VAVALAND_Ania Sosin

Author:

Ania Sosin

University:

Amsterdam Academy of Architecture

Study:

Urbanism

Head - department:

Markus Appenzeller

Mentor:

Hans van der Made

Commission:

Mark van der Heide, David Kloet

External Examination Board:

Maud Aarts, Herman Zonderland

Date:

february 2019

Contact information:

ania@so-in.nl

“Warsaw is difficult but open, totally destroyed, undesigned but maybe these features are its best quality because here is a chance for play, breathe, experiment.�

Jan Kubec, architect

CONTENT 1.

1.a 1.b 1.c 1.d 1.e 1.f 1.g 1.h 1.i 1.j 1.k 2.

3.

CITY INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS General information Problems recognition The first conclusions History overview The city of today Survey with inhabitants Research on the city landscape Research question The meaning of the river for the city The meaning of the ridge for the city References

DESIGN STRATEGIES ON THE CITY SCALE [ L ] 2.a Strategies for the city 2.b City vision map 2.c Linear vision of activities DESIGN STRATEGIES ON THE MIDDLE SCALE [ M ] 3.a Design locations choice 3.b Testing scenario’s 3.c The design of the three locations

11 13 18 30 33 39 43 46 65 66 67 78

4.

81 82 95 98 105 106 108 111

4.a 4.b 4.c 4.d 4.e

DESIGN LOCATION AS A CASE STUDY [ S ] The choice of the design location Site analysis Design principles Masterplan Visualizations

121 122 124 126 127 128

5.a 5.b 5.c 5.d 5.e

NETWORK STRATEGY AND DEVELOPMENT DYNAMICS What Where Who How When

137 139 146 148 152 156

6.

CONCLUSIONS

159

7.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

162

8.

SPECIAL THANKS

165

5.

1.

CITY INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS

9

Foreword

Warsaw is an example of a city with an impressive rate of change, that took place especially during the twentieth century.

In the 30’s it was believed that the capital of Poland was of great, intercontinental importance for its strategically central location. At the intersection between Europe and Asia, Baltic Sea and Black Sea, Warsaw was imagined as a major transit hub and meeting point for political, economic and cultural purposes.

One of the goals during the Second World War, was Warsaw’s total destruction and the creation of a military unit of German soldiers on the remains of the city. However, the plan was not implemented, even though the damage to the city was enormous.

After the war was over, Poland was colonized and made into a communist state. Urbanism and Architecture became tools of propaganda and Soviet domination. The scale of buildings, the sections of streets and squares were designed to overwhelm the individuals, reduce their sense of importance and turn them into an instrument of a system.

Parallel with the fall of Communism a new era began, with capitalism and rampant re-privatization processes. It resulted with an ungraded property law, acupunctural urban planning without clearly defined rules. This era continues to this day, with Warsaw revealed as a patchwork city of former influences which generated many problems.

This thesis is an attempt to look at the fragmentation and chaos of Warsaw and the potential features already available for creating a better city.

It is also a document of discovering the importance of human co-operation’s role to facilitate the realization of a shared vision.

1.a GENERAL INFORMATION

europe

VARSOVIA the capital city of Poland

area: 517km2

population 1.7 million inhabitants

11

Till today, it has been impossible to identify a girl from a photo taken in 1945. It is difficult to say what she was thinking about while looking at the ruins or how she imagined Warsaw of the future.

What we do know, is that, she was looking at a blank page that could expand in every direction.

12

“A girl looking at the ruins of Warsaw” 1945

13

figure 1 Informal city center 2019

14

The fate of the city progressed towards the image visible in the figure 1, representing the informal center of the city. On the one hand, we see a Soviet symbol, on the other, longing for wealth and styles straight from Manhattan or Dubai. The question arise: Where and actually what is Warsaw? This question lead one to think about the identity of the city.

“When it comes to urbanism, the problem of identity is not taken into account. Neither regulations nor contracting parties require it.

(...) Warsaw is often referred to as a city of many identities and sometimes even the city that lacks a distinct identity. All the more, one of the most distinguishing features of the city is the lack of planning.�

(...) Urbanism can again become a field of culture�.

Krzysztof Domaradzki, Urbanist

15

1.b

PROBLEMS RECOGNITION

The lack of planning results with chaos.

Warsaw has to struggle both with the world current problems and still with its difficult heritage.

16

vicious circle of phisical and mental problems and their mutual influence

MONOCENTRISM

SPATIAL POLARISATION

URBAN SPRAWL

FRAGMENTATION

MOBILITY

(IDENTITY OF PLACE)

SOCIAL POLARISATION

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SMOG

17

monocentric city Warsaw used to be a polycentric city. It has changed in the 50’s of the XXth century, when the communists appointed, randomly, a new center

18

and built the Palace of Culture and Science as a Soviet gift for the polish nation. This Palace is both loved and hated. It defined the space radi-

cally and doesn’t function as a center. The Defilade Square, located next to the Palace is 450m long and 150m wide and functions as a

parking lot.

There are no facilities nor qualities that a functioning for the people center should have.

urban sprawl Warsaw expands without any limits. There is no physical barrier to stop this process.

inhabitants outside the city

900.000 inhabitants inside the city

1.700.000 possible scenario

2.800.000

- density before the war 10.000 inh / km2 - density today

3.000 inh / km2

19

mobility

Air Quality Index 2018 Registered cars Bicycles Air Quality Index Registered cars: Warsaw: 59 1.262.399 500kmBicycles for almost in the city centre 1.262,399 Amsterdam: 7 2 million inhabitants 12.06.2018 Paris: 43 727 for 1.000 inh 727,4 for 1,000 citizens Warsaw: Warsaw: 59 Berlin 15-28 twice more = twicethan more in Berlin 500 km for almost Amsterdam: 7 Paris: 43 Berlin: 15-28

than Berlin

The city used to be connected.

2 million inhabitants Amsterdam: 2 million km for almost 1 million inhabitants

Trees

Warsaw Amsterdam

500km

ca 2 mln

2000km

ca 1 mln

During 2009 - 2014 147.000 trees were cut = 16 Ĺ azienki Parks There were planted

47.000all by investors Now the roads lead to the center. + 60.000 by the city There no ring. The structure is still the same saldo =is - 40.000 as appeared during the war.

It was the most efficient way to reach the central part for German tanks.

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20

Begin of the XXth c.

Begin of the XXIth c. (remains from the second WW)

The communists used the opportunity of the demolished city to build extreme wide streets and big squares to hosts the parades. Today, the space is dedicated for streets and parking lots.

In many places, pedestrians have to use underground walkways to reach the other side of the streets.

air Warsaw has the worst air quality in Europe, the index from this year is 59, while Berlin has less than 28 and Amsterdam 7.

21

society polarization

People of Warsaw are called symbolically “jars”. It’s made up for 50% of incomers that went from small towns and villages to the large city in search of work and successful living conditions. Yet, they can’t afford the costs, therefore they bring food in jars gave by their parents.

In Warsaw, there is large social polarization, negative results of gentrification processes and racism.

Less than 2% of the residents are foreigners.

INTERNATIONALISATION

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Bemowo Białołęka Bielany Mokotów Ochota Praga South Praga North Rembertów Innercity Targówek Ursus Ursynów Wawer Wesoła Wilanów Włochy Wola Żoliborz

italy

UK

Germany

China

India

0

france

0

Russia

5000

Belarus

8000

Vietnam

22

chosen districts

Ukraine

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registered nationalities

identity

In terms of the city’s identity, the small interventions are being made to create social awareness but at the same time lots of old buildings, that survived the war, are being destroyed.

23

destroying heritage, Praga district

24

Praga typology, cacophony of styles

modernistic typology (loose)

old Varsovian typology (dense)

km , 0.5

lat

tf ges

long

e rop u E in

lon

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25

Praga district, located in the east part of the Vistula river, has its unique character that Warsaw used to have.

This typology was too dense but social friendly, with lots of urban interiors and characteristic, multiplied gates.

26

attempts of grasping the essence of the city’s architecture by sketching 27

1.c THE FIRST CONCLUSIONS

28

In Warsaw many impacts happened, but demolishing, starting over, blindly adding something will have a negative impact on a city again.

29

FRAGMENTATION

30

=

LACK OF VISION

1.d HISTORY OVERVIEW 0

1000m 26

27 3

4

2 5 6

28

9 1 12

8

V

11

13

7

17 10

i

s

t

u

l

18

14 16

a

21 20

15 22 19

23 24

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25

Scattered city XVII century

The fragmentation is not only the result of the systems of the XX’th century.

In the XVIIth c. the city structure was based on 28 plots called “Jurydykas” all with own law and municipality.

31

timeline FROM GENESIS TO THE XX c. THE SEQUENCE OF RAISES AND FALLS. RESILINET CITY BUT LACKING A CLEAR VISION

inh.

2600

5000

18000 - 6000

20000 - 12000

63000 - 383000

686000 - 884000

XIII - XIV

XVI

XVII

XVIII

XIX

XX

5000 City becomes the capital of Poland, political XVIdevelopment, large contrast between rich and poor. Development of Jurydykas private towns on City becomes theagricultural capital plots, that political blocked development, the of Poland, development 1791 rich and large contrastuntil between poor. Development of Jurydykas private towns on agricultural plots, that blocked the development until 1791 1.003000

18000 - 6000 Swedish Deluge, destroyment; lack of vision and treating the city XVII as a whole

1.289000 - 422000

20000 - 12000 Chic era, dynamic development, new arteries and two main axes: XVIII Oś Saska and Stanisławowska, french type of gardens. Due to lack a valid city development, plan, the Chic of era, dynamic streets were built on the basis of new arteries and two main axes: fragmented Oś Saska andregulations Stanisławowska, french type of gardens. Due to lack of a valid city plan, the streets were built on the basis of fragmented regulations 1.000000

2nd1.289000 World War - 422000

1.000000

inh.

