Brazzil - Year 8 - Number 126 - June 1996

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NEWS-BRAZIL ON LINE ove ii• 't)s se x e to have influenced the way prostitution is seem ... in the Country. COntrary to what most people might think, prostitution is not It's not just a tall story that Braillegal in :Brazil, not for the person zilians are hot in bed. A new study prostituting herself or 'himself any. shows that whileAmericans take an', .. way... Foreigners have talked -about average of six minutes for a sex Brazilian sex professionals being as encounter, Brazilians are in no rush much interested in making a buck as in when it's time for pleasure, dedicat-, giving pleasure to themselves, and to the client.. , ing to the sexual act an average of 45 minutes. The same research also We haven't avoided slippery themes in the past. Our article about reveals that almost 17% of Cariocas torture in our latest issue provoked (those from Rio) between the ages more than one tsk-tsk of disapproval. of 18 and 49 make sex each and We have talked about child prostituevery day. Pure bragging? A little tion before — there is nothing about maybe.

http://www.brazzil.com http://home.earthlink.net/-brazzil this subject in our present cover — and there was positive reaction in-

cluding from the UN which contacted sorne of the organizations dealing with the problem in Brazil.

As our special February Carnaval edition', this issue deals with the light side Qflife. We know about the seedy, criminal aspect of sex and we will probably come back to it another cloy. Today we only want to offer a

glossy portrait of the sex market.

R.M.

CONTENTS

8

26

People

Senator Marina Silva gets prize in US

Cover

Sex, marriage and prostitution

20

Short story

Machado de Assists "0 Alienista" - Part II

Politics

Constitution gets overhauling, again

21

Cover by Aylan Mello

Economy

Great times ahead for the Northeast

35

Travel .

Ouro Preto; attavel to the past

39

22 Human Rights

Music

Carmen Miranda is back

The exile for fear of Caio Ferraz

44

24

Music

Gilberto Gil's little tour

Racism

Are we hiding our black heritage

54

Special

The Amazon devastation

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TIME TO RENEW? Send mall to: P.O. Box 42536 - Los Angeles, CA 90050-053 • Sorry, we don't send F A / (E21 t3o) r2ia517:-(324183 .

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Publisher and Editor: Rodney Mello / Editorial Assistant: Graciela Castellanos / Entertainment Editors: Sam & Harriet Robbins / Book Review: Bondo Wyszpolski / Music Editor: Bruce Gilman /. Representatives: MIAMI : Nosso Guia (305) 972-3427 - WASHINGTON, DC: Wilson Velloso (Correspondent) (301) 585-6549 - BRAZIL: Celso Sawaia (011) 885-9288 E-mail: csawaia©br.homeshopping.com.br NEWS from BRAZIL is published monthly by News from Brazil -2039 N. Ave. 52, Los Angeles, CA, 90042-1024. Application to mail at periodicals postage rate is pending at Los Angeles, CA. Single copy sold for $2. One year subscription for 12 issues is $3 (three dollars) in the U.S., $15 in Canada and Mexico, and $18 (surface mail) in all other countries. No back issues sold. Allow 5 to 7 weeks to receive your first issue. You may , quote from or reprint any of the contents with proper copyright credit. Editorial submissions arewelcome. Include a SASE (self addressed and stamped envelope), if you want your material mailed back. News from Brazi/assumes no responsibility for any claims made by its advertisers.

POST MASTER: Please, send address changes to News front Brazil - P.O. Box 42536 - Los Angeles, CA - 90050-0536 NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

5

Crime

Belle & Bandit Luciana Rodrigues Gravital, 24, a beautiful Carioca (native from Rio) girl, has been the talk of Paris these days. Publications like Paris Match, Parisien Libere and France Soir have given her ample space. She has previously been on the cover of the man magazine Lui and performed at several Emmanuelle films dressing nothing more than her pretty smile, but her photos and story this time are appearing at the faits divers, the section reserved by the French press to the police-beat news. The French have called her Nikita, drawing parallels with the tough-murderer heroine frbrn the homonymous film.

Luciana was caught by an indiscreet camera when robbing a branch of the Credit Lyonnais bank downtown Paris and that was her fall. The thrill of adventure seemed to be the main motivation behind the robberies.

Before the bust, Luciana and her companion Michel Ortiz had assaulted several cosmetic shops where they first took perfumes — Channel number 5 seemed to be her favorite -- and only at the end would pick up any money left at the cash register.

It didn't help with the judge that she used a rusty fake gun on her exploits.

In Emmanuelle and For the vicas a spread in Paris Match tims it was convincing enough and she will probably spend the next four years in jail.

The producers of Emmanuelle, however, already have an idea for a movie in which a pornostar becomes a bank robber. And they want Luciana to star in it.

mairE Guilty and innocent Two massacres, two trials, two very different conclusions. In Sao Paulo and Rio the courts have just tried two of the most notorious mass killings of Brazil: the fusillade against rebellious prisoners from Sao Paulo's Carandiru penitentiary which resulted in the killing of 110 (that's it, one hundred and ten) inmates, and the night vigilantism that resulted in the death of eight street kids who slept on the steps of the Candelaria church in Rio. The police in both cases were responsible for the murder.

Sao Paulo's Justice Tribunal concluded that the military police acted properly in its effort to quell the prisoner's uprising on October 1992. The court was answering to a suit brought by the mother of one of the killed prisoners. The real culprit of the bloodbath were the prison6

ers concluded the verdict: "They started the rebellion, destroyed a pavilion and forced society to defend itself."

The July '93 Candelaria carnage, however, earned one of its mentors a sentence of 309 years behind bars. It was more a symbolic act since no one, by law, can stay more than 30 years in a Brazilian prison. The tough punishment for police officer Marcus Emmanuel came after he volunteered to confess that he had taken part in the kids' assassination. Two other accused have also confessed after military police officer Nelson Cunha started the Confiteor wave. From the confessions it became clear that the wholesale murder happened as a retaliation after Emmanuel was hit by stones when trying to detain a group of children selling shoe glue (a product that street kids inhale as drug).

Foreigners aboar Despite all the freedom allowed Escolas de Samba to create their plots for the grand annual 4, Carnaval parade, one <I principle had been sacred 27,it until now: only Brazilian 41 inspired stories could be 4 told. The abolition of the ; rule by the Rio's Liga.

Independente das Escolas 1 de Samba was immediately taken to heart at least by two samba schools which have announced foreign ernes for the next Carnaval. Academicos da Rocinha wants to bring the magic world of Walt Disney to the avenue and it's already in touch with 4 , Disney personnel. cm de SĂĄ already has the name for its samba enredo (samba plot): A traves da Furnace (Through Smoke), the story of perfume from old to modern times in Italy and France. Elmo Jose dos Santos, president of traditional EstacAo Primeira da Mangueira. reacted, "We will continue rediscovering Brazil. There are plenty of subjects."

ier dollar The always stormy relationship between the Brazilian currency and the dollar is finally getting some reassurance and stability from government. Restrictions and rules to get dollars in Brazil or send them abroad have been a nightmare. Since May 16, however, the Central Bank has streamlined the process and the only ones yelling bloody murder are the doleiros, a type of parasite that has prospered trading in dollar in the middle of the bureaucratic jungle.

Until now Brazilians overseas and foreigners in Brazil weren't able

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

to use their credit cards to withdraw money from electronic tellers. This should be changing soon.

Travelers will also be able to buy dollars for their trips even if such a trip is more than one year away. And to send money outside the country the limit has been raised from $1000 to $3000. The sender doesn't need to show proof that the payment is legitimate as before, but he still has to declare that such a proof is available. "The government trusts you" is the message, but with an eye wide open.

Not ready for prime-time Only a few hours apart, Folha de Sao Paulo and Editora Abril, two of the most aggressive and largest Brazilian media conglomerates, launched a still-not-yetcooked Internet service inspired on American Online. Both services are still experimental and free during this initial phase. They seemed so enthralled by their American muse that they all but borrowed AOL's name and called themselves UOL and BOL. UOL (Univers° Online), Folha's offering, has as anchors the daily Folha de Silo Paulo and newsweekly magazine /sto E. Everybody expected that BOL (Brazil Online) would have the powerful Veja newsmagazine anchoring the service, instead of starting with the offer of some articles from economy magazine Exame, with excuses for all the bugs still not fixed. To complicate things, a problem on Embratel — the state monopoly Internet provider — took BOL off the air for several hours. The dust should be settling by now.

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

anguage

Young lingo The new generation — not that again! is being accused of disfiguring the so-called "Lacius last flower" or the Portuguese spoken in Brazil by linguists and literati.

Says poet, essayist and translator Jose Paulo Paes, "Teen talk is made out of exclamatory dialogues, without fluency, good for someone intent only on reaffirming a group's behavior." As the American without words who fills up pauses with "You knows", Brazilian teens have just introduced a new appendix for that empty space. It is the "tipo assim" (type like that). As in, "That girl is t o assim a monument." Willing to be privy to the new p tois? Get a load of it: Abstrair — (to abstract) to forget as in "Abstrai what I told you" Animal — (adjective) great Bad trip — the blues Demoro — (you took a long time) right on Din-din — money Do mal — cool as is "Voce é do mal, punk!"

Emplumar — (tq plume) become snob Punk— guy Quibe — ugly w man Sinistra — great Show — great Se pegar corn—to courtship UFO — (OVNI) pretty girl Visacdo — flirt

Publicity

Lesbian sassiness Cassia Avilla is that Alineira (from Minas Gerais) girl who was in the cover of rogue and El/c, two sophisticated and rather innocent fashion magazines.

Janaina Bull, a Carioca (native from Rio), is the youngster with the smile selling soap and clothes for Mesbla (a Sears-like department store). Anyway that's the way they were known before being invited

by Duloren to star in another of their memorable though outrageous lingerie commercials.

Now Cassia (the one in white) and Janaina are the girls who in nothing else than a lacy underwear kiss each other in the mouth in a wedding ceremony inside a church.

The copy shows even a marriage certificate for Renata and Maria de Fatima. Duloren loves polemics and poetic license.

Hoping they are still there, check http:// www.folha.com.br and http://www.bol.com.br

McTruth The British magazine The Economist started its Big Mac index — the price of that sandwich on a given country — more as a joke. The number, however, has its serious side and according to it the real, the Brazilian currency, needs a devaluation fast. Brazil is one of the countries in which the McDonald's staple costs the most, While you can get a Big M for $2.36 in the US, the hamburgercum-tomato will set you back $2.98 in Brazil, a land where the minimum wage is just above $100 a month. Even in famously expensive Japan, you get your fill of the Mac for a mere $2.70.

Microsoap Fantastic realism is back to prime-time TV in Brazil. That's because playwright Dias Gomes is the author of 0 Fim do A/fund° (The End of the World), the new novela (soap opera) of Globo TV network. Gomes is the same soap scribbler who brought to television such unforgettable pieces as Roque Santeiro (The Saint Maker), 0 Bern Amado (The Well Beloved) and Saramandaia. The plot of the new treat: people get crazy in a quiet cozy backland place when psychic Joaozinho de Dagmar (interpreted by Paulo Betti), who lives in town with his three wives, starts having visions of the end of the world. The series is also being used as test for a new format of novela.

Instead of dragging on for months, the drag now will be for a few weeks.

The End of the World's end will come in 35 chapters.

7

Everything you ever wanted to know about sex in Brazil and never was able to find at your usual sources. What Brazilians think about sex, is it true that there are many more women than men in the country, are Brazilians really the hottest sexual machine on the planet? And what about sex for sale? Is prostitution legal?

Where is sex available, how much does it cost, what are the code words for men and women willing_to Ray to get laid?

This is not an exploitation piece on the serious and criminal problem of underage prostitution in Brazil. It's a guide and a source of statistics for those interested in knowing the adult Brazilian lover and the way he/she lives his/her sexual life.

RODOLFO ESPINOZA

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

espite its image of a latter-day Sodom and the land of debauchery and licentiousness, the country that gave us the string bikini can be downright prudish. It's true that prime-time novelas (soap operas) use to boost up their ratings by showing unveiled genitalia and the annual street Carnaval parade bares breasts and all the rest on the Avenue, but there are no public nude beaches as in Europe and the hard-core video and CD ROM sex industry is far from flourishing as in the US. The real sexual revolution in Brazil is very recent but the natives are catching up fast.

That Brazilians and Cariocas (natives of Rio) are sensual is not just a myth. A new study from Infoglobo has shown that 17% of Cariocas be•tween the ages of 18 and 49 have sex every day.

And while the British spend an average of 3 minutes in a sexual encounter, the Italians 8, the French and Americans 6, Rio's residents have a "whooping" average of 45 minutes per sexual session.

Only Africans have the same high rate in this department. The Infoglobo study, which listened to 300 men and 300 women, also revealed that 48% of Cariocas have sex from two to three times a week.

The profile of the average interviewee: a married person between the ages of 30 and 39 with a monthly salary of $1,200 or less.

In an interview with Rio's daily 0 Globo, psychoanalyst and sexologist Sheiva Cherman complained that the study hadn't asked for the duration of the relationship among those interviewed.

— Rio is the most sensual city in the world, she said. And there's a commitment from the population to keep this image. Libido, however, doesn't mean practice of the sexual act. The sexual practice is more frequent when the love relationship is recent.

Another revealing piece of information is that 55% of all women claimed to have attained orgasm every time they tried it, without ever having to fake it. Hard to believe? The American magazine Cosmopolitan interviewed their readers in 29 countries and concluded that lack of orgasm is a common and universal complaint. The world average for orgasmic women every time they go to bed is a mere 26.6%. Only Italians, with a climax rate of 53.2%, come close to their hot Brazilian counterparts.

As for the men, they are a proud, boastful and maybe a tad lying lot. A full 64% of Cariocas guarantee that they have never had a problem with erection during the sexual act. And the assertion was confirmed by 69% of their female partners.

The secret there seems to be the fact that 78% of men and 89% of women like to share their sexual fantasies. Machismo, however, is still strong. Only 28% of the women, according to the research, have the initiative to start the love game in bed.

This openness, however, doesn't apply to the , disclosure of adultery, which is still very common • despite the AIDS fear. Says biologist Catherine Lowndes from the Escola Nacional de Sande Pablica • (National School of Public Health) which is part of • the Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, "Due to social and .biological factors, women are more susceptible to

D

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

venereal diseases. They ignore several facts dealing with sexuality, have little bargaining power in sexual relations and are victims of sexual violence on a large scale. Besides, there is a social acceptance of male infidelity and the habit of concealing it."

Research conducted among the patients at the Gaffree Guinle Hospital in Rio showed that 70% of the heterosexual men interviewed had had more than one sexual partner the previous year, while 7.9% had participated in group sex. All of this has contributed to the increase of AIDS among women who are getting the disease from their husbands and live-in lovers.

The results from a national Datafolha research project about sexual behavior among different professional categories, however, show a much smaller rate of infidelity. The study that was ordered by the Central Geral dos Trabalhadores (CGT), a national confederation of workers, included 3,644 men and women in seven Brazilian capitals.

As expected, the research revealed that necessity also makes fidelity. Men and women more likely to stray were those with jobs that allowed an alibi for their sexual escapes. So, while 21% of metalworkers admitted to adultery this number increased to 27% among those working in construction.

The study also revealed how faithfulness is seen in different regions of the country. The national average of infidelity is 23%. Cariocas appear to be just a little over this number, with an unfaithfulness rate of 29%, the same as Gauchos (those from Rio Grande do Sul). In Sao Paulo 19% of the workers acknowledge extramarital affairs and only 18% of the workers in Belo Horizonte (capital of Minas Gerais) admitted to infidelity, but the practice of sex outside the home is something common for 50% of those interviewed in Belem, capital of Para, a national record in this study.

THE MALE ADVANTAGE If the battle of the sexes is an unequal one all over the world, women in Brazil have still another handicap: their sheer numbers. Census data show, that among those Brazilians between ages 15 and 49, there are 1.8 million more women than men in the country. That means an average of 95 men for every 100 women. In urban centers like Sao Paulo and in the Northeast this imbalance goes up to 85 out of 100.

Some experts believe that this will contribute to 10% of Brazilian women never having a chance to marry. According to census data, in Rio de Janeiro for example, the state where this difference is more pronounced in absolute numbers, there are 315,056 more women than men.

To complicate matters, while there are 4.2 million divorced or separated women, the number of men in the same situation is only 1.9 million. This shows what everybody knows: that it is much easier for a separated man to find a new partner than for a woman. The official numbers also reveal that 80.6% of the 37,000 divorced men who de9

to remarry in 1994 chose not-previouslymarried women. As for widows, there are 4.5 millions of them in the country compared to 870,000 widowers.

This female disadvantage is explained by the so-called "solitude pyramid" theory. Interviewed by the daily Folha de Selo Paulo, Elza BerquO, from Unicamp's (University of Campinas, Sao Paulo) NOcleo de Estudos Populacionais (Center for Population Studies) explained: "Women look at the top of the pyramid where the offer of partners decreases, while men look at the base which is larger.

The matrimonial market always favors men."

This state of affairs has in practice encouraged the number of non-official marriages and in some cases even a kind of mild polygamy in which men have more than one partner. The rate of marriages has been decreasing. While there were 7.48 marriages for 1,000 people in 1986, these uni,ons had fallen to 4.96 in '94. There were 763,000 weddings in 1994 compared to 1 million in '86, when the country had a smaller population.

In a 1992 study entitled "The contraction of the matrimonial market and the increase of consensual unions in Brazil" two foreign scholars, American Margaret Greene and Indian Vijayendra Rao suggested that society allowing men to have more than one partner makes it possible for women to be married at least once and helps to alleviate the problem of the deficit of available male partners.

SELLING DREAMS Match-maker agencies have been sprouting all over Brazil. All of them, however, seem to have the same problem: more female clients than male ones. Paimi (Primeira Agencia Internacional de Matrimonios e InformacOes - First International Agency for Matrimonies and Information), for example, has been in business for 50 years and has offices in Sao Paulo, Rio and New York. With 3,000 clients, the Cupid helper charges around $1,000 plus a bonus when there is a marriage. They say they have made "4,000 unions" including that of Harry Philippe Mihalescu who is the owner and son of Paimi's founder. Their telephone in Sao Paulo: (011) 221-9699.

Apego — (011) 5432659 — another matchmaker company from SAo Paulo has been recruiting their male clients aggressively even with ads in men's magazines. But really aggressive is Partner's owner, who is known 10

only as Vicente and who goes personally to singles bars and night clubs to convince men to join his company. Partner — (051) 336-8036 is an agency from Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul).

Happy End — (011) 853-7466 — has dozens of connections in the US and Europe and more than 2,200 clients. To use the services of this company founded in 1992 clients pay around $1,000 and $1,000 more after 3 months of courtship. One of the newest kids on the block is Apego — (011) 5432659 — a service created by Inge Gruber, an Austrian woman who sold her apartment and used the $80,000 she got to start the company last year.

The cost here varies from $150 to $800 and the number of clients has already reached 500.

In Recife, the Brasil Exterior agency — (081) 421-3080'— is specialized in finding husbands in Germany for its clients. After seven years in business, the service which has a catalogue of more than 1,000 women, has contributed to close to 200 marriages. In an interview with Veja magazine last year, Lindinalva Santana Ferraz, the company's owner declared, "We don't admit sexual tourism or gold-diggers." Every time there's an "I do" Ferraz gets rewarded with $1400.

Contrary to what we may think, most of Lindinalva's clients are not poor girls looking for an easy way out of their misery. By and large they are middle-class women who have a college degree or at least have finished high-school. By the way, completed high-school is one of the requirements to make the list. Many times they are women disillusioned with Brazil and Brazilian men. Their average age is 20.

According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), Brazilian women start their sexual life around 19. But this age has been lowering recently mainly in urban centers. Pregnancy among early teens has been also on the increase and this is due not only to a more benevolent view towards sex.

Biological factors also play a role: every ten years menarche (the first menstrual period) occurs four months earlier. In the '90s the average age for girls to have their first menstruation is 12.

Pregnancies among A explosao da girls between 13 and 15 indtistrip do Dram years of age have doubled in the last decade and a half, still based on IBGE' s numbers. Close to 8,000 children were born last year to mothers who were 15 or younger. In the late '70s this number was around 3,700 a year. Another 600,000 children are also born to 16 to 19 year old mothers every year. This NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

number, although bigger, has been stable for many years. The situation is similar for poor and well-todo teens, but for the richer girls, the use of abortion is much more prevalent.

who have been to Rio, Sao Paulo and Recife and who have met prostitutes.

An anonymous French guy, for example, presents himself as having "a good knowledge of brothels in Brazil, due to my frequent journeys LITTLE WHOREHOUSES ALL OVER there during the past five years". He talks mostly about Recife and divides prostitution there into Another side of the situation of inequality three categories: garotas de programa (program between the sexes is the rampant increase of prosgirls), mulheres de bordel (brothel women), and titution and related services. To hear some people, vira bolsinhas (turn purses â&#x20AC;&#x201D; girls who ply their every Brazilian woman except the mother, the trade on the streets. sister, the wife and the daughter of the person According to the French libertine, the garotas speaking, is willing to go to bed with de programa are easy to spot in the first stranger, for the right price. public places like restaurants and The dozens of classified ads unbars. "They try to make eye conder headings like Acompanhantes tact, especially if you are dressed Contrary to (Escorts), Casas de Massagem (Maslike a gringo. How old you are what we may sage Parlors), Termas (Sauna doesn't mean a thing. They know houses), all code names for prostituexactly when to talk about think, most of tion, show that there are plenty of money." A motel will cost from Lindinalva's women, and men for that matter, $15 to $50 according to this rewilling to make a buck on the meat port. clients are not market. On a recent Sunday, daily He also describes in detail poor girls Folha de Seio Paulo had 101 offers what happens when the garota under Escorts, from Abigail ("20, and the john get to the bedroom: looking for an top model from the '80s, brunette, "The girl will take off her dress easy way out of long hair, hotel/motel. $200 Tel.: and you go together with her to (011) 607-9001) to Ymaeda ("burnthe shower. She will take you to their misery. By ing Japanese, your dream girl â&#x20AC;&#x201D; bed when you seem clean enough. and large they (011) 693-8007).

She will touch you, suck you In Brasilia, the Capital of Brazil, (without a condom if you don't are middle-class there are more than 30 prostitution ask to put one on), and you can women who have agencies, all installed in residential fuck her as much as you like, in areas, which cater to the tastes of the as many positions as you want. a college degree men and also a few women in power.

She will dress your buddy with a or at least have Visitors to the city are showered with condom before fucking. Take cards and ads from night clubs like your time, as there is no problem finished highQueen's, Amore Mio, Flor Amorosa, of time with her. She is not a all fronts for prostitution, as soon as school. By the "whore" and what she would like they arrive at the airport. The enticeis to stay with you all night and way, completed ment continues in hotels and places you can come in her mouth if you where touriSts usually gather. want." high-school is Prostitution is not illegal in BraThe French lecher cites go-go one of the zil. What is illegal is pimping. Mainbars at Praca da Boa Viagem as taining a place for sexual encounters good places to pick up women requirements to is also against the law. To avoid and the Cravo e Canela bar at make the list. being caught by a zealous law enRua das Creoulas in downtown. forcer, many of the places present As for brothels, he cites the themselves as legitimate businesses Twenty Club at Rua Luiz de charging only for beverages and other services, Farias Barbosa, 20 at Boa Viagem beach. He deletting the negotiations about bedding be decided scribes the place: "The girls are the nicest I've ever between the client and the prostitute. seen in Brazil. When you enter, Mama-san gives Prostitutes can be found all over the country. In you the prices. It was $180 on May 1995. You will some towns in the interior they live together in an pay her directly when you leave, like you would in area generally known as zona. In Ceara, the red a good restaurant. For the money you can pick up light district is called curral (corral); in Rio Grande any girl you want. The best is to drink something do Sul, viveiro (nursery or aviary); and in Minas with her and when you are ready just say vamos Gerais coreia (Corea). Prostitution is also common (let's go). The sex itself takes 1 hour for $150." on national roads and big city streets. In Brazil, For years European tour companies, mainly the motels generally charge by the hour and are utiGerman ones, have been exploring the sexual tourlized more as love nests than places for a family or ism in Recife (Pernambuco), Fortaleza (Ceara), a business man to spend the night.

Salvador (Bahia), and more recently Macei6 "The World Sex Guide", which is available on (Alagoas). Since assuming the Ministry of Industhe Internet, has very little about prostitution in try, Commerce and Tourism in January of 1995, Brazil. But it presents the personal accounts of men Minister Dorothea Werneck has been talking diNEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

11

rectly to travel agents in Europe to convince them that Brazil has much better attractions than its women, things like beautiful places and good businesses.

0 Globo, the Mafia is controlling it. Agencies such as Ipanema Models, Rita Modelos and Roberta Modelos offer services of women, sometimes models and magazine covers, who don't charge less Than $500 per program and can cost as much as SOUTHERN CALL-BELLES $5,000. The money paid is normally split half and half between the call girl and the escort agency, Porto Alegre offers a special service by fax for which is in charge of preparing books with pictures those clients interested in seeing the merchandise produced in studios and placing ads in major newsbefore buying it. The DOris agency, whose girls papers and publications for tourists. In this market, seem all to have just stepped out from a photo 25 is the age limit before compulsory retirement. session for a men's magazine and whose ages are Call girls, for whom the standards are much between 18 and 23, has been using the photofax laxer, advertise by the hundreds in 0 Globo, 0 Dia, since last year. The service beand Jornal do Brasil, Rio's three came a hit and more than 85% of largest dailies. There are also men the business is now done through Prostitution is not announcing their services like it.

Andre Luis, "college degree, lovillegal in Brazil.

Half of the girls, however, still ing, tender„ 28. Catering to deWhat is illegal is refuse to be photographed, wormanding women and couples — as ried that the picture will fall on the long as the man is a voyeur. Perpimping. wrong hands like a friend or relasonal care in every sense of the Maintaining a tive who doesn't know their line of word. Have safe sex, use camisinha work. The price: $240 for two hours (little shirt — condom). Visa acplace for sexual of company and sex. Full service cepted. Tel.: (021) 295-2053 —24 encounters is for the whole night costs $600. hours."

