Issuu

MUTATOR THE PERSONAL LIBERATION OF CITIZENS OF THE GENERIC CITY

THE DREAM

I don’t need a studio I need a pool Rafaël Rozendaal

MUTATOR the personal liberation of citizens of the generic city Laurens van Zuidam Master Architecture Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam Mentor Felix Madrazo Commission Vibeke Gieskes Jeroen Zuidgeest September 2020

HOW TO READ? The Mutator is explained in three books: ‘the dream’, ‘the reason why’ and ‘but how?’ In ‘the dream’ the purpose and goal of the building is shown, ‘the reason why’ shows all background information and research into why the Mutator is needed and the third book ‘but how?’ shows how to technically achieve the dream. All books should be read to understand the complete proposal.

MUTATOR THE PERSONAL LIBERATION OF CITIZENS OF THE GENERIC CITY

THE DREAM

MUTATOR THE PERSONAL LIBERATION OF CITIZENS OF THE GENERIC CITY

THE REASON WHY

MUTATOR THE PERSONAL LIBERATION OF CITIZENS OF THE GENERIC CITY

BUT HOW?

INTRODUCTION

THE MUTATOR IS PERSONAL THE MUTATOR IS AFFORDABLE

THE MUTATOR The Mutator is a housing project which, other then most current developed housing projects, provides personal and affordable living space in the city centre. Its goal is to increase the living quality of humans by making it possible for everyone to feel at home and to live in the city centre. Citizens need to have the opportunity to escape the generic city by finding personal freedom. Personal space The Mutator is a kind building which listens, thinks and spatially reacts to you. It is interactive. The building is able to configurate any space you desire at any time of the day and mutates with you. You could have a penthouse size living room in the morning, a boardroom size office space in the afternoon and a 15 person dining space in the evening. Affordable space If you don’t desire any space because you left the building for work during the day, your personal space mutates to a mode zero. You pay for your desired space by hour and if there is no desired space you don’t pay. There is no fixed rental price, but a rental system in which you pay for the space you use. Resulting in a living space which is not only personal but also affordable. The Mutator will create real time user based space which is personal and affordable, making the city inclusive. The human diversity of the city increases and the city becomes exciting again!

1.2

CONTENT

THE INCORRECT PRODUCT

HUMANS OF THE CITY

population growth and urbanization generic and static city

10 archetypes user behavior spatial need

vacancy as opportunity sharing space

INTERACTIVE ARCHITECTURE

THE MUTATOR

PERSONAL AND AFFORDABLE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

108

interactive architecture what if?

the situation floor plans beams the interactive system the financial system

spatial desires in relation to time result

THE INCORRECT PRODUCT

POPULATION GROWTH

+1.148.800 more people (2050) source: CBS

ALE

FOR S

URBANIZATION

+1.000.000 more people in cities (2035) source: CBS

GENERIC FACADES

STATIC FLOOR PLANS

GENERIC ARCHITECTURE While most of its citizens already live in cities, the Netherlands will expect an increasing amount of people living in the city centers due to population growth and domestic immigration. There is and will be even more pressure on the big cities in the Randstad to provide housing for its increasing number of citizens. Due to the pressure, new housing developments mostly focus on standardization of the living unit to ultimately try to answer the increasing need

OPTION 1

...

BORING

OPTION 2

of housing as fast as possible. Buildings have such an important role in creating an identity of the city. Not only the few landmarks but especially the big amount of housing buildings characterize a city. But the standardization leads to a loss of the cities character. Facades look similar and there is no diversity in the floor plan. Living in the city becomes boring when all new apartments have a sleeping room with an equal size of around 3*4 meters.

OPTION 3

OPTION 1

OPTION 2

OPTION 3

STATIC ARCHITECTURE But cities do not only become unpersonal because they are composed out of generic buildings. They also become unpersonal because the generic buildings are programmed with static living units. The apartments are outdated when they are finished, because the citizens spatial needs changes constantly.

In this situation you would like to have the possibility to spatially change the family apartment to satisfy the citizens need, spatially and financially. But because of the static characteristics of the living units this is not possible. Ensuring it to be an incorrect product in size and price.

In the Ncase I G... of Rotterdam, the city center R O B currently mostly provides family apartments, while the citizens are mostly single households.

So, if we develop generic buildings, does the city develop in a correct way? Does it result in an optimum living environment for its citizens?

SIV EN XP

OE €T

Generic buildings create unpersonal space. Static floor plans create overpriced space.

HUMANS OF THE CITY

Why do we develop standard living spaces when there is no standard human being? Everyone is different and has different preferences, desires, dreams. Who really lives in the city? Those are the people to whom the Mutator wants to interact. For those people the city needs to accommodate a personal and affordable living space.

“ One of our craziest moments in our relationship was when we smoked weed for the first time! It was really fun. ” Young couple

“ A while ago I sat next to two ladies in the train. One of them was around 95 years old . She was all dressed up with make-up and looked tip-top. She said to her friend ‘Do you really think he will come? “ Expat

Students

“ What do you think about your father? He’s different than others “

Family

“ We’ve been together for ages, she’s the most beautiful woman I’ve ever known . “ Grandparents

“ Acting is my thing. “

Famous person

“ Am I not too old fashioned? No this is perfect! “ Rich single

Single

Refugee

“ I once was a millionaire with my own company and had 20 employees. I had a wife and 3 daughters. At a certain moment I lost everything. I had no money, no wife, my daughters left me and I had to live on the streets. Sometimes people ask me if I’m happy with my life, I am, why shouldn’t I be? I have my beer and I’m enjoying the sun. “

Homeless person

SLEEPING

TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MORNING TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MORNING TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MORNING

SLEEPING

TRAVELING

MORNING

SLEEPING

MORNING

TRAVE

TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MOR

SLEEPING

MOR

MORNING

USER BEHAVIOR ALL USERS HAVE A DIFFERENT BEHAVIOR PATTERN AND SPATIAL NEED source: CBS, American Time Survey

SLEEPING

EATING

WORKING

TRAVELING

WORKING / EDUCATION

SLEEPING

RELAXING

SLEEPING

TRAVELING

EATING

RELAXING

WORKING

RELAXING

SHOPPING

EATING

RELAXING

SPORTS

TRAVELING

SOCIALIZING

EATING

EDUCATION

WASHING

RELAXING

EATING

RELAXING

SOCIALIZING

SHOPPING

EATING

RELAXING

Homeless person

SLEEPING

TRAVELING RELAXING

SHOPPING

RELAXING

EATING

WORKING

RELAXING

TRAVELING

SPORTS

SHOPPING

WORKING

TRAVELING

ELING

RNING

RELAXING

WASHING

EDUCATION

RNING

Refugee

Expat

Rich single

SLEEPING

Single

SLEEPING

Famous person

RELAXING

Young couple

SLEEPING

Grandparents

RELAXING

SLEEPING

Students

Family

00.00-01.00

01.00-02.00

02.00-03.00

03.00-04.00

09.00-10.00

10.00-11.00

11.00-12.00

SLEEPING

16.00-17.00

TRAVELING

17.00-18.00

SLEEPING

SLEEPING 3 4

18.00-19.00

19.00-20.00 MORNING TRAVELING

MORNING TRAVELING

SLEEPING SLEEPING

MORNING

TRAVELING SLEEPING

SLEEPING

MORNING MORNING TRAVELING

TRAVELING

SPATIAL NEED IN RELATION TO TIME ONLY 25% OF THE SPACE IS OCCUPIED

05.00-06.00

06.00-07.00

12.00-13.00

13.00-14.00

14.00-15.00

RELAXING

WASHING

SLEEPING

20.00-21.00 TRAVELING

EDUCATION

04.00-05.00

WORKING 13

WORKING WASHING

TRAVELING

RELAXING

SLEEPING

WORKING EDUCATION

21.00-22.00 WORKING

SHOPPING TRAVELING

15.00-16.00

TRAVELING

EATING

EATING EATING EATING

WORKING

SLEEPING

22.00-23.00 TRAVELING RELAXING 23.00-00.00 SLEEPING

TRAVELING

07.00-08.00

EATING

RELAXING

RELAXING 21

WORKING

TRAVELING RELAXING

SPORTS

SLEEPING

RELAXING SLEEPING

WASHING

RELAXING

TRAVELING RELAXING

Rich single SLEEPING SLEEPING

VACANCY AS OPPORTUNITY VACANCY Living units are normally configurated out of a combination of static rooms, each with a different living purpose. The sleeping room is for sleeping and the eating room for eating. All rooms are behavior specific spaces. But on an average day, the user only occupies 25% of the space because of his/her daily behavioral pattern. The user sleeps during the night, works during the day and socializes or relaxes in the evening. Every activity has its own spatial need and you can not be in two rooms at the same time. Which could be seen as a spatial vacancy rate of 75%.

Hypothetically, this vacant space could be the opportunity to solve the problem of unpersonal and overpriced space. If there is a way to provide space based on the behavioral pattern of its user, the vacant space could be minimized. There are no rooms for specific behaviors, there is one space which changes according to its users behavior. The space could be compressed to the occupancy rate of 25%, making it able to increase the amount of living units inside the same envelop of one standard living unit. In this way 100% of the living unit is efficiently used instead of only 25%. Resulting in a personal space with less volume to pay making it also affordable.

75% OF THE SPACE IS VACANT

Single

Famous person

SLEEPING

TRAVELING

SLEEPING

SLEEPING SLEEPING

SLEEPING

9 MORNING 10TRAVELING11

MORNING

SLEEPING

TRAVELING MORNING

MORNING

TRAVELING

SHOPPING

TRAVELING

EATING

WORKING

TRAVELING

14 WORKING

17TRAVELING18

EATING

RELAXING

19RELAXING20

21 WORKING

MORNING

RELAXING WORKING

SOCIALIZING TRAVELING EATING EATING

EDUCATION

RELAXING WORKING

WORKING / EDUCATION

SLEEPING

MORNING

SHOPPING

SPORTS TRAVELING

RELAXING

TRAVELING SHOPPING EATING

SHOPPING

EATING

RELAXING

WORKING / EDUCATION

SOCIALIZING

EATING

EDUCATION

WASHING

EATING RELAXING

RELAXING RELAXING

EATING

RELAXING

EATING

RELAXING

23 RELAXING

RELAXING SLEEPING

TRAVELING RELAXING

SOCIALIZING

SHOPPING

RELAXINGSOCIALIZING SPORTS WASHING

SHOPPING

SLEEPING

RELAXINGWORKING RELAXING

SHOPPING TRAVELING EATING

SPORTS

WORKING

SLEEPING

TRAVELING RELAXING

WORKING TRAVELING

TRAVELING SPORTS

SLEEPING

EATING

SHOPPING EATING EATING SLEEPING

RELAXING

WORKING WORKING

MORNING

SLEEPINGSLEEPING

SLEEPING

TRAVELING

TRAVELING EDUCATION

TRAVELING MORNING TRAVELING

SLEEPING

WORKING WASHING

MORNING

MORNING TRAVELING

SLEEPINGSLEEPING

SLEEPING

TRAVELING

SLEEPING SLEEPING

Grandparents

WORKING

MORNING

SLEEPING

EDUCATION

MORNING TRAVELING

4 5 SLEEPING

RELAXING

WASHING

MORNING TRAVELING

SLEEPING

Young couple

RELAXING

SLEEPING

RELAXING SLEEPING

SLEEPING RELAXING

RELAXING

RELAXING SLEEPING

SLEEPING SLEEPING

RELAXING

SLEEPING

RELAXING

SLEEPING

SHARING SPACE SHARING ECONOMY Counter user behavioral patterns make it possible to still provide a normal sized living unit, when all units are shared by its users. Every user could still have the same living quality of a normal size apartment, which all has to do with the behavior related spatial need of the diverse users in the building. The grandparents occupy all spaces when the single, famous person and the young couple are working during the day, still having the feeling of a big sized apartment during the day. Space is not user related but shared, an idea which fits in the emerging sharing economy.

5.00 AM

14.00 PM

18.30 PM

Specific behavior related spaces create personal space. Dynamic floor plans create affordable space.

INTERACTIVE ARCHITECTURE

The habitability of a city, neighborhood or even a house is strongly linked to the ability of a space to allow change by personal adjustments. Personal space and territory is different for every person and mostly created by the extremes of privacy. Something which is very specific for every person. So if a building is not able to change, how is it possible to satisfy its users? But to create space which satisfies, I think a building should be changing to any personal expectation of its user. So what if not only buildings are able to influence the human behavior but mankind is also able to influence the buildings behavior? What if a space always meets the expectation of the user? Any future for architecture should be towards interactivity. An interactive building strives to fulfill all desires of its user, both spatially and financially. Resulting in a space which is personal and affordable. The appearance of the city will be a direct expression of its citizens. Instead of becoming generic even more, cities have the opportunity to be exiting again. Lets celebrate personal freedom.

INTERACTIVE ARCHITECTURE THE INTRODUCTION OF ADAPTIVE ARCHITECTURE The theoretical work of Nobert Wiener in the early 1960s essentially laid the foundations of interactive architecture. Norbert Wiener introduced his theory on cybernetics in his publication named Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. In which he imposed a science which deals with understanding complex regulatory systems, exploring the process of feedback systems. Also understood as the control and communication of humans, animals and machines with each other with the goal to understand the process and systems of receiving and reacting. The theory does not intent to predict future behaviors of the systems, but focuses on the formalization, so all possible behaviors can be discovered (Hou Je Bek, 2005). The contribution of the cybernetician Gorden Pask increased the notion of adaptivity with his created ‘Conversation Theory’. He used the theory of Norbert Wiener to introduce interaction based on feedback systems as a new form of adaptive architecture. He imagined spaces and users as complete feedback systems and with this, he was looking for limits of architecture. The scientific theory explains how interaction leads to a ‘construction of knowledge’ with the goal to reach consensus. Through recursive interaction, differences in opinion between systems can become minor which lead to an agreement of understanding. Knowledge is the effect of a conversation, when the endless growing information is gathered and connected. The intelligence lies in the interaction and not in the action.

