Monique Verstappen - Braec

BRAEC

Landscape saturated by water

Landscape saturated by water

THE DOMMEL - PART OF NATURAL LANDSCAPE

4

5

6

7

Summary

Drought - Agricultural field with swirling irrigation installation

Flooding - Agricultural field and walking route flooded due to heavy rainfall

8

Summary

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Landscape Saturad by water

The sound of swirling irrigation installations watering the dried out agricultural fields used to bring me happy memories of the end of a nice and sunny summer day in Brabant. As innocent and beautiful as I thought these machines where, my perspective on them changed when I realized they visualize a big part of the troubles the sandy soils of the Netherlands are facing today. Over the last decade it has become clear that the years with too much water – too much usable water – and our current way of managing it have come to an end.

In the last few years the groundwater levels in Brabant have become historically low. Creeks have dried up, water life died and biodiversity went down tremendously. Inhabitants were asked to turn off their taps and safe water during dry times. This summer basements flooded and roads became inaccessible when the landscape became unable to process the enormous amounts of water it needed to deal with all at once. Drought but also flooding have been coming and going in the last couple of years. With a climate that consist of big extremes instead of the trusty regularity of spread out rainfall the Dutch are so used to, our big dewatering landscape machine is not working anymore..

The name Brabant is derived from Braecbant, a combination of braec (broek), a wet lowland, swamp or water-saturated land, and bant, which means region. This etymological origin proves to be at odds with the contemporary image of the lower sandy soils in Brabant and the way I grew up and got to know the landscape. Today the landscape is one big dewatering super machine built to drain it of its access water to make it perfect for living, agriculture and other economies.

The most severe drought problems of the Netherlands in 2018 occurred in the watershed of the Dommel.

The Dommel is the main creek in the watershed that originates 35 kilometers into Belgium and flows into the Maas in ‘s Hertogenbosch on the northern edge of Brabant. The original landscape of Brabant, which was once saturated with water and functioned like a large sponge, could no longer compete with the dewatering machine we built, which not only drains water efficiently but seems to drain it of all its water.

With the promise ‘We will never be hungry again’, land reclamation, increasing production levels, upscaling of agricultural land and densification have brought the landscape into a state of deterioration deprived of all flexibility and unable to adapt to the changing climate we are dealing with today.

This project brings an answer to the current and urgent question that asks what it means for our landscape if water steers the occupation of our landscape once again. With water as the basis for a new strategy that does not put the draining of water at its core purpose but rather puts the water first and works together with the sandy underground to build a strong base, to offer flexibility in extreme weather conditions and can serve as a starting point for future opportunities in our land use.

A new landscape once again saturated by water, ensuring us of enough water for the future!

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Summary

9

10

11

Content

BRAEC Landscape saturated by water Monique Verstappen Master Landscape Architecture Academy of Architecture, Amsterdam Aug. 24, 2021 Amsterdam

Commission Saline Verhoeven (mentor) Jandirk Hoekstra Paul de Kort

External commission Maike van Stiphout Eric Luiten

External advisor Roelof Stuurman © 2021 Monique Verstappen verstappenmonique@gmail.com

12

Content

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Content Big changes 16 The Dommel 24 - The Creek meanders and slowly widens 26 - A watermachine 40 Analyses 58 - Conclusion 76 Scenario’s 82

Strategy 98 Design in matrix 102 - Creek 106 - Creek valley 110 - Seepage zone 114 - Decelaration zone 118 - Transition zone 122 - Main infiltration zone 126 Zooming-in 130 - Vessem 134 - Boxtel 144 - Eindhoven 154 Concluding 164 Credits 168

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Content

13

Drifting sand soils

Orchards

Big amounts of cattle farming / twice as many pigs as humans

Creeks and wetlands 14

Growing drought problems

Dry agricultural plots

Sand soil forest

Perception of the landscape painted by Vincent van Gogh

Industrial economical centre of the Netherlands

Enormous amounts of life stock, Turbo cows 15

16

17

Big changes

It is all over the news and everywhere ; cities, nature reserves , agricultural grounds

18

Big changes

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Big changes

19

Droughtmap groundwater, june 2018 very dry normal watershed ‘Dommel’

Droughtmap groundwater, june 2018 very dry normal watershed ‘Dommel’

0m

25km

50km

Low groundwater levels due to long periods of drought

20

Big changes

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Dutch sandy soils sandy soil watershed ‘Dommel’

Dutch sandy soils sandy soil watershed ‘Dommel’

