Football-Led (re)Generation

Football-Led (re)Generation

The stadiums as a catalyst in the revival of social capital in the modern community.

Brian Vincent Watts + SACD + USF + Masters Thesis + 2015

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Brian Vincent Watts brian.v.watts@gamil.com +1 (813) 949 5601 +358 45 616 6383 Kap Hornin Katu 8 B 59, 00220 Helsinki, Finland 18509 Hanna rd., Lutz, Fl, 33549 SACD + University of South Florida

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Family.

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Chris Galbraith. Thank you for being such an awesome friend and taking the time to help me with the different programs I struggled to understand.

Acknowledgements Architecture school is one of the most stressful, expensive, and time consuming periods of my life. It would have been virtually impossible for me to undertake this challenge on my own without a string support system. The past seven years have seen a massive amount of money spent and an even more sleep lost.

I have endured the loss of a very close friend and my grandmother. Both of whom I know would be very excited to finally see me finish school to be able to spend more time together.

Chris Watts. You’re the best friend a brother could ask for and I have absolutely enjoyed being able to hang out with you and live as roommates for the past 29 years. I am so proud of you and to call you my brother.

David and Frances Watts. What words can I write that would even come close to expressing the amount of gratitude I have for everything you have done for me?

So I say thank you. Thank you so very much for being the best parents anyone could ask for. People always say their parents are the best, but they have not been through what you have endured.

So I would like to take the time to give thanks to several individuals who have been essential in my development and helped me along my path.

Patti Cabrera. You have always been a mom to me and the best tia a guy could ask for. You have been a greatneighbor and your help with the house and Sammy has been fantastic. Everything you have done for me has helped alleviate more stress and worries that would have otherwise consumed me.

Josue Robles. Thank you for your guidance and tutelage throughout the past few years. I did not know what my path was until I participated in the DPU in London with our Design B class. You have been essential in keeping me focused and on track and I consider you a friend and mentor. Cheers.

Kaisa Watts. What more could a man want than a wife like you. Your patience has been above and beyond what I deserve and I will forever be in your debt. We have traveled the world together and have much more to see but there is no one else I would rather experience it with. I love you.

Mark Weston. My 7 weeks spent in Europe, 6 of which with our study abroad group in Amsterdam, changed my life. That experience opened my eyes to what the world has to offer and from then on I knew I wanted to travel and see the world. And thank you for our chat we had one specific morning. You put things in perspective for me and from that moment on I have been a better person.

Jeff Buchanan. Thank you for taking time out of your day to photograph my models.

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Table of Contents List of Figures Abstract

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(re)Generation +Social Capital

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Current Conditions +Value Through Flexibility +Public Space vs. Private Space

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Stadium Typologies +Role in the Community +Location, Location, Location

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Football is Religion + A Modern Day Cathedral

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History of Chelsea Football Club Personal Experience +Chelsea FC vs. FC Schalke 04

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Precedents Studies +Pro/Con +Section Studies

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Analytical Mapping

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Design Solution +Process +Implementation

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Final Conclusion Works Cited Annexes

109 113 115

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List of Figures Fig: 1. Zoomed in image of “The Spine” showing detail of ribs and vertebrae Fig: 2. Original infographic for the concept of the thesis

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Fig: 3. Mapping of the the componenets of regeneration in regards to stadium design and their relation to each other Fig: 4. Figure ground image of Bruce Lee

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Fig: 5. Image of Gensler’s Shenbei Arena

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Fig: 6. View from right field looking into PetCo Park by Populous

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Fig: 7. Aerial view showing the proximity of MetLife Stadium and Meadowlands Stadium and that of the city Fig: 8. Aerial view showing the proximity of The Emirates Sta dium and Highbury Park and the surrounding community Fig: 9. View from inside the Piazza del Campo looking up to the Torre del Mangia Fig: 10. Aerial view looking into the Del Campo showing The Palio of Siena Fig: 11. Aerial view of the Allianz Arena by Herzog de Muron and the lack of surrounding context Fig: 12. View of the city of Munich and the distance from the city center to the Allianz Arena Fig: 13. Street view perspective down Lansdowne road at Fenway Park

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Fig: 14. View down Stevenage road showing the unchanged facade of Fulham FC’s Craven Cottage Fig: 15. Image of Christ the redeemer with a Ladbrokes.com jersey pulled over his head Fig: 16. Image of Stamford Bridge pre 1930’s

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Fig: 17. Image of Stamford Bridge Highlighting specific program in and around the stadium Fig: 18. Image of the old Bovril Gate at Stamford Bridge circa 1996 (courtesy of Chris Axon) Fig: 19. View from West Stand of old terrace inside Stamford Bridge circa 1997 (courtesy of Chris Axon) Fig: 20. Image inside Stamford Bridge during construstion of wrap around stands circa 1996 (courtesy of Chris Axon) Fig: 21. Image of Chelsea Legend Didier Drogba during the CFC Schalke 04 match in September 2014 Fig: 22. Aerial rendering of Zaha Hadid’s Japan National Stadium

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Fig: 23. Image of Germany fans celebrting in Berlin during the 2014 World Cup Fig: 24. Night image of a German biergarten

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Fig: 25. Exterior image of main entrance facade of Stamford Bridge in London, England Fig: 26. Wiew from stands looking across the interior of the stadium at Stamford Bridge

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032 033 034 038 041

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List of Figures (cont.)

Fig: 27. Aerial view of Stamford Bridge in London, England

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Fig: 28. Top down view on Allianz Arena, Munich Germany

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Fig: 28. View from right field looking into PetCo Park by Populous Fig: 29. Aerial view of PetCo Park in San Diego, California

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Fig: 30. Perspective view of approach to the main entrance to the Baarclay’s Center in Brooklyn, New York Fig: 31. Aerial image of The Emirates Stadium in London, England Fig: 32.Perspective image of Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany Fig: 33. Aerial view of Arena das Dunas in Natal, Brazil con structed for the 2014 World Cup Fig: 34. Aerial view of Stamford Bridge in London, England

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Fig: 35. View of Aviva Stadium in Dublin, Ireland by Populous showing the stadiums relation to city Fig: 36. Image of Highbury Stadium in London, England and surrounding context Fig: 37. Aerial rendering of Europa City outside of Paris, France by B.I.G. Fig: 38. Section rendering of Europa City

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Fig: 39. Perspective image of The Armada in Den Bosch, Netherlands by BDP Fig: 40. View of bay door by Santiago Calatrava at the Ernsting Warehouse Fig: 41. Section study of Allianz Arena

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Fig: 42. Section study of The Emirates Stadium

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Fig: 43. Section study of Arena Das Dunas

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Fig: 44. Section study of Olympic Stadium

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Fig: 45. Horizontal section study of Aviva Stadium

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Fig: 46. Horizontal section study of Aviva Stadium

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Fig: 47. Longitudinal section study of Aviva Stadium

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Fig: 48. Section study of Camp Nou

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Fig: 49. Section study of Dalian Shide Stadium

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Fig: 50. Game day and season ticket price mapping

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Fig: 51. Analytical mapping of communities surrounding different stadiums in London

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List of Figures (cont.)

