreb’s cycle and oxidative form ATP, by using the Kreb’s cycle and oxidative photosynthesis in plant cells. They capture light energy to phosphorylation (Wordpress.com, 2014). This is done by phosphorylation (Wordpress.com, 2014). This is done by Figure Figure 1 1: : EEndosymbiosis ndosymbiosis p process rocess ((University University o of f U Utah, tah, 2014) 2014)

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produce energy stored in ATP through the photosynthesis process. (ScienceDaily, 2014). Without chloroplast and mitochondria, eukaryotic cells would not be able to function as they are their main energy source. Figures 2 and 3 give insight to the structure of both chloroplast and mitochondria.

Curriculum Connections 2014

energy source. Figures 2 and 3 give insight to the structure of both chloroplast and mitochondria.

Figure 3: Chloroplast Structure (Davidson, 2004)

Part III – Chloroplast in Animals Animal activists and farmers would have differing views on the topic of chloroplast being inserted into animals, allowing them to become autotrophs.

Figure 2: Mitochondria Structure (Davidson, 2004) take up more land than may generally be required. Another downside is for farmers who grow food for livestock will lose income as they will no longer be needed for as much business. Economically grazier farmers will be able to benefit from animals containing chloroplast yet it would create greater environmental impacts.

Part III – Chloroplast in Animals

Animal Rights activists believe in the right for animals to If the project of chloroplasts being inserted into animals be treated humanely and not to be exploited or abused were to be successful would be many impactsbeing inserted on Animal activists farmers have views on the there topic of chloroplast for human purposesand (Houghton Mifflinwould Company, 2009).differing biological systems. At a cellular level chloroplasts would In saying this, Animal Rights tActivists not approve into animals, allowing hem twould o become autotrophs. greatly influence the way in which an animal’s body of the testing that would be undertaken on animals to functions. Cells that contain chloroplast will be able to allow for chloroplasts to be inserted. It would greatly their own energy; this allows the animal’s body Aimpact nimal theRights activists the right for produce animals to be treated humanely and not to be work they undertakebelieve as they willin need to spend to create its own energy. With this in mind cells will be time defending the animals being tested on. This in turn able toMifflin undergo cellular respiration and othersaying cellular this, Animal exploited or abused for human purposes (Houghton Company, 2009).In would disadvantage activists as they will be required to functions without the need of having to consume energy. Rights Activists would not approve of the testing that would be undertaken on animals to allow for spend more money in attempt to protect the animals. Organs within the digestive system would be undergoing Not only that but chloroplast would greatly affect animal extreme stress as they haveundertake no need to be as functioning as need to chloroplasts to be inserted. It would greatly impact the work they they will performance and may lead to many issues of animal’s no food is being consumed. In order for an animal body way of life, which animal activists would not approve of. spend time defending the animals being tested on. This in turn would disadvantage activists as they to work effectively with chloroplasts, the digestive system According to Anima Right Activists it is unethical to put would not required in the the body. In saying Not that cells will be required to spend more money in attempt to beprotect animals. only that but animals through testing and to change their way of living that contain chloroplasts would be effective on skin tissue, for human purposes. chloroplast would greatly affect animal performance nd only may lead intanimals o many f animal’s way of as it isathe surface thatissues has the o greatest surface area exposed to the sun. If animals were to contain life, which animal activists not pprove of. chloroplasts According to Anima Right Activists it is unethical to Grazier farmers would both be ablewtoould benefit andanot the structure of the food chain would change benefit from animals containing chloroplasts. this and will therefore change the food in which put animals through testing and to Ifchange their wdrastically ay of living for human purposes. situation were able to occur, farmers in situations of other animals consume. This is due to the fact that certain drought would not need to worry about having to feed animals would not need to eat food in order to gain energy Grazier farmers feed would both be atoble to bInenefit ot benefit from nimals containing chloroplasts. animals adequate in order for them survive. turn and andnorganisms lower downaon the food chain therefore they would be able to purchase water with that money different bacteria would over breed. If this were the case If this situation were able to occur, farmers in situations of drought would not need to worry about to allow for photosynthesis to occur (Evans, et al., 2004). an increase of disease throughout communities is likely having to feed adequate feed in order for them to survive. In turn they would This is because theyanimals would be able to produce their own as there is higher risk of bacteria and viruses entering thebe able to energy to survive. This is beneficial as they would not need human body. This is the same for plant matter as well purchase water with that money to allow for photosynthesis to occur (Evans, et al., 2004). This is to spend as much money on food and focus on suppling as livestock and other grazing animals will not need to nutrients, ttherefore will bebable create profit.their own because hey would e ato ble to pfurther roduce energy to allowing survive. This is grass beneficial as wide they would consume grass, weeds and to become In saying this though farmers may need to change the spread. If these plants were to overgrow it would create animal’s living conditions to allow for them to have direct perfect conditions for other unicellular organisms to grow. sunlight in order for photosynthesis to take place, the There are many risks that would affect biological systems if environmental downside of this being that livestock will chloroplasts in animals were to be trialled.

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Part B - Caulerpa Cells are generally extremely small to allow for a greater surface area to volume ratio (Blamire, 2001). This is due to the fact that the smaller the cell the faster nutrients are able to diffuse to the nucleus. As a cell grows larger in diameter the internal volume increase and the cell membrane expands. But as the diameter increases the volume rises more rapidly thus making for a smaller surface area to volume ratio (Evans, et al., 2004). This means that the larger the cell is the total amount of surface area available to pass materials to a unit of volume steadily decreases (Blamire, 2001). In order to allow for sufficient nutrients to enter the cell at an efficient rate the surface area to volume must be larger thus the cell must be Year 11 Year Biology 11 Biology smaller.

Cell BCell iology Biology Extended Extended Response Response

Caulerpa growing green algae) is a single cell organism Tiana HTiana older H(fast older

which has a complex structure as seen in figure 4. Fronds that vary from 15-30cm long, branch off from the runners called rhizomes (Jenkins, 2009). The rhizome is attached to thin hair like roots known as rhizoids which anchor the plant in sediment. These roots do not assist in the absorption of

Part Part B -­‐B C -­‐aulerpa Caulerpa

nutrients (Jenkins, 2009). Although it is able to grow to over three feet long, it has only a single cell wall which surrounds the whole organism from the root tips to the leaves (The Trustees of Indiana University, 2014). Within this cell wall the liquid within flows freely. This means that the minerals and water are absorbed via the leaves of the algae. The fact that this cell is so large defies the usual rule saying that cells need to be small in order to function effectively. It also defies the standard rule of a single cell as it contains many nuclei. It would seem being so large that Caulerpa would have a smaller surface area to volume ratio but this is not the case. Due to the fact that the alga is very flat and leaf like it is able to absorb nutrients as effectively as a regular cell. The flat leaf shape of the fronds allows for efficient diffusion of nutrients to the nucleus as it has a large surface area to volume ratio. (Blamire, 2001) It also allows for oxygen to be diffused effectively in order for cellular respiration to occur. This shape also allows more sunlight to be received as it is underwater and may be shadowed. The fact that it contains more than one nucleus also allows for the cell to work effectively. This is because mRNA is able to be created

Figure 4Figure : Caulerpa 4: Caulerpa Structure Structure (Jenkins, (Jenkins, 2009) 2009)

Cells are Cells generally are generally extremely extremely small to small allow to for allow a greater for a greater surface surface area to area volume to volume ratio (Blamire, ratio (Blam 2001). This is due to the fact that the smaller the cell the faster nutrients are able to diffuse to the 2001). This is due to the fact that the smaller the cell the faster nutrients are able to diffuse to nucleus. As a cell As grows a cell grows larger larger in diameter in diameter the internal the internal volume volume increase increase and the and cell the membrane cell membr Curriculum Connections 2014 12 nucleus. expands. expands. But as But the as diameter the diameter increases increases the volume the volume rises more rises rapidly more rapidly thus making thus making for a smaller for a sma

rt C – Different Cells

lood Cells

in the nuclei and don’t need to travel far throughout the cell to reach ribosomes to create proteins. (Evans, et al., 2004) The larger the cell the more chance the mRNA is not going to be efficient in relying messages over further distances. Caulerpa fix this problem by having many nuclei to allow for control over mRNA. Another aspect of the caulerpa that allows for efficient diffusion of carbon dioxide and water in order for photosynthesis to occur is the fact that it has a large central vacuole enclosed in a layer of cytoplasm which contains many nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts (Sabnis, 1969). This is important as it allows for larger cell size and increases surface area (The Company of Biologists Limited, 1992). It also has a low water concentration which allows for more water to be diffused via osmosis allowing for photosynthesis. However it does not lyse as the cell wall holds it together.

Part C – Different Cells

Blood Cells Blood Cell Red Structure (leavingbio, 2001)

Cell Biology Extended Response Year 11 Biology Tiana Holder

Part C – Different Cell Red Blood Cells

Figure 5: Red Blood Cell (Le, 2012)

Red blood cells function is to carry oxygen

od cells around function is ttoo allcarry oxygen the body respiring tissues. around the body to all respiring tissues. Another name for Another name for red blood cells is od cells is erythrocytes (Medipedia, 2014). Red blood cells are able to transport oxygen and erythrocytes (Medipedia, 2014). Red blood ablectoells transport and dioxide tcells o oare ther due oxygen to the fact that they have no nucleus and are able to become full of carbon dioxide to other cells due to the fact tein haemoglobin 2014). Nucleated red blood cells would significantly add that they have no(Medipedia, nucleus and are able to become full of the protein haemoglobin to the red blood cell and would decrease the amount of oxygen that is able to be stored in (Medipedia, 2014). Nucleated red blood cells would significantly add weight to the red (The American National Red Cross, 2001). This would increase the workload of the heart by blood cell and would decrease the amount 0% (The American National Red of oxygen that is able to be stored in theCross, 2001). These cells are able to function without a cell (The American National Red Cross, as they are Thisfully 2001). woulddifferentiated increase the workload(The American National Red Cross, 2001). The biconcave of theas heart by up in to 20% (The American f the cell, seen figures 5 and 6, allows for maximum surface area which is able to National Red Cross, 2001). These cells are able to function without a nucleus as they are e the efficiency of gas exchange (The American National Red Cross, 2001). It also allows for fully differentiated (The American National to be flexible so it able to slide Red Cross, 2001). Theis biconcave shape of through the capillaries and allow the haemoglobin to the cell, as seen in figures 5 and 6, allows fully saturated with oxygen. As the red blood cells perfuse the capillary beds of other cell for maximum surface area which is able to maximise the efficiency of gasAexchange (The he oxygen is released (The merican National Red Cross, 2001). American National Red Cross, 2001). It also allows for the cell to be flexible so it is able to slide through the capillaries and allow the haemoglobin to become fully saturated with oxygen. As the red blood cells perfuse the capillary beds of other cell tissues the oxygen is released (The American National Red Cross, 2001).

Figure 6: Red Blood Cell Structure (leavingbio, 2001)

Figu

Red blood cells function is to carry oxygen around the red blood cells is erythrocytes (Medipedia, 2014). Red carbon dioxide to other cells due to the fact that they h the protein haemoglobin (Medipedia, 2014). Nuclea weight to the red blood cell and would decrease the a the cell (The American National Red Cross, 2001). This Canterbury College The better prepared the stronger 13 up to 20% (The American National Red Cross, 2001)

Tiana Holder

Nerve Cell

Figure 7: Structure of a Nerve cell (Miami Children's Brain Institute, 2010)

The function of a nerve cell is to transmit chemical messages to other parts of the body, through the nervous system. Each nerve cell is called a neuron (BBC, 2014). Neurons have a cell body and different organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus (John Wiley & Nerve This makes them theareceptive Sons, Inc., Cell 2014). Adults have the same amount of nerve signals cells from as wother hen cells. they were children s the cell organ of the cell. The axon on the end of the cell body The is function with non functional centrosome the neurones cannot divide (NCS Pearson, of a nerve cell is to transmit chemicalwhich means releases the messages to send signals to other neurons. messages to cells other parts the body, through the length of the axonwhich is dependent of the 2014). Nerve also ofhave dendrites that branch off The of the cell body allows it functional to pick up nervous system. Each nerve cell is called a neuron (BBC, relationship of the neurone. Its cytoplasm called signals from other cells. his m akes them the receptive oaxoplasm rgan of isthe cell. The axon on the end of the 2014). Neurons have a cell Tbody and different organelles full of mitochondria which allow energy to such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and be created in order to send messages. (NCS Pearson, cell releases the messages to send signals to other neurons. The length of the axon is dependent of Golgi apparatus (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014). Adults 2014) When the chemical messages reach the axon by the functional relationship of the neurone. Its cytoplasm called axoplasm is full of mitochondria have the same amount of nerve cells as when they travelling through the neuron they continue through were children as the cell with non functional to the next neurone is called the electrochemical which allow energy to body be iscreated in order to send messages. (NCS this Pearson, 2014) When the centrosome which means the neurones cannot divide process (Chundler, 2012). Neurons are able to produce chemical messages reach the axon by travelling through the neuron they continue through to the (NCS Pearson, 2014). Nerve cells also have dendrites that neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse off of the cellis body whichthe allowselectrochemical it to pick up (Chundler, 2012). The structure as referredare to is able to to next branch neurone this called process (Chundler, 2012). Neurons able be visualised in figure 7. produce neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse (Chundler, 2012). The structure as referred to is able to be visualised in figure 7.

