OUR VISION FOR THE COMMUNITY

Materials reclaimed from deconstructions and renovation projects will not only be reused in future buildings, but could also be used to transofmr the vacant Ducie Street site into a vibrant public space for the community.

Bricks too damaged to be reused whole could be used to create permeable paving, fill gabions, or as aggregates. Timber could be reconstructed into seating and planters for both outdoor public spaces or for the interior furniture in the construction library and local houses.

Concrete, asphalt, and aggregate could be utilized as permeable pavers, gabion filler, or as a subbase for roads and drainage systems.

Timber beams that maintain their structural integrity can be used on the roofs of the renovated houses and could also be used to construct a pavillion or other outdoor gathering spaces.

To encourage innovative use of reclaimed materials, each year academic institutions such as the University of Liverpool will be invited to participate by building an ephemeral installation for the neighborhood of Granby

The Granby model is a form of Public-Common Partnerships as described by Common Wealth and the Center for Local Economic Strategies. These are models of joint ownership and governance where a council or local authority works with commons associations such as community land trusts enabling more radical solutions to local problems. In Granby, the derelict homes slated for demolition were instead handed over to the Granby CLT, allowing for them to be sustainably retrofitted and affordably rented, bypassing property speculation and wasteful development. Building on the Public Common Partnership model, the collection and distribution of material data would be a collaborative effort between the local authority, deconstruction companies, and local universities studying material science and engineering. Material producers would be required to include their products in publicly available material passports, and data from audits of deconstructions and retrofit projects would also be included. This information would then be used by architects and construction companies to create material manuals for each building they work on. Public Common Partnerships could also play a role in establishing local building regulations. Community Organizations, Architects, and Construction Companies could work together to provide guidelines that would best enable material reuse and innovation within construction while prioritizing the living standards of the community.

When a new building is required, construction with reclaimed materials will be prioritized. A robust local material resell network and community ownership of assets will facilitate this transition towards a more circular construction economy. All new build projects will catalogue material data in the form of material passports and manuals.

New construction projects would become acts of local participation as residents and CLT members would have a voice in how their community changes.

Regulations on local constructions will be developed with the PCP model. This will enable community organizations, experts in the field, and the local authority to work together to develop rules and requirements that are in the best interest of the community and encourage more sustainable and equitable construction methods and materials.

In order to make significant and impactful changes to the way we construct our buildings and our communities, we require many different organizations with different interests to work together. Community Land Trusts, supported by local city councils, and other community organizations will work together with construction and deconstruction companies to draft policies and provide recommendations that reimagine how materials can and will be used in their communities. By giving residents more automomy in how their neighborhoods are built, we can better serve the needs of those historically disadvantaged.

by ShenghanWang

Material Operation System

Specific policies and initiatives are necessary to support community land trusts and promote a more sustainable and equitable construction system. Vacant homes should be handed over to CLTs along with the appropriate funding needed for renovation or sustainable deconstruction. Landfilling avoidable construction waste should be illegal with material reuse networks and construction libraries established to reintroduce materials from local constructions and deconstructions back into the local economies. New constructions should be required to build with a specified amount of reused materials, and they should be encouraged to source all other materials locally when possible. By maintaining and supporting a new material network that is more local, we can build community wealth while simultaneously reducing the raw material extraction and labour exploitation.

MAP 45. MATERIAL OPERATION SYSTEM: POLICY SUPPORT by ShenghanWang

With a number of other successful CLTs and local community organizations already established in Liverpool, the successes of Granby could be replicated across the city. Material resellers and construction libraries could work together to ensure the sustainable collection and reintroduction of reclaimed materials. This material network would enable communities to renovate homes, buildings, and outdoor spaces.

Granby Four Streets CLT has over a decade of experience promoting community well-being and has brought a lot of valuable experience and inspiration to many other start-up CLTs. The work that they have accomplished so far in the face of adversity is truly inspiring. Community Land Trusts are becoming more and more common throughout the UK with many already producing positive benefits for their neighborhoods. By learning from each other’s successes and collaborating whenever possible, they have the opportunity to radically change when, where, and especially how development occurs. Our project would not have been possible without the incredible work already done by these organizations, and our goal for this project is to build upon their work to envision how cities can grow and develop sustainably in the future.

Table Of Diagrams

CHAPTER 01. MATERIAL CONSEQUENCES OF RAPID URBANIZATION

Diagram 01. Urban population vs GDP per capita. 2016.

OWID based on UN World Urbanization Prospects (2018), Maddison Project Database 2020 (Bolt and van Zanden (2020)) OurWorldInData.org/urbanization

Diagram 02. Urban population vs GDP per capita. Global North 2016.