Fig: 52. Mapping of permanent and temporary program

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Fig: 53. The Spine initial construct

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Fig: 54. The Spine initial construct

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Fig: 55. The Spine initial construct

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Fig: 56. The Spine initial construct

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Fig: 57. The Spine initial construct

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Fig: 58. Zoomed in perspective of the final construct of The Spine Fig: 59. The Spine final construct

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Fig: 60.The Spine final construct

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Fig: 61. Site mapping light box

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Fig: 62. Penetration parti model

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Fig: 63. Penetration and organization parti model

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Fig: 64. General form parti model

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Fig: 65. Circlutaion mapping model

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Fig: 66. Program organization model

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Fig: 67. Movement concept model

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Fig: 68. Final massing parti model

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Fig: 69. Final massing parti model

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Fig: 70. Site map

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Fig: 71. Ground level floor plan

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Fig: 72. Plinth floor plan

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Fig: 73. Longitudinal section

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Fig: 74. Perspective rendering from Fulham Broadway

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Fig: 75. Perspective rendering from veteran’s apartments

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Fig: 76. Final section model upper stand and structure

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Fig: 77. Final section model club seating

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List of Figures (cont.)

Fig: 78. Final section model

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Fig: 79. Final section model

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Fig: 80. Final section model roof detail

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Fig: 81. Final section model structure detail

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Fig: 82. Final section model structure detail

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Fig: 83. Final section model structure detail

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Fig: 84. Final section model view of bay door

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Fig: 85. Final section model door detail

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Fig: 86. Final section model door detail view

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Fig: 87. Final section model view of public biergarten

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Fig: 88.Final section model view of water feature and biergarten Fig: 89. Final section model view of approach from under apartments Fig: 90. View of veteran’s apartments

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Fig: 91. Aerial view of veteran’s apartments

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Fig: 92. Overall view of final section model

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Fig: 93. Love is More

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(re)Generation

Pride

Capital

Value Community

Fig: 1.

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Abstract Stadiums exist as icons of a city and of a community. It is a typology that provides a place for deliberation, congregation and “worship�. A stadiums purpose is to host the game for the sport it was intended, while occasionally providing a place for events of multiple scales. While there is nothing wrong with a stadium functioning in such a manner, it has the potential to be much more. Sports fans are a different breed than most others, treating the players of their team as deities and their stadium has a place of worship. They have the potential to improve the social capital of a community by contributing to the culture and improving the economic circumstance through the built form.

In recent decades there has been a steady decline in civic participation and identity. This decline affects how people interact within communities and limits social contacts, which in turn provides fewer opportunities. Through understanding how and why our communities and civic participation are faltering, we can begin to understand how stadiums can act as a catalyst in their regeneration, and is dependent on creating a personal language and identity to invoke participation.

Utilizing experiences from participating in the Development Planning Unit (DPU) SummerLab Localizing Legacies at The Bartlett in London, and influences by current precedents regarding the state of our communities and issues of built and proposed stadiums, this thesis will begin an exploration on creating an alternative way of thinking about stadium design. The intention is to create a bridge between the organization and the community who supports it by blurring the lines between what is private and what is public. By doing so, it is the intent to revitalize and encourage civic engagement, creating stronger communal bonds.

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(re)

GENERATION

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(re)Generation

income for the community and those in need.

Financial regeneration is about introducing a catalystwhich has the ability to generate jobs for those living in the area and bringing in money from areas outside the community and having it stay in the community. This is a common promise to cities who own or want a sports franchise, or who bid to host mass sporting events such as the Olympics or the FIFA World Cup.

“To Generate - to be the cause of (a situation, action, or state of mind)�

- www.merriam-webster.com

Regeneration is the means of returning to the original condition or strength1. In the terms of architecture it refers to revitalizing or improving upon what is already there and even what was there before. It is a flexible term and its meaning is dependent on context and person. It is with this thought that this thesis delves deeper into the concept of regeneration to better understand its possibilities.

When London won the bid for the 2012 Olympics, the governing body in England chose to place it in the lower income borough of Newham telling its residents it would bring more money and jobs to the area.

The issue behind this promise was the majority of the workers came from outside the community so the money made during the Olympics left with the workers. There is also the displacement and gentrification which occurs when large scale construction projects occur such as what happened in East London. While it provided a temporary relief and face lift to the area, the lasting long term effects have yet to be seen. The issue of regeneration in regards to building a stadium carries a large fault: The money spent at the stadium after completion is spent by those who live in the area and not from visitors, so the money does not come from outside the community.

The standard use of the term regeneration is more commonly associated with economic growth and change, where the economy or job production is improved, in turn, improving the lives and/or conditions of the community in focus.

It is from this where the concept of Football, or soccer, Led (re)Generation emerges. The initial hypothesis was that the introduction of a stadium, when done correctly and with the interests of the community in mind, would be capable of influencing a community by generating jobs and income for the community which supports it.

A stadiums role in regenerating a city or community is by improving the social and financial capital for the residents and community which a stadium is placed. By introducing a new stadium to the community or by improving upon a stadium which is currently there, the goal is to create a place of civic pride which generates jobs, improve social values and generate an

Petco Park in San Diego is an example of a stadium which successfully regenerated an area of the city, the East Village, also known as The Gas Lamp District, primarily through public funding, private investments and from the team’s owners to build the new

1) http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/regeneration

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Human Capital

Olympics

Social Capital

Creates Added Value

Pride

Social Capital Economic Stimulation

World Cup

Human Capital Adapt

Adapt

Flexibility

Flexibility

Terraces Become Green Space

Capital Inclusion

Mass-Sporting Events

Movable Structure(s)

Public Space vs.

Private Space

Physical Capital

Public Space vs.

Private Space

Year-Round Engagement

Kinetic Architecture

Capital

Regeneration Pride

Physical Capital

Physical Integration

Inclusion

“Feel-Good Feeling�

Economic Stimulation

Improve Atmosphere

Promotes Enterprise

Desinated Seating for Tourists

Stadium

Social Capital

Capital Converts to Public Space

Flexibility

Physical Capital Human Capital

Capital

Economy

Place Making Proximity

Physical Capital

Culture Public Space vs.

Private Space

Bridge

Medicine Tool Catalyst

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Acoustics Return of the Terraces

Fig: 2.

Padres stadium, and showed a successful return on investments and economic revitalization in the area. There is however the matter of a bit of a dark mark on the stadium where the amount of money to be paid from the owners and private investors did not happen as promised and a large portion of the bill was paid by the city. And there are many precedents which show positives and negatives to both sides of the argument.