Zero Nora, a daily from Rio Grande Camilla and Ronald presented also against the do Sul cites Luciane, one of Doris's themselves on a recent Sunday in law. To avoid girls, saying, "I had a hard time Jornal do Brasil as a married reaching orgasm before. But now being caught by a couple. "He: a real sexual lion. She: that I know that I am being paid I a glutton and super female. Tozealous law come every time." gether or separate. No one will be In Rio, the Vila Mimosa, a zona enforcer, many of disappointed. Check it out! (021) in the suburbs that housed more 255-5887." the places than 1,000 prostitutes had been It's symptomatic that the ubiqrazed at the beginning of the year present uitous sex-phones — as those from to make room for a residential comsome weekly tabloids in the US — themselves as plex called Cidade Nova. This appear in 0 Globo and Jornal do legitimate didn't prevent the world's oldest Brasil under "Termas e Servicos de profession from continuing to Massagem", the same place where businesses flourish in the so-called Cidade "models", "escorts", "strip dancletting the Maravilhosa. These were naturally ers" and "masseuses" sell their poor girls. wares. By the way, to avoid probnegotiations Sex is being seen as a gold lems with the law, which is very about bedding be serious about protecting the under mine for many professionals who are abandoning their more conage, these erotic talk conversations decided between ventional jobs to invest in sexare generated outside the country. the client and the related endeavors. One of them is Only Rio has created a system usWilliam Atella, who abandoned a ing special cards and passwords for prostitute. career in an engineering firm to those willing to call them. Caribstart anew as a modern gigolo. In bean Islands, Hong Kong, San 1994 Attela used $30,000 he got from his severMarino and even the faraway ex-soviet republic ance pay to rent and remodel a house in Jacarepagua Moldavia are used for the telesex services, which that became a clube prive (another code word for can charge $3 for a minute of conversation. whorehouse) called Paradise House.

Last year, already a rich man, he opened a BARS, BOA TES, BEACHES, BROTHELS second Paradise House, this time at Barra da Tipca.

In an interview with weekly magazine Isto E, the The action in Rio is also on the beaches. A engineer turned pimp, explained why AIDS doesn't famous gathering of prostitutes in the afternoon is scare his clients: "Here the girls are always tested in front of the Othon Palace Hotel at Copacabana for HIV." beach and at the tables at the Meia Pataca bar. They As for the upper crust of prostitution in the city, charge from $40 to $100 for a quickie, hotel being according to a recent article from Rio's main daily extra. First class hotels are known to play hard and 12

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

tiful girls in the world there. All colors. None ugly. not allow the entrance of prostitutes. But others None older than 25. The price for a superstar is like Debret and Caprice seem to derive most of $100 for all night." And he concludes boastfully, their money from these sexual trysts.

"In Rio, pussy is available 24 hours a day and The termas present themselves as massage parreasonably priced. I lors, but are only a personally did 11 façade for whoregirls in eight days houses. Places like 0 Coming to the WEB and spent less than Paraiso E Aqui (ParaThe market for sexual gadgets and entertainment $1,000 total in 1995. dise Is Here) — Rua is exploding. Sex shops, however, are a very recent I carry a piece of Dezenove de Fevephenomenon that is being helped by the AIDS scare. paper with me at all reiro, 123, Botafogo This sector is already a half a billion dollar industry. times that says, — offer sauna, bar, Business is so promising that American giant VCA "Brazilian Prosticable TV and "relax" Pictures has joined forces with Ponto G (G Spot) to tute". I read it often, which is a code word open a nationwide chain of sex-shops. But there are each time I fall in for sex. The prices can no more than 150 of these stores in Brazil right now.

One of them, Brinquedo dos Prazeres (Play of Plealove. But remember vary from around $30 sures), has already set shop on the Internet at http:// that you will not get (Pedagios) to $300 www.dgInet.com.br/sexshop with the promise: "here any free pussy in (Aeroporto). you will find a large assortment of articles to fulfill Rio. During CarnaSome hotels act as your erotic fantasies." val pussy flows like agents for termas.

The Internet is still very small in a country where water. You must see They offer a discreet a simple telephone is an investment (around $5,000) it if you are to be helping hand. The and a clear line is a rarity some days, but there are already a least one dozen home pages dealing with considered a true sex massage parlor Brasex in its soft and hard-core manifestations. One of fiend." siltand from Botafogo them is A Heavy Sex (in English like this) — http:/ for example, usually /www.nlink.com.br/-ivrjr — which warns possible SAO PAULO'S sends a car to pick up surfers: "Don't be troubled if upon entering you are MEAT MARKET a client, when a hotel faced with unbelievable pictures. Here you will find calls. For about $200 the hottest and dirtiest pictures." The Internet Sex Road page promises "close to 2,000 links of sex, The latest temple the tourist gets transpictures, eroticism and much more" and has a bit to hedonism, a true portation, a suite and tortuous address: http://www.elogica.com.br/users/ Xanadu of sex, is Baa girl. jampa/se/semenu.html hamas, a club that At night, the sex Swingers do Brasil — http://www.amazon.com.br/ opened its doors in scene gets even hot-sb — at the end of May was an almost empty page Sa"o Paulo last Januter in the boates (night with the warning in English: "Be safe, use condom" ary. The pleasure clubs) around Rua and the presentation of categories in English and Portuguese: couple seeking couple, woman seeking castle has Carrara Princesa Isabel, near man, man seeking woman, woman seeking woman marble (the same faCopacabana Beach. and so on, followed by the appeal: "Join us, add your vored by MicheTwo of the better advertisement and photos." They were promising real langelo) on its known places are action for June 20th. Armed only with an E-mail floors, 23 suites, Mab's and Help, both (tom.guim@biohard.com.br) a Brazilian has placed swimming pool and at Avenida Atlantica. an ad on the Internet announcing the creation of "a sauna, and cost $2.5 group of boys and girls for group masturbation or safe The boys sell themsex". After ten years of silence the porno film industry billion to be built. selves in places like is also having a rebirth.

In a little more than half a Paulista (from Sao The Ball (Praca Seryear, at least 40 pornographic movies have been shot.

Paulo) farmer Oscar zedelo Correia), MaAmong them series like Brasileirinhas and Meninas Maroni Filho, the xim's Bar or Incondo Rio (Girls from Rio). Fantasy Adult Video — owner, is very happy tros (Posto 6). The tab Largo do Machado, 29, Rio de Janeiro - Tel: (021) with the investment, for drinks can go up 225-5602 — is selling national porno videos like Rio, however.

Sexo e Seduceio ("meetings, disagreements and a lot very fast in these of sex") and .1 Revanche (The Reprisal) ("a sex The cash register' places while stripcocktail: anal, conventional, group and lesbian sex") starts ringing the tease shows and live also through the Internet on http:// moment the client sexual acts are prewww.fantasy.com.br enters the Bahamas sented. Close to this door and 250 cusarea some very attractomers have been visiting the novelty every day. tive women are really men.

He pays $50 just to get in. A few hors d'oeuvres Talking about his experiences in Rio, a conraise the bill very fast to $150. Add $300 for the girl tributor to the World Sex Guide wrote: "The best and $40 for using the suite for one hour and it's place is Help Discotheque. When I first went there easy to understand why Maroni Filho is asking I thought I had died and gone to heaven. Picture a himself why he hasn't left his 1000 plus cows combination of a high school prom and Soul Train before. where all the girls are selling pussy. Usually during Men without deep pockets can choose from a the season there are at least 300 of the most beauNEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

13

THE NATURISM BOOM Luz del Fuego is the heroine and inspiration for Brazilian naturists.

This native of Espirito Santo, who was born Dora Vivacqua, became famous as a stripper who danced with a boa. In 1948, at 31 years of age, she started the first nudist colony in the country.

Despite all the official opposition to her work, she was able to lease Ilha do Sol, a little island off Baia da Guanabara in Rio, where only naked people were allowed.

Ilha do Sol had some 200 members from all over the world. There are rumors that even Brazilian President Getulio Vargas frequented the nudism paradise.

Only now is naturism gathering speed in Brazil. The whole country has only five official nudist beaches.

There are 40 other places that are tolerated by the authorities. Praia do Pinho, located 8 miles from the famous Camboriu beach is the most celebrated naturism beach in the country with bar, restaurant, and a camping area. It's divided into two areas: one for families and women alone and another one for unaccompanied men. This is to avoid voyeurs.

There are 120,000 Brazilians who practice nudism. About 40,000 of them are Gatichos (from Rio Grande do Sul). The Federacao Brasileira de Naturismo (FBI) has its headquarters there. Celso Rossi, 36, a Gaucho, is the man behind the movement, lie has organized more than 20 naturism associations in Brazil and overseas and has been FBI's president for 8 years. Interested in subscribing to the magazine Naturis, FBI's official publication or getting information about the Naturism Federation?

Their address is Federaca'o Brasileira de Naturismo, Caixa Postal 328, Gramado, Rio Grande do Sul 95670-000. Information on Colina do Sol, a just-started naturist condominium also in Rio Grande do Sul, can be obtained at Caixa Postal 170, Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul -95600000. Tel: (051) 985-1425.

14

myriad of other places in Sao Paulo. An American businessman who went there at the end of last year told The World Sex Guide about his sexual experience there around the Sao Paulo Hilton Hotel, where he stayed, and gave some pointers: From the hotel just walk left to the first street and then make another left about half a block to a street known as Bento Freitas. There, immediately go right and walk a block or two. You'll see a whole bunch of bars with sexy women willing to please you. There'll be no trouble finding them.

The women are not only physically beautiful but kind and sweet, and I guarantee you'll be tickled to death."

And he continues: "Drinks are expensive, so my advice is not to stay too long. Just find the girl you like, chat for a while, negotiate a price (about $50 for full service), pay the tab and take her with you.

One of the business people I went to see over there told me Brazilian sex workmassacre visto ers are Carlos Reiter Cony among the Fermata Morals few in the Joao Meld° Ribeiro world who actually 'a Brasilia enjoy their work.

Naturally I thought he was kidding. Well, based on the beautiful girl I had that night, lean only say the man's observation is right on cue!"

Not every one would agree with the American choice, even though Bob Dylan is said to have gone to My Love (Bento Freitas, 344 - Tel: (011) 259-2072) and enjoyed it.

The area chosen by the sex-seeking tourist is considered dangerous at night and the whole neighborhood seems to be going downhill. Transvestites are all over and Police are frequently called to calm down those a little too much excited. Things get a little more civilized inside the nightclubs where for around $15 anyone, including couples, can have a drink or two.

Men unaccompanied will be approached immediately upon entering. But the girls for more desperate that they are cannot leave the bar before the client pays for two more drinks. For sex the girl will charge between $30 and $60.

These so-called boates are located in the Vila Buarque neighborhood and is known as Boca do Luxo (The Mouth of Luxury) even though this name was given in an earlier and

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NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

more prosperous time for the whorehouse fronts.

The next step in decadence is the Boca do Lixo (Mouth of Trash) where any possible glamour has disappeared. One example of this is the Itatiaia building at Alameda Bard° de Limeira, 134. The ten-floor building has close to 150 women who work every day including Saturdays and Sundays from the time the building opens at 9 am to 9:30 pm when it closes.

The Itatiaia has been a temple to prostitution for 47 years.

But it has seen much better times.

The crowd frequenting the building used to be mainly white collar workers. Today, however, almost everyone is a blue collar. On pay days the Itatiaia can get busy with more than 2000 men using the 19 apartments which have been divided up in tiny wood partitions. There the customer takes The termas in Rio an old and cranky elevator to present the top floor and then starts coming down the stairway. themselves as Women in the corridors massage parlors, and on the steps practically throw themselves at the men but are only a and for $15 take them to a façade for cubicle with a single bed — the last couple bed was disaswhorehouses. sembled two years ago — Some ot them where the sex has to be fast (in 15 minutes the times is up) to offer sauna, bar, make room for another girl cable TV and who has caught the next victim. The money is split with "relax" which is a the tia (aunt), the owner of the code word for little rundown apartments which normally sports a sofa, sex. The prices an old juke box and a little can vary from fridge with beer. Each tia works with 6 to ten girls who around $30 to go back to their homes at the end of their work shift. $300. Some Another example of zona hotels act as vertical is the Renda building agents for termas. at number 69 on Rua dos Andradas which is also a tenoffering a floor edifice. As the Itatiaia, the Renda in decades past was discreet helping considered one of the classihand to their est whorehouses in town. Madams and workers on both guests. buildings calculate that in the almost half a century of existence both whorehouses have witnessed together around 20 million sexual encounters.

The naturism map Official beaches: Pinho, Cambori6 (Santa Catarina) — compulsory nudity, easy access Pedras Altas, Florianopolis (Santa Catarina) — optional nudity, difficult access Olho de Boi, Bazios (Rio de Janeiro) — optional nudity. difficult access Barra Seca, Linhares (Espirito Santo) — compulsory nudity, easy access Tambaba, Conde (Paraiba)— optional nudity, difficult access

Unofficial beaches: Nudity is always optional Access generally easy Rio Grande do Sul

Dunas, Cidreira Santa Catarina

Galheta Sao Paulo

Brava, Caraguatatuba Rio de Janeiro

Parati Mirim, Parati Fig. da Trindade, Parati Ilha do Pelado, Parati Ilha do Ventura, Parati Ada° c Eva. NiterOi Jacone. Marica Macambaba, Saquarema Praia Seca, Araruama Brava, Cabo Frio Focas, BUzio Virgem, Rio das Ostras Farolito, Campos Bahia

Ilha da Coroa Vermelha, Nova Vicosa Barra Velha, Nova Vicosa Pedra Grande, Porto Seguro Trancoso, Porto Seguro Pitinga, Porto Seguro Artistas, Salvador Forte, Salvador Sergipe

Abais, Aracaju Alagoas

DNER, Maccia Pernambuco

Ilha do Coroa Ilha dos Amores, Recife Rio Grande do Norte

Malembar, Georgino Avelino

LUXURY TRADE

Fernando de Noronha

American°

The classier and costlier action these days has moved to more upscale areas such as Jardins and Morumbi. Many times they are a mansion among other residential mansions.

This has not been without problem. Just recently the city of Sao Paulo was able to close down Café Photo, the most notorious of the single's bars being used as front for prostitution, which was installed in Itaim. City Hall, answering to complaints from Café Photo neighbors, invoked a zoning restriction to interdict the place.

Maybe on the same level of notoriety is the Antiquario, a NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

Ceara

Canoa Quebrada, Aracati Batoque. Capomba Cumbuco, Fortaleza Jericoacoara. Camocim Para

Ajiruteua. Braganca Roman. Ilha da Romana Princesa, Ilha do Algodoal

15

From the classifieds Rio Suely - Redhead pussycat, 18, sensual pregnant, caring, irresistible - (021) 205-2406 - 24 hours - Luxury place, hotel, motel, residence, trips Barbarically Barbara, sinuous curves, domineering, sexy, die of pleasure. Cards accepted -(021) 541-0339 Bruna Bra ndalise - Blonde, honey eyes, a Gcnicha panther, gymnastics instructor, passing through Rio. Expert in sex with champagne. Discreet. Services to executive and couples of extremely good taste. Fee $500 - (021) 974-8880 Sandra and Tatila - Inseparable friends, come enjoy and take part in this love eclipse.

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Juliana Bastos, Barra da Tijuca's summer muse, extremely beautiful, sculptural body, photos for magazine, sexy, high level $100 -(021) 227-6615 - Beginner Without prostitution - Men/ women/couples, high level, take part in unforgettable secret meetings. Ipanema party on 06/11/96. Become a member - (021) 293-4613 Vanessa 16

place that dubs as an antique shop during the day metamorphosing itself into a bar at night.

In both places, the girls are ostensibly presented as free lancers with no connection with the house. The bar is only used as a meeting spot and doesn't offer bed or other place for the carnal consummation. The idea is to escape the label of brothel. Maintaining a whorehouse is a crime that can carry a prison sentence of up to three years.

Recent official pressure against prostitution on the best neighborhoods seems to have only made the contemporary pimps even more brazen. Dinho Rocha, the owner of Antiquario, bought the name Café Photo after the joint was closed and reopened the place in Morumbi — a neighborhood for the rich — just to have it closed again soon after.

Rocha, normally, very secretive, exposed himself so much, that a police commissioner recognized that face from old times when he was detained for possession of cocaine and revealed the truth. He was a she. And her name is Vailde Rocha Veloso.

Unrepentant and unashamed, she declared, "I didn't lie. I am a woman. I have a vagina.

And I'm in a relationship with another woman for 12 years. I've never hid my real name. ".

Dinho or Vailde has created a distinctive style: to deal only by phone and with people whom he knew or who had been indicated by someone he trusted. Soon he possessed one of these precious and secret top-name lists as the ones held by some Beverly Hills madams like Heidi Fleiss. One of his clients, according to Rocha, was a Paraguayan politician for whom he had to send periodically seven girls including one who had been in the latest cover of a man magazine.

The idea to create the Antiquario came to Dinho after a disastrous incursion in the legal side of business in 1992 when he lost $2 million in a furniture factory. But he still had money enough to spend $1.2 million to make the sophisticated antique shop. More than a meat market his place is an entertainment spot offering samba and belly dancers and some racier performers like the girl who circulates between the tables covered only with shaving cream.

Sometimes a company rents the place for a private party, and a common attraction on these occasions is a sushi table where the center decoration is a naked woman. Bachelor parties are also common at the Antiquario.

And how Dinho recuperates his investment since officially he doesn't get a penny from the girls, the main attraction of the place?

Selling liquor, he says. A bottle of whiskey costs $350.

Before having his place shut down, Fabio Puglisi, the founder of Café Photo, used to explain why his house was so successful: "Here we don't have a girl who does programs, that girl that you call for a quickie.

From the classifieds Sao Paulo Absolute! She-cats and pussycats. Economy class $200 - Executive class $300 - First class starting at $500. Call (011) 884-2077 D'Books 24 hours Adriane Transvestite, highly feminine, gorgeous buns and boobs, complete oral.

Hotel/motel/private (011) 976-8320 - 24 hours Adryen - Fascinating magazine cover, A class. Hotel/ Motel. $150 - Tel: (011) 2790174 Agencia Silvia - Gorgeous girls. We have books and boys. 24 hours - Tel: (011) 581-3274 Love at 3 - Girl $30, duo $100- Tel: (011) 65-7262 Perdizes Ana Carolina -Jazz teacher, beginner, she will make you wild. A Class. $200 - Tel: (011) 277-3584 Anita - I do it all for love.

Come get wild with me - Tel: (011) 282-2594 Carla°, 23, pumping-iron teacher. Hyper gifted (a cat).

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Sensational oral. Hotel/motel/local - 24 hours - - Tel: (011) 853-3368 Amelinha - I'm the queen of the oral and anal. I wait for you with love and thirst Tel: (011) 277-5106 NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

The women here are those who really enjoy the night."

There are at least 200 women — all pretty, all very young, all very expensive — who live from bar to bar, circulating among similar places like the Caracol Club (Rua Pamplona, 1115 - Tel: (011) 2885344; La Colina Pizzeria (Rua Heitor Penteado, 474 - Tel: (011) 65-5010; III Whisky (Rua Major Diogo, 51 - Tel: (011) 604-7031 and Farwell (Rua Avanhandava, 16 - Tel: (011) 258-2674).

These girls charge from $150 to $450 for a little action and they have an average income of $6,000 a month. Some can make $20,000 or more. It doesn't happen every day but there are those who end up marrying a customer, getting an expensive jewel as gift, or being surprised even with a new car.

In a career with the shortest of life spans, these girls, who normally dream of becoming top models but give up because of the competition, end up making less ambitious plans like traveling to Europe, buying a house or opening a boutique.

FOR SWINGERS ONLY

In Sao Paulo, there are at least 200 women — all pretty, all very young, all very expensive — who live from bar to bar, circulating among similar places like the Caracol Club, La Colina Pizzeria, Ill Whisky. They can charge from $150 to $450 for a little action.

Another option for those looking for sex in Sao Paulo is the saunas mistas (coed saunas) where the women are prostitutes who work for the establishment. Most of these houses are located in a strip of Rua Augusta closer to downtown, the other extremity of the street being flanked by sophisticated boutiques.

Don't look for sophistication in the saunas, however. They offer a little bar and a small room with steam where some naked women wait for the hungry wolf. To get inside these places there is a fee that is typically less than $10. Another $10 will guarantee a little cubicle with a bed. The price of sex is negotiable and is discussed directly with the girl.

They start by asking $50, but will settle for around $30 for a session that might last 45 minutes. Before and after the coitus, the customer is invited to take a shower. The use of condom is mandatory. Women are very pleasing and feady to satisfy almost any desire even those of men who would like to have sex with two girls at the same time.

The sauna places at Rua Augusta have names like Café Paris (on the 723- Tel: (011) 259-7871 and Night House (at number 757 - Tel: (011) 258-8414). The girls here are much less sophisticated than their colleagues from the single's bars. They are women like Ana Carolina, who declared in an interview to Ele Ela magazine: "For the most part the customers here are looking for affection and a little relaxation. All they want is to cool down. I don't see myself as a sexual object. I simply fulfill fantasies and perform dramatic roles."

For couples in search of some excitement, Sdo Paulo offers also several swinger clubs. The Paris Texas club (Avenida Pompeia, 678 - Tel: 65-6785) which is a peep show during the week has room for the NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

Couples Meeting on Saturdays. For $40 (minimum consumption) couples are treated to a series of erotic games and plays. One of the favorite is the Magic Tent in which under total darkness a tent with a naked couple inside is brought to the room. Through special holes opened in the tent's fabric, people are encouraged to touch the naked bodies as they please. In another game, well-hung boys chase after the wives. When one of them says yes, she is taken to the dance floor where she is massaged, kissed and sucked in front of everybody.

At Clube Paradise — Rua Correa Dias, 161 - Tel: (011) 570-4457 — couples are encouraged to be creative and to expose themselves. There are six suites where the hottest people can continue what they started in public.

The meetings on Thursdays and Fridays, which cost $50, offer a climate conducive to seduction, with little light and male strippers' shows.

The encounters start always the same way: bashful people going around in bathrobes, drinking and sitting close or inside the Jacuzzi. But the participants usually warm up very fast when thighs, breasts, pubis and genitalia start • to crop up.

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LOS ANGELES NEW YORK MIAMI 17

Letters LESSON NUMBER 1 I disagree with both, Ana Maria Bahiana (author of the book Americafrom A to Z) and Mariano Magalhaes whose letter appeared on the April 1996 issue.

The basic problem many Brazilians have in trying to understand the United States is that we are a democracy. Every four years starting in 1789, we have had a presidential election. Furthermore, democracy is deeply rooted in the American mindset and character. The opposite is true in Latin America.

Most Latins don't seem to have the ability to comprehend that we had the industrial revolution and great inventors such as Henry Ford, Walter P. Chrysler, the Duponts, John Deere, George Washington Carver, etc. Finally, we never had the Counter Reformation and the religious fanatics that Spain and Portugal brought to Latin America.

Milton Peters Northridge, California

BADLY MISSED News from Brazil should apologize to all Paulistas for the biased information provided in the article "The Other Sao Paulo". It's a shame for a Brazilian magazine to publish such bad and poor article without even revising the content provided by the publishing house Lonely Planet. I was especially upset with the section about Santos.

Since I am a Santista I'd like to say a few things that you absolutely missed.

Santos is one of the top 20 international tourism destinations in the country. It's home for many worldwide events including sports, music, festivals, and environmental seminars. The beaches are clean (believe it or not), and also don't forget about the historical importance of the city in politics and avant-garde art production.

Juliano Siqueira fsjcs3@aurora.alaska.edu

UNDER THE SKIN My wife Deborah recently subscribed to your publication and we have been delighted with it, as it offers a balanced, "warts and all" panorama of Brazil. We developed an interest in your country by stages, starting with Formula 1 auto racing (Nelson Piquet), then the music, and on to the politics and history. We have frequently been dismayed by the less than honorable role that the US has played in the latter area.

It was thus a distinct pleasure to find a source of current news, background and You are invited to participate in this dialogue.

Write to: Letters to the Publisher P.O.Box 42536 Los Angeles, CA 90050-0536 or send E-mail to: brazziliarrazzil.com brazilnensWaol.com Please, include a phone number in the event we need to reach you. Thanks! is

opinion. Our only frustration is to be found in the excerpts from some of our favorite authors, as we do not read Portuguese. Anyway, keep up the good work. We enclose a coupon and payment for a gift subscription for our good friend Dan, who shares our interest and will no doubt be as pleased as we are with your magazine. P.S. An article on the activities of Nelson Piquet since his retirement would please us greatly.

Howard Schmitt Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Miami, Florida. Thanks for such an excek. lent magazine!

• Jeff Akers Boulder, Colorado

LET IT GO This is from one of your all-time fans.

Please lose the gifs in you welcome screen (the ones that only say "Back Issues- and -Ads"). Despite the fact that they only say very little they take forever to load. Tell the guy who made such a pretty. muddled. unnecessarily complex WEB page for you to dump the gifs!

I find that I simply don't revisit WEB pages that take so long to load up. I could get a cup of coffee and a sandwich for all the time it takes. It might be different if they were really hip graphics. But they are simply signs with a little bit of an old magazine cover behind it — and in black and white.

4.t1 Gerty Scott-Moore gsm@netcomcons

IN GERMANY, WAITING My husband and I miss a lot the latest news about Brazil brought by your magazine. I am Brazilian and my husband is German and while we were living in Monterey, California, we had a chance to subscribe. My husband does not speak Portuguese neither has he been in Brazil, but through Newsfrom Brazil he started to know about my country and my culture.

We are restarting our subscription and would like to see more ads about travel packages for trips around Brazil. We are planning to go there at the end of this year and are having a hard time finding out travel agencies here in Germany with a good deal to Brazil.

Luciana Barda Dusseldorf, Germany

A MUST I would like to renew my subscription to News from Brazil. Enclosed is a check for $3. News from Brazil is the most interesting and sophisticated journal of Brazilian news and culture published stateside. I consider it indispensable reading..

Samuel Cohn Austin, Texas

FALLING SHORT I have received two issues ofyour magazine and am very impressed. The Economy and Literature sections in particular are interesting although I also am hoping to see a little more current politics included.

Megan Savage Aurora, Colorado

COULDN'T RESIST I loved your magazine so much here's a subscription order for a friend who lives in

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TESTED AND APPROVED After reviewing your publication I was very impressed with your coverage of local and international Brazilian events.

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J. Jorren Austin Burtonsville, Maryland

STUDYING BRAZIL lam from Mexico City and lam studying International Business. Since I am doing a special report about Brazil I would appreciate more information about the main heroes of Brazil and about ethnic groups, as well as the most significant events celebrated in your country.

Mabel Escobar Navarrete al438.501@campus.cem.itesm.mx

ALL THINGS CONSIDERED Thanks for the beautiful coverage of the social, political and economic -climate" of Brazil. Here's my subscription renewal.

Manuel De Moussy San Francisco, California

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Lawmakers have their hands full, in Brazil, these days. The National Congress and the Senate are set to review the country's constitution, not even seven years old and yet subject to substantial, massive technical amendments. At last count, there were close to 500 suggested changes to the "Magna Carta," as is respectably called Would a century be the federal body of laws that guide enough for Brazilian Brazilian institutions. congressmen to conclude It looks like that anything goes: the debate phase on on the table are suggestions ranging from an odd proposal to inreforming the constitution clude freedom of sexual orientaand start the voting? tion as a fundamental goal of the Not really, say some Republic, to a change in the way analysts, the Republic itself is run, from just half jokingly. today's presidentialism to a conRICARDO PAOLETTI gress-centric parliamentarism — an idea already defeated in a general plebiscite five years ago. And all that in an especially turbulent year when municipal elections are set for coming November.