2600 The genesis of the city on the XIII ridge's-highest XIV point, weak significance The genesis of the city on the ridge's highest point, weak significance

884500

1914 - 1918 Ist World War 884500 1914 - 1918 Ist World War

32

Swedish Deluge, destroyment; lack of vision and treating the city as a whole

63000 - 383000 Development but fragmentary, no vision, population XIX growth to approx. 1 million inhabitants Development but fragmentary, no vision, population growth to approx. 1 million inhabitants

1.315600

686000 - 884000 The city under the restrictions of the Russian partitioner, XX but also the period of the first urban plans The city under the restrictions of the Russian partitioner, but also the period of the first urban plans

1.700000 - prognosis till 2.000000 or 3.000000

XX c. - TODAY. THE SEQUENCE1939 OF -UNREALIZED VISIONS THAT CHANGED EVERY FEW YEARS 1989 interwar period 1945 1950 - 1956 1970 1.003000 Brave vision of Warsaw as interwar period an important, intercontinental metropolitan area, intensive development, new districts, metro Brave vision of Warsaw as an important, intercontinental metropolitan area, intensive development, new districts, metro

Hitler's Pabst Plan of a 1939 - 1945 total destroy and creation small military for german 2ndunitWorld War soldiers Hitler's Pabst Plan of a total destroy and creation small military unit for german soldiers

1.315600

Six-year plan for recovering 1950 - 1956 lost space, building PKiN

Modest modernism

Six-year plan for recovering lost space, building PKiN

Modest modernism

1970

1.700000 - prognosis till 2.000000 or 3.000000 Decline of communism, 1989 democracy and transformation, general plan and study but with problems of ownership, densification and elimination of Decline of communism, greenery, economic and democracydue andtotransformation, legal factors toowith general plan in andplanning study but little attention was paid to problems of ownership, public space and shared of densification and aelimination vision greenery, due to economic and legal factors in planning too little attention was paid to public space and a shared vision

Praga Praga Praga

Saska

Axis

Saska

Axis

Saska

Axis

Stanisła

wowska A

xis

Stanisła

wowska A

Stanisła

xis

wowska A

XVI c.

XVI c.

Warsaw became the capital of Poland. There was XVI c. a largeXVI contrast between rich two castles and the c. province. A rare phenomenon arose - Jurydyki private towns on agricultural plots. They blocked the development of the city until 1791, when it was dissolved. The only element of the contunuation of their structure is Krakowskie Przedmieście street.

Warsaw became a capital of Poland. There was a large contrast between rich two

castles and the province. A rare phenomenon arose - Jurydyki - private towns on

agricultural plots. blocked the development of the city until 1791, rich two Warsaw became a They capital of Poland.

There was a large contrast between when it and was the dissolved.

The of thearose continuation of -the structure is on private towns castles province.

A only rare element phenomenon - Jurydyki Warsaw became a capital of Poland. There was a large contrast between rich two Krakowskie Street the development of the city until 1791, agricultural Przedmieście plots. They blocked castles and the province. A rare phenomenon arose - Jurydyki - private towns on when it was dissolved. The only element of the continuation of the structure is agricultural plots. They blocked the development of the city until 1791, Krakowskie Przedmieście Street when it was dissolved. The only element of the continuation of the structure is Krakowskie Przedmieście Street

xis

XVIII c.

XVIII c.

Dynamic development, new arteries and two main XVIII c. axisis: Oś Saska and Stanosławowska; french type XVIII c. of gardens and palaces.

The dissolving of Jurydykas lead to join Praga district to the city. Due to the lack of valid city plan, the streets were built on the basis of fragmented regulations.

Dynamic development, new arteries and two main axises: Oś Saska and Stanisławowska; french type of gardens and palaces. The dissolving of Jurydykas lead to join the Praga district to the city.

Due to thedevelopment, lack of a validnew cityarteries plan, the streets wereaxises: built onOś the basisand of fragmented regulations.

Dynamic and two main Saska Stanisławowska; french

type of gardens and palaces. The dissolving of Jurydykas lead to join the Praga district to the city.

Dynamic development, new arteries and two main axises: Oś Saska and Stanisławowska; french Due to the lack of a valid city plan, the streets were built on the basis of fragmented regulations. type of gardens and palaces. The dissolving of Jurydykas lead to join the Praga district to the city.

1928 - 1929 1928-1929 Scheme representing the rules of creating the 1928-1929 city structure. the idea highlighted the impor1928-1929 tance of one center.

Scheme showing the rules of creating the city structure, the idea highlighted the

importance of one centre.

Scheme showing the rules of creating the city structure, the idea highlighted the

importance of one centre.

Scheme showing the rules of creating the city structure, the idea highlighted the

1930 1930 Modernism. ‘Dragonfly’ model from the Athenian 1930 card.

1930 Believe in Varsovian transcontinental importance. 'dragonfly' model from the Athenian card.

'dragonfly' model from the Athenian card.

'dragonfly' model from the Athenian card.

importance of one centre.

Due to the lack of a valid city plan, the streets were built on the basis of fragmented regulations.

enlargement of Żerań industrial district

enlargement of Żerań industrial district enlargement of Żerań industrial district number of flat districts within the city, wider, monumental streets

four major bridges Saski Park

number of flat districts within the city, wider, monumental streets

Saski Park enlargement of Wola number of flat districts within the city, industrial district Saski wider, monumental streets Park

City centre with the Palace four major bridges of Culture and Science

four major bridges City centre with the Palace of Culture and Science City centre with the Palace of Culture and Science

enlargement of Wola industrial district enlargement of Wola industrial district

one line of metro: north-south

Okęcie airport one line of metro: north-south

Okęcie airport

one line of metro: north-south

Okęcie airport

1930

1945

Node places in the structure of the public space in the central part of Warsaw. Proposal

Hitler's Pabst plan.

1930 1945 1930 1945 Node places in the structure of the public space Hitler’s 1930 1945 Pabst Plan. in the central part of Warsaw. the proposal for a development: red full - existing, shaped, red empty - existing, unshaped, blue - new, proposed to shape. for development: red full: existing, shaped, red empty: existing, unshaped, blue: new,

proposed to shape Node places in the structure of the public space in the central part of Warsaw. Proposal for development: red full: existing, shaped, red empty: existing, unshaped, blue: new, Node places in the structure of the public space in the central part of Warsaw. Proposal proposed to shape for development: red full: existing, shaped, red empty: existing, unshaped, blue: new,

proposed to shape

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Hitler's Pabst plan.

Hitler's Pabst plan.

1945-1950

1950-1956 Socrealism

2016

Recovering destroyed space.

"six-year Warsaw reconstruction plan" significantly

Node places in the structure of the public space in the central part of Warsaw. Existing,

Sketch of a plan of central districts, providing for division of the city structure into three

influenced the shape of today's city.

red full: existing, shaped, red empty: existing, unshaped

The drawing shows only decisionsplan" favorable for the city. "six-year Warsaw reconstruction significantly

Node places in the structure of the public space in the central part of Warsaw. Existing,

influenced the shape of today's city. "six-year Warsaw reconstruction plan" significantly The drawing shows only decisions favorable for the city. influenced the shape of today's city.

red full: existing, shaped, red empty: existing, unshaped Node places in the structure of the public space in the central part of Warsaw. Existing,

1945 - 1950 1945-1950 Recovering destroyed space.

1945-1950 Sketch of a plan of central district, providing for division of the city structure into three meridian zones separated by green zones with a separate central district and two lines towards north-south. meridian zones separated by green zones, with a separate central district Recovering destroyed space. and twooflines towards north-south Sketch a plan of central districts, providing for division of the city structure into three Recovering destroyed space. meridian zones separated by green zones, with a separate central district Sketch of a plan of central districts, providing for division of the city structure into three and two lines towards north-south meridian zones separated by green zones, with a separate central district and two lines towards north-south

1950 - 1956 2016 1950-1956 Socrealism 2016 “Six-year Warsaw reconstruction plan” 2016 Node places in the structure of the public 1950-1956 Socrealism significantly influenced the shape of space in th central part of Warsaw. Red full today’s city. The drawing shows only - existing, shaped, red empty - existing, undecisions favorable for the city. shaped. red full: existing, shaped, red empty: existing, unshaped

The drawing shows only decisions favorable for the city.

33

the drama of the XXth century

from more than 1.300.000 residents only 400.000 survived the war

the Old City and Vistula river in 1945

photomontage of the capacity the demolished buildings ranging 74 mllion cubic meters

35

reconstruction

The rebuilding of Warsaw was a magnificent process involving all polish society. Every working person had to pay half of the percent of the income for the city. The buildings of the other cities were demolished just to bring bricks. It all resulted with a “unesco� protection of reconstructed Castle and its surroundings.

36

People had one goal.

They succeeded but because of the soviet propaganda, they felt betrayed and since then they have never been so involved in common goals.

Till today, introducing a sharing economy or participation activities are met with skepticism.

1.e THE CITY OF TODAY

Currently, we face the capitalistic era with the “wild reprivatisation� processes, money driven developments that result with high rises out of context, lack of good public space and the most gated neighbourhoods in Europe.

