Jacques Abelman-Master of Landscape Architecture-Urban Lace

urban lace|renda da mata local agroforestry collective engagement networking people, food, and forests in porto alegre jacques abelman amsterdam academy of architecture

cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody. — jane jacobs

table of contents introduction

7-13 brazil facts critical issues problems and potentials

stories of the city

19-23 four interviews with urban green practitioners

key concepts

25-47 agroforestry key native brazilian fruiting species the urban agroforestry cycle urban lace concept

regional and urban analysis of porto alegre

49-71 urbanization history demographics mapping potential for urban agriculture regional ecosystems

urban l.a.c.e.

(local agroforestry collective engagement)

73-99 creating new multifunctional green infrastructure

3 site designs

101-163 praça bernardo dreher: community food forest praça dos açorianos: flagship botanical plaza vila são josé: intensive orchards

appendix

165-177 first built prototype: casa da mata house additional coursework certificates project presentations references thanks | colophon

urban agriculture, if it is to become integrated into the city, needs landscape architectural thinking in order to be woven into the larger urban fabric. thinking at the scale of ecosystems running through a city creates a framework for spatial change; thinking in assemblages of stakeholders and actors creates a framework for social investment and development. these overlapping frameworks are informed and perhaps even defined by the emergent field of landscape democracy. landscape democracy understands landscape as an embodiment of differing forms of energy, labor, and organization. landscape is also understood as a basic infrastructure of society. urban l.a.c.e. / renda da mata explores and reclaims the meaning of landscape as the relationship between people and place, both shaping each other. the project is based on a network of productive urban green spaces in the southern brazilian capital of porto alegre in the state of rio grande do sul. the plant species are selected from the hundreds of food bearing and medicinal tree, shrub, and plant varieties present in southern brazil’s atlantic forest ecosystem. different typologies of plantings, based on orchard or forest patterns, compose a lace-like network of productive and aesthetic green infrastructure in the urban fabric. each typology is a scenario of different actors in a specific short-food production chain. these narratives, as explorations of potential stakeholders working together on specific sites, illustrate the larger strategy of a adding a productive and multifunctional green infrastructure to the city.

“can you find a unifying language that cuts across age and income and culture that will help people themselves find a new way of living, see spaces around them differently, think about the resources they use differently, interact differently? can we find that language? the answer would appear to be yes, and the language would appear to be food.�

introduction

- pamela warhurst how we can eat our landscapes incredible edible in todmorden, uk

7

brazil roraima

5th largest country on earth

amapá

megadiversity of plant and animal species ceará

pará

maranhão

rio grande do norte paraíba

piauí

acre tocantins rondônia

pernambuco alagoas sergipe

203.4 million concentrated on coasts federal system of 26 states federal district (brasília) 5570 municipalities

bahia

mato grosso brasilia

goiás minas gerais

mato grosso do sul

espirito santo

são paulo paraná

rio de janeiro

santa catarina

rio grande do sul

population density

brazil facts

amazonas

9

guyana venezuela suriname french guiana columbia

mato grosso mato grosso do sul

equador

sao paulo

rio

lago guaĂ­ba

santa catarina

bolivia chile

minas gerais

parana

brazil

peru

porto alegre

goias

lago dos patos

rio grande do sul

paraguay

uruguay argentina

atlantic ocean

waterfront

urban core

periurban zone

rural zone

city of viamĂŁo

5km

destination porto alegre

porto alegre

11

in 2050 brazil will be the world’s 5th economy

millions of people entering the middle class by 2020

2007

2050

bric economic growth: 6th in 2013, 5th in 2050 (goldman sachs)

growing middle class - earning between 6 and 30 k $ / year (goldman sachs)

rapid decrease in poverty but 21% still below poverty line

rapidly growing rates of obesity in adults and children

1974

31% of poulation at poverty line

27% 1989

24% 22% 21% 2009

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

percentage of population living under poverty line (world bank)

growing obesity (bmi > 30)

(usa = 30%) (veja and who)

brazil in context: critical issues

2004

13

problems

urgent need for better infrastructure

sterile public spaces

extreme wealth and poverty

widespread urban poverty

increasing social unrest

social inequality = spatial segregation

potentials

street food vendor tradition

urban parks of native vegetation

remarkable native ecosystems

increasing social movements

undesigned urban voids

problmens and potentials

popular organic food markets

15

The economic boom in recent years in Brazil has brought with it a complex array of social and environmental challenges.

Continued growth has added to the pressure on informal housing areas or favela neighbourhoods in urban areas. Although the general rate of favela formation has decreased in the last several years, cities are increasingly stratified according to wealth. Currently over 50 million people still live in urban slums. Together these urban inhabitants would form the fifth largest state in Brazil. Public space is a contested zone where the urban poor compete for resources and economic opportunity.

On the level of health and prosperity, growing obesity in the general population has greatly increased while malnutrition continues among the poorest. In 1974, the obesity level was 2.8% in men and 8% in women over twenty, compared with 12.4% and 16.9% respectively in 2009. Obesity rates have grown far more quickly amongst people of lower incomes although since 2003 this trend has stabilized, with the difference in obesity rates between the wealthy and lower income currently quite narrow.

The Brazilian Department of Health Analysis has projected that Brazil will match the United States’ obesity levels by 2022.

As urban populations continue to expand, cities in Brazil must adapt to the spatial as well as the social needs of all their inhabitants in order to move towards just and sustainable urban models.

New spatial practices must therefore be articulated to in order to offer successful strategies for attaining these goals. Urban agriculture is a practice which can potentially address urban spatial quality and access to food simultaneously. UA can create a secondary food network in the city, simultaneously creating opportunities for livelihood and new economic activities. The Food and Agriculture Organization cites UA as an important factor in helping cities reach the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, networks of food producing spaces can potentially increase the spatial quality of the city.

the contrast to poverty: new consumerism of the middle classes

the growing stratification of space in the city: inequality is spatialized

extreme wealth and poverty coexist side by side

brazil in context: critical issues are spatial and economic

public space: emptied / cleaned / sterile

17

in order to propose a project built on people and place it is essential to study the city first-hand. in march and april of 2013 i lived in and conducted site research in porto alegre. my research methodology in this context was to explore the city on foot, by public transport, by bike and by car, and to observe and engage in dialogue wherever and whenever possible. i immersed myself in the processes of the city and discovered relationships and tensions present in a variety of different sites. over the course of my city explorations and while attending classes at the universidade federal do rio grande do sul (urfgs) in the rural sociology, agronomy, and urbanism departments, i met many engaging people who introduced me to their city. through them, as well as people i encountered on the street, i discovered sites and observed practices that became the foundation of urban l.a.c.e. / renda da mata.

stories of the city

stories of the city: people and practices

19

oscar endres

neighborhood guardian guerilla gardener food expert oscar is an avid gardener. he lives in the ipanema barrio south of downtown. he is of german descent, from immigrants who came to porto alegre in a wave from europe in the 19th century. he owned and ran a large stall in the central market for over 57 years. the store, called banca 43, still exists and is well known to all porto alegre’s citizens. he imported cheeses and smoked meats, nuts and preserved fruit, preserves, cheese... now retired, oscar is busy with cultivating his food garden, which now extends into the public park in front of his house, the praça bernardo dreher. he sneaks saplings of tropical fruit trees into the park, and protects them with various contraptions until they become part of the park itself. togehter with the neighbours, food is shared while the park has become safer.