0m

25km

50km

Low and higher sand soils in the Netherlands - showing the connection between the lower ground water level and the type of soil

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Big changes

21

Neerslag vs Verdamping (detail)

950,0 907,2

903,0 900,0

891,4

884,4 850,4

839,3 838,6

850,0 799,3 802,6

800,0

807,9

805,6

804,1

802,4

792,5

786,5

759,4

777,7

757,8

777,4

769,4

770,7

777,4

750,0

754,2 731,0

730,5 700,0

700,0

705,8

699,3

688,0

661,4

624,3 603,6

578,6 563,3

560,0

559,3

550,0 512,0

511,4

517,2

576,0

568,8

636,8

625,1

623,3 596,4 594,3

610,8 611,0

606,7

596,2

587,9

581,2

686,6 654,9

650,0

600,0

771,5

755,5

603,3 589,8

583,0 569,8

609,6

617,6

625,2 624,3

597,4

582,5

584,0

556,3 536,2

538,0 517,0

500,0

Neerslag (mm)

Verdamping (mm)

950,0

16,50

900,0

16,00

850,0

15,50

800,0

15,00

750,0

14,50

700,0

14,00

650,0

13,50

600,0

13,00

550,0

12,50

500,0

12,00

Neerslag (mm)

Verdamping (mm)

Temperatuur (graden °C)

neerslag/verdamping (mm)

Neerslag vs Verdamping (grondwaterstand)

Gemiddelde grondwaterstand (m NAP)

climate diagrams - comparing the amount of precipitation, evaporation and avarage ground water level

22

Big changes

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

transformation

Landscape transformation

Land consolidation

9000 BC

before 1955

100 AD

before 2005

Landscape transformation

Land consolidation

9000 BC

before 1955

3850 BC

3850 BC

100 AD

before 1970

1850 AD

before 1970

before 2005

100 AD

1850 AD

2000 AD

2000 AD

before 2005

before 2015

before 2015

after 2015

Land consolidation

before 1001955 AD

1850 AD

before 1970 1850 AD

2000 AD

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

before 2005

2000 AD

after 2015

before 2015

before 2015

after 2015

Big changes

23

24

25

The Dommel

26

The creek meanders and slowly widens

27

THE DOMMEL - he origin of th creek in ‘Peer’ - Belgium

28

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

29

THE DOMMEL - Ten kilometers from the Dutch border

30

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

31

THE DOMMEL - At the Dutch border - The Plateaux - Hageven

32

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

33

THE DOMMEL - Eindhoven

34

35

THE DOMMEL - Nederwetten

36

37

THE DOMMEL - Den Bosch

38

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

39

40

A watermachine...

41

THE DOMMEL - The Collse Watermolen - Nuenen

42

43

THE DOMMEL - Shallow ditch draining the agricultural landscape directly into the Dommel - Gerwen

44

45

THE DOMMEL - Ditch in the seepage area (kwel) next to the creek - Geldrop

46

47

THE DOMMEL - Pompingstation - Sint Oedenrode

48

49

THE DOMMEL - Weir - Middelbeers

50

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

51

THE DOMMEL - Weir in Ditch - Plateaux Hageven

52

53

THE DOMMEL, PART OF A WATERSYSTEM THE DOMMEL, Creek passing underneath the Wilhelmina Canal - Son en Breugel

54

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

55

THE DOMMEL, drinking water protection area - groundwater control tube - Kampina

56

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

57

58

59

Analyses

The Dommel is part of te river system of the Maas

60

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

The Dommel is the main creek in the watershed that is called the Dommel

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

61

BRABANT- The Dommel - The lower sandy soils Tussen de dekzandruggen met oude akkers stromen meanderende beken, begeleid door grasland en hakhoutbos. De bochtige essen zijn omzoomd door houtwallen voor de bescherming van het graan. De grote, oude hoven liggen niet in een dorp, maar ieder opzich. Midden in het weiland staat de reuzeneik met laag hangende takken ,eeuwen terug geplant om schaduw te geven aan het vee.

(Natuur in Nederland, Frank Berendse, 2011) Water has always played an important role in Brabant. Our ancestors were well aware of the possibilities the water offered. But they also knew the problems if you did not take the water sufficiently into account. Water has thus influenced many developments. Gradually, however, we have handled the water differently. The population grew, which means that we have increasingly used the space around us. Moreover, the greatly increased technical possibilities seemed to liberate us of all the restrictions the water imposed on us. However, in recent decades we have noticed that we may have gone too far. In the case of water, the once saturated soil of Brabant has turned into a landscape lacking of water. But it does not stop there. These chances brought not only drought but a serious list of consequences.