37

data of the individual districts RESIDENTIAL SECTOR

CULTURAL PROGRAM

912.9 thousands 66.5 3.34 2

53.4 3.16 3

floor area (m2) number of rooms

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

Bemowo Białołęka Bielany Mokotów Ochota Praga South Praga North Rembertów Innercity Targówek Ursus Ursynów Wawer Wesoła Wilanów Włochy Wola Żoliborz

54721 54790 65876 124938 47915 95403 34103 9707 76459 55547 27211 69583 30746 8963 19476 22385 84300 30744

61.4 3.45 1

58.4 3.29 11

54.3 3.27 10

55.8 2.97 18 46.0 2.69 17 51.1 2.86 5

901 museums theatres cinemas courses events

44.9 2.67 7

76.8 3.86 8

52.6 3.07 6

50.8 2.71 9

111.8 4.63 14 100.6 4.30 13

56.1 3.1 5 4

64.8 3.31 16

95.8 4.00 15

71.6 3.63 12

LABOR MARKET problem with finding a job for people with higher education

Unemployment applies to both educated and uneducated people (high 28.4%, basic 24%, vocational 23.1%).

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

Bemowo Białołęka Bielany Mokotów Ochota Praga South Praga North Rembertów Innercity Targówek Ursus Ursynów Wawer Wesoła Wilanów Włochy Wola Żoliborz

EMPLOYED

22080 27087 21539 157358 62661 49545 26353 4542 215385 23234 8874 45316 19068 3362 9470 48454 84985 19008

2303 1997 3132 4446 1835 4803 2496 618 2863 3053 1099 2478 1676 483 374 910 4118 1040

1 51 181

1 2 91 506

3

10 18

Bemowo Białołęka Bielany Mokotów Ochota Praga South Praga North Rembertów Innercity Targówek Ursus Ursynów Wawer Wesoła Wilanów Włochy Wola Żoliborz

7

8 2 1 74 2037

4 1 2 126

1

42 22 7 16 1328

17

160

6

9

14

3 2 6 322 5

1 211

1 1 2 338

6 3 4 22 817

11

7 2 2 343

13

4

16 3 18 174 15 2 2 4 32 12

Warsaw urbanized

55.6%

farmlands 22.6% 123 15 698 - 43 57

urbanized recreation infrastructure ecology wastelands other

2

111 54 411 5 15 34

92 49 463 - 2 -

3

10

18

25 161 220 - - -

7 8 1

6 9

14

5 11

164

1 39 113

10

17

2 1 1 42 169

Z O N I NG

problem with finding a job for people with lower education

2

3 UNEMPLOYED

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

2

13

4 16 15 12

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

Bemowo Białołęka Bielany Mokotów Ochota Praga South Praga North Rembertów Innercity Targówek Ursus Ursynów Wawer Wesoła Wilanów Włochy Wola Żoliborz

18

32 86 357 - 29 14

22 13 202 - 13 -

7

8

43 42 391 - 16 -

1

81 185 678 - 2 19 81 83 631 - - -

9 301 403 - - -

17

6

45 2 216 - 53 -

9

14

15 115 233 - 5 -

5

45 8 169 - 1 -

11

85 18 644 - 43 -

65 174 676 - 71 71 54 22 930 - 2 -

13

4

16 26 12 242 4 57 -

15 156 232 606 4 27 -

12

/ ha

38

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internal migration MIGRATIONS

MIGRATIONS

Migration growth = 4.69 (per 1000 inabitants)

- 17

Migration growth = 4.69 (per 1000 inabitants)

- 17

2

2

-5

-1

3 INFLOW 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

Bemowo 2456 Białołęka 4125 Bielany 2104 Mokotów 3727 Ochota 1514 1. Bemowo Praga South 2964 2. North Białołęka Praga 826 Rembertów 3. Bielany347 Innercity 1935 4. Mokotów Targówek 1719 5.

Ochota Ursus 1275 6.

Praga South Ursynów 2354 Wawer 7. Praga 1758 North Wesoła 554 8. Rembertów Wilanów 2048 9.

Innercity Włochy 1251 Wola 3076 10. Targówek Żoliborz 1965

23

OUTFLOW 1998 1669 1881 INFLOW 3885 1413 2456 2813 4125 1343 265 2104 2256 3727 1833 1514 850 2964 2336 779 826 290 347 409 1935 656 2342 1719 822

18

7

OUTFLOW1

17

1998 9 1669 5 18817 388511 40 1413 16 2813 1343 7 265 2256 11 1833 11. Ursus 1275 850 12. Ursynów 2354 2336 13. Wawer 1758 779 14. Wesoła 554 290 15. Wilanów 2048 409

16. Włochy 1251 656

The map represents how intensively the eastern central dis17. Wola 3076 2342 Żoliborz 1965 822 trict is deserted. 18.

Praga district [6,7] has best endured the destrucGSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.100

tion of the war. It should be a valuable heritage of the city and the desired place of residence. The location seems to be unique, right by the Vistula with a view of the ridge and the castle.

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- 17- 5

17 3

Praga North and South

10

3

1

5

-1

8

- 58

10

23

6

18

9

- 17 7

3

4

17

5

14

17 1 1

-1

8

- 58

-1

1 13

-1

6

9

14

50 9 15

5

- 13 12

40

-1

1

13

4

16

SALDO

- 13

50 15

12

SALDO

39

most residing and abandoned districts MOST RESIDING

Wilanów, saldo 50

Włochy, saldo 40

Żoliborz, saldo 23

MOST ABANDONED

Białołęka, saldo -17

40

Praga North, saldo -17

Praga South, saldo -58

1.f SURVEY WITH INHABITANTS

experiencing the city space “Before the war Warsaw was designed for people, for their needs with thought about good communication and common space to live. The war and communism destroyed these ideas in favor of developers�

41

experiencing the city through emotions “It saddens me that Warsaw is teared apart by money driven developers.

It saddens me that the politicians deprive the city from trees and have air pollution for nothing”

“ I’m fascinated by photogenic quality of Warsaw during each season.”

“Spatial chaos makes me angry”.

“ I enjoy walking through the historical parts of Warsaw.

I feel then better contact with the architectural tradition and sort of continuation ...” * 38 people interviewed

42

assessment of the existing situation

dream of a new center and improved districts Which place in Warsaw do you visit most often?

If you could ‘replace’ the center, where would it be?

Białołęka

Białołęka

Bielany

Ochota Ursus

Wawer

Mokotów Włochy

Wilanów Ursynów

Rembertów

h

Wesoła

Praga South

Żoliborz Bemowo

Targówek

Wola

ity erc Inn

ity erc Inn

Wola

Bielany

t Nor ga Pra

Rembertów

h

t Nor ga Pra

Żoliborz Bemowo

Targówek

Zbawiciela square 3 Vistula river 6 Ujazdowski Park 3 Mokotów 5 PKiN 1 Łazienki Park 4 Praga 1 Praga zoo 1 Kępa Potocka 1 Krasińscy garden 1 Old City 11 none 1 Wilanów Park 3 Żoliborz 1 Saska Kępa 1 Koszykowa street 1 Chmielna street 1 Saski garden 1

Wesoła

Praga South

Ochota Ursus

Wawer

Mokotów Włochy

Wilanów Ursynów

Which place in Warsaw do you try to avoid?

Białołęka

Targówek Rembertów

Ursus

Wawer

Mokotów Włochy

Bemowo Wola

ity erc

ity erc

Ochota

Targówek

Inn

Wesoła

Praga South

Żoliborz

Wesoła

Praga South

Ochota Ursus

Wawer

Mokotów Włochy

Wilanów Ursynów

Rembertów

th

th Inn

Wola

Bielany

Nor

Nor

Bemowo

far located block districts 17 Krak. Przedmieście, Government area 1 PKiN 5 Mordor district 5 east side of the Vistula river 1 Wola district 1 Prgaa district 3 whole Warsaw 1 metro center 1 Old City 1 shopping centres 1 Mokotów 1

ga Pra

ga Pra

Żoliborz

Which district, in your opinion, shuld be revitalised or transformed as the first one?

Białołęka

Bielany

no idea 11 Old City 3 Kraków, Gdynia (other cities) 2 Vistula river 15 Mokotów 1 Bankowy Square 1 close to Vistula river 4 Żoliborz 1

Wilanów

Ursynów 1 Praga 22 Innercity 3 Mordor 1 Białołęka 1 Włochy 2 Wola 2 Ochota 3 Gocław 1 Grochów 1 Muranów 1

Ursynów

There is a tendency to “replace” the center to the west but what people want is a linear center along the river.

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1.g RESEARCH ON THE CITY LANDSCAPE

Following the residents’ dreams, the research has moved towards the city landscape. Two significant natural elements of the city with great potential have revealed themselves as important elements of the design process.

Specifically, the ridge and the river.

The river has been forgotten. The ridge is large yet surprisingly difficult to notice. These landscape elements are geographically central and divide the city into two parts. The ridge is 25 km long with its highest point of 25m in the center of the city, where it is in its closest proximity to the river.

This is the place where the city was born. The most suitable place to build the castle and to exploit the beautiful view of the river.

44

the river

the ridge

place of the city genesis

45

landscape of Warsaw and its threats

In addition to the naturally occurring threats, such as droughts, floods or landslides, the landscape elements are dangered by human interventions in the form of infrastructure, often illegal investments or blocking linearity based on the incompatibility of landowners’ interests.

46

river bank area of direct flood threat area of indirect flood threat ridge, area exposed to dangerous landslides area of investment pressure in a valuable natural environment buildings "cultural strip", monuments with public function

fragment of the ridge and the river representing the unused potential of the water and damaging pressure on the ridge

natural ridge break

ridge

Vistula river

anthropogenic ridge break

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Vistula river

Vistula is the longest river in Poland 1023km.