20

pedro da cunha

native medicinals endangered species botanical garden

pedro ernesto sanhudo da cunha has been tending the medicinal plant collection for over a decade at the jardim botanico de porto alegre. the beds of native plants are strikingly beautiful, organized by plant genus. he propagates and maintains a range of south american species that have pharmacological and traditional importance. this knowledge is now held by a handful of individuals and dedicated growers, who sell herbal remedies and supplements at the farmers’ market in the parque de redenção on saturdays. this is also called the feira ecologica. it is a farmers’ market and also a knowledge network. these native medicinal species are adapted to growing with the native fruiting species.

stories of the city

traditional knowledge

21

fabio kessler

agronomist at urfgs agroforestry experts mata atlântica preservationist

Fábio da Kessler Soglio is an agronomist at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre.

His research includes agroforestry systems. Most of these systems rely on economic species like coffee or bananas.

Here at URFGS he is helping research agroforestry systems with native species from the Mata Atlântica, or Atlantic forest, which is now threatened in Brazil.

At the Agronomia campus he and a group of students are tending an experimental orchard, which contains many fruiting and medicinal species.

This work relates to agroecology, which has scientific and social aspects. In addition to the scientific intersection of ecology and agriculture, it includes indigenous knowledge systems.

paulo ferreira

favela health clinic small scale gardens

paulo runs the posto de saude in the vila jardim neighborhood. it’s one of many free clinics across the city. paulo took me to meet the people he serves in one of porto alegre’s favelas, situated in the narrow void between rich frontage developments. it was in the process of getting minimum infrastructure from the city, like sewage and paving. the urban poor often work as collectors of recyclables and cleaners of public space. many favela dwellers are intimately involved in the life of the city, and work extremely hard. the favela is also a repository of knowledge, as many people have left agricultural work and farms to live in the city.

stories of the city

folk knowledge

23

key concepts:

key concpets

agroforestry key brazilian native species urban agriculture cycle urban lace concept

25

the growing importance of urban farming food production globally is taking on an increasingly urban flavor, according to a new study that finds 456 million hectares—an area about the size of the European Union—is under cultivation in and around the world’s cities, challenging the rural orientation of most agriculture research and development work.

“We see this dichotomy where urban farming in wealthy countries is praised for reducing emissions and enhancing a green economy while in developing countries, it can be regarded as an inconvenient vestige of rural life that stands in the way of modernization,” Drechsel said. “That’s an attitude that needs to change.”

Overall, the researchers found that 456 million hectares of land—about 1.1 billion acres—is being farmed in urban proximity. Most of that land lies just outside the city proper—within 20 kilometers—but 67 million hectares (about 166 million acres) is being farmed in open spaces in the urban core.

These findings buttress previous studies documenting that up to 70 percent of households in developing countries are engaged in some type of farming and food production.

CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems http://wle.cgiar.org/blog/2014/11/13/shining-spotlight-urban-farming

the importance of urban agriculture

Drechsel and his colleagues note that urban agriculture, in addition to contributing to food security, puts marginal lands into productive use, assists in flood control, increases income opportunities for the poor, and strengthens urban biodiversity.

27

orchard

forest

two essential typologies of agroforestry

2

7

3

5

4

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

canopy / tall tree layer sub-canopy / large shrub layer shrub layer herbaceous layer groundcover / creeper layer

6. underground layer 7. vertical / climber layer

6

agroforestry: 7 layer native species food forest structure

1

29

aguai

HEIGHT

USES

TYPE

FLOWERING AND FRUITING PERIOD

TYPE OF HABITAT

TYPE OF SOIL

20 - 30

evergreen

dec - feb may - jul

Valley bottoms Slopes

Wet

10 - 20

semi-deciduous

sept - nov aug - oct

Valley bottoms Slopes

Wet

Chrysophyllum viride, Sapotaceae

URBAN AGROFORESTRY

vila são josé

praça bernardo dreher aguai amarelo Chrysophyllum gonocarpum, Sapotaceae

praça açorianos

vila são josé Angico-Vermlho

30 - 45

deciduous

parapiptadenia rigida, Fabaceae

nov - jan jun - aug

alluvial plains riparian forest slopes clearing

Wet

praça açorianos

praça bernardo dreher Araçá-Amarelo

3 - 6

deciduous/evergreen

psidium cattleyanum, Myrtaceae

jun - dec sept - mar

restinga slopes

Wet, poor, compact

vila são josé

praça bernardo dreher Araticum

5 - 10

deciduous

oct - nov jan - mai

altitude scrub

clay

5 - 10

evergreen

sept - jan jan - jul

clearing riparian forest

drained

rollinia rugulosa, Annonaceae

vila são josé

praça bernardo dreher Aroeira Vermelha Schinus terebinthifolius, Anacard.