When the current Constitution was approved in October of 1988, it marked the end of a twenty-year period inaugurated by the military coup of 1964, when federal law was something usually associated with the will of the sitting general-president. The collapse of the military regime, caused in large part by human rights abuses and a faltering economy, brought a cry for a complete re-write of the existing laws. So large was the list of social grievances accumulated by the elected constitztintes, as were called the congressmen designated to create the new constitution, that from the outset it was clear that this set of bills would be anything but short and generic. And, once finally approved, it included a built-in provision for the complete revision that is now set to take place.

When this process will be completed is a matter open to heated debate. Political analysts calculate that, at its current pace.

Congress would need not more and not less than 120 years to debate and vote all the suggested amendments. Not an acceptable prognostic by Brazilian president Fernando Henrique Cardoso's measure. He wants the constitution revision done by September, so one of his most cherished amendments, the one permitting his own re-election, could be debated before the heat of the local elections' season.

Politicians loyal to the administration, with their optimism set to the highest possible levels, calculated that they could get the job done in about six months. To help smooth the course of the debate and guarantee a comfortable majority of votes for the administration's proposals, president Cardoso decided to promote a wholesale change of ministries this past April, offering seats in the powerful secretaries of

Tough law

20

Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, and Political Issues to new allies.

But such a move still has to prove to be enough to counterweight blunders like the one that stopped in its tracks the reform of the Social Securities program, a major set of rules up for discussion. It just so happened that the minister of the Supremo Tribunal Federal, Brazil's high court, wasn't happy with the course of the debates and decided to decree its suspension. "As a citizen, I wish that the 1988 laws could be practiced and experienced a little more", justified the minister Marco Aurelio de Mello. Mello's decree was finally reverted, but the delay was enough to make even administration loyalists, the ones in a hurry, admit that the bulk of the reforms wouldn't be set to vote until next year.

Such admission has raised red flags in the real world of economics and labor relations. Labor unions want social reforms quick, and business associations think that the country's new currency, the Real, widely credited with the flattening of the inflation rate from a monthly 40% to close to 0%, isn't strong enough to go undamaged through such a long period of uncertainty.

To make the congressmen feel their urgency, workers and employers are considering the unheard of idea of promoting a general work stoppage by mutual agreement. "Congress can't turn their backs on society. We don't have time to spare. If we're left with no choice, we will stop to promote advancement", says Sao Paulo's Industries Federation (FIESP) president, Carlos Eduardo Moreira Ferreira, a conservative businessman turned social agitator by circumstance.

He certainly has a point, since history stubbornly won't stop waiting for the new set of reformed laws. Late last April, a massacre of more than 30 rallying peasants in Central Brazil by troops from the State of Para's Military Police brought to the surface the issue of land distribution in the country — and, once again, resuscitated and offered new blood to the debate on agrarian reform, an issue more than 30 years old that the insurgent military put to rest in 64, along with the existing Constitution.

Now, the Agrarian Reform will compete for a spot in the limelight with suggestions like mandatory public service by all graduates from state universities; or the extinction of a most disrespected law, the 12% limit on annual interest rate charged for bank loans; or the creation of a special seat in the Senate for retired Presidents. Or, yet, the introduction of death penalty — the very first of all the amendment suggestions, filed when the 1988 Constitution was only one day old.

• NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

For many years, the northeast portion of Brazil has United States and Asia. And many other major world airlines like been considered, the black hole of the country . Many Air France, Lufthansa and Al italia flies to the northeast as well. past governments invested millions of dollars in infraA long time believer in the region's potential is the ex-formula structure projects which were never finished because one pilot, Nikki I .auda, who through his Lauda Air offers weekly some of the funds were funneled into the pockets of flights from Europe to beautiful Porto Seguro (Bahia) since the corrupt-politicians, or because inflation increased the late 1980s. Besides Porto Seguro, other major tourist destinations final price of the projects so much that there was not are Salvador and Itaparica (Bahia), Maceio (Alagoas), Recife and Olinda (Pernambuco), Joao Pessoa (Paraiba), Natal (Rio Grande enough money to finish the work.

The northeast has also been a region with innumer- do Norte), and Fortaleza (Ceara).

Yet, it is off the coast of Bahia and Pernambuco, Abrolhos and able political scandals. The impeached ex-President Fernando Collor de Mello comes from there. So does the Fernando de Noronha respectively, that paradise rests. The two so-called gang "Anoes do Orcamento" (the dwarves of archipelagos are filled with submarine caves, 1500s wrecked the government budget) who robbed millions of dollars. caravels, colorful reefs, and a diversified marine life. It is a diver's More recently, the federal government had to intervene dream. file area needs infra-structure however. The Banco do Nordeste in Bahia's Banco Economic° which after many years of financing political campaigns had accumulated a series do Brasil (BNB), to boost investments from local entrepreneurs, raised the credit lines available from $900 million in 1994 to $2.9 of bad debts.

The region is home for many political demagogues billion in 1995. Furthermore, the Cardoso government has promstill very active on the national political arena. People ised an increase of resources to the local economy through the like the ex-congressman, ex-governor, ex-president and BNDES (National Bank for State Development).

Meanwhile some businessmen are jumping at the opportunity presently the leader of the Senate, Jose Sarney and the many times ex-governor, ex-congressman and presently to catch the wave of increasing profits in the region. Suarez, a Senator Antonio Carlos Magalhaes (ACM). Add to them contractor company from Bahia for example, has two ongoing Calmon de SĂĄ, Economico's owner, twice Minister of projects for new resort hotels with 340 apartments on the capital Commerce and Industry, former Banco do Brasil's presi- Salvador and on the ltaparica Island, right off the coast. Furthermore, the Keynoox Company from Miami is building a theme park dent.

There are many signs, however, that this Brasil re/ho after Brazilian folklore figures in Fortaleza, and another Ameri(old Brazil) is over. Many of these swindles have been can, Wet . n Wild, is constructing an aquatic park in Salvador.

The region's vast virgin coastal beaches of white sand and blue disclosed and the parties involved exposed to public opinion that will judge them on the ballot. That makes water, and the all-year sunny weather creates the perfect environfor a very promising future for the northeastern Brazil, ment for the new world's playground. Besides, the charming and with high levels of expectation from private entrepre- pleasant people of the region makes the place a welcome tourist attraction. The Disney Company has been researching the Brazil's neurs.

Recently the region has been receiving great amounts northeast for its new Tropical Disneyland Park, a sure success.

The president of Abri I Group and editor of magazines Veja and of private investments and the state governments are doing their jobs to attract such investments to the region. Excime, Roberto Civ ita, stated during the seminar that "we are Last March, a seminar promoted by the Exame magazine going to show the world that the Northeast is not only potential, gathered a group of seven state governors and 500 but a reality.- "I ourism could become the Northeast's new ecopeople between entrepreneurs and politicians. The one nomic cycle.

In 1995, the region's GDP of $99 billion grew 9.8 percent day seminar debated over the means to eliminate the while the country grew by 5.4 percent. In the past few years, 1,017 obstacles that still exist for developing the Northeast.

One of the main focus of the seminar was to explore new industries set up production plants in the area generating 300 what the region has in abundance: natural beauty. Ac- thousand new jobs, and another 100 thousand will surge in the ake of 250 ongoing industrial projects in the region. cording to the World Trade Organization (WTO). in The Northeast already' hosts some of Brazil's biggest multina1995, tourism generated $563 billion worldwide, and among the emerging economies, Brazil's revenue from tionals, like Aracruz Cel I ulose and theOdebrech Group. Odebrech is a construction giant present in every continent, and with projects tourism reached $2.1 billion (ranked 11). in 21 countries, including the United States (builder ofCalifornia's The amount is not great north-south aqueduct). Furthergiven the 1995's Brazilian more, some of Brazil's most profgross domestic product itable plants are located in the (GDP) of $680 billion.NevNortheast (i.e., the Vicunha Group ertheless, the WTO regisand Grendene Shoes). tered a 5 percent increase However, the scant population from 1994 revenues. is another one of the problems in, The president of TAM the region. The per capita income Airlines, Rolim Amaro, of $2,500 is half of the country's stated that "in 1994, 213 $5,000, illiteracy rate reaches 37 thousand tourists were percent while 18 percent in the rest brought to the northeast of Brazil, and life expectancy is 64 Apparently cleaned from its from other parts of Brazil." in the Northeast and 67 overall. endemic corruption, the Brazilian Amaro believes that after The governor of Ceara, Tasso northeast seems ready to take its the tremendous increase in Jereissati, advocated during the place in a modern and developed 1995, the inflow of tourists seminar that the northeast does not only from the rich regions new Brazil. An American company of southern Brazil will reach need government subsidies. "The is building a theme park in the area I million travelers in 1996. success of the region depends much with Brazilian folklore characters.

Furthermore, the two more on the Real Plan (Brazil's And even Disney is thinking about major Brazilian airlines, economic stabilization program installing there its Tropical VARIG and VASP, offer Disneyland. that cut inflation to 20 percent per several international flights year) than on subsidies from the connecting the northeastern CARLOS EMMANUEL DA FONSECA BARRETO central power," he stated. â&#x20AC;˘ capitals to Europe, the

Promising land

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

create a group within the community to analyze what had happened.

"Astonishing as it sounds, there wasa „ positive side to the massacre, he noted. "Vigario Geral got on the map. That made it easier for us to be heard.”

Out of the weekly meetings Ferraz organized the Community m

Three weeks after having received an award from President Fernando Henrique Cardoso for his work with favelados (shanty town dwellers), Caio Ferraz, a sociologist and favelado himself, asked for exile in the US. He couldn't take the death threats of police anymore when they started following his wife and one and a half -year-old daughter. "I wasn't born to be a dead hero," he said.

In Boston, Caio Ferraz, 27, a prominent Brazilian sociologist, now in exile in the US since the beginning of the year, explains his situation as "very strange, very different from 100% of the Brazilians who come over here." Ferraz openly denounced police corruption in the state of Rio de Janeiro after the massacre of 21 people in the favela (shanty town) of Vigatio Geral in 1994. The carnage happened two houses far from his own. Victims were innocent people killed by the military police in revenge for the homicide of four policemen.

"It wasn't time to sit do wn and ponder about death and injustice," Ferraz said. He decided to

The revenge On August 28, 1994, the military police discovered through a tapped phone line that the drug dealers of Vigario Geral were about to receive a shipping of 70 kg of cocaine paste (approximately 154 pounds).

The estimated value of the quantity was of $1.5 million.

The Running Horses, a group of policemen involved in corruption and extermination, tried to obstruct the shipment in order to use it for sabotage. The group arrests the drug and deals with the drug lords to exchange it for money. An exact role reversal.

The drug lords of V igario Geral managed to change the route of the shipment, but in a subsequent conflict with the Running Horses, four policemen were killed. The group of 60 policemen swore revenge. For each policeman killed they said they would kill ten criminals.

On August 29, 1994 at the funeral of the four policemen, the group decided to go to Vig,ario Geral to put the plan into effect and 22

t ofAcVco (Mocom viegne). igrding ari° tGerhal sociologist, the basic idea was toe discuss what could be done to th e mmunity. "We could have eir waited for justice or tried to achieve justice with our own work," he told News from Brazil - recently. "We had to show society the peoplewho live in shanty towns are honest; we exist, we can also be intellectual, we can also produce culture."

The group had the idea of buying the house where the family was killed to make it into the headquarters for Mocovige. "We wanted to transform the house of death Into the house of life. A house of war into a house of peace, Ferraz said.

The House of Peace was inauurated on June 4, 1995 even hough initially there was no financial support. With the help of the federal bank of Brazil (Caixa Economica Federal), the group got the money for the house. Support followed as local entities and artists started to donate from construction material to sculptures and pictures that could be auctioned for money.

ge

capture the cocaine shipment.

They went there and exchanged gun shots with the drug dealers.

After that they got into a bar and asked everybody . for their IDs. According to the bar's owners the policemen were intoxicated. They started to shoot at everybody and they left the bar after throwing a hand grenade inside. Only two men survived.

On the way out of the bar, the policemen bumped into a boy that was on his way home from church.

Angry, the policemen killed the boy as he ran into the house. They invaded the house and started killing everybody there too. In all eight people were killed in the house, including a girl who had just turned 15 and five kids. The older was 11, the younger had just one month old.

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

The project was recognized by the Iitteramerican Bank of Deveh,nrent that promised to invest $123.000 ve- a period of two years. Reaching the international Immunity, the House of Peace also got support from the Netherlands that donated eight computers. The European CO211111litlity developed a health project together with the+ group Doctors Without Borders that assists 600 people monthly; the mayor of Geneva, Swizzerland, &mated the funds for a nursery that takes care of over 83 kids, and the clothing chain C&A onated equipment that has allowed 120 enagerssilk-sae= to get a job.

AmaestyaInternational ttc and offered Ferraz a position as visiting , scholar A e enter for International studies of the university.

Ferrazis far from Brazil, he said he will not allow' ,t_h_e.,disitance to interrupt his work. "I ant only physically disianT,„ he comments. He is often in contact with the House of Peace through faxes and phone calls. "I am happy to know that thhipsearHeouse of freally well there. going The Peace now building a three-story building gthhtw eheeabtw soinofw ialto• that tei_ ,t was epxaeptclipoosrdgn oiedjdieetcaio otnw o forkdi the dayr, of th e' soanidlheprsoim massacre. "I‘l we have full r an acceptance from the society, have to keep that Ferra spreading project to other shantyntowgnisveofu theh 'count country. ' "Citizenship ng the is only made available through p eop e educated, who 1 lew hoa have access to the machinery of culture— throughpeople who can make their own culture important for fturegenerations ” he concluded. io Ferraz can be contacted at P0B7IC57,Solervile: '

The House of 'Peace also has a project for handipped people. Vie couldn't forget that there are a lot people mutilated by the violence around that area," commented the activist.

With the community involvement on the project, tz and the members of Mocovige started to teach people about their rights and duties as citizens. The idewas to teach people how to react when the police ,acted illegally. They were taught to file complaints, to mA143_uSA-CasadaP21:Te141IinBrazil 55-21'372-9373"E-mail'casadapaz@a .tbase.org br iakb a basic account of what oing on so that the case uki be preset ted to Rio's INTERNATIONAL TOURS clarity authorities. ° Every time the police LOS ANGELES INC. -would get into Vigirio Geral, the group was oh the lookout.

Soon, the polize started to threaten them pack. "I was -threatened directly, but they couldn't stop iny work unless BOGOTA 458 they'd kill me,"Ferraz added. ; positive that the threats LIMA 648 Came from the police. "I am (2 cities, 3 bags) PERU 683 T6K10 1569 sure about that because I saw ECUADOR 659 who- they were they threatOSAKA 605 ened me personally. I know SANTIAGO CHILE 855 NAGOYA 595 that crimmals don't threaten, BUENOS AIRES 633 SEUL 510 im-inals kill."

LA PAZ BOLIVIA 825 ° During the same time that HONG-KONG Ferraz was suffering these MONTEVIDEO 793 death threats, hereceived sev770 ASUNCION eral awards for his work at MENDOZA 899 VigArio Geral, including one given him by President Fernando Idenrique Cardoso, the National Human Rights Award on December 1995.

The problem is that, accord:1g to Ferraz, the federal government gave the award but EXAMPLES: not the security needed so that lie could stay in Brazil.

SAO PAULO $619 At the end of December RIO - RECIFE - SALVADOR $638 5 Ferraz's wife and baby daughter were -followed by PORTO ALEGRE - IGUAZU $715 police cars. "I knew that now was the time to leave," he PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE said. Six years ago his brother was killed by Police after they mistook him fora cocaine traf688 W. BAKER ST. - SUITE 3 321 E. 2ND ST. - SUITE 1001 -ckir. Ferraz ccntact d Am LOS ANGELES, CA 90012 COSTA MESA, CA 92626 sty International, which had (213) 613-0943 (ENG.) (ENG.) (714) 668-1175 started a campaign it favor of (213) 613-1521 (SPA.) (714) 668-0515 (SPA.) his work and forwhich he has worked as a volunteer for over three years now. Elizabeth 2130 SAWTELLE BLVD - SUITE 112 9841 AIRPORT BLVD. - SUITE 506 eedes, a professor at the LOS ANGELES, CA 90025 LAX, CA 90045 las.iachusetts institute of (310) 575-4544 (ENG. ONLY) (310) 641-4894 (ENG. ONLY) -echnology, ieached the

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NEWS rom BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

23

The racial cul-de-sac Brazilians should be teaching the world and the US in particular the way to an integrated ethnically mixed society. Unfortunately, however, they seem to be adhering to the manicheistic way North Americans see the world: black and white.

WILLIAM JAVIER NELSON

Valeria Valenssa, celebrated model

24

Years ago, Brazil was a society which celebrated the mixtures of colors which contributed to its meslicagem. Hundreds of ways in which Indians, Africans and Portuguese blended together contributed to a myriad of color terms. Brazilians seemed to have been proud of being mixed and proud of being Brazilians first and color second. Nowadays, Brazilian cultural prerogatives appear to dictate a fitting of all of these colors into "black" and "white" and the stage seems to b set for a great "black--"white" war such as has been engaged in by the North Americans for many years.

North Americans have made a science of distilling multiple physical types into the bi-polar conflict groups, "black" and "white. Perhaps Brazilian present mania for dividing itself into' blacV and "white" is part of the imitative process whereby some cultures copy everything North American. A word of warning, though; the North Americans perhaps are moving in another direction: Brazilians might be imitating the wrong trend.

"Race" in the US "Race" has always been a common topic of discussion for North Americans. Common as it is, most North Americans have never questioned the definitional system which makes possible the discussion in the first place. The "black" and "white" North American conflict groups are so defined based on the "hypodescent" rule (a term invented by two US anthropologists, Marvin Harris and Conrad Phillip Kottak, who made extensive cross cultural studies using Brazil as one of the points of reference).

Quite simply, hypodescent states that, in the case of a sexual union between parents of different "races", the offspring automatically takes on the status of the lower caste parent.

Therefore a sexual union between a "black" and "white" invariably produces a "black" (even though this "black" is now a mulatto), Moreover, if this mulatto also has sexual relations with a person of the "white group, his offspring will also be labeled as "black". The hypodescent rule does several things: first, it eliminates African ancestry from the "white" population. Second, it establishes two very rigidly defined social groups.

Third, it discourages intermarriage. Fourth, it encourages a mind set in which one thinks o immutable "races" in which people are placed for life.

This system has been in effect for many years in the United States.

Ironically, both the "black" and "white" groups support the rule. The "blacks" support it because it increases the numbers of persons labeled as "black-. The "whites" embrace it because there are enough "whites" in the US so that partial "whites" are not needed for numerical and cultural dominance.

However, some rumblings have been occurring in the US. Adherence to the hypodescent rule has been facing challenges from new quarters.

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1995

e Multiracial Movement oolang at "race". Rather, they are quick to use his rigid The multiracial movement hass grown in the S categories to their advantage. I have seen many mulatto,. ecent years. This is partly due to an increase in marriages Dominicans (who have fooled the North Americans into in the US that have been classed as "interracial": thinking that their dark skin color is due to "Indian" • Thirteen percent of all African-American men ,in the ancestry) patronize North American "blacks' as though Western part of the United States are marrie en ithey themselves do not have the dreaded African ances classed as "white". try.

• From 1970 to 1991, the number of "mixed-race What makes this so preposterous is that the native married couples increased from 310,000 to 994,000.

"Indians" (Tainos) on the island of Hispaniola (home of • For "black" and "white" parents, births increased the Dominican Republic) were largely eliminated within' from 8,700 in 1968 to 45,000 in 1989. he first century of the Discovery. Dominicans are Afri• Seventy-one percent of teens say that can and Spanish (with some Taino). Since we are mixed, out with someone of a different "race". we are all. And none of these. Brazilians can say the same • In 1990, there were nearly 2,000,000 children under thing, except that "Portuguese" can be substituted for 18 whom the census classified as "of a different race than "Spanish" and the "Indian" contingent is larger. one or both of their parents".

What is in the Offing?

Many of the children of "interracial" In spite of any intransigence by BrazilFO R MORE unions no longer adhere to the "hypoians or other Latinos, "racial" lines in the, descent" rule. One of the leaders of the United States will become less rigid and INFO RMATION multiracial movement, Charles Michael, more flexible (like the Brazil of old).

Byrd (editor of Interracial Voice), is o reasons for this are all demographic: (I) Interracial Voice website: partial African ancestry, but is not wii ng I) There has been a vast increase to ignore the other part of his heritage: http://www.webcom.com/ immigration of "non-white" peoples The same thing goes for Ramon intvoice/ Latin America and Asia.

Douglass, president of the Association of 2) "Interracial" marriages will continue Access to this website puts the MultiEthnic Americans. In the past, "rato increase as will their rate of increase. browser into contact with huncially mixed" persons rebelling against the dreds of resources and thou3) Birth rates for persons classed as hypodescent rule have encountered opposi- sands of titles concerning the "black" and "Hispanic"are outstripping the tion from both "blacks" and "whites".

US inter-"racial" experience. "white" birth rate, further eroding the mu=-' "Whites", in the past, had reacted to merical percentage of persons classed mixed persons with blanket rejection. (2) Race Traitor journal "white".

PO Box 603 —Cambridge.

"Blacks" have heaped scorn on mixed per4) More and more children of "interrasons by alleging that they have been "de- Massachusetts 02140-0005 cial" unions are using more varied and selfserters" to the "black cause". Years ago.„,, The purpose of this journal is a identifying terms when describing them- Aq such social mechanisms were effective.' reassessment of the non- cul- selves.

Now, however, as the country becomes more tural. non-linguistic, non-naSuch demographics point to a United diverse with immigrants from Latin Ameri- tional term of "w hite".

States which is far more varied than can be E.g., there is no language named can and Asia, and with the "white" populacontained by the two "racial" combat groups tion becoming less of a dominant percent-- "white" nor any country named of "black" and "white". Time magazine did age of the population, "racially" mixed per-,' -white". According to the a story on this phenomenon in the fall of* Chronicle ofHigher Education sons have found social space to exist in the 1993. A young woman was featured on the this is the most significant "raUnited States. cover. cial- social science breakTheir questioning of the "racial" status through in recent years.

What made this woman so unusual wa quo has, in Byrd's words, "blown the lid off that she was a computer-generated commost people's perceptions of race." posite of eight or ten "racial" and ethnic r: Whither Latinos? groups. A year or so later, Newsweek ran a cover story Ironically, Brazilians and other Latinos in the United outlining the tremendous physical variation of persons States could have been useful to the success of the multilabeled as "black" in the United States. In this story, the% racial movement (at least in the short term). Most Brazilhypodescent rule was clearly a focus. These cover stories ians are aware that the hypodescent rule is ridiculous. merely reflect the changing demographics of the Unitedv Most are aware that even Brazilians identified as "white" States. "White" backlash interests, ranging from "conser= can have African ancestry. vative" magazines to anti-immigration initiatives to., Most are far more flexible in their "racial" conscious"white" males joining paramilitary organizations in the, ness than even the most liberal North American. Howcountryside, also reflect this reality (in the form of fear oft ever, Brazilians and other Latinos are also practical. [As• the coming demographic changes).

I am from the Dominican Republic, I can speak from Because of an apparent increase in the cultural imexperience]. Latinos are aware that the "whites" control perative stressing the desirability of "whiteness" (as opmost cultural, economic, educational and political instituposed to being mixed), Brazil has an excellent chance o tions in the United States. They generally alter their squandering its heritage of "mesticagem" and "racial' "racial" perceptions to fit in with the dominant society. mixing and evolving, instead, into a society dichotomized ' Straight hair and olive skin allow Latinos to call into "white" and "black". themselves "white" or at least "not-black" so as to fit in As anybody can guess, stressing "whiteness, lea with what's in vogue. They are slow to use their insights exclusion of those not fortunate enough r tO posses to help bridge any gaps between "blacks" and "whites"% "racial" requirements.

Nor do they go out of their way to admit to African Stressing nationality over color while atthe same tun ancestry, since that, to a North American, constitutes' emphasizing that being mixed is not a bad thing could being 100% "black" (regardless of physical appearance). have led us in another, saner direction. Ironically, ou Lastly, they are hesitant to use their "racial" sophisticaimitative focus (the United States) could be moving i tion to introduce to the North American new ways that saner direction.

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996'::

The press release for the Goldman Enviconsidered a prime example of grass ronment Prize describes the 1996 winners as roots' resistance to environmental as-heroes of the earth." The press release does sault. not exaggerate.

But not everyone was persuaded by This year the six people awarded the top Mendes' peaceful beliefs. In 1988 he environmental prize on the planet include a was murdered by rancher Darcy Alves. young Mexican who refused to stop his "grass "When they killed Chico, they thought roots" activities in the forests of Chihuahua they would kill the movement," said despite three attempts on his life by drug Silva, who had a price on her head during lords and logging companies. Also included much of this period. "But the movement among the winners is an Ugandan journalist is now bigger and stronger than ever." who used the front pages of his paper to Proof. One of Mendes' dreams was to expose dangerous illegal mining and wildlife create sustainable extractive reserves in smuggling rings. the rain forest where useful products And very, very high among the "heroes such as rubber and nuts could be reof the earth" is Marina Silva. At 38, Silva ks moved without destroying the forest. the first seringueira ever elected to the BraLargely through Silva's continuing aczilian Federal Senate. In Brasilia, and throughtivities, Acre today has extractive reout the rest of the country, she is known as; serves covering two million hectares of dedicated fighter for the Amazonian rain forforest, managed by the traditional comest and its traditional people. munities that inhabit them.

In San Francisco recently to collect her Another proof of progress. In 1994, share of the Goldman Prize which include a Silva — impoverished !libber tapper, il$75,000 check, the dark-eyed, fragile-lookliterate teen-ager, worker-activist, tradiing Silva spoke, eloquently about the mistional outsider—became an insider, the conceptions that still persist about her home first seringueira ever elected to the Braterritory. zilian Federal Senate, a person in a pow"Amazonia is not an empty space that erful position to represent the rain forest needs to be occupied. It has been occupied by and the rights of the people who live traditional people, doing different activities, there. for thousands of years."

Just as, earlier, the sweep of cattleSilva's large, impoverished family which owners into the Amazon was an obvious lived in Rio Branco, Acre, were among these invasion of the territory, more recently a people. By 11 she was hunting, fishing and more subtle invasion has also been going rubber tapping. Unschooled and illiterate, on. It is one in which researchers and she had formal knowledge in only one area— laboratories take the genetic resources of she knew just enough arithmetic to keep ruba region for their own profit no matter ber buyers from cheating her family. what the cost to the community or, for At 16, the still illiterate girl caught hepathat matter, to the country as a whole. titis and went to the city, alone, for treatment Working as One of Silva's main pieces of legislation has been a a maid by day, she attended classes by night, In three years law to limit access to genetic resources and give tradishe had raced through elementary school, junior high tional people a voice in their control. But even with school and high school in record time. improvements, Silva has mixed feelings about the progress At 20, with a bachelor's degree in history she was being made towards improving life in Amazonia. deeply involved in the student movement fighting the "Yes, the Cardoso government has many good people military dictatorship. in it, with good experience, concerned about social and But true commitment came in the early 1980's when she returned to Acre and began working with rubberagrarian reforms. But mostly the government is contapper leader, Chico Mendes. cerned about economic stabilization, fighting inflation.