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Curriculum Connections 2014

Root Hair Cells

Figure 8: root hair cell structure and function (Learnthings, 2014)

oot hair cells are the unicellular extension of an epidermal cell that grows out between soil Cellswater and mineral salts for the plant the vacuole has a ilow concentration water is able articles Root to aHair bsorb as seen n fwater igure 8 (Learnthings, 2014). This to be passed through the membrane via osmosis (GCSE, ssists in Root photosynthesis as the water with the is strong energy from sun is used to hair cells are the unicellular extension of anabsorbed along 2012). The cell wall and allows thethe cell from epidermal cell that grows out between soil particles to stopping to lyse. The root hair is larger than the rest of onvert it into hydrogen and oxygen. This allows for the mitochondria to create energy for the cell. absorb water and mineral salts for the plant as seen in the cell to allow for a larger surface area to volume ratio to figure 8 (Learnthings, 2014). This assists in photosynthesis allow for faster, efficient diffusion of nutrients and water eSchooltoday, 2014). The root hair cell only contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell as the water absorbed along with the energy from the into the plant. (GCSE, 2012) sun is used to convert it into hydrogen and oxygen. This all and vacuole (Yang, 2010). The plasma membrane acts as a partially permeable membrane and allows for the mitochondria to create energy for the cell. ue to the fact that the vacuole has a low water concentration water is able to be passed through (eSchooltoday, 2014). The root hair cell only contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall and he membrane via osmosis (GCSE, 2012). The cell wall is strong and allows the cell from stopping to vacuole (Yang, 2010). The plasma membrane acts as a membrane and due fact se. The partially root permeable hair is larger than the torthe est of that the cell to allow for a larger surface area to volume ratio o allow for faster, efficient diffusion of nutrients and water into the plant. (GCSE, 2012)

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hydrophilic head of the molecules on the outside, to face water, and the hydrophobic tails insi away from water (figure 10). This in turn breaks up the cell membrane structure, denaturing it, a releasing the DNA from the cell (figure 9). Detergents cause lipids to become soluble and cause cell membrane to lyse (Department of Biological Sciences, 2008). This affects diffusion act transport, permeability and intercellular communication as the cell is broken down and is unable function as a cell as there is no membrane.

Part D – Investigating and Evaluating Biology The Effect of Detergent on Cell Membranes Detergent greatly affects various components of the cell membrane, which has subsequent impact on diffusion, active transport, permeability and intercellular communication. Detergent contains sodium laurel sulphate, which cleans through the removal of fats and proteins (University of Utah, 2014). When a cell membrane comes in contact with detergent it acts the same way in DNA extraction protocol, this means pulling apart the lipids and proteins that structure the cell membrane that support cell and encase the nucleus (University of Utah, 2014). This means that once the membrane is broken the DNA is released from the cell. The phospholipid bilayer is made up of lipids (fats) and proteins which detergent aims to break down. When the detergent micelle comes in contact to the cell it captures the lipids and proteins in a fat/protein soap bubble by organising the hydrophilic head of the molecules on the outside, to face water, and the hydrophobic tails inside, away from water (figure 10). This in turn breaks up the cell membrane structure, denaturing it, and releasing the DNA from the cell (figure 9). Detergents cause lipids to become soluble and cause the cell membrane to lyse (Department of Biological Sciences, 2008). This affects diffusion active transport, permeability and intercellular communication as the cell is broken down and is unable to function as a cell as there is no membrane. Table 1 shows the affect detergent has on different components of the cell membrane shown in figure 11 that are affected by detergent.

Figure 10: Capturing of lipids and proteins in Detergent (University of Utah, 2014)

Cell Biology Extended Response Year 11 Biology Tiana Holder

Figure 9: The Breakdown of cell Membranes due to detergent (University of Utah, 2014)

Figure 11: cell membrane structure and components (Stovall, 2013) Figure 11: cell membrane structure and (Stovall, Table 1components shows the affect 2013) detergent has on different components of the cell membrane s

figure 11 that are affected by detergent. Cell Component

Phospholipid Bilayer

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Function in the cell How it is affected and im Serves as the framework of cell in Pulled apart by deter cell organelles and which other components are released. embedded (Cell Membrane There is no cell dif introduction, 2014) nutrients and water i Keeps the cell together and occur allows for passive diffusion of Overall the cell ruptu small molecules such as O2 and cell loses its permeab CO2 and small uncharged polar molecules such as H2O (Lodish H, Curriculum Connections 2014 Berk A, Zipursky SL, 2000) Become disconnecte Provide the cell with protection as the phosphlipid Bi against damage (SparkNotes,

Cell Component

Phospholipid Bilayer

Carbohydrate chain

Glycolipid

Glycoprotein

Protein Molecule

Function in the cell

How it is affected and impact on cell

-- Serves as the framework of cell in which other components are embedded (Tsai, 2014)

-- Pulled apart by detergent micelle -> cell organelles and DNA are released.

-- Keeps the cell together and allows for passive diffusion of small molecules such as O2 and CO2 and small uncharged polar molecules such as H2O (Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, 2000)

-- There is no cell -> diffusion of nutrients and water is unable to occur

-- Provide the cell with protection against damage (SparkNotes, 2014)

-- Become disconnected from the cell as the phosphlipid Bilayer is solubilised

-- Allows for cell recognition and identification (White, 2004)

-- Cell recognition is lost

-- They are lipids with carbohydrates attached which provide energy and serve as cellular recognition markers (Evans, Ladiges, McKenzie, & Spenceley, 2004)

-- Become soluble as the detergent breaks it down as they are lipids

-- Assist in cell communications

-- Become soluble in detergent

-- Allows for molecule transport across the membrane (Evans, Ladiges, McKenzie, & Spenceley, 2004)

-- Intercellular communications are disrupted and unable to occur (Beeley, 1985)

-- Transport or carrier proteins transport large molecules such as glucose and amino acids. Assist in active transport and passive transport. (Sodium Potassium pumps)

-- Broken down in the process of the phosphlipid Bilayer being broken down

-- Linker proteins associate with movement and affect cell shape

-- Cell shape is greatly affected

-- Receptor site proteins allow for hormones and neurotransmitters to attach to the cell surface (allow for cell activity) (ANTRANIK.ORG, 2012)

-- Overall the cell ruptures and the cell loses its permeability

-- Cells are unable to be recognised and therefore are unable to function with the organism

-- Protein pumps are unable to operate -> active transport unable to occur -- Cell activity is unable to occur as hormones and neurotransmitter are unable to relay messages

Table 1: the effect of detergent on different components of the cell

How Detergent in Cells Affects the Environment and Health Detergent has major affect on cell membranes causing cells to lyse. However the concentration required in order for this to occur is significantly high. But if pollution in waterways were to reach a level in which cells began to breakdown it would greatly impact health and environmental issues. This is because; -- If many cells rupture the organism is unable to function correctly and at high efficiency --> unable to diffuse nutrients , DNA is lost, intercellular communication is unable to be performed -- Cells on plants and water life would begin to deform and cause lacerations to their tissues -- in turn would cause diseases to spread throughout the waterways especially within fish and other species --> making the unsafe to eat by humans -- tissue damage also leads to organ failure --> causing aquatic life to die

-- the spread in disease greatly affects the death rate of species affecting the food chain -- Once the food chain is disturbed it greatly effects what other animals eat, causing species to go extinct -- If waterways became contaminated it would also be unsafe for humans to swim as there would be wide spread disease and infection due to organisms -- The detergent at a very high concentration could also begin to very slowly breakdown human tissues. In saying this, the concentration of detergent within waterways would have to be extremely high and at the moment the risk of environmental and health hazard to humans is very low. Tiana Holder (Year 11)

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Prep Art After viewing the story “Tom Tom,� students were asked to paint the billabong from the story. They were asked to concentrate on using colour, shape and line to create an effective piece of artwork. Mrs Nicole Miller Prep Teacher

Elize Lee (Prep)

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Curriculum Connections 2014

Year 2 Art In Year 2 Art, students were asked to create a blot painting that would resemble an insect. Techniques included symmetry, colour mixing and outlining. Mrs Lisa Dinsdale Year 2 Teacher

Gabrielle Watson (Year 2)

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Year 3 Art In Term 4, students in Year 3 have been participating in “30 Days of Drawing�. Students are given an observational and imaginative tasks to draw each day, with the aim of improving their drawing skills over 30 days. Mrs Piper Ray Year 3 Teacher

Zahlia Cramond (Year 3)

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Curriculum Connections 2014

Year 7 Visual Art In Term 3, Visual Art students completed a series of drawing activities culminating in a focus on animation and the creation of their own Crazy Face Cartoon. These were completed in oil pastels. Students were encouraged to creatively consider their use of colour, pattern and unity in their final compositions to produce an original Crazy Face design for their own cartoon character. Mrs Suzi Bennett Curriculum Coordinator, Visual Art/FTVNM (Years 7-12)

Aymen Malik (Year 7)

Declan Prain (Year 7)

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Curriculum Connections 2014

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Curriculum Connections 2014

YEAR 11 VISUAL ART Students in Year 11 Visual Art completed a Conceptual Art unit in Term 2 where they were required to produce two dimensional and three dimensional artworks without obvious subject matter. Tiana Holder (Year 11) produced an outstanding painted wire sculpture as her three dimensional component in this unit. Michelle Smith (Year 11) produced a series of nine painted canvases, inspired by the patterns found in nature, for one of her pieces. Mrs Suzi Bennett Curriculum Coordinator, Visual Art/FTVNM (Years 7-12)

By Tiana Holder (Year 11)

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By Michelle Smith (Year 11)

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Curriculum Connections 2014

Year 12 Visual Art Students in Year 12 Visual Art produced a Body of Work of two resolved artworks under the concept of “Time Passing�. Students selected their own focus in which to work and create their ideas and artworks. Cassidy Cloupet focused on her trip to Thailand and the photos she took of the long daily journeys that the elephants made there. She has produced a very colourful series of paintings to show how they travel to find water. Nicole Archer focused on the history of milk production and distribution, using an old milk can as her canvas to show the changes that have occurred over the years in the way we receive our milk. Mrs Suzi Bennett Curriculum Coordinator, Visual Art/ FTVNM (Years 7-12)

By Nicole Archer (Year 12)

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By Nicole Archer (Year 12)

By Cassidy Cloupet (Year 12)

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Curriculum Connections 2014

Year 2 History: Household Items of the Past, Present and Future In this task, the students were asked to distinguish between the past, present and future.

This is an example of a historical household item for Year 2 History

They were presented with visuals of items from the past that were not named. Students chose one item to draw as it was in the past. They then illustrated how it looks in the present and then again for the future, labeling with details. Using a colour coding system, they distinguished similarities and differences. Further understanding was shown by answering the question, What does this object show you about how life has changed from the past to the present? The desired outcome was for students to compare objects from the past and present. Mrs Lisa Dinsdale Year 2 Teacher

Wyatt Denoon (Year 2) compared household items from the past and present

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Year 6 History – Asylum Seekers During Term 3, the students studied migration as a part of their History curriculum. They were asked to use historical terms and concepts and relevant sources to explain and communicate findings about an individual or migrant group coming to Australia in the 20th Century. After researching and summarising, Amal Ayaz (Year 6) produced a wellstructured text outlining who the asylum seekers were, where they came from and what problems they were faced with on their journey. Mrs Julie-Ann Gaske Year 6 Teacher

PEOPLE INVOLVED •

Asylum seekers

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Smugglers

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Federal Police

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Sailors

WHERE AND WHEN? Asylum seekers came to Australia from many countries such as Afghanistan. Asylum seekers began coming many years ago during the 19th century and are still present.

The smugglers assisted asylum seekers as they were paid well. The sailors controlled the ship and navigated to Australia. The Federal police capture the asylum seekers and take them to detention centres in Christmas Island.

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Food and water

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Their home country was at war

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In Australia women have rights

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Unfavourable weather in their country Fear of persecution

Many people fled from Afghanistan in hope of a better life style. They wished to give their children better education, have rights in Australia and live in peaceful country without war. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED

REASONS FOR MIGRATION

•

PROBLEMS

Asylum seekers travelled to Australia in very harsh conditions on an old boat. Many faced sea sickness and died of starvation. Asylum seekers were sometimes tricked and threatened with returning to their country. They faced harsh climate conditions and rough sea storms. Many boats were attacked by pirates. Amal Ayaz (Year 6)

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Curriculum Connections 2014

Many

DOUGLAS MAWSON Year 6SIR History Sir Douglas – Antarctic Mawson Exploration 1882-­‐1958

As part of a History unit, Year 6 students researched the inquiry question, 4. EQUIPMENT AND FOOD “Who explored Antarctica in the as Mawson took extreme care when past and why?”

