Redefining Asian American through Literature with Hong and Hsu and Lin and Kingston
Nicholas Tahn
Senior Thesis | 2026
RedefiningAsianAmericanthroughLiteraturewithHongandHsu andLinandKingston
ByNickTahn
WhatdoesitmeantobeAsianAmerican?ThetermAsian Americanwascoinedin1968byEmmaGeeandYujiIchioka,two studentsatUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley.Bothstudentsneeded tocomeupwithanamefortheirstudentorganizationwhose purposewastoincreasethevisibilityofAsianactivists.Both EmmaandYujiwantedtocomeupwithanamethatwouldunite themanyAsianethnicsub-groupstogether,sotheynamedtheir organizationAsianAmericanPoliticalAlliance.Thederogatory term“oriental”usedtodescribepeoplewithAsiandescentwas finallyreplacedandnowthereisanordinarypan-ethnictermfor peopleofAsiandescent.Today,thetermAsianAmericanis everywhere,fromAsianAmericanstudiesclassestothemonthof MaybeingdevotedtoAsianAmericanPacificIslandermonth. However,theactualmeaningofAsianAmericanisupto interpretation.DoesAsianAmericanrefertoanindividualinthe UnitedStateswithancestryfromanAsiancountry?OrdoesAsian AmericanrefertoUnitedStatescitizenswithancestryfroman Asiancountry?WhatcriteriamakesapersonAsianAmerican? ThedefinitionofAsianAmericanvariesfrompersontoperson, butonethingisforcertain:themodelminoritymythmakesit difficultforAsianAmericanstoembracetheiridentity unapologeticallyandauthentically.
ThemodelminoritymythisamyththatportraysAsiansas thebetterminorityduetotheirsupposedlydocile,emotionlessand hardworkingnature.Inthemodelminoritymyth,therearemany differentstereotypesthatrunrampantinAsian-American perception.Forone,thereisastereotypethatAsiansdonothave anyemotionsandareunaffectedbydifferentsituations.Another stereotypeisthatAsiansaredestinedforsuccessandthatitisnot
fromhardwork.Also,thereisastereotypethatAsiansaredocile andsubmissivetoothers.CathyParkHong,HuaHsu,FrancieLin andMaxineHongKingstonuseliterature,specificallywith personalnarrativesorreallife-influencedstories,tocounterand challengethesestereotypesfromthemodelminoritymyth.
CathyParkHong’s Minor Feelings (2020)isareallife storyaboutherselfthatexploresherexperiencesasthedaughterof KoreanimmigrantsintheUnitedStates.CathyParkHongcounters thestereotypeofbeingthemodelminoritythroughhercritiqueof racialselfhatredandtheideathatAsiansarenextinlinetobe white.HuaHsu’s Stay True (2022)isalsoareallifestoryabout himselfthatexploreshisexperiencegrowingupasTaiwanese Americanandthebondstopeoplehemakes.HuaHsucountersthe stereotypeofbeingemotionlessfromthemodelminoritymyth throughhispersonalstoryonthedeathofhisclosefriendKen.
FrancieLin’s The Foreigner (2008)tellsthestoryofEmerson Chang,aTaiwaneseAmericanimmigrantwhotravelstoTaipeito spreadhismother’sashesandconfrontshisfamilyhistory.This bookisaworkofreallifeinfluence,soLin’shistoryisinfluential throughoutthisstoryeventhoughitisfictional.FrancieLin’s EmersonChangcountersthestereotypeofbeingtheperfectmodel minorityandbeingemotionlessthroughherstoryaboutEmerson Chang’sjourneyforbelongingandhome,whichisinfluencedby herTaiwaneseAmericanheritage.MaxineHongKingston’s No Name Woman (2015)isareallifestoryaboutherlifeinChinaand aboutheraunt.MaxineHongKingstoncountersthestereotypesof silenceofthemodelminoritymyththroughherpersonalstory abouthermothertellingheradeepsecretaboutheraunt.Although therearedifferencesbetweenpersonalnarrativesandreal-life inspiredfictionalstories,bothservethesamepurposeof challengingthemodelminoritymyth.Asian-Americanliterature dismantlestheharmfulstereotypesofthemodelminoritymyth
throughcritiquingracializedexperience,displayingemotional complexityandexhibitingastruggletofindasenseofbelonging andhome.Bydismantlingthemodelminoritymyth, Asian-AmericanauthorscreateawayforAsianAmericansto openlyexpressthemselveswithoutfearofjudgementorthe dismissalofone'sexperiences,ultimatelyredefiningwhatitmeans tobeAsianAmerican.