Cedric Price was the most influential architect which used the theory of cybernetics in extreme ways when developing his famous project ‘Fun Palace’. His imposed architecture was anticipatory because it focused on the constantly changing user caused by time. He envisioned a city which was caused by learning from its users with a feedback system. But almost non of his projects were realized because the focus of computer development was on the digital side and not on the evolutionary programming or computation, one of the crucial components to create interactive architecture. Due to this restriction, his projects were never build and only remained drawings and ideas. His opinion is still applicable, because almost all architecture is still being designed as a static object rather than a dynamic co-evolving creature. But the underlying meaning for his ideas and assumptions is still relevant today. In his opinion architecture lagged behind other innovations because it did not incorporate the latests techniques and could no longer keep pace with the population’s evolving lifestyle (Herdt, 2017). The arrival of massmedia and mass-consumerism effected the industrial manufacturing and labour structures, resulting in more free-time next to work. But existing housing was not able to facilitate this change. Architecture needed to be adaptive to offer the desired performance of the rapidly changing society according the Price. An idea which is still applicable because the amount of changeable developments now is so big, that the current desire and need for change is constantly present.

INTERACTIVE ARCHITECTURE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADAPTIVE AND INTERACTIVE ARCHITECTURE Due to the evolution of computer intelligence, cybernetics became a practical architectural theory, with the intersection of computer science, behavior sciences and design. Using the ideas of Cedric Price as an inspiration, John Frazer stated that architecture should be a living, evolving creature in his book Evolutionary Architecture. In his opinion a possible application is that spaces turn into computers in which every action and every condition is based on or starts up a feedback loop. The presence of a feedback loop is in any case crucial for interactive architecture, in which action is always based on reaction. As it might seem that interactive architecture is one of the types of adaptive architecture, there is a clear difference to me. Firstly, adaptive architecture is a one-way action of a user adapting the building to his/her need. It always needs a physical action of a human to execute change. Interactive architecture is a two-way reaction which results in an object reconfiguring itself using the information inside the feedback system as main input to adapt. In the case of interactive architecture there is no human physical action needed. Secondly, adaptive architecture is characterized by minimal movable and changeable elements in combination with a base structure, such as movable inner walls or changeable facades. In interactive buildings, change is not limited to one or two static components, but it includes every element. For example, it is able to change in mass- shape, could convert the construction or move to another context.

Thirdly, adaptive architecture mostly makes use of low-tech adaptive elements. Interactive architecture mostly incorporates kinetic and computational functions and processing to control adaptation. The small amount of interactive architecture is the result of high costs. The more techniques are being included in the object, the more investment is needed to realize it. In comparison, adaptive architecture requires less financial investment, has less risk of failure and will be cheaper in maintenance. The only way to decrease the costs of interactive architecture is to increase applicability and relevance. Fourthly, adaptive architecture is linked to short term adaptivity which is executed by the users of the space (movable walls, changeable interior) or long term adaptivity (extensions, base construction changes) which is most of the time never executed because the intended change is not needed anymore. Next to this it costs too much time, money and energy to change something which is fixed and static for a long time. Interactive architecture doesn’t include time in its adaptivity. Because of the feedback loop the adaptations are constantly executed.

WORKING

SLEEPING

MORNING RITUAL

SLEEPING

MORNING

WHAT IF? PERSONAL SPACE An interactive building is able to generate spaces which change according to your behavior in relation to your spatial desire.

SPORTS

RELAXING

WORKING

SHOPPING

EATING

RELAXING

SPORTS

WASHING

RELAXING

...

SLEEPING

Single

€ 0,80 / hour

€ 1,20 / hour

WHAT IF? AFFORDABLE SPACE An interactive building lets the user only pay for the space the user occupies. A similar behavior can have a different spatial desire which directly leads to a different rental price.

€ 1,60 / hour

€/ UR

€/

€€ UR

€€

EXITIN

G!!!

WHAT IF? RESULT : DIVERSITY An interactive building will result in an inclusive and diverse city. It will take in account any personal behavior, related spatial desire and financial possibilities of its users. Making it possible for everyone to life in the city.

SIV

OE €T BORING..

THE MUTATOR

The Mutator is an interactive building located in the middle of the city.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Rotterdam center Central station Office district The Mutator

3 2

The Mutator is located in the center of the city. There where the pressure to develop personal and affordable housing is the biggest, next to the central station and in between mixed program buildings.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Central station The Mutator Delftse poort Monumental trees

The building is lifted of the ground to extend the square of the central station towards the platforms. In this way the Mutator is looking for an easy first encounter. Making the interactive building accessible for everyone.

GROUND FLOOR 1. Building square 2. Elevators towards the collective platforms 3. Workshop 4. Logistic street 5. Monumental trees 6. Platform stairs

5 3

2 1

The collective platforms function like an entrance hall and are the result of a democratic interactive space. The platforms are activated by facilitating beams allowing collective activities to happen. The collective platforms are reachable by the elevator core from the ground floor. From the collective platforms the user is able to take the balcony elevator to its living unit.

1 3

COLLECTIVE PLATFORM 1. 2. 3. 4.

Sports beam Play beam Green beam Balcony elevator towards living units

During the day the building will spatially change according to the need of the users. Space which is not occupied will turn into collective space. These collective spaces are entered by using the balcony elevator. The Mutator its appearance is a reflection of the users spatial desires in relation to time. It will change during the day creating a vibrant and exiting building inside the city.

6 1

4 3

INTERACTIVE LIVING SPACES 1. Installation core 2. Living unit 3. Balcony elevator 4. Structural facade 5. Cooking beam 6. Washing beam

02.00 AM

14.00 PM

standard beam

THE MUTATOR STANDARD BEAM

platform to create height differences

air cushion to create a soft surface

curtain to divide the space

ceiling to emphasize a specific activity in the space

technology box to make magnetic movement possible

FACILITATING BEAMS

IN OK

H AS W

N SO

storage to store personal stuff

artificial intelligence brain to generate user based space

sensors to analyze the user behavior

THE MUTATOR COLLECTIVE BEAMS M

B ILL

A DI

screen M

B TS OR

YB LA

swing

1. beams

2. installations inside the core

3. structural core and facade

4. the balcony elevator as infrastructure

THE MUTATOR THE INTERACTIVE SYSTEM

personal beam

structural concrete wall

installation core

washing beam

standard beam

balcony elevator to reach your living space and the collective space

structural steel facade

VOID average price

450 mm

€ 0,036 / beam / hour

6.7

CHEAPEST MOMENT OF THE DAY

MOST EXPENSIVE MOMENT OF THE DAY

€0,016

€0,015

€0,013

€0,011

€0,009

€0,008

€0,007

€0,0

00.00

01.00

02.00

03.00

04.00

05.00

06.00

07.00

08.00

09.00

10.00

11.00

THE MUTATOR THE INTERACTIVE SYSTEM

BEAM average

450 mm

€ 0,018 / beam / hour

5 6.7

008 €0,010

12.00

€0,008

€0,008 €0,008 €0,010

€0,011

€0,013

€0,014

€0,015

€0,016

13.00

14.00

15.00

18.00

19.00

20.00

21.00

22.00

23.00

24.00

16.00

17.00

RESULT : PERSONAL AND AFFORDABLE

when the user doesn’t need any space because he/she left its living space, the beams move to a ‘mode zero’ in which all used beams move together preventing vacant space to occur and creating space for other users to occupy the building.

SLEEPING

TRAVELING

SLEEPINGSLEEPING

TRAVELING TRAVELING SLEEPING

SLEEPINGSLEEPING

WASHI WASHING

EDUC

MORNING TRAVELING

EDUCATION EDUCATION

MORNING TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MORNING TRAVELING

MORNING TRAVELING SLEEPING

MORNING

SLEEPING

WOR

TRAVELING

MORNING TRAVELING MORNING

SLEEPING

MORNING

TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MORNING

SLEEPING

TRAVELING

MORNING

SLEEPING

WOR

MORNING

SLEEPING

MORNING

TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MORNING

SLEEPING

MORNING

SLEEPING

MORNING

SLEEPING

MORNING

TRAVELING

MORNING

TRAVELING

MORNING

WOR MORNING

SLEEPING

MORNING

SLEEPING

MORNING

SHOPP

SHOPPING

MORNING

SLEEPING SLEEPING

TRAVELING

SLEEPING TRAVELING

SLEEPING SLEEPING

SLEEPING

MORNING TRAVELING

SLEEPING

RELA

WORKI

PERSONAL AND AFFORDABLE SPATIAL NEED IN RELATION TO TIME OF THE TEN ARCHETYPES

RELAXING

ING

SLEEPING

EATING

WORKING

TRAVELING

SLEEPING

TRAVELING RELAXING

SLEEPING

RELAXING

SLEEPING

TRAVELING

EATING

RELAXING

WORKING

RELAXING

SHOPPING

EATING

RELAXING

SPORTS

TRAVELING

SHOPPING

ORKING / EDUCATION

EATING

WORKING

ELAXING

TRAVELING

SPORTS

RELAXING

WORKING

TRAVELING

PING

SOCIALIZING

EATING

EDUCATION

WASHING

RELAXING

EATING

RELAXING

SOCIALIZING

SHOPPING

EATING

RELAXING

SLEEPING

RELAXING

SLEEPING

RELAXING

SLEEPING

EATING AND DRINKING

MORNING RITUAL

RELAXING

WASHING

SOCIALIZING

101

PERSONAL AND AFFORDABLE RESULT (CHEAPEST)

HOMELESS PERSON

€ 193,29 / MONTH

SLEEPING

EATING AND DRINKING

MORNING RITUAL

RELAXING

WASHING

SOCIALIZING

103

PERSONAL AND AFFORDABLE RESULT (MOST COMMON)

RICH SINGLE

€ 779,53 / MONTH

105

PERSONAL AND AFFORDABLE

PERSONAL

100% = 100% more than a standard development

AFFORDABLE

€576 /MONTH

AVERAGE

= third the price of a most common apartment in the city center

UNITS

592 PCS. = double the amount of units in comparison to a standard development

DIVERSITY

+++ = approximately 33 times more diversity in comparison to a common building

107

BIBLIOGRAPHY

109

111

BIBLIOGRAPHY Alphen, V. O. (1993). Nox - Chloroform (1ste editie). Duizend En Een. Bachelard, G., Jolas, M., & Stilgoe, J. R. (1994). The Poetics of Space. Amsterdam University Press. Bell, P. A. (2005). Environmental Psychology by Bell, Paul A., Greene, Thomas C., Fisher, Jeffrey D., Baum, (2006) Hardcover. Psychology Press. Derix, C. (2014). Empathic Space (2de editie). Wiley. Dunham-Jones, E., Avermaete, T., Borret, K., de Clercq, D., Shannon, K., Leach, N., & De Cauter, L. (2001). Re: Generic City. Oase 54, 54. https://www.oasejournal.nl/en/Issues/54 Fox, M. (2016). Interactive Architecture. Amsterdam University Press. Goldhagen, S. W. (2020). Welcome to Your World: How the Built Environment Shapes Our Lives (Reprint editie). Harper Paperbacks. Habraken, N. J. (1985). De dragers en de mensen : het einde van de massawoningbouw. Stichting Architecten Research. Herdt, T. (2017). The City and the Architecture of Change (1ste editie). Adfo Books. Hildner, C. (2013). Future Living: Collective Housing in Japan (1ste editie). Birkhäuser. Koolhaas, R. (1995). Generic City. Sikkens Foundation. Koolhaas, R., & Mastrigli, G. (2006). Junkspace. Maas, W., Healy, P. E., Hackauf, U., Ravon, A., Why Factory, & Technische Universiteit Delft. (2015). Barba. Macmillan Publishers. Oosterhuis, K. (2012). Hyperbody. Adfo Books. Per, A. F., Mozas, J., A+T research group, Ollero, A., & A+T research group. (2013). 10 Stories of Collective Housing. Macmillan Publishers. Sadler, S., & Archigram (Group). (2005). Archigram. Amsterdam University Press. Schmid, S., Eberle, D., & Hugentobler, M. (2019). A History of Collective Living. Birkhäuser. Schwartz-Clauss, M., von Vegesack, A., Vitra Design Museum, Kronenburg, R., Bunn, S., & SeilerBaldinger, A. (2002). Living in Motion. Vitra Design Museum. Steenson, M. W. (2017). Architectural Intelligence. Amsterdam University Press. Voet, C. (2017). A House for the Mind. Dom Hans Van Der Laan. Vlaams Architectuurinstituut. Wigley, M. (1999). Constant’s New Babylon (1ste editie). Uitgeverij 010.

LAURENS VAN ZUIDAM +316 291 703 41

MUTATOR THE PERSONAL LIBERATION OF CITIZENS OF THE GENERIC CITY

THE REASON WHY

CONTENT

WHY

PERSONAL SPACE

future context where is an interactive building mostly needed? what does the city provide? who lives in the city? conclusion

how do people behave? how much space do they actually need? what if? spatial need? vacancy as opportunity how much do they want to share? conclusion what need to be interactive? which spatial desires should the interactive system be able to accommodate? who really lives in the city? a day in the life of... spatial need most optimum spatial configuration

AFFORDABLE SPACE

STARTING POINTS

how much are they able to pay? spatial membership total turnover total financial sum possible extra turnover

personal space affordable space

WHY?

2050

2045

+1.148.800 more people (2050)

2040

2035

2030

2025

2020

POPULATION GROWTH (2020 - 2050) source: CBS

FUTURE CONTEXT

THE BIGGEST POPULATION INCREASE IS PREDICTED TO BE IN ZUID-HOLLAND

POPULATION GROW (2020 - 2050) 500.000 458.333 416.667 375.000 333.333 291.667 250.000 208.333 166.667 125.000 83.333 41.667

POPULATION GROWTH (2020 - 2050) POPULATION GROW (2019-2050)

180.000 165.000 150.000 135.000

source: CBS

Limburg

Noord-Brabant

Zeeland

Zuid-Holland

Noord-Holland

Utrecht

Gelderland

Flevoland

Overijssel

Drenthe

Friesland

Groningen

0 -41.667

125.000 83.333 41.667

Limburg

Noord-Brabant

Zeeland

Zuid-Holland

Noord-Holland

Utrecht

Gelderland

Flevoland

Overijssel

Drenthe

Groningen

Friesland

0 -41.667

THE HAGUE AND ROTTERDAM WILL BE THE TWO CITIES WHERE THE POPULATION GROW WILL BE THE BIGGEST

POPULATION GROW (2019-2050) 180.000 165.000 150.000 135.000 120.000 105.000 90.000 75.000 60.000 45.000 30.000

Zoetermeer

Westland

Vlaardingen

Schiedam

Rotterdam

Rijswijk

Pijnacker-Nootdorp

Nissewaard

Leidschendam-Voorburg

Leiden

Lansingerland

Krimpenerwaard

Katwijk

Gouda

Dordrecht

Den Haag

Delft

Capelle aan den IJssel

Alphen aan den Rijn

15.000

HOUSING NEED (2020-2050)

Den Haag

POPULATION GROWTH (2019 - 2050)

Rotterdam 0

200.000

source: CBS

400.000

2020

600.000 2050

800.000

180.000 165.000 150.000

135.000 120.000 105.000 90.000 75.000 60.000 45.000

Zoetermeer

Westland

Vlaardingen

Schiedam

Rotterdam

DESPITE THE HAGUE WILL NEED TO HOUSE MORE PEOPLE, ROTTERDAM HAS AND WILL HAVE THE BIGGEST PROBLEM PROVIDING HOUSING

Pijnacker-Nootdorp

Nissewaard

Leidschendam-Voorburg

Leiden

Lansingerland

Krimpenerwaard

Katwijk

Gouda

Dordrecht

Den Haag

Delft

Capelle aan den IJssel

Alphen aan den Rijn

15.000

Rijswijk

30.000

HOUSING NEED (2020-2050)

Den Haag

Rotterdam 0

200.000

400.000 2020

600.000 2050

POPULATION GROW ROTTERDAM (2019-2035) 150% 140% 130% 120% 110% 100% 90% 80%

HOUSING NEED (2020 - 2050)

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

source: CBS

800.000

HOUSING NEED (2020-2050)

Den Haag

Rotterdam 0

200.000

400.000

600.000

2020

800.000

2050

AND MOST OF THE PEOPLE WILL MOVE TO THE CITY CENTRE!!