Each respective club, or team, has issues regarding their stadium or community, and a large majority of those issues are common amongst other clubs. A common theme is the escalating price of admission which the standard fan is struggling to afford. This in turn affects the atmosphere by leaving out some of the most passionate supporters who are replaced by the “champagne” audience and spectators who treat a match as if they were attending a show in the West End. The sports club in focus, Chelsea FC, can benefit from a different form of regeneration, one more focusing on the detachment that is occurring form the club and its supporters. There is a deteriorating atmosphere, and ownership favors marketing and tourism, than an atmosphere more conducive of a proper football match.

What fans want are affordable ticket pricing, which can be done by a percentage of profits from shops and restaurants going to the club to counterattack the high cost of admission.

The area the club is located in Chelsea is not in need of financial regeneration but that of atmosphere and a link to the surrounding community. The main focus is to begin to determine the specific issues of the community and determine the forms of regeneration the community would benefit. But a stadium has the ability to influence a community beyond the financial means and can affect a community through different forms of capital.

Social Capital: An important part of understanding the role social capital plays in (re)generation, is to understand what Nabeel Hamdi refers to in his book “A Placemaker’s Guide to Building Community” as “PEAS and the Sociable Side of Practice”.

First is providing. Not as an end objective but rather introducing a set of tools or conditions that can be taken advantage of to increase ones wellbeing. By focusing on the people the stadium is being provided for, outside of ownership, it allows for a better decision making process in terms of program and organization. The concept of providing a space for a community to make their own allows flexibility to the space. It creates an opportunity for an ever evolving program which changes with the needs of the people. In order for the regeneration to be successful the hand of the community cannot be forced, it has to be determined and allowed to adapt and change as needed.

The stadium is provided as the place for the regeneration to begin. It is the node by which change begins and is allowed to flow throughout the community. Its intention is to act and the main square of the community radiating out through the neighborhoods.

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Enabling means the “ability or willingness to provide the means with which to open doors and create opportunities in order to build livelihoods, reducevulnerability and sustain development” while creating an atmosphere of self-sufficiency and community pride. The stadiums role is to act as a beacon of self-reliance and unity. As the central focus, it is an empower place which exudes pride and self-confidence. Its purpose transcends sports and in the spirit of enabling, acts as a place for residents to acquire skills to take control of their lives.

The enabling factor is geared more towards the aspect of self-sufficiency in regards to entrepreneurship and job skill development. To create a place residence can go to learn a trade which in turn can be used throughout the community, city, or country. It is about providing opportunities for others to utilize in improving their lives.

The next part is adaptability. In reference to social capital, adaptability refers to the flexibility and capability of a place to change without having an adverse effect of those around it and the ability for evolution to take place and continue on in a positive manner. Taking into account that a community grows, expands, and its need are ever changing, if the space is receptive then it will react in a positive manner. If the space it allowed to adapt the effects will promote positive growth and becomes and asset.

Traditionally, “the ‘special building’ is intended to be ‘a stone in running water’, resistant to change and absolute”.

Buildings such as cathedrals, castles…stadiums are mono-programed existing for a sole purpose. If they are allowed to adapt their existence would become sustainable. Rather than being the stone in the river, the “special building” should be the water.

“Be like water making its way through cracks. Do not be assertive, but adjust to the object, and you shall find a way around or through it. If nothing within you stays rigid, outward things will disclose themselves. Empty your mind, be formless. Shapeless, like water. If you put water into a cup, it becomes the cup. You put water into a bottle and it becomes the bottle. You put it in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Now, water can flow or it can crash. Be water, my friend” -Bruce Lee To be adaptable means exactly that, flowing around the rock and adjusting to the situation and evolving with time, fitting into the vessel you are placed.

Lastly is sustainability. In general terms, sustainability refers to the ability to maintain and in the case of social capital refers for to the ability to exist freely and independently. The intention of the stadium is to provide a flexible space for local residents to have a place to open their own business and provide for themselves.

Fig: 3.

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CURRENT

CONDITIONS

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Value Through Flexibility: The purpose of a stadium is to serve as a venue to host athletic events and service for fans while the event is taking place. The social value of the stadium diminishes at the conclusion of each game, when the fans of the teams leave the premises and the purpose of the stadium has been fullfilled. Thus, the intent is to provide a space which creates a program for continuous and new added value.

Fig: 4

Fig: 5

While not all Londoners are football fans, and not all West Londoners support Chelsea, the stadium has the capability to give value to those who do not participate in the sport and live in the area around it. If it becomes a destination outside of sports and provides a link to sur*Gensler’s Shenbei Arena has large operable rounding neighborhood communities, the stadium then doors which open to allow for indoor and outdoor transcends its singular use. events. Such an idea could be used to incorporate A major downfall in planning and design of a stacommunity activities or inclusion. dium is they sit dormant whenever they are not in use. *PetCo Park has a unique feature called Park in There are of coarse financial and safety issues regarding the Park, where off days the park is open to the public use, and there are also issues of maintaining the public and during games acts as a speciel lawn stadium and the property, but if foresight is involved in the design process, a solution can be achieved where the feature to enjoy baseball games public can use the stadium and the site, while funding or assisting in the maintenance.

Currently a stadium can be paralleled to a cathedral, spectators come on a pilgrimage, some from around the globe, to pay homage and several hours later they return home. And it is not simply the issue of the time between matches where the stadiums sit dormant, but the parts of the year where there is no activity at all.

During the off season, the only activity in or around stadiums, not belonging to staff or maintenance crews,

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are fans on holiday that come to shop at the megastore or to take a guided tour of the stadium or visit the museum. The case at the current stadium, Stamford Bridge, is there are several amenities for the public outside of host ing matches. Current on site there are two five star hotels a Michelin Star restaurant, a museum, health spa, the Chelsea Megastore. Not many of these are able to be used by the typical type of fan and especially not the community.

Occasionally, stadiums will host a concert or other types of events, but that only allows the community to use the stadium for a limited time. While this is common practice in the United States, very few stadiums in the United Kingdom host anything outside of sporting events.

These events give added value but are fleeting and remain focused to a specific group rather than encompassing everyone.

*Above: The current (MetLife Stadium) and former (Meadowlands Stadium) homes of The New York Giants visually express how a stadium exists completey segregated from the fans who use it. *Below: Image showing how both Arsenal FC’s current stadium (The Emirates) and their previAnother issue which affects the value a stadium ous stadium (Highbury) exist amongst the comhas is the location it is placed. It can be argued a stadium munity of its supporters. which is placed in the city carries more value do to its connection to its fans, while stadium which is placed on the outskirts of a city, due to lack of space carries value because every trip to game becomes a pilgrimage and more sacred. It becomes an issue of preference but each condition is capable and has the opportunity of becoming something more.