1. JOURNEYS

1882-1958 Sir Douglas Mawson went on four trip

SHIPLEY YORKSHIRE ENGLAND Shipley Yorkshire England Antarctica. His very first was the Nim expedition from 1907-­‐1909, led 7. SUCCESS by Br Although the Aurora expedition ended explorer Ernest Shackleton. The grou ng equipment and supplies, as without 5. PURPOSE in the death of his friends, Mertz and Paige orrect gear, life McNamara’s in Antarctica was Ninnis, and nearly the death of Unlike composition demonstrates Shackleton, Amundsen mely difficult. Mawson ensured that the explorers i n t his j ourney were the firs the ability to independently Mawson, the expedition was and Scott, Mawson’s main supplies he took with him wselect ere healthy and discriminatively successful in many ways. The first andmorganise information purpose for the M Aurora ssible. Fresh eat was a definite yes to climb t E rebus a nd w ere wtas he first to Antarctic meteorite discovered. from a range of both primary expedition was to find and ng with food including: live sheep, the and secondary sources. Biological species from land and sea collect information about tunity to obtain seal and penguin, main reach t he S outh M agnetic Peole. rom were described. They xplored F and scientific research in Antarctica. e of food was pemmican added with recorded approximately 6437 square Many explorers wanted to be r and chocolate. Equipment that was kilometers. Douglas Mawson was the 1911-­‐1914, Mawson led the first the first to the South Pole but was crampons, pocket tool set and ice first Antarctic explorer to send daily that’s where Mawson was tents and sleeping bags made out of meteorological to the Australian expedition to mAessages ntarctica. T different from them. or reindeer hair, primus stove/cooker, Melbourne Weather Bureau by radio. es and their harnesses, petroleum fuel, was called journey the Aurora. Later i rs REP aircraft, wireless radio 6. DIFFICULTIES ment, scientific instruments, sun 1929 and 1931, Douglas Mawson ma ass, medical kits and 64 Greenland Although much success was made on this journey, Mawson and his es. team also fell upon many disasters and difficulties. First, Ninnis two more trips to Antarctica. disappeared into a hidden crevasse on 14 December 1912 with the 1. JOURNEYS

Sir Douglas Mawson went on four trips to Antarctica. His very first was the Nimrod expedition from 1907-1909, led by British explorer Ernest Shackleton. The groups of explorers in this journey were the first to climb Mt Erebus and were the first to reach the South Magnetic Pole. From 1911-1914, Mawson led the first Australian expedition to Antarctica. This journey was called the Aurora. Later in 1929 and 1931, Douglas Mawson made two more trips to Antarctica. 2. PREPARATION

Mrs Julie-Ann Gaske Year 6 Teacher

Sir Douglas Mawson had many things to prepare for his second and biggest journey to Antarctica. This includes raising money for the expedition, finding 19 huskies and 31 expeditioners (not including himself ) and collecting and packing supplies for the journey. He also had a tough job when refurbishing the Aurora, having been built in the 1860’s as a whaling ship. 3. TRANSPORT

Throughout the Aurora expedition, Mawson and his team used a variety of types of transport. These include: sledges, which were used to carry equipment or people, pulled by huskies. The aircraft he brought was unfortunately damaged in Australia, so Mawson converted it into a motorized sledge. The engine however, didn’t work as well as he thought in cold temperatures and returned it to England.

team used a variety of types of o carry equipment or people, unately damaged in Australia, e engine however, didn’t work ned it to England.

made out of camel or reindeer hair, primus stove/ cooker, sledges and their harnesses, petroleum fuel, Vickers REP aircraft, wireless radio equipment, scientific instruments, sun compass, medical kits and 64 Greenland huskies. 5. PURPOSE

Unlike Shackleton, Amundsen and Scott, Mawson’s main purpose for the Aurora expedition was to find and collect information about scientific research in Antarctica. Many explorers wanted to be the first to the South Pole but that’s where Mawson was different from them. 6. DIFFICULTIES

Although much success was made on this journey, Mawson and his team also fell upon many disasters and difficulties. First, Ninnis disappeared into a hidden crevasse on 14th December 1912 with the majority of the food and supplies, and then Mertz died of exposure and malnutrition on 7th of January 1913. Research suggests that he may have died of Vitamin A poisoning from the huskies. Mawson nearly died after dangling over a hidden crevasse on the 17th January 1913, but luckily he managed to pull himself out. Mawson was left in Antarctica over the winter as the Aurora left without him due to the thickening ice. 7. SUCCESS th

Although the Aurora expedition ended in the

majority of the food and supplies, death and ofthen Mertz died of exposure his friends, Mertz and Ninnis, and 4. EQUIPMENT AND FOOD th nearly the death of Mawson, the expedition and malnutrition on 7 of January 1913. Research suggests that he was successful in many ways. The first Antarctic Douglas Mawson took extreme care when meteorite was tdiscovered. Biological species from may have and died of Vitamin from he huskies. Mawson packing equipment supplies, as withoutA poisoning land and sea were described. They explored and the correct gear, life in Antarctica was extremely January nearly died after dangling over a hrecorded idden approximately crevasse o6437 n the 17 th square kilometers. difficult. Mawson ensured that the food supplies Mawsonowas first Antarctic explorer 1913, but luckily managed ull himself ut. the Mawson was left in he took with him were healthy h ase possible. Fresh to pDouglas to send daily meteorological messages to the meat was a definite yes to packing with food Antarctica over the winter as the A urora left without him due to the Melbourne Weather Bureau by radio. including: live sheep, the opportunity to obtain seal and penguin, main source of food was thickening ice. Paige McNamara (Year 6)

2. PREPARATION

pemmican added with butter and chocolate. Equipment that was taken was crampons, pocket tool set and ice axes, tents and sleeping bags

Sir Douglas Mawson had many things to prepare for his second and biggest journ to Antarctica. his includes aising one CanterburyT College better preparedrthe stronger m 31 1.The JOURNEYS

Year 10 History The first unit of Year 10 History exposed students to the elements and effects of World War II, specifically the role Australia played in the war. Students had to explore a specific aspect of Australia’s involvement in World War II and highlight the significance of this event. Alexander Asher explored the role of Australians in the Pacific, most notably their role in the Fall of Singapore and the Kokoda Campaign. His comprehensive analysis and discussion of these events during World War II, combined with his wide use of primary and secondary sources, highlights the significance of Australia’s involvement in World War II, the courage many Australians showed and the ultimate sacrifice they made. Mr Kirk Astill Curriculum Coordinator, SOSE (Years 7-12)

Persuasive Essay- Australians in the Pacific Campaign When WWII first spread to the Pacific Theatre with the Japanese Bombing of Pearl Harbour in 1941, the Battle for Australia had only just begun. The events which followed tested the valour, resilience and determination of every soldier; however the Australian contributions to the Pacific Campaign have been largely ignored, and is much greater than it is formally recognised and: “While General MacArthur and the American troops assumed more glorious commands in the Philippines and the Solomons, Australians were engaged in useless activities. Australia, however, had comparatively fewer troops available than the Americans. Australia’s operations in the final months were valuable for the establishment of peace in the area and security for the Australian mainland ((Unknown), The Pacific War, 2014).” Australian soldiers were a vital component to the Allied War efforts in Singapore, the Kokoda Trail, and the overarching strategies of the Pacific Campaign. When the Allies surrendered to the Japanese at Singapore on the 15th of February, 1942 after only one week of fighting, the British Army had suffered one of its greatest defeats in the history of WWII (Coulthard-Clark, 2002). Although the Commonwealth was ultimately unable to halt the impeding Japanese advance, the current mainstream views associated with the Singapore Campaign are biased towards the glorification of the British Empire. A popular belief supported by reputable modern historians such as Chris Trueman who holds a Bachelor of Modern Arts, majoring in History, dictates that Fortress Singapore was regarded as Britain’s bastion of the Far East, and had biasedly neglected that the battle was fought by the Commonwealth as a whole (Truman, 2000). This partisan

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Curriculum Connections 2014

view was shared by General Sir Archibald Wavell, whom in a British report had stated ““For the fall of Singapore itself the Australians are responsible,” (Murdoch, 2012). This suggests that the British Empire had largely blamed Australian troops as the sole reason that Singapore fell, and is corroborated by the modern British historian Peter Elphick, who stated that whilst Australians were renowned for their fighting spirit, they had fought poorly in the Singapore Campaign (Murdoch, 2012). However, contrary opinions represented by an issue of The Launceston Examiner two days after Singapore’s Fall had indicated that Australians were well aware of Singapore’s imminent defeat, and Australians believed that the British Lieutenant General Percival whom commanded the Commonwealth forces was responsible for its failure (Pascoe, 1942). This belief is corroborated by the marginalised views presented by the interviewer Jen Kari, who stated:

“Many of the Australian troops had been shocked at the apparent lack of defences on the island. The men were battle-weary and had lost nearly 700 men fighting in Malaya since 14 January, with hundreds of others sick or wounded. Only one trained reinforcement unit, the 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion, arrived from Australia. Other last-minute reinforcements sent were untrained and illequipped for battle (Kari, 2009).” This indicates that Australians had already sacrificed many soldiers before the events of the Singapore Campaign, and that these troops were disappointed of the quality of defences which the British had prepared on the island. These views were corroborated by the esteemed historian Chris Coulthard-Clark from the Australian War Memorial, who had evidence highlighting that Australians had been responsible for delaying the impeding Japanese advance at key locations such as Gemas, Bakri, Jemaluang and the Muar River despite their battalions being depleted (Coulthard-Clark, 2002). In addition, whilst he acknowledge that the British General Percival commanded the troops at Singapore, he noted that the forces were comprised of two Indian and one Australian division, with no British forces present during the campaign (Coulthard-Clark, 2002). Furthermore, it was in his opinion that Australians could not hold any blame for the Fall of Singapore, and stated “Considering the underlying weakness in defensive

arrangements, however, there can be no doubt as to where the real cause lay for the loss of Singapore.” This suggests that the British organisation of defences was unsatisfactory, and further substantiates that the role of Australians in the defence of Singapore was much greater than it is currently perceived. The Kokoda Campaign in New Guinea was of vital significance to both the Allied forces and the Japanese. According to the reputable Australian historian Paul Ham, who wrote the bestselling book Kokoda which has been appraised as the most definitive account of the campaign, had stated that When the Japanese invaded New Guinea on the 21st of July, 1942, Australians had been heavily outnumbered the nation rested its entire defence on their untrained militia (Ham, 2004). They fought against Japanese troops who were well trained for battle, and as mentioned by the war veteran Nishimura Kokichi, the Japanese had been veterans of the crises in Manchuria and China, and had been trained to the state where “we were expected to move fast enough to dodge bullets,” (Collie & Marutani, The Path of Infinite Sorrow- The Japanese on the Kokoda Track, 2009). However, the dubbed Chocolate Soldiers, whom gained their title for ‘melting’ when in the heat of battle, had successfully held off against the Japanese for two months until Australian reinforcements had arrived (Ham, 2004). The common conceptions associated with the Kokoda Campaign is as the first Allied victory in the Pacific Theatre, and as described by the world renowned historian Dr Anthony Beevor, famous for writing several bestselling books about World War Two, had stated that ‘’before Kokoda we never had a victory, after Kokoda we never had a defeat,” (Beevor, 2012). However, at the time the American General Douglas MacArthur failed to recognise the Japanese intentions of isolating Australia from America, and in an official communique reported by the Sydney Morning Herald, he had described the Japanese aggressions in New Guinea as merely feints to conceal Japan’s intentions in Siberia (Kemp, 1942). This ignorance of the significance of the New Guinea to the Allied war efforts is shared by the biased views of the Australian War Memorial Historians David Horner and Ashley Ekins, which had both suggested that the importance of the Kokoda Trail was negligible, as the Japanese had no intentions of invading Australia (Horner & Ekins, 2012). However, this belief is marginalised by sufficient evidence provided by Craig Collie and Hajime Marutani from the Australia-Japan Research Project, where they have stated that the Japanese believed Australians were proficient and courageous fighters (Collie & Marutani, The Path of Infinite Sorrow- The Japanese on the Kokoda Track, 2009). This can be further supported by the Australian

n the Pacific Campaign Canterbury College The better prepared the stronger

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War Correspondent Osmar White, who had said that “Surely no war has ever demanded more of a man in fortitude. Even Gallipoli, or Crete or the desert (Ham, 2004).” This self-sacrifice many Australians suffered during the Kokoda Campaign further proves that despite their continued devaluation, Australians were still of vital significance to the campaign. In the later stages of the Pacific Campaign, Australians had been deployed at the East Indies to capture Japanese installations as part of Operation Cartwheel. However, during this time General Douglas MacArthur had avoided the use of Australians during key stages during the end of the Pacific Campaign (Charlton, 2005). According to his biographer D. Clayton James, General MacArthur had arranged it so that Australian troops would be moved to the East Indies so that American troops would receive credit for victories in areas of strategic vitality such as the Philippines and Japan itself (Charlton, 2005). To further corroborate this view that Australians were insignificant in the scope of the Pacific War was a representative letter written by General Douglas MacArthur, stating his intentions for Australian troops:

“There are no specific plans so far as I know for employment of Australian troops after the Borneo campaign. The subject of operations in the Pacific is now under intense consideration in Washington and LondonGeneral Douglas MacArthur (Wood, 1998).” This corroborates with the mainstream views associated with the Campaign, which are that as the Pacific War progressed, the contributions of Australians to the war efforts decreased. In a biased statement from the British Historian Sir Max Hastings, “The last year of the war proved the most inglorious of Australia’s history as a fighting nation,” and “was used for irrelevant mop-up operations. (Hastings, 2007).” However, it is in the esteemed opinion of Charles Phillip and Alan Axelrod, whom published the Encyclopaedia of Wars (Vol. 2), that Australians were the backbone of the Island Hopping strategy, and had successfully isolated islands and ridded them of Japanese resistance (Phillip & Axelrod, 2005 ). In addition, Skwirk Interactive Schooling notes that Australians recaptured Bougainville, the Northern Solomon Islands, New Britain, Aitape, Madang the Sepik River, and Borneo, as well as assisting with rebuilding of towns in the affected areas ((Unknown), The Pacific War, 2014). In corroboration with this, the Australian War Memorial Historian James Wood

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has noted that the contributions of the Australian soldiers did not end as soon as the war was won, and that “From 1946 to 1952 Australian forces were responsible for the military occupation of Hiroshima Prefecture, site of the first atomic bomb attack in history. During this time the role of the Australian forces changed from that of an “occupying power” to a new role of “protective power. (Wood, 1998)”. Even despite Australia’s importance in the recapturing and occupation of Japanese territory, their contributions have still been largely ignored. Reputable historical opinion concurs that while Australians may not have had the greatest contribution to the Pacific Campaign, their contributions to the war effort are much greater than it is formally recognised. The importance of Australian troops during the Fall of Singapore, the New Guinea campaigns, and its supporting role throughout the Pacific War. Despite the Australian efforts being overlooked by authoritative figures during World War Two and the Modern Era, Australians were still a necessary albeit neglected component in determining the fate of the Pacific Campaign, and as quoted by the reputable Australian War Memorial Historian James Wood, who is an expert in the events of the Pacific Campaign:

“Ever since 1941 it has been the declared and accepted policy of the Australian government that in all matters relating to the peace settlement, both in Europe and in the Pacific, Australia being an active belligerent, possesses the right to the status of a party principal to every armistice and peace arrangement … The ultimatum [of the war] was of fundamental importance to Australia, yet our first knowledge, both of the terms and its publication, came from the press (Wood, 1998).” Alexander Asher (Year 10) Bibliography submitted but not published.