Goes from the Tatry mountains 1107m to the Baltic Sea. It devides the country into two parts.

The river floods, mostly in July the north part and March - the middle part. The latest floods were in 1960, 1997, 2001, 2010 when reached 7m in Warsaw.

The transit depth is too small to use heavy ships. The existing transport is basing on tourism and small boats.

From the 60km of the edge within the city only two are designed for people use and it is only for few years.

photo: Robert Busha Buszkiewicz

48

Baltic Sea Gdaล sk

Bydgoszcz

Warsaw

Krakรณw

Tatry Mountains

Vistula river source: instagram

50

6 bridges

central part urban and natural edges

10 bridges central part

urban and natural edges

52

10 bridges central part

urban edges

18 bridges central part

urban edges

7 bridges

central part urban and natural edges

9 bridges

central part urban but mostly natural edges

3 bridges

central part urban and natural edges, clear division

7 bridges

central part urban edges

12 bridges central part

natural but mostly urban edges

4 bridges

13 bridges central part

central part

urban edges

urban edges

urban edges

central part

2 bridges

53

the ridge

54

56

the ridge

scale comparison

10m

10m

6 - 8m 10m 22 - 25m 18 - 20m

6 - 8m

10m

22 - 25m

18 - 20m

20m 20m

The ridge is unique on a European scale and requires special protection.

It has had a military and flood defensive function, with aeration of the city and dry soil. Partially covered with greenery, protected monuments and nowadays housing, often illegally positioned and exceeding the permissible construction height of 12m.

The ridge, as the spine of the city is often interrupted, which has lost its continuity.

15m

15m

10 - 15m 10 - 15m

Green Line Park New York, ca 10km long

the ridge, Warsaw, ca 25km long

57

the ridge source: instagram

58

Warsaw’s Slope is unique on a European scale and requires special protection. It contributed to the location of the city.

the ridge’s impact on urbanisation and road structure

60

the impact of the road structure and planned investments on the ridge

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gardens of nuns gardens of nuns 7 - Ujazdowski Palace planned apartment buildings red line - areas at risk of uncontrolled investment

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f - Łazienkowska route f - Łazienkowska route m - valley Sadurki 3 - The old city from district h - valley Rudawki, in aseen large partPraga transformed during the construction of the AK Route

SINGLE HOUSES + FLATS

FORT

RIDGE

m - valley Sadurki m - valley Sadurki h - valley Rudawki, in a large part transformed - Royal Palace h - valley Rudawki, in a large part5transformed during the construction of the AK Route during the construction of the AK Route

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Natural and anthropogenic barriers, interrupting the continuity the escarpment (slope) and anthropogenic barriers, interrupting the continuity ofof the escarpment (slope) nterrupting Natural the continuity of the escarpment (slope)

plan

ostrada

a - Wisłostrada - Tamka area a - 1Wisłostrada Tamka area g - Agrykol (XVIIIc.)

g - Agrykol (XVIIIc.) Chopin's museum g2--Agrykol (XVIIIc.) c - Karowa street

Karowa street

c - Karowa street Vistula river seen the old city cgardens - from Karowa of street nuns i - valley Polkówki, buried, today virtually unnoticeable

i - valley Polkówki, buried, today virtually unnoticeable 4 - Area ofvirtually the president's Palace, i - valley Polkówki, buried, today unnoticeable e - Aleje Jerozolimskie (XIXc.) planned seminar headquarters

my route

b - National Army route b - National Army route route National Army h - valley Rudawki, in a large part transformed

h - valley Rudawki, in a large part transformed gardens of nuns 3Rudawki, - The old seen from Praga district h - valley part transformed - Średnicowa line tunnel Rudawki vallet, inincity aa dlarge large part transduring the construction of the AK Route during the construction of the AK Route formed during the constr. of AK route

d - Średnicowa line tunnel 5 - line Royal Palace d - Średnicowa tunnel 7 - Ujazdowski Palace j - valley Drny, transformed fortification planned apartmentduring buildings red line - areas risk ofin uncontrolled works in the 19that century the area of investment the Citadel and the Sokolnicki fort

j - valley Drny, transformed during fortification 6during - gardens ofroute nuns j - jvalley Drny, transformed fortification f during - Łazienkowska - valley Drny, transformed fortification works in the 19th century in the area of the Citadel works in in thethe 19th century in in thethe area of of thethe Citadel works 19th century area Citadel and the Sokolnicki fort and thethe Sokolnicki fort and Sokolnicki fort

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during the construction of the AK Route

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Polkówki valley, buried, today virtually unnoticable

area of the presiden’t Palace planned seminar headquarters

Średnicowa line tunnel

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l-v

Łazienkowska route

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Natural and anthropogenic barriers, interrupting the continuity of the escarpment (slope)

gardens of nuns gardens of nuns a - Wisłostrada

e - Aleje Jerozolimskie (XIXc.) Aleje Jerozolimskie (XIXc.) g - Agrykol (XVIIIc.)

Żurawki valley, river transfromed into Książęca street

l - valley Żurawki, river transformed into Książęca street c - Karowa street

i-

61

legends concerning the river and the ridge

Ĺťmij

62

Wars and Sawa

Bazyliszek

Mermaid

Golden Duck

There are old legends regarding the river and the ridge. People imagined, there were creatures that both were defenders and fears for the city. There are just made up stories but the problems mentioned in the legends are current till now. Among others, the stratification division, the ridge and the river edge that is dedicated only for the rich or fear against floods or the ridge cracking.

1.h RESEARCH QUESTION

“Chaos was the law of nature. Order was a dream of a man.”

Henry Adams

Which Varsovian qualities could potentially create harmony in an existing chaos?

63

1.i WHAT DOES THE RIVER MEAN AND COULD MEAN FOR THE CITY?

positives

negatives

possible solutions

NOW

national pride but only 8% of Varsovians associate the city with the river

element of wild nature but uncontrolled that results with dangerous nooks in which homeless people are hiding, crime and emergence of garbage

a treasure for small boats

source of drinking water

THROUGH POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS

revitalisation of the oxbow lakes

construction of sewage treatment plants

adding bridges

conditions for investors, and local initiatives

artificial islands

promotion

connection the Old City with the river

neglected bushes as an obstacle

perception the east side as the worst place

AND REDUCING OBSTACLES

lack of information and promotion

highways along the river

dirty water

unstable ground

lack of connections

THE RIVER COULD BECOME

strong identity element

64

link between Warsaw and Mazowsze region

place to meet, leisure and recreate

economical driver

a wonderful place for all social strata

a clean and safe river

a place for education concerning the river

1.j WHAT DOES THE RIDGE MEAN AND COULD MEAN FOR THE CITY?

positives

negatives

possible solutions

NOW

site of crazy development

doesn't exist in people's awareness strong enough

surprising element in the city associating with the mountains

often seen as an obstacle

site of leisure, sport and cultural events, yet disconnecetd

THROUGH POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS

exceptional viewpoints

thematic axis

playground

nature strip with gardens

podium for talent

promotion

conditions for local initiatives

cut trees

unadapted space

ecosystem for fauna

a place for education concerning the ridge

AND REDUCING OBSTACLES

lack of information and promotion

streets with large sections new developments

unstable ground

conflicting interests

THE RIDGE COULD BECOME

strong identity element

link between different zones

easy access to Vistula river

slow traffic

healthy place

65

What does the ridge mean for the bigger landscape?

e

KAMPINOS

MAZOWIECKI PARK

air corridor link between large ecological networks

66

Warsaw is located at the heart of three green networks and supposedly limits their relations.

The ridge could be of great importance for an ecological structure of a national scale through functioning as a connector.

67

Warsaw has a high place in the world ranking of green cities.

However, natural structures are not connected to each other and the distances between them are too great to serve all inhabitants.

68

World green cities index 2018

69

analysis of the river edges

1

2

3

4 GSPublisherVersion 0.12.100.100

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1 north

2 north_center

3 center_ south

4 south

71

north

Bielański forest

energy plant and Żerań Port

Żoliborz district

former car factory

Vistula river’s edge

ridge

Citadel

72

north_center

Castle (reconstructed after the war)

Praski Port

promenade

National Stadium

houses on the ridge

Czerniakowski Port

73

center_south

Siekierki zone

Praga South blocks

view at the center from the river

Praga South houses

Siekierki district

energy plant Siekierki

74

south

Wilanรณw (called city Wilanรณw)

Wawer houses

farms

Wawer houses

Vistula river

farms

75

1.k REFERENCES

76

city on nature

nature on city

“Room for the river� programme, the Netherlands

Vacaresti, Urban Wilderness, Bucharest, Romania

“Room for the river” programme, the Netherlands

Vacaresti, Urban Wilderness, Bucharest, Romania

The “Room for the river” was carried out between 2006 and 2017 to make the main rivers in the Netherlands not only safer, but also more attractive. The method applies to 30 country locations. Earlier, the rivers were narrowed and now the trend is reversed. The program applies not only to spatial strategy but also to human cooperation. Water management in the 1970s was strictly hierarchical.

Particular interests and local responses were heard but the experts and managers at the top took decisions and made the plans.

This hierarchical structure was now disputed.

The needs of non-governmental organizations as well as the residents themselves were taken into account.

The Dutch have always been specialists in the field of landscaping and hydrology. Their approach to cooperation and the ability to implement plans in a decentralized administrative system are the inspiration for the world.

The program “Room for the River” itself is a base for helping other countries, including USA - Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, flooding and tsunami in Philippines, Myanmar, Panama, Germany or Great Britain.

There are created integrated plans for places all around the world and developed innovative solutions based on principle of ‘safety and quality’.