OWID based on UN World Urbanization Prospects (2018), Maddison Project Database 2020 (Bolt and van Zanden (2020)) OurWorldInData.org/urbanization

Diagram 03. Urban population vs GDP per capita. Global South 2016.

OWID based on UN World Urbanization Prospects (2018), Maddison Project Database 2020 (Bolt and van Zanden (2020)) OurWorldInData.org/urbanization

Diagram 04. Global building material use by materials.

Huang, Beijia & Gao, Xiaofeng & Xu, Xiaozhen & Song, Jialing & Geng, Yong & Sarkis, Joseph & Fishman, Tomer & Kua, Harn & Nakatani, Jun. (2020). A Life Cycle Thinking Framework to Mitigate the Environmental Impact of Building Materials. One Earth. 3. 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.10.010.

Diagram 05. Global extraction of nonmetallic minerals by sector of use, 1970-2010.

Miatto, A., Schandl, H., Fishman, T. and Tanikawa, H. (2017), Global Patterns and Trends for Non-Metallic Minerals used for Construction. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21: 924-937. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12471

Diagram 06. Global extraction of nonmetallic minerals by type, 1970-2010.

Miatto, A., Schandl, H., Fishman, T. and Tanikawa, H. (2017), Global Patterns and Trends for Non-Metallic Minerals used for Construction. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21: 924-937. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12471

Diagram 07. Planetary boundaries.

J. Lokrantz/Azote based on Steffen et al. Planetary Boundaries illustration in black and white. 2015. https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html.

Diagram 08. Virgin material extraction 1972-2050.

Circle Economy. “The Circularity Gap Report 2022.” Amsterdam: Circle Economy, 2022.

Diagram 09. Global sand import 2019.

AJG Simoes, CA Hidalgo. The Economic Complexity Observatory: An Analytical Tool for Understanding the Dynamics of Economic Development. Workshops at the Twenty-Fifth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. (2011)

Diagram 10. Uk sand export 2019.

AJG Simoes, CA Hidalgo. The Economic Complexity Observatory: An Analytical Tool for Understanding the Dynamics of Economic Development. Workshops at the Twenty-Fifth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. (2011)

Diagram 11. Uk sand import 2019.

AJG Simoes, CA Hidalgo. The Economic Complexity Observatory: An Analytical Tool for Understanding the Dynamics of Economic Development. Workshops at the Twenty-Fifth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. (2011)

Diagram 12. Uk land use change diagram.

DOI for Land Cover Map 2019 (land parcels, GB): Morton, R. D.; Marston, C. G,; O’Neil, A. W.; Rowland, C. S. (2020). Land Cover Map 2019 (land parcels, GB). NERC Environmental Information Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/44c23778-4a73-4a8f875f-89b23b91ecf8

Diagram 13. Average house price in London, UK and nations. UK House Price Index; reports (Office for National Statistics)

CHAPTER 03. THE GRANBY MODEL

Diagram 14. Public-Private Partnership model construction cash flow.

ADB, EBRD, IDB, IsDB, and WBG. 2016. The APMG Public-Private Partnership (PPP)

Certification Guide. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO

Diagram 15. Public-Private Partnership model.

Shenghan Wang

Diagram 16. Public-Private Partnership model construction material flow.

ADB, EBRD, IDB, IsDB, and WBG. 2016. The APMG Public-Private Partnership (PPP)

Certification Guide. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO

Diagram 17. Public-Common Partnership model construction cash flow.

How ‘public-common partnerships’ can help us take back what’s ours. (2019, July 10). Novara Media. https://novaramedia.com/2019/07/10/how-public-commonpartnerships-can-help-us-take-back-whats-ours/

Diagram 18. Public-Common Partnership model construction material flow.

How ‘public-common partnerships’ can help us take back what’s ours. (2019, July 10). Novara Media. https://novaramedia.com/2019/07/10/how-public-commonpartnerships-can-help-us-take-back-whats-ours/

Table Of Maps

CHAPTER 01. MATERIAL CONSEQUENCES OF RAPID URBANIZATION

Map 01. Estimated Cities GDP by 2050

Corbane, Christina; Florczyk, Aneta; Pesaresi, Martino; Politis, Panagiotis; Syrris, Vasileios (2018): GHS built-up grid, derived from Landsat, multitemporal (19751990-2000-2014), R2018A. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) doi:10.2905/jrc-ghsl-10007 PID: http://data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-ghsl-10007.

Map 02. Global Atlas of Urbanization and its Consequences.