praça açorianos

praça bernardo dreher Butià-da-Praia

max 5

evergreen

sept - jan dez - mar

plains Restinga dry areas

sandy rocky

4 - 10

semi-deciduous

oct - jan

fertile plains slopes wet area dense forest

wet high humus

Butia capitata, Arecaceae

vila são josé

praça bernardo dreher Cambucá Marlierea edulis, Myrtaceae

vila são josé praça açorianos

over 138 species of highly useful native trees in southern brazil

NAME

31

NAME

HEIGHT

Cerejeira-do-Mato

12 - 15

USES

TYPE

FLOWERING AND FRUITING PERIOD

TYPE OF HABITAT

TYPE OF SOIL

deciduous

sept - nov oct - dec

dense forest understory

drained deep fertile

sept - nov jan - mar

forest edge clearing

wet rocky

Eugenia involucrata, Myrtaceae

Goiabeira-da-Serra

3 - 4

deciduous/evergreen

Acca sellowiana, Myrtaceae

URBAN AGROFORESTRY

praça bernardo dreher vila são josé

praça bernardo dreher praça açorianos

praça bernardo dreher Guabiju

15 - 20

semi-deciduous

Myrcianthes pungens, Myrtaceae

oct - nov jan - feb

slopes plateau riparian forest

drained

vila são josé praça açorianos

praça bernardo dreher Jabotica

8 - 10

evergreen

aug - sept

Plinia trunciflora, Myrtaceae

Mamaozinho-do-Mato

alluvial plains understory slopes

wet fertile

vila são josé praça açorianos

10 - 20

deciduous

Jacaratia spinosa, Caracaceae

sept - oct jan - mar

clearing Forest edge alluvial plain

clay fertile humus

vila são josé praça açorianos

praça bernardo dreher Palmito, Jussara

8 - 15

evergreen

Euterpe edulis, Aracaceae

sept - dec apr - aug

wet forest

wet

vila são josé

praça bernardo dreher Pitanga

max 5

semi-deciduous

Eugenia unifora, Myrtaceae

jul - nov oct - jan

understory forest edge riparian forest

wet drained

vila são josé praça açorianos

praça bernardo dreher Sete-Capotes Campomanesia guazumifolia, Myrtaceae

6 - 10

deciduous

oct - nov mar - mai

forest edge riparian forest

wet humus

vila são josé praça açorianos

NAME

HEIGHT

USES

TYPE

FLOWERING AND FRUITING PERIOD

TYPE OF HABITAT

TYPE OF SOIL

URBAN AGROFORESTRY praça bernardo dreher

Taruma preto

10 - 12

deciduous

Vitex megapotamica, Lamiaceae

oct - dec jan - mar

pioneer, secondary, climax environment

indifferent

capoeiras

clay high humus

vila são josé praça açorianos

praça bernardo dreher max 10

evergreen

Rollinia sylvatica, Annonaceae

Araucaria

20 - 40

evergreen

12 - 16

evergreen

5 - 10

semi-deciduous

Inga uruguensis, Fabaceae

Inga macaco

sept - oct apr - mai

Altitude forest

fertile deep

vila são josé praça açorianos

Garcinia gardneriana, Clusiaceae

Inga-banana

vila são josé praça açorianos

Araucaria angustifolia, Araucariaceae

Bacupari

oct - dec feb - mar

apr - nov dec - jan

oct - nov dec - feb

Valley bottoms alluvial plains Riparian forest

clay high humus wet

slopes Riparian forest

clay wet

vila são josé praça açorianos

vila são josé praça açorianos

12 - 20

semi-deciduous

Inga sessillis, Fabaceae

sept - fev jul - jan

riparian forest

wet

praça bernardo dreher praça açorianos

praça bernardo dreher Inga-feijao

5 - 15

evergreen

Inga marginata, Fabaceae

oct - fev mar - mai

alluvial plains riparian forest

clay

vila são josé praça açorianos

praça bernardo dreher Mata-Olho Pouteria gardneriana, sapotaceae

8 - 14

deciduous

oct - nov jan - apr

slopes altitude forest

clay fertile humus

vila são josé

30 species of edible fruiting trees analysed and selected

Araticum-do-mato

33

praça dos açorianos tree legend

Inga-feijao Inga marginata

Pitanga Eugenia unifora

Araçá-Amarelo psidium cattleyanum

Cerejeira-do-Mato Eugenia involucrata

Goiabeira-da-Serra Acca sellowiana

Araucaria Araucaria angustifolia

Uvaia Eugenia pyriformis

Jabotica Plinia trunciflora

Cambucá Marlierea edulis

Sete-Capotes Campomanesia guazumifolia

Guabiju Myrcianthes pungens

Butià-da-Praia Butia capitata

35

agroforestry design paelette

the practice of landscape architecture in this context moves from fieldwork and analysis to normative illustration of spatial change. the images and scenarios created through the design process are boundary objects, what susan star defines as “entities that enhance the capacity of an idea, theory or practice to translate across culturally defined boundaries, for example, between communities of knowledge or practice.” the intention of the project is to frame the landscape architecture project as creative research endeavor that understands an urban context and makes a projection,through design, about best-practice scenarios. large scale urban and landscape analysis create a framework for establishing the structure and linkages of the network. the network relies and reacts to the ecological as well as human capacity found within it. the project works on not only one site’s potential but on many sites’ potential, and how these differing assemblages of site and actors could be linked together in one system. the principles of the emergent field of landscape democracy allow us to see urban space as a field of negotiation between people, places, and power. within this field, finding the every day practices that link people and place make it possible to augment and connect these practices into a larger strategy. in this way the project has the potential to catalyze processes of urban evolution, with the landscape architect acting as a mediator. based on dialogue, design, and the democratic ideal of inclusion, cultivating the city works toward this vision for change as one piece of a complex process.

6 step cycle of urban agriculture / agroforestry

CYCLE OF URBAN AGROFORESTRY: SITES IN THE SYSTEM

seed bank botanical garden native forest patches

backyard gardens botanical garden commercial nursery municipal nurseryry

SOURCE

beach street stall park public kitchen snack shop restaurant home

PREPARE CONSUME

PRODUCE DISTRIBUTE

TRANSFORM

food forests: urban park neighborhood park municipal plantings infrastructure

developing potential

home production neighborhood workshop local food cooperative small shop food bank public kitchen restaurant sites in thefacility urban agroforestry processing

system

the urban agriculture cycle

street vendor local food cooperative local outdoor market farmers market small shop food bank supermarket

orchards typologies: small scale urban orchard large scale peri-urban orchard

39

who

distributes?

street sellers

who consumes and where?

street beach park festival

neighborhood coalition

$ neighborhood families and volunteers

distribution network wholesalers

individual consumers families

farmers co-operative restaurants foodbanks caterers small scale artisanal products

municipal work program

local store farmer’s market

short food supply chain (sfscs) is a termchain: that describes a broad of food production-distribution-consumption short food production the network inrange action configurations, such as farmers’ markets, farm shops, collective farmers’ shops, community-supported agriculture, solidarity purchase groups. more in general, a food supply chain can be defined as “short” when it is characterized by short distance or few intermediaries between producers and consumers.

short food production chain: alternatives of food production and distribution

who produces?

41

biodiversity indigenous species preservation medicinal garden

EDUCATIONAL

native food garden incubator garden (gardener training)

kcal

food preservation food production

bike path

RECREATIONAL

pocket parks running paths slow paths for horse carts

food production for market food products for sale

ECONOMIC

R

flower production maintenance jobs work program

$

city identity

SOCIAL/ POLITICAL

social solidarity education neighbourhood identity

ESCOLA

the programmatic potential of the network for the city civic pride

potential functions of urban agriculture in the city

nutrition

43

how to introduce a coherent new spatial network?

45

lace metaphor: many small and fine handmade connections

47

sketching the lace concept in plan

regional and urban analysis

porto alegre regional and urban analysis

49

historical urbanization in guaĂ­ba delta: a city evolving against the water

1736

1837

1888

1914 50

building new land in the lago guiaba in the 1950’s

flooding as a permanent threat: 1941

canalizing the arroio diluvio in the 1950’s

history of urbanization

the arroio diluvio before canalization

51

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8

LID

70 neighborhoods are part of the city and two-thirds of the population are concentrated in the zona norte, where most of the economic activity, including the city center’s governmental and financial center, takes place.

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52

waterfront city core urban periurban rural

urban zones of porto alegre metropolitan area

5km

53

growth 1820-1890

growth 1890-1945

growth 1945-2014

population: 12,000

population: 52,000

population: 272,000

population: 1,509,939

colonizers from the azores establish a port for the exportation of wheat from their farms.

waves of german and italian immigrants settle in porto alegre. consolidation of administrative, economic, and military power.

continued strong industrial and agricultural growth. inhabitants quadruple.

urbanization of metropolitan area. world social forum 01-10 world cup 2014

historical evolution

growth 1772- 1820

55

IL HA DO S E R AF IM

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bairros / neighborhoods

population density / km2

neighborhoods and population density

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Área sem denominação

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R UA

57

“spontaneous occupationâ€? is the term used to qualify urban slums in brazil. cities are their own ecosystem; whatever niche that can support life is soon filled by an individual or family whose concern is food, shelter, and the business of survival. the pressure on empty urban land is great; spaces are quickly claimed by those arriving to the city who cannot afford conventional housing. however, over time favela areas can come to be thriving neighborhoods of ingenious architectures as residents climb the economic ladder out of poverty. temporary shelters solidify into lower middle or middle class housing made of brick and masonry. tiny manicured gardens are attached to many houses, often with similar plantings of medicinal, culinary, and religious plants. for example, espada de sĂŁo jorge, sanseveria, is thought to protect houses from evil spirits. mature fruit trees planted intentionally or as remnants of natural areas pepper the housing areas, and were carefully maintained as sources of extra food. in other favelas in peri-urban areas on the outskirts of the city the favela housing transitions into farmland or natural areas or aggregates along infrastructures such as highways. the residents rely on free sources of food such as fruit trees. across the city the locations of mature fruit trees are known, for instance many of the trees of the university campus in the downtown area.

wages

the wealthiest

the poorest

10+ minimum salaries per houshold per month

10+ minimum salaries per houshold per month

<10% of households belong to the income group 10% to 50% of households belong to the income group 50% to 90% of households belong to the income group >90% of households belong to the income group

<10% of households belong to the income group 10% to 50% of households belong to the income group 50% to 90% of households belong to the income group >90% of households belong to the income group

mean income

up to 600 600- 1200 1200-1800 1800-2400 2400 up

reais rs rs rs

a spatial analysis of poverty

the maps reflect 2000 census data, when the minimum wage was 151 reais or 56 euros. because of huge economic growth in 2013 the minimum wage has risen to 674 rs per month, still only about 250 euros.