POPULATION GROW ROTTERDAM (2019-2035) 150% 140% 130% 120% 110% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

HOUSEHOLD GROW ROTTERDAM (2019-2035) 150% 140% 130% 120% 110% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50%

POPULATION GROWTH (2019 - 2035) source: CBS

Rozenburg

Hoek van Holland

Hoogvliet

Pernis

Charlois

IJsselmonde

Feijenoord

Prins Alexander

Kralingen-Crooswijk

Hillegersberg-Schiebroek

Noord

Overschie

Delfshaven

Rotterdam Centrum

10%

HOUSING SIZE (Rotterdam centre) 6.000

G SIZE (2019) dam centre)

4.500

amount 1.083 3.000

1.680 4.373 5.601

1.500

4.334

120 t/m 149

150

unknown

The Hague centre

Stadsdriehoek

BUT THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST DENSE AREAS IN THE NETHERLANDS

Rotterdam centre

90 t/m 119

75 t/m 89

60 t/m 74

45 t/m 59

870

1 t/m 44

1.115

DENSITY (citizens / km2) 14.000

NSITY am centre)

sity (citizens/km2)

10.500

513 1.361 7.000

2.963 7.173

1,68

8.180

1,47

8.480

Amsterdam centre

/nl/dataset/70072NED/table?fromstatweb

Utrecht centre

Rotterdam

12.065

Zuid-Holland

1,20

Netherland

10.027

3.500

THE THE MOST COMMON APARTMENTS:

small family housing the most dense parts of the Netherlands DENSITY (2019) ( citizens / km2 ) source: CBS

WHERE IS AN INTERACTIVE BUILDING MOSTLY NEEDED? ROTTERDAM CENTRE City centers are the places where the problem and need for housing the biggest. In the Netherlands, Rotterdam center is the location which is the most under pressure. Demand and need for housing is at this location in disbalance and will be more out of balance when nothing happens in preparation for its future citizens. Next to this, city centers are high potential locations for an interactive building given the citizen diversity. Different and possible contrary user behavior patterns are likely to emerge at these locations rather then less diverse outskirts. The need for an interactive building which is able to make living units available for different users is at the city center the biggest.

PRESSURE

Another potential benefit of an interactive building is the possibility to create space for different programs at any time. Mostly likely a combination of living units, office space or small hotel spaces. The city center is the place where these programs are most likely needed. Finally, city centers are able to cope with extreme innovations. An interactive building is mostly needed at places which need and allow innovation to solve the problem of the increasing population and urbanization of the Netherlands. The highest potential locations are in city centers around transportation hubs such as a train station. The interactive building is able to increase the demand of living units at a place where the user diversity and user behavior is the most diverse.

INNOVATION

BUT WHAT DOES THE CITY PROVIDE? THE ANSWER: FAMILY APARTMENTS

HOUSING SIZE (Rotterdam centre) 6.000

G SIZE (2019) dam centre)

4.500

amount 1.083 3.000

1.680 4.373 5.601

1.500

4.334

120 t/m 149

150

unknown

ntre

oek

90 t/m 119

75 t/m 89

60 t/m 74

45 t/m 59

870

1 t/m 44

1.115

DENSITY (citizens / km2) 14.000

NSITY am centre)

sity (citizens/km2)

10.500

513 1.361 7.000

2.963 7.173

1,68

8.180

1,47

8.480

source: CBS

ntre

1,20

and

12.065

3.500

and

10.027

HOUSING SIZE ( Rotterdam center)

Kruisplein 548

1450

295

1,99

4,92

0,007

Kruisplein 576

1750

295

2,40

5,93

0,008

Kruisplein 796

1875

175

2,57

10,71

150,015

Van Oldenbarneveltstraat 228

1175

242

1,61

4,86

0,007

Van Oldenbarneveltstraat 144 A1

1450

182

1,99

7,97

0,011

WHAT DOES THE CITY PROVIDE?

Van Oldenbarneveltstraat 144 A2

1450

182

1,99

7,97

0,011

Van Oldenbarneveltstraat 144 A3

2900

258

3,97

11,24

0,015

Mauritsplaats

1550

212

2,12

7,31

0,010

Mauritsplaats 120

1450

244

1,99

5,94

0,008

Karel Doormanstraat 390Q

2100

200

2,88

10,50

0,014

Karel Doormanstraat 157

1850

0,013

Karel Doormanstraat 153

1295

WITH A MOST COMMON RENT 194 2,53 9,54 OF AROUND 1.553 EUROS.

Karel Doormanstraat

1550

AVERAGE

1701

MEDIAN

1553

210

6,17

0,008

2,12SIZE OF THE 3,83 A405 RESULT OF THE PROVIDED APARTMENTS IN THE 237 2,33 7,65 CITY CENTER’S.

0,005

221

1,77

2,13

7,27

0,010 0,010

THIS RENTAL PRICE SEEMS TO MUCH? BUT WHO LIVES AND WILL LIVE IN THE CITY CENTRE? RENT / MONTH 3000

2250

1553

1500

Weena 437A Weena 39A Weena 13D Weena 41D Weena 41D Halvemaanpassage 69 Kruiskade 2Q Kruiskade 2G Delftsevaart 24D Oppert 3C Binnenrotte Sint-Jacobsplaats 106 Lombartkade 47C Botersloot 18B Meent 3C Meent 3B Pannekoekstraat 8C Mariniersweg Oostplein 119 Burgemeester van Walsumweg 12 Valkenstraat 10 Haringvliet Gelderseweg Groenendaal 377 Wijnburgstraat 154 Wijnburgstraat 365 Wijnburgstraat Boompjes Parklaan 12 Calandstraat Scheepmakerskade 116 Scheepstimmermanslaan Eendrachtsweg 71 Eendrachtsstraat 139A Kortenaerstraat 1G Kortenaerstraat 1D Eendrachtsweg 21C Mauritsstraat 104C Kruisplein 1034 Kruisplein Kruisplein 560 Kruisplein 548 Kruisplein 576 Kruisplein 796 Van Oldenbarneveltstraat 228 Van Oldenbarneveltstraat 144 A1 Van Oldenbarneveltstraat 144 A2 Van Oldenbarneveltstraat 144 A3 Mauritsplaats Mauritsplaats 120 Karel Doormanstraat 390Q Karel Doormanstraat 157 Karel Doormanstraat 153 Karel Doormanstraat

750

HOUSING RENT / MONTH ( Rotterdam center) source: CBS

HOUSEHOLD GROW ROTTERDAM (2019-2035) 150% 140% 130% 120% 110% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

POPULATION (2018)

0-14

65-74 25-34

45-54

Rozenburg

Hoek van Holland

POPULATION (2035)

15-24

55-64

Hoogvliet

Pernis

Charlois

IJsselmonde

Kralingen-Crooswijk

Hillegersberg-Schiebroek

Noord

Overschie

Delfshaven

Rotterdam Centrum

Feijenoord

THE BIGGEST GROUP WHICH WILL LIVE IN THE CITY CENTRE WILL HAVE AN AVERAGE AGE BETWEEN 25-34 YEARS.

Prins Alexander

10%

35-44

0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85-94 95+

15-24

65-74 25-34

55-64

2019

45-54

35-44

0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85-94 95+

2035

HOUSEHOLDS (2035)

HOUSEHOLDS (2019)

POPULATION BY AGE ( Rotterdam center ) source: CBS

1 person households 2 person households

Hille

WHO LIVES IN THE CITY? POPULATION (2018)

POPULATION (2035)

0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85-94 95+

AND THEY WILL

0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 MOSTLY85-94 LIVE 95+

ALONE.

DOES THE CITY PROVIDE AN INCORRECT PRODUCT?

HOUSEHOLDS (2035)

HOUSEHOLDS (2019)

55%

60%

16% 23%

23%

20% 1 person households 2 person households 1-2 + kids households other

1 person households 2 person households 1-2 + kids households other

2019

2035

HOUSEHOLDS ( Rotterdam center ) source: CBS

YES, THE CITY PROVIDES AN INCORRECT PRODUCT. IT IS UNPERSONAL AND OVERPRICED. SO WHAT DOES THE CITY NEED?

THE CITY NEEDS 1. PERSONAL SPACE 2. AFFORDABLE SPACE

1 PERSONAL SPACE

ACTIVITY RATIO (%) (age between 25-34) 0

sleeping

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 8

personal care

eating and drinking

household

socializing

work

education

traveling

shopping

sports

religious activities

other

check (=100)

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

ACTIVITY RATIO (age between 25-34) 100

ACTIVITY BY HOUR ( AGE 25-34 ) source: American Time Survey

other religious activit sports shopping traveling education work socializing household eating and drin

sleeping

personal care

eating and drinking

household

socializing

work

traveling

shopping

sports

religious activities

HOW DO PEOPLE BEHAVE?

education

PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOR PATTERNS SHOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 SIMILARITIES. 0 0 0 0 THE 0 DAY 0 0CAN 0 BE0 DIVIDED IN THREE 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100PARTS: 100 100SLEEPING, 100 100 100WORKING 100 AND SOCIALIZING.

other check (=100)

ACTIVITY RATIO (%) (age between 25-34) 0

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

sleeping

personal care

2 (age1

ng and drinking

100

ACTIVITY RATIO 2 2 225-34) 5 2 between 3

household

socializing

work

education

0 0 75

traveling

shopping

sports

gious activities

other

check (=100)

other religious activitie sports shopping traveling education work socializing household eating and drink personal care sleeping

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

ACTIVITY RATIO 6(age 7between 8 9 10 25-34)

HOURS

100

SLEEPING

WORKING

SOCIALIZING

other religious activities sports shopping traveling education work socializing household eating and drinking personal care sleeping

ACTIVITY BY HOUR ( AGE 25-34 ) 0

source: American Time Survey 13

HOURS

SLEEPING

WORKING

SOCIALIZING

BECAUSE THERE IS NO COMPARABLE DUTCH RESEARCH ON THE ‘24 HOUR BEHAVIOR PATTERN’, IT WAS COMPARED WITH A RESEARCH ON ‘HOURS SPEND PER ACTIVITY’

HOW DO PEOPLE SPEND THEIR TIME?

HOW MANY HOURS DO PEOPLE SPEND ON A SPECIFIC ACTIVITY?

AMERICA TIME SPENT PER 24H (age between 25-34) hours

ratio

sleeping

8,82

37%

100%

personal care

0,76

100%

eating and drinking

1,19

100%

household

2,50

10%

100%

housework

0,55

22%

food prep and clean-up

0,59

24%

lawn and garden care

0,18

household management

0,14

caring for others

0,72

29%

others

0,32

13%

4,98

21%

100%

socializing socializing and communicating

0,64

13%

watching television

2,84

12%

57%

other

1,50

30%

work

3,72

16%

100%

working

3,23

13%

87%

telephone calls, mail, etc.

0,15

others

0,34

education

0,46

100%

attending class

0,25

54%

homework

0,17

37%

others

0,04

traveling

0,00

100%

shopping

0,72

100%

consumer goods

0,33

46%

professional and personal care

0,09

13%

others

0,30

42%

sports

0,29

100%

religious activities

0,30

100%

religious and spiritual activities

0,14

47%

volunteering

0,13

43%

others

0,03

10%

0,26

100%

24,00

100%

other check (=24/100)

* https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/atus.pdf

source: American Time Survey

n 25-34)

hours

ratio

8,82

37%

100%

0,76

100%

1,19

100%

2,50

10%

100%

0,55

22%

0,59

24%

0,18

0,14

0,72

29%

0,32

13%

4,98

21%

100%

0,64

13%

2,84

12%

57%

HOW DO PEOPLE BEHAVE?

1,50

30%

3,72

16%

100%

3,23

13%

87%

0,15

0,34

0,46

100%

0,25

54%

0,17

37%

0,04

0,00

100%

0,72

100%

0,33

46%

0,09

13%

0,30

42%

0,29

100%

0,30

100%

0,14

47%

0,13

43%

0,03

10%

0,26

100%

24,00

AMERICA

15%

36%

21% 10%

INSIDE

sleeping personal care eating and drinking household socializing work traveling education shopping sports religious activities other

AND WHICH ACTIVITIES ARE PERFORMED INSIDE? AND WHICH OUTSIDE THE LIVING SPACE??

SLEEPING 100%

PERSONAL CARE

100%

EATING AND DRINKING

us.pdf

OUTSIDE

100%

HOUSEHOLD 71%

SOCIALIZING 57%

WORKING 9%

WHERE DO ACTIVITIES TAKE PLACE?

EDUCATION 37%

HOUSEHOLD 29%

SOCIALIZING 43%

WORKING 91%

EDUCATION 63%

at home

not at home

sleeping

100%

personal care

100%

SPORTS

eating and drinking

100%

household

71%

socializing

57%

29% American Time Survey source: 43%

work

91%

traveling

100%

SHOPPING

100%

RELIGIOUS 100%

NETHERLANDS

HOW DO PEOPLE SPEND THEIR TIME?