Public Space vs. Private Space: The current conditions of space and a stadium are hard lined by the determination of where fans have access and where they do not. There is a set procession as to where they are allowed and where they are not, and even more so on days where there is no match taking place. On match

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Fig: 6.

Fig: 7.

days there is some form of pre match celebration taking place; in the United States it is tailgating, which traditionally occurs in the vicinity or designated parking areas around a stadium, and in Europe at pubs and bars alike.

From there fans make their way inside where there are concessions for food and drinks before eventually making their way to their seats. Understandably, fans do not have access to the locker rooms or any other facilities in order to maintain safety of the players and employees, as well as to creating a detriment to the operations of the stadium.

Fig: 8.

Fig: 9.

On non-match days, there is even less access. The empty space inside the stadium is unused as well as its facilities. And this has become an unfortunate revelation. *The piazza Del Campo is a flexible public space, where The stadium has more to offer than just sports entertaintwice a year the square is transformed into a circuit ment and if we pierce the veil of the boundaries separatwhere the 700 year old Palio Horse Race takes place. ing the public realm and the private, fans and the community will feel more a part of their team and the stadium will exist as part of the community instead of apart from it.

Stadiums are already designed in such a way that would permit of certain types of functions to occur. The facilities could offer their services to the public when there are no games taking place, such as the medical rooms.

Classes could be taught in certain portions of the stands where those who cannot afford a secondary education can take advantage from lesson by volunteers.

It is the idea that opening the stadium to the community will generate more support and a feeling of unity.

The space around the stadium could be utilized for hosting civic events, and treated as a green space or park.

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Fig: 10.

5 miles to city center

Fig: 11.

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STADIUM

TYPOLOGIES

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Role in the Community: The Stadiums role in the community is determined by multiple factors: what county it is located, where in relation to the city it is placed, what is its intended use(s), who owns the stadium and team, as well as the history of the franchise. Stadiums are landmarks of their cities and are often destinations for tourists but also help bring an income to the city.

Fig: 12.

Fig: 13.

Certain stadiums such Fenway Park, Yankee Stadium or Wrigley Field have transcended their use of baseball stadiums and have become icons of their cities.

The pride of their fans is unparalleled in the United States and the stadiums themselves have been around for over one hundred years, except in the case of Yankee Stadium which was recently rebuilt.

There is a common theme between the stadiums previuosly stated. All three of the stadiums are located in the heart of the city and exist with the urban fabric and provide spaces for fans to inhabit outside of game day.

In Europe the cases for imbedded stadiums is stronger because of the amount of time the teams have been esablished. the majority of the football, cricket and rugby clubs in England were establishe in the late 1800’s to the early 1900’s when the density of the cities were less and there was more room for the new clubs to aquire land and place a field.

This history of long time establishment in a communty is what plants a team into the hearts of its fans making it a part of their culture. Which lends to the most important role the the stadium has is it is part of the identity of its fans and is deeply rooted in their past, present and future.

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Location, Location, Location: The country where a team is located is relevant because of how a stadium is used outside of its intended use. In the United States, it is not uncommon for events to take place on the field the teams play. Events like concerts, monster truck rallies, and races are hosted by the stadiums. In Europe, minus a few select stadiums, it is a rare occurrence for secondary events to happen on the field. In the situation of Chelsea, the pitch itself is owned by a supporter ran organization called the CPO, Chelsea Pitch Owners, who own the actual field itself protecting it from being damaged and even from the team being relocated.

A stadiums location in relation to the city creates different issues and opportunities. It is standard practice that new stadiums are built on the outskirts of cities or large vacant lots where there is the ample room required for a structure of it magnitude to be built.

An example of a modern stadium in such a condition is the Allianz Arena in Munich. This stadium built for FC Bayern Munich is located almost 6.5 miles from the city center and is only accessible by car or train. While the train system in Germany is fantastically efficient, there is a certain pleasure and excitement in leaving your home and walking to and from the stadium; meeting your mates at the pub the taking your procession to the stadium, gradually merging with more supporters along the way, constantly building the atmosphere and excitement until kickoff.

There is also something exciting about a mass movement of supporters boarding car after car at the train station and everyone walking to the stadium in unison, but having the stadium as part of the communal-fabric creates more meaning. It is dependent on the situation but having a visual connection in your daily life to your stadium would seem to give the stadium a more deeply rooted connection to the city rather than placing it on the outskirts. And the convenience of having it in the city plays a part as well.

Ironically, one of my favorite examples of a stadium amerced into the communal-fabric is the most heated rival of my club Chelsea FC, which is the former ground of Arsenal FC, Highbury. Another example is the home to Liverpool FC, Anfield. There are many more examples from around England and Europe, but the constant theme between them all is the majority are older stadiums. The older stadiums had the benefit of evolving with the community over time and growing in size as the area around it grew. Same as the cities of Europe expanded outward with the cathedrals as the nuclei.

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FOOTBALL

IS RELIGION

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“Football isn’t a game, nor a sport, it’s a religion.” -Diego Maradoona For fans of the game, football is more than a sport. It is something we commit our very souls to. It transcends any one person and has the ability to elevate players to be worshiped and praised.

Football fans worship in the same way other religions worship their deities. We sing songs and praise our legends and favorite players just as if we were at mass, and the stadium provides a safe place for us to do this.

In our religion we are able to see those we worship. And once a week, twice if we are fortunate, we are able to see them in person and admire what they do best. For us the sport is an escape. Not necessarily in a negative way, but rather the same way church is an escape, it is a period of time where we can be somewhere else with likeminded people and connect on an entirely different level. It elevates us. And like religion, we have our own houses of worship, our own cathedral.

For us the sport is an opportunity to exist as part of something greater than ourselves. The clubs and nations we follow evoke passion and pride. Football is a way of life. It is something that is shared with generations and passed father to son. It is a right of passage that brings pain and glory.

The passion we have for our sport, our national team and our club is unconditional. If our country loses in the World Cup we cry but out pride and dedication never falters. We will wait another four years to travel to whatever country is hosting the next one and will sing and chant and support out nation.

A Modern Day Cathedral: In the realm of sports and from the perspective of looking at football as a religion one can only conclude the stadium is the cathedral. It is the place where we fans go to worship, praise, and give thanks to the teams and players which gives out lives meaning. It is at these modern houses of worship by which we gather to meet friends, connect with those we do not get to see on a regular basis and is one of the only civic activities that exist today.

The stadiums role as a cathedral extends beyond the sport. In medieval, gothic and renaissance times, cathedrals were the centers of the cities and of activity. It was the visual icon of that city and the beacon where the people would gather on Sundays. In modern times that role has been passed to the stadium. This is now the place we gather to hear gossip, for an escape from the mundane, and where we look to find a glimmer of hope, but mostly where we find our pride. The stadium is a landmark by which many communities identify themselves.