Today, there is an almost mythic ring to the struggle of Until the government is willing to invest in education, job the seringueiros against the cattle programs, health care ranchers who were destroying the and agrarian reform, forest, and destabilizing their comuntil the government is munities. In those days it was more willing to commit real immediate, more dangerous. resources, unrest will With everything on their side, continue, people will go including government subsidies, on dying, like the :20 the powerful ranchers demanded killed recently in demmore and more pasture land, usonstrations in Para." ing any means of persuasion they At 16, when cisease forced her to go But Silva still hopes could. Rural violence escalated. to see a better world, one to the city, rubber-tapper Marina Silva The local economy plunged. in which we will finally was still illiterate. Twenty two years Clearly, something had to d to learn "not to sacrifice the turn the situation around. later, now a serator in the Brazilian treasure of m i 1 lenn ia for The "something" were the the profits of a decade." congress, she comes to the US to ovules, huge but peaceful demSays she, "St. Thomas receive a prize for her work in onstrations by seringueiros which said to see is to believe. literally stopped ranch hands in preserving the environment.

I think we must invert their tracks and convinced them that. To see, first we to end their destruction of the forVIOLET WELLES must believe!"

• est. Even today, the empates are

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NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

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NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

The Alienist — The Green House is a private jail, commented a doctor.

Never before had an opinion been accepted so fast. Private jail: that's what everyone was saying from north to south and from east to west of Itaguai, — with fear, that's true, because during the week following the one in which poor Mateus was jailed, twenty people or so, — two or three well respected — were taken to the Green House.

MACHADO DE ASSIS

0 Terror ... continued from the May issue — A Casa Verde é urn carcere privado, disse urn medico sem clinica.

Nunca uma opinia'o pegou e grassou tao rapidamente: eis o que se repetia de norte a sul e de leste a oeste de Itaguai, — a medo, e verdade, porque durante a semana que se seguiu a captura do pobre Mateus, vinte e tantas pessoas, — duas ou tres de consideracao, — foram recolhidas a Casa Verde. 0 alienista dizia que sit• eram admitidos casos patolOgicos, mas pouca gente Ihe dava ctedito.

Sucediam-se as versOes populares. Virmanca, cobica de dinheiro, castigo de Deus, monomania do prOprio medico, piano secreto do Rio de Janeiro corn o fim de destruir em ltaguai qualquer germe de prosperidade que viesse a brotar, arvorecer, florir, corn desdouro e mingua daquela cidade, mil outras explicacOes, que nao explicavam nada, tat era o produto diario da imaginacao publica.

Nisto chegou do Rio de Janeiro a esposa do alienista, a tia, a mu [her do Crispim Soares, e toda a mais cornitiva, — ou quase toda — que algumas semanas antes partira de Itagual. 0 alienista foi recebe-la, corn o boticario, o padre Lopes, os vereadores e varios outros magistrados. 0 momento em que D. Evarista pÔS os olhos na pessoa do marido é considerado pelos cronistas do tempo como um dos mais sublimes da historia moral dos homens, e isto pelo contraste das duas naturezas, ambas extremas, ambas egregias. D. Evarista soltou urn grito, — balbuciou uma palavra e atirou-se ao consorte — de urn gesto que nao se pode melhor definir do que comparando-o a uma mistura de ono e rota. Nao assim o ilustre Bacamarte; frio como diagruistico, sem desengoncar por urn instante a rigidez cientifica, estendeu os bracos a dona que caiu neles e desmaiou. Curto incidente; ao cabo de dois minutos D. Evarista recebia os cumprimentos dos amigos e o prestito punha-se em marcha.

D. Evarista era a esperanca de Itaguai; contava-se corn eta para minorar o flagelo da Casa Verde. Dai as aclamacees publicas, a imensa gente que atulhava as ruas, as flamu las, as flores e damasmos as janelas. Corn o braco apoiado no do padre Lopes — porque o eminente confiara a mulher ao vigario e acompanhava-os a passo meditativo — D. Evarista voltava a cabeca a urn lado e outro, curiosa, inquieta, petulante. 0 vigario indagava do Rio de Janeiro.

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

29

que ele ndo vira desde o vice-reinado anterior, e D. Evarista respondia entusiasmada que era a coisa mais bela que podia haver no mundo. 0 passeio p6blico estava acabado, um paraiso onde eta fora muitas vezes, e a Rua das Betas Noites, o chafariz das Marrecas... Ah! o chafariz das Marrecas! Eram mesmo marrecas — feitas de metal e despejando agua pela boca fora. Uma coisa galantissima. 0 vigario dizia que sim, que o Rio de Janeiro devia estar agora muito mais bonito. Se já o era noutro tempo! Ndo admira, major do que Itaguai e, demais, sede do governo... Mas ndo se pode dizer que Itaguai fosse feio; tinha betas casas, a casa do Mateus, a Casa Verde...

— A prop6sito de Casa Verde, disse o padre Lopes escorregando habilmente para o assunto da ocasido, a senhora vem achd-la muito cheia de gente.

— Sim? — E verdade. Ld esta o Mateus...

— 0 albardeiro?

— 0 albardeiro; esta o Costa, a prima do Costa, e Fulano, e Sicrano, e...

— Tudo isso doido?

— Ou quase doido, obtemperou o padre.

— Mas entdo?

0 vigario derreou os cantos da boca, a maneira de quern ndo sabe de nada ou ndo quer dizer tudo; resposta vaga, que se ndo pode repetir a outra pessoa por falta de texto. D. Evarista achou realmente extraordinario que toda aquela gente ensandecesse; um ou outro, vá; mas todos? Entretanto custava-lhe duvidar; o marido era urn sabio; ndo recolheria ninguem a Casa Verde sem prova evidente de loucura.

— Sem duvida... sem dfivida... ia pontuando o vigario.

Tres horas depois cerca de cinquenta convivas sentavam-se em volta da mesa de Simdo Bacamarte; era o jantar das boas-vindas. D. Evarista foi o assunto obrigado dos brindes, discursos, versos de toda a casta, metdforas, amplificacOes, apOlogos. Eta era a esposa do novo Hipocrates, a musa da ciencia, anjo, divina, aurora, caridade, vida, consolacdo; trazia nos olhos duas estrelas segundo a versa° modesta de Crispim Soares e dois sois no conceito de um vereador. 0 alienista ouvia essas coisas urn tanto enfastiado, mas sem visivel impaciencia. Quando muito, dizia ao ouvido da mulher que a retorica permitia tais arrojos sem significacdo. D. Evarista fazia esforcos para aderir a esta opinido do marido; mas, ainda descontando tres quartas partes das louvaminhas, ficava muito corn que enfunar-lhe a alma. Um dos oradores, por exemplo, Martim Brito, rapaz de vinte e cinco anos, pintalegrete acabado, curtido de namoros e aventuras, declamou urn discurso em que o nascimento de D. Evarista era explicado pelo mais singular dos reptos. "Deus, disse ele, depois de dar o universo ao homem e a mulher, esse diamante e essa perola da coroa divina (e o orador arrastava triunfalmente esta frase de uma ponta a outra da mesa), Deus quis vencer a Deus e criou D. Evarista."

D. Evarista baixou os olhos corn exemplar modestia.

Duas senhoras, achando a cortesanice excessiva e audaciosa, interrogaram os olhos do dono da casa; e, na verdade, o gesto do alienista pareceu-lhes nublado de suspeitas, de ameacas e provavelmente de sangue. 0 atrevimento foi grande, pensaram as duas damas. E uma 30

e outra pediam a Deus que removesse qualquer epis6dio tragico — ou que o adiasse ao menos para o dia seguinte. Sim, que o adiasse. Uma delas, a mais piedosa, chegou a admitir consigo mesma que D. Evarista ndo merecia nenhuma desconfianca, tdo longe estava de ser atraente ou bonita. Uma simples agua-morna. Verdade é que, se todos os gostos fossem iguais, o que seria do amarelo? Esta iddia fe-la tremer outra vez, embora menos; menos, porque o alienista sorria agora para o Martin Brito e, levantados todos, foi ter corn ele e falou-lhe do discurso. Ndo lhe negou que era um improviso brilhante, cheio de rasgos magnificos. Seria dele mesmo a ideia relativa ao nascimento de D. Evarista ou te-la-ia encontrado em algum autor que?... Ndo, senhor; era dele mesmo; achou-a naquela ocasido e pareceu-lhe adequada a urn arroubo oratorio. De resto, suas iddias eram antes arrojadas do que ternas ou jocosas. Dava para o epic°. Uma vez, por exemplo, compels uma ode A queda do Marques de Pombal, em que dizia que esse ministro era o "dragdo asperrimo do Nada" esmagado pelas "garras vingadoras do Todo"; e assim outras mais ou menos fora do comum; gostava das ideias sublimes e raras, das imagens grandes e nobres...

— Pobre mop! pensou o alienista. E continuou consigo: — Tratx-se de urn caso de lesdo cerebral: fenomeno sem gravidade, mas digno de estudo...

D. Evarista ficou estupefata quando soube, tres dias depois, que o Martin Brito fora alojado na Casa Verde.

Um moco que tinha ideias tdo bonitas! As duas senhoras atribuiram o fato a alines do alienista. Ndo podia ser outra coisa; realmente, a declaracdo do moco fora audaciosa demais.

Ciinnes? Mas como explicar que, logo em seguida, fossem recolhidos Jose Borges do Couto Leme, pessoa estimdvel, o Chico das cambraias, folgazdo emerito, o escrivdo Fabricio e ainda outros? 0 terror acentuou-se.

Ndo se sabia já quern estava sdo, nem quern estava doido. As mulheres, quando os maridos saiam, mandavam acender uma lamparina a Nossa Senhora; e nem todos os maridos eram valorosos, alguns ndo andavam fora sem um ou dois capangas. Positivamente o terror. Quem podia emigrava. Urn desses fugitivos chegou a ser preso a duzentos passos da vita. Era urn rapaz de trinta anos, amdvel, conversado, polido, tdo polido que nao cumprimentava alguem sem levar o chapeu ao chao; na rua, acontecia-lhe correr uma distancia de dez a vinte bracas para ir apertar a mdo a urn homem grave, a uma senhora, as vezes a urn menino, como acontecera ao filho do juiz de fora.

Tinha a vocacdo das cortesias. De resto, devia as boas relacties da sociedade, ndo sO aos dotes pessoais, que eram raros, como a nobre tenacidade corn que nunca desanimava diante de uma, duas, quatro, seis recusas, caras feias, etc. 0 que acontecia era que, uma vez entrado numa casa, ndo a deixava mais, nem os da casa O deixavam a ele, tat) gracioso era o Gil Bernardes. Pois o Gil Bernardes, apesar de se saber estimado, teve medo quando the disseram urn dia que o alienista o trazia de olho; na madrugada seguinte fugiu da vita, mas foi logo apanhado e conduzido a Casa Verde.

— Devemos acabar corn isto!

— Ndo pode continuar!

— Abaixo a tirania!

— Despota! violento! Golias!

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

Nao eram gritos na rua, eram suspiros em casa, mas nao tardava a hora dos gritos. 0 terror crescia; avizinhava-se a rebeliao. A ideia de uma peticao ao governo, para que Simao Bacamarte fosse capturado e deportado, andou por algumas cabecas, antes que o barbeiro Porfirio a expendesse na loja corn grandes gestos de indignacao. Note-se — e essa e uma das laudas mais puras desta sombria histOria— note-se que o Porfirio, desde que a Casa Verde comecara a povoarse tao extraordinariamente, viu crescerem-lhe os lucros pela aplicacao assidua de sanguessugas que dali the pediam; mas o interesse particular, dizia ele, deve ceder ao interesse public°. E acrescentava: — é preciso derrubar o tirano! Note-se mais que ele soltou esse grito justamente no dia em que Simao Bacamarte fizera recolher A Casa Verde um homem que trazia corn ele uma demanda, o Coelho.

— Nao me dirao em que é que o Coelho ë doido? bradou o Porfirio.

E ninguem the respondia; todos repetiam que era urn homem perfeitamente ajuizado. A mesma demanda que ele trazia corn o barbeiro, acerca de uns chaos da vita, era filha da obscuridade de urn alvara e nao da cobica ou Odio. Urn excelente carater o Coelho. Os Unicos desafeicoados que tinha era alguns sujeitos, dizendo-se taciturnos, ou alegando andar corn pressa, mat o viam de longe dobravam as esquinas, entravam nas lojas, etc. Na verdade, ele amava a boa palestra, a palestra comprida, gostada a sorvos largos, e assim é que nunca estava•so, preferindo os que sabiam dizer duas palavras, mas nao desdenhando os outros. 0 padre Lopes, que cultivava o Dante, e era inimigo do Coelho, nunca o via desligar-se de uma pessoa que nao declamasse e emendasse este trecho: La bocca sollevo dal fiero pasto Quel "seccatore"... mas uns sabiam do Odio do padre, e outros pensavam que isto era uma oracao em latim.

VI A rebeliab Cerca de trinta pessoas ligaram-se ao barbeiro, redigiram e levaram uma representacao A Camara.

A Camara recusou aceita-la, declarando que a Casa Verde era uma instituicao pUblica, e que a ciencia nao podia ser emendada por votacao administrativa, menos ainda por movimentos de rua.

—Voltai ao trabalho, concluiu o presidente, é o conselho que vos damos.

A irritacao dos agitadores foi enorme. 0 barbeiro declarou que jam dali levantar a bandeira da rebeliao, e destruir a Casa Verde; que Itaguai nao podia continuar a servir de cadaver aos estudos e experiencias de urn despota; que muitas pessoas estimave is, algumas distintas, outras humildes mas dignas de apreco, jaziam nos cubiculos da Casa Verde; que o despotismo cientifico do alienista complicava-se do espirito de ganancia, visto que os loucos ou supostos tais nab eram tratados de graca: as familias, e em falta delas, a camara pagavam ao alienista...

— E falso! interrompeu o presidente.

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

AO`

1

— Falso?

— Ha cerca de duas semanas recebemos urn oficio do ilustre medico em que nos declara que, tratando de fazer experiencias de alto valor psicolOgico, desiste do estipendio votado pela camara, bem como nada recebera das familias dos enfermos.

A noticia deste ato tao nobre, tao puro, suspendeu urn pouco a alma dos rebeldes. Seguramente o alienista podia estar em erro mas nenhum interesse alheio a ciencia o instigava; e para demonstrar o erro, era preciso alguma coisa mais do que arruacas e clamores. Isto disse o presidente, c m aplauso de toda a Camara. 0 barbeiro, depois de alg ns instantes de concentracao, declarou que estava investi o de urn mandato public° e nao restituiria a paz a Itagua antes de ver por terra a Casa Verde —"essa bastilha da ra ao humana" — expressao que ouvira a urn poeta local, e que ele repetiu corn muita enfase. Disse, e a urn sinal to os sairam corn ele.

Imagine-se a situacao dos vereadores; urgia obstar ao ajuntamento, a rebeliao, a luta, ao sangue. Para acrescentar ao mat, um dos vereadores que apoiara o presidente, ouvindo agora a denominacao dada pelo barbeiro A Casa Verde — "Bastilha da razao humana", — achou-a tao elegante, que mudou de parecer. Disse que entendia de bona aviso decretar alguma medida que reduzisse a Casa Verde; e porque o presidente, indignado, manifestasse em termos energicos o seu pasmo, o vereador fez esta reflexao: — Nada tenho que ver corn a ciencia; mas, se tantos homens em quern supomos juizo, s'ao reclusos por dementes, quern nos afirma que o alienado nao é o alienista?

Sebastido Freitas, o vereador dissidente, tinha o dom da palavra e falou ainda por algum tempo, corn prudencia mas corn firmeza. Os colegas estavam atonitos; o presidente pediu-lhe que, ao menos, desse o exemplo da ordem e do respeito a lei, nao aventasse as suas ideias na ma; para nab dar corpo e alma a rebeliao, que era por ora um turbilhao de atomos dispersos. Esta figura corrigiu urn pouco o efeito da outra: Sebastiao Freitas prometeu suspender qualquer acao, reservando-se ao direito de pedir pelos meios legais a reducao da Casa Verde. E repetia consigo, Bastilha da razao humana! namorado: Entretanto a arruaca crescia. Já nab eram trinta, mas trezentas pessoas que acompanhavam o barbeiro, cuja alcunha familiar deve ser mencionada, porque ele deu o nome a revolta: chamavam-the o Cangica, — e o movimento ficou celebre corn o nome de revolta dos Cangicas. A acao podia ser restrita, — visto que muita gente, ou por medo, ou por habitos de educacao nao descia rua; mas o sentimento era unanime, ou quase unanime, e os trezentos que caminhavam para a Casa Verde, — dada a diferenca de Paris a Itaguai, — podiam ser comparados aos que tomaram a Bastilha.

D. Eva ista teve noticia da rebeliao antes que eta chegasse; eio dar-lhe uma de suas crias. Eta provava nessa ocas ao urn vestido de seda, — urn dos trinta e sete que tr uxera do Rio de Janeiro, — e nao qu is crer.

— Ha de ser alguma patuscada, dizia eta mudando a posicao de urn alfinete. Benedita, ye se a barra esta boa.

— Esta, sinha, respondia a mucama de cocoras no chao, esta boa. Sinha vira um bocadinho. Assim. Esta muito boa.

— Ndo é patuscada, nao, senhora; eles estao gritando; — Morra o Dr. Bacamarte! o tirano! dizia o moleque assustado.

31

— Cala a boca, tolo! Benedita, olha al do lado esquerdo; nao parece que a costura esta urn pouco enviesada? A risca azul no segue ate abaixo; esta muito feio assim; é preciso descoser para ficar igualzinho e...

— Morra o Dr. Bacamarte! morra o tirano! uivavam fora trezentas vozes. Era a rebeliao que desembocava na Rua Nova.

D. Evarista ficou sem pinga de sangue. No primeiro instante nao deu urn passo, nao fez um gesto; o terror petrificou-a. A mucama correu instintivamente para a porta do fundo. Quanto ao moleque, a quem D. Evarista nao dera credit°, teve urn instante de triunfo sabito, imperceptive!, entranhado, de satisfacao moral, ao ver que a realidade vinha jurar por ele.

— Morra o alienista! — bradavam as vozes mais perto. D. Evarista, se nao resistia facilmente as comocOes de prazer, sabia entestar corn os momentos de perigo. Nao desmaiou; correu A sala interior onde o marido estudava. Quando eta au i entrou, precipitada, o ilustre medico escrutava um texto de AverrOis, os olhos dele empanados pela cogitacao, subiam do livro ao teto e baixavam do teto ao livro, cegos para a realidade exterior, videntes para os profundos trabalhos mentais. D. Evarista chamou pelo marido duas vezes, sem que ele the desse atencao; a terceira, ouviu e perguntou-lhe o que tinha, se estava doente.

— Voce nao ouve esses gritos? perguntou a digna esposa em lagrimas.

0 alienista atendeu entao; os gritos aproximavam-se, terriveis, ameacadores; ele compreendeu tudo. Levantouse da cadeira de espaldar em que estava sentado, fechou o livro, e a passo firme e tranquil°, foi deposita-lo na estante. Como a introducao do volume desconcertasse urn pouco a linha dos dois tomos contiguos, Simao Bacamarte cuidou de corrigir este defeito minimo, e, alias, interessante. Depois disse a mulher que se recolhesse, que nao fizesse nada.

— Nao, tido, implorava a digna senhora, quero morrer ao lado de voce...

Simao Bacamarte teimou que nao, que nao era o caso de morte; e ainda que o fosse, intimava-lhe, em nome da vida, que ficasse. A infeliz dama curvou a cabeca, obediente e chorosa.

— Abaixo a Casa Verde! bradavam os Cangicas.

0 alienista caminhou para a varanda da frente e chegou au i no momento em que a rebeliao tambem chegava e parava, defronte, corn as suas trezentas cabecas rutilantes de civismo e sombrias de desespero. — Morra! morra! bradaram de todos os lados, apenas o vulto do alienista assomou na varanda. Simao Bacamarte fez urn sinal pedindo para falar; os revoltosos cobriram-lhe a voz corn brados de indignacao. Entao o barbeiro, agitando o chapel', a fim de impor silencio a turba, conseguiu aquietar os amigos, e declarou ao alienista que podia falar, mas acrescentou que nao abusasse da paciencia do povo como fizera ate entao.

— Direi pouco, ou ate nao direi nada, se for preciso.

Desejo saber primeiro o que pedis.

— Nao pedimos nada, replicou fortemente o barbeiro; ordenamos que a Casa Verde seja demolida, ou pelo menos despojada dos infelizes que la estao.

— Nao entendo.

— Entendeis bem, tirano; queremos dar liberdade as 32

vitimas do vosso Odio, capricho, ganancia...

0 alienista sorriu, mas o sorriso desse grande homem nao era coisa visivel aos olhos da multidao; era uma contracao leve de dois ou tres masculos, nada mais. Sorriu e respondeu: — Meus senhores, a ciencia é coisa seria, e merece ser tratada corn seriedade. Nao dou razao dos meus atos de alienista a ninguem, salvo aos mestres e a Deus. Se quereis emendar a administracao da Casa Verde, estou pronto a ouvir-vos; mas, se exigis que me negue a mim mesmo, no ganhareis nada. Poderia convidar alguns de vas em comissao dos outros a vir ver comigo os loucos reclusos; mas nao faco, porque seria dar-vos razao do meu sistema, o que nao farei a leigos nem a rebeldes.

Disse isto o alienista, e a multidao ficou atOnita; era claro que nAo esperava tanta energia e menos ainda tamanha serenidade. Mas o assombro cresceu de ponto quando o alienista, cortejando a muffin° corn muita gray idade, deu-lhe as costas e retirou-se lentamente para dentro. 0 barbeiro tornou logo a si, e, agitando o chapel', convidou os amigos a demolicao da Casa Verde; poucas vozes e frouxas the responderam.

Foi nesse momento decisivo que o barbeiro sentiu despontar em si a ambicao do governo; pareceu-lhe entao que, demolindo a Casa Verde e derrocando a influencia do alienista, chegaria a apoderar-se da camara, dominar as demais autoridades e constituir-se senhor de Itaguai. Desde alguns anos que ele forcejava por ver o seu nome incluido nos pelouros para o sorteio dos vereadores, mas era recusado por nao ter uma posicao compativel corn tao grande cargo. A ocasiao era agora ou nunca. Demais, fora tao longe na arruaca que a derrota seria a prisao, ou talvez a forca ou o degredo. Infelizmente, a resposta do alienista diminuira o furor dos sequazes. 0 barbeiro, logo que o percebeu, sentiu urn impulso de indignacao, e quis bradar-lhes: — Canalhas! covardes! — mas conteve-se, e rompeu deste modo: — Meus amigos, lutemos ate o fim! A salvacao de Itagual esta nas vossas maos dignas e heroicas.

Destruamos o carcere de vossos lithos e pais, de vossas maes e irmas, de vossos parentes e amigos, e de Os mesmos. Ou morrereis a pao e agua, talvez a chicote, na masmorra daquele indigno.

E a multidao agitou-se, murmurou, bradou, ameacou, congregou-se toda em derredor do barbeiro.

Era a revolta que tornava a si da ligeira sincope, e ameacava arrasar a Casa Verde.

— Vamos! bradou o Porfirio agitando o chapel'.

— Vamos! repetiram todos.

Deteve-os urn incidente: era urn corpo de dragOes que, a marche-marche, entrava na Rua Nova.

VII 0 inesperado Chegados os dragoes em frente aos Cangicas houve urn instante de estupefacao; os Cangicas rap queriam crer que a Forca Publica fosse mandada contra eles; mas o barbeiro compreendeu tudo e esperou. Os dragoes pararam, o capitao intim ou a multidao que se dispersasse; mas, conquanto uma parte dela estivesse NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

inclinada a isso, a outra parte apoiou fortemente o barbeiro, cuja resposta consistiu neste termos alevantados: — Ndo nos dispersaremos. Se quereis os nossos cadaveres, podeis toma-los; mas so os cadaveres; ndo levareis a nossa honra, o nosso credit°, os nossos direitos, e corn eles a salvacao de Itaguai.

Nada mais imprudente do que essa resposta do barbeiro; e nada mais natural. Era a vertigem das grandes crises.

Talvez fosse tambem urn excesso de confianca na abstencao das armas por parte dos dragOes; confianca que o capitao dissipou logo, mandando carregar sobre os Cangicas. 0 momento foi indescritivel. A multiclao urrou furiosa; alguns, trepando as janelas das casas, ou correndo pela rua fora, conseguiram escapar; mas a maioria ficou bufando de colera, indignada, animada pela exortacdo do barbeiro. A derrota dos Cangicas estava iminente, quando um terco dos dragoes, — qualquer que fosse o motivo, as cr8nicas nao o declaram, — passou subitamente para o lado da rebelido. Este inesperado reforco deu alma aos Cangicas, ao mesmo tempo que lancou desdnimo as fileiras da legalidade. Os soldados fieis ndo tiveram coragem de atacar os seus proprios camaradas, e, urn a urn, foram passando para eles, de modo que, ao cabo de alguns minutos, o aspecto das coisas era totalmente outro. 0 capita° estava de urn lado, corn alguma gente, contra uma massa compacta que o ameacava de morte. Nao teve remedio, declarou-se vencido e entregou a espada ao barbeiro.

A revolucao triunfante ndo perdeu urn so minuto; recolheu os feridos as casas proximas, e guiou para a camara. Povo e tropa fraternizavam, davam vivas a el-rei, ao vice-rei, a Itaguai, ao "ilustre Porfirio". Este ia na frente, empunhando tao destramente a espada, como se ela fosse apenas uma navalha urn pouco mais comprida. A vitoria cingia-lhe a fronte de um nimbo misterioso. A dignidade do governo comecava a enrijar-lhe os quadris.

Os vereadores, as janelas, vendo a nyultiddo e a tropa, cuidaram que a tropa capturara a multiddo, e sem mais exame, entraram e votaram uma peticao ao vice-rei para que se mandasse dar urn mes de soldo aos dragies, "cujo denodo salvou Itaguai do abismo a que o tinha lancado uma cafila de rebeldes". Esta frase foi proposta por Sebastiao Freitas, o vereador dissidente cuja defesa. dos Cangicas tanto escandalizara os colegas. Mas bem depressa a ilusdo se desfez. Os vivas ao barbeiro, os morras aos, vereadores e ao alienista, vieram dar-lhes noticia da triste realidade. 0 presidente nao desanimou: — Qualquer que seja a nossa sorte, disse ele, lembremo-nos que estamos a servico de Sua Majestade e do povo. — Sebastiao insinuou que melhor se poderia servir a coroa e a vida saindo pelos fundos e indo conferenciar corn o juiz de fora, mas toda a camara rejeitou esse alvitre.