CathyParkHongchallengesthemodelminoritymyth throughhercritiqueofracialself-hatredin Minor Feelings, showingthatAsiansarenotperfecthumans.Inthemodelminority myth,Asiansareportrayednotonlyasthemodelminoritybutalso perfecthumans.However,thisstereotypingbythemodelminority mythinfluencesAsianstoattempttoachieveimpossiblestandards inhopesoffindingbelonging.Thisleadstomanyperfectionists amongAsiansandcomparingtheirworthagainstsocietalstandards andotherpeople,whichisunhealthy.Withracialself-hatred, AsianscriticizethemselvesaswellasfellowAsians,leadingto interracialtensionsinsteadofsolidarityamongtheAsian community.Hong’sinternalmonologuefurtherillustratesthe domino-effectofracialselfhatred:
There’satonofliteratureontheself-hatingJewandthe self-hatingAfricanAmerican,butnotenoughhasbeensaid abouttheself-hatingAsian.Racialself-hatredisseeing yourselfthewaythewhitesseeyou,whichturnsyouinto yourownworstenemy.Youronlydefenseistobehardon yourself,whichbecomescompulsive,andthereforea comfort,topeckyourselftodeath…Insteadofsolidarity, youfeelthatyouarelessthanaroundotherAsians,the boundariesofyourselfnolongerdistinctbutcongealedinto ahorde(Hong6).
InHong’sinternalmonologue,shehighlightshowthemodel minoritymythfracturesunitynotonlyamongtheAsian-American
communitybutalsootherracializedcommunities,astheothersare viewedas“badminorities” bydeductivereasoning.Hongchooses herowninterpretationofracialself-hatred,believingthatracial self-hatredisseeingoneselfthewaythewhitesseethem,notas peopleingeneral.Bynarrowingthepeopleresponsibleforracial self-hatredonlytowhitepeople,Hongistryingtohighlightthe ironyofwhiteAmericansimposingimpossiblestandardswiththe modelminoritymythandexpectingnoproblems.Themodel minoritymythsetshighexpectationsforAsiansinanattemptto makethembelievetheyareperfectandsuperiortoothers,evenif theydonotsharethisbelief.Inaddition,themodelminority influencestheideaofwhatperfectionis,andinthecaseofAsian Americans,itishowcloseonecanassimilatetoAmericanculture andstandards.BysayingthatAsiansarecongealedinahorde,it highlightsthedehumanizationthatresultsfromtheharshdominant narrativesputtogetherbythewhitepeople.Hongmakespeople awareofthedominoeffectforAsianswithracialself-hatredonset bythewhiteAmericans,thereforechallengingthestereotypeof perfectioninthemodelminoritymyth.
Inadditiontocritiquingracialself-hatred,Hongchallenges theideathat“Asiansarenextinlinetobewhite,”asshereplaces “theword“white”with“disappear.”Asiansarenextinlineto disappear.Wearereputedtobesoaccomplished,andso law-abiding,wewilldisappearintothiscountry’samnesiacfog” (Hong24-25).InsteadofjustviewingAsiansasthemodel minorityduetotheirsupposedalwayshard-workingnature,Asians aregiventhisstatusduetoAmericabelievingthattheyarethe mostobedientminority,specificallyintermsofassimilatinginto AmericancultureandexpectationsofAsiansbywhitepeople.By sayingthatAsiansarenextinlinetobewhite,Americaistryingto removetheindividualityofAsianpeopleandhavethemdisappear. HongunderscoresthatnomatterhowhardAsianpeoplework
Americaisstilltryingtofindawaytoexploitthem.Hong’sfurther contemplationofhowAsiansareconsideredashighstatusyetstill exploitedisfurtherillustratedinanothermonologueofhers: Wewillnotbethepowerbutbecomeabsorbedbypower, notsharethepowerofwhitesbutbestoogestoawhite ideologythatexploitedourancestors.Thiscountryinsists thatourracialidentityisbesidethepoint,thatithas nothingtodowithbeingbullied,orpassedoverfor promotion,orcutoffeverytimewetalk.Ourracehas nothingtodowiththiscountry,even,whichiswhywe’re oftenlistedas“Other”inpollsandwhywe’rehardtofind inracialbreakdownsonreportedrapeorworkplace discriminationordomesticabuse(Hong25).