59

61

vegetated and built surfaces

built / constructed surfaces

favela

stand alone houses and villas suburban middle class villas (dark purple) and wealthy urban villas (light purple)

high rise and apartment buildings urban center multi-story buildings (pink) warehouses and industrial zones (grey)

vegetated surfaces

agriculture

native forest

managed grassed zones / fields, lawns, pasture

built vs vegetated surface

native grassland

63

high rises apartments buildings favela

housing warehouses industrial spaces

park maintained grassland / lawn suburban neighborhoods high density urban core

detached houses

peri-urban zone

agriculture

villas favelas

native forest

native shrubland

native grassland degraded forest exposed soil / rock

swamp

water

64

high rises apartments buildings

favela

favela

housing

housing warehouses industrial spaces warehouses industrial spaces

park

park / lawn maintained grassland

agriculture

native forest

maintained grassland / lawn

agriculture

native forest native shrubland native shrubland native grassland degraded forest native grassland exposed soil / rock degraded forest exposed soil / rock

swamp

swamp

water

water

N 1: 25.000

2000m

1: 25.000

N 2000m

comparaison of built and vegetated surfaces: potential for urban agriculture

high rises apartments buildings

65

urban typologies

large-scale hardscapes

urban parks neighborhood squres pocket parks

roadsides infrastructure squares small plazas

parkways green avenues linear urban spaces large-scale parking lots urban voids

informal settlements urban periphery

8 relevant urban typlogies with potential for new green infrastructure

66

urban plazas large-scale hardscapes

agroforestry type

forest/orchard

large-scale parking lots urban voids

top down vs bottom up

plant sources

project type/goal

intitiated by municipality

municipal greenhouse + seedling center

changing identity of the city + work program

intitiated by municipality

botanical garden + municipal greenhouse

intitiated by municipality with local residents

maintenance

harvesting

products

food system endpoints

municipal work program

municipal workers + volunteers

fresh fruit and fruits/products

public market

intensive food plots

favela inhabitants + municipal worker support

favela inhabitants with municipal worker support

fresh food for immediate consumption or resale

kitchen table + street stall/ public market

botanical garden + municipal greenhouse

city image + improving urban neighborhoods

municipal workers/ locals/ gardening clubs/ volunteers

local residents + gardening clubs

fresh food for immediate consumption

kitchen table + local markets

intitiated by municipality

botanical garden + municipal greenhouse

improving urban quality + soft transport portential

municipal workers

municipal workers

fruit for processing

food banks food coop/ processing plants

intitiated by local residents with municipal support

botanical garden + families

improving neighborhood greenspaces and social networks

local residents + support from municipal workers

local residents

fresh fruit and artisinal products

intitiated by municipality

botanical garden + municipal greenhouse

multifunctional park space/ education/ recreation

municipal workers

municipal workers

fresh fruit/ juices

sale in park + food banks

intitiated by residents in partnership with entrepreneurs

university + community nursery

intensive commercial production`

paid workers from favelas

fresh fruit for processing

commercial networks processing plants

fresh fruit for processing

commercial networks processing plants

forest/orchard

squares small plazas forest/orchard

streets green avenues orchard

neighborhood squares pocket parks forest

large scale urban parks

kitchen table/ exchange + neighborhood markets

forest informal settlements urban periphery

entrepreneurs and paid workers

orchard

analysis matrix of urban typologiesbotanical for urban agriculture potential improving intitiated by municipality

roadsides infrastructure orchard

garden + municipal greenhouse

urban quality + soft transport portential

municipal workers

municipal workers

analysis matrix of urban typologies for urban agriculture

urban spatial typology

67

current spatial typology

new green infrastructure potential

high rises apartments buildings

high density urban typology

favela

favela typology

housing warehouses industrial spaces

medium density urban typology

high steppe campo

mountainside forest mata dos morros

park urban green

lowland forest and swamp mosaic mosaico

agriculture systems

lowland shady forest mata com figueira

maintained grassland/lawn

agriculture

aluvial plains forest mata aluvial

native forest

native shrubland

native grassland degraded forest exposed soil / rock

native ecosystems managed for agroforestry

ecosystem zones within city

/swamp

69

mata aluvial alluvial plans forest

mata com figueiras lowland shady forest

ecosytems zones of rio grande do sul - low areas

mosaico lowland forest and swamp mosaic

campo alto high steppe

ecosytems zones of rio grande do sul - high areas

ecosystem zones

mata dos morros mountainside forests

71

72

local agroforestry collective engagement:

l.a.c.e.

networking people, place, and food

73

as urban populations continue to expand, cities in brazil must adapt to the spatial as well as the social needs of all their inhabitants in order to move towards just and sustainable urban models. new spatial practices must therefore be articulated to in order to offer successful strategies for attaining these goals. urban agriculture is a practice which can potentially address urban spatial quality and access to food simultaneously. ua can create a secondary food network in the city, simultaneously creating opportunities for livelihood and new economic activities. the food and agriculture organization cites ua as an important factor in helping cities reach the millennium development goals. at the same time, networks of food producing spaces can potentially increase the spatial quality of the city. thinking at the scale of ecosystems running through a city creates a framework for spatial change; thinking in assemblages of stakeholders and actors creates a framework for social investment and development.

l.a.c.e.

urban l.a.c.e. explores and reclaims the meaning of landscape as the relationship between people and place, both shaping each other. the project is based on a network of productive urban green spaces. the plant species are selected from the hundreds of food bearing and medicinal tree, shrub, and plant varieties present in southern brazilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s atlantic forest ecosystem. different typologies of plantings, based on orchard or forest patterns, compose a lace-like network of productive and aesthetic green infrastructure in the urban fabric. each typology is a scenario of different actors in a specific shortfood production chain. these narratives, as explorations of potential stakeholders working together on specific sites, illustrate the larger strategy of a adding a productive and multifunctional green infrastructure to the city.

75

current spatial typology new green infrastructure potential current current spatial typology potential spatial typology new green new infrastructure green infrastructure potential high rises high rises apartments buildings buildings apartments

high density high density urban typology urban typology

favela

favela typology

housing

favela

housing

warehouses industrial spaces warehouses

favela typology high steppe campo

medium density urban typology medium density

urban typology

park maintained grassland/lawn

urban green

urban green

+

maintained grassland/lawn agriculture

agriculture

agriculture systems

agriculture systems

native forest

native shrubland native grassland degraded forest native grassland exposed soil / rock

degraded forest exposed soil / rock

mata dos morros

lowland forest and swamp mosaic mosaico

lowland forest and swamp mosaic mosaico

lowland shady forest mata com figueira

lowland shady forest mata com figueira

aluvial plains forest mata aluvial

native forest

native shrubland

high steppe campo

mountainside forest mata dos morros mountainside forest

industrial spaces

park

native ecosystems

native ecosystems managed for agroforestry

native ecosystems managed for agroforestry

aluvial plains forest mata aluvial

77

map of potential for new green infrastructure

housing high rises apartments buildings

highagriculture density urban typology

current spatial typology

ology

new greenwarehouses infrastructure potential industrial spaces favela native forest favela typology high rises high density new green infrastructure potential apartments buildings urban typology park native shrubland housing

medium density urban typology

high st native ecosystems campo managed for agrofo

medium density high density urban green favela urban typology urban typology typology maintained grassland/lawn warehouses native grassland industrial spaces high density native ecosystems favela typology medium density urban green favela urban typology urban typology housing high steppe typology agriculture systems degraded forest agriculture campo medium density exposed soil / rock park urban typology existing native new urban existing urban parks new urban agriculture new urban agriculture warehouses forest and high steppe agriculture systems systems in favelas urban greenand green spaces systems in high industrial spaces grassland zones are in medium density they stay green and and peri-urban areas campo mountainside forest density neighborhoods: medium density enhanced and neighborhoods: are augmented with native forest maintained grassland/lawn matafor dos morros managed urban typology native food species. apartments

ldings favela

ces

urban typologies

park

high rises downtown plazas urban voids dense infrastructureagriculture urban typologies

maintained grassland/lawn neighborhood squares parks pocket parks

and

native urban green urban typologies urban typologies

roads infrastructure

native grassland

urban green native forest

lowland mosaico

production.