In the 80’s, the current Romanian president Nicolae Ceausescu, decided to implement the plan of creating a large amusement park with lake, 3.5 km southeast of the center of Bucharest. The planned area of ​​200 ha was surrounded by several meters high concrete wall, to protect the remaining city area from flooding. In 1989 the president was murdered and a systemic change followed. The Vacaresti plan was suspended. The area has been untouched by man for years but nature has done its job. Marshy areas have become the basis for creating an extremely rich ecosystem for plants and animals. Today, there are ca 90 species of birds, including very rare specimens, unique foxes, ferrets and otters. Vegetation became unexpectedly rich.

Vacaresti became very important for the city. It also has become a tourist attraction. Some people wanted to create new investments there, including building commercial buildings, however the area is under the care of the Minister of the Environment and non-governmental organizations, thanks to which this is still not possible.

The Bucharest Park is an example of an unintentional goal that becomes an inspiration for other cities that are beginning to appreciate and bring elements of the natural landscape to city centers.

77

2. D E S I G N S T R A T E G I E S O N T H E C I T Y S C A L E [ L ]

79

2.a STRATEGIES FOR THE CITY

reference: “Room for the river” program, the Netherlands

STRATEGY 1

existing + flood plain

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80

turn back to the river

10's XIX century

70's XIX century

30's XX century

upgrated based on historical analysis and topography

STRATEGY 2

Ridge as a link between bigger ecological network with reduced barriers

LEGEND ecological networks of national importance Ridge removing barriers strategy natural breaks of the Ridge anthropological breaks of the Ridge

0

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1

2

3

4

5km

reference: xplority

81

STRATEGY 3

define dynamics and identities along the Ridge and the River

L

osp atm ble sta

S

g lon ea her

E

R the

E

idg e

P s

ge

d ee

p ca ds n la

s

ge

d ne

a

urb

s

ge

d ee

ap sc d n

la

2

3

4

er

1

Riv

K

he

gt

lon

A

sa ere

ph

W

os

tm ea ers

div

A

0

5km

E

reference: the Vistula river, Warsaw

82

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S T R A T E G Y 43

urbanise within the city borders & focus on east

LEGEND new urbanization densification transformation revitalisation special protection

0

1

2

3

4

5km

reference source: Pintrest GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.100

83

STRATEGY 5

LEGEND existing center new local center

0

reference: one of the planned new local centers, Targรณwek

84

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1

2

3

4

5km

decentralize

S T R A T E G Y 68

connect separated districts, by reducing barriers and using infrastructure links

LEGEND district border designed connection street and fence barrier transformed unavailable bush barrier transformed

0

1

2

3

4

5km

reference source: Pintrest GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.100

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from the existing green types ...

LEGEND forest city park (sport, cemetery, zoo) other

0

reference source: “Warsaw by drone�

86

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1

2

3

4

5km

12th place of the world greenest cities index green space

109.45

natural forest planted

41.98 19.76

park garden maintained grass sport

8.32 0.61 15.84 0.04

food production: orchard farmland

0.36 22.07

STRATEGY 7

... to a greener and ecologically better connected city

8th place of the world greenest cities index green space

136.45

park Ridge and River promenade, sport, green streets

8.32 + 22.00

reference source: green corridors by Robert Ĺ uczak, Warsaw

+5

LEGEND forest existing city park (sport, cemetery, zoo) existing other existing park new (ridge and river promenade, sport, recreation) other new (food production, sport, garden, camping) transformed streets into green connections, slowed traffic 0

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1

2

3

4

5km

87

from the existing infrastructure system ...

reference source: “Warsaw by drone”

88

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STRATEGY 8

... to improved mobility by adding the city ring, transformation of the existing streets and enlarging the public transport system

+

+

+

+ + LEGEND

+

city ring streets existing streets with reduced speed, number of lanes, added bike routes and green street transformed into underground tunnel or covered with a dike train lines existing metro lines existing metro lines designed

+ 0

new bridge 1

2

3

4

5km

Świętokrzyska street, one year after building a metro line GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.100

89

new metro lines

new metro lines

... based on the location of the new local centers and the new urbanisation

... based on the location of the new local centres and the new urbanisation

street

street

+ street

+ street street

street

+ street

street

+ street

+ street

street

+

street

new local center

30 min. walk

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S T R A T E G Y 10 9

add program to fulfill all needed media in decentralised city and minimize social polarisation

LEGEND health

green / leisure

education

sport / recreation

work (high educated)

local communities

work (low educated)

service

acces to public transport

retail

internationalisation / tourism 0

1

2

3

4

QoL ingredients

culture

5km

photo by: Justin Bettman GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.100

91

92

street

2.b CITY VISION MAP

street

street

LEGEND area within the city borders area outside the city borders street

street

River Vistula Ridge green existing green added beach

ring planned by the municipality street existing street with reduced speed and added green street covered with dike street

street transformed into underground tunnel railway line existing train station existing main train station metro line existing and partly planned by the municipality street

metro station existing and partly planned by the municipality metro line designed

street

metro station designed airport

green corridor designed green bridge with slow traffic designed

street

new local center chosen by the municipality new local center as street chosen by the municipality

street

new local center as district chosen by the municipality new local center designed area of radius 30 minutes walk from a local center

design location large 4.5 - 9 km2 design location small 1.6 km2

0

1

2

3

4

5km

updated topography map with the space for the river 87m npm

84m npm 74m npm 90m npm 110m npm

108m npm 94

2.c LINEAR VISION OF ACTIVITIES

96

A

AB

The view at a new urban island from the river side [A] and at the river from the new beach [B]

98

B

C

A

The view [C] at the Castle from the eastern bank.

The existing highway, that is located between the Castle and Vistula, is replaced to an underground tunnel.

In a result, a new public space is created and desirable connection between Old City and the river.

D

B

The view [D] at Siekierkowski bridge from the east bank.

This site has full of natural landscape qualities.

It is dedicated mostly for leisure and recreation.

99

E

B

A

The view [E] at a new district located between the ridge and the river in Siekierki district.

It is a new local center with many different functions for newcomers. The quality of the space largely defines the presence of water, which offers users a lot of activities.

100

The view [F] represents an urban island that is located in very natural environment. The island itself has hard edges and offers lots of activities related to the river.

BF

3. D E S I G N S T R A T E G I E S O N T H E M I D D L E S C A L E [ M ] three chosen locations

103

3.a DESIGN LOCATIONS CHOICE

north center

south

ridge

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river

Three locations of different ridge and river relation.

Three extreme zones of different problems and potentials.

Each slice is characterized by different conditions, but what connects them is the presence of a ridge and a river. Their relationship, however, changes along the axis, which is why it was decided to create a design for three parts of the city.

What are the principles guiding this type of project?

Is the linearity and of the river and the ridge most important? In this way, the nineteenth district of the city will be created, combining extreme spaces and functions.

Linearity would facilitate the migration of fauna and flora. It would be an oasis in a city free of smog, noise and speed life.

Or, maybe it is better to learn from history and restore the former close contact of the inhabitants with the river and lead on the old pattern of the road going towards the water and not in the opposite, which functions to this day and blocks contact with nature?

99

97

FLATS

98

97

ROAD

83

FLATS

80

84

GARDEN PLOTS

ROAD

78

76

87

82

INDUSTRY

RIDGE

ROAD

RAIL

RIVER

2.2 km

NORTH

112

111

105

83

INNER CITY

RIDGE

ROAD tunnel

78

79 86

78

83

PRAGA DISTRICT

ROAD PORT PRAGA

RIVER

0.7 km

CENTER

Can you introduce rules for dividing access to the river and allow the construction of attractive housing, retaining residents in the city?

111

105 88

86

SINGLE HOUSES + FLATS

89

FORT

86

83

FLATS

86

83

CROSSING ROADS

RIDGE

87

SINGLE HOUSING

82

79 80

ROAD

84

ROAD

82

FLATS

RIVER

5.7 km floodplain sea level

SOUTH GSPublisherVersion 0.14.100.100

105

3.b TESTING SCENARIO’S three princpiples :

north

A - linear urban nature B - relation to history C - alternate access for red and green

A

106

location :

B

C

location : three princpiples :

center

A - linear urban nature B - relation to history C - alternate access for red and green

A

B

C

107

location : three princpiples :

A - linear urban nature B - relation to history C - alternate access for red and green

A

108

center

B

C

3.c THE DESIGN OF THE THREE LOCATIONS BASED ON CHOSEN PRINCIPLES AND INDIVIDUAL CONDITIONS

THREE DIFFERENT ZONES - THREE DIFFERENT DESIGN PRINCIPLES

+CONNECT

SOUTH CREATE

DENSE

CENTER

NORTH

+CONNECT

+CONNECT

PROTECT

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the final decision based mainly on the principle A - linear urban nature river green rail track +CONNECT

street north

3 km

SOUTH CREATE

DENSE

bike lane ecological corridor

CENTER

NORTH

+CONNECT

dike with car tunnel existing buildings

+CONNECT

PROTECT

designed buildings GSPublisherVersion 0.5.100.100

protected heritage center

south

110

3 km

6 km

north :

connect & dense

The plan focuses on reduction of exiting barriers [E] that go mostly parallel to the river. These barriers are: roads, train track, fenced garden plots or unaccessible areas filled with bushes.

By looking from different perspective, the location has full of potential [D] for creating a new urban development and giving space for nature.

Today, the residents living in the Pelcowizna district, located on the east part of the river, complain of not having an access both to the river and to the public transport. They want to feel as a part of the city [C] and yet they must fight with mentioned obstacles everyday.