InessenceHongistryingtoshowhowAmericaistryingtomake Asiansassimilateandoncetheydotheywillfunctionasan exampleofthewhiteideologybeingsuccessful,nomorethanjust astatistictothem.Eventhoughthedesiretosucceedispartofthe regularhumannature,thebeliefthatitwasbecauseofthe assimilationandstereotypesthatithappensinherentlydiscredits Asian-Americanexperiences.Also,bybeinglistedasothersthere itdehumanizesAsiansasinsomewayslistingthemasothermeans thattheydon’thavearighttobeauniquecategory.Hongtriesto showthatAmericaattemptstoinsistthattheracialidentityfor AsiansisbesidesthepointyetAsiansarestillexploited.By showinghowexploitedandimperfectAsiansare,Hongisableto furtherdismantlethemodelminoritymythstereotypesof emotionlessnessandperfection.
WhileHongchallengesthemodelminoritymyththrough hercritiqueofracialself-hatredandtheideathatAsiansarenextin linetobewhite,HuaHsuchallengesthemodelminoritymythin Stay True throughhisemotionallyrichanddensestoryonhisbest friendKen’sdeath.ForHsu,Kenisapersonwhohecanrefertoas
anolderbrotherandmentor,helpingguideHsuthroughnotonly collegebutlifeitself.KenisalwaysthereforHsu,whetheritbe givingadviceaboutrelationshipsorjustbeingthereto“gohavea smoke,”theirphraseforescapingtoaquietplacetospeakwith eachother.Althoughtheyhaddifferentinterestsfromeachother, theywouldsometimessacrificethemselvesfortheother,suchas KengoingintoamagazinestoreforHsu.Afterhearingfromhis friendsthatKenhadbeenmurderedinanATMrobberyattempt, Hsulostapartofhimselfthatneverrecoveredandhadmuch difficultyprocessingtherealityoftheloss.Hisrawandunfiltered emotionalresponseisfurtherillustratedinamonologueduring Ken’sfuneral:
Thefuneralfeltlikebeingatarave.Itwasstuffy;Icould seetheairintheroommoving.Everyonetouchingand swaying,leaningonyourneighbor,emittingauras,alonein ourownprivateworlds,desperatetoenterintoanotherone, together.Apainedsmileacrosstheroomcoulddestroy you.Thejoyousthrobandtingleoflaughingtogether. Bodiestryingtoexpelsomethingwickedthroughfidgeting, sobbing,rockingbackandforthinthepews,tryingtorein itbackin.Iwantedtoscream,andIwantedtohearallthe heartsbeatinginthestillness(Hsu137).
Hsu’sgriefduringthisinternalmonologueunderscoreshowthis momentinhislifeisunforgettableanddoesnotfeellikereality.By attributingKen’sfuneraltobeinglikearave,itunderscoreshow unrealitfeelsforHsuthathisbestfriendKenhasdied.By speakingtohowotherpeopleatthefuneralwerereacting,suchas bodiestryingtoexpelsomethingwicked,itshowshowunprepared peoplewere,asKen’sdeathwasrandomandhewasjustinthe wrongplaceandthewrongtime.Inaddition,itshowsthatpeople reactdifferentlytodeathandthatthereisnorightwaytogrieve andexpressemotion.Throughexplainingthatthefuneralwasa
rave,notlikenormallysolemntime,Hsuservesasapoignant examplethatAsians,likeeveryoneelse,canfeelandexperience emotions.Althoughthemodelminoritymythattemptstoenforce thestereotypethatAsiansareemotionless,Hsuservesasa counterexampleofhowemotionalAsianscanbe.Hsudoesthe oppositeofsuppressinghisemotions-heletsthemberawand messyanddoesnotcareaboutexternalperceptionsofhis expression.Hsuisabletocounterthestereotypeofbeing emotionlessfromthemodelminoritymythbyhumanizinghimself throughhisemotionalexpressionatKen’sdeath.