mountainside forest lowland systems mata dos morros lowland forest and swamp mata mos co native ecosystems mosaico managed for agroforestry

lowland forest and swamp mosaic aluvial mosaico lowland shady forest mata al mata com figueira

agriculture systems degraded forest large-scale neighborhood squares roads parks hardscapes infrastructure native shrubland pocket parksexposed soil / rock plazas lowland shady forest agriculture systems native ecosystems mata com figueira aluvial plains forest large scale neighborhood parks native forest managed for agroforestry large-scale neighborhood squares roads mata aluvial urban spaceparkways and squares urban squares informal settlements parks parks hardscapes urban green avenues pocket parks infrastructure native ecosystem favela small plazas urban interstices plazas linear urban spaces native grassland aluvial plains forest native shrubland mata aluvial native ecosystems degraded forest streets managed for agroforestry large-scale soil / rock parkways exposed urban squares informal settlements

ssland/lawn agriculture

nd

suburban parks small plazas pocket parks agriculture shrubland tree lines streets

mountai mata do

large-scale hardscapes plazas

parks

neighborhood squares pocket parks

roads infrastructure

large-scale dense infrastructure

native grassland parking lots urban voids

informal settlements

urban squares small plazas

green avenues linear urban spaces

small plazas

parkways large-scale green avenues parking lots linear urban urban spaces voids

native ecosystems managed for agroforestry

degraded forest exposed soil / rock parkways green avenues

parking lots urban voids

roads neighborhood squares infrastructure pocket parks

large-scale parks hardscapes plazas

informal settlements urban squares urban small interstices plazas

large-scale parking lots urban voids

urban squares small plazas

roads infrastructure

parks

urban interstices

parkways green avenues linear urban spaces

informal settlements urban interstices

parkways green avenues linear urban spaces

informal settlements urban interstices

79

map of potential with typologies

arks

ways avenues ban spaces

roads infrastructure

favela zones

informal settlements urban interstices

urban typologies

native forest native grasslands shrubland and steppe

large-scale hardscapes plazas

existing parks public green areas agricultural zones

neighborhood squares pocket parks

parks

roads infrastructure

urban typologies

urban typologies large-scale hardscapes urban typologies plazas

neighborhood squares pocket parks

urban voids exposed soil degraded forest areas

large-scale parking lots urban voids

large-scale

large-scale hardscapes hardscapes plazas plazas

neighborhood squares

neighborhood squares

pocket parks urban squares pocket parks small plazas

parks

urban typologies roads infrastructure

linear infrastructure new green avenues main avenue bisecting the city new tree lined streets

parks parkways parks green avenues linear urban spaces

roads infrastructure

roads

informal settlements infrastructure urban interstices

large-scale hardscapes plazas

semiprivate green areas private gardens

neighborhood squares pocket parks

parks

creating a new urban agroforestry landscape layer in the city depends on networking exisitng spaces, and building on the spatial potential of the city. careful analysis of the urban fabric yields maps of all spaces, classified in realtion to urban typology, which could be used to build the network over time.

large-scale parking lots

urban squares

parkways

informal settlements

81

urban typologies

large-scale hardscapes plazas

large-scale parking lots urban voids

neighborhood squares pocket parks

urban squares small plazas

parks existing parks public green areas agricultural zones

parkways green avenues linear urban spaces

infr

inform urba

83

building l.a.c.e.

native forest native grasslands shrubland and steppe

85

building l.a.c.e.

urban typologies

large-scale hardscapes urban plazas voids

neighborhoo pocket

exposed soil degraded forest areas

large-scale parking lots urban voids

urban squ small pla

87

building l.a.c.e.

large-scale hardscapes plazas

large-scale parking lots urban voids

neighborhood squares pocket parks

urban squares small plazas

parks

parkways green avenues linear urban spaces

roads infrastructure

informal settlements urban interstices

favela zones

89

building l.a.c.e.

urban typologies

large-scale hardscapes plazas

large-scale parking lots urban voids

neighborhood squares semiprivate green areas pocket parks private gardens

urban squares small plazas

g line

91

building l.a.c.e.

large-scale hardscapes urban typologies plazas

large-scale

large-scale hardscapes parking lots plazas urban voids

large-scale parking lots urban voids

neighborhood squares pocket parks

neighborhood squares

pocket parks urban squares small plazas

roads infrastructure

parks

parks parkways

roads infrastructure informal

green avenues linear infrastructure linear urban spaces

settleme urban interstice

new green avenues main avenue bisecting the city new tree lined streets

urban squares small plazas

parkways green avenues linear urban spaces

informal settlements urban interstices

93

building l.a.c.e.

95

network of mulitfonctional productive green spaces: l.a.c.e.

97

network of mulitfonctional productive green spaces: l.a.c.e.

lace network overlaid on topographical and ecosystem map

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99

government district: praça dos açorianos

ipanema neighborhood: praça bernardo dreher

agronomia neighborhood: favela vila são josé

what the sites above share in common is intensive human use shaping urban space. the obvious problems in these sites belie their potential; the potential of nature as well as the human potential. if the relationship between people and place could be augmented, challenged, and reimagined, urban l.a.c.e. can take shape. one key issue is how the economic disparity increasingly present in brazilian society is creating more economically stratified spaces in the city. who has access to public space? in the capitalist market system, those without the capacity to buy or sell, and those who are not owners, are quickly and literally pushed to the margins. landscape democracy in this context means an emphasis on inclusivity and connection. opportunities for the disadvantaged must be created in addition to designing new leisure and recreational spaces. human power can be coupled with ecological power (rich biodiversity, rapid growth) to create a motor for new projects. the examples that follow illustrate new configurations that become elements in a city-wide network.

urban l.a.c.e. site design

praça bernardo dreher praça dos açorianos vila são josé

101

the ipanema suburb is a middle class neighborhood far away from the bustle of downtown. ipanemaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tree lined streets frame well maintained homes with fences and gardens. security is an issue here, as slums are not far away and break-ins, sometimes at gunpoint or carjacking are not uncommon. neighborhood security guards watch from the shelter of small sheds on street corners. praça bernardo dreher has lawns, some swing sets, large trees, and a football terrain. i walk there with oscar, who shows me with pride a leafy shoot protected by broom handles and pieces of wood. it is a goiaba tree that he has raised from seed in his own backyard and transplanted into the park. he treats it with care, and visits it regularly. other residents have begun to do the same. a seed of pitanga or araça, for example, will quickly grow into a shrub, then a tree in the favorable subtropical conditions. the trees yield abundant fruit and in this neighborhood the harvest is free for all who care to pick it. the municipal workers who come to mow the park lawns steer clear of the protected seedlings, and once they are established they seem to be absorbed into the design of the park. a dozen new fruit trees planted here over the years augment this neighborhood landscape. small acts of guerilla gardening have become a shared neighborhood practice, bringing residents out to meet each other. eyes and ears in the vicinity are on the trees, also creating a safe area for children to play.

urban l.a.c.e. site design

praça bernardo dreher: community food forest

103

105

praรงa bernardo dreher: community food forest

after school center

senhor endres guerilla gardener senhor kessler horticulture expert

weekend fruit and vegetable stand at gas station

senhora da silva gardening enthusiast

community center

ESCOLA

elementary school roadside fruit and vegetable market

sociedade floresta aurora: african social club for families.barbecues and party rooms

garden center

coffee shop and bakery

cooking school

0m 25m

praรงa bernardo dreher: community food forest

N

107

The Praça Bernardo Dreher is a good example of bottom-up and top-down meeting halfway.