OECD (2022), “Material resources: Material resources”, OECD Environment Statistics (database), https://doi.org/10.1787/data-00695-en (accessed on 20 September 2022).

Florczyk A., Corbane C,. Schiavina M., Pesaresi M., Maffenini L., Melchiorri, M., Politis P., Sabo F., Freire S., Ehrlich D., Kemper T., Tommasi P., Airaghi D., Zanchetta L. (2019)

GHS Urban Centre Database 2015, multitemporal and multidimensional attributes, R2019A. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)PID: https://data.jrc. ec.europa.eu/dataset/53473144-b88c-44bc-b4a3-4583ed1f547e

Climate Watch Historical GHG Emissions. 2022. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions

Maus, Victor; Giljum, Stefan; Gutschlhofer, Jakob; da Silva, Dieison M; Probst, Michael; Gass, Sidnei L B; Luckeneder, Sebastian; Lieber, Mirko; McCallum, Ian (2020): Global-scale mining polygons (Version 1). PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/ PANGAEA.910894

Map 03. UK Offshore Sand Extraction Survey, B. G. (n.d.). Directory of mines and quarries. Mine & quarry Minerals UK. Retrieved September 21, 2022, from https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/mines/ dmq.html

Map 04. UK Sand Mines and Quarries

Bide, T. (2014, June). Thinking big - defining resources for Major Coastal Defence Projects. Retrieved September 21, 2022, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ Thomas-Bide/publication/308115338_THINKING_BIG_-DEFINING_RESOURCES_ FOR_MAJOR_COASTAL_DEFENCE_PROJECTS/links/57da785008ae4e6f1842c12a/ THINKING - BIG - DEFINING - RESOURCES - FOR - MAJOR - COASTAL - DEFENCEPROJECTS.pdf

Map 05. UK Transportation Network OS open roads. OS Products. (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2022, from https:// www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-government/products/open-map-roads

Map 06. UK Coastal Erosion

European atlas of the seas. European Commission. (2016, August). Retrieved September 21, 2022, from https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/atlas/maritime_atlas/#lang=E N;p=w;bkgd=5;theme=195:0.75;c=-340318.7714205728,7599429.374956644;z=10

Map 07. UK Land Use Change

Morton, R.D.; Marston, C.G.; O’Neil, A.W.; Rowland, C.S. (2021). Land Cover Map 2020 (land parcels, GB). NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre. https://doi. org/10.5285/0e99d57e-1757-451f-ac9d-92fd1256f02a

- Rowland, C.S.; Marston, C.G.; Morton, R.D.; O’Neil, A.W. (2020). Land Cover Map 1990 (vector, GB). NERC Environmental Information Data Centre. https://doi. org/10.5285/304a7a40-1388-49f5-b3ac709129406399

Map 08. UK Housing Prices and Population

Contains HM Land Registry data © Crown copyright and database right 2020. This data is licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

“Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK June 2020.” Office for National Statistics, June 25, 2021.

Map 09. Vacant Houses in England

Wilson, Wendy, Hannah Cromarty, and Cassie Barton. Rep. Empty Housing (England), 2020. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn03012/

Map 10. Extraction Externalities

See Map 13.

Map 11. Production Externalities

See Map 13.

Map 12. Construction Externalities

See Map. 13

Map 13. Construction Externalities Anatomical Map

“Top Ten Health and Safety Risks in Construction.” Alcumus, October 27, 2021. https://www.alcumus.com/en-gb/insights/blog/top-ten-health-and-safety-risksin-construction/.

Gardiner, Joey. “Should We Work All Hours?” Building, July 20, 2012. https://www. building.co.uk/focus/should-we-work-all-hours/5039631.article.

“Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Shipping.” Shell Global, n.d. https://www.shell. com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/greenhouse-gas-emissions-inshipping.html.

CHAPTER 02. LIVERPOOL, THE NEOLIBERAL CITY

Map 14. Liverpool HMRI Areas.

“Housing Market Renewal Initiative Annual Report 2006/2007”. Liverpool City Council, 2007.

Map 15. HMRI Impact of Demolished Houses

“Housing Market Renewal Initiative Annual Report 2006/2007”. Liverpool City Council, 2007.

Map 16. Speculation Areas by Private Developers in House for a Pound Scheme Meddings, Sabah, and Nathaniel Barker. “How £1 Homes in Liverpool Ended up in the Hands of Tycoon Li Ka-Shing.” The Sunday Times. August 14, 2022. https:// www.thetimes.co.uk/article/how-1-homes-in-liverpool-ended-up-in-the-handsof-tycoon-li-ka-shing-ls5jszph0.