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Five days shalt thou labour, as the Bible says.

The seventh day is the Lord thy God’s.

The sixth day is for football.

John Anthony Burgess Wilson

Fig: 14.

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029

HISTORY OF

CHELSEA FC

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History of Chelsea FC: The history of the site can be traced back the prehistoric times with some evidence of Paleolithic and Neolithic finds, with some evidence of Bronze age settlement. There also evidence of a Roman settlement2.

The current stadium Stamford Bridge derives its name from a combination of the Stanford Creek which is located behind the east stands and is a present day railway, and Stanford Bridge which crosses over the railway at Fulham road. Over time, The Bridge came to be known has Stamford Bridge for which the stadium gets its name.

More famously, it is the site of the most famous battle against the Vikings of King Harold’s reins dated 10663.

Fig: 15.

The Grounds originally opened on April 28th, 1877 as the location of the London Athletic Club, and existed this way for 28 years. In 1904 the grounds were sold to two brothers; H.A. Gus and J.T. Gus, who obtained an additional 2.5 acres of space used for Markets3.

*Stamford Bridge pre 1930’s

A C E

B D

Architect Archibald Leitch was commissioned to design and build the east stand, with the remaining sides as an open bowl. The stadium was originally designed to house over 100,000 fans which would have made it the second largest venue behind Crystal Palace3.

On March 10, 1905 the first meeting of the football club took place at a public house, pub, across the street known as The Rising Sun, and knows today as The Butchers Hook3.

Fig: 16. *Present day Stamford bridge: A) Shed End, B) Matthew Harding Stand, C) West Stand, D) East Stand and E) Chelsea Village Hotel

The Stadium remained unchanged for 25 years until the infamous Shed End was erected in 1930, the North Stand in 1939; with the West Stand Terraces being

2) http://www.chr.org.uk/pdfs/chelseawalk.pdf 3) http://www.stamford-bridge.com/bridge.htm

031

replaced by bleachers in the 64/65 season and in 1973 saw the addition of the East Stand3.

In the late 1970’s the club almost went bankrupt and had to sell the stadium to property developers. Finally in 1992 due to the 10 year battle by then club chairman Ken Bates, saw the club returned to club ownership3.

Finally, in 1994 after decades of disrepair the club saw its most recent overall. It began with the demolition and rebuilding of the North Stand, and then came the refurbishment of the Shed End and the addition of the Chelsea Village Hotel. The Final portion to be completed in 2001 was the massive 13,500 seater West Stand3.

Currently the capacity is 42,522 and with talks currently in progress to update the stadium once again, the capacity could rise as high as 60,000. But the recent history of the ground is one of declining atmosphere and rising ticket prices.

Fig: 17.

032

Fig: 18.

033

034

Fig: 19.

035

PERSONAL

EXPERIENCE

036

Experience: Chelsea FC vs. FC Schalke 04: Wednesday, September 17, 2014 I left my hostel 3 hours prior to kickoff full of nervous excitement. I proceeded down Borough High St. to the London Bridge tube station, a black jacket covering my Chelsea FC jersey unsure of the reception I would receive being an American in a part of London with a mixture of supporters. To took the Jubilee line to Westminster station and transferred to the District line. This is where I began to feel more comfortable in my regalia as I began to see an influx of Chelsea Supporters. I still maintained my hesitation to remove my black jacket do to my trepidation of my nationality, and the hooligan films ,regrettably, I have seen and the reception to Americans and football.

It was once the metro got around the Earl’s Court station I removed my jacket, mainly due to the heat in the metro from all the people. Finally we arrived at our destination, Fulham Broadway. I have been to this station several times before in my travel to London as part of my pilgrimage, but I have never been on match day and this was the first time I had ever been to a Chelsea match, at least I hoped since I had not bought a ticket.

Since it was still several hours prior to kick off the police, and supporter presence had not grown but the majority of the crowd was fathers and sons, and some younger people but mostly families and people like me, tourists who wanted to see a match. After fighting my nerves, and a great deal of standing around with nothing to do, I was able to find a scalper and manager to acquire a ticket. But the waiting continued. Finally about an hour before kickoff and after the arrival of the away supporters, who put on a spectacle singing and cheering on their club, I proceeded inside.

This is where the revelation came. Because I am not from the area and I don’t know anyone there, I had nowhere to go to spend my time waiting for the match to begin. I began to wonder why there isn’t more in the immediate area to participate in prior to the match and after as well.

I returned on my final day in London after visiting several stadiums in London and decided to walk from one stadium, Stamford Bridge, to another, Craven Cottage, and see what the area was like surrounding the two stadiums. On my walk about of West London I discovered where some of the pubs and bars where that most of my fellow supporters spent their pre and post-match celebrating.

It was all highly residential with a large majority being first floor mixed use with flats above and homes and flats more prominent the farther into the community. It was from this walk I realized the stadium could become the destination amongst the community where extracurricular activities could take place and gave influence as to what the space around the community could become.

The stadium’s goal is to become the central square of the community, like that of Del Campo in Sienna or the ancient Roman Forum where people come to gather, gossip, and reconnect.

037

Fig: 20.

038

039

PRECEDENT

STUDIES

040

Fig: 21.

041

STADIUM(s) (DESIGN) Pro

Con + Paid for by the tax payers of the region, but profits do not cycle back to the community + Only used during organized events + The community does not benefit from the facilities house in the stadium + The program of stadiums are traditionally not flexible for different uses + The is a disconnect from the community + Raises taxes to pay for the construction + The typical attendance is from those living in the region, meaning there is no revenue from outside the metropolitan area + Waste of space for parking + Cities are less willing to pay for stadiums making sponsorship an integral part of building a new venue + There is an inward focus involved with the design, shunning the community surrounding it + They remain private venues, only allowing entrance with the purchase of a ticket + Do not create much economic benefit + Only viable to build a stadium if the market has the income to sustain it...(duh)

+ Creates a place for gathering + ...escape from troubles + Entertainment + More able to closely share passions and interests + Acts as a symbol and landmark + A beacon for the community + A place for discussion + Creates a place for social congregation + Creates jobs for the community + Creates another source of revenue for the city +Creates revenue for other (cultural, civic) activities + Status symbol + Tailgating... + Creates a place where people can feel like they belong + ...moving towards transit based cities... + Economic synergy with adjoining districts + Next step in evolution: Contribute to communities by joining with the urban fabric, blurring the boundaries between the public and private + “Feel good factor.�

042

Fig: 22.