Curriculum Connections 2014

Year 12 Ancient History In Term 2, Year 12 Ancient History students studied the changing practices of government in the Roman Republic. They had to explore the historical changes that affected the republic with a focus on a particular individual who brought about significant reform. Georgia Gamble chose to explore the impact of Tiberius Gracchus and evaluate his contributions to the eventual fall of the Roman Republic. Her meticulous research resulted in an insightful analysis of Tiberius Gracchus’ role in what would prove to be a revolution in Rome. Ms Ralda Deoki Senior Ancient History Teacher and Director of Curriculum (Years 7–12)

Tiberius Gracchus The Tribunate that Started a Revolution The tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus marked the beginning of the Roman Revolution. In a time period when Roman society was economically and socially fragile, Tiberius was the first to recognise and leverage the prominent power of the mob. It was through this approach that he was able to expose the weaknesses of the patriciate and the constitution. Tiberius’ legacy lies in the fact that his reform campaign is associated with the end of mos maiorum within Roman rule and in the example he set of the ‘popularis’ style of leadership, which led to the ultimate demise of Republican Rome. The experiences gained by Tiberius in the early years of his life, particularly in his military endeavours, very much determined the orientation of his notable political career. Tiberius was born into patrician family, around the year 165BC. He was heir to number of political connections, having relations to two of the leading Roman Houses-the Scipiones, through his mother, and Claudii Pulchri, through his wife. Typical of a Roman aristocrat, Tiberius began his career in the military, serving as junior officer under the command of Scipio Aemilianus. ‘It was his experience of travel and fighting with the common soldiery that determined him to enact land reforms’. (Sellick, 2010) It is important to approach Keith Sellick as a source with caution, as there is the liability of bias. Due to the fact that he is an independent historical blogger, he has no responsibility to provide a neutral perspective, or to even validate his arguments with evidence, as compared to an educative resource. Sellick does, however, reflect the mainstream perspective regarding the influence of Tiberius’ military career on his political motives, and despite the fact that there is evidence within his text of one-sidedness, this does not impact upon the accuracy of this statement. In 137BC, Tiberius progressed in the Cursus Honourum with his election as quaestor. In a campaign under consul

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Caius Mancinus, Tiberius was able to conference with the Numantines, and effect a truce which saved the lives of thousands of Romans. In achieving this truce, Tiberius disgruntled the Senate of Rome, who were of the death or victory perspective and accordingly disavowed the truce. This was only the beginning of Tiberius’ complications with the Senate. This campaign established Tiberius a sturdy political voting base in the people of Rome, in particular the families’ of the soldiers. Thus the foundations were laid for Tiberius to later leverage this group and set his example of the popularis approach to politics. The Numantine campaign in particular, also shaped Tiberius’ future political motives. En route to Spain, Tiberius passed through Tuscany and Plutarch writes that he was perturbed by what he observed, ‘The country almost depopulated, there being hardly any free husbandmen or shepherds, but for the most part only barbarian, imported slaves’. It became apparent to him that Rome was changing rapidly. Plutarch is referenced numerous times throughout, with reason. Firstly, as a Greek, he provides an insightful contrasting perspective not only on Tiberius Gracchus, but also on Roman society. Despite the fact the Plutarch writes stylistically (probably due to his appreciation of poetry), he is considered the most well-read historian on Roman Antiquity, as he had access to a number of valuable resources, such as the Imperial Library of Rome. Plutarch also gives his understanding of the motives of Tiberius, and whilst this is liable to personal opinion, it provides a useful perspective, which can be compared to other Ancient writers, such as Cicero. In mentioning Cicero, the perspective of these two authors often conflict in regards to the motives of Tiberius, but corroborate in relation to the occurrence of events, societal changes, and relationships within the Roman political system. On his return to Rome in 134BC, Tiberius made his next advancement in the Cursus Honourum, he was elected tribune of the Plebeians. Primary and secondary historians are conflicted as to whether Tiberius entered his Tribunate and agrarian reform campaign with genuine concern for the integrity of Rome and its people, or in contrast with an overriding ambition for political and social power. Plutarch, for example, is of the former opinion, whereas Appian is of the latter. It is difficult to determine the personal motives of Tiberius, however what is evident is the profound impact he had upon Republican Rome, and the pivotal role he played in its demise. It was, however, clear to Tiberius after his military campaigns that Roman expansion was changing the nature of a previously secure Republic, and the men who were on the frontline of Rome’s’ imperialism were at a loss. It was with this perspective that Tiberius embarked on his tribunate. The economic, social and political conditions

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of Rome at the time of Tiberius Gracchus’ tribunate played a major role in the nature of his campaign. Tiberius entered Roman politics at a time of instability, ‘There was serious and widespread socio-economic malaise, intimately associated with the problem of legionary recruitment, both of them products of empire.’ (Stockton, 1979) A valuable resource lies in David Stockton, as he is a well-educated author on the topic of the Gracchi, in fact his book is dedicated in its entirety to the impact of the Gracchi, and their contribution to the end of the Roman Republic. Due to the fact that he is a solo author, this does present the opportunity for personal bias, and it is clear that David Stockton is sympathetic towards the plight of the Gracchi in his novel. Nonetheless, he provides insight into the conditions and relationships present in Rome at the time and offers valuable inferences as to the motives of not only Tiberius, but his opposition, as well as the mob. Furthermore, the information he offers in this case is representative of the mainstream view amongst historians both primary and secondary. The weaknesses of Rome became evident to Tiberius through his military experiences, as imperialism stretched Rome’s resources’ all over the Mediterranean world, Italy’s resources were beginning to contract. At this time in Rome, the military was composed of the peasantry who met certain landownership requirements. Upon levy, the farmers were forced to leave their property. As a result, masses of land was taken over by the wealthy and converted into plantations. Appian describes this situation, known as Latifundia, ‘The rich, getting possession of the greater part of the undistributed lands... absorbing any adjacent strips and their poor neighbours allotments, partly by purchase under persuasion and partly by force, came to cultivate vast tracts instead of single estates, using slaves as labourers and herdsmen.’ It is important to note that Appian is writing nearly twohundred years after the Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus. Therefore, although he is a Roman historian, he was living in the Empire, which is notably different in all aspects of society, therefore it is a strong possibility that this would influence his perception of events. Despite this, this statement can be considered as reliable evidence because it does corroborate the majority of sources, including Plutarch, and David Stockton. Appian should be approached with caution as a source when referred to in the future, as he has been recognized as a harsh critic of Tiberius and his motives, and has been known to be selective of evidence. Nonetheless, he does offer a valuable perspective. The second Punic War accelerated Latifundia, and when the soldiers returned, the now landless farmers flooded the cities, Rome in particular. ‘Most of the land now rested in the hands of a hugely wealthy few.’(Sellick, 2010) Accordingly, with wealth came power, this select few enjoyed a monopoly of

Curriculum Connections 2014

the chief offices of state. The rural poor became the urban poor; a concentrated mob of homeless, jobless plebeians who held their government liable for the injustice they were suffering. This group would soon became a major political tool in Tiberius’ campaign, allowing him to set his example of the popularis approach. Rome’s military strength was also depleted, less land owners meant less citizens meeting the property qualifications for conscription into the army. It is evident that Tiberius became tribune at a time when there existed a worthy cause available to champion, and the ideal societal conditions to obtain a political following. Throughout his Agrarian reform campaign, Tiberius Gracchus employed a number of unorthodox political tactics, most notably his unprecedented adoption of the popularis approach, and in his doing so, exposed the weaknesses of Roman rule. Rome at the time of Tiberius’ entry into politics presented the perfect conditions for a demagogic, popularis politician to flourish. Plutarch recounts the impetus of the mob, ‘The energy and ambition of Tiberius were most of all kindled by the people themselves, who posted writings on porticoes, house-walls, and monuments, calling upon him to recover for the poor the public land.’ In 133BC, Tiberius determined a solution in his lex agraria. He proposed that legally, no one person was to hold more than 500 jugera. Tiberius’ plan was to reclaim all ager publicus (public land) held in excess of the maximum legal limit, recompense the previous owners and allocate the land to be worked by the poor. These farmers would settle and have children, and thus, in a single proposal, Tiberius offered a solution to the dangerous concentration of jobless labourers in the cities, and to Rome’s depleted military services. Well aware that the wealthy landowning members of the Senate would object to the reforms, Tiberius presented his bill straight to the concillium plebis. This was not an illegal move, but was highly offensive to the senators, for this is not the way the Roman Constitution worked in practice. According to David Stockton, ‘for the members of the ruling class, at least, what they regarded as libertas consisted very much in the authority of the Senate, and rested on the twin pillars of collegiality and limitations of tenure of office’. The mounting pressure of the mob in the cities soon was heightened as peasants flocked from the country to support the bill, all the while the opposition, too, rallied its supporters. ‘By dint of pressure and persuasion the powerful opponents of the bill got their man Marcus Octavius, to utter intercede (I forbid), and stop the reading of the bill.’ (Masson, 1974) The reliability of Georgina Masson as a source was at first questioned due to the use of ambiguous language such as the word ‘probably’ in

her book. However, as more sources were compared, it was found that this was the norm (Sellick also used such language), as a certain amount of educated assumptions is necessary when investigating Ancient Rome. As does all secondary sources, this source poses the possibility of contemporary writers imposing contemporary views on ancient concepts, therefore influencing their deliverance of facts, or even in the inclusion and exclusion of facts. This is, however, a risk taken with all secondary sources. This source is to be considered reliable due to the reputable educational publishing company of Thames and Hudson that published A Concise History of Republican Rome and the neutral and in-depth manner in which it is written. This veto rebuttal was no doubt expected by Tiberius; hence he withdrew his bill and reinforced a new harsher bill by going to more aggressive campaign measures. At this stage Tiberius focussed particularly on his popularis tactic, by harnessing the anger and angst of the mob. Tiberius responded by exercising his tribunate right of veto, for at the next Tribunal council he blocked every single Tribunal proposal that was set forth. He brought public business to a standstill; the treasury was closed, the courts ceased to function, no magistrate could take action. In a speech supporting his bill, Tiberius delivered the following statement, “The wild beasts that roam over Italy have their dens and holes to lurk in, but the men who fight and die for our country enjoy the common light and air and nothing else.” His speech was to have a profound rallying effect on the mob. At this time, Tiberius and Octavius were at a stalemate, he therefore devised a tactic of bypassing the veto that was contrary to all Republican Rome precedent: a vote of the council of the plebs to have Octavius removed from office. Again serving as evidence of Tiberius’ tactical popularis approach, Plutarch accounts that prior to the vote, he begged Octavius in public to withdraw his veto, ‘that he to give in and gratify the people, who demanded only their just rights, and would receive only a trifling return for great toils and perils.’ Octavius, however, did not stand down, the vote of the plebeians went ahead, Octavius’ powers were revoked and the agrarian bill became law. This violated the law of the tribune’s sacrosanctity; the desecration of Roman traditionalism was to be a defining feature of the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus. At this point in time, the Senate was outraged that their monopoly of the power of Rome was under siege. They were angered at the loss of their land, and feared the vast increase in Tiberius’ factions’ clientele through his direct appeal to the plebeians. Tiberius faced his next blockade courtesy of the Senate, in the form of inadequate funds being dedicated to his reform commission. Tiberius, however, again

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managed to circumvent the oligarchy. In 134, the King of Pergamum had died and left his fortune to the Roman State. ‘Tiberius by a fresh bill claimed these monies in the name of the people and assigned them to the land commissioners.’ (Plutarch, 1921) In doing this Tiberius had interfered with the Senate’s traditional control of public finance and foreign affairs. In 132, Tiberius in another unorthodox move stood for election of a second tribunate. It was at this election that the pressure between Tiberius and his opposition reached a climax, ‘if the Senate could no longer be assured of influence in the Tribunician Assembly, then it felt justified in itself resorting to more extreme measures’. (Knox, 1999) The ‘On-line Reference Book’, the organisation for which Knox writes, can be determined as a reliable, well-established educative resource. The information, however, is presented in a slightly narrative manner. Despite this, the integrity of the source and its reliability is upheld in the neutral standpoint from which it delivers its information, and also the fact that this source corroborates the primary accounts of Plutarch and Cicero as well as the secondary evidence provided by Henderson. The electoral meeting ended with members of the Senate clubbing to death Tiberius Gracchus. The opposition Tiberius faced throughout his agrarian reform campaign typify that the Roman Republic was unstable; and by exposing its fragility, he ultimately sparked its demise. The reforms themselves that Tiberius Gracchus proposed were not that radical. It was the measures he went to, and the manner in which he challenged and exposed the corrupt aristocrats who were abusing their power at the expense of the plebs, that had profound effect of the Roman Republic. As Megan Henderson states, ‘it is, I believe, important to realise that the agrarian scheme as such as, had little to do with the political strife engendered by it’. Henderson, in this statement supports the ideas of a number of sources, including Cicero and Stockton. Furthermore, as a well-established political theorist, Henderson offers a valuable outlook on the events surrounding the end of Republican Rome. Additionally, her book ‘Theoria’s’ context is scholastic, vouching for its reliability as the purpose of the text is to inform not argue Primarily, Tiberius introduced the mob mentality, the popularis approach into Roman politics, which lead to the eventual breakdown of the republic. The effect of this is evident in the long and short term. As the mob was embittered by the murder of Tiberius by the senate, his lex agraria was validated. Plutarch illustrates the Senate’s attempt of appeasement, ‘trying to conciliate the people now that matters had gone too far, no longer opposed the distribution of the public land.’ (Plutarch, 1921) Subsequent leaders, such as Gaius Gracchus (Tiberius’ brother) in his championing of