The river and the ridge can become a desirable site for leisure and recration. They can be a city connector instead of a barrier [B]. The new, needed bridges might have not only function to bring people form point a to b but also offer a place to meet [B], to carry green and connect it with separated ecological reservioses. The islands might also have a connecting role. They don’t distrurb the natural landscape to stay untouched [A], yet they bring an opportunity to live in a great environment.

The district is reduced by lots of cars and infrastructure that is often hidden underground. A big challenge but future possible. This process alerady has started in the central part and will be continued.

This site, located so close to the heart of the city might become a new hub for living, working, recreating [C,D]. It can become a full media local center that keeps inhabitants stay there and invite others. All this with a respect for existing heritage that is left by the history.

A

B

C

D

E

111

center :

connect & protect

The central part has already lots of qualities. Located on the west part of the river, the Old Town [A], is protected by UNESCO. It has magnificent Castle, reconstructed net of streets, squares and houses. This site is full of tourists because of its beautiful architecture, cosy space, lots of commercial and inviting facilities. Still, there is a big problem concerning the lack of connection the Castle with the river. The existing street inbetween is a huge barrier. The Castle gardens are fenced and the only way to visit them, is to buy a ticket to enter the Caste.

The area should be open and accessible for all. A park could be a great solution, also to bring the natural character of the river to the heart of the city.

The other site of the river is Praga district. The place of the worst reputation [C]. People living there, often don’t have an access to the basic media like central warming or sanitary systems. The river devides these extremes drastically. The gentrification [C] process has started. Its postivies, as well as negatives, are being seen alreday for few years. Investors do not hesitate in demolishing the old buildings or or resettling poor residents.

The plan focuses firstly on a protection [C] the old Praga houses, then on connection [B] the two parts of the river and the Caste. The social stratification might be reduced here by many spatial and programmatic solutions.

112

A

B

C

south :

connect & create

In the south section, the ridge [A] and the river [C] relation disappears. The distance between the two landscape elements reaches more than 5 km.

Yet, they might have lots in common in terms of a similar linearity, use and character. In between, there is a big potential to create a new urban center [B] with housing and working possibilities. Thanks to this act, we can keep the ridge and the river free from occupation [A,C].

The new hub has a part of a new river branch that brings lots of qualities for the users.

A

B

C

113

designed layers juxtaposition of the designed layers

juxtaposition of the designed layers

zones and program

zones and program

A - shopping street B - train station C - viewpoints

transformation of a shopping hall

A

B

C

housing district

old city center

open area available for public

open area available for public

working area

zoo

cemetery

revitalised district

urbanisation

urbanisation

new buildings with live-work function

new buildings with live-work function

protected houses from the 30's

protected and revitalised ruins

a-biotic layer

a-biotic layer

reduction of barriers and creation of connections

reduction of barriers and creation of connections

biotic layer

biotic layer

densification of green and addition of water reservois

densification of green and addition of water reservois

trees

trees

water

water

artificial island beach

existing situation

north 114

existing situation

center

juxtaposition of the designed layers

zones and program A - new metro station housing district with work possibility open area available for public new live and work hub

A

urbanisation new buildings with live-work function

a-biotic layer reduction of barriers and creation of connections

biotic layer existing situation densification of green and addition of water reservois trees water artificial island

existing situation

south 115

Zoom at the new local center in the southern zone between the river and the ridge.

The reconstructed branch of the river creates a new quality hub with a variety of functions.

116

4. D E S I G N L O C A T I O N A S A C A S E S T U D Y [ S ]

119

4.a THE CHOICE OF THE DESIGN LOCATION

The smaller scale design includes parts of several districts.

This treatment is done consciously.

It was more important to focus on the relationship between separated zones than designing a specific one.

On the chosen location there are parts of the river and the ridge.

Starting from the east part there are: the fragment of the BrĂłdno 120

district, where the blocks of flats are crowning. Then - Pelcowizna, formerly a village inhabited by Dutch farmers.

Before the war, it was planned to expand this part of the city and create housing estates with a two-level development with gardens. The investment was started from the construction of the central part of the area.

The development plans ended with the outbreak of World War II. After the war, the city of Warsaw built FSO Polonez car factories that are no longer functioning today.

The district with the houses looks and functions as if it was drawn from the context.

People are cut off from public transport or the river.

The inhabitants of the other side of the Ĺťoliborz district have no different situation. Here, the landscape differentiates itself through the hills of the escarpment. The quality of apartments and the offered program of this part of the city are much more attractive than on the eastern side of the river.

All these districts are usually separated by infrastructure barriers and bush, impossible to cross.s.

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the ridge turning away from the river

space for the river transformation area, potential for urbanisation

lots of infrastructural barriers

small neighbourhood from the 30's

loose soviet type neighbourhood

4.b SITE ANALYSIS

96 m

74 m

ridge

84 m

river

dike

heights [npm]

flood plain

buildings to remove [black], buildings to stay [white]

mobility former car factory

disconnected green areas

zones

+

+ +

barriers

122

+ potentials

house of Ĺšliwice cologne (visible shooted facade)

impossible access to the dike and river

lack of access to public transport

removing production halls of the former car factory 123

4.c DESIGN PRINCIPLES

a-biotic layer reduction of barriers and creation connections new connections recovered old connections road transformation, tunnel in the dike street transformation, slow traffic and addition of the local economy bike lane

new train station

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urbanisation

zones

new buildings with live-work function

housing district with wok possibility

protected houses from the 30's

open area available for public, recreation new live and work hub

new hub with living, working, economic and cultural facilities

new train station

museum of the River and the Ridge

124

4.d MASTERPLAN Legend river (widened) green (densified) water storage dam tunnel in dike eco corridor beach exist. buildings new buildings new buildings old typology style new train station new museum of ridge and river view points

125

4.e VISUALIZATIONS

126

The view at the northern, artificial island with new houses and comercial facilities.

Behind the island the park and high rises appear.

An example of an urban interior inspired by the former Warsaw typology that is the city’s identity.

129

The flood plain as a zone located between the new islands and ŝerań district, which has been transformed into a densely built-up district with diminished functions.

The created park offers recreational functions and general access for everyone.

131

A new life in the area of a former car factory.

132

Living with the ridge.

5. N E T W O R K S T R E T E G Y A N D D E V E L O P M E N T D Y N A M I C S

135

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5.a WHAT Sequence of the first actions 1. Defining the red lines along the ridge and the river

2. Defining the types of the river edges

3. Defining the rules regarding the height of the buildings in urbanised areas foot of the ridge, 200m transfromation area

port - with urban edges

densification area new urbanisation area

se gdeg e de

revitalisation area

paep csac dnsd a l n alla tur

na

ge

s ed gepe esdca n d a n ualrbla tur

na ed

an

urb rk

pa

Ridge: - 50m from the foot of the ridge River: - 300m from the mainstream edge, except: a) islands b) ports c) canals d) water storage basins e) existing built areas that might be densified

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w

ith

s ggee eedd ppee a a c dssc lannd alla tur

ge

n rba

ge

ed

u

ge

na

d ne

a

urb

So far, the central western part of the river of 6km has been characterized by hard, urban edges. The project focuses on the reduction of infrastructure in this zone and creation of a park between the Old Town and the river. The central eastern side stays natural, with an exception of the port area. The rest of the river edges have natural form. The transition is smooth. The exception are the urbanized islands, that edges can be both hard and soft. All the sites of the river are dedicated for nature and public use, offering sport, recreation and leisure facilities. They are free from urbanisation, except of light, temporary structures that are prepared for basic need facilities, like toilets, small cafes, covered rooms offering places to rest or shelter from bad weather, service and rent of sport equipment.

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- urbanised islands - foot of the ridge 200m - behind 200m from the ridge and 400m from the river - areas of densification - areas of transfromation - areas of revitalisation

max. 20m max. 12m max. 80m max. 12m max. 80m max. 15m

137

RIDGE

RIVER

50m

400m

RIVER 400m

river edge

center

RIDGE

RIVER 400m

400m

south river edge

foot of the ridge

400m

river edge

foot of the ridge

50m

river edge

river edge

foot of the ridge

north

RIDGE

50m

400m

river edge

1. Defining the red lines along the ridge and the river

prohibition area for building with the exception of islands, existing ports, canals, water storages, existing built areas. The only possible built structures that can be realised are toilets, small cafe's, covered rooms offering places to rest or hide from bad weather, service, rent sport equipment etc.