Dal nada o barbeiro, acompanhado de alguns de seus tenentes, entrava na sala da vereanca e intimava a camara sua queda. A camara nao resistiu, entregou-se e foi dali para a cadeia.

Entdo os amigos do barbeiro propuseram-lhe que assumisse o governo da vila em nome de Sua Majestade. Porfirio aceitou o encargo, embora nao desconhecesse (acrescentou) os espinhos que trazia; disse mais que nao podia dispensar o concurso dos amigos presentes; ao que eles prontamente anuiram. 0 barbeiro veio a janela, e comunicou ao povo essas resolucOes, que o povo ratificou, aclamando o barbeiro. Este tomou a NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

denominagdo de — "Protetor da vila em nome de Sua Majestade, e do Povo". — Expediram-se logo varias ordens importantes, comunicactles oficiais do novo governo, uma exposicao minuciosa ao vice-rei, corn muitos protestos de obediencia as ordens de Sua Majestade; finalmente uma proclamacdo ao povo, curta, mas energica: "Itaguaienses!

"Uma Camara corrupta e violenta conspirava contra os interesses de Sua Majestade e do povo. A opiniao pnblica tinha-a condenado; urn punhado de cidaddos, fortemente apoiados pelos bravos dragOes de Sua Majestade, acaba de a dissolver ignominiosamente, e por unanime consenso da vila foi-me confiado o mando supremo, ate que Sua Majestade se sirva ordenar o que parecer melhor ao seu real servico. Itaguaienses! nao vos peco sena° que me rodeeis de confianca, que me auxilieis em restaurar a paz e a fazenda publica, tao desbaratada pela camara que ora findou as vossas mdos. Contai corn o meu sacrificio, e ficai certos de que a coroa sera por nOs. 0 Protetor da vila em nome de Sua Majestade e do povo PORFiRIO CAETANO DAS NEVES." Toda a gente advertiu no absoluto silencio desta proclamacao acerca da Casa Verde; e, segundo uns, nao podia haver mais vivo indicio dos projetos tenebrosos do barbeiro. 0 perigo era tanto major quanto que, no meio mesmo desses graves sucessos, o alienista metera na Casa Verde umas sete ou oito pessoas, entre elas duas senhoras e sendo um dos homens aparentado corn o Protetor. Nao era urn repto, urn ato intencional; mas todos o interpretaram dessa maneira; e a vila respirou corn uma esperanca de que o alienista dentro de vinte e quatro horas estaria a ferros e destruido o terrivel carcere.

0 dia acabou alegremente. Enquanto o arauto da matraca ia recitando de esquina em esquina a proclamacao, o povo espalhava-se nas ruas e jurava morrer em defesa do ilustre Porfirio. Poucos gritos contra a Casa Verde, prova de confianca na acdo do governo. 0 barbeiro fez expedir urn ato declarando feriado aquele dia, e entabulou negociacOes corn o vigario para a celebracao de urn Te-Deum, tao conveniente era aos olhos dele a conjuncao do poder temporal corn o espiritual; mas o padre Lopes recusou abertamente o seu concurso.

— Ern todo o caso, Vossa Reverendissima nao se alistara entre os inimigos do governo? disse-lhe o barbeiro, dando a fisionomia urn aspecto tenebroso.

Ao que o padre Lopes respondeu, sem responder: — Como alistar-me, se o nosso governo nao tern inimigos?

0 barbeiro sorriu; era a pura verdade. Salvo o capita°, os vereadores e os principais da vila, toda a gente o aclamava. Os mesmos principais, se o nao aclamavam, nao tinham saido contra ele. Nenhum dos almotaces deixou de vir receber as suas ordens naquele dia que ia enfim libertar Itaguai da Casa Verde e do terrivel Simdo Bacamarte.

Second of three parts. 0 Alienista was originally published in Papeis Avulsos, a collection of short stories by Machado de Assis.

33

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TRAVEL NEWS from BRAZIL JUNE 1996

Sao Joao or Ouro Preto. Bus connecFor the traveler, Minas presents a tions between Congonhas and Sao Joao welcome contrast to the rest of Brazil. or Ouro Preto are inconvenient, and Nestled in the Serra do Espinhaco are there is one, and only one, attraction: the cidades historicas— historic colothe Prophets, the masterpiece of nial cities which grew up with the Aleijadinho. You need only a few hours great gold boom. The foothills and to view the statues at the basilica, but streams of these mountains were it's an inspirational moment and well scoured for gold throughout the 18th worth the trouble. century. Minas' exquisite colonial towns are seemingly frozen in another OURO PRETO epoch. Their baroque churches and History sacred art — most of these are sculpAccording to the Jesuit Antoni I, a tures from one of the world's great mulatto servant in the AntOnio Rodriartists, Aleijadinho — represent over gues Arzao expedition went to the rivuhalf of Brazil's national monuments.

Ouro Preto, Brazil's richest let Tripui to quench his thirst and pockThe major historical cities are cluscolonial treasure, has been eted a few grains of an odd black metal tered in three main spots along the carefully preserved as in old he found in the stream bed. The little Serra do Espinhaco range. Sao Joao del Rei, with Tiradentes and Prados times. Any serious traveler to nuggets were reported to the governor nearby, is 200 km south of Belo Brazil cannot forgo this magic of Rio and turned out to be gold. The place. exact location of the river was forgotHorizonte. Ouro Preto and Mariana ten during the long expedition and are 100 km south-east of Belo Horionly the strange shape of the peaks of Itacolomy zonte. Diamantina, with Serro further down the were remembered. road, is 290 km north of Belo Horizonte.

On 24 June 1698, Ant6nio Dias de Oliveira Ouro Preto, declared a World Cultural Herirediscovered the area, convinced he had found tage Site by UNESCO, has more of everything the promised El Dorado. The mines were the than any city in Brazil — more homogeneous largest deposits of gold in the western hemibaroque architecture, more churches, more sphere and the news and gold fever spread fast.

Aleijadinho, more museums and more fame. It Stories tell ofmen who acquired fabulous wealth also has more tourists, more traffic, more boufrom one day to the next, and others who died of tiques, more locals hawking things to visitors hunger with their pockets full of gold. and more expensive hotels and restaurants. If King Dom Joao V back in Portugal was you go to Ouro Preto and don't have time to quick to claim a royal fifth in tax, and a chain of visit the other clusters of historic cities, be sure posts was established to ensure the crown was to visit nearby Mariana, which remains less getting its cut. In theory, all the gold was brought affected by tourism. to these casas de intendencias to be weighed It's hard to tell anyone to bypass Ouro and turned into bars, and the royal fifth set Preto, and if you really like colonial or baroque aside. Tax shirkers were cast into dungeons or art and architecture, or the sculpture of exiled to Africa. One common technique used Aleijadinho and churches, then you should defito avoid the tax was to hide gold powder in nitely go there. But if your time is limited and hollow images of the saints. Bitter over the tax, your visit is during the peak tourist season, it's the Paulista miners rebelled unsuccessfully worth considering spending more time at some against the Portuguese. Two years later in 1711, of the other historic cities and less time at Ouro Vila Rica de Ouro Preto, the present town's Preto. predecessor, was founded.

Diamantina has the fewest tourists and is The finest goods from India and England the most tranquil of the historic cities. Its many were made available to the simple mining town. buildings form a beautiful display of colonial The gold bought the services of baroque artiarchitecture. Sao Joao and Tiradentes are a sans, who turned the city into an architectural good combination to visit: the former has sevgem. At the height of the gold boom in the mideral churches and works of Aleijadinho in a 18th century there were 110,000 people in Ouro small lively city with little tourism, and the Preto (the vast majority of whom were slaves) latter is a tiny colonial town untouched by time versus 50,000 in New York and about 20,000 in and a perfect place in which to relax and reflect.

Rio de Janeiro. The royal fifth, estimated at 100 The mystery card when shuffling around tonnes of gold in the 18th century, quickly your itinerary is the town of Congonhas. It's a passed through the hands of the Portuguese couple of hours' bus ride from Belo Horizonte,

Godly gold town

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

35

court, built up Lisbon and then from March to August. financed the British Industrial Orientation Revolution.

The odd-shaped peak of Itacolomy (1752 meters), The greed of the Portu18 km out of town, is the first clue that you're guese led to sedition on the approaching Ouro Preto. The first bandeirantes to part of the inhabitants of Vila penetrate the region used it as a reference point. Ouro Rica (1720). As the boom taPreto is in the remote Serra do Espinhaco range. pered off, the miners found it Praya Tiradentes, a few blocks down from the increasingly difficult to pay rodoviaria on the main road, is the town center. Ouro ever-larger gold taxes. In 1789, Preto is divided into two parishes. If you stand in poets Claudio da Costa and Praca Tiradentes, facing the Museu da Inconfidencia, Tomas Gonzaga, the dentist the parish of Pilar is to the right, the parish of Ant6nio Tiradentes and others whose Dias to the left. heads were full of the French All of Ouro Preto's streets have at least two revolutionary philosophies names: the official one and the one used by the locals hatched the Inconfidencia because the other one is too much of a mouthful. Rua Mineira. This attempt to overConde Bobadella, the street leading off to the right throw the Portuguese was from Praca Tiradentes as you're facing the Museu da crushed by agents of the crown Inconfidencia, is commonly known as Rua Direita. in the early stages. Gonzaga Similarly, Rua Conselheiro Quintiliano is Rua das was exiled to MoLajes and Rua Senador zambique, and Rocha Lagoa is Rua das Costa did time in Aleijadinho Flores. To add to the confuprison. Tiradentes, sion, the names are rarely the only man not The church of Sao Francisco posted. to deny his role in de Assis, the Carmo church facade, The town is very hilly the conspiracy, the Prophets of Congonhas do and the rain-slicked, cobblewas abandoned by Campos and innumerable relics in stone streets are extremely his friends, jailed Mariana, Sabard, Tiradentes and steep. Bring comfortable for three years sao Joao del Rei were all carved walking shoes with good without defense,

by Aleijadinho (Antonio Francisco tread. then drawn and Lisboa). Brazil's Michelangelo If you plan to spend only quartered. lost the use of his hands'and legs one day in Ouro Preto, make By decree of at the age of 30 but, with hammer sure it's not a Monday, as Emperor Dom Peand chisel strapped to his arms, almost all the museums and dro I, Vila Rica, advanced art in Brazil from the churches are closed then. capital of Minas excesses of the baroque to a finer, Things to see Gerais since 1721, more graceful rococo. The .11ineiApart from Niemeyer's became the Imperos have reason to be proud of Grande Hotel Ouro Preto and rial City of Ouro Aleijadinho — he is a figure of two other modern monstrosiPreto. In 1897 the international prominence in the ties, no 20th-century buildstate capital shifhistory of art. Aleijadinho angels ings defile this stunningly ted from Ouro Prehave his stylistic signature: wavy beautiful colonial city. to to Belo Horihair, wide-open eyes and big, Spend a day walking on the zonte. This was the round cheeks. cobblestone roads around the decisive move that The son of a Portuguese archidark rock walls of the vilpreserved Ouro tect and a Black slave, Aleijadinho lage admiring its carved Preto's colonial lived from 1730 to 1814 and was fountains, statues and crumflavor. The former buried in the Matriz Nossa Senhora bling orange-tiled roofs. capital assumes da Conceicao, within 50 paces of Gaze through the mist at a the symbolic role his birth site. By federal decree he skyline of bare green hills, of state capital was declared patron of Brazilian church steeples and grey once a year on 24 arts in 1973. For many years skies.

June. The city was Manuel da Costa Ataide, from The following itinerary declared a Brazilnearby Mariana, successfully colof sights was made keeping ian national monulaborated with Aleijadinho on the quirky schedule of visitment in 1933 and many churches: Aleijadinho would ing hours in mind. The itinin 1981 UNESCO sculpt the exterior and a few inteerary is crowded for one day proclaimed Ouro rior pieces, and Ataide would paint of sightseeing, but if you Preto a World Culinterior panels. With his secretly hustle it's possible to see tural Heritage Site. concocted vegetable dyes, Costa most of the sights in the Climate— the color man fleshed out much of Antonio Dias parish in the The city is a km Aleijadinho's work. morning, lunch in or about above sea level Praca Tiradentes and spend and temperatures vary from 2° the afternoon visiting the Pilar parish, and the MinC to 28° C. Winters are pretty eral and Inconfidencia museums. Bear in mind that cold. It can be rainy and foggy you need at least two days to see the town properly, all year round, but you can and more if you intend to visit some of the other expect daily showers in Denearby historical towns. cember and January. Perhaps Start at about 7.30 am from Praca Tiradentes and the best time to visit Minas is walk along Rua das Lajes, the road to Mariana, for a 36

panoramic view of town.

Capela do Padre Faria Work your way downhill off the road to this chapel.

Padre Faria was one of the original bandeirantes, and the chapel (built between 1701 and 1704) is Ouro Preto's oldest house of worship. The chapel is set behind a triple-branched papal cross (1756), the three branches representing the temporal, spiritual and material powers of the pope. It's the richest chapel in terms of gold and artwork, but unfortunately due to poor documentation the artists are anonymous. In 1750 the church bell rang for Tiradentes (when his body was brought to Rio); later, it rang once again for the inauguration of Brasilia. Note that the angel on the right-hand side of the high altar has butterfly wings. The church is open from 8 am to noon.

Igreja de Santa Efigenia dos Pretos Descending the Ladeira do Padre Faria back towards town, you'll come to the Igreja de Santa Efigenia dos Pretos. The church was built between 1742 and 1749 by and for the Black slave community. Santa Efigenia, patron saint of the church, was the Queen of Nubia, and the featured saints, Santo Antonio do Nolo and sao Benedito, are Black. The slaves prayed to these images that they wouldn't be crushed in the mines.

The church is Ouro Preto's poorest in terms of gold and richest in artwork. The altar is

by Aleijadinho's master, Francisco Javier do Briton. Many of the interior panels are by Manuel Rabelo de Souza (see if you can find the painting of Robinson Crusoe) and the exterior image of Nossa Senhora do Rosario is by Aleijadinho himself. The church was financed by gold extracted from Chico-Rei's gold mine, Encardadeira. Slaves contributed to the church coffer by washing their goldflaked hair in baptismal fonts. Others managed to smuggle gold powder under fingernails and inside tooth cavities. The church is open from 8 am until noon.

Oratorio Vira-Saia At the beginning of the 18th century there was a rash of ghost incidents in the city.

Phantoms would spring from NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

the walls near Santa Efigenia church and wing through town spooking the townspeople.

The simple village folk would faint and drop their bags of gold powder, which the bandit-like ghosts would snatch.

The terrorized people asked the bishop for permission to build oratories and the bishop complied. Designed to keep evil spirits at bay, the oratories (glass-encased niches containing images of saints) were built on many street corners.

Not many oratories remain, but there's one on Rua dos Paulistas (also called Bernardo Vasconcelos) and another on Ant6nio Dias; the most famous one of all is the Oratorio ViraSaia. Nowadays these few remaining oratories are used to scare off evil spirits during Holy Week.

The small oratory of ViraSaia is at the bottom of the Ladeira de Santa Efigenia (also known as Vira-Saia), on the corner with Rua Barao do Ouro Branco. Vira-saia has two possible meanings: it either originates from the Portuguese virar (turn) and sair (depart) or is the direct translation of vira-saia, which means turncoat or traitor.

In the latter pan of the 18th century, gold caravans destined for the Portuguese crown were robbed on a regular basis, despite measures to cloak shipments by altering dates and routes. It didn't take long to surmise that it was an inside job. Someone working in the Casa da Fundicao was leaking information.

Who would suspect that Antonio Francisco Alves, pillar ofthe community, upstanding citizen, mild-mannered businessman and gentle father, was in reality the head and brains behind the Vira-Saia bandits â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the very same outfit which looted the government's gold caravans? After a caravan's route was planned, Alves would steal out to the oratory and turn the image of Nossa Senhora das Almas within the sanctuary to face the direction of the gold traffic.

The plot thickened. A reward was posted for revealing the secret identity ofthe criminal. Finally a member of Alves' own band Luis Gibut, turned him in. Gibut was a French Jesuit who fell in NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

love with a beautiful woman, abandoned tie order, The entire exterior, a radical became a highway bandit and the turncoat's turncoat. departure from the military This same Luis Gibut was responsible for teaching baroque style, was carved by Aleijadinho misspelled Latin phrases which the artist Aleijadinho alone, from the incorporated into many of his works. soapstone medallion to the Alves, his wife and his daughters were dragged cannon waterspouts and the off into the jungle to meet their fate. Sra uruta, a military (two-bar) cross. The good neighbor, came to the rescue and say d Alves, interior was painted by Aleibut it was too late for his wife and kids. Alve was one jadinho's long-term partner, step ahead of the long arm of the law, but he idn't get Manuel da Costa Ataide. off scot free. Shortly afterwards, he was pl gged by The sacristy is haunted by another unnamed Vira-Saia. The criminal ang conthe spirit of an 18th-century tinued to do successful robberies without its first woman. In the dead of night chief. Luis Gibut, extiJesuit, traitor and poo speller, her head dissolves into a skull is probably still doing time in purgatory. and she screams, 'I'm dying, Largo do Dirceu call Father Carlos!'. The Largo do Dirceu is next, just before you get to the church and adjoining AleijaIgreja Matriz Nossa Senhora da Conceicao de, Antonio dinho museum is open from 8 Dias. This used to be a popular hangout of the poet to 11.30 am and 1 to 5 pm.

Tomas Ant6nio Gonzaga and his girlfriend and muse, Praca Tiradentes Marilia. It figures prominently in Marilia d Dirceu, PracaTiradentes is the centhe most celebrated poem in the Portuguese !anguage. ter of town and a good place to Matriz Nossa Senhora da Conceicao de Antonio have lunch, catch your breath Dias & Around by the statue of Tiradentes or The cathedral of the Antonio Dias parish, Matriz take in some museums before Nossa Senhora da Conceicao de Ant6nio Dias, was the churches of the Pilar pardesigned by Aleijadinho's father, Manuel Francisco ish open in the afternoon.

Lisboa, and built between the years 1727 and 1770.

The Museu da InconfidenNote the painting of the eagle: its head points downcia, formerly the old municiwards, symbolizing pal building and jail, is the domination of the an attractive civic Moors by the Chrisbuilding built between Chico-Rei tians. Aleijadinho is 1784 and 1854. Used buried by the altar of as a prison from 1907 The first abolitionist in Brazil Boa Morte. The cauntil 1937, the museum was Chico-Rei, an African tribal thedral is open from contains the Tiradentes king. Amidst the frenzy of the gold 8 to 11.30 am and Ito tomb, documents of the rush an entire tribe, king and all, 5 pm.

Inconfidencia Mineira, was captured in Africa, placed in The Museu do torture instruments and chains, sent to Brazil and sold to a Aleijadinho adjoins important works by mine owner in Ouro Preto. Chicothe church and has the Ataide and Aleijadinho.

Rei worked as the foreman of the same hours. Nearby The museum is open slave-miners. Working Sundays and is Encardideira, the noon to 5.30 pm. holidays, he finally bought his freeabandoned mine of Igreja Nossa Sedom from the slave master, then Chico-Rei. Ask nhora do Carmo freed his son Osmar. Together faaround for directions.

The Igreja Nossa ther and son liberated the entire It's rumored to be Senhora do Carmo was tribe. They collective bought the haunted, dangerous, a group effort by the fabulously wealthy Encardadeira full of crumbling semost important artists gold mine and Chico-Rei assumed cret passageways and of the area. Begun in his royal functions, once again holdripe for an Indiana 1766 and completed in ing court in Vila Rica and celebratJones adventure.

1772, the church feaing African holidays in traditional Casa de Tomas tures a facade by Aleijacostume. News of this reached the Antonio Gonzaga dinho. It's open 8 to Portuguese king, who immediately Rua do Ouvidor 9 11.30 am and 1 to 5.30 prohibited slaves from purchasing is the address of Topm. their own freedom. Chico-Rei is a mas Ant6nio GonzaCasa de folk hero among Brazilian Blacks. ga's house, now the Tiradentes seat of the municipal The home of Joagovernment. Back in 1789, the gold tax and quim Jose da Silva Xavier (betantimonarchist sentiment in Minas were rising conter known as Tiradentes â&#x20AC;&#x201D; currently. This is where Gonzaga, his poet-friend Toothpuller) is nearby. After Claudio da Costa (author of Vila Rica), Tiradentes the his failed rebellion against the dentist and others conspired unsuccessfully to overPortuguese and execution in throw the Portuguese monarchy. The sad little event Rio, his head was paraded came to be known as the Inconfidencia Mineira. around town, his house was Igreja de Sao Francisco de Assis demolished and the grounds Across the street from Gonzaga's house is the were salted so that nothing Igreja de Sao Francisco de Assis. After the Prophets would grow there. in Congonhas, Aleijadinho's masterwork, t is the Escola de Minas single most important piece of Brazilian colonial art.

The Escola de Minas in the 37

old governor's palace in Praca Tiradentes has a very fine museum of mineralogy. It's open noon to 5 pm, Monday to Friday.

Casa dos Contos The Casa dos Contos (Counting House) is now a public library and art gallery.

Claudio da Costa was imprisoned here after participating in the Inconfidencia Mineira.

It is open 12.30 to 5 pm. Next door is the old Ponto do Leila°, where slaves were taken to be tortured.

Matriz de Nossa Senhora do Pilar The Matriz de Nossa Senhora do Pilar is the second most opulent church in Brazil (after Salvador's Sao Francisco) in terms of gold, with 434 kg of gold and silver and one of Brazil's finest showcases of artwork. Note the wild bird chandelier holders, the laminated beaten gold, the scrolled church doors, 15 panels of Old and New Testament scenes by Pedro Gomes Chaes, and the hair on Jesus (the real stuff, donated by a penitent

worshipper).

Legend has it that both the Pilar and Antonio Dias parishes vied for the, image of Nossa Senhora dos Passos. In order to settle the argument, the image was loaded on a horse standing in Praca Tiradentes and rockets were fired to scare the horse; the idea was that the image would belong to the parish to which the horse bolted. Since the horse only knew one path it galloped straight to the Matriz do Pilar. The church is open from noon to 5 pm.

Teatro Municipal Buillt in 1769 by Jo5o de Souza Lisboa, the Teatro Municipal is the oldest theater in Minas Gerais and perhaps in all of Brazil. The theater is open to visitors from 1 to 5 pm.

Attractions This is only a partial list of places to see in Ouro Preto. If you're still enthusiastic for more, the tourist office can sell you some fine guidebooks. If you're after something more strenuous, hike to the peak of I tacolomy; it takes three hours to walk the 18 km from Praca Tiradentes.

Parque Itacolomy (easiest approach from Mariana) is a pleasant excursion the park has good walking trails, waterfalls and orchids and the colonial town of Mariana is only 12 km away. Buses leave every half hour.

Festivals The Semana Santa (Holy Week) procession held on the Thursday before Palm Sunday and sporadically until Easter Sunday is quite a spectacle. The Congaco is to Minas what Candomble is to Bahia and Umbanda is to Rio: the local expression of

African-Christian syncretism.

The major Congado celebrations are for Nossa Senhora do Rosario on 23 to 25 October (at the Capela do Padre Faria), for the New Year and for 13 May, the anniversary of abolition.

The Cavalhada held in Amarantina (near Ouro Preto) during the Festa de Sao Goncalo from 17 to 23 September isn't as grand as the one in Pirenopolis, but is impressive nonetheless. The Cavalhada is a re-enactment of the battles between Christians and Moors in Iberia.

Excerpts from A Travel Survival Kit 2nd edition,

by Andrew Draffen, Deanna Swaney and Robert Strauss. For more information call Lonely Planet: (800) 2758555. Copyright 1992 Lonely Planet Publications.

Used by permission.

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Viva Carmen!

Carmen Miranda not only translated the black samba for a white audience, originated the Brazilian way of singing, and instigated the new standard for Brazilian popular music; she defined the Carioca woman. The rest of the world rediscovered her genius for close to a decade now. Finally Brazil is doing the same, with a vengeance.

BRUCE GILMAN

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

In 1948, renowned composer Ary Barroso (he wrote Brazil included in Disney's Saludos Amigos) wanted to make Carmen Miranda a citizen of Rio, but the city council turned down the request saying that she would denigrate the image of the country. Nonetheless, in celebrations of Carmen forty-one years after her death, there has been a jubilant campaign to reissue her recordings and provide the public with documentaries and books that attempt to tell her story with the perspective of forty-one years hindsight. ( Helena Solberg's documentary "Carmen Miranda: Bananas Is My Business" is one of the best.)

Finally the platform shoes have taken their revenge.

Last February when Carmen would have been 87 years old she was paid homage when the city of Rio posthumously presented her with the lofty Pedro Ernesto decoration and reverently celebrated her with a memorial performance on the beach. In addition, "those in the know" are making the latest fashion statements by wearing this seasons designer clothing, inspired by and reminiscent of C'armen's attire.

With ten years of delay in relation to record companies in other parts of the world (including the former Czech Republic), Brazilian record companies finally discovered that they have been sitting on top of a very rich collection of popular music, are starting to release it in luxurious box sets, and are not complaining about the investment. Artists that seemed to have nothing more to offer have become good slices of profit.

This is true not only for the companies but for collectors and those who simply want more information about an artist who may have died or whose works were previously unavailable or marred by the poor recording quality of another era's technology. Thus, Carmen Miranda's permanent restoration will not depend on the multitude who for decades have imitated her. Carmen's voice has mandated an indisputable space for her immortality.

Carmen's most successful and energetic recordings were made between 1935 and 1940, and it is exactly these recordings that EMI-Odeon Brazil has compiled and reissued in a luxurious 5 CD box set that contains an informative 72 page booklet with vast photographic material in both color and black and white, all the lyrics, informative historical details from the research of Abel Cardoso Junior, some very savory stories, and a biographic summary of the star. There are six hours of music, and every minute of this marathon entertains and instructs with classic Carmen Miranda.

This set of sambas and marchas was recorded in chronological order and includes among others: "A Preta do Acaraje" (Acaraje's Black Woman), "Adeus Batucada" (Farewell, Percussion), "Balance" (Swing), "Cachorro" (Dog), -Camisa Listrade, (Striped Shirt), "Cantoras do Radio" (Radio Singers), "Disseram que Voltei Americanizada" (They Said That I Came Back Americanized), o Mundo No Se Acabou" (...And the World Hasn't Ended), Eu Dei (I Gave), Fon-Fon (Beep Beep), A ry Barroso's "Na Baixa do Sapateiro" (On the Shoemaker's Blues), "No Tabuleiro da Bajana" (On the Baiana's Tray), Dorival Caymmi's que E que a Baiana Tern?" (What Does the Bahiana Have?), "Tic-Tac do Meu Coracao" (My Heart's Tic-Tac), "Vira-Lata" (Mongrel). and "Recenseamento" (Census). All these tunes have passed time's acid test and numerous recordings by accomplished artists like Gal Costa, Chico Buarque, and Ney Matogrosso; though, none outshines the original's ĂŠlan.