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agrarian reform and Pompey, in his games and giant theatre complex on the Campus Martius followed the popularis politics example set by Tiberius. ‘It was this popularis approach that led finally to the breakdown of the Republic and the beginning of an Empire in which supreme political power was held by one man.’ (Sellick, 2010) Through his leverage of the mob, Tiberius exposed the corruption that plagued the Roman Republic, and it was Tiberius that sparked the demise of the Republic; ‘It ceased to be a struggle about the rights and wrongs of a particular land bill and became a fundamental question about the true nature of Roman politics.’ (Stockton, 1979) Tiberius Gracchus’ tribunate saw the abolishment of mos maiorum, and this was followed by anarchy and the ultimate breakdown of Republican institutions. In law and in tradition, the position of tribune was sacrosanct and the murder of Tiberius destroyed centuries of convention, Plutarch said of the murder, ‘This was the first sedition amongst the Romans, since the abrogation of kingly government that ended in the effusion of blood.’ Cicero explains: ‘When Tiberius Gracchus sought to establish the liberty of the common people and expose the crimes of the oligarchs, the guilty nobles took fright and opposed their proceedings by every means at their disposal.’ Despite the fact that Cicero is a known critic of Tiberius’, and therefore is prone to bias, he does however offer valuable perspective. Cicero, born in 106BC, witnessed the later years of the dying republic, and thus is valuable is in his observance of the aftermath of the Gracchi. Furthermore, this statement is representative of the mainstream view amongst sources. The introduction of violence into the system of Roman politics would change Rome forever. It was a tool to be used by countless politicians to come, such as Sulla, who used it to induct his laws and to eliminate his political opponents; as well as Caesar, who used armies to seize control of Rome, and murdered conspirators against him. What this did in effect was set the stage for chaos, and the rise of military power into emperorship. The tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus marked the beginning of revolution in Rome. Through his popularis approach, Tiberius was able to expose the corruptness and weakness of the Republican rule. Tiberius’ political career represents the end of mos maiorum and start of violence within the Roman political system, which ultimately lead to the fall of the Republic. Georgia Gamble (Year 12)

Curriculum Connections 2014

LEAVE ANTARCTICA to THE PENGUINS

Year 6 Geography Antarctica Year 6 students clearly identified and explained the need for responsible resource management strategies in Antarctica and made recommendations for the future global use of these resources. They described the uniqueness of Antarctica and its geological and biological history. Mrs Julie-Ann Gaske Year 6 Teacher

UCHED UCHED AND AND D LUSH D LUSH

STS AND STS AND

A MAGICAL WONDER NOT TO BE TOUCHED KEEP IT SAFE AND NATURAL AND LUSH

AN AMAZING CONTINENT

FLY SOMEWHERE ELSE

Antarctica is a very important continent because it has been untouched by human disturbance for many years but for the last 100 years and over, people have been travelling to all different places of Antarctica and now people are not just leaving foot prints. People are leaving things such as trash, fuel drums, discharging sewage to the sea, taking animals, killing animals and much more. So we need to save Antarctica and do it for the wildlife.

--

STOP THE SHIPS ----

--

Occurs Antarctic Peninsula nearby islands more ice areas Summer more 10 000 tourists visit Antarctica by ship Attractions for tourists- Whales, Beauty, Wildlife, historic huts and scenic visit Zodiacs used to show tourists life of Antarctica also helicopters and ships

--

----

1977 Antarctica began regular flights Stopped 1979 after New Zealand air crash at Mount Erebus killing 275 people on board Flights resumed Australia 1994 Today reduce pollution levels and noise Now fly safe heights lower than normal speed

WALK THE RIGHT WAY ---

Antarctica has no land-based tourist facilities Few land based-tourists- usually adventurers come to mountains, climb, ski, camp and scuba dive

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IMPACTS OF TOURISTS AND PENGUINS Tourists had a greater impact on environment in the early years than we have today. There were no tourism regulations until the1990’s when industry realized that they were affecting the pristine wilderness of Antarctica. Early tourists have made impacts on Antarctica. Tourists have wrecked beautiful untouched natural growing things such as the rare moss beds and the fragile soil that is in only in very few places in the world. Everyone now is reminded to please take their rubbish back with them and keep a safe distance from the wildlife. So please don’t disturb the animals. If you do this all the wildlife that only lives in Antarctica will start to become extinct. Is that really what you want?

ADD TO THE TREATY ---

--

Satellite technology will help detect illegal fishing boats Stricter controls on tourism will prevent damage by the increasing amount of tourists instead of dealing with problems after it happens Antarctic research stations will all be powered by renewable energy sources such as solar and the wind.

MORE PENGUINS THAN PEOPLE There are more than just people that visit this amazing place, there is so much wildlife. If you start to pollute this continent and leave garbage and do terrible things to this place there will be no more interesting ice shelves or animals to look at and investigate. Only come to Antarctica if you have to or if you are a researcher or a scientist. We want there to be more animals than people. It is a huge place and has an amazing amount of permanent ice that should stay undiscovered and mysterious.

FUTURE THREATS Some of the future threats are bio prospecting. Bio prospecting is a danger to Antarctica. Bio prospecting is where a person comes and takes something (in this case Antarctica) like plants or animals for drugs or other businesses or products for money. Antarctica is not for money, this beautiful place is to be left pristine and be free. There is also mining and that is also a worry. Oil, coal and iron ore deposits of minerals could be exploited. Pollution, flooding and trash dump could possibly happen in the future. There appears to be a high rate of fishing as well. Global warming is also a possibility where things could start to melt and create more floods which means it could put our lives in danger and destroy this amazing place.

SOLUTIONS They have developed an Antarctic treaty to help clean up the mess that has been made by tourists. The treaty is called the ATS the (Antarctic Treaty System). They work out ways to keep Antarctica clean. Members of the treaty are not allowed to test out any guns or weapons in Antarctica. There are observers to inspect stations, installations and equipment who are appointed by each party. They have to spread their ideas about further protection of Antarctica. There are also other groups that help Antarctica such as the BAZ, SCAR and the CEP. These groups also look after Antarctica and keep the environment safe and try to prevent people from polluting. Angela Koranski (Year 6)

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Curriculum Connections 2014

 Â

FEED THE WORLD Year 6 Geography – Feed the World As part of a study on poverty, Year 6 students explored the characteristics of different locations from a local and global perspective. Kyarna Bousen chose to research rice production in Asia. Her research included interpreting data and other information to identify patterns and trends, infer relationships and draw conclusions to present her findings. Mrs Julie-Ann Gaske Year 6 Teacher

Rice is the main crop grown in Thailand, Indonesia and China as well as in other Asian countries. In many places in the world, rice is the staple or main food. How is rice preserved and stored? Large scale storage of rice is essential for food security. It is important that the nutritional values of the grains are not lost while in storage.

-----

A good storage system must have the following: ------

Prevention of moisture reentering the grain after drying Protection from insects ,rodents and birds Ease of unloading and loading Efficient use of space Ease of maintenance and management

For milled rice in humid climates quality is ensured for several years by sealing bagged stacks into plastic envelopes filled with carbon dioxide. This method helps to protect the emergency reserves of rice in Indonesia. A rice barn is a type of barn used worldwide for storage and drying of harvested rice. Rice barns in Indonesia also known as Lumbungs are built on 4 poles. They are made of bamboo and wooden materials, and they roof is made from palm leaves and dried grass most of the time. Most of them are built raised up on four poles to avoid rodents and insect reaching them and sometime to keep it off the ground so if there is a flood it will not get moisture reentered the dried grains.

What links can you identify between food production and food security? Some links identified may include: ---

Enough money, machinery and knowledge to produce food to survive Have the right climate, conditions and landscape to grow and produce the needed

--

rice Enough space to be able to grow the rice and crops Having the correct technology and machinery needed To get greater or higher yields Enough knowledgeable workers The protection of the crops so they do not have a bad crop because of rodents of disease

What climate conditions and resources are needed to grow rice? To plough through the wet muddy, flooded, paddy fields (rice fields) native oxen, water buffaloes and bentang are used. They are attached to the wooden plough and drag it through the paddy fields. Rice needs plenty of water and heat to grow which is why it is a thriving food in these hot tropical climates and Indonesia where it rains a lot. To grow rice the main resource needed is workers as they help make and control the rice and its growing conditions. It always helps to have a hilly country and terracing for the planting. To keep the water in the paddy fields they have low walls to contain it.

Why are there differences? There are differences between the way Australia and Indonesia grow rice because: --------

Funding Staple food in Indonesia but not Australia Size and area Use of water ferns Use of machinery Use of terracing Exporting Use of ducks

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To help improve the amount of rice control the problems workers and day because of pests, bad crops, d nd drying of harvested rice. maintenance and much more. If the lt on 4 poles. They are ismade and of the - Machinery breakdown or damage / able to -get more mechanisation it w What percentage What technology used? of bamboo maintenance population on rice s and dried grass most of the time. Most ofrelies them -- Bad crops of harvesting, plant up the process The rice seeds are sown by hand or by -- Theft a machine drill. They are sown 30-50 in their diet? ect reaching them and sometime to keep it off Infestation/disease of vermin rice. So-- crops are not lost they can days after being transplanted. After that How to increase yield harvesting is then commenced, once Food security is the conditions of having entered the dried grains. -- More rice per hectare more thanpesticides friendly again by hand or machinery. In Asian enough food to provide adequateenvironmentally anywhere else in the world countries the rice is manly harvested by nutrition, for a healthy life. About 3 billion -- Annual cropsBy improving seed pest problems. hand, they do this by cutting the stalks people depend on rice for their survival, -- Water efficient n food with a sharp knife or sickle. When done this is half of the world’s population. In -- Low GI this will also halt crop crops by machine they have a chaser bin (like Asia as a whole, a large percentagehigher of rice

ice in Indonesia.

a tractor) follow behind in case the bin attached to the machine runs out of room. When this happens the rice is transferred to the chaser bin. They use a mechanical thresh to thresh the stalks this is also done a lot by hand. Then they must be dried this is done naturally from the sun. Then it is mechanically hulled or done by hand. To do it by hand they roll or grind the rice on stones.

ce food to

How long does rice take grow and to grow?

Rice takes 5-6 months to grow and several other weeks to flower. They receive 2 crops a year and if it is has rained a lot and it is very hot they may be lucky enough to grow 3 crops. After the rice is grown they go through a long process of hulling and milling.

ed

a bad crop

the world

fer rice

is eaten in each meal.3/4 of their meals are rice. Rice is important as for these Asians providing 70% of the human’s caloric intake. There are scientists that are trying to use biotechnology to make hybrid rice disease resistant, by making these change this can stop multiple crops being lost because of dangerous diseases. In Indonesia rice is a huge part of the national economy, as Indonesia is the 3rd largest rice producing country in the world.

--------

Jobs for thousands Irrigated from October-April Fertilised Plane to sow seeds Satellite guidance Harvested by headers(machinery) Whilst harvesting followed by chaser bins to transfer rice Dried in a drying shed Exported to other needier countries

Discuss and compare the cycles of rice in differen --

Similarities

What problems might prevent rice from growing? Similar

temperature and conditions -- Natural disasters. Earthquakes Food for ofdisaster the are the most2/3 common -- Rodents or animals eating crops world -- Lack of rain and/ or sunshine -- Money to purchase seeds and Permanent water needed equipment

Some problems that may prevent rice growing in Indonesia are:

Â

---

Injury to workers Access to land- Urbanisation

--

How might these problems Staple food eaten at every be overcome?

in paddies To helpGrown improve the amount of rice grown they must control the problems workers Jungle mountain area and owners face everyand day because of pests, bad crops, damage, maintenance and much cultivated more. IfLand the companies are able to get more mechanisation it will therefore speed up the ofthepeople processWater of harvesting,buffaloes planting and sowing rice. So crops are not lost they can spray the Smooth rice with environmentallysoil friendly pesticides this will also stop pest problems. By improving Water ferns grown seed and yielding higher crops this will also with ri halt crop loss. fertility Discuss and compare the production cycles grown and of rice Rice in differentseedlings countries. in till 6 inch -- separate Staple food eaten atbed every meal -- Grown in paddies transplanted into bigger b -- Jungle and mountain areas need terracing -- Water flows Land cultivated Water buffaloes of people do the -- Weeded by hand work Smooth soil ---- Hand sickles used to harv Water ferns grown with rice to give more fertility -- Dried in sun then Hulled b Rice seedlings grown and spent time in a separate bed in till 6 inches tall Small fields then transplanted into bigger bed Water flows ---- Bagged rice transported b Weeded by hand -- Hand sickles used to harvest pounds of rice) -- Dried in sun then Hulled by machine Small fields eat spilled rice and ---- Ducks Bagged rice transported by motorcycle(100 pounds of rice)goes into f -- The straw that Ducks eat spilled rice and then eaten for dinner compost -- The straw that goes into fields is recycled compost

Kyarna Bousen (Year 6)

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Indonesi

Curriculum Connections 2014

Year 10 Geography As part of our Term 2 unit on Environmental Change and Management in Year 10 Geography, students studied the concept of Managing Change in Coastal Environments.