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138

RIDGE

RIVER 400m

400m

north river edge island edges

foot of the ridge

600m

50m

RIDGE

river edge

2. Defining the types of the river edges

RIVER 400m

50m

RIDGE

RIVER 400m

600m

400m

50m

river edge

south river edge

foot of the ridge

river edge

center river edge

foot of the ridge

600m

natural landscape edge urban edge GSPublisherVersion 0.10.100.100

139

3. Defining the rules regarding the height of the buildings in urbanised areas

RIDGE

RIVER 12m

80m

20m

80m

15m

12m

50m

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140

200m

400m

river edge

zone between the river and the ridge

400m

densification

max

revitalisation

max

transformation

max

artificial islands

max

river edge

max

foot of the ridge

max

chosen actors of the startegies on a city scale

STRATEGY 2

STRATEGY 1

Ridge as a link between bigger ecological network with reduced barriers

turn back to the river

existing + flood plain

10's XIX century

70's XIX century

30's XX century

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upgrated based on historical analysis and topography

river

ridge

- National property RGZW - State Water farm “Polish Waters” - International organisation AGN, fragments

- Municipality of Warsaw - Green City Management in Warsaw ZZW - cultural heritage organisations

LEGEND ecological networks of national importance

+ participants

Ridge removing barriers strategy natural breaks of the Ridge anthropological breaks of the Ridge

0

1

2

3

4

5km

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STRATEGY 3

urbanise within the city borders & focus on east

STRATEGY 4

8th place of the world greenest cities index to a greener and ecologically better connected city green space 136.45 park Ridge and River promenade, sport green streets

8.32 + 22.00 +5

red

green

- Municipality of Warsaw - associations of archi tects and urban plan ners, for example SARP - developers, investors

- Municipality of Warsaw - Green City Management in Warsaw ZZW - “Come and Grow” organoisation - Landscape Architects organisations - Ministry of Infrastruc ture

LEGEND

LEGEND

forest existing

new urbanization

city park (sport, cemetery, zoo) existing

densification

other existing

transformation

park new (ridge and river promenade, sport, recreation)

revitalisation

other new (food production, sport, garden, camping)

special protection

transformed streets into green connections, slowed traffic 0

0

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

5km

5km

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STRATEGY 5

decentralize

STRATEGY 6

to improve the mobility by adding the city ring, transformation of the existing streets and enlarging the public transport system

local centres

infrastructure

- Municipality of Warsaw - local governments and organisations - Ministry of Infrastruc ture - local communities and promotors

LEGEND existing center

- National and Interna tional Roads Manage ment - Municipality of Warsaw - Ministry of Infrastruc ture - Polish railways PKP

+

+

+

+ + LEGEND

+

city ring streets existing streets with reduced speed, number of lanes, added bike routes and green street transformed into underground tunnel or covered with a dike train lines existing metro lines existing metro lines designed

+

new local center

new bridge

plan 0

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1

2

3

4

5km

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0

1

2

3

4

5km

0

1

2

3

4

5km

WE MAKE STUDIUM !

STUDIUM

a scenario for the city that is a base to create local plans. The new document will be finished in 2.5 years.

The latest version was made in 2006 and is no longer valid. The main goals of the STUDIUM are processes that stop the urban sprawl, care for climate change and include broad participation.

141

tr. fall in love with Warsaw

142

CITY VISION & STUDIUM WHO MAKES STUDIUM AND IN WHAT STAGES [Polish vs Dutch model] CITY VISION 2030

STUDIUM

PL

NL

Applies to all sectors: economy, health, education etc.

Applies to space

1. Decission city council city president

2. Decission 3.city council deputy elderman

It is a study of conditions and directions of spatial development of the capital city of Warsaw (suikzp) It describes what city is to be

yes

with participation of residents conclusions

has to be relevant PARADOX The Studium is not yet a normative act.

The local plan must be relevant with the Studium. The building permits are issued only on the basis of local plans but also in the absence of a plan based on a decision on development conditions. The effect of this is that investments based on building conditions do not have to be compatible with the Studium.

However, we are awaiting changes in the law regarding the urban and construction code.

no

2. Project designers

remarks

yes

1. Project designers

opinions concerning variants of the concepts

public disussion

yes

with participation of residents

3. Submission to the president no

yes

4. Adoption of city council

no

yes

5. Implementation

conclusions opinions concerning variants of the concepts public disussion remarks

4. Adoption of city council

yes

5. Implementation 143

5.b WHERE

The suggestion of starting actions - Pelcowizna district rules establishing

max 20m heigh of buildings

n.

mi

max 80m heigh of buildings

max 12m heigh of buildings

red line natural edge urban edge natural or urban edge densification zone transformation zone zone between artificial islands and red line that can be smaller than 300m

0m

30

max 12m heigh of buildings

min.

300m

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determining the order of actions 4

6

11 2

10

5

8

1 3

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1. removal of barriers 2. removal of the industrial part 3. creation of the train station 4. creation the net of streets 5. new housing development 6. creation the room for the river 7. creation the water basin with dam 8. creation the artificial islands 9. creation of the beach 10. densification of green 11. densification existing neighbourhoods 12. creation the bridges

added value

strong identity

place for leisure and recreate

diverse programme

better environment

economical driver

social community

place to meet

a clean and safe river

link between Warsaw and Mazowsze region

link between different zones

easy access to Vistula river

slow traffic

healthy place

ecosystem for fauna

place for education and dialogue

biodiversity environment

145

5.c WHO

persons and institutions directly connected with the Pelcowizna project

AN EXAMPLE OF COOPERATING ACTORS ON THE PELCOWIZNA PROJECT

persons and institutions not directly related to the Pelcowizna project, although working on similar purposes of other locations or in the scale of the city

INVESTORS

MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

MANAGEMENT OF GREEN RGZW

MUNICIPALITY OF WARSAW

PKP

NATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT

POLISH NATIONAL RAILWAYS

SARP SARP

ASSOCIATION OF POLISH ARCHITECTS

ASSOCIATION OF POLISH ARCHITECTS

MAZOVIA PROVINCE GOVERNOR

SAK

RAFAŁ TRZASKOWSKI

CITY IS OURS

PRESIDENT OF WARSAW

ASSOCIATION

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ASSCIATION

CITY COUNCIL

PARTICIPATION BUDGET FDK CULTURAL HERITAGE FOUNDATION

JACEK GRUNT-MEJER

MARLENA HAPPACH CITY ARCHITECT

DARIUSZ BARTOSZEWICZ

PIOTR SAWICKI

MAIN SPECIALIST OF THE OFFICE OF ARCHITECTURE AND SPATIAL PLANNING MUNICIPALITY OF WARSAW

DEPUTY OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF WARSAW RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STUDIUM

'BĘD ZMIANA' FOUNDATION

SPECIALIST AT THE REVITALZATION OF PRAGA MUNICIPALITY OF WARSAW

DR KATARZYNA SADOWY ECONOMIST, ARCHITECT, URBANIST, SPECIALIST IN THE FIELD OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ON THE CITY, INVOLVED IN LOCAL CENTRES THEME

KUBA SNOPEK

TOMASZ FUDALA

KAROLINA KRAJEWSKA

WRITER, CURATOR OF 'WARSAW IN CONSTRUCTION' FESTIVAL

LOCAL ACTIVIST

JOANNA WARSZA

GRZEGORZ PIĄTEK

ACTIVIST, ARTIST

ARCHITECT, CRITIC OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

MAREK JÓZEFIAK

URBANIST SPECIALIST IN THE FIELD OF POSTCOMMINUST CITIES

LAWYER, ECOLOGIST INVOLVED IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE THEME

GRZEGORZ GĄDEK SPORT ACTIVIST

JAN ŚPIEWAK SOCIOLOGIST, ACTIVIST, THE FORMER CANDIDATE FOR THE PRESIDENT OF THE CITY OF WARSAW

ALEKSANDRA WASILKOWSKA JAN MENCWEL

ACTIVIST ACUPUNCTURE INTERVENTIONS

ACTIVIST SWIMMING IN THE RIVER

MONEY GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100

146

LEGISLATION

OLA LITOROWICZ FUTUWAWA PLATFORM FOR PROJECTS

KNOWLEDGE

ROBERT BUCIAK

DR JOANNA KUSIAK

ARTUR JERZY FILIP ARCHITECT, URBANISTS ENGAGED IN THE RIDGE PROTECTION

TIME

ACTIVIST 'WALKING WARSAW'

SOCIOLOGIST, CITY RESEARCHER

SKILLS

PELCOWIZNA PROJECT - legislative possibilities and approaches of involved actors

e of the city

INVESTORS

KAROLINA KRAJEWSKA LOCAL ACTIVIST

ARTUR JERZY FILIP

ALEKSANDRA WASILKOWSKA

ARCHITECT, URBANISTS ACTIVIST ENGAGED IN THE RIDGE PROTECTION ACUPUNCTURE INTERVENTIONS

RAFAŁ TRZASKOWSKI PRESIDENT OF WARSAW

CITY COUNCIL

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

MANAGEMENT OF GREEN MUNICIPALITY OF WARSAW

PIOTR SAWICKI

MAZOVIA PROVINCE GOVERNOR MARLENA HAPPACH CITY ARCHITECT

DEPUTY OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF WARSAW RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STUDIUM

DR KATARZYNA SADOWY

DARIUSZ BARTOSZEWICZ

ECONOMIST, ARCHITECT, URBANIST, SPECIALIST IN THE FIELD OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ON THE CITY, INVOLVED IN LOCAL CENTRES THEME

MAIN SPECIALIST OF THE OFFICE OF ARCHITECTURE AND SPATIAL PLANNING MUNICIPALITY OF WARSAW

JACEK GRUNT-MEJER SPECIALIST AT THE REVITALZATION OF PRAGA MUNICIPALITY OF WARSAW

MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE

ROBERT BUCIAK

JAN MENCWEL

OLA LITOROWICZ

ACTIVIST 'WALKING WARSAW'

ACTIVIST SWIMMING IN THE RIVER

FUTUWAWA PLATFORM FOR PROJECTS

pro

RGZW NATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT

PKP POLISH NATIONAL RAILWAYS

against CITY COUNCIL

INVESTORS

INVESTORS

influence

MONEY GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.100

LEGISLATION

no influence

KNOWLEDGE

TIME

SKILLS

147

consultation with the activist

Mrs. Karolina Krajewska’s house

The first action on the small scale. example: Ĺšliwice housing estate in Pelcowizna

Mrs. Karolina Krajewska believes that the first thing to do is to convince the councilors, because their decisions are not directed enough information.

During the conversation, I learned that in the region of the focus location there are convergent interests not only between government institutions and residents but between residents of different settlements.

Mrs. Krajewska is fighting against building a housing estate on the Vistula river or a planned bridge next to her home. The biggest problems in this location are the lack of access to the river and public transport.

The designed plan shown was pleasing to Mrs. Krajewska, who thanked for the interest in this small housing estate.