EMI-Odeon Brazil, was helped by three collectors who loaned and shipped portions of their 78 rpm record collections to London in special wooden boxes. At the Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles recorded their best albums, these sixty year old recordings were treated 39

with an electronic bath and went through the re-mastering process in three stages conducted by a sophisticated computer program called Cedar. Surface noises, some distortion, and those scratchy sounds one is accustomed to hearing on older recordings were removed.

Fans who have the disposition to delve into Carmen's career and music at a visceral level are going to adore this project. The set has come to Brazilian stores with a price tag of $110. A similar release in the United States or Europe would cost approximately $80. Although the figure might be a sacrifice for the audiophile, it is worthwhile. The results are impeccable, and the work of the crew that conceived the project should be praised. It is impossible to ignore the good humor conveyed by the singer in each song. Listening to these discs one easily understands the reverence to the myth surrounding Carmen Miranda, how she blew American minds, and why Carmen Miranda was truly The Brazilian Bombshell .

The Pequena Notavel (Notable Little One) was born Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha in 1909 in Porto, Portugal. According to the legend, she earned the nickname Carmen in salute to the heroine of Bizet's opera. When she was eight months old her family moved to Brazil where her father opened a barber shop. The family was middle class, and Carmen attended religious schools. Nonetheless, they lived in Lapa, downtown Rio's poorer district. It was here that Carmen became fascinated by the music of neighborhood sambistas whose enthusiastic style she absorbed.

Childhood pictures of Carmen in the book Carmen Miranda by Cassio Emmanuel Barsante, released last year, show that Carmen always had something special, something which could not be defined, a reckless abandon, a mischievous way of enjoying life, an exuberance. The photos also show that before her debut as a singer, Carmen took an obvious pleasure in being photographed making comical poses.

The first indication that Carmen Miranda would become the Brazilian Bombshell of the 1940s and 1950s was formed amidst the four walls of a hat shop where she worked as an adolescent. When Carmen punched her time card at the Femme Chic at 141 Ouvidor Street in Rio, the sharp little noise echoed in Beverly Hills. It was a moment when history changed. A hat, a turban, and hair ribbons became for Carmen Miranda what paint was for Picasso, what a ball is for Pele.

Carmen started recording in 1929 for Brunswick and appeared on stage for the first time in 1930 at Praca Tiradentes in Rio (a second-rate area of clubs and theaters). Her role was that of a foul-mouthed prostitute who wore garish clothing.

The second act was once interrupted by a revolver shot to the ceiling from an indignant family man.

Carmen came after the great lyric sopranos of the nineteenth century. There are no recordings by any singer before Carmen that deliver as much humor and temerity. And when we talk about recordings before Carmen, we are talking about those before February 1930, when she exploded with the marcha "Tai — Eu Fiz Tudo Pra Voce Gostar de Mim" (It is Here - I Did Everything For You To Love Me). With this, her third recording for RCA Victor, the twenty-one year old Miranda was not only a singer and master of vocal antics, she was already a brilliant artist. Selling 36,000 copies of 40

"Tai," Carmen beat Brazil's national sales record. By the time she left for New York in 1939, she had already recorded 300 songs. Up until Elis Regina's recording of "Arrast5o" (Dragging the Fish Net) in 1965, no female vocalist had sold as much as Carmen Miranda.

Carmen's gestures, facial expressions, outfits, and the way she never remained in the same spot created an extravaganza on stage. Moreover, her unique repertoire was blessed by the incredible musical harvest of the 1930s, a golden decade ofBrazilian music which gave birth to the best of Ary Barroso as well as the orchestra of Pixinguinha. She had great stage presence. Winking and raising her eyebrows at male patrons, as well as her conviction to engage the entire audience, established Carmen as the unequivocal originator of the "Brazilian Way" of singing and as the instigator of the new standard of performance practice for Brazilian popular music.

Before 1938, when Carmen entered the stage wearing tons of costume jewelry, platform shoes, a Baiana's lace skirt, and a crazy turban on her head, no singer had dared to appear in such radically extravagant attire. Generations of Brazilian performers followed her lead. Years later we hear Carmen Miranda's sense of humor reverberating of in the recordings of many Brazilian singers: Elis Regina, Gal Costa, Rita Lee, Elba Ramalho, Joao Gilberto, Caetano Veloso, and Ney Matogrosso among many others. Peeled to the core, you discover deep within these artists, that familiar special something that was Carmen Miranda.

There has for a long time been an assumption, albeit a misconception, that Brazilian Popular Music was the product of the Estado Novo of Getalio Vargas and that this program was disseminated by Carmen Miranda. This is simply not true. The Estado Novo attempted to deploy an appreciation for Brazil and things Brazilian. Carmen had been extolling the wonders of everything Brazilian well before the 1937 dictatorship of Getialio Disseram que Eu Vargas and his Estado Voltei Americanizada Novo in songs like "Cor de Guine" (CoVicente Paiva and lor of Guinea) from Luiz Peixoto 1935, "Terra MoDisseram que eu voltei americarena" (Brown Land) nizada and Minha Terra Tern Corn o "burro- do dinheiro Palmeiras (My Land Que estou muito rica.

Has Palm Trees) both Que nao suporto mais o breque do from 1936, the latter pandeiro title comes from the E fico arrepiada ouvindo uma cuica.

19th century poem by Disseram que corn as maos estou Goncalves Dias.

This exaltation of preocupada corre por al — que eu sei — um one's country was not certo zum-zum a strictly Brazilian Quejá nao tenho molho, ritmo. nem sin. All the popular nada music of that period, E dos balangandans, já nao existe including American mais nenhum. and French, praised national glories. Mos pra cima de mim, pra que tanto People enjoyed these veneno sorts of tunes. If the Eu posso la voltar americanizada Brazilian's boasting Eu que nasci corn o samba, e vivo no terreiro seemed to be more Tocando a noite inteira, a velha pronounced, it was batucada. possibly because Ary Barroso's "Aquarela Nas rodas de malandros, minhas do Brasil" is a much preferidas better tune than Irv- Eu digo mesmo que te amo, e nunca ing Berlin's "God "I love youEnquanto houver Brasil.

Bless America." A great part of Nas horas das comidas Eu sou do camarao ensopadinho Carmen's praising recorn "xuxu." ferred to Bahia. In the NEWS from BRAZIL-JUNE 1996

same vein, Ary Barroso; who was from Minas Gerais, composed more about Bahia both for Carmen and in his film soundtracks for Walt Disney Studios than he did about any other area of Brazil. Although she was born in Portugal, no other singer was more Baiana than Carmen.

The Baiana phase of Carmen Miranda did not start with her recording 0 que E que a Baiana Tern? composed by Dorival Caymmi in 1939. Actually this was the seventh song of this genre that she recorded. Prior to that she had recorded "No Tabuleiro da Baiana" (Ary Barroso, 1936), "Baiana do Tabuleiro" (Andre Filho, 1937), "Quando Eu Penso na Bahia" (When I Think About Bahia) — Ary e Luiz Peixoto — , 1937), "Nas Cadeiras da Baiana" (On a Baiana's Hips) — Portelo Juno and Leo Cardoso, 1938, — and Na Bahia (In Bahia) — Herivelto Martins and Humberto Porto, 1938.

Almost all the lyrics describe the movement of the Baiana's hips and describe the cuisine on her tray. The novelty of "0 que E que a Baiana Tern?" was not solely in the lyrics, which were similar to many ofthe others, but in the rhythm that only Dorival Caymmi could create. Caymmi's other contribution was teaching Carmen the way to move her arms and hands in accompaniment to the music — a way of moving that would ultimately enchant the Americans and bring her to Hollywood. Unfortunately these movements became Carmen's caricatured trademark and often all that Americans in the 1940s associated her with.

Carmen was a natural humorist and could make a joke out of anything. She was a funny, not a romantic singer. Only a small fraction of her songs can be thought of as romantic.

Although she was a specialist in giving a double meaning to the most innocent words, the listener cannot discern sensuality in her voice. The lyrics do not overtly convey anything hedonistic. Listeners in 1937 would have to have been sexual deviants to be offended by the simple lyrics she sang. The tune by Ary Barroso Eu Dei (I Gave) — performed often by They Said That I Gal Costa and CaetaCame Back no Veloso, both wearAmericanized ing knowing smiles — reveals at its conThey said that I came back Americlusion that what she canized gave was a kiss and With that damn money not her body. In "FonThat I am very rich That I can no longer stand the noise Fon" the exquisite of the pandeiro samba duet with SilAnd I bristle when I hear a cuica. vio Caldas written by Joao de Barro and They told me that I am very busy Alberto Ribeiro, Carwith my hands There is a rumor — I know — men pretends to reexactly bzzzz-bzzzzz sist a young man's That I don't have spice, rhythm, caress. The lyrics are nothing else clearly not offensive, And all the symbols of Bahia that I just frivolous. wore, don't exist anymore, not even Carmen Miranda one. not only translated the But why are you throwing so much black samba for a poison at me? white audience, origiFlow could I have come back nated the Brazilian Americanized? way of singing, and I was born with the samba, and live instigated the new where the samba school practices standard of perforPlaying all night long, the old mance practice for rhythms of the samba Brazilian popular Being with the people who play music; she defined samba in the favelas is my preferthe Carioca woman. ence The Brazilian women I always say "I love you in Portuwho opened the twenguese, and never in English And when Brazil is alive tieth century were At meal time delicate, susceptible, I am addicted to shrimp stew with squeamish, always chayote well dressed, and alNEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

ways fleeing from men. Carmen created the seductive image of the Brazilian woman who meet men joyously, legs and cleavage showing. Needless to say she would never have been invited to the feminist congress in China.

At the end of the 1930s the American entrepreneur Lee Shubert watched Carmen perform in Rio's famous night club Cassino da Urea. Shubert was fascinated by her performance and resolved to bring Carmen to New York. His enthusiasm was checked by only two doubts: first, whether a North American audience would appreciate so much passion coming from a brown-skinned, Latina singer; second, whether he should concede to Carmen's demand to bring along her own back-up band, the legendary Bando da Lua (Band of the Moon). At that time there were truly no musicians in the United States capable of rhythmically supporting or harmonizing Brazilian music with any stylistic integrity. Bando da Lua was the bedrock of her performances in the United States.

Carmen arrived in New York in 1939 able to speak a half dozen English words and moved to a stage on Broadhurst and Broadway where she received sixth billing on a poster for the production The Streets of Paris. On stage she wore platform shoes and the craziest hats in history (Napoleon had nothing on Carmen Miranda). She was doing the same act she had done at the Cassino da Urea. At only 5'2" she was gigantic and attractive. Always wishing to be first among the first, she lacked any sense of female inferiority. Her confident disposition enabled her to chance an international career, despite the obvious risks, and was an early demonstration of her brilliance. The following week her name was moved to the top of the bill. Leading the show biz world by its nose, Carmen modified its visual attitudes. At the end of the year Saks released a line of jewelry inspired by Carmen.

After a year in the United States, Carmen returned to Rio but was punished for her success. Her first performance at the Cassino da Urea initially received the silent treatment and then boos. Brazilians were saying that she had become Americanized, that she was acting like a vain American, that she didn't care any longer about samba or the people from the favelas (shanty towns), and that her imitations made a mockery of her people. Many felt that Carmen created no more than the image of Brazilians as a scatterbrained people.

Her success in the United States, according to Tom Jobim, was a personal offense to the Brazilian people. Despite winning popular acclaim in the United States, her movements and outfits became stereotyped lampoons of the Brazilian people as well as Latin Americans in general and ridiculed their cultures. Vicente Paiva and Luiz Peixoto seized the opportunity and composed "Disseram que Voltei Americanizada (They Said That I Came Back Americanized), a dazzling chorinho which Carmen sang at her second performance at the Cassino da Urca.

Upset with her reception she returned to the United States and put Hollywood on its feet. From this juncture a new Carmen Miranda was concocted, much more celebrated, but fundamentally inferior to the real Carmen Miranda that was abandoned. Fox and the other studios invested solely in her comic talents and in turbans of bananas rather than her vocal and dramatic potential. She stopped recording in Portuguese. The world won a comedian, but Brazil lost her singer. And 41

the tide was not to turn. In 1941 Mickey Rooney lampooned her attire, her arm movements, and her hand gestures in the film Babes on Broadway.

Under the supervision of an American director and placed opposite the blond Alice Faye, who was always very coolheaded and demure, Carmen's outrageous clothes and the way she moved and made her eyes turn sent the message that Brazilians are light-headed people. What country would like to be recognized as the one where people carry bananas in turbans on their heads? Many Americans still don't think of literature, natural resources, or architecture when trying to imagine what Brazil is like. Their image is the sound of "chica chic-a boom," inflamed hips, and the crazy hats Carmen introduced. As proof that this inferiority complex has remained intact, author Otto Lara Resende has referred to Brazilian inventor Santos Dumont, the man who flew around the Eiffel Tower in Paris well before the Wright brothers got off the ground, as the exclusive inventor of airplane disasters.

Carmen made fourteen films in the United States. And contrary to popular belief she was not helped by the politics of Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy. Carmen had been working in the United States for months before the United States entered the Second World War. After their entry, yes. She participated in some productions to exalt the American war effort and help the allies. Her characters were named Dorita, Chiquita, Rosita, Carmelita and other diminutives.

These roles were unpleasant not only for Argentina in Down Argentine Way (prohibited in Buenos Aires because it did not represent the customs of the people), and to Brazilians in That Night in Rio (when she sang for the first time in English). Her role in South American Way, which presented South American women as ignorant and always ready for sex, was a slap ,n the face to all of Latin America. We can only wonder what Cubans thought when she made Weekend in Havana. Nonetheless, she taped her exotic and happy image in the gallery of famous faces and is remembered with appreciation in the film This is Hollywood.

In one respect Brazilians had been correct, she was richer.

By 1946 she was earning $210,000 a year and had become the artist who paid the most income tax to the federal government.

But her whole family had moved to Los Angeles and was living with her. Her house in Beverly Hills became the embassy for Brazilian musicians visiting the United States, and Carmen was known as the Ambassador of Brazilian music. The title was warranted. Her presence and scintillating presentations did more for Brazilian music than did the actual ambassadors at the time who never promoted Brazil's music. If one day somebody makes the film This is Brazil, Carmen Miranda will have to be recognized for bringing marchas and sambas to the United States while the music of Glen Miller and Benny Goodman was invading the beaches of Brazil.

Those who knew Carmen celebrated her for the manner in which she rebuffed the half-naked Darryl! Zanuck, cinema tycoon and womanizer, (something seldom achieved by other women contracted to his studio) who pursued her around the sofas and tables in his office demanding her "tropical delicacies." But not all of her battles concluded in victory. Carmen suffered after her marriage to American studio assistant David Sebastian who put her to work without rest. A little bag of medications accompanied her comings and goings and was an obvious symptom of her relationship problems. Half of the medications were stimulants in order to sustain the heavy work load. The others were sedatives to help her sleep when she had the time. Some intellectuals believe that Carmen inadvertently modeled for women the idea that there was strength in appearing and performing buoyantly even after being beaten by an abusive husband.

One can talk about the fairness of fate or wonder how history would have treated the woman whose name was synonymous with her country's music and dance had she married well. She had had a seven year romance with an oarsman from the Flamengo athletic club, and she always regretted not 42

marrying Aloysio de Oliveira, music director of Band° da Lua. We also know that in despair over Carmen, composer Assis Valente, one of the most popular songwriters of the 1930s and 1940s, committed suicide by drinking Guaraná soft drink and in',secticide. A singer who `‘worked with her at the ..Copacabana Palace related , that Carmen cried all the time. In her last days she was receiving electrical shocks to treat her depression.

The voice of Carmen Miranda carried with it a vivaciousness, that by irony and contradiction to destiny, imprisoned her in successive bouts of depression until on the evening of August 5, 1955 while holding a mirror and putting on her make-up in her Hollywood mansion she suffered a terrible fall. She was found dead the next morning by the maid, stricken by an acute heart attack. She died the same night that five years later would bring down Marilyn Monroe, another symbol of the glamorous, exploited, and ultimately betrayed woman. It was clear that the Hollywood machinery had killed once more. Carmen's body was embalmed and taken back to Brazil where a priest refused to entrust Carmen's spirit to God because of her facial make-up.

Bruce Gilman plays cuka for Mocidade Independente Los Angeles, received his MA from California Institute of the Arts, and teaches English and ESL in Long Beach, California.

4130 Suilset Strip, West Hollywood, CA 90069 CASA, (213) 848-5100 FOR TICKETS

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NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

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Gil continues to fascinate all of us, always the cosmic musician from Bahia, the magical pied piper of several generations, the student, the teacher, the provacateur, the gentle ambassador of the music goddess, with the power to incite dance in all who hear his sweetly delivered message and are forever mesmerized by it. The great Brazilian author Jorge Amado calls him the voice of Bahia, his music "feeding the dreams and hopes of the people".

Gilberto Gil's career actually began in business management in Sao Paulo, after graduating from the University of Bahia's School of Business Administration. In his twenty's however, having spent most of his years to learning and composing music, he decided to make it a way of life — very fortunate for all of us!

Gil's fascination with Joao Gilberto's bossa nova style convinced him to learn to play guitar. Other musical influences were Dorival Caymmi "his Guru", and later the Beatles, Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan, Jimmy Hendrix, and others of the 60's.

His music went through a transformation and emerged as part of the Tropicalismo Movement. This in turn played a large cultural role in Brazilian film, theatre and television programs of the time. Beyond musical and aesthetic innovations, this movement assimilated important social issues, having a decisive influence on lifestyles of Brazilian youth, and reflecting the boldness and ideas of its creators like Gil, Caetano Veloso, Gal Costa and Maria Bethania.

During the military regime that ruled Brazil for two decades, Gil's opposition resulted in his exile to London in 1969.

His song "Aquele Abraco", recorded before leaving, soared to the top ofthe charts and remains one ofthe most successful hits of the music industry. While in England, he also made some recordings and performed in Europe and New York.

Returning to Brazil in 1972, he brought a bag full of recording and new songs. By 1979, he had a list of 10 LP's, and added another 9 during the 80's. He also participated in the NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

production of D ces Barbaros (Sweet Barbarians) which reunited the giant of the Tropicalismo Movement, yielding a live album and ilm in 1976. His foreign recordings include Gilberto Gil in ondon (1971), Nightingale (USA — 1977) and Alive (Toky — 1987). He continues to tour internationally throughout urope, the U. S., Africa and Japan. Gil and Caetano Veloso resurrected the magic of their early years together in the 1 94 international tour of "Tropicalia II".

Since 1987, il has also included political and ecological engagements in his schedule. He is a multi-faceted person, with interests in many areas of socio-political issues. In 1990 he was decorate Knight of Arts & Letters by France's Minister of Culture, a d the same year in Brazil he was awarded the Shell prize for o erall career excellence. Adding to his list of commitments, h is also city councilor of Bahia's capital, Salvador. Gil's concerns regarding Brazil are well-known: he has become a spokesman for many social issues regarding Brazil's emergence from third-world status into a position of credible player among the world's nations.

Born in Salvador, in the state of Bahia in 1942, Gilberto Gil spent his childhood in the countryside, listening to a wide scope of musical genres from Bach and Beethoven to Bob Nelson, and was very influenced by Luiz Gonzaga, "the King" of northeast Baia° rhythym music. When he was 9 years old he asked his mother for an accordion, as he was also a great fan of Sivuca, and still talks of some day going back to his accordion.

Always the student, Gil has recently become fascinated by the computer, and with the help of his wife Flora, even has a Web page. His latest project is a book to be published in August of this year, Gilberto Gil—All the Words, an anthology of his 32 years in the music profession, along with his own commentary. Most recently Gil appeared on May cover of Vogue Brasil, along with a 30-page article and great photos.

As part of Gil's world tour this summer, he will be appearing at the Mariti1 e Hall in San Francisco on June 22 and at the House of Blues i 1 Los Angeles on June 23. s

Brazilian Legend

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Gustavo Leite Lucas Santana Arthur Maia Jorge Gomes Luiz Brasil

DON KLEIN PHOTO

SAN FRANCISCO MARITIME HALL 450 Harrison Street (at 1st St.) TICKETS: City Box Office 415/392-4400 or BASS Dance Floor or Balcony Seating http://www.GilbertoGil.com.br

thalia production 43

presents BRAZILIAN SUMMER FESTIVAL '96 John Anson Ford Amphitheatre 2580 Cahuenga Blvd. East Hollywood

Saturday, July 6, from 5-10 p.m.

A Day in Rio de Janeiro The color and sounds of Rio reign with feather dancers recreating the mood ot Carnaval.

• Cheremoya Escola de Samba (children's samba school) • Songstress

Claudia Villela • Musical tribute to Brazilian jazz great Moacir Santos led by rising star Rique Pantoja and his quintet.

• Josias and Sambrasil

Claudia Villela

f

Sunday, July 7, from 5-10 p.m.

A Day in Bahia African influenced rhythms of northern Brazil set the pace.

• Cheremoya Escola de Sambett, (children's samba school) - • Meia Noite & the Midnight Drums • Musical tribute to Brazilian jazz great Moacir Santos led by rising star Rique Pantoja and his quintet.

• Lula & Afro Brazil

adults $18* children under 12 $7* (general admission) *separate admission required each day To order tickets, call (213) 466-1767.

Tickets also available at Bye Brazil Restaurants at

Rique Pantoja

1615 Cabrillo Ave., Torrance (310) 787-7520 1104 Wilshire Blvd., Santa Monica (310) 393-0447 For more information, call (818) 566-1111.

Brazilian Festival web site: http://village.ios.comraccosta/bnp.html

:!cored by: C-P-sPoe Photo: Gilberto Leao

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NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

Brazilian Notas SCOTT ADAMS Brazilian charm with an American style. That's the goal of many musicians, although few are able to create that fluid balance. Welcome to Minas, a Philadelphia based group which has dedicated itself to translating all the grace and beauty of Brazil for US audiences for years.

Their new CD Blue Azul is available by mail order and delivers an impressive collection of original vocal and instrumental songs, with some of the highest quality production we've seen. With Blue Azul, the husband and wife team ofOrlando Haddad and Patricia King have succeeded where many before them have not: they've combined the roots of Haddad's Brazilian ancestry with the unique impressions of Brazil as seen. through King's American eyes to create an album that is right on the target, translating the music of Brazil for American ears.

All of this began quite naturally, in a Brazilian sort ofway. Both Haddad and King were busy with their lives as students at North Carolina School of the Arts, going in opposite directions. He with rock music and she with musical comedy and drama. Then they met, and everything turned upside down. "One day I saw Orlando with a guitar on the beach and asked him to play something Brazilian."

Orlando picks up the story.

"What really hit me hard was that I was so much into American music that I hardly knew any Brazilian tunes. And what is most ironic is that I had to leave Brazil and meet Patricia to discover the beauty of my own native music."

Each of Blue Azul's 13 tracks are clear winners, and you're sure to find your own favorites. There's the opening track "YB More." Its Zenlike lyrics and Brazilian cadence are the perfect setting for Haddad and King's duet vocals. "Strong Black Coffee" is a concert favorite that takes the concept of Brazilian rap and turns it into poetic treasure. The song carries that familiar "I just have to laugh" charm that's so much a part of the Brazilian mystique. Or the beautiful Bossa ballad "Only NEWS froit

- JUNE 1996

the Moon and the Stars" which finds King's softly sweet voice recalling memories of Lani Hall's years with Sergio Mendes and Brazil 66. Simply magical.

Blue Azul' combines songs in both English and Portu,gtiese and that's a big part of its success. Take the clever "Homenagem a Mineira," a lively, horn-driven afoxe rhythm that somehow includes more that 70 cities of the Brazilian state Minas Gerais in it's tribute to the women who live there. Or "They Had to Wait," which, in recognition of the times, might well be retailed "The Abstinence Samba." You just have to smile. Blue Azul's instrumental tracks are just as satisfying. "Caravan Groove" is a samba/reggae tune in four parts, specifically written to carry you away on a sevenminute journey, and "Choro Siciliano," with special guest, harmonica player Hendrick Meurkens, is jazzy and uplifting.

With two previous albums to their credit and literally hundreds of concert appearances throughout the eastern seaboard, Minas is poised for great success, All built around the genuine Brazilian warmth of their musical personalities.

Highly recommended, Blue Azul is available only through mail order by calling toll free 1-888 TO MINAS (8664627).

When trumpeter Terence Blanchard recently caught the ear of Time magazine, critics wrote: "Few can match his precision and flair in evoking emotion." But even Time's observation could not have predicted the success these elements would achieve when Blanchard invited Brazilian singer/composer Ivan Lins into the studio for his new Columbia jazz release The Heart Speaks.

Blanchard's musical career began as a prodigy of Art Blakey's group the Jazz Messengers, which helped him to formulate his personable style.

His effusive phrasing and tonal warmth match brilliantly with Ivan's vocal strengths, making The Heart Speaks the musical surprise of the year.

Surprise number 1: The Heart Speaks is an Ivan Lins songbook collection. Each song was carefully selected, and then translated into a masterful framework that brings both the trumpet player and the ,singer to uncharted musical territory. Surprise number 2: How did a straight ahead jazz trumpet player from New Orleans hook up with a Brazilian pop star half a world away? Terence, who admires innovative talent, supplies the answer: "Before recording, Ivan and I got a chance to know each other. We talked about our reasons for playing music

CARLOS

and our plans for the future, leaving me with-the impression that he has an undying love for music" said Blanchard. "I didn't want to make The Heart Speaks a 'strictly Brazilian' album. I wanted to take the aspects of Brazilian music that I love and personalize it." Blanchard invited special guests Oscar Castro-Neves and Paulitiho da Costa to join his regular band.

The Heart Speaks opens with Blanchard's softly muted solo on "Aparecida," which sets the tone for the remaining 12 tracks. His eloquent introduction creates the perfect setting for Lins' reflective vocals. Other favorites such as "Antes Que Seja Tarde" (Before It's Too Late), "Meu Pais" (My Country) and "Congada Blues" serve to illustrate the range and depth of this creative duo. The latter was actually written by Lins for Miles Davis just before his death, and Blanchard takes the opportunity to honor the trumpet master by including it on the album.

You may preview both of these albums and others 24 hours a day on our Brazilian Music Review Listener Line at (847) 292-4545. And don't forget to sign up for a free subscription to our Brazilian Music Review newsletter when you call.

JOBIM

This is the most-anticipated release of the year: not just for fans of Brazilian music or jazz, but for connoisseus of great songwriting and great music. The fifty-five songs in this reflection put Antonio Carlos looirn on display in all of his facets as an artist, guitarist, pianist, vocalist and, of COMP, composer. Included is a containing rare family photographs, interviews, and an extenshor essay.