Case Study: Gold Coast Southern Beaches Kingscliff Erosion

Coastal Erosion: A Snapshot

Students visited the Gold Coast Southern Beaches and in particular Kingscliff to investigate the environmental issues of beach erosion and the current and future management strategies that are necessary to improve the areas’ sustainability. As part of this, students had to present their findings in a report. Alexander Asher effectively analysed the issues faced on the Gold Coast and provided a thorough insight into the appropriate management strategies to improve the sustainability of the Gold Coast Southern Beaches. Mr Kirk Astill Curriculum Coordinator, SOSE (Years 7-12)

3 3 3

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ending at Cudgen Creek (Google Maps, 2014). 1.0 Statement of Findingscan be seen in Figure 1 below. Beaches 1.1 Location

The Gold Coast Southern Beaches is a 21 square kilometre strip of beaches (Google 1.0 Statement of Findings Maps, 2014) located on the eastern coastline of Australia, intersecting across the border of Queensland and New South Wales, and is approximately 94 kilometres south of Brisbane 1.1 Location beginskilometre at the Palm Beach area, where it extends past Currumbin Creek and Tugun The Gold Coast Southern Beaches isCity. a 21Itsquare strip of beaches (Google The beaches continue at Point Danger Maps, 2014) located on the eastern coastlineBeach. of Australia, intersecting across the border of near Coolangatta, where they then reach south towards94 thekilometres mouth of south the Tweed River. From here, the Gold Coast Southern Beaches Queensland and New South Wales, and is approximately of Brisbane Lelita Spit and and Fingal Head, meeting the Kingscliff Beach and finally City. It begins at the Palm Beach area, wherecontinues it extendsalong past the Currumbin Creek Tugun ending Cudgen Creek (Google Maps, 2014). The greater area of the Gold Coast Southern Beach. The beaches continue at Point Danger near at Coolangatta, where they then reach canthe be seen in Figure 1 below. south towards the mouth of the Tweed River.Beaches From here, Gold Coast Southern Beaches Gold Coastthe Southern a 21 square kilometre strip of beaches (Google continues along the Lelita Spit and FingalThe Head, meeting KingscliffBeaches Beach andisfinally ending at Cudgen Creek (GoogleMaps, Maps,2014) 2014).located The greater areaeastern of the Gold Coast Southern on the coastline of Australia, intersecting across the border of The Gold Coast Southern Beaches Beaches can be seen in Figure Queensland 1 below. and New South Wales, and is approximately 94 kilometres south of Brisbane

1.0 Statement of Findings 1.1 Location

1.0 Statement of Findings 1.1 Location

Palm Be ac h is a 21 square kilometre strip of City. It begins at the Palm Beach area, where it extends past Currumbin Creek and Tugun beaches (Google Maps, 2014) Beach. The beaches continue at Point Danger near Coolangatta, where they then reach located on the eastern coastlinesouth of towards the mouth of the Tweed River. From here, the Gold Coast Southern Beaches Palm Be ac h Australia, intersecting across thecontinues along the Lelita Spit and Fingal Head, meeting the Kingscliff Beach and finally border of Queensland and Newending at Cudgen Creek (Google Maps, 2014). The greater area of the Gold Coast Southern South Wales, and is approximately Beaches can be seen in Figure 1 below. 94 kilometres south of Brisbane City. It begins at the Palm Beach area, Point where it extends past Currumbin Palm Be ac h Creek and Tugun Beach. The beaches continue at Point Danger Point near Coolangatta, where they then reach south towards the mouth of the Tweed River. From here, the Gold Coast Southern Beaches continues along the Lelita Spit and Fingal Point Head, meeting the Kingscliff Beach and finally ending at Cudgen Creek Po int Point (Google Maps, 2014). The greater Beaches is a 21 square kilometre strip of beaches (Google area of the Gold Coast Southern rn coastlineBeaches of Australia, intersecting can be seen in Figure 1 across the border of es, and is approximately 94 kilometres south of Brisbane below.

ings

Figure 1: The greater area of the Gold area, where it extends past Currumbin Creek and Tugun Coast Southern Beaches (Google Maps, Point Danger near Coolangatta, where they then reach 2014) weed River. From Gold Southern Beaches Figurehere, 1: The the greater areaCoast of the Gold (GoogleBeach Maps, and finally Coast Southernthe Beaches d Fingal Head, meeting Kingscliff Po int Danger Point Maps, 2014). The greater2014) area of the Gold Coast Southern Figure 1: The greater area of the Gold below.

Coast Southern Beaches (Google Maps, 2014) King s clif

Palm Beach Be ac h Palm

King s clif Figure 1: The greater area of the Gold Coast Southern Beaches (Google Maps, 2014)

4 4

Po intDanger Point

King s clif Kingscliff

4

Po int

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Curriculum Connections 2014

ve Waves are all natural occurrences which affect the Longshore Drift is the natural process in which sedime 1.2 Natural Features osited along a coastline by wind and currents, as illus and Processes rocess involves the movement of coastal waters inter ue angle of the prevailing wind, and results in the swa beach at an angle. This material is then dragged bac to gravity, and the process repeats continually to dep e, et al., 2014). Many coastal environments such as the Gold Coast Southern Beaches are susceptible to the five coastal processes. Longshore Drift, Deposition, Erosion, Constructive Waves and Destructive Waves are all natural occurrences which affect the development of beach ecosystems. Longshore Drift is the natural process in which sediments are transported and deposited along a coastline by wind and currents, as illustrated in Figure 2 (Smith, 2009).

The process involves the movement of coastal waters interacting with the shoreline at an oblique angle of the prevailing wind, and results in the swash of the waves carrying sand up the beach at an angle. This material is then dragged back down the beach perpendicularly due to gravity, and the process repeats continually to deposit sand further along the coast (Price, et al., 2014).

Figure 2: Longshore Drift transporting sand along a coastline due to oblique waves (Smith, 2009)

Canterburya College The better prepared the stronger 45 e Drift transporting sand along coastline due to obliq 2009)

Since 2009, Kingscliff Beach have been actively eroding due to frequent storm surges, resulting in up to 60 metres of vegetated dune being lost along a length of foreshore 500 metres long (Unknown, 2013). In beach ecosystems, the dune system is necessary for maintaining sand levels in a beach and preventing Coastal Erosion (See Figure 3), however due to frequent storm surges and human activity (See Human Activity Within The Region), the effect of destructive waves have become more prevalent. Because of the absence of dune vegetation in the Gold Coast Southern Beaches, Longshore Drift to transport all sand along the beach, leaving no

remaining dunes to protect the beach against storm surges (Funston, 2004). After the 2005-2011 storm surges, areas such as Kingscliff Beach had lost a large extent of its coastline and visual appeal, resulting in damage to local road infrastructures, and decreased popularity due to the extent of storm damage. As a response, a vertically piled concrete seawall had been built in front of the Cudgen Headland SLSC to protect local buildings in 2010, and the Cudgen Creek seawall had been extended to assist sand build-up at the Kingscliff Beach (Patterson, 2011). Smaller rock walls had been installed at the Surf Club, sandbags had been deployed at the Caravan Park and the Council has invested in a 14000m3 sand renourishment program to slow

further damage, however in recent years funding for further restoration of the Kingscliff Beach has diminished (Patterson, 2011). In recent years Kingscliff Beach waters have been relatively calm, and as shown in Figures 4, changes to the coastline are evident, such as the beach widening and the escarpment from the Caravan Park receding. However, damage to the coastal dune system is still evident in areas such as Palm Beach, where properties were built over the dune system to give owners easy access to the beach, resulting in major property damage occurring in 2012-2014 after storm surges due to the dune system being removed (See Figure 5).

Figure 3: Transect displaying the beach and a stable vegetative dune system (Price, et al., 2014) establishment of pioneer plants on Kingscliff Beach

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Curriculum Connections 2014

Figure 3: Transect displaying the beach and a stable vegetative dune system (Price, et al., 2014) establishment of pioneer plants on Kingscliff Beach

Figure 4: Kingscliff Beach and Caravan Park as seen in December 2011 (Patterson, 2011) and in May 2014

Figure 5: Coastal Erosion at Palm Beach during August 2012 (Westthorp, 2012)and May 2014 (Asher, 2014) In coastal environment, waves naturally assist in the Deposition of sand up the coastline. Deposition is the process more sand the beach than down the beach, In coastal environment, waves naturally of waves swashcarrying than backwash. Oftenupthe 2014). Artificial deposition occurs in of the coastline in width (Griffith,brought 2014). is caused Constructive the recedes, preventing sand from being the by shoreline 2008). assistwave in theresulting Deposition sand up the expanding backwash of constructive waves This willdown when the process of(Bin, Longshore Drift Waves (See Figure 6),ofwhich be areabsorbed found inby normal surf conditions have isa halted stronger swash of the beach coastline. Deposition is the process sand before the wave in sections Constructive waves are characterised by low waves in proportion to length, and generally thanmore backwash. the backwash of constructive will be absorbed by sandwalls, before waves carrying sand upOften the beach sandwaves from (Hawkins, being from training such as in the have 6-9 waves crashing on therecedes, shorepreventing every minute 2014). Artificial deposition than down the beach, resulting in the brought down the shoreline (Bin, 2008). Tweed River Sand Bypassing Project, 6 occurs the process of Longshore in sections of the training coastline when expanding in width (Griffith, ConstructiveDrift wavesis arehalted characterised in which sandbeach blocking from the Tweed walls, such as in Tweed River Sand which sandtoblocking the 2014). This is caused by the Constructive by low wavesBypassing in proportion toProject, length, in River is pumped Point Danger Waves (See Figure 6), which are found in and generally have 6-9 waves crashing and Kirra Beach. Tweed River is pumped to Point Danger and Kirra Beach. normal surf conditions have a stronger on the shore every minute (Hawkins,

Figure 6: Diagram depicting the processes of constructive waves (Hawkins, 2014)

Figure 6: Diagram depicting the processes of constructive waves (Hawkins, 2014) Coastal Erosion is caused when more material is dragged down the shoreline than what is 47 Canterbury College The better prepared the stronger deposited, leading to the coastline contracting in width (Griffith, 2014). This is caused by Destructive Waves (See Figure 7), which are higher energy waves occurring during or

Coastal Erosion is caused when more material is dragged down the shoreline than what is deposited, leading to the coastline contracting in width (Griffith, 2014). This is caused by Destructive Waves (See Figure 7), which are higher energy waves occurring during or shortly after storms and in northward facing beaches. They have a stronger backwash than swash, resulting in material being removed from the shoreline (Bin, 2008). Destructive Waves are characterised by high wave heights in proportion to length, and generally have 11-15 waves crashing on the shore every minute (Hawkins, 2014). The effects of destructive waves are difficult to counter, and often requires human interference if the current level of coastline is to be maintained.

While both Constructive and Destructive Waves are natural processes which maintain the health of beach ecosystems, heavy storm surges and the northward positioning of Kingscliff beach make it susceptible to Coastal Erosion. In recent years, poor weather conditions have resulted in degraded conditions of the coastline. Storm events along the Kingscliff coastline have been well documented, with records indicating several major historical erosion periods over the past 70 years (Patterson, 2011). These erosive periods have been caused by frequent storm surges increasing the amount of destructive waves crashing on the beach. During 1954, a tropical cyclone had caused a 1.8 metre escarpment to form, and conditions worsened after continued storm surges in 1967 and tropical cyclones Pam and Zoe

in 1974. In more recent years, the 1996 and 1999 storm surges were successfully counteracted by human interference, however between 20052011 a resurgence of severe erosion events in summer months has resulted in extreme lowering in the beach profile, and has begun to erode past the boundaries of human settlements (Patterson, 2011). As shown below in Figure 8, changes in the can be seen from a satellite view, demonstrating the decrease in coastal width due to extreme storm events between 19712020.

Figure 6: Diagram depicting the processes of constructive waves (Hawkins, 2014)

tal Erosion is caused when more material is dragged down the shoreline than what sited, leading to the coastline contracting in width (Griffith, 2014). This is caused by uctive Waves (See Figure 7), which are higher energy waves occurring during or y after storms and in northward facing beaches. They have a stronger backwash th h, resulting in material being removed from the shoreline (Bin, 2008). Destructive es are characterised by high wave heights in proportion to length, and generally hav 5 waves crashing on the shore every minute (Hawkins, 2014). The effects of destru s are difficult to counter, and often requires human interference if the current level Figure 7: Diagram depicting the processes of destructive waves (Hawkins, 2014)

Curriculum Connections 2014 line48 is to be maintained. Figure 7: Diagram depicting the processes of destructive waves (Hawkins, 2014)

has resulted in extreme lowering in the beach profile, and has b oundaries of human settlements (Patterson, 2011). As shown be es in the can be seen from a satellite view, demonstrating the de e to extreme storm events between 1971-2020.

ellite Photographs of Kingscliff Beach during 1971-2010 (Patters Figure 8: Satellite Photographs of Kingscliff Beach during 1971-2010 (Patterson, 2011)

If action is not taken to prevent the

coastal dune system, interrupting many

to the town will decrease property

issuesprevent of Coastal Erosion atthe Kingscliff naturalof processes of animals andErosion plants. values, and the beach an aken to issues Coastal atmake Kingscliff Beach Beach, many environmental, social and As shown in Figure 9, this erosion will in unappealing tourist destination, will arise, affecting issues turn resultwill in damage to infrastructure which will further the local socialeconomic andissues economic arise, affecting theweaken sustainability the sustainability of the region. Coastal such as roads and buildings along the economy due to the declining influx Erosion will will continue to damage the to damage beach escarpment, eventually cutting of visitors.resulting in the los Erosion continue the coastline, coastline, resulting in the loss of the past the Marine Parade. This damage stem, interrupting many natural processes of animals and plants. erosion will in turn result in damage to infrastructure such as roa he beach escarpment, eventually cutting past the Marine Parade own will decrease property values, and make the beach an unap on, which will further weaken the local economy due to the declin