TIME SPENT PER WEEK (168H)

working

hours

minutes

ratio

19,63

12%

100%

education

3,70

100%

household

111

17,85

11%

100%

housework

11,50

64%

caring for children

2,62

15%

groceries

3,73

21%

115

78,92

47%

100%

personal care

6,23

eating and drinking

11,93

15%

sleeping

59,47

35%

75%

others

1,28

sleeping, eating and personal care

leisure

224

47,73

28%

100%

religious and spiritual activities

2,68

socializing

7,22

15%

going out

5,72

12%

hobby

9,13

19%

caring hobby

3,15

recreation

1,32

TV, radio and audio

14,38

30%

reading

2,48

1,65

168

530

relaxing and lazing around check (168)

100%

* https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/82617NED/table?ts=1573293480131

WHERE DO ACTIVITIES TAKE PLACE?

source: CSP, CBS

at home

not at home

sleeping

100%

personal care

100%

eating and drinking

100%

household

79%

21%

leisure

70%

30%

working

100%

education

100%

HOW DO PEOPLE SPEND THEIR TIME?

8H) ratio

ratio

19,63

12%

100%

3,70

100%

17,85

11%

100%

11,50

64%

2,62

15%

3,73

21%

78,92

47%

100%

6,23

11,93

15%

59,47

35%

75%

1,28

47,73

28%

100%

2,68

7,22

15%

5,72

12%

9,13

19%

3,15

1,32

14,38

30%

2,48

1,65

NETHERLANDS

12%

47%

11%

28%

100%

working sleeping, eating and personal care leisure education household

ARE THERE SIMILARITIES IN THE BEHAVIOR OF AMERICAN AND DUTCH PEOPLE?

573293480131

INSIDE SLEEPING

WHERE DO ACTIVITIES TAKE PLACE?

100%

PERSONAL CARE

at home

not at home

sleeping

100%

EATING AND DRINKING

personal care

100%

eating and drinking

100%

household

79%

21%

leisure

70%

30%

working

100%

education

100%

HOUSEHOLD 79%

LEISURE 70%

OUTSIDE HOUSEHOLD 21%

LEISURE 30%

WORKING 100%

EDUCATION 100%

source: CSP, CBS

COMPARISON (based on activity rate)

COMPARISON

0 (based 1 2on activity 3 4 rate) 5 6

america

5 0 6america 4 4 3 5 3 6 4 7 8 america 1 6 2 6 3netherlands 817 941 1067 1182 12 13 1493915 16 17886 18 19 20 21 38% 22 23 24 netherlands

sleeping 82 14 89 15 91 16 92 17 89 18 82 19 65 20 44 21 27 22 13 238 245 9 10 11 12 13

7personal 13 8 care 5

COMPARISON (based rate) americaon activity netherlands

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

89 176sleeping 414 674 822

2 82 1 89 2 91 1 92 2 89 2 82 2 65 5 44 2 2738% 7 13 5 8 2 5 2 5 939 886 35%

6 78 6

3 93100% 3 4

17 3% 41

ting4and 4drinking 2 2

21 2 6 178 3 1 3 1 3 293 7 3 14 8 14 9 8 6 3% 3 4 2 4 0 2 24%2

21231

2 1782

7 5% 5

household 7 4 5

0 education 45 47 47

31333

7 266 14

3 5% 2

household 45 210 212 014

16 0 18 0 20 0 21 0 22 1266 31 1 30 3 40 4 49 5 51 133 5%8 38 7 19 106 11% 8

84257

10651 1275%12

4 17% 2

14 49 22 51 40 45 19 47 647 socializing 185 204 214 223 314 306 40 38

31 6 42 4 45 3 43 2 38 1651 22 1 14 1 10 5 9 517% 9 10 6 12 8 145 16 425 26%

2052321

31292 30

51 21% 38

90 work 62 83

2 52 4 3 4 2 3 1 4292 1 6 2 14 1 22 1 4021% 1 45 1 47 0 470 31 523 12%

452543

9 1% 6

110 19education 17 09

10 0 11 025 8 0 12 0 18 055 21 0 19 0 11 0 8 0 1% 6 2 5 3 2 3 32%2

82 101 121 121 135

socializing 8 7 10 10work 12

personal 77 57 care 24 25

71 141 143

84eating 35 and 28 drinking 07 210

8 28 1 8 1 7 1 8 1178 10 2 12 2 12 4 13 7 5% 4 7 2 4 2 5 07% 21 123

420 450 430 380 220 140 100

traveling 2 3 3

31952

22 5514 10 50% 1 02 1

1 8% 1

shopping 7 9 8

110

80 120 180 210 190 110

60traveling 52 22

3 32 1 2 02 12 20 1 5 2 6 1 10 1 9 8% 1 7 0 9 0 8 00% 195 10

8 2312

21 019

6 1% 5

11shopping 02 02

2 0 4 023 3 03 02 00 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1% 1 2 0 2 0 2 00%3

2 32 2

1 1% 0

ligious 2 activities 2 2 2

10 sports 00 01

0 0 0 032 0 0 0 0 0 020 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 1% 0 2 0 2 0 2 01%2

1 0% 0

00religious 00 00activities 01 01

0 0% 0

02500 0 0%0

2sports 2

3 2 3

1 202 1 25% 40 2 2 2

0 0 0 020 0 0 0 0 040 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 0 1 0 1 02%0

0 2 0

0 190

check 0 (=100) 1 1

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0100 0100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 other 0 0 0 2 0100 0100 0100 19 0100 0100 0100 0100 0%0100 1100 1100 1%0

025000

0other 1

0 100% 0 0 0 america 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2500 2500 100% 100%

check 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100(=100) 100 100

COMPARISON (based on time spend per 24h/week)

COMPARISON (based on time spend per 24h/week) america

sleeping netherlands

sleeping

37%

35% personal care

personal care

eating and drinking

household

10%

11% socializing

socializing

21%

26% work

work

16%

12% education

education

100%

eating and drinking

75%

50%

COMPARISON (based on time spend per 24h/week)

america

netherlands

37%

35%

america

netherlands

4%sleeping

37%

35%

7%personal care

10%

11%

21%

26%

16%

12%

2% america 1%

10%

11% eating and drinking

21%

26% household

16%

12% socializing

2%work

0%education

traveling

0%traveling

1%shopping

2%sports

1%religious activities

traveling

shopping

sports

religious activities

other

total

100%

25%

100%

100% other america total

100%

75%

50%

25%

1% netherlands

100%

other religious sports shoppin educatio work socializin househo eating a persona sleeping

AMERICAN AND DUTCH PEOPLE SPEND A SIMILAR AMOUNT OF HOURS TO EACH ACTIVITY. SO IT CAN BE ASSUMED THERE IS ALSO A SIMILAR BEHAVIORAL PATTERN. 100%

COMPARISON

19 20 21 22 23 24

america

netherlands

america

netherlands

939

886

38%

35%

123

178

12 13 4 2 2 erica netherlands 40 49 51 38 19 8% 35% 10 9 9 6 8 % 4% 1 1 1 1 0 % 7%

133

266

11%

425

651

17%

26%

523

292

21%

12%

11 % 1 7% 2 1% 0 % 0 %

195

2500

100%

5 11% 1 0 26% 1 0 12% 0 0 2% 0 0 0%

1 1 0 0

100 100 100 100 100 100 % 0%

100%

75%

50%

75%

50%

25%

100%

america

other religious activities sports shopping education work socializing household america eating and drinking personal care sleeping

netherlands

h/week)

ica

netherlands 35% 4% 7%

11%

26%

12%

100%

other religious activities sports shopping education work socializing household eating and drinking personal care sleeping

75%

50%

2% 0% 0%

25%

1% 2% 1%

100%

netherlands

other religious activities sports shopping education work socializing household america eating and drinking personal care sleeping

netherlands

neth

AVERAGE TOTAL VOLUME - 221 M3 AVERAGE TOTAL FLOOR AREA - 75 M2

source: Funda

25%

12%

11,5

23%

26%

11%

10%

24%

12%

19%

30%

13%

1031

20%

13%

7,5

29%

13%

8,5

31%

7,5

19%

13%

24%

30%

25%

18%

24%

27%

12%

HOW MUCH SPACE DO THEY ACTUALLY NEED? 8%

30%

19%

12%

2,5

12%

7,5

24%

16%

32%

18%

12%

24%

12%

5,5

38%

19%

10%

29%

7,5

10%

13%

5,5

20%

5,5

21%

11%

14%

7,5

12%

4,5

22,5

36%

23%

25%

AVERAGE SIZE APARTMENT ROTTERDAM CENTRE

THE FOLLOWING AVERAGE 10 16% 3 5% NUMBERS ARE BASED ON 12% 5 CITY 5% THE12LIVING UNITS IN THE CENTRE OF ROTTERDAM. THE APARTMENTS HAVE A SIZE OF A FAMILY APARTMENT.

AVERAGE SIZE APARTMENT 51 m2

20 m2

16 m2 2 m2

bedroom

kitchen

bath

23%

56 m2

26 m2

living room

eating room

25%

12%

source: Funda

12 m2

38 m2 hal

17%

5 16

BEDROOM

SLEEPING

BATH ROOM

PERSONAL CARE

KITCHEN

EATING AND DRINKING [Titel]

[Tite

EATING ROOM

WHAT IF? THE BASIS OF INTERACTIVE ARCHITECTURE IS THE ABILITY OF THE SPACE TO CHANGE BASED ON THE USER’S ACTIVITY. SO, WHAT IF YOU ONLY OCCUPY A SPACE WHEN YOU NEED IT? HOW MUCH VACANCY DO WE HAVE TO DEAL WITH?

KITCHEN

EATING ROOM

HOUSEHOLD

[Tit

LIVING ROOM

KITCHEN

SOCIALIZING [Titel]

OCCUPANCY RATE (age between 25-34) 0

sleeping

personal care

eating and drinking

household

socializing

traveling

45 14 3 6 2 2 3 3 0 8 14 0 20 6 100 8 2

43 15 2 6 2 1 3 3 0 7 15 0 21 6 100 12 1

38 16 1 4 2 2 2 3 0 8 16 0 22 4 100 18 2

22 17 1 3 1 2 2 7 0 10 17 0 31 3 100 21 2

14 18 2 3 2 2 2 14 0 12 18 0 30 3 100 19 2

10 19 1 4 1 5 2 14 0 12 19 0 40 4 100 11 5

9 20 1 8 1 2 1 8 0 13 20 0 49 8 100 8 2

9 21 1 17 1 7 1 3 0 4 21 0 51 17 100 6 7

6 22 1 41 0 5 0 2 0 2 22 0 38 41 100 5 5

8 23 0 67 0 2 0 0 0 2 23 0 19 67 100 2 2

5 24 0 82 0 2 0 2 0 0 24 0 6 82 100 3 2

9 8

9 3

6 2

8 0

5 2

work education sleeping shopping personal care sports eating and drinking religious activities household other socializing sleeping check (=100) traveling personal care workdrinking eating and

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

OCCUPANCY RATE 10 9 7 9 8 10 11 (age between 25-34)

5 4 4 3 4 6 14 22 40 45 47 47 31 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 2 82 89 91 92 89 82 65 44 27 13 8 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 8 9 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 OCCUPANCY 2 1 2 2RATE 2 2 25-34) 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 (age 4 between 7 7 4 5 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 4 5 8 10 7 11 10 12 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 6 89 4 91 3 92 2 89 1 82 1 65 1 44 5 27 5 10 82 13 12 8 14 5 16 5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 3 1 0 1 2 5 6 9 7 9 8 2 1 1 1 2 3 8 10 9 6 4 4 2 10 2

42 13 2 6 2 1 4 6 0 8 13 0 18 6 100 11 1

HOW5MANY USERS ARE INSIDE THE BUILDING? (when31 there are 100 participants) 4 4 3 4 6 2 1 1 1 1 2 14 2 22 4 40 7 45 7 47 4 47 5 21 42 6 45 3 43 3 38 3 22 7 14 14 10 14

education INSIDE household

00 0 10 0

30 0

40 1

0 5 1

0 36

0 47

0 58

2 3 11 2 89 3 710 10 8 122 8 133 8 142 7

1 15 8

1 16 10

2 12 1 13 119 1 17 18 12 420 1 221 0 2 22 0 0 23

shopping100% socializing

82 0 6 890 4 910 3 920 2

0 89 1

0 82 1

0 65 1

0 44 5

0 213 12 2 8 14 2 5 16 3 5 18 2 620 2 621 2 527 10

2 6 22

41 31

2 3 30

13 40

14 51 1 8 38 017 19 0 41 0 49 6 67

sports 100% personal care traveling

2 0 3 10 1

10 0

10 1

20 2

0 3 5

1 68

29 10

1 96

3 212

2 1 18

22 21

2 19

22 11

1 85

1 62

0 57 0 2 5 0 3 2

religious activities eating and drinking 100% work

2 0 5 10 4

10 4

10 3

10 4

0 2 6

02 14

04 22

07 45 0 7 47 1 4 47 1 5 31 0 2142 0 645 0 343 0 40

0 3 38

30 22

0 7 14

0 14 10

0 914 0 98

0 63 0 8 2 0 5 0

0 0 0 00 0

00 0

10 0

0 1 0

0 02

0 03

0 04

60 1

0 8 2

0 19

0 110 0 13 0 0 2 0 0 2

sleeping

other 79% education

household

socializing check 70% (=100) shopping

2 2 2 11 4 13 74 2 94 2 8 2 10 8

0 26 1 36 1 3 8 0 2 60 2 60 3

60 2

4100 2 0 100 10 100 10 100 1 15 15 22 21 100 100 100 0 3100 0 100 0 100 01 100 04 100 04 100 2 7 100 2 8 100 2 10100 3 11 2 13 2 14 2 100 2 100 1 100 2 100 1 100 128 100 134 100 036100 0 27100 0 13

sports

total users

20 0

0 90 0 940 950 95

0 93

0 88

1 78

2 64 147 237 230 2 30 2 464 323 313

2 30

2 31

2 42

HOW MANY USERS ARE INSIDE THE BUILDING? (when there are 100 participants)

religious activities INSIDE other sleeping 100% check (=100) personal care 100%

0 1 0 0 82 89 100 100 2 1 0

0 2 0 91 100 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 92 89 82 65 44 27 13 8 5 5 6 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 SPACE 1 2 3 NEEDED 8 9 6 4 / ACTIVITY 4 2 2 1

0 14 0 6 100 2

2 49

160 163 066 0 76 0 84

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 3 3 4 8 17 41 67 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 2 2 2 5 2 7 5 2