(Des is devoted to as classic vocal rendition, coca comprises in instrumental peijormancez Co .3 provides a chance to hear, side by side versions of the same songs by different musicians ttY-five songs in this collection feature Antonio Carlos lobim log his compositions with great Jazz and Brazilian musicians ng Stan Gets, Joao and Astrud CilbeTto, Elis Regina, and many

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Plays Alb? Madame!... -- It all starts when two friends get a phone number that belonged to a palm reader and decide to take the clients for themselves. By Marcelo Saback and Vinicius Marques. In Rio. A Comedia — Complicated and funny love-triangle. Mauricio Lencasttre wrote and directs Viviane Dias, Ludh Raposo and Gabriela Neri star. In Sao Paulo.

Como Encher um Biquini Selvagem — Written and directed by multitalented Miguel Falabella with Claudia Jimenez.

A story of loneliness in the big city. In Rio. Encontro no Supermercado — A Ultima Seduciio —By Shulla Megiddo, directed by Claudio Torres. Middle-age couple rediscover love when they meet at the supermarket. With Tereza Rachel and Luiz Carlos Moraes.

In Rio. Eu Se! que Vou Te Amar — Only after their separation couple finds out how much they loved each other. Written by Arnaldo Jabor, directed by William Pereira. With Julia Lemertz and Alexandre Borges.

In Rio. Mary Stuart — The struggle for power between queens Mary Stuart and Elizabeth I. From Friedrich Schiller. Directed by Gabriel Villela. In Sao Paulo. • Oeste — Drama. A family feud between two brothers who see the world very differently. Sam Shepard's play directed by Marco Ricca with Renata Sorrah and Xuxa Lopes. In Sao Paulo.

Querida Mamde — The hatelove relationship between daughter and mother. Eva Vilma stars and Jose Wilker directs this Maria Adelaide Amaral's story. In Sao Paulo.

Todo Mundo Sabe que Todo Mundo Sabe — Another play from prolific and multitalented Miguel Falabella who also directs it. A socialite struggles to avoid economic disaster. In Rio. 46

Movies American films just released: The Birdcage (The Birdcage), Never Talk to Strangers (Nunca Fale corn Estranhos), Bed of Roses (Rosas da Seduciio), A Little Princess (A Princesinha), Powder (Energia Pura), Nick of Time (Tempo Esgotado), Executive Decision (Momento Critico), Dr. Jekyll & Ms. Hyde (0 Medico, a Mu/her, e o Monstro), Restoration (0 Outro Lado dallobreza), Mr. Holland's Opus (Mr. Holland, Adoravel Professor), Moondance (0 Luar dos Amantes), Strange Days (Estranhos Prazeres) La Ceremonie (Mulheres Diabolicas) — France/Germany — 1995 -- Claude Chabrol's thriller. The strange relationship between a maid and the woman she works for.

Isabelle Huppert stars with Jacqueline Bisset and Sandrine Bonnaire.

0 Corpo (The Bodo — Brazil — 1990 With Antonio Fagundes, Marieta Severo and Claudia Jimenez. Comedy about a happy menage a trois. Jose Antonio Garcia directed.

Based on short story by Clarice Lispector.

A Felicidade E... (Happiness Is...) — Brazil (1995) —Divided in four stories: "Sonho", "Bob", "Estrada", "Cruz", directed by A. S. Cecilio Neto, Jorge Furtado, Jose Pedro Goulart, and Jose Roberto Torero.

Lamerica (America, o Sonho de Chegar) — Italy -- 1994 — From Gianni Amelia the story of two friends looking for their dreamland and a better life.

Les Miserables (Os Miseraveis) — France —1995 —Despite all the hurdles two French families preserve their friendship and love.

Directed by Claude Lelouch.

Postino (0 Carteiro e o Poeta) — Italy — 1995 — Poet Pablo Neruda's friendship with the mailman during the writer's exile in an Italian island. Directed by Michael Radford.

As Meninas (The Girls.) — Brazil — 1995 — The story of three inseparable friends living in a for-girls-only boarding house. Based on Lygia Fagundes Telles' s novel. Directed by Emiliano Ribeiro. With Adriana Esteves, Drica Moraes and Claudia Liz. Les Silences du Palais (Os Silencios do Palacio) — France — 1994 — By Moufida Tlatly. After the death ofher father, a famous young singer returns to the palace where she was born.

L'Uomo delle Stelle (0 Homem das Estrelas) — Italy (1995) — Artist travels with his camera throughout Italy. From Giuseppe Tornatore.

The White Baloon (0 Bald° Branco) — Iran — 1995 — The dreams of a little girl whose only ambition is to get a red fish as gift. Jafar Pahani is the director.

Books

best-sellers

Fiction 1. 0 Mundo de Sofia Jostein Gaarder 2. A Profecia Celestina James Redfield 3. Comedia da Vida Privada Luis F. Verissimo 4. Carol Patricia Highsmith 5. 0 Xango de Baker Street J6 Soares 6. 0 Dia do Curinga Jostein Gaarder 7. Manha, Tarde e Noite Sidney Sheldon 8. Quase Memoria Carlos Heitor Cony 9. 0 Carteiro e o Poeta Antonio Skarmeta 10. 0 Ultimo Suspiro do Mouro Salman Rushdie

Nonfiction 1. A Assustadora Histdria da Medicina Richard Gordon 2. Frases Paulo Coelho 3. Almas Gemeas Monica Buonfiglio 4. Anjos Cabalisticos Monica Buonfiglio 5. Guia de Leitura da Profecia Celestina James Redfield 6. Encontros, Desencontros e Reencontros Maria Helena Matarazzo 7. Didrio de Getalio Vargas Celina Vargas do Amaral Peixoto 8. Minutos de Sabedoria Torres Pastorino 9. A Era dos Extremos Eric Hobsbawn 10. Simplifique sua Vida Elaine St. James According to weekly newsmagazine Veja NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

SAMBAING WITH CLARA HOLY PARTIES â&#x20AC;˘

San Francisco Bay Area residents have the chance to spend a heavenly evening with the saints Saturday, June 22, when the Bay Area Brasilian Club holds its annual Festa Junina (June Celebration) at the arraial (hamlet) of Lorena Simers in Atherton.

Now in its fifth year, the event has become increasingly bigger, better and more popular. Brazilians and non-Brazilians alike have been eager to dance forr6 and quadrilha (square dance) and to taste pipoca (popcorn), canjica (white maize soup with milk and sugar), amendoim (peanut) and bolinho de milho (corn cake) all traditionally part of the event.

Many even arrive in comical Festa Junina costumes. For the first time there will be a sanfoneiro (accordion player).

He is Brazilian Tatagiba. More information? Call (415) 334-0106.

MEAT KNOW HOW It was on April 1995 during a Tribute to Tom Jobim at the Lincoln Center in New York that Italian-Brazilian Alberico Campana had the great idea of starting a Brazilian barbecue house in the Big Apple. After the show, he and a group of Brazilians couldn't decide on where to go to get a churrasco (barbecue).

Campana is the owner of churrascaria Plataforma, Jobim's favorite restaurant in Rio. The original meat house has become a spot for artists, musicians and Bohemians who love red meat.

The Plataforma New York (49th Street at 8th Avenue) is importing seven Brazilians to work in the kitchen and promises to be a piece of Rio in the New York with chope (draft beer) and specialties like picanhas, maminhas and chicken hearts for the connoisseur.

Another renowned Carioca (from Rio) restaurant is also doing business in the US. It is the Porcao (Big Pig) which opened a place for 300 people earlier this year in Miami.

NEWS from BRAZIL-JUNE 1996

In Wes with Dead in 1982 as the rejoac - Bosco . sult of a medical malpracChico Bury Nana Caymm tice, when she was in her Gilberto GI prime, Clara Nunes, the Melon Nasome'nto Elba Ramalho greatest female sambista Maronho da Ia Brazil ever had, is back to Pauhnho da Aola htfulrt life singing duos with some of her favorite composers. The just-released CD is entitled Clara Nunes: Coin Vida a play with convida (she invites) and coin vida (with life, alive).

Among those participating in the magic duos are Chico Buarque, Milton Nascimento, Paul inho da Viola, Martinho da Vila, Nana Caymmi, Elba Ramalho and Gilberto Gil. Paulo Cesar, the man who was her producer and husband, writes on the liner notes to the CD: "This was a wrenching disc to make. There was such emotion in the studio. Some cried. Others recast their vocals several times. All were moved." ComVicla is being released in the US by Hemisphere.

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FOR AD CALL NOW 48

http://home.earthlink.net/—brazzil 213 255-8062 NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

FEIRA LIVRE OPEN MARKET CLASSES

Looking for a very fast, efficient, and pleasant way to learn Brazilian Portuguese?(415) 9913476 [130] COLLECTIBLES

Capoeira Masters Trading Cards! Complete sets available for $11.65. Californians add 8.25% sales tax. Donald Coley 969 62nd Street Oakland, CA 94608-1360 [127] COOKING

Best Selling Brazilian Cookbook - Delightful Brazilian Cooking

by Eng Tie Ang. Over 130 authentic, quick and easy recipes. $14.95, plus $3.00 shipping and handling. P.O. Box 30818 - Seattle, WA 98103 - Phone and Fax (206) 789-3693. [126] HEALTH & FITNESS

Lose weight. Keep it off and eat well. Natural herbs treatment.

Massage, facial cleansing and waxing. (415) 256-1213 [124] JOB OFFERED

Revolutionary marketing Co. ready for international growth.

Looking for highly motivated individuals with entrepreneurial skills and above average drive to help take this company to the next level. High income potential, serious inquiries only. Via South America - Call (310) 3129956. Travel & training available. [126] JOB SOUGHT

Business liaison - Bilingual executive will represent your company in Brazil or your Brazilian connection in US. (818) 7941572 LOOKING FOR

Procura-se Karla/Eduardo de Culver City. VOo Vasp 4/1 2/96 Elizabete (310) 441-9406

Music Brazilian Music in its totality.

Samba, bossa nova, chorinho, beat), axe, and more. Merchant Express - (800) 589-5884.

NEWSPAPERS & MAGAZINES

Jor n a is e revistas do Brasil.

Recebemos jornaisdiarios etodas as principais revistas, incluindo masculinas e femininas. Tel. (800) 589-5884.

NEWS from BRAZIL -JUNE 1996

PERSONAL WOMAN SEEKS MAN

Attractive, sophisticated economically independent Brazilian lady seeks nice Americano 4560 for serious commitment. Write to Claudice; SQN-308 Bloco Apt. 605 - Brasilia DF 70000 Brazil [124] Sophisticated, attractive lady with Scandinavian art degree seeks professional, attractive 4758 man — non-American. non smoker—for love eventual marriage. (213) 851-2767 [125] Sou Ellen, americana corn coracao brasileiro, bem educada, que adora a musica, a cultura, a lingua e o povo brasileiros.

Queria conhecer urn brasileiro solteiro de 40 anos ou mais, em boa forma, morando em New York City ou pertinho. E-mail: 73160.3237@compuserve.com [130] PERSONAL

FEIRA LIVRE RATES: 5016 a word. Phone is one word.

DISCOUNTS: For 3 times deduct 5%, for 6 times deduct 10%, for 12 times deduct 15%.

POLICY: All ads to be prepaid. Ads are accepted at our discretion. Sorry, no credit card at this time. Your canceled check is your receipt. Please, include address and phone number, which will be kept confidential.

DEADLINE: The 15th of the month. Late material will be held for the following month if appropriate.

TO PLACE AD: Send ad with check or money order to: News from Brazil P.O. Box 42536 Los Angeles, CA 90050-0536. marriage, warm, kind, loving. non-smoking Brazilian women 18-33 years. some English, one child OK. I will comPlete graduate business school and travel to Brazil June 1998. Serious inquiries only please. Ph to and letters: James King, 20 S. Elm St. Apt. C, Greenville, C 27858, USA. Also E mail to grjkingOecuvm.c s.ecu.edu [124]

MAN SEEKS WOMAN

American, male, 44 years old, would like to meet a Brazilian lady. I speak English only. Call (415) 994-8470 (San Francisco) [124] American Plastic Surgeon. Internationally recognized. Attractive. Athletic. Has toured Brazil.

Seeks intelligent, athletic, attractive, non smoking Brasileira who likes skin diving, aerobics, surfing, outdoor photography & cooking. Ages 22-30. Send photos and C.V. to G.M. - 2318 Washington - Great Bend, Kansas, 67530 - U.S.A. Americano, 38 anos, alto, delgado, branco, olhos azuis, professor de Ingles, procura brasileira 18-30 anos. (310) 2895719 William - Ou: 1223 Broadway #143, Santa Monica, CA 90404 [124] Americano, young 44, honest, romantic, seeks brasileira 27-39.

Has toured Brasil. Likes your people, music, soccer. Falo Portuguds. Letter/photo to Douglas, 18 Grand Rio Cir., Sacramento, CA 95826 [125] Blue eyes, 6' tall college grad, business owner, traveler near Marina Del Rey, California, seeks a sharing, caring, sensual relationship with a petite, ethnic, Brasileira— Barrett (310) 3902586 [124] Divorced white male, 45, seeks for correspondence, friendship,

PERSONAL MAN SEEKS MAN

French American guy looking for friendship with Brazilian men 35-55. (310) 659-3139 or write: Occupant, P.O. Box 16655, Beverly Hills, CA 90209 Handsome gay American man wants gay male pen-pals from Rio and Brazil. Write oberto — 1086 Post St. #309, San Francisco, CA 94109 US Quiet gay white mal ,38, 5'9", 150#, brown hair, mu tache. No smoke, no drink, no drugs, no car. Simple living, but love to travel worldwide. Seek Brazilian with similar interests. Letter/ photo to: Steve, 840N. Larrabee, #4-121, West Hollywood, CA 90069 Sou gay americano, 28, 6'2", 190, branco. Procuro brasileiro bonito para amizad e mais.

Morava no Brasil e agora tenho saudades. (213) 660-2617 [122] Very handsome, professional, kind and generous gay American man who loves truly the music, seeks caring, sincere Brazil man 25 to 45 from Los Angeles or Brazil. Call or write: Occupant 12425 Texas Ave. #13 Los Angeles, CA 90025 - ( 10) 2078793 [123] PERSONAL

Americano, 29, procuro brasileiros para falar portugues comigo. Preciso de praticar. Los Angeles area. Kalani (818) 6075089 [125] Brazilian guy, 27, looking for friendship, collects post cards.

Fabio — PO Box 9091, L.1.C. NY 11103-0904 Sou brasileira, tenho 16 anos. quero me corresponder com moos e rapazes brasileiros, latinos ou americanos que falem portugues ou espanhol. Luciene Pinto —Rua Leonardo Da Vinci, 13 — Senador Camara — CEP 21831-100 Rio, Brazil [122] PSYCHOTHERAPY

Chronic & Life Threatening illnesses, A.D.D. & dyslexia, life transitions, bicultural & relationship issues, sexual identity conflict — Edison de Mello, M.D., Ph.D. — MFCC Lic# 021323 —Portuguese/ Spanish/ English. (310) 281-9901 [131] Emotional & psychological help - Elizabete Almeida MFCC licensed psychotherapist. English/Portuguese. Reasonable rates. (310) 281-7536. [133] RENT

Vacation apartment for renting in Salvador-Bahia at Amaralina Beach (415) 256-1213 [124] SERVICES

Silent's —Fine line tattoos. By appointment only. (310) 8428628, (310) 843-1377 or (619) 965-9655 [129] TRANSLATION & INTERP.

English to Portuguese, technical translation. Precise, fast turnaround - Ricardo Paoletti (716) 839-5310. Fax: (716)839-5410.

E-mail: paolett@ibm.net

FRIENDSHIP 49

TV & RADIO COAST TO COAST SHORT WAVE RADIO Radio Nacional da Amazania - Daily, especially on evenings and early morning -6,180 & 11,780 Khz Radiobras - All universal time - From 12 noon to 1:20 PM, in English and from 1:30 PM to 2.50 PM, in Spanish 15,445 Khz BOSTON Coracao Brasileiro - Every Sunday, 12.00 noon with Dennis Miller - 88.1 FM WMBR CHICAGO The Sounds of Brazil - Every Saturday, 10:00 pm Midnight, 95.5 FM, Wt\ILJA with Scott Adams Show Brazil - Every Friday, 8:00 am - 11:00 am, 91.5 FM, VVMFO with Edna Moreno Brazilian Style of Music Every Friday, 11:00 am 2:00 pm, 91.5 FM, WMFO with Marlon Catao LOS ANGELES

ONGOING IN CALIFORNIA SATURDAY 1 POMPANO B., FLORIDA SAN FRANCISCO 10:00 PM - Entre Nos at Bahia Cabana

ANAHEIM; CAL.

LOS ANGELES 9:30 PM - Constellation Band at Cafe Danssa 10:00 PM - ULA Samba School at Zabumba

SUNDAY 9 SAN DIEGO, CAL. 3:30 PM - San Diego Samba School at Cafe Sevilla

10:00 PM - Sambrasil at Cafe Sevilla

7:00 PM - Lois & Zerao at Ginga Brazil

LOS ANGELES 9:30 PM - Constellation Band at Café

LONG BEACH, CAL. 7:00 PM - SambaLa Samba School at the Foothill

Danssa

TUESDAY 11 SAN FRANCISCO

10:00 PM - ULA Samba School at Zabumba

10:00 PM - Lula & The Afro Brazil Drummers in Spring Moon Party at Bakan Art Studio (213) 938-0523

9:00 PM - Brazilian Rainbow Party at Bahia Cabana

WEDNESDAY 12 LARKSPUR, CAL.

10:00 PM - Meia Noite & The Midnight Drums Band at Luna Park - 665 N. Robertson Blvd

SUNDAY 2 SAN DIEGO, CAL.

7:00 PM - Lisa Silva and Voz do Brazil at Bolero (415) 925-1804

BEVERLY HILLS

3:30 PM - San Diego Samba School at

8:00 PM - Katia Moraes at Sanctuary (310) 358-

Café Sevilla

0303

6:30 PM - Renni Flores & Rio SambaShow at San Diego ConcourseSilver Room (619) 702-8100 10:00 PM - Sambrasil at Café Sevilla

LOS ANGELES 8:00 PM - Axe, the Brazilian Jazz Ensemble at Zabumba

THURSDAY 13 BERKELEY, CAL.

LONG BEACH, CAL 7:00 PM - Sam baLa Rainha da Bateria Contest at the Foothill

TUESDAY 4 SAN FRANCISCO

9:00 PM - Adriana & Carlos Oliveira at Nino's

LOS ANGELES 9:00 PM - Lula & Afro Brazil at Zabumba

FRIDAY 14 POMPANO19";;FLORIDA

9:00 PM - Brazilian Rainbow Party at Bahia Cabana

WEDNESDAY 5 LARKSPUR, CAL.

8:00 PM - Clauduarte at Rebecca's (954) 7857766

LOS ANGELES

7:00 PM - Lisa Silva and Voz do Brazil

BEVERLY HILLS

Canal Brasil - Every Sunday, 9:00 pm, Continental Cable, Channel 28

8:00 PM - Katia Moraes at Sanctuary (310) 358-0303

THURSDAY 6 BERKELEY, CAL. 9:00 PM - Adriana & Carlos Oliveira at Nino 's

LOSANGELES 9:00 PM -Lula &Afro Brazil atZabumba

FRIDAY 7 POMPANaB.;'FLORIDA

9:30 PM - MILA Samba School at Cafe Danssa

ANAHEIM, CAL. 7:00 PM - Kleber Jorge with Zara° at Ginga Brazil

SATURDAY 15 POMPANO B., FLORIDA 6:00 PM - Dunga & Band at Panorama Restaurant (954) 784-8136

SAN FRANCISCO 10:00 PM - Entre Nias at Bahia Cabana

ANAHEIM, CAL. 7:00 PM - Lois & Zeta() at Ginga Brazil

LOS ANGELES

8:00 PM - Clauduarte at Rebecca's (954) 785-7766

LOS ANGELES

MIAMI RADIO

ANAHEIM, CAL. 7:00 PM - Sergio 2000 at Ginga Brazil

6:00 PM - Dunga & Band at Panorama Restaurant (954) 784-8136

at Bolero (415) 925-1804

Sounds of Brazil - Every Thursday, Noon - 2:00 pm, KPFK, 90.7 FM with Sergio Mielniczenko Brazilian Hour - Every Saturday and Sunday, 900 am - 10:00 am, KXLU, 88.9 FM with Sergio Mielniczenko

SAN 'FRANCISCO 10:00 PM - Entre N6s at Bahia Cabana

Hello Oiticica & Neville D'Almeida exhibit and films at Los Angeles MOCA (213) 621-1708 - Open until July 15

TV

RADIO

Restaurant (954) 784-8136

9:30 PM - MILA Samba School at Café Danssa

9:30 PM - Constellation Band at Café Danssa 10:00 PM - ULA Samba School at Zabumba 10:00 PM - Meia Noite & The Midnight Drums Band at Fais Do-Do (213) 932-9034

SUNDAY 16 SAN DIEGO, CAL.

10:00 PM - SambaLS at Zabumba

Brazilians Love Jazz - Every Sunday, 5.00 pm - 6:00 pm with Gina Martelli -93.9 - Love 94

ANAHEIllt,, CAL. 7:00 PM - Marcos Santos with Santana at Ginga Brazil

SATURDAY 8 POMPANOIBItfLORIDA 6:00 PM - Dun .a & Band at Panorama

so

3:30 PM - San Diego Samba School at Cafe Sevilla

10:00 PM - Sambrasil at Cafe Sevilla

LONG BEACH, CAL. 7:00 PM - SambaLa at the Foothill NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

calendar - june 96 - u.s.a. of Blues (213) 848-5100

TUESDAY 18 SAN FRANCISCO

LONG-13EACWIAL4

9:00 PM - Brazilian Rainbow Party at Bahia

Cabana

7:00 PM - SambaLa Samba School at

the Foothill

TUESDAY 25 SANTRANBISCO

WEDNESDAY 19 LARKSPUR, CAL. 7:00 PM - Lisa Silva and Voz do Brazil at Bolero

(415) 925-1804

BEVERLY HILLS 8:00 PM - Katia Moraes at Sanctuary (310) 358-

0303

9:00 PM - Brazilian Rainbow Party at

Bahia Cabana

LOS ANGELES

9:00 PM - Adriana & Carlos Oliveira at Nino's

LOS ANGELES 9:00 PM - Lula & Afro Brazil at Zabumba

FRIDAY 21 POMPANO B., FLORIDA

8:00 PM - Axe, the Brazilian Jazz En-

semble at Zabumba

THURSDAY 27 BERKELEY CAL 9:00 PM - Adriana & Carlos Oliveira

at Nino's

LOSIANGE:LES

8:00 PM - Clauduarte at Rebecca's (954) 785-

7766

9:00 PM - Lula & Afro Brazil at

GLENDALE, CAL.

Zabumba

FRIDAY 28 NEW YORK

9:30 PM - Katia Moraes at De Ja Vu (818) 547-

3947

LOS ANGELES 9:00 PM - Festa de Sao Joao at Zabumba 9:30 PM - MILA Samba School at Cafe Danssa

ANAHEIM, CAL. 7:00 PM -Marcos Santos with Santana at Ginga

Brazil

8:00 PM - Paulinho da Viola & Zizi Possi in JVC Jazz Festival at Avery

Fisher Hall (212) 420-1220

POMPANCVB:4iFLORIDA 8:00 PM - Clauduarte at Rebecca's

(954) 785-7766

SATURDAY 22 SAN FRANCISCO

LOS ANGELES 9:30 PM - MILA Escola de Samba at

8:00 PM - Gilberto Gil at Maritime Hall (415)

392-4400

Cafe Danssa 10:00 PM - Swing Brasil at Zabumba

ANAHEIMAGA1Z

10:00 PM - Entre Nos at Bahia Cabana

ATHERTON, CAL.

7:00 PM - Lois & Zelao at Ginga Brasil

8:00 PM - Festa Junina by Bay Area Brasilian

Club (415) 334-0106

ANAHEIM, CAL. 7:00 PM - Sergio 2000 at Ginga Brazil

LOS ANGELES 9:30 PM - Constellation Band at Café Danssa 10:00 PM - ULA Samba School at Zabumba 10:00 PM - Meia Noite & The Midnight Drums Band at Luna Park -665 N Robertson Blvd

SUNDAY 23 NEW YORK 3:00 PM - Caetano Veloso at Central Park

Summer stage - FREE

LOS ANGELES 12:00 NOON - Katia Moraes at KCRW with Tom

Schnabo 9:00 PM - Gilberto Gil & Katia Moraes at House

ANAHEIM, CAL. Ginga Brazil. 821 N. Euclid, (714) 778-0266

BERKELEY Astakenaz - 1317 San Pablo Ave. (510) 525-5054 Nino's - 1916 Martin L. King Jr. (510) 845-9303

LOS ANGELES 14 Below - 134814th St., Santa Monica - (310) 451-5040 NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

TV

WEDNESDAY 26 LARKSPUR;: CAL 7:00 PM - Lisa Silva and Voz do Brazil at Bolero (415) 925-1804

THURSDAY 20 BERKELEY, CAL.