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in locals and tourists having improved awareness of the issue of Coastal Eros n, various management strategies have already been implemented at a varie to repair the beach and assist natural processes. One such example is in 197 orfolk Island Pines were planted along the Kingscliff foreshore to allow the shment of pioneer plants past the escarpment, which is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10: Photograph taken in May 2014 depicting exposed roots of foreshore plants, and the re-establishment of pioneer plants on Kingscliff Beach (Asher, 2014)

1.3 Human Activity 0: Photograph taken in May natural 2014 depicting exposed roots of foreshore plants the area. Furthermore, air and noise processes. One such example is Within the Region in 1974, where Norfolk Island Pines were pollution and littering are becoming (Asher, the re-establishment of pioneer plants on foreshore Kingscliff Beach more prominent in urban areas, 2014) planted along the Kingscliff To explain the various impacts of human activity within the Gold Coast Southern Beaches in greater detail, people have had various positive and negative influences on the environmental, social and economic aspects of the area. Positive influences to the environment include that with income generated by tourism, there is potential for new beach management strategies to be implemented which are capable of maintaining the environmental health of the region. Development can promote ecotourism in some beaches, resulting in locals and tourists having improved awareness of the issue of Coastal Erosion. In addition, various management strategies have already been implemented at a variety of

locations to repair the beach and assist

wildlife, decreases the biodiversity of

to allow the reestablishment of pioneer plants past the escarpment, which is shown in Figure 10.

resulting in polluted coastal waterways, which flows on to affect water quality further upstream. Finally, the majority of management strategies have neglected the environmental needs of the Gold Coast Southern Beaches. This is evident with constructions such as the Cudgen Creek training wall, which was built in 1967 to alleviate flooding and sand building at the river mouth, resulting in the disruption of Longshore Drift at Kingscliff Beach (Embling, 2014).

the interaction between human settlements with the coastal ecosystem has gnificant harm to the environment. continuing to be constructe However, the With interactionbuildings between human settlements with the coastal wards the shoreline and tourists trampling over vegetative dunes, the dune sy ecosystem has caused significant harm to the environment. With buildings emoved from many of the Gold Coast Southern Beaches. This results in incre continuing to be constructed closer of destructive waves during storm events towards thesurge shoreline and tourists due to the lack of a defensive trampling over vegetative dunes, the the coastline (Black, 2012). In thesefrombuildings destroy the natural ha duneaddition, system is being removed of the introduced Gold Coast Southern species such as cats and dogs s species, and in combinationmany with Human activity within the Gold Beaches. This results in increased dlife, decreases the biodiversity the area. Furthermore, and noise pollut Coast Southernair Beaches has the potencyof of destructive waves during primary purpose of benefitting local storm surge events due to the lack ng are becoming more prominent inbuffer urban resulting in polluted communities. Because of the advancedcoastal of a defensive to shieldareas, the development ofFinally, coastal buildings and majority coastline quality (Black, 2012). In addition, upstream. s, which flows on to affect water further the these buildings destroy the natural maintenance of the beaches, their habitat of various species, and in appeal has risen in higher Coast ment strategies have neglected the environmental needs of resulting the Gold combination with introduced species influxes of tourists. As a response, Beaches. This is evident with such as theof local Cudgen Creek traini suchconstructions as cats and dogs killing native revenue businesses has ch was built in 1967 to alleviate flooding and sand building at the river mouth, in the disruption of Longshore Drift at Kingscliff Beach (Embling, 2014).

ctivity within the Gold Coast Southern Beaches has the primary purpose of g local of coastal buildin Curriculum Connections 2014 50 communities. Because of the advanced development tenance of the beaches, their appeal has risen resulting in higher influxes of

increased, improving the quality of life for residents, allowing them to sustain themselves easier and spend more money freely. In addition, expansion of coastal towns and cities increases the size of the community, making the area less isolated and friendlier to residents and tourists. Expansion will also allow residents to have instant access to local amenities, and increases the appeal of the coastal lifestyle to both Australian and international tourists. This will in turn encourage tourists to visit the Gold Coast Southern Beaches more frequently, and possibly immigrate to Australia. Despite a number of social benefits caused by human activity within the region, there are also some downsides which affect tourists and members of the local community, such as damage caused by storm surges damaging properties and decreasing their values. As human settlements situated at the Gold Coast Southern Beaches continue to expand, overpopulation may occur, which will stress the efficiency of many local jobs and resources. To counter this, the council is likely to increase current tax rates, which whilst being beneficial to the economy, is unpopular with local residents. In addition, crime rates will also increase, which will make civilians and tourists less safe, discouraging people from visiting the area. Furthermore, there is the likelihood that tension between locals and foreign tourists may occur due to different cultural backgrounds and values, increasing the danger of civil unrest. The Gold Coast Southern Beaches provides a main source of income from tourism which supplements economic growth, with more than 9.6 million tourists visiting annually, and a domestic expenditure of $3.9 billion a year (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014). Tourism rates will continue to increase, leading to new employment opportunities in the service sector. This will improve the wealth of local workers

because of the increased revenue from tourism based jobs, which will in turn improve the quality of living for citizens. Additionally, the Gold Coast Southern Beaches have become a destination area due to advanced architecture and coastal management, leading to further employment in construction, service and entertainment jobs to facilitate expansion. This expansion will continue to increase the population will allow government to increase tax rates, which will increase the wealth of local councils and increase the money available for the Federal Budget. Even with significant profit resulting from human activity in coastal settlements, there are still several concerns which may affect the economic sustainability of the region. The management and expansion of coastal cities is incredibly expensive and difficult to organise, with disputes between local residents and city councils resulting in increased costs of expansion. Additionally, multiple complications may occur because the Gold Coast Southern Beaches serve a single industry, being tourism. This implies that if tourism in the area was to decrease, major damage to the local economy would occur because of its dependence on domestic and foreign visitors. Because beaches are more popular in the summer, tourist influxes are likely to fluctuate depending on the season, and will increase unemployment during winter months. Furthermore, the process of Coastal Erosion causes significant property damage after storm surge events, which requires local councils and property owners to repair damaged structures, and also contributes to property price fluctuations, which deters potential investors. If further management strategies are not implemented, these issues will continue to cause detrimental impacts to the environmental, social and economic needs of the Gold Coast Southern Beaches.

2.0 Conclusion The Gold Coast Southern Beaches are a strip of beaches extending along the eastern coastline of Australia, between Queensland and New South Wales. Due to extreme storm surges and poor management of these beaches, Coastal Erosion has severely altered the coastline, and requires urgent maintenance. The Tweed River City Council believes that new management strategies are needed in order to provide balance between the needs of the environment, local inhabitants, and economy. Of the two proposals, proposal 1; where the government would reclaim the Kingscliff Surf Club and Caravan Park to re-establish the coastal dune system, was deemed as the most effective method. Alexander Asher (Year 10) Bibliography and Appendices submitted but not published.

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Year 6 Design and Technology – Antarctica Vehicles As part of an integrated unit using the curriculum areas of English, Geography and History, Year 6 students researched the inquiry question, “What were the difficulties in exploring Antarctica?” To make a comparison as to how this was done in the past, the students were asked to research transport vehicles used today in Antarctica. The task was to design and make a vehicle that incorporated features such as power source, navigation devices, safety measures, storage areas, communication systems, movement of people and the use of the vehicle. Paige McNamara (Year 6) diligently followed the design process which included a detailed plan and outline of her vehicle containing descriptive captions and explanations of the required features. Mrs Julie-Ann Gaske Year 6 Teacher

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Curriculum Connections 2014

Could t hat mean not all ‘sudden heart at t acks' are so sudden? Image credit : The Telegraph

Cardiovascular Disease Still Australia’s Most Costly Killer

Year 8 Health and ly killer’ but Physical in terms Education The Term 3 Year 8 Health and Physical Education (HPE) unit focused on exploring health conditions that are key issues in today’s society.

as well. alian Welfare 3.5 million included ffer These from a cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes and r disease. It cancer. Students explored each of these areas analysing causes, ver 1/3 ofimpacts on society and solutions. Wisnewski (Year king Monique 8)it chose to investigate cardiovascular disease and completed an killer), has in-depth and insightful analysis of the issue. Australian inflicts a nd only to rst of all, imately ndition upon tyle Ms Tracey Clarke Curriculum Coordinator, HPE (K-Year 9)

DESPITE significant progress over the past half-century, Cardiovascular Disease can still be considered Australia’s most costly killer, according to recent reports by the National Heart Foundation and the Australian Institute of Health and Wellness.

These poor lifestyle choices are contributing to the major financial burden of Cardiovascular Disease on the Australian economy. According to a recent report released by AIHW in February, Australia spends more on CVD than any other disease group. The same report estimated that Australia spent a whopping $7,605 million, 12% of all health care expenditure on CVD in 2008-9, and that the largest amount was spent on people aged 75-84.

The foremost risk factor is age; males over 40 have an estimate in 2 chance of suffering and females of the same age have a in 3 chance as opposed to substantially lower chances earli in life. Other key non-modifiable factors include gender and heredity. However, there are als proven links between lifestyle choices such as tobacco use, obesity, alcohol consumption, po nutrition and physical inactivity the development of CVD. For example, tobacco use raises the chance of developing CVD to 1 2. It seems the term ‘costly killer’ isn’t used only literally, but in terms of mortality rates and social/physical burdens as well. According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), approximately 3.5 million Australians currently suffer from a long-term cardiovascular disease. It is also responsible for over 1/3 of deaths in Australia (making it Australia’s most deadly killer), has the highest amount of Australian health expenditure, and inflicts a burden of disease second only to cancer. But perhaps worst of all, many sufferers have ultimately chosen to inflict this condition upon them through poor lifestyle choices. Cardiovascular Disease, also known as CVD, refers to conditions of the heart and blood vessels including hypertension (high blood pressure), coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral arterial disease. While these conditions don’t discriminate, there are numerous risk factors that increase the chances of developing them.

The foremost risk factor is age; males over 40 have an estimated 1 in 2 chance of suffering and females of the same age have a 1 in 3 chance as opposed to substantially lower chances earlier in life. Other key nonmodifiable risk factors include gender and heredity. However, there are also proven links between lifestyle choices such as tobacco use, obesity, alcohol consumption, poor nutrition and physical inactivity and the development of CVD. For example, tobacco use raises the chance of developing CVD to 1 in 2.

The financial burden of CVD doesn’t just affect the national economy, likewise the individual. The average expense to a middleaged person is approximately $352, with the cost rising with age. Furthermore, CVD brings with it an onslaught of social and physical burdens. Since CVD is an incurable chronic illness, its presence is constantly felt; it persistently inflicts physical limitations, social limitations, and unstable health upon the sufferer. Many activities become simply ‘too dangerous’ to take part in, and hospital visits are frequent. Studies have found that, unsurprisingly, a large portion of patients with the condition experience psychological issues and depression related to things like helplessness, embarrassment, stigma, fears about their future and self-destructiveness. CVD is a highly preventable disease; there is a lot that can be done to lessen its impact in Australia. On an individual level, a combination of a healthy lifestyle, complete with adequate exercise and a balanced diet, and little to no alcohol and tobacco consumption can radically decrease the chances of developing the condition. Unfortunately, a national solution is more complicated, although increased education, continual funding for research and treatment combined with increased healthcare focuses on lower socio-economic groups is a good place to start.

Monique Wisnewski (Year 8)

Bibliography submitted but not published.

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These poor lifestyle choices are

YEAR 9 JAPANESE The Year 9 Japanese class has been studying “Advertising in Japan�. This Term, their Writing task required them to do a one page advertisement for a product of their choice in the Japanese style. The students were being assessed on their range of vocabulary, their cohesive devices, spelling and punctuation, script writing, organisation of the advertisement and response to the cultural context. Samara Paradine (Year 9) has used adjectives, numbers and costs, seasons, colours and a range of shop types to sell her product. All of her sentences are spelt correctly. Her script is accurately written and includes all three of the Japanese alphabets. Finally, she chose to use a seasonal campaign (summer), a mascot, the use of English keywords and a new version of an old product in order to sell her product. Well done Samara on a thoughtful response to this task. Mrs Sue Walduck Japanese Teacher

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Samara Paradine (Year 9)

Curriculum Connections 2014

YEAR 12 DANCE Throughout Terms 1 and 2, the Year 12 Dance students as part of their studies focused on “Stories Through Dance”, using a variety of Dance genres. Students had the opportunity to explore issues in a feature article that affect Dance on a global and local level. Indira Shields chose to explore Expressions Dance Company and local Brisbane choreographer Maggie Sietsma to produce this thought provoking article connecting Dance and issues with abuse. Ms Amanda Waddell Curriculum Coordinator, Dance (Kindergarten-Year 12)

Maggi unlocks tMhaeg gdi ou nolro ctkos t Ed oxoprrteosEsxipvree s h e s i v e D Daarrkkn ensesss

Reported by Indira Shields

The connection between entertainment and

The connection between entertainment and domestic violence would typically not be synonymous, but domestic violence would after watching Expressions typically not be Dance Company the synonymous, but after association will seem very watching Expressions clear. There is something Dance Company the captivating about a dance association will seem very that can incorporate passion clear. There is something and ferocity in the same captivating about a dance circumstance. that can incorporate Maggi Sietsma, the founding artistic director of Expressions Dance Company choreographed ‘The 5th Door’, a modernised version of the age old tale of Bluebeard. Her skilful manipulation of the different elements in this piece has resulted in a dance which keeps the audience engaged and on the edge of their seats, drawing them out of the light and into the darkness. Sietsma is regarded as one of Australia’s leading choreographers and it’s not hard to see why. She founded the Brisbane based contemporary dance company to create opportunities for dancers; this included a salary and decent work conditions. She would

passion and ferocity in the same circumstance.