4 90 24 82 2

(when 100% HOW 2 MANY 1 1USERS 1 ARE 1 INSIDE 2 2 THE 4 BUILDING? 7 7 M34 5 there 21 are 6 100 3 participants) 3 3 7

household

79% INSIDE

9 18

9 19

10 20

3 21

2 22

2 23

0 24

eating and drinking

0 1

0 2

0 3

1 4

1 5

2 3 6 7 bedroom

4 8

1 4 65 44 kitchen

4 27

6 51 6 9 10

socializing sleeping

70% 100%

4 82

3 89

2 91

1 92

1 89

1 82

total users personal care

100%

90 2

94 1

95 1

93 2

88 78 64 47 3 bathroom 8 9 6

eating and drinking

100%

household

79%

1 living 2 room 3 4

6 566

socializing

70%

1 eating 1 room 4 4

total users

2toilet4

8 23% 6 6 11 12 13

hal bedroom kitchen

6 15

6 16

8 17

7 208 13 8

10 5

11 5 9%

13 6

14 6

15 6

15 4

22 3

21 3

28 4

34 8

36 17

27 41

13 67

4 82

37 30 4 16 4

30 2

46 2 7%

32 1

31 2

30 1

31 2

42 2

49 2

60 5

63 2

66 7

76 5

84 2

90 2

21 1%

6 25%

10 12% 11 13

5% 46

268

NEEDED SPACE / ACTIVITY

storage 78 64

6 14

37 12 30 M3 38 51 221 20

17% 23% 100% 9%

NEEDED SPACE /16 ACTIVITY 7% bathroom toilet

23 M

living room 56 bedroom 51 are 10025% 23% OCCUPIED SPACE (when there participants) space sleeping

bedroom

personal care

bathroom, toilet

eating and drinking

kitchen, eating room

household

kitchen, bathroom, toilet

socializing

living room, eating room

store

storage

occupied space sleeping Amount of users personal care

space

4518

4619

4670

4518

bathroom, toilet

4162 90 36

4518 94 18

4619 95 18

4670 95 18

Average amount of space eating and drinking

kitchen, eating room

52 93

51 47

household

kitchen, bathroom, toilet space

0 1

0 2

0 3

vacant space socializing sleeping

bedroom

12% 9% 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 12 5% 16 7% 660 406 254 254 305 305 305 203 152 152 203 406 863 2081 38 17% 2 1% 36 18 18 18 36 108 72 72 36 36 18 36 18 36 36 36 90 36 126 90 221 100% 56 25% 93 47 47 47 47 326 326 186 233 979 280 140 140 140 326 652 652 373 140 93 26 12% 0 0 0 30 150 241 211 301 241 241 241 211 241 301 361 361 391 120 60 0 12 5% 230 173 115 58 288 575 690 805 920 1035 1150 1208 1265 1783 1726 2301 2818 2933 2186 345 38 17% 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 OCCUPIED SPACE (when there are 100 participants) 221 100% 4636 4812 4856 4849 4688 4397 3684 2989 2242 1874 1565 1629 2429 1878 1871 1881 1885 2598 2927 3607 4024 4182 4510 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0

4162

4518 94 36

eating room kitchen 6 7 storage bathroom 3299 2233 hal toilet 54 143 161 living room 93 93 186 eating room 30 90 120 storage 58 58 288 hal 1190 1190 1190 5

4162

1371

345

1190

4590 4636 23 24

152 47 36

203 56 90

406 56 36

863 60 126

2081 72 90

3401 82 36

4162 90 36

50 50 47 46 45 47 47 50 53 OCCUPIED SPACE (when326 there326 are 100 47 93 93 186 186participants) 233 979

56 280

56 140

60 140

61 140

66 326

63 652

65 652

71 373

70 140

63 93

56 0

52 93

241 13

241 14

211 15

241 16

301 17

361 18

361 19

391 20

120 21

60 22

60 23

0 24

211 10

254 32 36

1093

152 39 36

241 9

406 33 72

203 31 36

150 8

660 40 72

305 31 18

120 7

1371 50 108

305 33 36

90 6

2233 65 161

24 4162

305 33 18

30 5

3299 79 143

23 3401

254 46 36

30 4

4162 89 54

26 20

301 11

241 12

22.050 20485 20421 19621 20172 20179 20169 20165 19452 19123 18443 18026 17868 17540 17460 17414 230 17194 173 17201 115 17362 58 17653 58 18366 58 19061 288 19808 288 20176 575 690 805 920 345 living room, eating room 17414 345 17238 bedroom 4162 4518 4619 4670 4518 4162 3299 2233 1371 660 406 254 254 1035 305 1150 305 1208 305 1265 203 1783 152 1726 152 2301 203 2818 406 2933 863 2186 2081 1093 3401 4162

storecare personal

storagetoilet bathroom,

occupied space eating and drinking

kitchen, eating room

household

kitchen, bathroom, toilet

120

150

241

211

241

211

241

301

361

391

120

socializing Amount of users

living room, eating room

345 90

230 94

173 95

115 95

58 94

58 89

58 79

288 65

288 50

575 40

690 805 920 1035 1150 TOTAL SPACE 33 32NEEDED 46 33 33

1208 31

1265 31

1783 39

1726 47

2301 56

2818 56

2933 60

2186 72

1093 82

345 90

1190 52

1190 51

1190 50

1190 47

1190 46

1190 45

1190 47

1190 60

1190 61

1190 66

1190 63

1190 65

1190 71

1190 70

1190 63

1190 56

1190 52

store of space Average amount

storage 5000

occupied space vacant space

1190 36

1190 18

1190 36

1190 54

1190 143

1190 161

1190 108

1190 72

1190 36

1190 18

1190 36

1190 18

1190 36

1190 90

1190 36

1190 126

1190 90

1190 36

4636 4856 4849 4688 4397 3684 2989 4590 4636 93 4812 47 47 47 47 93 93 186 2242 326 1874 326 1565 186 1629 233 2429 979 1878 280 1871 140 1881 140 1885 140 2598 326 2927 652 3607 652 4024 373 4182 140 4510 93 0 93 301

1190 50

241

1190 53

241

1190 56

4636 4812 4856 4849 4688 4397 3684 2989 2242 1874 1565 1629 2429 1878 1871 1881 1885 2598 2927 3607 4024 4182 4510 4590 4636 22.050

Amount of users

3750

Average amount of space

17414 17238 17194 17201 17362 17653 18366 19061 19808 20176 20485 20421 19621 20172 20179 20169 20165 19452 19123 18443 18026 17868 17540 17460 17414 90

2500 vacant space

22.050

17414 17238 17194 17201 17362 17653 18366 19061 19808 20176 20485 20421 19621 20172 20179 20169 20165 19452 19123 18443 18026 17868 17540 17460 17414

TOTAL NEEDED SPACE

source: American Time Survey, CBS

5000 1250

3750 0 5000

TOTAL NEEDED SPACE 0

sports

religious activities

other

check (=100)

0 0 0

2 living 1 room 2 2 0

eating room

storage

hal

2 562

4 25% 3

12%

17%

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 221

100%

SPATIAL NEED

OCCUPIED SPACE (when there are 100 participants)

space

bedroom

4162

4518

4619

4670

4518

4162

3299

2233 660 25-34) 406 254 (age1371 between

254

305

203

152

203

406

863

2081

3401

4162

143

161

108

126

186

326

186

233

979

280

140

326

652

373

140

kitchen, bathroom, toilet

120

150

241

211

301

241

211

241

301

361

391

120

living room, eating room

345

230

173

115

288

575

690

805

920

1035

1150

1208

1265

1783

1726

2301

2818

2933

2186

1093

345

1190

bathroom, toilet100 kitchen, eating room

storage

8 9 10 ACTIVITY RATIO

SPATIAL NEED IN RELATIONSHIP WITH ACTIVITY

4636 4812 4856 4849 4688 4397 3684 2989 2242 1874 1565 1629 2429 1878 1871 1881 1885 2598 2927 3607 4024 4182 4510 4590 4636

ace

22.050

other religious activities 90 94 95 95 94 89 79 65 50 40 33 32 46 33 33 31 31 39 47 56 56 60 72 82 90 sports shopping 52 51 51 51 50 50 47 46 45 47 47 50 53 56 56 60 61 66 63 65 71 70 63 56 52 traveling education work 17414 17238 17194 17201 17362 17653 18366 19061 19808 20176 20485 20421 19621 20172 20179 20169 20165 19452 19123 18443 18026 17868 17540 17460 17414 socializing household eating and drinking personal care sleeping 0

TOTAL NEEDED SPACE

HOURS

5000

SLEEPING

WORKING

SOCIALIZING

3750

2500

1250

sleeping

personal care

eating and drinking

household

socializing

OCCUPIED SPACE VS. VACANT SPACE 20000

IMAGINE THERE IS A BUILDING IN THE CITY CENTRE OF ROTTERDAM WHICH CAN HOUSE 100 USERS. AND THEIR SPATIAL NEED IS RELATED TO THEIR BEHAVIORAL PATTERN. HOW MUCH SPATIAL NEED DO THEY HAVE? AND HOW MUCH VACANCY OCCURS IN A BUILDING WITH A SIZE OF 22.100 M3? (100*221 M3)

15000

10000

5000

8 9American 10 11 13 CBS 14 source: Time12Survey,

occupied space

vacant space

22.050

17414 17238 17194 17201 17362 17653 18366 19061 19808 20176 20485 20421 19621 20172 20179 20169 20165 19452 19123 18443 18026 17868 17540 17460 17414

VACANCY

5000

TOTAL NEEDED SPACE

3750

2500

1250

sleeping

personal care

MAXIMUM 25% OF THE SPACE IS OCCUPIED. 75% OF THE SPACE IS NOT 13 14 15 SO 16 VACANT. 17 18 19 20 21 22 OCCUPIED,

eating and drinking

household

socializing

OCCUPIED SPACE VS. VACANT SPACE 20000

15000

10000

5000

occupied space

vacant space

MULTIPLY FACTOR OF AN INTERACTIVE BUILDING Amount of volume

Amount of users

Normal building

22.050

100

Interactive building

6.000

368

factor

27%

368%

space kitchen, eating room storage bedroom kitchen, bathroom, toilet 5000 bathroom, toilet living room, eating room space kitchen, eating room storage bedroom kitchen, bathroom, toilet 3750 bathroom, toilet living room, eating room

0 93 1190 4162 0 4636 36 345 0 93 1190 90 4162 0 4636 36 52 345

1 47 1190 4518 0 4812 18 230 1 47 1190 94 4518 0 4812 18 51 230

2 47 1190 4619 0 4856 18 173 2 47 1190 95 4619 0 4856 18 51 173

3 47 1190 4670 0 4849 18 115 3 47 1190 95 4670 0 4849 18 51 115

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 47 93 93 186 326 326 186 233 979 280 140 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190NEEDED 1190 1190 TOTAL SPACE1190 4518 4162 3299 2233 1371 660 406 254 254 305 305 30 30 90 120 150 241 211 301 241 241 241 OCCUPIED SPACE2989 (when there1874 are 100 participants) 4688 4397 3684 2242 1565 1629 2429 1878 1871 36 54 143 161 108 72 72 36 36 18 36 58 58 58 288 288 575 690 805 920 1035 1150 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 47 93 93 186 326 326 186 233 979 280 140 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 94 89 79 65 50 40 33 32 46 33 33 4518 4162 3299 2233 1371 660 406 254 254 305 305 30 30 90 120 150 241 211 301 241 241 241 4688 4397 3684 2989 2242 1874 1565 1629 2429 1878 1871 36 54 143 161 108 72 72 36 36 18 36 50 50 47 46 45 47 47 50 53 56 56 58 58 58 288 288 575 690 805 920 1035 1150

kitchen, eating room storage

93 47 47 47 47 93 93 186 326 326 186 233 979 280 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 90 94 95 95 94 89 79 65 50 40 33 32 46 33 0 0 0 30 30 90 120 150 241 211 301 241 241 kitchen, bathroom, toilet 17414 0 22.050 2500 4636 17238 4812 17194 4856 17201 4849 17362 4688 17653 4397 18366 3684 19061 2989 19808 2242 20176 1874 20485 1565 20421 1629 19621 2429 20172 1878 52 51 51 51 50 50 47 46 45 47 47 50 53 56 230 173 115 58 58 58 288 288 575 690 805 920 1035 living room, eating room 345

16 140 1190 203 241 1885 36 1265 16 140 1190 31 203 241 1885 36 61 1265

17 326 1190 152 301 2598 36 1783 17 326 1190 39 152 301 2598 36 66 1783

18 652 1190 152 361 2927 36 1726 18 652 1190 47 152 361 2927 36 63 1726

19 652 1190 203 361 3607 90 2301 19 652 1190 56 203 361 3607 90 65 2301

20 373 1190 406 391 4024 36 2818 20 373 1190 56 406 391 4024 36 71 2818

21 140 1190 863 120 4182 126 2933 21 140 1190 60 863 120 4182 126 70 2933

22 93 1190 2081 60 4510 90 2186 22 93 1190 72 2081 60 4510 90 63 2186

140 1190 31 211 20169 1881 60 1208

140 1190 31 241 20165 1885 61 1265

326 1190 39 301 19452 2598 66 1783

652 1190 47 361 19123 2927 63 1726

652 1190 56 361 18443 3607 65 2301

373 1190 56 391 18026 4024 71 2818

140 1190 60 120 17868 4182 70 2933

93 1190 72 60 17540 4510 63 2186

VACANCY AS OPPORTUNITY

storage 22.050

140 1190 33 241 20179 1871 56 1150

15 140 1190 305 211 1881 18 1208 15 140 1190 31 305 211 1881 18 60 1208

1250

23 0 1190 3401 60 4590 36 1093 23 0 1190 82 3401 60 4590 36 56 1093

24 93 1190 4162 0 4636 36 345 24 93 1190 90 4162 0 4636 36 52 345

0 93 1190 1190 82 90 60 0 17460 4590 17414 4636 56 52 1093 345

1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 1190 90 94 95 95 94 89 79 65 50 40 33 32 46 33 33 31 31 39 47 56 56 60 72 82 90 17414 4636 17238 4812 17194 4856 17201 4849 17362 4688 17653 4397 18366 3684 19061 2989 19808 2242 20176 1874 20485 1565 20421 1629 19621 2429 20172 1878 20179 1871 20169 1881 20165 1885 19452 2598 19123 2927 18443 3607 18026 4024 17868 4182 17540 4510 17460 4590 17414 4636 52 51 51 51 50 50 47 46 45 47 47 50 53 56 56 60 61 66 63 65 71 70 63 56 52