However, the small amount of people living in this district, will reach thousands in few years.

148

new headquarters for social consultations

tate s e ing

us

ho e c i Ĺšliw

nt

ed

n plan

me t r a ap

ble

m ense

n

plan

ge

rid ed b

consultation with city official

Recently, Mr. Dariusz Bartoszewicz wrote a book about the Vistula river (printed in December 2018), therefore was enthousiastic about the idea of higlighting the importance of the river and the ridge in the plan.

The principles are very much similar to those that he and his co-workers are forcing.

I asked about the starting point of the design location and learned that the most important issue is the social awarness about the city and its plans.

In terms of the space, we agreed that when it comes to the design, first we need to demolish the barriers, especially located along the streets and railways.

Then, create a new network of streets and stop the process of repeating the development that alreday has started next to the river. Very importnat is to create a place for locals that have conflicts of interests (example, the bridge next to Ĺšliwice that people from BrĂłdno want).

We need to invest in creation of the vision so the city stops being scattered and undercontrolled.

THE NEW LOCATION FOR THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION

ZODIAK opened in December 2018 pavilion for consultation concerning the city matters.

Dedicated for decission makers, architects, urbanists and citizens. Everyone can participate in workshops, lectures and discussions.

Zodiak is located in heart of Warsaw, next to the Palace of Culture and Science.

This is one of the most transparent and opened buidling for multidisciplinary thinking and doing.

Should we make the constellation of the stars?

PKiN Zodiak

149

5.d HOW

BY LEGALIZING THE STUDIUM AND INRODUCING A LINEAR PARTNERSHIP

1. Local initiatives 2. Local partnerships 3. Linear partnership

MY BUSINESS

CONGREGATION A NUMBER OF PERSONS

INTERSECTIONAL PARTNERSHIP SYNERGY BETWEEN SCALES

MY BUSINESS

150

TWO ELEMENTS OF LINEAR PARTNERSHIP - a great urban plan, for the implementation of which the partnership is established - a bottom-up organizational structure that ensures de mocracy and effectiveness, they clearly define the goals and limits of activity

WHAT IS THE LEGACY OF LINEAR PARTNERSHIP ? authoritarian concept

civic revolution

City should serve the a good life and offer an egalitarian space of freedom, but designing cities is too important task to leave them to citizens.

Platon

Aristotle

Le Corbusier

too totalitarian, not taking into account local needs

We completely reject the central planning model for the resumption of local self-governance and the possibly deep democracy of the planning process.

Athens Card - LINEAR PARTNERSHIP and its supporters

Jane Jacobs

Henri Lefebvre

can’t face the problems of a big scale, not necessary fair city

Partnership, but with the leaders.

The territorial projects of a large scale should be based on close cooperation between social organizations, even those not having much in common.

Therefore, communities should be formed.

Linear partnership scheme the main skeleton of the city

cooperation of individual importance Elijah Anderson

Teddy Cruz

Artur Jerzy Filip

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LOCATION MATTERS...

151

Zodiak constellation platform for dialogue

10 11 4 3 15

12

2

5

13 14

9

21 22

19 17 16

32

7 8

20

31

6 30

1

35 25

18 24

23

26

29

27 28

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34

33

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Zodiak Gersona 16 Kondratowicza, Targówek Magiczna, Białołęka targowisko Trocka, Targówek Siarczana, Targówek Kawęczyńska, Praga North bazar Różyckiego, Praga North Hallera Square, Praga North Modlińska 257, Białołęka District Council, Białołęka Old Bielany Marymont hall, Żoliborz Grunwaldzki Square, Żoliborz Chomiczówka, Bielany Niedźwiadek, Ursus Włochy Station Garden of Cosmos, Włochy Wola hall, Bemowo Karuzela club, Bemowo Górczewska, Wola Redutowa, Wola Mołdawska, Ochota skwer Broniewskiego "Orszy" Podchorążych, Mokotów new urban district, Mokotów Nałęczowska, Wilanów Nugat, Ursynów Gotarda, Mokotów Kinowa, Praga South Chruściela, Rembertów Centrum, Wesoła Falenica Station, Wawer Międzylesie, Wawer Przyczółek Grochowski, Praga South

the suggestion of the Studium making process [2.5 year]

153

5.e WHEN

city vision making process based on spatial conditions and local centres relations 1 2 1-2 5-15 1-2 5-15

3 4

1-2 5-15

5 6

1-2 5-15 1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15 1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

3-4 16-17

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

7 8

9

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15 1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

10

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15 1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

11

1-2 5-15

12 1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

1-2 5-15

13

1-2 5-15

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Problems and potentials recognition Survey with inhabitants, anquettes and face to face contact Consultations with city makers Consultations with specialists from abroad Gathering data and mapping Deeper research, findings, first statements Searching for references Drawing a vision on a city scale, structural act, standards embracing the whole city and creating its image Testing scenario's on a middle scale, local act, areas of different characteristics, creating also the city image Design on a small scale districts with a relation to mentioned urgancy and fascinations Applying expected and unexpected acts that bring positive energy and create discussion Again, consultation the design with users Searching for matching actors, gathering informations concerning possible processes Conclusions Design improvement Sharing the concept, spread the world, visualise the vision Conclude and act

6. C O N C L U S I O N

157

Returning to the research of the question “Which Varsovian qualities could potentially create harmony in an existing chaos?�. It could be landscape under the care and guidance of people who are open to dialogue and cooperation.

Only with human intervention can matters progress in a beneficially chosen direction.

Foresight and stewardship should be the priority for creating plans, whether they are big, small or temporary ones. The specialists in city planning know the consequences of the proceedings and they have a responsibility to be open to more efficient co-operation. Ease of access to relevant information to residents about their rights would facilitate a belief that they have an impact on their surrounding reality. For this you need open dialogue, humbleness and an ability to learn from others. We need to change the mindset. The Polish population are notoriously proud, with a strong sense of independence which in itself can lead to undesired outcomes. Listening to the extreme perspectives yet similar language of current politics, the over-arching consensus is in praise of the values of freedom, solidarity and justice.

The difference is in the interpretation and in the tools used to implement change.

The landscape of Warsaw is of symbolic value for me. Its scale and linearity is an unnoticeable link under the mass of unrelated matters.

Can we notice it and dance again in vavaland?

158

“Dancing on ruins” 1945

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7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Baraniecki, Waldemar, 2014, “The Palace of Warsaw”, publisher: Raster Foundation 2. Batroszewicz, Dariusz, 2018, “Varsovian Vistula’s Guide”, publisher: Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego 3. Chmielewski Jan, Syrkus Szymon, 2013, “Functional Warsaw”, publisher: Fundamenty SA 4. Cities Magazine, 2017, “Spatial conflicts”, “Mental health”, publisher: Cities Magazine 5. Cultureshock fundation, 2015, “The Warsaw’s Ridge”, publisher: Cultureshock fundation 6. Domaradzki, Krzysztof, 2013, “Space of Warsaw. The identity of the city and Urbanism”, publisher: Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego 7. Fudala, Tomasz, 2016, “Dispute over the reconstruction of Warsaw”, publisher: Muzeum Sztuki Nowoczesnej 8. Kowalska, Agnieszka, 2012, “Warsaw. Architects, designers, activists on their city”, publisher: Agora SA 9. Kusiak, Joanna, 2017, “Chaos Warsaw. Spatial orders of Polish capitalism”, publisher: NN6T, Muzeum Warszawy 10. Neugebauer, Carola S., 2017, “Urban Eurasia”, publisher: Dom Publishers 11. Masłowska, Dorota, 2018, “Other people”, publisher: Wydawnictwo Literackie 12. Roberts, Bryony, 2016, “Tabula Plena. Forms of Urban Preservation”, publisher: Lars Muller Publishers 13. set of texts #Warsaw 2030, 2018, “We make studium!” publisher: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa

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14. Sijmons Dirk, Fedded Yttje, Luiten Eric, Feddes Fred, Nolden Marc, 2017, “Room for the river”, publisher: Blauwdruk 15. Śpiewak, Jan, 2017, “Stolen city. Behind the scenes of the reprivatisation scandal”, publisher: Arbitror 16. Tan Ekim, Books Jap Sam, 2017, “Play the City. Games informing the Urban Development”, publisher: JS 17. Trybuś, Jarosław, 2011, “The guide of Warsaw flats”, publisher: Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego 18. Warsaw branch of the Polish architects’ association, 2018, “Local centres”, publisher: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa 19. Wilk, Paulina, 2017, “Day after tomorrow. About future cities”, publisher: Wydawnictwo Literackie

europan.com.pl architektura.um.warszawa.pl

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Special thanks to my Mentor Hans van der Made committee members Mark van der Heide David Kloet external examination board Maud Aarts Herman Zonderland external committee member Carola S. Neugebauer former and current head of Urbanism at the Amsterdam Academy of Architecture Arjan Klok Markus Appenzeller consultants in the Netherlands Han Dijk Piotr Szcześniak consultants in Poland Dariusz Bartoszewicz Marlena Happach Jacek Grunt-Meyer Karolina Krajewska co-specialists and friends in the Netherlands Iruma Hernandez Rodriguez Sjors Onneweer Michał Jurys Paulina Kapczyńska Chloe Charreton Koen Hezemans Maaike Goedkoop Benn Heffernan co-specialists and friends in Poland Bartłomiej Kotschedoff Aniela Dybowska Robert Busha Buszkiewicz Kamila Siwińska Olga Zedelska Michał Zedelski survey members and last but not least my family Kamil Alicja Karol Sosin Ewa Bakowska and Parents

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