043

MASS (SPORTING) EVENTS Pro

Con

+ Stimulate economy + Increase in GDP + Increase in tourism + Directs a world focus on the host city + Helps and influences the speed up of construction of infrastructure + Attracts more visitors + Provides jobs - pre event - post event + Increase in tourism + Typically requires mass improvements in infrastructure + Inward investment - Awareness - Infrastructure + Creates an opportunity for residents to start their own business, drives entrepreneurship + Creates a sporting and cultural legacy + Creation of training facilities + Improvement in public health and awareness + Promotes healthy living + Creates or improves sporting infrastructure + “Feel good factor” (pride) + Unites communities, cities, and the nation Increases participation in sport

+ Workers are typically brought in from other regions, meaning earnings and spending will benefit other regions (London Olympics) + Gentrification + Biggest financial impact in London was during the construction phase + Eviction from homes for Olympic park + Stall and fall, during and post + Increase in tourism + Income deprivation + Unused facilities + Destruction of preserved lands for facilities + Eviction and destruction of homes fro Olympic Park (Beijing) + Increase in garbage and pollutants + Exclusion of marginalized population + Embezzlement + Fraud + Increase crime (theft assault, etc.) + Resident displacement ( approx. 1.5B in Beijing + “Social cleansing” + Unsustainable structure + In the case of the World Cup in Brazil, four of the stadium built can not be supported by they city they are in or do not have a team to fill the stands + Tabula Rosa: blank slate + Waste of space + High costs (costly; i.e. rise in police expenses)

Fig: 9

044

Fig: 23.

045

COMMUNITY & COOP Pro

Con

+ + + + + +

There is a feeling of belonging Security and safety Sharing of resources Cooperation and competition Employment and fulfillment Accessibility - ability to flow + Community + Easy to commute and get around + More progressive + Social evolution + Greater diversity of people and culture + Cost of living + General pricing + Amenities + Maintenance + “Feel good factor.� + Exchange of services between residents rather than money + Through removing the influence of money, people are more kind and considerate to one another + No one person in charge, they govern from within + Live within their means + Do not use more than they need + Eat healthy organic food

046

+ + + + + + + + + + + +

Social exclusion Bias Judgement Favoritism Hierarchy Double-standards Lack of privacy Greater density of people and buildings Maintenance fees Disputes with neighbors Lack of freedom Inclusive vs. exclusive

Fig: 24.

Fig: 25.

Fig: 26.

047

STAMFORD BIDGE

CHELSEA FC; LONDON, ENGLAND; DESIGN BY ARCHIBOLD LEITCH, 1905 Pro

Con

+ Located inside the community + Easy Access from multiple forms of public transport + Extensive history (as far back as 1877) +Small mixed use program (small souvenir shop, megastore, 5 star hotel and a Michelin rated restaurant) + Large amount of traditional high quality dining located throughout the stadium + Reasonable pricing for food and beverage + Large amount and variety of dining located in area around the bridge + Amazing atmosphere on match day + One of the most pleasant areas surrounding a sports stadium in the world + Charming retail and entertainment street + Good selection of local pubs in area + Near Kings road (posh area, shopping)

+ Poor use of space for seating in the corners + Poor views from ends of bleachers + Only used during matches + Lots of dead space around perimeter of building + Does not engage street edge + History of hooliganism + Very expensive, posh area, most fans cannot afford to live around or near the stadium

048

Fig: 27.

049

ALLIANZ ARENA

FC BAYERN MUNICH; MUNCIH, GERMANY; DESIGN Pro

BY

HERZOG &

DE

MEURON, 2006

Con + Located on the outskirts of the city in fields + Excluding business related functions, the stadium is only open during matches + Over 800 meters from train station to stadium entrance + Does not engage the city + Next to water treatment plant and freeway + Not ON the Isar + Disconnect from community + Draft inside arena + Fan “unfriendly” rules + Designer seats put a damper on fan experience + Heavily commercialized + Had to reduce how often the facade changes because it was a distraction to drives on the Autobahn + Lack of atmosphere (tourists, sponsors, & “champagne audience”

+ Beautiful Design + Beacon & Icon + Adjustable Illuminating panels on facade + Vehicular parking is located under neath a plinth that acts as a park leading to the stadium + Accessible by way of public transport or personal vehicle + The procession leading to the stadium is a series of winding paths gradually moving up a slope building anticipation as you approach + Short distance from the Isar (river) + The Facade! + 3 tier design gets spectators as close as possible to the pitch + Unobstructed views from all seats + Highly innovative + “Green” Stadium, LEED certified + Open for hosting business meetings, conferences, presentations, etc. + Located right next to the Autobahn, this would typically be considered a negative but the Autobahn itself is attraction for visitors

050

Fig: 28.

Fig: 29.

051

Petco Park

SAN DIEGO PADRES; SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA; DESIGN Pro

BY

POPULOUS

WITH

ANTOINE PREDOCK ,2004

Con

+ Engages street edge + Utilizes existing historic building in design + “Park in the Park” a park located behind center field + Park is enclosed by a mix use program ( bars, housing, shops, dining) + Located in the city + Apart of the urban fabric + Easy access to and from public transport + Revitalized a dilapidated portion of the city + Millions in public and private funding + Jewel in the city + Has the ability to spur meaningful growth + Reflects San Diego’s outdoor lifestyle and plays off its natural beauty + Unique seating features + A double sided screen allows for viewing away games + Using the stadium to promote residential growth rather than relying on game-day traffic + Hoping to increase residents from 20K to 85K + If you build retail based on the fact that you’ll have people coming to events 100 days a year, then 250 days a year those retailers will die + “You have to build based on residential population or an employment population or a visitor population.

That’s the formula that works.” + Accelerated downtowns development as a residential community + Attractive seating aesthetics + Attractive concourses

+ Park is closed for games, so in order to enjoy it you need to purchase a ticket + The stadium is difficult to navigate + Tight pinches slow circulation + Some obstructed views from stands + Plagued by lawsuits + City ran out of funding + Mostly funded by the public + Long turn around for profit + Did not bring jobs like promised + Only 29 new workers were employed + Drop in attendance (combination of poor performance by the team and the wearing of excitement of a new stadium) + >$38B in private investment was used to try and vitalize the area + Deception of program by owner + Benefits of the revenue have been captured by private developers, rather than the residents + Failed to turn East Village into a vibrant part of the city + Design and layout effects scoring and on field excitement + Suffers from a lack of continuity + Mediocre execution and failure to integrate natural elements in the outfield + Outfield seating structure seem isolated + Warehouse does not fit overall aesthetic (take one contextual element and model the entire park around it) + Not constructed with a downtown view in mind

052

Fig: 30.