The landscape of Brabant arose two million years ago as a silt of the river Rhine. It took until about 10,000 years B.C. before there was regular human habitation. Initially they were nomads who traveled around this tundra-like landscape but over time people started to settle down and started to transform the landscape more and more to their needs. With this, Brabant has a long history of cultural and natural change transforming the landscape as we see it today and forming today’s cultural landscape.

The name Brabant is derived from Braecbant. This is a combination of braec, which means ‘broek’(with water saturated soil) or marshy land, and bant, which means region.

The landscape of Brabant is particularly praised for its forests, fens and heath.

Today these are the most striking parts of the landscape as it largely arose in the last century. In the previous centuries, however, there were hardly any forests to be found in Brabant. At that time, the landscape consisted mainly of large almost treeless heathland with a wreath of fields around the villages and hamlets. The stream valleys with their swampy soil consisted of hay and

62

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

meadows, brooks and wood girths. Here the people got their wood to light the stove and build their houses. For all kinds of reasons, this landscape has disappeared from the stream valleys and a great flattening has arisen in both the landscape and the biodiversity.

Land use used to adapt to the water and the landscape. The population density was low; there was plenty of room for people and water together. But gradually the Brabant population grew. The use of space became fragmented: city, nature and agriculture are now always in close proximity.

Today, however, the Brabant landscape looks different in most places. In contrast to the moisture-permeable soil, we are increasingly suffering from drought problems in Brabant. This change from wet to nuisance caused by drought seems to have been caused by the human appropriation of nature in this area. Despite the long history of human occupation in this area, the change seems to have taken place in the last 100 years. But how did this drastic change come about and what are the consequences for the landscape and its inhabitants?

Drought in the countryside is a fairly structural problem. Except for nature, this also applies to agriculture. An example of a cause for this desiccation is the increased production at the beginning of the 1900 century and the use of fertilisers to make de soil more fertile. Because the best agricultural lands were already in use, more and more land has been reclaimed that was not naturally suitable for agriculture. Think of the large heathland reclamations from the past century and a half. These areas are often too arid for agriculture by nature. Solutions were found in water supply and irrigation. In addition to benefits for agriculture, both also have disadvantages. Water supply can lead to water bottom contamination and to an area-alien composition of the water in places with natural values. Irrigation leads to an additional drop in the groundwater level in the summer months. But this is probably only 1 of the causes for the current draught problems.

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

63

64

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Den Bosch

Boxtel Tilburg

Eindhoven

Vessem

Dommelen

Pelt

Peer

0m

50m

100m

current situation

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

65

Inland dune landscape (Loonse en Drunense duinen)

A big part of the landscape was originally saturated by water, looking like a swamp (Kampina)

Two different landscape types that show the big diversity and extreme opposites of the original Dommel Landscape. It is still posible to find these landscapes in the area, but only in little parts where they are preserved and turned into a nature reserve. Most of the original landscape is gone

66

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Wet dune/ heather landscape

(Natte heide)

Creek Valley

Wet dune/ heather landscape

(Natte heide)

(Droge heide)

Dry dune/ heather landscape

Wet dune/ heather landscape

(Natte heide)

Creek Valley

(Natte heide)

Wet dune/ heather landscape

Historical section

Precipitation

Infiltration lake (Ven)

Inundationzone

Inundationzone

Evaporation

Run off Infiltration

Groundwater level

(+\-) 400 meters

On permeable layer

Nature reserve ‘Kampina’

Nature reserve ‘Loonse en Drunense Duinen’

Nature reserve ‘Het Dommeldal’

Section historical landscape structure

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

67

68

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Summarised timeline showing the human interventions along the creek

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

69

timeline of Human intervention starting with the transformation of the watersystem in the year 800. Starting with the implementation of Water mills on fast floatings parts of the creek.