THERE IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO THE VACANT SPACE WHEN 90 94 95 95 94 89 79 65 50 40 33 32 46 33 33 OCCUPY 31 31 39 47 56 56 60 72 82 90 17414 17238 17194 17201 17362 17653 18366 19061 19808 20176 20485 20421 19621 20172 20179 20169 20165 19452 19123 18443 18026 17868 17540 17460 17414 SHARE SPACE THE NUMBER OF USERS IS INCREASED 52 51 51 51 50 50 47 46 45 47 47 50 53 56 56 60 61 66 63 65 71 70 63 56 52 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 4 TIMES. POSSIBLY RESULTING IN LESS TOTAL NEEDED SPACE WASTED SPACE AND socializing MORE USERS. sleeping personal care eating and drinking household 17414 17238 17194 17201 17362 17653 18366 19061 19808 20176 20485 20421 19621 20172 20179 20169 20165 19452 19123 18443 18026 17868 17540 17460 17414 BUT TO DO THIS, USERS NEED TO START SHARING THEIR SPACE. TOTAL NEEDED SPACE TOTAL NEEDED SPACE

22.050

5000 0

3750 5000

2500 3750 5000

BUT HOW MUCH DO PEOPLE WANT TO

OCCUPIED SPACE VS. VACANT SPACE SHARE? TOTAL NEEDED SPACE

20000 1250 2500 3750 5000

15000 0 1250 2500 3750

10000 0 1250 2500

5000 0 1250

20000 0 0

0 0

1 1

2 2

sleeping 3 4 3 4

5 5

6 6

sleeping 3

15000 20000

9 9

10 10

personal care

sleeping 3

personal care 7 8 7 8

eating and drinking 11 12 13 11 12 13

14 14

15 15

household 16 17 16 17

18 18

19 19

household

eating and drinking

OCCUPIED SPACE VS. VACANT SPACE

socializing 20 21 20 21

22 22

23 23

24 24

socializing

vacant space household

eating and drinking

socializing

household

OCCUPIED SPACE VS. VACANT SPACE

occupied space personal care

sleeping

eating and drinking

personal care 7

socializing

OCCUPIED SPACE VS. VACANT SPACE 10000 15000 20000

MULTIPLY FACTOR OF AN INTERACTIVE BUILDING OCCUPIED SPACE VS. VACANT SPACE Amount of volume

Amount of users

Normal building

22.050

100

Interactive building

6.000

5000 10000 15000 20000

0 5000 10000 15000

0 5000 10000

0 5000

factor 8 9

368

27% 12

368% 15 16

occupied space 7

vacant space

occupied space 7

vacant space 16

MULTIPLY FACTOR OF AN INTERACTIVE BUILDING Amount of volume

occupied space 7 Normal 8 building 9

12 22.050

Amount of users vacant space 14

15 100 16

MULTIPLY FACTOR OF AN INTERACTIVE BUILDING

Interactive building

6.000

368

Amount of volume 27%

Amount of users vacant 368% space

Normal building

22.050

100

Interactive building

6.000

368

factor

Amount of volume 27%

Amount of users 368%

Normal building

22.050

100

Interactive building

6.000

368

factor

Amount of volume 27%

Amount of users 368%

Normal building

22.050

100

Interactive building

6.000

368

factor

27%

368%

occupied factor space

MULTIPLY FACTOR OF AN INTERACTIVE BUILDING

NUMBER OF MOVES IN THE NETHERLANDS BY AGE

TARGET GROUP x 1000 70

AMOUNT

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

AGE

THE AVERAGE DURATION OF STAY IS THE LEAST FOR THE TARGET GROUP. IN THIS PERIOD OF LIFE, PEOPLE MOVE THE MOST.

source: CBS

100

HOW MUCH DO THEY WANT TO SHARE? SHARE-ABILITY OF LIVING UNITS

THE LEVEL OF SHARE-ABILITY IS RELATED TO THE AVERAGE DURATION OF STAY. BUT EVENTUALLY EVERYTHING EXCEPT YOUR PERSONAL STUFF AND BELONGINGS ARE SHARED.

source: CBS, CELTH, NRIT

BASED ON PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOR IN RELATION TO THEIR SPATIAL NEED A BUILDING IS ONLY OCCUPIED FOR 25%. THE VACANT SPACE, WHICH IS 75%, IS THE OPPORTUNITY TO CREATE PERSONAL AND AFFORDABLE SPACE.

BUT, HOW TO CREATE A SYSTEM WHICH IS ABLE TO CREATE PERSONAL SPACE, BASED ON ITS USER BEHAVIOR AND SPATIAL NEED?

IT ALL STARTS WITH THE HUMAN ACTIVITY

WHAT NEEDS TO BE INTERACTIVE?

ACTIVITY

SPACE

STUFF

THE USER’S ACTIVITY IS THE TRIGGER TO START AN INTERACTION. THE EXPRESSION AND ITS RELATED PERSONAL SPATIAL NEED RESULTS IN A SPACE. STUFF INSIDE THE SPACE FACILITATES THE ACTIVITY TO HAPPEN INSIDE THE SPACE.

TO UNDERSTAND WHICH ELEMENTS NEED TO BE INTERACTIVE, THE BUILDING IS CATEGORIZED INTO SIX GROUPS OF ELEMENTS BASED ON THE SHEARING LAYERS OF FRANK DUFFY AND STEWARD BRANDS. THEY DESCRIBE THE BUILDING AS LAYERS OF CHANGEABILITY ON DIFFERENT TIME SCALES.

WHAT NEEDS TO BE INTERACTIVE? BUILDING ELEMENTS

SITE eternal

STRUCTURE 30-300 years

SKIN 20 years

SERVICES 7-15 years

SPACE PLAN 3-30 years

STUFF 1 day - 1 month

TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM SCENARIO OF AN INTERACTIVE BUILDING THE DIFFERENT GROUP OF ELEMENTS OF THE SHEARING LAYERS ARE COMBINED BY ADDING THEM TOGETHER. SCENARIO 1 ONLY INCLUDES THE GROUP ‘STUFF’, SCENARIO 6 INCLUDES ALL GROUPS.

LEVEL OF INTERACTIVITY

STUFF SPACE PLAN SKIN SERVICES STRUCTURE SURROUNDINGS

PERSONALIZED SPACE

NO PERSONAL SPACE

STUFF SPACE PLAN SKIN SERVICES STRUCTURE SURROUNDINGS

PERSONAL SPACE

INTRODUCTION OF SYSTEM (COSTS!)

COLLECTIVE EXTERNAL EXPRESSION

SCENARIO 3

STUFF SPACE PLAN SKIN SERVICES STRUCTURE SURROUNDINGS

DOUBLE SYSTEM (COST INCREASE)

INCREASES THE FREEDOM OF THE POSITION AND USE OF A SPACE

SCENARIO 4

STUFF SPACE PLAN SKIN SERVICES STRUCTURE SURROUNDINGS

INNUMERABLE AMOUNT OF SCENARIOS TO REACT ON (HIGH COSTS)

STUFF SPACE PLAN SKIN SERVICES STRUCTURE SURROUNDINGS

INCREASES THE FREEDOM OF THE FORM OF A SPACE

WILL LIMIT THE INTERACTIVITY OF OTHER ELEMENTS

SCENARIO 1

SCENARIO 2

SCENARIO 5

STRUCTURE SURROUNDINGS

49 STUFF SPACE PLAN SKIN SERVICES STRUCTURE SURROUNDINGS

+ -

INTRODUCTION OF SYSTEM (COSTS!)

COLLECTIVE EXTERNAL EXPRESSION

SCENARIO 3

STUFF SPACE PLAN SKIN SERVICES STRUCTURE SURROUNDINGS

DOUBLE SYSTEM (COST INCREASE)

INCREASES THE FREEDOM OF THE POSITION AND USE OF A SPACE

SCENARIO 4

STUFF SPACE PLAN SKIN SERVICES STRUCTURE SURROUNDINGS

INNUMERABLE AMOUNT OF SCENARIOS TO REACT ON (HIGH COSTS)

STUFF SPACE PLAN SKIN SERVICES STRUCTURE SURROUNDINGS

INCREASES THE FREEDOM OF THE FORM OF A SPACE

WILL LIMIT THE INTERACTIVITY OF OTHER ELEMENTS

STUFF SPACE PLAN SKIN SERVICES STRUCTURE SURROUNDINGS

INTRODUCES PEOPLE NOT USING THE BUILDING TO INTERACTIVITY

REDUCES THE SENSE OF A PLACE OF THE BUILDING IN THE CITY

PERSONAL SPACE

WHAT NEEDS TO BE INTERACTIVE?

SCENARIO 2

LEVEL OF INTERACTIVITY SCENARIO’S

SCENARIO 5

SCENARIO 6

FROM THIS RESEARCH CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT SCENARIO 2 IS THE MOST OPTIMAL SCENARIO FOR AN INTERACTIVE BUILDING. WHEN THE STUFF AND SPACE PLAN CAN BE INTERACTIVE, THE BUILDING IS ABLE TO GENERATE PERSONAL SPACE BASED ON THE ACTIVITY OF ITS USERS. THE SKIN AND THE SERVICES NEED TO FACILITATE THE INTERACTIVITY. THE INTERACTIVITY OF THE STRUCTURE AND THE SITE DO NOT INCREASE THE LEVEL OF INTERACTIVITY AND THEREFOR DO NOT NECESSARY NEED TO BE INTERACTIVE. JUST AS THE RESEARCH OF STEWARD BRANDS, THE SITE, STRUCTURE, SKIN AND SERVICES PROVIDE CONTINUITY. THE INTERACTIVE GROUP OF ELEMENTS (SPACE PLAN AND STUFF) PROVIDE ORIGINALITY.

WHAT NEEDS TO BE INTERACTIVE? CONTINUITY

SITE

STRUCTURE

SKIN

SERVICES

SPACE PLAN

STUFF

INTERACTIVE

NOT INTERACTIVE

ORIGINALITY

eating and drinking

8 14

eating and drinkin

household / shopping

17 24

household / shop

working / study

34 20

working / study

free time

17 18

free time

traveling

media

9 12

media

others

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

SATURDAY behavior of Dutch people 5

sleeping / resting 25

eating and drinking

household / shopping 0 working / study

free time

traveling

media

others

others media traveling free time working / study household / shopping eating and drinking sleeping / resting

free time

traveling

media

others

sleeping

media

shopping

morning ritual

sleeping

evening dinner

working / study

DURING THE WEEK

100

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

SUNDAY behavior of Dutch people

25 5

25 19

household / shopping

12 14

working / study

free time

22 31

traveling

media

others

morning ritual

eating and drinking

13 15 1

sleeping

4 97

media / free time

3 98

evening dinner

2 98

free time

1 96

household / shopping

0 87

sleeping / resting

sleeping

others media traveling free time working / study household / shopping eating and drinking sleeping / resting

SATURDAY

100

others media traveling free time working / study household / shopping eating and drinking sleeping / resting

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

100

50 others media traveling free time working / study household / shopping eating and drinking sleeping / resting

sleeping

free time

g dinner

free time

hopping

ing ritual

source: CBS

sleeping

media

evening dinner

shopping

evening dinner

free time

working / study

morning ritual

sleeping

others media traveling free time working / study household / shopping eating and drinking sleeping / resting

SUNDAY

sleeping / restin

eating and drink

household / sho working / study

others media traveling free time working / study household / shopping eating and drinking sleeping / resting

sleeping

media / free time

free time

household / shopping

sleeping

morning ritual

WHICH SPATIAL DESIRES SHOULD THE INTERACTIVE SYSTEM BE ABLE TO ACCOMMODATE?

evening dinner

ALL INTERACTIONS START BY THE ACTIVITY OF THE USER. BUT WHO IS THE USER AND HOW DOES IT BEHAVE? THE MOST COMMON USER LIVES AS FOLLOWS:

sleeping

media

shopping

evening dinner

working / study

sleeping

morning ritual

DURING THE WEEK

sleeping

media / free time

evening dinner

free time

household / shopping

morning ritual

sleeping

SATURDAY

sleeping

media

evening dinner

free time

morning ritual

SUNDAY

sleeping

hers edia aveling ee time orking / study ousehold / shopping ating and drinking eeping / resting

During the week Saturday Sunday

source: CBS

DURING THE WEEK

SATURDAY

morning ritual

sleeping

morning ritual

relaxing

sleeping

eating drinking

relaxing

eating drinking

socializing

WHICH SPATIAL DESIRES SHOULD THE INTERACTIVE SYSTEM BE ABLE TO ACCOMMODATE? SUNDAY

THE COMMON USER HAS NO DISTINCT BEHAVIOR PATTERN OR SPATIAL DESIRE. IN THIS CASE AN INTERACTIVE BUILDING BECOMES BORING AND RESULTS IN NO DIVERSITY. BUT THERE ARE NO COMMON USERS IN THE CITY. WHO REALLY LIVES IN THE CITY?

morning ritual

relaxing

sleeping

eating drinking

relaxing

THESE TEN PEOPLE ARE PHOTOGRAPHED IN THE CITY CENTER OF ROTTERDAM. THE COMMON USER IS NOT SEEN, THESE PEOPLE ARE ALL DIFFERENT AND HAVE DIFFERENT DESIRES.

HOMELESS PERSON

RICH SINGLE

REFUGEE

EXPAT

SINGLE

WHO REALLY LIVES IN THE CITY?

FAMOUS PERSON

YOUNG COUPLE

STUDENTS

GRANDPARENTS

FAMILY

SLEEPING

TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MORNING TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MORNING TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MORNING

SLEEPING

TRAVELING

MORNING

SLEEPING

MORNING

TRAVE

TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MOR

SLEEPING

MOR

MORNING

A DAY IN THE LIFE OF...

SLEEPING

EATING

WORKING

TRAVELING

WORKING / EDUCATION

SLEEPING

RELAXING

SLEEPING

TRAVELING

EATING

RELAXING

WORKING

RELAXING

SHOPPING

EATING

RELAXING

SPORTS

TRAVELING

SOCIALIZING

EATING

EDUCATION

WASHING

RELAXING

EATING

RELAXING

SOCIALIZING

SHOPPING

EATING

RELAXING

HOMELESS PERSON

SLEEPING

TRAVELING RELAXING

SHOPPING

RELAXING

EATING

WORKING

RELAXING

TRAVELING

SPORTS

SHOPPING

WORKING

TRAVELING

ELING

RNING

RELAXING

WASHING

EDUCATION

RNING

REFUGEE

EXPAT

RICH SINGLE

SLEEPING

SINGLE

SLEEPING

FAMOUS PERSON

RELAXING

YOUNG COUPLE

SLEEPING

GRANDPARENTS

RELAXING

SLEEPING

STUDENTS

FAMILY

SLEEPING

TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MORNING TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MORNING TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MORNING T

SLEEPING

MORNING

SLEEPING

MORNING TRAVELING

SLEEPING

MORNING

SPATIAL NEED

WHEN ALL SPATIAL DESIRES OF THE TEN ARCHETYPES ARE COMBINED YOU GET THE FOLLOWING 24 HOURS

WHAT IS THE MOST OPTIMUM SPATIAL CONFIGURATION?