HsufurtherhumanizeshimselfthroughhislettertoKento challengethemodelminoritymyth.AfterKen’sdeath,Hsuhada hardtimeprocessingthefactthathewasdeadandwouldnolonger bethereforhim.Inordertocopewithhisgriefandtrytomoveon withhislife,HsuresortedtowritingletterstoKen.Eventhough Kenwouldneverbeabletoreadthoseletters,Hsuisabletoletout allofhisemotionsandthoughts,writinglettersincludingallthe thingshewisheshehadtoldKenorcurrentlifeexperiences.By writingtheseletters,Hsuisabletoheallittlebylittleandrelease thepainshefeelsattheunexpectedandsuddendeathofKen. Hsu’shumanizationcanbefurtherseeninoneofthelettersHsu writessoonafterKen’sdeath:
Thatfirstnight,aftereveryonehadgonehome,Itypeda lettertohimdetailingeverythingIwouldmiss—hissoft skinandflatulence,ourroutinesandinsidejokes.Ilisted thingshe’dleftbehind,becausehewasalwaysleaving thingsbehind...ItoldhimaboutthatnightwithMira,how GwenandAlecwereholdingup,howmuchweneededhim back.Sobewithme,okay,Ken?Canyoustaywithmea littlelonger(Hsu131).
HislettertoKenhighlightshismethodofcopingthroughspeaking aboutthingsHsuwisheshecouldtellKennow,whetheritbeabout
hisrelationshiptoMiratoevenspeakingabouteatingasteakto dealwithahangover.Thisletterservesasawayforhimnotonly toexpressandprocesshisemotionsbutalsotrytorecoverfrom someofthegrief.BywritinghisthoughtstoKenintheformofan informalletter,itunderscoreshowhumanHsuis,asthereisno correctorknownwayforwritingalettertosomeonewhohasdied. EvenbywritingabouttheinsidejokesitshowshowHsuhas beguntomoveonwhereinthebeginninghewouldshutout anythingthatremindedhimofthepastorofKen.Ken’sdeathled Hsutogainmoreemotionalmaturityandlearnhowtomove throughdifferentstagesofgriefandacceptance.Byshowinghow humanheisinthisinformallettertogetouthisideasandrelease thegrief,HsushowsthatAsiansareabletoexperienceemotions, unlikethefalsestereotypesofthemodelminoritymyth.
WhileHsuchallengesthemodelminoritymyththroughhis emotionallyrichanddensestoryonhisbestfriendKen'sdeath, FrancieLinchallengesthemodelminoritymyththroughherstory ofEmersonChang’searchforhomeandpurposein The Foreigner. EmersonChangiscaughtinbetweentwodifferentcultures:hewas raisedwithbothAmericanandTaiwanesecultureasheisthechild ofaTaiwaneseimmigrantandgrewupinAmerica.Though EmersonChangisafictionalcharacter,hisstrugglesrepresentthe experiencesofLin’sgeneration.EmersonChang'smulticultural upbringingcausesittobedifficulttodecideforhimselfwhathe considersforeignandwhatheconsidersashome,thereforecausing himdifficultyinfindingandunderstandinghispersonalidentity (Goodwin236-239).ForEmersonChang,theonlyidentityhecan understandishisnationalidentity,wherehepossessesaUS passport,andistheonlythingtyinghimtoAmerica.Afterthe deathofhismother,EmersonChangtravelstoTaiwantomeetup withhisbrotherlivinginTaiwanandtospreadhismother’sashes withhim.AfterlosinghispassportuponhisarrivaltoTaiwan,
EmersoncontemplatesonthelossofAmericanaspectinhis identity:
IhadthoughtIwouldbeanAmericanallmylife,butwhen Ilookedclosely,IfoundIhadnoobjectivereasonto believethis.Americawasacontract,basedonreason,not blood–andacontractofthewillcouldbebrokenmore easily.Perhapsthatwaswhymymotherhadneverbeen comfortableinAmerica(Lin226).