70

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

71

Hight differences in the landscape Model of the Watershed caputuring the subtile hight changes in the landscape that are typical for the vein like creek structure. The creeks slowly find there way down towards the Maas. Starting at 77 m above sea level it flows into the Maas on 4 m above sealevel

Zoom-in, The Dommel creek valley

72

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Top view landscape model of the Dommel watersched creek system

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

73

Zoom-in, Eindhoven

74

Analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Side view landscape model of the Dommel watersched creek system

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Analyses

75

76

77

Conclusions

Watermachine the Dommel

78

Conclusion analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Den Bosch

Boxtel Tilburg

Eindhoven

Vessem

Dommelen

Pelt

Peer

Watersystem main watersystem

sand collection station (zandvang)

secondary watersystem

sewage treatment plant

watershed ‘Dommel’

slib treatment plant

embankment (waterkering)

watermill

dam

groundwater protection site

irrigation installation

groundwater extraction site

pumping station

no drill zone

fish passage

0m

50m

100m

current watersystem

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Conclusion analyses

79

Current landuse Nature Agriculture

Den Bosch

Urban Nature / Agriculture Nature Agriculture Urbanisation

Boxtel Tilburg

Eindhoven

Vessem

Dommelen

Current landuse Nature Agriculture

Pelt

Urban Nature / Agriculture

Peer

0m

5km

10km

The landscape is devided into 3 main landscape occupations

80

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Conclusion analyses

Main challanges for the region

Nature

What is going on?

Nature Nature

Nature

Agriculture Agriculture

Agriculture

Agriculture

Urban

Urban

What is going on?

• High amounts of evaporation due to the removal What isWhat going of to much vegetation ison? going on? high evaporation due to the Whatnumbers is going of on? removal much vegetation • of Theto wrong choices for vegetation on the high numbers of evaporation due to wrong the What is going on?

• of Highto amounts of vegetation evaporation due to the spots high numbers of evaporation due toremoval the removal much WhatWhat isWhat going on? is going on? is vegetation going on? of toto much removal of much vegetation high numbers evaporation theof • going Ignoring of the qualities of the soildue in theto choise What is on?

The wrong choices for vegetation What is going on? removal of to much vegetation • going The wrong fordue vegetation on the vegetation high numbers of evaporation to wrong the • is High amounts of choices evaporation to the due removal What on? on the wrong spots The wrong choices for vegetation • High amounts of evaporation due to the removal What is going on? spots of toof much vegetation high numbers of evaporation due to the removal to much vegetation What going on? high numbers of evaporation due to the The wrong for vegetation on the wrong spots of tochoices much vegetation What is is going on? removal of toqualities much vegetation high numbers of evaporation due the removal of to much vegetation • is The wrong for vegetation onsoil the wrong Ignoring the ofofdue the soil into the choise of vegetation What on? high numbers ofchoices evaporation to the • going Ignoring the qualities the in the choise of on the wrong spots The wrong choices for vegetation spots removal to much vegetation • of The wrong choices for vegetation on the wrong high ofqualities evaporation due to the removal of to much highnumbers numbers ofvegetation evaporation due to the vegetation Ignoring the of the soil in the choise of vegetation on the wrong spots The wrong choices for vegetation removal of to much vegetation spots high numbers offorevaporation due the removal of to much • Ignoring thequalities qualities ofvegetation theof soilthe in the soil choise of to Ignoring the in the choise of vegetation The wrong choices vegetation The wrong choices for vegetation on the wrong spots vegetation removal of to much vegetation on the wrong spots The wrong choices forqualities vegetation • Ignoring the ofthe the soil in the choisechoise of Ignoring thechoices qualities soil in the of vegetation on wrong spots Thethe wrong forof vegetation The wrong choices on the wrong spotsfor vegetation vegetation Ignoring the qualities of the soil in the choise of vegetation on the wrong spots Ignoring the qualities of the soil in the choise of vegetation The for vegetation on thewrong wrong choices spots Ignoring qualities the in theofchoise of vegetation Ignoring thethe qualities offor theof soil in soil the choise vegetation The wrong choices vegetation on the wrong spots Ignoring thethe qualities of theofsoil in soil the choise vegetation Ignoring qualities the in theofchoise of vegetation on the wrong spots Ignoring the qualities ofon? the soil in the choise of vegetation What is going What is going on?

Ignoring the qualities of the soil in the choise of vegetation What is going on?

Excessive water use for the irrigation of agricultural fields water use for the irrigation of agriculturWhat is• Excessive going on?

Excessive use for the irrigation of agricultural fields al water fields What ison? going on?

What ison? going on?

What is going What is going Draining landscape itsirrigation water (ditches) Excessivethe water use forofthe of agricultural fields What is going on?

Draining the landscape itsofwater (ditches) What is• water going on?

Excessive use foruse the irrigation agricultural fields Draining the landscape ofthe itsofirrigation water (ditches) water for the irrigation of agriculturExcessive water use foruse ofofagricultural fields What is• Excessive going on?

• Excessive water for the irrigation agriculturWhat water is going on?