“Mayor Wowed by Revamped £1 Home.” Liverpool Express, November 10, 2017. https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/mayor-wowed-revamped-1-home/.

Waite, Richard. “Pathfinder Fails for Liverpool.” Architects Journal, April 29, 2010. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/archive/path%EF%AC%81nder-fails-forliverpool.

Map 17. Overseas Investments in the Liverpool Region.

Information produced by HM Land Registry © Crown copyright [2022]. Economic activity. OS Products. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https:// digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/download/society

Map 18. Overseas Investments in the Liverpool Area.

Information produced by HM Land Registry © Crown copyright [2022].

Map 19. Development Typology. Demolition and build

- “Liverpool Development Update October 2019.” Liverpool: Liverpool City Council, October 2019

Map 20. Development Typology. New build

“Liverpool Development Update October 2019.” Liverpool: Liverpool City Council, October 2019

Map 21. Development typology. Conversion

“Liverpool Development Update October 2019.” Liverpool: Liverpool City Council, October 2019

Map 22. Development typology. Retrofit

“Liverpool Development Update October 2019.” Liverpool: Liverpool City Council, October 2019

Map 23. Global Origins of Construction Materials Key Map.

Map 24. The Lexington. Global Origins of Construction Materials.

AJG Simoes, CA Hidalgo. The Economic Complexity Observatory: An Analytical Tool for Understanding the Dynamics of Economic Development. Workshops at the Twenty-Fifth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. (2011)

Table Of Figures

Map 25. The Lexington. Environmental Impact of New Developments

AJG Simoes, CA Hidalgo. The Economic Complexity Observatory: An Analytical Tool for Understanding the Dynamics of Economic Development. Workshops at the Twenty-Fifth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. (2011)

“Embodied Carbon - The ICE Database,” 2019. https://circularecology.com/ embodied-carbon-footprint-database.html.

“Embodied Carbon - ICE Cement, Mortar and Concrete Model,” 2019. https:// circularecology.com/embodied-carbon-footprint-database.html.

ICE Database Machine Readable V3.0 Beta,” 2019. https://circularecology.com/ embodied-carbon-footprint-database.html.

CHAPTER 03. THE GRANBY MODEL

Map 26. Granby Timeline

New Statesman. ‘You can buy a house in Liverpool for £1’, 9 June 2021. https://www. newstatesman.com/spotlight/2018/03/you-can-buy-house-liverpool-1.

Granby 4 Streets Community Land Trust. ‘Granby 4 Streets Community Land Trust Granby 4 Streets Community Land Trust’. Accessed 23 September 2022. https:// www.granby4streetsclt.co.uk.

Alex. ‘Granby Four Streets - Power to Change’, 11 March 2022. https://www. powertochange.org.uk/case_study/granby-four-streets/.

Parry, Josh. ‘Look How Far the Granby 4 Streets Have Come’. Liverpool Echo, 7 December 2015. http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/look-howfar-granby-4-10564438.

Granby 4 Streets Community Land Trust. ‘History’. https://www.granby4streetsclt. co.uk/history-of-the-four-streets.

Map 27. Granby Four Streets Axonometric view.

CHAPTER 04. AUDITS AND PASSPORTS

Map 28. Material Management Proposal.

Bradley, Guy. ‘A GUIDE TO DECONSTRUCTION’, n.d., 93.

Diyamandoglu, Vasil, and Lorena M. Fortuna. ‘Deconstruction of Wood-Framed Houses: Material Recovery and Environmental Impact’. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 100 (July 2015): 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.04.006.

Wei, Yujie, Akash Pushkar, and Burcu Akinci. ‘Supporting Deconstruction Waste Management through 3D Imaging: A Case Study’. Banff, AB, Canada, 2019. https:// doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2019/0059.

Finkelstein, Emily A. ‘EXTREME ADAPTIVE REUSE: THE ANALYTICS OF DECONSTRUCTION AND THE UPCYCLING OF BUILDING MATERIALS’, n.d., 78. Urbanism, Unagru Architecture &. ‘Is It Worth Using Reclaimed Bricks?’ unagruarchitecture, 22 March 2022. https://www.unagru.com/single-post/is-it-worthusing-reclaimed-bricks.

Map 29. Ducie St. Facade Section. Materials Extracted.

Map 30. Deconstruction Audit Procedure

Map 31. Granby Rendering Deconstruction Audits

Map 32. Material Catalogue for Terrace House.