As the act of neighborhood guerilla fruit tree planting is integrated into the life of the park, social cohesion is increased.

The results are accepted and even maintained by municipal workers. Augmenting this practice could mean providing seedlings for free to those who want to plant them; almost all native fruit trees and medicinal plants are available at the botanical garden or the municipal plant nursery. A landscape architect or plannerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role could be to coordinate these plantings into better designs than haphazard planting. It would take a small number of interventions to achieve this; information could even be posted on site. The resulting food production could be distributed between neighbors, or simply left to those who need or want it. Harvest moments create occasions for people to meet each other around meals or celebrations. Fruit can also be gathered for sale in other areas, from a cart or a small stand, or even brought to the farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s market. Processed fruits become fresh juices, preserves, and a variety of other products with potential small-scale market value.

fĂĄbio kessler horticulturalist

a

oscar endres chief community gardener

social trade organization (stro) headquarters botanical walk

picnic bbq playground

raised planters

football field

lawn forest plantings

aurora social club

aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; senhora da silva chief community gardener

after school center escola aberta

backyard seedlings

praça bernardo dreher: community food forest

kiosk

109

existing neighborhood park

new food park infrastructure

praรงa bernardo dreher: community food forest

new food plantings

111

kitchen

faĂĄbio kessler horticulturalist

a

social trade organization (stro) headquarters

oscar endres chief community gardener

picnic bbq

botanical walk

playground

kiosk

football field lawn

forest plantings

aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

senhora da silva chief community gardener

after school center escola aberta

praça bernardo dreher: community food forest

raised planters

113

a

food forest with edible perennial beds

botanical walk and picnic area

kiosk with kitchen

food forest with edible perennial beds

aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 1:125 5m

1:125 5m

praรงa aรงorianos seedling banks botanical garden backyard seedlings

maintenance done by municipal workers and inhabitants

at home in park

PREPARE CONSUME

praรงa bernardo dreher community garden

PRODUCE DISTRIBUTE

neighborhood residents

family harvest local food cooperative local outdoor market local shop TRANSFORM

home production neighborhood workshops local food cooperative

cycle of urban agroforestry related to the community park

SOURCE

119

Praรงa dos Aรงorianos is the heart of the central administrative district in downtown Porto Alegre. Most public transportation networks take passengers by this plaza, whose center features a monument to the first Azorean settlers of the city. The wide spaces of the pristine plaza are kept constantly clean by municipal workers. Their job is to remove any litter that accumulates there, on the lawns or beaten earth tracks and pavement. Public space is kept free of debris to the point of sterility. These spaces are free of bushes or clumps of weeds or anything that might possibly create shelter for humans or other creatures.

Some people take to sleeping in relatively unpoliced areas. At night these spaces become dangerous. The noteworthy practice here, from a spatial point of view, is the manpower required in such a central, public space to keep not only humans but all extra vegetation out. In Portuguese, the word mata means forest. Mato is a closely related word meaning an uncultivated area covered in wild plants, but implies overgrowth and potential vermin. Thus spontaneous vegetative growth, even of useful plants which happens without human help in the sub-tropical climate, is something to be kept under tight control rather than to be encouraged. People as well as plants are carefully kept out of public space.

urban l.a.c.e. site design

praรงa dos aรงorianos: botanical plaza flagship project

121

123

praรงa dos aรงorianos: botanical plaza flagship project

procergs: office for processing of official government data

cidade baixa: alternative cultural neighborhood of poa. many students, shops, stores, restaurants, cafes, etc.

monumento aos açorianos: iconic sculpture of the identity of first settlers of poa

ESCOLA

$ centro administrativo do estado do rio grande do sul: main government administration building

educar: school organization many schools in downtown centro area

people take shelter / sleep on plaza during day

justice tribunal + Tribunal de Mediação e Arbitragem do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul

Escola La Salle Pão dos Pobres: social and educational projects for the poor

0m 25m 50m

praรงa dos aรงorianos: botanical plaza flagship project

N 125

in porto alegre, large and empty urban plazas could serve as the sites for urban orchards whose beauty and productivity, seen by all, would become a new badge of identity. rows of native fruit trees would increase the beauty and leisure value of areas that were previously lawn or concrete, creating a new form of urban park. because the maintenance of the trees and the harvesting of the fruit is labor intensive, many new jobs could be created not requiring intensive training or education but instead relying on basic agricultural skills. the botanical circles of the new plaza uplift key native species into public consciousness and make a statement about preserving native biodiversity. at the seedling center free trees are availbale to all for planting across the city in accordance with the larger l.a.c.e. vision supported by the city. the central urban plaza of the praça dos açorianos supports an ephemeral urban agriculture market- a farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s market for all the food and herbs grown around the city. the new market would be a vital link in the organization of the various food production projects across the city. as a platform bringing together many of the actors in the larger project, the market would become an anchor point and destination in a network that emphasizes economic opportunity and inclusivity across the city, as well as improving the overall urban spatial quality.

parobé state technical school cientec science and technology center

pão dos pobres foundation poverty and education center

municipal seedling center work program headquarters

educar schools organization

procergs government data office

botanical circles azorean monument

lowland forest swamp mosaic plantings

c’ fountain

mountainside forest plantings

market

b

lowland shady forest plantings

aluvial plains plantings

c centro administrativo fernando ferrari state administrative center

state secretary of education

state highways department

high steppe plantings

praça dos açorianos: botanical plaza flagship project

b’

127

municipal seedling center work program headquarters

procergs government data office

bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

azorean monument

botanical circles

fountain

b’ cientec science and technology center

pão dos pobres foundation poverty and education center

azorean monument lowland forest swamp mosaic plantings

c’

educar schools organization fountain

mountainside forest plantings

fruit market

b

lowland forest swamp mosaic plantings

c’

lowland shady forest plantings

aluvial plains plantings

c mountainside forest

high steppe plantings

praça dos açorianos: botanical plaza flagship project

botanical circles

129

12m

10m

8.5m

5m

central kiosk

municipal seedling center kiosk

native ecosystem plantings

ephemeral fruit market

praรงa dos aรงorianos: botanical plaza flagship project

15m

131

b

native ecosystem botanical gardens

bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

c

câ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

botanical circles feature key species, seating, fountains: recreational and educational program

praรงa aรงorianos seedling banks

on plaza schools hospitals

maintenance done by municipal workers and work program PREPARE CONSUME

praรงa dos aรงorianos botanical plaza

PRODUCE DISTRIBUTE

municipal workers and work program

outdoor market food banks

TRANSFORM

small stands in market plaza local co-ops

cycle of urban agroforestry related to the central plaza

SOURCE

141

many residents in favelas have come to the city from rural areas to look for opportunity or are from families who left agricultural production to benefit from the economic possibilities of the city. favelas are reservoirs of human labor and knowledge. the location of peri-urban favelas next to agricultural or public land makes agricultural projects potentially possible. public projects could be created with land belonging to the university in collaboration with experts from agronomy and horticulture. the city could encourage entrepreneurs to start peri-urban agricultural projects by donating land, offering tax breaks, offering social support for worker training, etc. here high intensity fruit production could create jobs as well as large quantities of fresh food to be brought to market in the normal distribution chains. many of the native fruit varieties are not commercialized because they are either too labor intensive to pick, or too fragile to travel long distances. in a short food supply chain this problem is avoided. fruits and berries could also be processed into a variety of products, from juices to cosmetics, to be sold locally.