053

Barclay’s Center

BROOKLYN NETS & NY RANGERS; BROOKLYN, NEW YORK; DESIGN BY SHOP ARCHITECTS ,2014 Pro

Con + $4B project with $1.6B in public funding + Abuse of eminent domain (private property seized and given to private entity instead of public use) + 3,000 people “indirectly” displaced + Influx of traffic & tourists in an area not typically associated with the expected amount of foot traffic + Expected gentrification of area + Considered an eye sore by most + Layout for hockey is an issue, was never intended to host hockey games and does not meet NHL regulations + Smallest seating capacity in NHL (approx: 14,500 seats) + Corten steel has potential to stain sidewalks and surrounding buildings + Nose bleed seats are to dark + Fans are timid

+ Increase Employment + Located near a substantial amount of public transportation + Feeling of pride in around the community + Strong connection to the street edge + Direct visual connection to interior + Responds to the history of the city + Small mixed use program + Aesthetically fits into area of the city + Dynamic arena space + Flexible arena space + Engages street corner + LEED certified + Bright lively main gate + Concerned about the history of the neighborhood + Located in a rapidly growing area + Located near cultural district and arts district

054

Emirates Stadium Architect: Populous Location: London England

Fig: 31.

Allianz Arena Architect: Herzog de Muron Location: Munich, Germany

Fig: 32.

Arena Das Dunas Architect: Populous Location: Natal, Brazil

055 Fig: 33.

Stamford Bridge Architect: ARCHIBOLD LEITCH Location: London, England

Fig: 34.

Aviva Stadium Architect: Populous Location: Dublin, Ireland

Fig: 35.

Highbury Stadium Architect: ARCHIBOLD LEITCH Location: London, England

Fig: 36.

056

Fig: 37 .

057

Europa City Architect: Bjarke Ingels group Location: Paris, France Descrition: This project gave inspiration as to how the stadium could be planned. By focussing on zones to contain the program and rings to organize to circulation, the stadium would act like a planned city. The pitch would represent the piazza or square of the community while the rings would act like streets with different types of program occurring around it with secondary smaller squares existing throughout the stadium.

Fig: 38.

058

059

Armada Den Bosch Architect: BDP Location: Den Bosch, Holland Description: The apartments were used as the precedent for the new veteran’s housing estate ;located adjacent to the stadium. It provides a peaceful space for reflecting and relaxing but creating a buffer between the large crowds and the apartments.

Fig: 39.

Ernsting’s Warehouse Architect: Santiago Calitrava Location: Coesfeld-Lette, Germany Description: The precedent used from this project was specifically the doors Calatrava used for the warehouse.

I was looking for a solution for how to open a large space and by inverting the arch of the door and breaking it into 25’ sections, I was able to create an arch with independently operating doors that would welcome the guest into the space.

Fig: 40.

060

Allianz Arena Architect: Herzog de Muron Location: Munich, Germany

Fig: 41.

Emirates Stadium Architect: Populous Location: London England

Fig: 42.

061

Arena Das Dunas Architect: Populous Location: Natal, Brazil

Fig: 43.

Olympic Stadium Architect: Populous Location: London England

Fig: 44.

062

063

Camp Nou Architects: Francesc Mitjans and Josep Soteras Location: Barcelona, Spain

Fig: 45.

Aviva Stadium

(left)

Architect: Populous Location: Dublin, Ireland Fig: 46.

Dalian Shide Stadium Architect: NBBJ Location: Dalian, China

Fig: 47.

064

065

ANALYTICAL

MAPPING

066

Walking Time (Mins)

5

Season Ticket Prices Low

High

Matchday Ticket Prices Low

High

20

067

WHITE

ETHNIC GROUP RELIGION - TIME EMPLOYEE - TIME EMPLOYEE

CULTURE -

-

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY TIME STUDENT

TERM SICK OR DISABLED

E M P LOY M E N T I ND U S T R Y -

HOUSING TYPES

BUILT)

HOUSING TENURE

EMPLOYMENT

HOUSING OCCUPANY SOCIAL GRADE

068

+

SEX

PEOPLE

AGE GROUPS

HOUSING

RELATIONSHIP STATUS

HEALTH

OTHER

2+ A LEVELS 5+ GCSE’S, AN 1 - 4 GCSE’S NO GCSE’S

A LEVEL OR

APPRENTICESHIP

DEGREE OR SIMILAR

VERY BAD

BAD

FAIR

GOOD

VERY GOOD

SAME SEX

WIDOWED

SEPERATED

DIVORCED

MARRIED

SINGLE

0 - 4 YRS OF AGE 5 - 7 YRS OF AGE 8 - 9 YRS OF AGE 10 - 14 YRS OF AGE 15 YRS OF AGE 16 - 17 YRS OF AGE 18 - 19 YRS OF AGE 20 - 24 YRS OF AGE 25 - 29 YRS OF AGE 30 - 44 YRS OF AGE 45 - 59 YRS OF AGE 60 - 64 YRS OF AGE 65 - 74 YRS OF AGE 75 -84 YRS OF AGE 85 -89 YRS OF AGE 90+ YRS OF AGE

FEMALE

MALE

DE*

C2*

C1*

AB*

EIGHT

SEVEN PEOPLE

SIX PEOPLE

FIVE PEOPLE

FOUR PEOPLE

THREE PEOPLE

TWO PEOPLE

ONE PERSON

RENT FREE

OTHER

RENTED: PRIVATE LANDLORD

RENTED: OTHER SOCIAL

RENTED: FROM COUNCIL

SHARED OWNERSHIP

OWNED WITH MORTGAGE

OWNED OUTRIGHT

1-2

AS LEVELS

RESIDENCE IN COMMERCIAL BUILDING

FLAT (CONVERTED)

-

DETACHED

FLAT (PURPOSE

TERRACED

SEMI

DETACHED

HEALTH OTHER

EDUCATION

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENSE

ADMINISTRATION

PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL

FINANCIAL SERVICES

REAL ESTATE

ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD

TRANSPORTATION

RETAIL

CONSTRUCTION

ENERGY SUPPLY

MANUFACTURING

OTHER

LONG

LOOKING AFTER HOME OR FAMILY

RETIRED

FULL

UNEMPLOYED

SELF EMPLOYED

PART

FULL

NOT STATED

OTHER RELIGION

SIKH

MUSLIM

JEWISH

HINDU

BUDDHIST

NO RELIGION

CHRISTIAN

OTHER

OTHER BLACK/AFRICAN/CARIBBEAN

BLACK AFRICAN

OTHER ASIAN

CHINESE

BANGLADESHI

PAKISTANI

INDIAN

MIXED ETHNICITY

Fig: 48. (left)

*AB - HIGHER AND INTERMEDIATE MANAGERIAL, ADMINISTARATIVE, OR PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS

*C1 - SUPERVISORY, CLERICAL, AND JUNIOR MANAGERIAL/ADMINISTRATIVE/PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS

*C2 - SKILLED MANUAL WORKERS

*DE - SEMI - SKILLED AND UNSKILLED MANUAL WORKERS; THOSE ON STATE BENEFIT/UNEMPLOYED, & LOWEST GRADE WORKERS

EDUCATION

LEGEND: We s t H a m United FC

Chelsea FC

PEOPLE Fulham FC

Ar s e n a l F C

Queens Park Rangers FC

To t t e n h a m Hotspur FC

Fig: 49.