AfterarrivinginTaiwan,Emersonnoticesthathisonlyconnection thattieshisidentitytoAmericaarehispassport,hisjobandbeing inAmerica.Havinglostallofthesethings,Emersonmuststart fromscratchtobuildhisidentityinTaiwan.Emersonalsorealises thathisrelationshiptoAmericaiscontractual-hegivesupsome ofhisrightsforprotectionofAmericaandisgiventhesupposed freedomtobecomeasuccessfulperson.Hehighlightsthroughhis experiencethatitisnotsimpletoassimilateintoadifferentculture andenvironment,asthecontractwithAmericacannotbebroken easily.Emerson’sstoryhighlightstheimperfectnatureofAsians, directlyobjectingagainstthemodelminoritymyth.Byexhibiting howimperfectheisinhisjourneyinAmericaandTaiwanlooking forhomeandpurpose,Emersonisabletochallengethemodel minoritymyth.
WhileLinchallengesthemodelminoritymyththroughher storyofEmersonChang’searchforhomeandpurpose,Maxine HongKingstonchallengesthemodelminoritymyththroughher storyofherlifeinChinaandaboutherauntin No Name Woman. Kingston’slifeinaChinesevillagewhenshewasyoungerwas verycommunityandfamilyoriented.Withahighemphasison communityandfamilyorientedvalues,villagerswereexpectedto followcertaintraditionsandnormssetbythevillage.Oneofher villagerulesistoneverbringupthedeathofheraunt,however, hermotherdisobeyedandtoldKingston:“‘Youmustnottell
anyone,’mymothersaid,‘whatIamabouttotellyou.InChina yourfatherhadasisterwhokilledherself.Shejumpedintothe familywell.Wesaythatyourfatherhasallbrothersbecauseitisas ifshehadneverbeenborn”(Kingston3).Byreferringtoheraunt's deathasifshehadneverbeenborn,itshowshowonecanbe disgracedafterdoingsomethingthevillagedidnotwantanddoes notwantotherpeopletoknowabout.Inthemindsofthevillage, whichisessentiallyone-minded,theauntkillingherselfhas disgracedherfamilyandtheydonotwantthisdisgracetobe knownandwidespreadthroughoutthevillage.Byjumpingintothe familywellasopposedtoanotherwellaroundthevillage,itshows howtheaunttriedtominimizehowmanypeoplesheaffectedby hersuddendeath.Althoughthiseventwassupposedtobekept silent,hermotherdecidesitisimportanttotellherdaughter, Kingston,whattrulyhappened.Hermother’sexplanationof Kingston’sauntshowcasestheintergenerationalbetrayal,withher aunttellingherandKingstontellingthereaders.Althoughbothof themarebreakingthecommunityrulesofthevillage,their speakingupunderscoreshowbothofthemrefusetobesilent. UnlikehowthemodelminoritymythportraysAsiansasbeing unseenandnotheard,Kingstonisabletotellthestoryofheraunt tothereaders,regardlessofwhatsheissupposedtodoorwhatthe villagecodesays.WithherstoryKingstongivesavoiceand memorytoheraunt,evenwiththeattemptedsilencingofheraunt's storybythevillage,whichdirectlyopposesthesilentstereotypeof themodelminoritymyth.