urban l.a.c.e. site design

vila sĂŁo josĂŠ: peri-urban intensive orchards and community nursery

143

145

vila sĂŁo josĂŠ: peri-urban intensive orchards and community nursery

Praca Bernardo Dreher: social context

unidade bĂĄsica de saĂşde sĂŁo Carlos: public health clinic

igreja evangelica assembleia de deus: evangelical church parish

main bus stops for area: direct to downtown poa

urfgs experimental forests, agroforestry projects, plant collections

mini market

ufrgs agronomy and horticulture campus

plant science laboratories

roadside fruit and vegetable market

public land under encroachment from people coming to the city

agronomy student and researcher housing

0m 25m 50m

vila sĂŁo josĂŠ: peri-urban intensive orchards and community nursery

N

147

the peri-urban neighborhood of vila sĂŁo josĂŠ is a favela zone undergoing rapid transformation. to the south it touches the morro da companhia, a natural area where spontaneous occupation threatens remaining indigenous ecosystems of mountainside forest and high steppe. the proximity of the neighbourhood to the agronomy campus and experimental agroforestry zones of the urfgs state university makes it an ideal location to create orchard production projects with appropriate species. in partnership with the university and local entrepreneurs, new business of food production are formed. orchard production is emphasized along with the management of natural areas for agroforestry production. food is sold to local co-ops or distributors, along with restaurants, markets, and street-side stands. streets lined with indigenous tree species invite the public in to the area to visit the nursery as well as use the new mountain path system for hiking and mountain biking. the center of the plan is a nursery within the neighbourhood. here local residents employed by new businesses prepare seedlings for the production areas as well as maintain beds of medicinal herbs and small scale vegetable production. this community heart also houses a production center for the making of fruit juices, preserves, and other food products for sale.

149

vila sĂŁo josĂŠ: peri-urban intensive orchards and community nursery

vila sĂŁo josĂŠ legend

community nursery center

new trees lining streets

native forest managed for food production

intensive orchards

new paths for hillside access

public health clinic ufrgs state university agronomy campus

bus stops to center and university

food shops

d

fruit stands

community nursery center

tree lined neighborhood entrance

d’

mountain orchard path system

e’

production orchards

e

forest areas managed for food production

morro da companhia area

vila são josé: peri-urban intensive orchards and community nursery

experimental agroforestry and horticulture zones morro santa reserve

151

d

community nursery center

dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

d’

mountain orchard path system

vila são josé: peri-urban intensive orchards and community nursery

food shops

fruit stands

e’

production orchards

e

forest areas managed for food production

morro da companhia area

153

d

dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

section of community nursery featuring seedling production of native species and raised perennial beds

e

section of intensive hillside orchards bordering forest areas managed for food production

eâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

seed stock of university agronomy department raised at community nursery

inhabitants in partnership with entrepreneurs

grocery stores restaurants

PREPARE CONSUME

são josé production orchards

PRODUCE DISTRIBUTE

employed local residents and hired workers wholesalers city markets processors of fruit products TRANSFORM

neighborhood workshop local food cooperative

cycle of urban agroforestry related to vila são josé

SOURCE

163

appendix first built prototype additional coursework project presentations references thanks colophon

design and construction of native fruiting vegetation rooftop garden in garopaba, brazil

Building bridges: The PUREFOOD event “Beyond Divides: An International Winter School and Forum on Contemporary Agri-Food Issues” forges network, debate and learning Barcelona 12 to 22 November 2012

The PUREFOOD Network and the Food and Nutrition Observatory of the University of Barcelona played host to the international winter school ‘Beyond Divides: An International Forum on Contemporary Agri-Food Issues”, held in Barcelona from the 12th through the 22nd of November, 2012. The event featured contributions of leading international scholars including Professors Patricia Allen (Marylhurst College, USA), Michael K. Goodman (King’s College, UK), James Kirwan (Countryside and Community Research Institute, UK) and Jesús Contreras (Universitat de Barcelona, Spain). With a mission of fomenting debate, exchange and collaboration, the forum featured various opportunities and learning formats, including thematic panels and roundtables on contemporary themes such as food justice, alternative food networks, food and nutrition security, tradition and innovation. It also proposed an integrated program of site visits that leveraged exemplars from a Catalan culture particularly strong in both food tradition and innovation, including visits to the Fundación Alicia (the food and science foundation patronized by leading chef Ferran Adría), the Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat (‘home’ to over 500 small producers), Mercabarna (the second-largest wholesale market in Europe), the Boquería (the flagship of Barcelona’s well-used network of 44 municipal markets), and Cavas Guilera (a small family-run cava producer in Catalonia’s renowned Penedés wine region).

PUREFOOD is a Marie Curie Initial Training Network (an EU FP7 project) designed to build capacity and knowledge around the critical issues that define the contemporary peri-urban foodscape, including, among others topics, food and nutrition security, public health, and sustainable urban and rural development. The network comprises 12 fellows (early-stage researchers / Ph.D. students) at seven universities worldwide, each working on distinct projects related to secure and sustainable agri-food systems, as well as a leadership team of academic and non-academic partners. For more information see http://purefoodnetwork.eu/. ODELA is an interdisciplinary and inter-university team of researchers working toward the understanding and analysis of human food culture and behaviour from historical, social, economic and cultural perspectives. Its recent work has focused on the transformation of eating habits historically and in recent decades and on efforts to preserve and promote local culinary patrimony. More information is available at www.purefoodnetwork.eu and www.odela-ub.com.

The event took place as part of an international thrust toward more collaborative work efforts and served to strengthen the academic and practical connections between Catalonia, Europe and North America.

PG DR

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PGDR: Av. João Pessoa, 31 – 90040.000 – Porto Alegre – RS – Brasil – Fone/Fax: (0XX51) 3308.3281 E-mail: pgdr@ufrgs.br - Home Page: www.ufrgs.br/pgdr

The course is organised in co-operation with the Nordic Landscape Democracy Netowrk and the Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning Planning Group in the Euroleague University Network.

Teachers Professor Jørgen Primdahl, IGN Lektor Lone Kristensen, IGN Professor Anne Whiston Spirn, MIT Professor Michael Jones, University of Trondheim Mfl. Content The linkages between human rights, landscape, democracy and public policy interventions (legislation, policy and planning practice) constitute the primary theoretical subject for the course with the aim to conceptualise and understand discourses as well as practices associated with landscape functions, patterns and change.

Development of methodological skills to analyse human rights’ aspects of landscape functions is one of the course objectives.

Objectives - To present a range of case studies on landscape democracy from a variety of disciplines and policy perspectives through which students will develop a broader understanding of issues, significance and meanings of the subject.