Maggi Sietsma, the founding

of Expressions gladlyartistic give updirector everything to help Dance of Company choreographed the success the company; Sietsma th modernised ‘The herself was5notDoor’, paid aasalary for the version of despite the agethe olddancers tale of first three years, Bluebeard. Her skilful manipulation always receiving paid work from the of the different elements in this company. The company was running piece has resulted in a dance which on pure expression. Expressions is now keeps thecontemporary audience engaged an established dance and on the edge of international their seats, drawing company with an profile. them out of the light and into the

Maggi Sietsma’s hard work had paid off, darkness. until she experienced a form of abuse is regarded as one of from Sietsma the Australian government when Australia’s leading choreographers they neglected funding for dance. Arts and it’shad notslashed hard toExpressions see why. She Queensland founded the Brisbane based Dance Company funding from $565,000 to $395,000, and put it on annual funding rather than triennial (Clarke, 2008). She vacated the leadership of her successful company after the funding was cut. As she says in Dance Informa’s interview, “I have achieved every goal I set out to achieve when I first started the company. Professional dance offers, at the best of times, a precarious working environment, I sincerely hope the Queensland Government will support the transition, ensuring the artists and arts workers are valued and protected. Without this support the potential for a true career path in dance in Queensland will be greatly diminished” (Informa, 2008). Funding is essential for an artistic company to

Canterbury College The better prepared the stronger

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work and be successful; it’s tough to get attention from the government as it doesn’t seem like an important investment. The importance is clear when captivated by one of Sietsma’s dances, the brilliance of her works communicate significant topics with the of her through husband’s past. audience entertainment.

gripping work focuses on Bluebeard’s young wife ‘Judith’ as she learns the dark secrets of her husband’s past. Newly married, she discovers her new home is inhabited by the ghosts of Bluebeard’s former wives.

element to the tautness of the piece. It was disturbing hearing the men entice the women and watching the women mesmerised like a moth to a flame, it makes you realise how mentally trapped they are.

recognition of potential menacewas sharp and edgy ecrets The movement She explains, “The story was written in which evoked a feeling of agitation time when The a goodchoreography and threat. ewly married, she discovers her a very patriarchal Sietsma knows how to capture her and tension. The dancing was wife was an obedient wife. My vision is sinister sidestep theof ew home is inhabited theto focus a warningtakes audience’s attention as by she likes complimented by multi-media images to youngawoman. ” Sietsma stage, theas use this effectively on Bluebeard’s dark universal topicsformer and connect on theand screenrough. above the stage, the use explained the workaggressive to men become hosts of wives.said that she set theoftone of the with the themes of these issues. this effectively set thedance, tone of the the audience at the start of the show. The juxtaposition of the sensuous dance, especially at the beginning with Sietsma reflects on topics society can “I explain where the dance comes from especially atwives the beginning with the … sherelate explains “The story was and in a sense, I try and encourage the four of bluebeard running to. In her dance ‘The 5th Door’ movements of the girls with the ritten insheainterprets very patriarchal time them to look throughof a room as bluebeard sits and the matter of domestic at it with eyes widefour open” wives bluebeard running sharp distortions of the men watches them run past, already giving violence. Just under half a million (Cotton, 2006). She wanted people to hen a good wife was an obedient leave and think about the message, through room as bluebeard thea audience anticipation. The choice sits Australian women reported that they creates a tension throughout the ife. My had vision is a warning to experienced physical or sexual of music completely the have an impact on their life. In this and watches themcaptivates run past, already work. violence or sexual assault in the past 12 audience into the atmosphere and was dance Sietsma’s intent was to teach Sietsma said that oung woman.” months (Centre, 2014). successful in keeping the audience and empower women to react to any giving the audience anticipation. After playful movement the mood the performance. he explained the work to the throughout violence surrounding them, if they don’t focused choice of music completely is unfortunately still a very they will never break away fromThe the is immediately reformed when a udienceAbuse at the start of the show. common issue in today’s society. “Three- horrid situation. The dancers have such a high level of captivates the audience into the shriek escapes the woman’s lips explainquarters where dance skill to be able to carry out achieving of allthe women killed incomes NSW hands of their loved ones, the intentions of this From seduction to deception the mood and Sietsma was had successful in and indicates atmosphere that theallmen are om anddieinat athesense, I try and an official statistic that has led NSW performance. Expressions Dance shifts from giggling girls teasing and the audience focused dominant in the ncourage them to look at Scipione it with flirting with Company hasThe thrilled audiences around Police Commissioner Andrew the men, but with akeeping twistrelationship. the world with their amazing talent. to warn that domestic violence is one of a finger or a pinch of the skin there girls are the limp rag-doll victims of yes wide open” (Cotton, 2006). throughout the performance. Maggi Sietsma has founded a company of the ''biggest issues modern society is a sudden recognition of potential he wanted to leave the men’s aggression.that This will no doubt be successful for has topeople face'' (Nick Ralston, 2014).and Maggi menace and threat. The choreography many morehave years in to come. Sietsma focused on universal topics, takes a sinister sidestep as the men The dancers such a high level hink about the message, have an corresponds to women who are which is why even though this piece become aggressive and rough. of skill Sietsma to be able tomodel carry mpact on life. Inin this abusive and do nota role remains for allout wastheir choreographed 2004 itdance is familiar The juxtaposition of therelationships sensuous contemporary dancers and a to people since thento and teach is still relatable of the girls the sharp etsma’s intent was and movements speak up.with The womenaspiring in these well-respected figure in the Australian to people in modern day society. distortions of the men creates a tension mpower women to react to any kinds of relationships Arts rely on the community. throughout the work. 5th Door is one of Sietsma’sifwellolence The surrounding them, they man to support them but also live known dances; based on the daunting After playful movement the mood is on’t they breakshe away in reformed fear ofwhen thea shriek unknown. Maggi storywill of thenever pirate Bluebeard puts immediately own spinsituation. to the gloomy tale. This escapes the woman’s lips and indicates om theher horrid Sietsma was clever to incorporate that the men are dominant in the speech into herragdances and relationship. The girls are the limp doll victims of the men’s aggression. particularly in ‘The 5th Door’, this This corresponds to women who are effective. in abusivetechnique relationships andisdoindisputably not speak up. The The women these kinds not only helped useinof voice of relationships rely on the man to provide with more support them but also the live in audience fear of the unknown.context Maggi Sietsma wasitclever but sent chills down the to incorporate speech into her dances spine listening to what the dancers and particularly in ‘The 5th Door’, this Maggi Sietsma (talentforhumanity.org.au) techniquedid, is indisputably effective. The it added another element to but not published. Bibliography submitted use of voice not only helped provide thewith tautness piece. It was Indira Shields (Year 12) the audience more contextof butthe it sent chillsdisturbing down the spine listening to the men entice hearing Bibliography submitted but not published. what the dancers did, it added another the women and watching the women mesmerised like a moth to a flame, it makes you realise how mentally trapped they are.

rom56 seduction to deception the ood shifts from giggling girls

Connections The movement wasCurriculum sharp and edgy 2014 which evoked a feeling of agitation

Canterbury College Ltd trading as Canterbury College Phone: +61 7 3299 0888 Facsimile: +61 7 3805 2132 Absentee Line: +61 7 3299 0858 Sports Info Line (P-12): +61 7 3299 0995 Junior School: +61 7 3299 0847 Middle School: +61 7 3299 0856 Senior School: +61 7 3299 0843 Website: www.canterbury.qld.edu.au Email: school@canterbury.qld.edu.au Address: Old Logan Village Road, Waterford, Queensland

Canterbury College The better prepared the stronger

cked beautiful ings such as the in is t a h t il produce the needed rice o s e d to provide Enough space to be able to grow the rice and crops eople depend e n Ner ve o C ell y Havi r ng the corr e ect tech v gy and machinery needed pula tion. orInld. E To get greater or highernolo w yields each meal.3/4 Enough h know ledg eable workers Asians bis b u r ir e h t e The protection of the crops so they do not k have a bad crop e scientists because of rodents of disease Australia ce disease m o r f e c n a t is d es ple afcrop More rice per hectare more than anywhere else in the world ia rice is a Annual crops large tustrb th e Water efficient d3 is d foreshore plants, an of s Low GI ot ro d se po ex g 14 depictin 20ly ayn in M nJobs ke o ta t ph ra a og ot h t Ph : ?Figu for e 10 thou f sands Kingscliff Beach re li wildthe re-establis hmenIrrig t of pioneer plants on N I U G N E ated from October-April P E R O M ndonesia grow rice Fert . t ilise d c in t x e o become Plane to sow seeds Satellite guidance ju n a a but not Australia Harvested by headers(machinery)re are more th ? The Whilst harvesting followed by chaser bins to transfer rice is Dried in a drying shed e r e h t , e c la p g azin Exported to other neediera mtries coun n o c is h t e t EATY u ll o p start to le ib r r e t o d d n a e g a b r a g t c e t help de in e r o m o n e b l il there w d n a t a k o lo o t ls a im an l il sm w v a h u o y if a ic t c r ta n A o t increasing

Coastal Ero t and it is very the region. Develop ess of the issue of en ar aw ronmental health of ed ov riety of pr im ng ts haevilinks implemented at a va the ende: be cals and touris y Som ad in lois re iden al tified ltingrice may ve inclu ha 74, agement strategies ch example is in 19 an su m ne us O rio s. va milli se , ng. es on oc iti dd l pr raespo Cell Biolohgy natu R w the assistded andExten nse liff foreshore to allo pair the beac sc ng to rerice Ki e th Eno tions on ugh g mon on ey, ies . uce food al mac hinery and Figu e re to 10 prod own inledg to shknow Pines were planted is nd ch hi w t, en m rp re Norfolk Isla Year 11 Biolog e esca y th surv ive st pa ts an pl r ee stablishment of pion Have the right climate, conditions and landscape to grow Tiana Holder and

rd

(Asher, 2014)

m has e coastal ecosyste th ith w ts en em ttl se ng to be constructed n between human ui io in ct nt ra co te in gs e in th ild , er bu Howev nment. With dune system harm to the enviro getative dunes, the ve er ov g in pl m caused significant creased tra s. This results in in oreline and tourists he sh ac e Be th rn ds ar he w ut to So ffer er st clos ck of a defensive bu any of the Gold Coa la m e th m to fro e ed du ov ts m en re s being l habitat orm surge ev destroy the natura ive waves during st gs ct in ru ild st bu de e of es y th nc n, lling te po as cats and dogs ki ck, 2012). In additio la ch (B su s ne tli ie as ec co sp e d th ce to shield with introdu pollution and in combination more, air and noise er rth Fu . ea ar e th of various species, in polluted coastal s the biodiversity of ng se lti ea su cr re de s, e, ea lif ar ild n w native inent in urba majority of coming more prom stream. Finally, the up er rth fu ity al and littering are be qu ater Gold Coast flows on to affect w ental needs of the nm ro vi en e waterways, which th d te ec Creek training gies have negl ch as the Cudgen su ns io ct tru management strate ns co outh, This is evident with ilding at the river m s. bu he nd ac sa Be d rn an he g ut in So e flood 2014). ilt in 1967 to alleviat f Beach (Embling, lif sc ng Ki at t wall, which was bu rif D e uption of Longshor resulting in the disr rpose of s has the primary pu he ac Be rn he ildings ut So st d Coa pment of coastal bu Figure 7: tructu in th lo2010) ve re eof G a ol de Nerve cell (Miam ed i C nc hildre n's va B rain I nstitu ad te, e th Human activity wSith in higher influxes of unities. Because of m ng m lti co su l re ca lo en g ris tin s fit of ha bene thi eir appeal proving the quality achecs, The im be f uncti d, e on o f th se a n erve of ea ell cr s t o ce t in ransm s an it c hemi ha en cal messages to other parts ely. through the nesses and maint of ey the fre body, venue of local busi , reEach se d spend more mon on an sp er nervo si re us syste a ea m. As es nerve . lv ts cell se is is called ur to ity, a cell body and ain them a neuron (BBCsi, ze 2014 mun Neur ons com have the of ). lowing them to sust s, oalrgane ses the ea cr sident in s ent tie ci d life for rediffer lles also s uch an ill a s m w itoch ion appara towns ondria, endoplasmd ic to pans reticu lum and . Ex Golgi urists tus (John Wiley & pansion of coastal an ex s nt n, de si re to In additio r dlsie al of the Sons, Inc., 2ss en pe fri ap 014). d e A dults an th h ave s ed t he se at ame ol a moun ea is t cr o f n erve in , and cells as when they wur ere children as the cell the area le making body ss to local amenities acce centr tional turn enco age an in st is ill with in w non is ve funct Th ha . to ts osom s is e whic nt ur h means the neurones cann ional to ot divid allow reside igrate to stralian and internat , and possibly imm e (NCS Pearson, th Aualso tly bo en to 2014 qu ). le Nerv fre e ty cells e es or have lif m l dend s ta rites he branch off of the cell body which allows it to coas Beacthat pick up old Coast Southern the G sitfrom to vils other cells. This makes them the receptive organ of the touristssigna cell. The axon on the 9end of the . eleases th Australia cell r e messages to send signals to other neurons. The length of the axon is dependent of the functional relationship of the neurone. Its cytoplasm called axoplasm is full of mitochondria which allow energy to be created in order to send messages. (NCS Pearson, 2014) When the chemical messages reach the axon by travelling throu gh the neuron they continue through to the next neurone this is called the electrochemical proce ss (Chundler, 2012). Neurons are able to produce neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse (Chundler, 2012). The structure as referred to is able to be visualised in figure 7.

Curriculum Connections 2014