SATURDAY 29 SAWFRANDISCO 10:00PM- Entre N6s at Bahia Cabana ANAHEIMaCALI 7:00 PM - Kleber Jorge with Zelao at

Ginga Brazil LOS ANGELES 9:30 PM - Constellation Band at Café Danssa 10:00 PM - ULA Samba School at Zabumba 10:00 PM - Katia Moraes releases CD at Luna Park (310) 652-0611

SUNDAY 30 LONGIBEACI14;CAL., 7:00 PM -SambaLa Samba School at

the Foothill

Cafe Danssa - 11533 W. Pico BI. West L.A.- (310) 478-7866 Foothill - 1922 Cherry Ave. Long Beach - (310) 983-9190 La Ve Lee - 12514 Ventura 131, - Studio City - (818) 980-8158 Zabumba -10717 Venice Blvd Culver City - (310) 841-6525

NEW YORK Blue Note - (212) 475-8592 SOB - (212) 307-7171 Supper Club - (212) 977-4414

TV & RADIO

OAKLAND, CAL. Yoshi's - 6030 Claremont Ave. (510) 652-9200

SAN DIEGO Café Sevilla - (619) 233-5979

BTN (Brazilian TV Network) - 11:00 pm-1. 00am, DCI ch. 40, S. South ch. 51, Adelphia ch. 52, Gold Coast ch. 99 Luqui Corporation -Jornal Bandeirantes - 11:00 pm 1:00 am, Dynamic ch. 20, S. South ch 41, Gold Coast ch. 44, DCI ch. 45 NEW YORK RADIO Brasil com S- Every Saturday, 9.00 PM with Judith King, 88.3 FM - WBGO Brazil Street Samba - Every Friday, 10:00 PM with Leo Costa & Alberto Lopes - 89.9 FM - WKCR Radio Amazonia - Every day, 6.30 PM on short wave - 6.185 MHZ TV Brazil Update - Every Saturday, 3:30 PM - Channel 69 Brazilians in America-TV - Every Sunday, 5:30 PM Channel 16 S. FRANCISCO Brasileirinho- Every Wednesday, 9.30 PM, KZSC, 88.1 FM with Renato Frota Brasil Musical-Every Sunday, 1.00 PM - 5:00 PM, Radio Bilingue, 91.5 FM via satellite, with Ricardo and Amarina Pugh - Fresno Canta, Brasil - Every Sunday, 6.00 PM - 8.00 PM KKUP, 91.5 FM, with Xuxu, Maria Jose and David Heyman Programa de Domingo Every Sunday, 1:00 2.00 PM, KSQQ 96.1 FM with Lino Bu_gatti A Taste of Brazil - Every Sunday, 11:00 PM - 12.00 AM, KKSF, 103.7 with Dick Conte Tropicalia Brasiliana - Every Friday, 8:00 PM - 9:00 PM, KUSF, 90.3 with Raim undo Franco

S. FRANCISCO Bahia Cabana - 1600 Market St. (415) 861-4202 Chambord - 152 Kearney St. (415) 434-3688

51

Boston Area Books Livraria Plenitude

(800) 532-5809

Centro Cultural Gaucho (213) 256-6548 Clubinho da Crianca (818) 248-3667 MILA - Samba School (310) 391-6098 SarnbaLa -Esc. de Samba

(310) 628-9789

Consulate

Computer

Consulado G. do Brasil (617) 617-542-4000

Henriques - Maintenance (818) 767-5153

Dentist

Consulate

Sylvio P. Lessa (617) 924-1882

Food & Products Aqui Brazil (617) 787-0758 Brasil Brasil (617) 561-6094 Jerry's Cachaea (617) 666-5410

Brazilian Consulate

(213) 651-2664

Dentists Gilberto Henriques

(213) 464-0524 Jose Carlos D. Polido

(714) 848-9200

Events Promotion

Zabumba

(310) 841-6525

Translation/Interp.

Brazilian Int. Affairs

(310) 854-5881 Tocantins Communic.

(818) 248-3667

Travel/Tours Around the World Trl.

(310) 202-6264 F & H - Hotel Repres.

(800) 544-5503 IVA C. W. Travel

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52

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53

An excerpt In February 1985, the first load of manganese and iron — 11,500 tons in 160 railroad cars — left Cara*, a series of rugged hills in the southeast of the Brazilian Amazon. Discovered 17 years earlier by an affiliate of US Steel in what had then been a heavily forested and little explored wilderness, Cara.* turned out to contain one of the world's largest mineral deposits with 18 billion tons of high grade iron and smaller but significant amounts of manganese, bauxite, copper, nickel, gold and silver. Exploiting these minerals required the construction of an 890 kilometer railroad to the port of Sao Luis, at a cost of $2.4 billion, the construction at the port of the largest iron loading complex in the world and the building of numerous roads into the jungle. Total investment amounted to over $5 billion, undertaken by the Companhia do Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD), a state mining enterprise that bought US Steel's shares in the project.

These infrastructure projects opened up previously inaccessible lands and created the lure of employment. Peasants, prospectors, ranchers and lumber companies led the rush for land, and an even greater assortment of people came looking for work. Small towns grew from a few thousand inhabitants to cities of over a hundred thousand; and towns sprang up where two or three years earlier there were no houses at all.

Under Brazilian law, in order to claim these untitled lands, hold them against other claimants or sell them, ranchers and peasants had to clear half the area they claimed. By 1985, when the first load of minerals was shipped out, much of what had been dense jungle between Carajas and Maraba— the nearest town, 163 kilometers to the east — had disappeared, leaving only the scorched trunks and branches of the largest trees standing. Lumber merchants hurried in to set up sawmills, buying cheaply the big trees that remained after the smaller trees had been burned.

Gold prospectors also rushed into the area. They set up ramshackle settlements, blasted the banks of streams with strong jets of water, and pumped mud through sluices to separate out the precious dust and the occasional nugget.

Individual ranchers struggled to prevent prospecting on their lands, but could seldom resist the large numbers who arrived.

At the top of the hill across from the mine, the CVRD mining company built a carefully planned town for miners and administrators, with electricity, commu-

Current ever en d stride atUtthcf- arg 'CalmentOrptises it?

Matesi romise tof: eperat the.::hisióry o previous conquests of theArnazEach:: _ extractive cycj.ee:has: -intensified e devastation.-and — Seduced by.thitiure of .

World markets:— ,:litnited 'ODA( •oppoSition.STEPHEN -G -SUNREFat

nications and other social service infrastructure. The company built a smaller town just outside its land claim to support its rail operations. The town near the mine remained a protected enclave but the second community was quickly engulfed by a spontaneous agglomeration of laborers, merchants and prostitutes, growing from three homes in 1980 to over 20,000 inhabitants in 1989. Its precarious water, drainage, sanitation, health and education services could not have served well a fifth of that number.

The filth, disorder and dangers of this unplanned city and the chaotic landscape around it are as much a product of Brazil's development policies as the planned community which spawned it.

No matter how much care is taken to minimize the environmental impact of megaprojects in the jungle, the very existence of a large project sets off massive immigration and forest clearing that is difficult, if not impossible, to control.

The mining company proclaims its concerns for the environment around the mine, but pays little attention to the chaos and violence beyond it.

Until two decades ago, the economy of this region was in many ways primitive and exploitative. Fishing, tapping rubber and gathering Brazil nuts did not sustain high living standards, nor could they sustain their contributions to Brazil's trade with the rest of the world.

They did, however, allow the jungle's flora and fauna to reproduce themselves.

Now the 900,000 square kilometers around the mine — nearly a fifth of the Amazon's total area — is the focus of government strategy for the entire region. The mines have stimulated road building, brought in new social services, and opened up new agricultural lands.

The company and the government argue convincingly that the labor and living conditions of these new enterprises are vastly superior to the socially repressive but environmentally more sound extractive economies of the past, though relatively few enjoy the benefits. The tension between the progress symbolized by large loans and big machines, on the one hand, and the preservation of the forest under exploitative labor regimes on the other, puts progressive regional politicians and environmentalists at a disadvantage in their campaigns to protect the fragile jungle ecosystem.

The devastation at Carajas is the latest chapter in the long saga of natural resource exploitation in the Amazon.

NEWS from BRAZIL-JUNE 1996

The commodities extracted have varied considerably but they have all reduced the chances for subsequent development by damaging the environment and by instituting exploitative labor relations and unstable human settlements. Planners, politicians and academics often equate high levels of natural resource endowment with the capacity for economic development, assuming a natural progression from dependence on the export of raw materials to a diversified economy. In fact, economies based on resource extraction tend to remain isolated enclaves supplying foreign markets and enriching absentee owners.

When the resource is depleted, extractive regions are left socially impoverished and environmentally degraded.

The growing indebtedness of many countries that attempted to industrialize during the 1950s and 1960s has pushed them back toward dependence on raw materials exports. Raw materials prices, always unstable, have been particularly soft during most of the past decade, in part because of the same global economic downturn which worsened the debt position of the developing countries. Low prices have narrowed profit margins in extractive enterprises and have enhanced the pressures to exploit cheaply, with minimal environmental safeguards. The Brazilian Amazon has been severely affected by these pressures, and is particularly susceptible to being treated as a panacea for debt and deficit in the rest of the nation, as its ecological fragility and economic history have left it politically and economically weak. ***** The Amazon basin contains the world's largest rainforest and largest river system. Carrying water and soils east from the Andes, it starts its journey to the Atlantic less than 100 miles from the Pacific coast. The Andean waters, rich in sediments, are joined by more sterile waters flowing from plateaus north and south of the main river, where the soil is old and weathered. The most fertile areas of the basin are therefore those where the annual floods drop the Andean soils. Both because of the added fertility along the river and because the rivers allow for easy movement, people have tended to cluster near the waterways. In the uplands, dense vegetation of highly diverse and often interdependent species provides a cover whose exuberance and depth disguises the poverty of the underlying nutrient base in the soil.

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

Early European chronicles related that large indigenous settlements along the rivers maintained stores of maize, manioc, sweet potatoes, dried fish, live turtles and fowl, together with plantations of pineapples, avocados, guavas, and other fruits. One account claims that a single society, the Tapajo, was capable of fielding an army of 60,000 men. Food 'supplies were sufficiently large to sustain the inhabitants and a Spanish expedition of 900 men for over a month in a single village. These riverme societies could maintain dense populations and complex social organization by coordinating hunting, fishing and agriculture with the yearly rise and fall in the river's height.

Indigenous societies exploited a wide range of natural resources at rates which allowed for their regeneration. The colonial economy, in contrast, exploited a few, highly marketable resources to exhaustion. Portuguese attempts to extend sugar cultivation into the Amazon, along with strong European markets for native spices, created extensive demand for Indian slaves, fostering raids and wars between different groups, and causing drastic depopulation. Certain tribes, including the Tapajo, were held to ransom in exchange for slaves from other tribes.

Others fled from the fertile river banks which exposed them to attack.

The decimation of native populations accelerated as the colonial economy declined. Amazonian sugar could not compete with sugar from Bahia in either quality or price. Depletion of native spices near colonial settlements obliged collection to expand further inland and upstream. Slaving expeditions became more and more wasteful of Indian life.

As early as 1693 there were complaints from slavers that it was necessary to go up river as far as the present boundaries of Peru to find slaves; numerous captured Indians died from malnutrition on the home-bound trip.

European demand for animal oils eliminated natural resources crucial to the subsistence of dense populations.

Turtle-egg oil and turtle meat were sold as a delicacy on local and international markets. The manatee, a large aquatic mammal, was intensely hunted both for local consumption and to supply oil and meat for ships involved in the West Indies sugar trade. The massive exploitation of turtles and manatees disrupted critical links in the riverine ecosystem and thus reduced the other resources, such as fish, on which human populations depended.

During two centuries, Portuguese colonists devastated the resources they extracted and sold. By the end of the 18th century, the twin assaults on native populations and natural resources had created a demographic and economic vacuum, broken only by a few small and impoverished cities. Europeans had conquered the Amazon, using those portions of it which had commercial value (indigenous labor, turtle and manatee oils and meat, wild spices, and grass for cattle) for their own short-term profit in ways which precluded sustained economic exploitation. The Amazon's economy stagnated until the mid-1800s, when technological changes in the industrial world started a new round of extractive exports. ***** Goodyear discovered rubber vulcanization in 1839. Subsequent technological refinements made vulcanized rubber sufficiently heat resistant for use in internal combustion motors. These events coincided with a major new development in industrial capitalism — the production of machines for general consumer purchase and use.

Rubber could be found in various forms throughout the humid tropics, but only the Amazon basin offered the quantity and quality necessary for industrial use. Rubber trees grow widely dispersed through vast areas of jungle. They yield latex in slow drippings which must be collected daily. The distance between trees — up to 100 meters — and the need for constant attention made rubber collection extremely labor-intensive.

Peasants and laborers near or within the few established urban centers provided labor for the early rubber markets, as did the surviving native groups in a few areas of terra jirme (uplands). The seringalistas (owners or lessees of rubber forests) soon had to import labor from outside Amazonia. A long, severe drought in the 1870s caused famine in the Northeast and drove many peasants to seek work elsewhere. It was only then due to the abundant 'cheap' labor — that the seringalistas could keep up with world demand.

Persistent labor shortages led many seringalistas to prohibit tappers from growing food so that they could dedicate themselves exclusively to tapping and processing latex. The tappers were obliged to pay heavily inflated prices for their transport, food and tools. The low prices set for their rubber output kept most of them in perpetual debt, bound to their masters by the threat of

55

nuts from huge groves covering over violence.

The seringalistas traded rubber for one million hectares. The few families provisions within the closed vertical that bought them and shipped them down system of aviamento houses. These river for export controlled the region's houses traded goods down through a politics, rotating in and out of office and series of intermediaries (aviadores)who monopolizing the rental of the Braziladvanced goods against eventual re- nut groves from the state of Para.

As with rubber, the rest of the local payment in the rubber which would be traded up through the,same sequence. population lived in direct dependence Aviadores at each level in this chain on these families. The local merchants maintained control through the indebt- would advance the tools and provisions edness of those at the next level down. necessary for an extended stay in the The prices of goods the tappers re- groves at the beginning of the rainy ceived were inflated at each of the mul- season when the nuts started to fall from tiple intermediary levels, the trees, and then discount the price of these as was the price of the rubber exported. goods from the price of The Brazilian the nuts gathered, setting The rising costs of the price for each. Most extraction and exchange Amazon is in this system were more gatherers ended the seaparticularly than compensated for by son with debt to carry susceptible to over into the next. the rise in prices. It was ***** the steady rise in prices, being treated however, and a growing The booms and busts as a panacea of resource appreciation in Europe of extraction for debt and long-term industrial deleft the Amazon isolated mand for rubber which and impoverished until deficit in the inspired the long, costly, the 1960s. Since then, a rest of the and uncertain process of series ofgovernment inination, as its tiatives has aimed to use developing a plantationcropped variety. When the Amazon as a soluecological the English succeeded at tion for the political and fragility and this in Asia in the early economic problems economic 1900s, the high costs of caused by Brazil's atthe Amazon system tempts to industrialize. history have priced its rubber off the The Amazon is seen as a left it market. In less than a dereserve of natural repolitically and sources which can dicade, Amazonian rubber fell from supplying nearly economically minish a swelling na100 percent of the world tional debt, and a reserve weak. market to only 20 percent. of land that can resolve As it had after the exgrowing tensions behaustion of its first round tween classes. of extractive exports, the Amazon's Through mining, lumbering and economy sank into a profound depres- ranching concessions granted to large sion. The rubber tappers who remained transnational and Brazilian corporations, turned to a mix of agriculture, hunting the government hoped to stimulate exand fishing. Minor extractive econo- ports to pay off its debt. By opening mies sustained isolated households, par- Amazonian land to colonization, it hoped ticularly during the 1950s when na- that increasing political tensions and tional and international demand for demand for land reform caused by the skins of jaguars and caimans provided mechanization of agriculture in the South export opportunities. These animals and recurrent droughts in the Northeast were depleted just as the manatee and â&#x20AC;&#x201D;would be alleviated. As the idea of an turtle before them. Once again the re- Amazon rich in natural resources was duction of fauna had profound effects incorporated into national economic on other parts of the ecosystem and policy, the old fear that other nations further impoverished human communi- might wish to control those resources ties. was resuscitated.

The completion of the BelemDuring this period, the economy of Brasilia highway in 1959 stimulated a the Maraba and Carajas region â&#x20AC;&#x201D; later massive immigration by dispossessed the site of the iron mines â&#x20AC;&#x201D; revolved peasants from other regions, especially around the extraction and sale of Brazil the Northeast. An influx of large ranch-

56

ing and lumbering enterprises soon followed the peasant migrants. Using their greater political and economic power, and frequently force, they were able to take control of the land which the peasants had cleared and then to take advantage of the labor reserve which their expulsion had created. , The establishment of an authoritarian and centralist military regime in 1964 created the conditions for further disruptions of land tenure guarantees, leaving peasants extremely vulnerable to repeated expulsion.

The large ranching and lumbering concerns used various tactics to assert legal claim to lands which peasants had settled: purchasing old or lapsed titles, forging and fraudulently registering deeds, buying state lands, or simply occupying the land. They usually offered small sums, and then, in collusion with local police and military, employed violence to remove those who would not leave.

In 1970, the Brazilian government embarked on a new development effort, the Program for National Integration (PIN). PIN stressed road-building and colonization with a strong emphasis on small farms, agricultural extension and integrated rural development. The enormous public relations campaign which accompanied it made migration to the Amazon seem like a real option for millions of landless peasants. A few Brazilian critics pointed out that the PIN roads supposedly built for colonization and communication appeared to connect the major mineral deposits discovered in the 1960s. As it turned out, they were right.

In 1974 the government announced a new development strategy, POLAMAZONIA, aimed to promote mining, lumbering, ranching, fishing, agriculture and hydroelectric energy. During the following decade, most subsidies were applied in three "growth poles" centered around large mineral deposits. The zone of the huge Carajas iron ore deposits received the greatest share.

Where PIN distributed access to resources in order to encourage domestic markets, POLAMAZONIA concentrated resources in order to accelerate exports to the rest of Brazil and overseas. The language used to promote the strategy alternated between lyrically rhapsodic and coldly economic but the central idea underlying the plan was expressed quite boldly: The time has come to take advantage of the potential which the Amazon region represents, principally to obtain a

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

significant contribution for the growth of the Gross National Product.

The Amazon was thus declared a resource reserve whose purpose was to finance Brazilian industrial development. The region was directly subordinated to the nation and to the national debt.

POLAMAZONIA's greatest impact was in two new extractive frontiers. In the first, the Brazilian government promoted small and medium-scale colonization in Rondonia, an area of relatively fertile soils which had been accessible only by river transport. Against the advice of some of its own officers and consultants, the World Bank financed asphalting of the road. This accelerated migration into the area and resulted in significant disruptions of indigenous societies and massive deforestation, with very little of the agricultural development which had been the project's justification.

The second project, in southern Para, was a massive undertaking to develop the largest iron ore deposit in the world at Carajas. Migrants began flowing into the area around Cara.* about 1971, encouraged by the prospect of jobs and by the certainty that the roads and railroads would open up new lands for settlement. This migration intensified land conflicts already underway at the edge of the old Brazil-nut groves.

During this period the military regime experimented with greater political openness as it moved toward a return to civilian rule. The need to placate domestic opposition and to satisfy foreign banks who voiced concerns about environmental destruction and indigenous rights stimulated ambitious statements about how the "minerals pole" would contribute to national development.

In 1980 the Minister of Planning inaugurated the Greater Carajas Program (PGC) to "promote the most efficient domestic use of the benefits [from mining] in the region." In glossy brochures with extensive photos and maps, the program's objective was put forth as "the harmonious growth of the country's diverse regions, industrial decentralization, redirection of migratory flows by generating new jobs, and payment of the external debt." Mineral extraction would go hand in hand with the opening of new agricultural and forest lands, the brochures claimed, as the PGC was inspired by the "government's concern to... achieve inter-sectoral integration." National income would be enhanced by

NEWS from BRAZIL - JUNE 1996

legislation requiring minerals to be at called NAAC (Nippon Amazon Alumileast minimally processed before ex- num Company) had started negotiations port. with CVRD, the state mining company, Nothing in the plan took account of to set up an aluminum plant where the the isolation, capital intensiveness and Tocantins River flows into the bay of technological dependency of economies Guarna near the city of Belem. The Japabased on mining. The government's nese idea, strongly supported by the planners simply asserted that the pro- Brazilian Government, was to build a gram, together with the material and huge hydroelectric dam on the Tocantins infrastructural resources that mineral River about halfway between Maraba extraction made available, would in- and Belem and generate electricity to duce private investment. turn bauxite and the alumina derived In practice, the only industrial from it into aluminum for export. projects proposed or approved have been Plans for the dam were announced in for technologically 1974. The following year simple, environmentally the Japanese made it clear destructive basic minerthey would not invest in As the idea als processing, primarily either the dam or the of an of iron ore into pig iron. equally necessary port Companies have benefited Amazon rich facilities. By this time, from fiscal incentives and the Brazilian government in natural tax holidays, and they use was so committed that it resources the abundance of native went ahead with these woods to make charcoal huge and very expensive was for smelting the pig iron. projects by itself. In incorporated 1976, NAAC and CVRD The technology required to make charcoal is simple into national set up a joint venture to and can be subcontracted build the Albras alumieconomic to local entrepreneurs and num processing plant at policy, the peasants. Initial and probMaranh5o. The Japanese ably conservative estiheld 49 percent of the old fear that mates are that 33,000 hectcapital and the Brazilians other nations the rest. Work on the ares of native forest will be consumed each year for Tucurui Dam started a might wish charcoal. By 1987, the year later. Despite a seto control three pig iron plants nearries of delays, the dam those ing completion had alwas finished in 1984 and ready stimulated the constarted to back up water resources struction of at least 200 in a 200-kilometer long was charcoal ovens, and enlake whose upper end algendered a new series of resuscitated. most reached Maraba, the conflicts over access to center of the old Brazilforest resources. nut groves and site of Contrary to its claims, the PGC's fierce disputes over land. The construcfiscal incentives will likely reduce much tion of the dam attracted huge armies of of the area along the railroad line to a workers; its completion dislocated both smoky wasteland of depleted forests, indigenous and peasant communities and impoverished soils, and fouled waters, a left the recent migrants unemployed. degradation that will only exacerbate Many of the dispossessed and the unemthe mounting problems of unemploy- ployed gravitated toward Maraba. ment, landlessness, and violent conflict Another mineral with an extraordiover land, which resulted from massive nary impact on the region was gold. In migration to the region.

1980, a discovery was made at Serra ***** Pelada about 20 miles west of Maraba.

The iron mines, however, were only Up to 40,000 prospectors flooded the part of the revolution which turned Para area. Since Serra Pelada was worked into a mineral-exporting province. Not manually as an open pit, it was subject only had manganese been found there to slow-downs during the rainy season

by Union Carbide in 1966, but in 1963 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; when mudslides would kill many â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and again in 1967 large reserves of baux- and to occasional closing when the walls ite were discovered on the Trombetas became too steep for safety and the top River, which flows into the Amazon 500 of the pit had to be widened. During the miles west of Belem. By 1973 a consor- slow periods, miners tended to spread tium of Japanese aluminum companies out to prospect in the surrounding hills.

Both CVRD and the ranchers found these activities threatening and disruptive. The use of mercury to extract gold dust from alluvial deposits poisoned water and diminished the fish catch, an important source of protein for both rural and urban poor along the Tocantins and its tributaries. Even more than Cara*, Serra Pelada spawned a large demand for prostitution; quarrels over shares ofgold spilled over into the towns where miners went for amusement, supplies and banking. The state of Para and the municipality of Maraba, both already very poor, received little additional revenue to provide for the health, education and security of this rapidly growing and often violent population. ***** Thus, on that morning in 1985 when the first trainload of iron and manganese left the Cara.* mountains, it crossed a landscape where the vegetation had been substantially altered, where patterns of ownership, commerce and transport had been transformed, and where the economy and topography of the rivers, the towns and the land itself had changed dramatically. The city of Maraba, into which the train pulled 163 kilometers down the line, had more than 200,000 inhabitants, over 12 times what its population had been when the iron ore was first discovered in 1967. The Tocantins river was no longer the only means of transport to Belem and to world markets beyond. It had been supplanted by road and rail, and cut in two by the Tucurui Dam. The old Brazil-nut economy was in rapid decline as agriculture, ranching, and lumbering took over the land and polluted the air which had supported the old groves.

Shortly beyond Maraba, and across the 2.5 kilometer bridge over the Tocantins, the train entered the Mae Maria Indian Reserve, home of the Gaviao people and the site of another set of problems created by the development of the region. The name Mae Maria comes from the huge Brazil-nut grove exploited by a single family since 1923 but partially ceded to the Indians who were resettled there from further east in 1947. The installation of power lines from Tucurui and then the opening of the railroad stimulated massive invasion by peasant migrants and engendered a three-way conflict, between the large landowner, the new peasants and the native people. To assure safe passage of the railroad line through Gaviao territory at Mae Maria, the mining company supported the Indians' claims and

58

looked to the official Indian agency (FUNAI) and the military's land agency (GETAT) to remove the invaders and resettle them elsewhere.

The only available areas for resettlement around Maraba were Brazil-nut groves. GETAT was not particularly concerned with the legislation protecting those trees, but the Brazil-nut groves were also the only lands around Maraba still under the state of Para's jurisdiction. Governor Jader Barbalho, a populist committed to reclaiming state control over unused lands, used environmental arguments to dissuade GETAT from expropriating the Brazil-nut groves to resettle the invaders. The Brazil-nut oligarchy, still using coerced indebted labor, found it convenient to ally themselves with the governor, creating a very awkward alliance for a government publicly committed to land reform and dependent on support from left-wing labor.

Environmentalists nominally sympathetic to the territorial claims of indigenous groups were put in the position of denying the peasants on Gaviao land access to the Brazil-nut groves, thus subordinating both peasants' and Indians' needs to the protection of the forest. GETAT and the Gaviao simply wanted an expeditious solution, as did CVRD, especially when the Gaviao threatened to block the railroad tracks in 1986.

This battle highlighted the inherent conflict between two different modes of extracting natural resources from the same environment. Brazil-nut extraction was older, depended on a self-regenerating plant, required far less capital investment, and had engendered a social organization of labor and distribution of access to resources which epitomized the most backward and reprehensible aspects of underdevelopment or of a "traditional" economy. In these ways, the Brazil-nut groves represented everything that a self-consciously modernizing society seeks to overcome. At the same time, the exploitation of Brazil nuts required very little foreign capital; it was protective of the natural environment; it depended on a beautiful and noble tree, which symbolized for many the ideal of a self-sustaining relationship between humans and nature; and it was locally controlled. The iron mine and the railroad stood for modernity, for high technology, for rational labor organization based on bureaucratic position, technical qualifications, and regulated

wages, and for connection to the rest of the world.

As these two modes of extraction were so located that they affected and used the same space, their differences brought them into direct conflict, both as symbols and as physical operations.

In 1987, GETAT managed to expropriate enough old Brazil-nut groves to resettle the invaders of the Gaviao reserve at Mae Maria.

It is difficult for environmentalists operating at a distance to judge the effects of supporting or opposing particular political groups in Brazil, as these have learned to use environmental rhetoric for their own purposes. It is all too easy to do things para o ingles ver, "for the English to see," in the cynical old Brazilian expression. One of CVRD's projects to conserve native fauna, for example, is an extravagant zoo which embarrasses even the company's environmentalists. Brazil-nut grove owners can invoke the ecological integrity of their traditional ways to marshal outside support, even when they themselves are transforming the groves into pasture and charcoal. At the same time, landowning and corporate interests have managed to present the concerns of foreign environmentalists and indigenous rights advocates as cynically disguised incursions against Brazil's sovereignty, using this to discredit Brazilian environmentalists.

Current development doctrine and the large-scale enterprises it promotes promise to repeat the history of previous conquests of the Amazon. Each new form of resource extraction, from the reduction of river animals to the transformation of vast areas of forest into pasture, has severely limited the potential for subsequent human settlement and economic use of the forest. Each extractive cycle has intensified the devastation and â&#x20AC;&#x201D; seduced by the lure of world markets â&#x20AC;&#x201D; limited local opposition. Extraction organized in response to technologically driven market changes and to politically determined economic decisions is not only a short-term disaster; it places permanent limits on the Amazon's potential for sustained autonomous development.

This article, published under the title "Eternal Conquest", was excerpted from the book Fighting for the Soul of Brazil, edited by Kevin Danaher and Michael Shellenberger, published by Monthly Review Press

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