BUT THIS SPATIAL CONFIGURATION RESULTS IN TO MUCH WASTED SPACE. SO WHAT IS THE MOST OPTIMUM SPATIAL CONFIGURATION?

WHEN ALL SPACES ARE COMBINED IN A LINEAR SYSTEM THE WASTED SPACE IS MINIMIZED AND THE MOST OPTIMUM SCENARIO IS CREATED. WASTED SPACE IS TRANSFORMED INTO USE-ABLE INTERACTIVE SPACE.

WHAT IS THE MOST OPTIMUM SPATIAL CONFIGURATION?

2 AFFORDABLE HOUSING

INCOME PER YEAR NETHERLANDS (age between 25-35) DATA SOURCE

citizens

households

Bruto

36.600

54.900

Netto

30.600

32.600

maximum income for social housing with a one person household 39.055,https://www.woonzorg.nl/ik_zoek/onze_dienstverlening/inkomenseisen

INCOME AND SPENDING (age between 25-35) SPENDING CATEGORY

part (%)

part (euro)

Food and drinks

9,9%

3.029

Alcohol and tabaco

2,5%

765

clothes and shoes

5,3%

1.622

Housing, water and energy

32,6%

9.976

rental price housing

24,3%

7.436

maintenance

0,6%

184

water

3,2%

979

energy

4,5%

1.377

Household

5,1%

1.561

Health care

1,0%

306

13,4%

4.100

Communication

3,9%

1.193

Recreation and culture

8,1%

2.479

Education

1,3%

398

Restaurants and hotel

6,9%

2.111

Other goods and services

8,1%

2.479

Consumption taxes

1,8%

551

Charities

0,3%

TOTAL

100%

30.600

Transport

* https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/84493NED/table? ts=1575626337057 * https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/84494NED/table? ts=1575844218801

INCOME AND SPENDING Food and drinks Alcohol and tabaco clothes and shoes Housing, water and energy Household Health care Transport Communication Recreation and culture Education Restaurants and hotel

INCOME PER YEAR (AGE 25-34) source: CBS

maintenance

0,6%

184

water

3,2%

979

energy

4,5%

1.377

Household

5,1%

1.561

Health care

1,0%

306

13,4%

4.100

Communication

3,9%

1.193

Recreation and culture

8,1%

2.479

Education

1,3%

398

Restaurants and hotel

6,9%

2.111

Other goods and services

8,1%

2.479

Consumption taxes

1,8%

551

Charities

0,3%

HOW MUCH ARE THEY ABLE TO PAY? Transport

* https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/84493NED/table? AN AVERAGE CITY CENTRE CITIZEN ts=1575626337057 TOTAL 100% 30.600 * https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/84494NED/table? HAS €620 TO SPEND ON HOUSING ts=1575844218801 RENT. THIS IS THE STARTING POINT

FOR AN AFFORDABLE LIVING SPACE.

INCOME AND SPENDING Food and drinks Alcohol and tabaco clothes and shoes Housing, water and energy Household Health care Transport Communication Recreation and culture Education Restaurants and hotel Other goods and services Consumption taxes Charities 0

2.500

5.000

7.500

THE AVERAGE RENTAL PRICE / MONTH IS:

1.400 - 1.500 euro INCOME AND SPENDING HOW MUCH CAN SPEND ON THEIR RENT PER MONTH: (AGETHEY 25-34)

620 euro

source: CBS

10.000

ACTIVITIES DURING 1 WEEK

NEEDED SPACE / ACTIVITY

inside

outside

sleeping

59,47

100%

59,47

bedroom

23%

personal care

6,23

100%

6,23

kitchen

eating and drinking

11,93

100%

11,93

bathroom

household

17,85

79%

21%

14,10

toilet

socializing

7,22

67%

33%

4,81

living room

25% 12%

hobby

9,13

100%

9,13

eating room

TV, radio and audio

14,38

100%

14,38

storage

reading

2,48

100%

2,48

hal

17%

relaxing and lazing around

1,65

100%

1,65

221

100%

store

168

100%

168,00 * From research into average size apartments and rooms

* From research into user behavior and occupation * Storage will always be available (assumption)

NEEDED HOURS * M3 * MONTH HOURS

HOURS * M3

sleeping

59,47

3.019

personal care

6,23

112

hours * m3

eating and drinking

11,93

556

hours * m3

household

14,10

537

hours * m3

socializing

4,81

395

hours * m3

hobby

9,13

750

hours * m3

TV, radio and audio

14,38

1.182

hours * m3

reading

2,48

204

hours * m3

relaxing and lazing around

1,65

136

hours * m3

store

168,00

1.999

hours * m3

8.889

hours * m3 * week

38.650

hours * m3 * month

COMPARING TOTAL SPACE

OCCUPATION TIME

COSTS / HOUR / M3

TOTAL COSTS

INTERACTIVE

221

175

0,010

385

COMMON

221

730

0,010

1604

COSTS (interactive space) hours * m3

cost * m3 * hour

costs

COSTS / HOUR

0,010

0,53

COSTS / DAY

1.270

0,010

COSTS / WEEK

8.889

0,010

COSTS / MONTH

38.650

0,010

385

SPATIAL MEMBERSHIP WHAT IF?

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF YOU ONLY PAY FOR YOUR OCCUPIED SPACE?

100 LIVING UNITS ARE COMBINED TO COMPARE A STANDARD DEVELOPMENT WITH AN INTERACTIVE DEVELOPMENT

FINANCIAL PLAN FINANCIAL PLAN

scenario 0: standard development POSSIBLE SCENARIO’S

BASIC average size app. 221 m3 rent € 1.553,users 100 total volume 22.050 m3 turnover € 155.250,-

i don’t need a studio, i need a pool

TOTAL TURNOVER FINANCIAL GOAL BASED ON INCOME TO SPEND

AN INTERACTIVE BUILDING

FINANCIAL PLAN IS ABLE TO HOUSE 3,6 TIMES FINANCIAL PLAN MORE USERS IN THE SAME VOLUME MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO DECREASE THE RENT AND POSSIBLE PROVIDESCENARIO’S AFFORDABLE SPACE.

interactive development scenario’s

WHAT ARE YOU ABLE TO SPEND? interactive size app. 221 m3 average size app. 60 m3

100% SOCIAL HOUSIN interactive size app. 221 m3 average size app. 60 m3

rent € 620,users 368

rent € 737,users 368

total volume 22.050 m3

total volume 22.050 m

turnover € 227.850,-

i don’t need a studio, i need a pool

turnover € 270.899

FINANCIAL PLAN FINANCIAL PLAN

interactive development scenario’s POSSIBLE SCENARIO’S

LESS BUILDING interactive size app. 221 m3 average size app. 60 m3

A PENTHOUSE FOR EVERYONE interactive size app. 889 m3 average size app. 221 m3

rent € 1.553,users 100

total volume 6.000 m3

total volume 22.050m3

turnover € 155.250,-

i don’t need a studio, i need a pool

MONEY, MONEY, MONEY interactive size app. 221 m3 average size app. 60 m3 rent € 1.553,users 368 total volume 22.050 m3 turnover € 570.544,-

TOTAL TURNOVER POSSIBLE OTHER FINANCIAL SCENARIO’S

FINANCIAL PLAN FINANCIAL PLAN

interactive development scenario’s POSSIBLE SCENARIO’S

THE PERIPHERY IN THE CITY interactive size app. 221 m3 average size app. 60 m3 rent € 1.163,users 368 total volume 22.050 m3 turnover € 427.219,-

THE LOWEST RENT EVER interactive size app. 221 m3 average size app. 60 m3 rent € 385,users 368 total volume 22.050 m3 turnover € 141.536,-

i don’t need a studio, i need a pool

THE MEDIATOR interactive size app. 221 m3 average size app. 60 m3 rent € 1.000,users 368 total volume 22.050 m3 turnover € 367.500,-

INTERACTIVE DEVELOPMENT + MAINTENANCE COSTS + BUILDING COSTS (*1,2) + OCCUPANCY RATE (77%) BUT + MORE PEOPLE (*3,6) - LESS RENT (*0,5)

COSTS AND PROFIT COSTS

standard

ground costs (30% of total costs (ex VAT)

10.000.000

33%

10.000.000

29%

building costs

17.640.000

60%

21.168.000

61%

2.940.000

10%

2.940.000

526.334

development costs extra development costs

interactive

60.000.000

45.000.000

PROFIT AND RISK total costs (excl. vat)

30.580.000 7.911.736

total development costs (excl. vat) VAT (21%) total development costs (incl. vat)

34.634.334 26%

38.491.736

8.864.303

26%

30.000.000

43.498.636

8.083.264

9.134.714

46.575.000

52.633.350

46.575.000

52.633.350

15.000.000

SELLING PRICE

INFORMATION amount of apartments

100

st.

368

st.

gross volume per apartment

294

netto volume per apartment

221

total volume

29.400

bruto/netto

75%

Price per apartment (VON-prijs)

465.750

Occupancy rate Rotterdam (2018)

100%

77%

BAR

rental price per apartment

1.553

price per ap

186.000

euro

620

rental price Occupancy

building co euro

building costs per m3

600

euro

720

euro

building costs per m2

1.800

euro

2.160

euro

https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/en/dataset/82058ENG/table?fromstatweb

source: American Time Survey, CBS

amount of ap

TOTAL FINANCIAL SUM TOTAL PROFIT

interactive

10.000.000

29%

21.168.000

61%

2.940.000

526.334

THE TOTAL INVESTMENT COSTS OF AN INTERACTIVE BUILDING ARE HIGHER, BUT THE TOTAL TURNOVER DOES ALSO INCREASE. RESULTING IN A FINANCIALLY EQUAL RISK AND PROFIT SCENARIO. BUT INSTEAD OF A STANDARD BUILDING, THE INTERACTIVE BUILDING WILL INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF LIVING UNITS AND DECREASE THE RENTAL COSTS FOR ITS USER.

34.634.334 8.864.303

26%

COSTS AND PROFIT 60.000.000

45.000.000

30.000.000

43.498.636 9.134.714

15.000.000

52.633.350

investment costs standard

368

st.

29.400

75%

amount of apartments price per apartment

186.000

rental price per apartment Occupancy rate

77%

building costs per m3

4% 620

euro

720

euro

2.160

euro

turnover

interactive

STANDARD

INTERACTIVE

100

368

465.750

186.000

1.553

620

100% 600

77% 720

1000

sleeping

personal care

socializing

4.000

AN INTERACTIVE BUILDING WILL PROBABLY ALSO FACE VACANCY DUE TO THE BEHAVIOR OF ITS USERS, 2.000 CREATING A POSSIBILITY TO INCREASE THE PROFIT EVEN MORE BY COMBINING 1.000 PROGRAM. AS AN EXAMPLE: OFFICES CAN FILL THE 0VACANT SPACE DURING THE 1 2 3 4 5 6 DAY.0 3.000

groceries

socializing

going out

recreation

5000

3750

recreati going o socializ

2500

groceri socializ

1250

person sleepin 0

toilet

6% 2%

living room

29%

eating room

14%

storage

hal

12%

total

150

100%

POSSIBLE EXTRA TURNOVER OCCUPIED SPACE (when there are 100 participants) space

bedroom, toilet

3330

3402

3473

3509

3330

3079

2435

1468

716

322

179

107

286

251

179

286

716

1719

2721

3330

bathroom, toilet

112

kitchen, eating room

231

462

578

308

270

347

770

385

270

193

270

655

809

462

231

kitchen, bathroom, toilet

137

252

320

458

503

412

435

412

389

252

229

160

living room, eating room

236

142

284

473

804

1182

1513

1702

1560

1797

2033

2175

2270

2553

3168

3452

3215

1986

898

236

3591

3568

3580

3569

3511

3523

3350

3097

2908

2688

2457

2684

2862

2916

2978

2913

3060

3397

3662

3955

4154

4116

3851

3680

3591

15.000

11.409 11.432 11.420 11.431 11.489 11.477 11.650 11.903 12.092 12.312 12.543 12.316 12.138 12.084 12.022 12.087 11.940 11.603 11.338 11.045 10.846 10.884 11.149 11.320 11.409 76%

76%

77%

78%

79%

81%

82%

84%

82%

81%

80%

81%

80%

77%

76%

74%

72%

73%

74%

75%

76%

TOTAL NEEDED SPACE 5000

3750

bathroom

2500

1250

HOURS sleeping

personal care

eating and drinking

household

socializing

ANOTHER OPTION TO INCREASE THE PROFIT EVEN MORE IS TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO INHABIT THE BUILDING BY A DIVERSE GROUP OF USERS WITH COMPATIBLE BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS. AS AN EXAMPLE: ELDERLY PEOPLE WILL USE THE SPACE ALSO DURING THE 1 DAY.

STARTING POINTS

PERSONAL SPACE

USE ‘SPACE PLAN’ AND ‘STUFF’ AS MAIN INTERACTIVE GROUP OF ELEMENTS

USE A LINEAR INTERACTIVE SYSTEM TO INCREASE THE SPATIAL POSSIBILITIES AND TO DECREASE WASTED SPACE

AFFORDABLE SPACE BASED ON THE RESEARCH THE FOLLOWING STARTING POINTS NEED TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN DESIGNING AN INTERACTIVE SYSTEM.

€620 in the case of the city center of Rotterdam

THE AVERAGE RENTAL COSTS WILL BE BASED ON THE INCOME TO SPEND ON RENTAL COSTS OF ITS USERS

USERS TAKE A SPATIAL MEMBERSHIP AND PAY FOR THEIR OCCUPIED VOLUME IN RELATION TO TIME

MUTATOR THE PERSONAL LIBERATION OF CITIZENS OF THE GENERIC CITY

BUT HOW?