Duetothemodelminoritymythbeingaroundforsolong, ithasinvadedAsian-Americandiscourseandhasbeentalked abouttothepointthatAsianAmericansareinfluencedbythe modelminoritymythanditsstereotypes.Thesupposedbenefitof adoptingtheoutrageousstandardssetbythemodelminoritymyth isthatonecanassimilateandthenhavebelongingwithAmericans
andAmericanculturebutthisisfalse.Itisonlyindoctrinating Asianstomakethembeobedientandthereforeisthereasonwhy theyaregiventhetitleofmodelminority-atitlethatkeepsthem inline.Sincethemodelminoritytitleisasocialconstruct,this supposedly“illustrious”titleisabletobetakenawayandgivento anothermodelminoritywhichholdsAsianstoactacertainway. Themodelminoritytitlealsoinfluencesotherracialminorities,as theyareseenasworseminoritieswhichgeneratestensions betweentheotherracialminoritiesandAsians.Themainpurpose fortheWhiteAmericansgivingthistitletoAsiansistomakesure theydonotunitewithotherracialminoritygroupstoenact positivechange.Asforthemodelminoritymythstereotypes,they downplayedthesuccessofAsians,asitisviewedascommonplace forthem.ButintruthitwasAmericawhomanipulatedpeopleto alwaysbelievingAsiansarealwayssuccessfulastheypreferredto letvaluableandskilledAsiansimmigrateintothecountry,and withinthatwasanothersetofstandardsforwhatwouldbe consideredskilledandvaluable.Americawouldthenuseitintheir ideologyandmessagethatthisiswhatotherracialgroupsshould belike,perfectandsuccessfulliketheAsians.
AlthoughtheAmericandreamstatesthatanyperson, regardlessoftheirsocialstatusandrace,canachievesuccess,itis anillusion.Toachievesuccessonemuststandoutandadvocatefor oneself,orpeoplewilltakeadvantageofthatpersonandoneis unabletoevergettoahigherlevelinlife,whetheritbetoahigher financiallevel,societalclassleveloreventoahigherjoblevel. ThenarrativesofHong,Hsu,LinandKingston,whetherstatedor not,callforashiftinpowerdynamicsothatracialgroupscan uniteandbecomestrongerandmoresuccessful,startingfirstwith challengingthemodelminoritymyth.Hong’snarrativemakes peopleawareofthedominoeffectforAsianswithracial self-hatredonsetbythewhiteAmericans.Withracialself-hatred,
AsianscriticizethemselvesaswellasfellowAsians,leadingto interracialtensionsinsteadofsolidarityamongtheAsian community.Bybringingupracial-selfhatred,Hongspreads awarenessabouthowtheWhiteAmericansaretryingtosolidify thedividebetweeninterracialcommunitiesandthereforepeople mustcombatthis.Hsu’snarrativeprovesthewrongnessofthe modelminoritymyth,specificallywiththestereotypethatAsians aresilentandemotionless.Althoughthemodelminoritymyth attemptstoenforcethestereotypethatAsiansareemotionless, Hsu’sexperiencewithKen’sdeathservesasacounterexampleof howemotionalAsianscanbe.Hsu’srawandemotionalexperience provesthathe,likeanyoneelseinthisworld,ishumanandcan feelemotions.Lin’snarrativeproveshowAsianscanbeimperfect thoughthestoryofEmersonChang’sjourneyinAmericaand Taiwanlookingforhomeandpurpose.Linshowsthrough Emersonhowitisnotsimpletoassimilateintoadifferentculture andenvironment.Emerson’sstrugglewithfindinghisidentity disprovesthemodelminoritymythstereotypeofbeingperfect. Kingston’snarrativedisprovesthemodelminoritymythstereotype ofsilencethroughherstoryofheraunt.WithherstoryKingston givesavoiceandmemorytoheraunt,evenwiththeattempted silencingofheraunt'sstorybythevillage.Unlikehowthemodel minoritymythportraysAsiansasbeingunseenandnotheard, Kingstontellsthestoryofheraunttothereaders,regardlessof whatsheissupposedtodoorwhatthevillagecodesays.
Althoughitisimpossibletofullyremovethemodel minoritymythfromperceptionofsociety,Asian-American narrativesliketheonesthattheseAsian-Americanauthorswrote arehelpfulinbeginningtooverwriteandovercomethestereotypes prominentfromthemodelminoritymyth.Thesestoriesgiveways forfellowAsianAmericanstonotonlyrelatetooneanotherbutbe abletohavesharedexperiences,increasingconfidenceinoneself
andmakingiteasierforthemtofindtheiridentity.Bywriting storiesthatfellowAsianAmericanscanrelateto,allofthese authorsmakeitpossibleforAsianAmericanstoredefinewhatit meanstobeAsianAmericanbeyondtheinfluenceofdominant whitenarrativesofthemodelminoritymyth.
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