- To present and discuss theoretical and methodological dimensions of researching the right to landscape and collaborative approaches to landscape policy, planning and management - To explore and examine the linkages between human rights, landscape, democracy and public policy interventions (legislation, policy and planning practice) - To develop methodological skills to analyse huma rigths’ aspects of landscape functions Learning Outcomes 1. Knowledge An understanding of the basic backgrounds and institutions affiliated with the right to landscape and public participatory processes associated with collective action and public policy interventions An overview of basic theoretical dimensions of works concerning use and owner rights including individual and shared rights to landscape resources 2. Skills Apply theories, key concepts and tools addressed during this course to specific research problems Apply critical analytical skills in order to gain insights from collective landscape actions and collaborative policy 3. Competencies Integrate relevant concepts, theories, and insights related to landscape democracy into a thesis Incorporate insights gained from the diverse disciplines and presented case studies to support and enhance the thesis’ arguments Clearly communicate ideas, rationale for, and relevancy of theoretical concepts on landscape democracy in the context of a thesis Teaching and learning methods Lectures, seminars excursion and paper presentations/discussions/feedbacks constitute the various forms learning processes applied within an overall frame of an emerging research field (outlined through key readings and key lectures on the first day) and individual ph.d. subjects (presented and discussed through student centred seminars) The pedagogic approach is to stimulate independent creative thinking capacity and develop critical analysis skills through an introduction of case studies and a range of theories and disciplinary perspectives. Students will be required to present their own work and engage in debates and discussions as well as preparation, individual and group work during the course.

THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN The PhD School of SCIENCE

2E. COURSE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that

The course is organized an intensive one week course (18-22.11.2013) with lectures by leading scholars, seminars, and Ph.D.-paper presentations. Assignments include readings and submission of an extended paper abstract before the course as well as submission of a short paper few weeks after the course. Course value: 4 ECTS.

Jacques Abelman has successfully completed the course Landscape Democracy – researching the right to landscape and collaborative landscape practices

at the University of Copenhagen.

GENERAL CONTENT Landscape democracy, the main subject of this course, represents an emerging research field within a number of disciplines from sciences to social sciences and humanities. The linkages between human rights, landscape, democracy and public policy interventions (legislation, policy and planning practice) constitute the primary theoretical subject for the course with the aim to conceptualise and understand discourses as well as practices associated with landscape functions, patterns and change. Development of methodological skills to analyse human rights’ aspects of landscape functions is one of the course objectives.

Individual paper submitted and approved.

Title: Cultivating the City: Infrastructures of abundance in urban Brazil

DURATION

From 1. November 2013 to 31. January 2014 (intensive part in week 47, 2013)

COURSE WEIGHT AND TYPE ____4_____ ECTS (European Credit Transfer System). _________ Type 1 - Complementary skills course, e.g. IUP. ____X ___ Type 2 - International/specialist course. _________ Type 3 - Advanced master’s course. _________ Type 4 - Participation in journal clubs, self-study etc.

COURSE ORGANISER Name, title and Department: Jørgen Primdahl, professor, The Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management _______________________________________________ [Signature] 1/1

Landscape democracy represents an emerging research field within a number of disciplines from sciences to social sciences and humanities. The linkages between human rights, landscape, democracy and public policy interventions (legislation, policy and planning practice) constitute the primary theoretical subject for the course with the aim to conceptualise and understand discourses as well as practices associated with landscape functions, patterns and change. Development of methodological skills to analyse human rights’ aspects of landscape functions is one of the course objectives.

Revised 18 March 2013

cultivating the city infrastructures of abundance in urban brazil

jacques abelman

amsterdam academy of architecture wednesday october 16th 2013 4:30pm pruyne auditorium fayerweather hall amherst college

www.groundcondition.com

amherst college architectural studies program

sponsored by the amherst college program in architectural studies, the program in european studies, the corliss lamont lectureship for a peaceful world, and the georges lurcy lecture series at amherst.

in the fall of 2013 i was invited to present the project at the landscape architecture department of cornell university by professor thomas oles.

I also presented the project at amherst college, my alma mater, in a talk sponsored by the architectural studies program.

selected References

Blanco C., Jr. (2008) The Slums in Brazil. Brasilia: Brazilian Ministry of Cities Carta Capital. (2013) Retrieved from http://www.cartacapital.com.br/sociedade/unidas-favelas-e-comunidades-formariam-o5o-maior-estado-do-pais/ Chmielewska, D., & Souza, D. (2011) 'The food security policy context in Brazil', Country Study No. 22. Brasilia: International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth Egoz, S., Makhzoumi, J., and Pungetti, G. (2011) The Right to Landscape: Contesting Landscape and Human Rights. London: Ashgate Groundcondition. (2013) http://groundcondition.tumblr.com (Author's visual essay and record of fieldwork in Porto Alegre) Monteiro C.A., Conde W.L., Popkin B.M. (2007) Income-specific trends in obesity in Brazil: 1975-2003. American Journal of Public Health 97:1808–12 The Telegraph. (2010) Retreived from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ southamerica/brazil/8204625/Brazilsobesity-rate-could-match-US-by-2022.html The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. (2011) "6% da população brasileira vivia em favelas em 2010" Retreived from http://www.jcnet.com.br/Nacional/2011/12/ibge-6-da-populacao-brasileira-vivia-em-favelas-em-2010.html Cohen, B. (2006) Urbanization in developing countries: current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability. Technology and Society 28:63–80 Drescher, A.W. (2004) Food for the Cities: Urban Agriculture in Developing Countries. In: Junge-Berberovic, R., J.B. Bächtiger & W.J. Simpson: Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Horticulture, Acta Horticulae 63: 227–231

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2005) Farming in urban areas can boost food security.

FAO Newsroom. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/102877/index.html —————. (2010) Food, agriculture and cities – Challenges of food and nutrition security, agriculture and ecosystem management in an urbanizing world. Rome: FAO —————. (2004) Globalization of food systems in developing countries: impact on food security and nutrition. Rome: FAO —————. (2011) The Fome Zero (Zero Hunger) Program: The Brazilian experience. Brasília: FAO —————. (2001) Aragrande M., Argenti O., Studying Food Supply and Distribution Systems to Cities in DevelopingCountries and Countries in Transition - Methodological and Operational Guide. Rome: FAO FAO and World Bank. (2008) Urban Agriculture For Sustainable Poverty Alleviation and Food Security. Rome: FAO and World Bank Santandreu, A. and Merzthal, G. (2011) Agricultura Urbana e sua Integração em Programmeas e Políticas Públicas: A Experiência do Brasil. In: Fome Zero: Uma história brasileira, Vol III, MDS. Brasília: Banco do Brasil and FAO Star, S. and and Griesemer, J. (1989) Institutional Ecology, 'Translations' and Boundary Objects. Social Studies of Science 19 (3): 387–420 Veja São Paulo. (2010) Retreived from http://veja.abril.com.br/multimidia/ infograficos/ obesidade-no-brasil.

Whiston Spirn, A. (2005) Restoring Mill Creek: landscape literacy, environmental justice and city planning and design.

Landscape Research 30(3): 395–413 Zezza, A. and Tasciotti, L. (2010) Urban agriculture, poverty, and food security. Food Policy 35 (4): 265–273

many thanks

graduation project commission: jana crepon, mentor, inside outside marieke timmermans, la4sale han wiskerke, wageningen university aditional experts: rogier van den berg, smart city studio universidade federal de rio grande do sul rural sociology department: sergio schneider fabio kessler dal soglio flĂĄvia charĂŁo marques

jacques abelman hoogte kadijk 235 1018 bk amsterdam the netherlands info@groundcondition.com www.groundcondition.com www.groundcondition.tumblr.com landscape architecture department amsterdam academy of architecture waterlooplein 211 1011 pg amsterdam the netherlands www.ahk.nl

i would like to offer my heartfelt thanks to the abelman and endres families for making my time in brazil possible.

Thanks to the many gracious and kind friends and colleagues who have supported me through the course of this exploration. and most especially to my partner eric dil. this project is dedicated to the people of brazil.

financial support:

avb internationaliseringfonds