CONTENT THE INTERACTIVE SYSTEM

THE TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEM

THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM

USER TEST

CASE STUDY

COMPARISON

system scenario’s beam size standard beam facilitating beam installations structural facade balcony elevator materials infrastructure collective space

the interactive process how to order a space senses, brain and muscles magnetic levitation

spatial membership minimum number of beams space and void price supply and demand discount space

does it work? spatial desire rental price

introduction assignment concept

user diversity result standard and interactive development

THE INTERACTIVE SYSTEM

1 2

parameters of space (height, length and width) a system should be able to combine different heights in one space

SYSTEM SCENARIO’S PARAMETERS HEIGHT

LENGTH WIDTH

FLOOR

WALL

FLOOR

WALL

FLOOR

WALL

SYSTEM SCENARIO’S POTENTIAL INTERACTIVE SCENARIO’S

SYSTEM A

SPACE

SYSTEM B

SPACE

SYSTEM C

SPACE

SYSTEM SCENARIO’S SYSTEM MATRIX

SYSTEM A

SYSTEM B

SYSTEM C

MATRIX INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS

LEVEL OF INTERACTIVITY EXPRESSIVITY INDEPENDENCY USERS

CAPABLE OF FACILITATING DIFFERENT PROGRAMS FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY

TOTAL POINTS

++ ++++++++

+++ ++++++++++

LEVEL OF INTERACTIVITY IS BASED ON NUMBER OF SPATIAL CONFIGURATIONS

+ ++++++

highest potential system scenario

SYSTEM SCENARIO’S INTERACTIVE SYSTEM

BEAM AS MAIN ELEMENT

1 STRUCTURAL WALL (two sides)

1 2

beam size system standard size of the beam (450 x 750mm)

BEAM SIZE THE CORRECT BEAM SIZE

450 mm

750 mm

1 2 3 4

beam size tested with different human dimensions Neufert Corbusier Human dimensions Menselijke maat

BEAM SIZE BEAM SIZE TESTED

1 2 3

potential activities executed on the standard beam normal mode of a standard beam possibilities of a standard beam

BEAM STANDARD BEAM

PLATFORM

CURTAIN

CEILING

AIR CUSHION

1 4

3 2

1 2 3 4 5 6

structural wooden beam (h=350mm) adjustable ceiling adjustable curtain storage hydraulic pump (max. height = 1.800mm) inflatable air cushion

BEAM STANDARD BEAM

1 2

1 2 3 4

platform hydraulic pump (max. height = 1.800mm) adjustable curtain adjustable ceiling

BEAM STANDARD BEAM

3 4

KITCHEN EQUIPMENT

SINK

STOVE

TOILET

SHOWER

2 BATHTUB

1 2 3

kitchen beam washing beam personal beam

FACILITATING BEAMS LIVING UNIT FACILITATING BEAMS

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BRAIN

SENSORS

PERSONAL STORAGE

3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

kitchen counter drawer clean water tank (250L) waste water tank (250L) bathtub battery and memory storage position sensors personal storage

FACILITATING BEAMS LIVING UNIT FACILITATING BEAMS

7 6

BEAMS PERSONAL BEAM

KITCHEN BEAM

STANDARD BEAM

WASHING BEAM

INSTALLATIONS INSTALLATIONS - clean water - dirty water - ventilation - electricity

PLUG NOZZLE ATTACHMENT POINTS

PLUG NOZZLE (TWO SIDES)

STRUCTURAL FACADE

CONCRETE STRUCTURAL WALL

STEEL STRUCTURAL FACADE

1 2 3

research concept 1: interactive corridor research concept 2: interactive gallery research concept 3: interactive elevator concept 3 has the most potential because it will not limit the amount of spatial configurations of the living unit

BALCONY ELEVATOR THE BALCONY ELEVATOR TO SECURE MAXIMUM FREEDOM OF SPATIAL CONFIGURATIONS

BALCONY + ELEVATOR

1 2 3 4

Prefab casted concrete, natural gray color, structural wall Pinewood, treated + transparent coated, natural beige color, beams Plastic, white, kitchen and bath equipment Steel, treated + transparent coated, natural gray, structural facade

MATERIALS LOW TECH MATERIALS USED FOR A HIGH TECH BUILDING

1 2

research concept 1: internal infrastructure research concept 2: external infrastructure concept 2 has the most potential because it will not limit the amount of spatial configurations of the living unit

INFRASTRUCTURE MAXIMUM FREEDOM BY AN EXTERNAL INFRASTRUCTURE

1 2 3

by living units occupied space vacant space as collective space when combined the building uses its available space optimal

COLLECTIVE SPACE VACANT SPACE AS COLLECTIVE SPACE

BBQ GRILL

SINK

DROP DOWN MOVIE SCREEN

DJ BOOTH MIXER

1 2 3 4 5

BBQ beam media beam sports beam green beam playing beam

COLLECTIVE SPACE HOW TO ACTIVE THE COLLECTIVE SPACE? DUMB BELLS

GREEN VEGETABLE TUB BARRE

PUSH UP BAR

CHEST GAME BOARD

SWING

PLAYING BIN

THE TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEM

THE INTERACTIVE PROCESS

PHASE 1 test space PHASE 2 first adaptation PHASE 3 minimal space PHASE X consensus

TECHNOLOGY HOW TO REACT?

HI ‘NAME’, I WOULD LIKE TO HAVE A BIGGER ROOM TOMORROW. JUST LIKE THE SPACE YOU PROVIDED ME WHEN I WAS SPORTING A FEW WEEKS AGO.

passive infrared sensor

facial recognition (affective)

real-time human performance capture

TECHNOLOGY HOW DOES IT WORK?

SENSES passive infrared sensor microwave sensor facial recognition camera voice microphone

BRAIN intuitive artificial intelligence swarm robotics software

MUSCLES electromagnetic system pneumatic system electric system

responsibility detect movement detect activities detect body heat detect emotion detect speech evaluation

responsibility memorize activities create behavior patterns generate a spatial reaction

responsibility moving the beams

ELECTROMAGNETIC MAGNET

TECHNOLOGY BOX

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

BATTERY STORAGE

1 2 3

technology box (in a moving situation) technology box (in a stationary situation) technology box

MAGNETIC LEVITATION STRUCTURAL WALL MAGNET

STRUCTURAL FACADE MAGNET

ALTERNATING POLES

+ -

- +

+ -

- +

+ + S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

battery 1 5 battery 2 magnet switch situation 1 situation 2 magnets in structural wall and facade movement to the left movement to the right beam with magnet

+ 3

+ S S

MAGNETIC LEVITATION PROPULSION SYSTEM

A-A

section A-A

THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM

54 BEAMS

1 2 3 4

spatial configuration 1 (example) spatial configuration 2 (example) spatial configuration 3 (example) minimum number of beams (example)

SPATIAL MEMBERSHIP MINIMUM NUMBER OF BEAMS TO REDUCE WASTE SPACE

100

10 4

450 mm

1 VOID

50 6.7

0,750 * 0,450 * 6,750 = 2,28 m3 price

€ 0,016 / m3 / hour average

€ 0,036 / beam / hour 1 2

void price beam price

SPATIAL MEMBERSHIP PRICE / BEAM

450 mm

2 BEAM

50 6.7

0,750 * 0,450 * 6,750 = 2,28 m3 price

€ 0,008 / m3 / hour average

€ 0,018 / beam / hour

PRICE

HOUR

0,016 € 0,016 € 0,016 € 0,016 € 0,016 € 0,015 € 0,013 € 0,011 € 0,009 € 0,008 € 0,007 € 0,008 € 0,010 € 0,008 € 0,008 € 0,008 € 0,008 € 0,010 € 0,011 € 0,013 € 0,014 € 0,014 € 0,015 € 0,015 €

00.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00

hypothetical price based on supply and demand for 24 hours

predicted demand and supply

price will change when building is in use

SPATIAL MEMBERSHIP SUPPLY AND DEMAND

SUPPLY AND DEMAND

CHEAPEST MOMENT OF THE DAY

Supply (m3)

Demand

Price/h/m3

7000

0,000

5250

0,004

3500

0,009

SUPPLY AND DEMAND

0,013

1750

Supply (m3)

Demand

Price/h/m3

7000

5250

0,017

00.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00

MOST EXPENSIVE MOMENT OF THE DAY

0,000

0,004

3500

0,009

1750

0,013

00.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00

0,017

1 2

potential spatial configuration 1 adjacent vacant space

SPATIAL MEMBERSHIP DISCOUNT

THE VACANT SPACE IS AVAILABLE WITH DISCOUNT FOR ONLY € 0,008 / HOUR / M3

USER TEST

HOMELESS PERSON

RICH SINGLE

REFUGEE

EXPAT

SINGLE

DOES IT WORK?

FAMOUS PERSON

YOUNG COUPLE

STUDENTS

GRANDPARENTS

FAMILY

SOCIALIZING

RELAXING

EATING AND DRINKING

WASHING

MORNING

SLEEPING

MODE ZERO

SPATIAL DESIRE

SPATIAL DESIRE IN RELATION TO SYSTEM

SYSTEM TEST 24 HOURS

HOMELESS PERSON

€ 6,44 per day € 193,29 per month

RICH SINGLE

€ 25,98 per day € 779,53 per month

WHAT TO PAY? POSSIBLE FINANCIAL RESULT

€ 34,06 per day € 1.021,75 per month

FAMOUS PERSON

€ 25,05 per day € 751,62 per month

GRANDPARENTS

CASE STUDY

INTRODUCTION CASE STUDY DELFTSEPLEIN The innovative Delftseplein tender is located next to the central station in the office center in Rotterdam. A position in the city with a lot of different citizens with different daily programs and needs. Criteria which fit to a location for an interactive building. This is the reason why the functioning of the interactive and financial system is tested by implementing it on the Delftseplein tender. The result of the case study will be compared with the tender submission of Provast which is designed by PLP architecture and Zones Urbaines Sensibles (ZUS) at the end of 2019. All opportunities of the interactive system such as diversity, amount of units, the amount of personal space and the average rental price will be compared with the Provost submission. For the case study all known rules and restrictions are similar to the real tender. In this way the aim of the case study is to generate an equal compare between a standard and interactive development.

THE LOCAT MAXIMUM OF 41.000 M GFO 2

ASSIGNME

MASS RESTRICTION SET BY TENDER

30000

40000

70000

CENTRAL STATION

41.000 m2 1 2

volume restrictions context restrictions

i don’t need a studio, i nee

ASSIGNMENT TENDER RESTRICTIONS

CENTRAL STATION

ST AT I

TA X

UA R

LIVING SPACES INFRASTRUCTURE LIVING SPACE

COLLECTIVE PLATFORM

COLLECTIVE BEAMS

BALCONY ELEVATOR

COLLECTIVE GREEN OUTDOOR SPACE

PUBLIC PLINTH

PUBLIC SQUARE

WORKSPACE

COMPARISON

HOUSEHOLDS (2020)

INCOME HOUSEHOLDS (2017

AMOUNT

PERCENTAGE

1-person

12.422

55%

Very low

AMOUNT 2.800

2-persons

6.314

28%

Low

5.828

3 or more

1.918

Middle

6.265

other

2.101

High

3.025

TOTAL

22.755

100%

TOTAL

17.918

HOUSEHOLD TYPES (2020)

PER

INCOME HOUSEHOLDS

9% 8%

55% 28% HOUSEHOLDS (2020) AMOUNT

PERCENTAGE

12.422

55%

Very low

28%

Low

6.314 1.918

AGE

INCOME HOUSEHOLDS (2017) AMOUNT

2.101

22.755

100%

2.800 5.828

Middle

PERCENTAGE1-person 2-persons 16% 3 or more other 33%

6.265

AMOUNT 9.166

25%

25-34

9.668

27%

35%

35-44

5.219

14%

High

3.025

17%

45-54

4.077

11%

TOTAL

17.918

100%

55-64

3.343

65-74

2.727

USER PROFILE 75+ HOUSEHOLD

OUSEHOLD TYPES (2020)

INCOME HOUSEHOLDS

16%

17%

TOTALINCOME

Homeless

nothing

Refugee

very low

Single mother

low

Expat

middle

Rich single

high

Famous

very high

Young couple

middle

Grandparents

high

Students

low

Family

middle

1-person 2-persons 3 or more other

36.037

100

Very low Low Middle High

2 AMOUNT

USER PROFILE

1 2

1.837

33%

35%

Homeless

PERCEN

0-24

USER TYPES AMOUNT

HOUSEHOLD

55 INCOME

nothing

AMOUNT

USER DIVIS CHARACTERISTICS

1 person, very low

1 person, low

1 person, middle

1 person, high

householdRefugee types Rotterdam1 City center (source: CBS) very low 9 Single mother 1 income per household Rotterdam City low center (source: CBS)2 person, low 28 4

Expat

Rich single

1 100

2 person, very low

USER TYPE

AMOUNT

REFUGEE

SINGLE

EXPAT

RICH SINGLE

middle

2 person, middle

YOUNG COUPLE

high

2 person, high

GRANDPARENTS

USER DIVERSITY 10 ARCHETYPES CHARACTERIZED BY HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND INCOME

HOMELESS PERSON

REFUGEE

-Other - Very low income

- 1 person - Very low income

FAMOUS PERSON

- Other - High income

GRANDPARENTS

- 2 person - High income

EXPAT

- 1 person - Middle income

YOUNG COUPLE

- 2 person - Middle income

RICH SINGLE

- 1 person - High income

STUDENTS

- 3 person - Low income

SINGLE

- 1 person - Low income

FAMILY

- 3 person - Middle income

(when 100 pcs)

2% 2%

11%

11 23

25 12 12

23%

12%

6 4 4 2

12%

25%

100

predicted diversity inside the interactive building

Refugee Single Expat Rich single Young couple Grandparents Students Family Homeless Famous person

USER DIVERSITY

6.00 SLEEPING

14.00 WORKING

20.00 SOCIALIZING

ANY TIME PARTY TIME

592 LIVING UNITS

1 2 3 4

program configuration 1: living spaces program configuration 2: hotel units program configuration 3: office units program configuration 4: collective space

598 HOTEL UNITS

RESULT POTENTIAL PROGRAMMATIC CONFIGURATION

394 OFFICE UNITS

1 COLLECTIVE SPACE

STANDARD DEVELOPMENT

volume:

123.000 M3

living units:

275 pcs.

diversity:

unknown (level:low)

personal:

unknown (level:low)

average rent:

unknown (minimum € 1.000)

RESULT INTERACTIVE DEVELOPMENT

volume:

121.000 M3

living units:

592 pcs.

diversity:

high

personal:

100%

average rent:

€ 576 (matches your wallet)