Convertable

Permanent

Locker Rooms Medical Center Press Room Office Museum Central Square Hotel Coffee Shop Bar Pub Team Store Conference Room Kids Discovery Center Daycare Night Club Restaurant Commercial Retail Art Studio Park Bike Share Biergaarden Brewery Education Center Market 069

Warm-Up Room

Changing Room

Football Program

Office

Concourse

Medical Clinic

Suites

Conference Room

Gallery

Press Room

Bar

Foodcourt Sponsors Lounge

Education Training

Hotel Restaurant

Day Care

Central Square/ Pitch

Night Club

Pub

Team Store

Bikeshare Art Studio

Coffee Shop

Terrace

Retail

Park Fig: 52.

070

Brewery

Biergarten

071

DESIGN

SOLUTION

072

Fig: 53.

073

074

The Spine

Fig: 54.

075

Fig: 55.

Fig: 56.

076

Fig: 57.

077

The spine construct is the initial idea generator for the project. It has multiple meanings and was crucial in the development and process of the conceptual, mechanical and aesthetic design of the stadium.

The construct is a representation of time in a linear path and delineates the beginning and end of a football season. At the extents of the construct the ribs are most open representing the flexibility and availability for different programs to take place, while the center of the construct in constricted showing the lack of flexibility.

Each block represents the different home matches in a regular season while the small structural discs represent the other possible matches that take place during a season do to different cup and club matches.

The rectilinear ribs in the back are representative of the idea of mechanical architecture and how it can act to open a space when the weather is most restrictive. This idea led towards a programmatic functionality the utilizes variety and mechanics to create a vibrant space.

Fig: 58.

078

Fig: 59.

079

Fig: 60.

080

Fig: 61.

081

Fig: 62.

Fig: 63.

082

Fig: 64.

Fig: 65.

Fig: 66.

Fig: 67.

083

Fig: 68.

084

085

Fig: 69.

086

Fig: 70.

087

088

a

Ground Floor Plan

Fig: 71.

Plinth Floor Plan

Fig: 72.

a

089

Section a-a

Fig: 73.

090

091

Fulham Broadway View

Fig: 74.

092

093

Apartment Park View

Fig: 75.

094

Fig: 76.

095

Fig: 77.

096

Fig: 78.

Fig: 79.

097

Fig: 80.

098

Fig: 81.

Fig: 82.

099

Fig: 83.

100

Fig: 84.

101

Fig: 85.

Fig: 86.

102

Fig: 82.

103

Fig: 88.

Fig: 87.

Fig: 89.

104

Fig: 90.

105

Fig: 91.

106

107

Fig: 92.

108

109

FINAL

CONCLUSION

110

111

The stadiums purpose is to exist as a place of entertainment. We go to these places to watch our favorite teams plays our favorite sports and spend our hard earned money to do so. They are places we cherish and grow up going to creating memories with our family and friends but outside of that we do not pay much attention to them.

We may sometime attend concert or other event but mostly we go for a specific reason. There is an opportunity for stadiums to become more.

By designing spaces around and inside the stadium programmed for community use and accessible outside of a game day, the stadium becomes stitched into the fabric of the community and allows its residents to use it on a daily basis. With a program focusing on community run businesses, profits will circulate back into the community and give residents the opportunities to be successful. In tern, a portion of the profits can circulate back into the stadium where tickets prices can be lowered giving back to the fans who so passionately support their club.

While it is not the purpose of every stadium to funtion year round, it lends towards options as to different roles they can play within the community. It may be the intention that the stadium is only used for a sinlge use, but considering it as in ingrained element in the community lends to a more flexible and cohesive neighborhood.The stadium is the place where our dreams are held, where we go to be apart of something bigger than ourselves as individuals.

When I consider stadiums and there roles and how architecture is here for everyone to enjoy, that if we design with love in our hearts everyone will benefit from it. “Carefree wherever you may be� - CFC

112

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Annex + http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/community-impact-of-the-olympics-davis/ + http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/looking-back-2008-beijing-olympic-games-shin/ + http://www.gamesmonitor.org.uk/files/PWC%20OlympicGamesImpactStudy.pdf + http://www.eventimpacts.com/pdfs/the_inspirational_impact_of_major_sporting_events.pdf + http://www.milanworldsfair.com/ + http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/47/38/17/regulationsfwcbra zil2014_update_e_neutral.pdf + http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Sustainable_Brazil_-_World_Cup/$FILE/ copa_2014.pdf + http://downshiftingpath.blogspot.com/2013/03/5-benefits-to-living-in-community.html + http://www.jovialbard.com/Design/Economics/CommunityLiving.html + http://offbeathome.com/2011/04/washington-commune + http://onlinehomepreview.com/resources/quick_guide_to_planned_communities.htm + https://coserginfo.wordpress.com/2012/05/14/a-stadium-pros-and-cons/ + http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-03-29/news/os-ed-front-burner-sports-subsidiescon-20130328_1_orlando-magic-soccer-stadium-major-league-soccer + http://www.gensler.com/design-thinking/research/maximizing-roi-for-sports-stadium-sponsorships + http://www.gensler.com/uploads/document/285/file/New_Paradigm_for_Sports_Venues_07_19_2012.pdf + http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/cc7fcc6a#/cc7fcc6a/38 + http://www.stadia-magazine.com/ + http://baltimore.orioles.mlb.com/bal/oriolepark/history.jsp + http://www.stadia-magazine.com/industry-blogs.php?BlogID=784 + http://www.stadia-magazine.com/industry-blogs.php?BlogID=786 + http://www.archdaily.com/526191/casa-futebol-proposes-a-different-olympic-legacy-for-brazils-stadiums/

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+ http://www.designboom.com/architecture/nbbj-dalian-stadium/ + http://www.1week1project.org/en/2014/07/06/casa-futebol/ + http://www.architecturelist.com/2009/09/17/nbbjs-latest-concept-in-stadium-design-dalianchina/ + http://www.gensleron.com/lifestyle/2012/3/29/a-new-paradigm-for-sports-venues-community-connections.html + http://cargocollective.com/elieskenazi/ALLIANZ-ARENA-ANALYSIS + http://www.kpmg.com/NL/nl/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/PDF/Buildingand-Construction/Blueprint-Successful-Stadium-Development.pdf + http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2004/04/20040426/SBJ-In-Depth/Petco-Park-Hits-A-Dinger-With-Design.aspx?hl=ANC%20Sports&sc=0 + http://ourcitysd.com/business-economics/petco-park%27s-broken-promise/#sthash.zs7AFa1R. dpbs + http://www.ballparkratings.com/viewpark/n/Petco_Park/f/Architecture_and_Aesthetics + http://www.stadiumjourney.com/stadiums/allianz-arena-s938

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