Map 33. Material catalogue Quality Comparison

Map 34. Material Passport Data and Actors

Heinrich, Matthias, and Werner Lang. Publication. Materials Passports - Best Practice. Technische Universitat Munchen, in association with BAMB, 2019. https:// www.bamb2020.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/BAMB_MaterialsPassports_ BestPractice.pdf.

Map 35. Material Passport Application

Map 36. Granby Rendering Retrofit Audits

CHAPTER 05. THE MATERIAL MANUAL

Map 37. Material Manual

“KIV87VF30G Built-in Fridge-Freezer with Freezer at Bottom - Bosch Home,” n.d. https://www.bosch-home.co.uk/product-list/KIV87VF30G.

Map 38. Construction Library

Map 39. Material Reuse Comparison

Map 40. Reused materials.

Map 41. Pavilion Reuse Materials.

CHAPTER 06. A LOCAL NETWORK OF REUSE

Map 42. Public-Common Partnership Framework

Map 43. Granby Rendering Retrofit Audits

Map 44. Material Operation System: Operation Flow

Map 45. Material Operation System: Policy Support

Map 46. Material Network in Liverpool

Map 47. CLT Map

Figure 01. London Thames River And Canary Wharf Aerial View. London Thames River and Canary Wharf Aerial View. November 14, 2018. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/roli_b/46030772521/in/photostream/.

Figure 02. Vacant Houses in Liverpool.

Furlong, Christopher. Derelict Homes in Liverpool Liverpool Echo. Acces-sed July 14, 2022. https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liver-poolthousands-more-empty-homes-21234082

Figure 03. The Toxteth Riots Of 1981 In Pictures.

Fradley, Samuel. ‘Kim Aldis - The Brixton Riots of 1981 in Pictures’. The South West Collective of Photography (blog), 28 October 2019. https://thesouthwestco-llective. co.uk/kim-aldis-the-brixton-riots-of-1981-in-pictures/.

Figure 04. Managed Decline News Headlines.

BBC News. ‘Thatcher Urged “let Liverpool Decline” after 1981 Riots’, 30 Decem-ber 2011, sec. UK. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-16361170.

Figure 05. Letter From Geoffery Howe (Chancellor Of The Exchequer) To Pm Thatcher — 1981.

Ross From. ‘What Managed Decline in Liverpool Can Teach Us about Con-servative Attitudes towards Vulnerable...’. Medium (blog), 14 March 2020. https://medium. com/@rossjenk32/what-managed-decline-in-liver-pool-can-teach-us-aboutconservative-attitudes-towards-vulnerable-a86b-6f10a229.

Figure 06. Homebaked Housing Market Renewal Area. Loudon, Mark. Homebaked. Housing Market Renewal Area. Homebaked Community Land Trust. Accessed May 5, 2022. https://homebaked.org.uk/about_us/ story/.

Figure 7. Illustration House for £1 speculation in Liverpool.

Speakman, James. Paved with Gold? Hatherley Street in Toxteth. The Sunday Times. The Times, August 14, 2022. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/how-1-ho-mes-inliverpool-ended-up-in-the-hands-of-tycoon-li-ka-shing-ls5jszph0.

Figure 8. Hatherley Street In Toxteth.

Speakman, James. Paved with Gold? Hatherley Street in Toxteth. The Sunday Times. The Times, August 14, 2022. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/how-1-ho-mes-inliverpool-ended-up-in-the-hands-of-tycoon-li-ka-shing-ls5jszph0.

Figure 9. The Lexington Building.

Original picture by Bradley Nissen. April 14, 2022.

Figure 10. Graffiti On Granby Street

Original picture by Borja Romeu. April 13, 2022.

Figure 11. Granby Clt Members.

Rand, Lisa. ‘Our Streets Were Forgotten by the City so We Fought Back’. Li-verpool Echo, 21 September 2019. https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liver-pool-news/ streets-were-forgotten-city-fought-16947325.

Figure 12. Granby Winter Gardens.

Original picture by Mingxi Shu and Borja Romeu. April 13, 2022.

Figure 13. Public-Common Partnership Model. Milburn, Keir. Russell, Bertie. ‘Public-Common Partnerships: Building New Circuits of Collective Ownership’. Common Wealth, 27 June 2019. https://www.commonwealth.co.uk/reports/public-common-partnerships-building-new-circuits-ofcollective-ownership

Figure 14. Abandoned Materials In Granby Area.

Original picture by Mingxi Shu, July 29. 2022

Figure 15. Roughing Book and Owner’s Manual. Phillips, Scott. ‘Writing an Owner’s Manual for a House’. Fine Homebuilding, February/March 1998. https://www.southmountain.com/press/writing-ownersmanual-house/