Sweet becomes offields poluting the water Draining the landscape of itsunusable water (ditches) Excessive use for becomes the unusable irrigation of because agricultural al water • fields Sweet water because of Excessive water use for the irrigation of agricultural fields What is going on? al fields Draining the landscape of its water (ditches) Excessive water use on? for the unusable irrigation of because agriculturaloffields What is going Sweet water becomes poluting the water Draining the landscape of its water poluting the water • the Draining the landscape its water (ditches)(ditches) Excessive water use the irrigation ofinagricultural fields Draining landscape of for its water (ditches) Ignoring the qualities ofofunusable the soil to farm the right way in the right spot Sweet water becomes because of poluting theand water What is going on?

• Draining the landscape of its water (ditches) Sweet water becomes unusable because of(ditches) poluting the water fields Draining the landscape of its water (ditches) Draining the landscape of its water Excessive water use for the irrigation of agricultural • Sweet water becomes because of farm Ignoring the qualities of soil the soil to the right Excessive water use the irrigation ofininagriculturIgnoring qualities ofunusable thefor tobecause farm the right in the right spot Whatwater is• the going on?

Sweet water becomes unusable of poluting theand water Sweet becomes unusable because of(ditches) poluting the waterway Draining the landscape of its water poluting the water lots ofwater evaporation because of big scale farming plots • the Sweet water becomes unusable because oftheand Excessive water for the irrigation ofinagricultural fields way and inuse spot alqualities fields Ignoring the ofthe theright tobecause farm the right way inway the right Ignoring qualities ofsoil the soil toin farm the right andspot in the right spot Sweet becomes unusable of poluting water Sweet water becomes unusable because of poluting the water Draining the landscape of its water (ditches) poluting the Excessive water use irrigation of agricultural fields Ignoring the qualities of soil thethe soil to the right Ignoring the qualities ofwater thefor to soil farm inin farm the right way and inway the right spot lots of• evaporation because offarm big scale farming plots Ignoring the qualities ofunusable the to inplots the right and in the right spot Sweet water becomes because of poluting the water • Lots of evaporation because of big scale farming Draining the landscape of its water (ditches) lots of evaporation because of big scale farming way and in the right spot A lack waterstorage spaces Ignoring thethe qualities of because the soil in the rightfarming way andplots in the right spot Draining landscape of toitsfarm (ditches) lots of of evaporation ofwater big scale • the Ignoring the qualities of soil the soil to farmin in the thepoluting right plots Ignoring qualities ofunusable the tobecause farm right way in the right spot Sweet water becomes of theand water lots of evaporation because ofof big scale farming plots Draining the landscape itsunusable water (ditches) A lack of waterstorage spaces • Lots of evaporation because of big scale farming • Sweet water becomes because of lots of evaporation because of big scale farming plots A lack waterstorage spaces way qualities andbecause in the right spot Ignoring the ofunusable farm inplots the right way in the right spot lots of of evaporation ofthe big soil scaletobecause farming Sweet water becomes of poluting theand water plots A lack of waterstorage spaces • A lack of waterstorage spaces poluting the water Alots lackofofevaporation waterstorage spaces because of big scaleinfarming plots Ignoring the qualities ofunusable the soil to big farm the right way in the right spot Sweet water of poluting theand water • lack Lotsof becomes of evaporation because ofbecause scale farming AA lack of waterstorage spaces • A waterstorage spaces lack of waterstorage spaces lots of evaporation of big scale farming plots • the Ignoring the because qualities the soil farminin the right Ignoring of theof soil to to farm the right way and in the right spot plotsqualities A lack waterstorage lots of of evaporation because of big scaleinfarming plots way qualities and in the right spotsoil Ignoring the ofspaces the to farm the right way and in the right spot A lack spaces • waterstorage A lack of waterstorage spaces lots of of evaporation because of big scale farming plots • Lots of evaporation because of big scale farming A lack waterstorage spaces lots of of evaporation because of big scale farming plots plots A lack of waterstorage spaces A lack of• waterstorage spaces A lack of waterstorage spaces

What is going on? on?

What is going

• Decreasing space for infiltration and with that

Urban Urban

• Decreasing space for infiltration and with that

more evaporation What is going on? more evaporation What ison? going on?

Whatis is going What on?city • going Draining the its water Decreasing space forof infiltration and with that more evaporation What is is going on?the What going on?

• Draining city of infiltration its waterand with Decreasing for with more evaporation Decreasing space forwater infiltration that morethat evaporation • We use tospace much in daily life per person and What is going on?

• Decreasing space for infiltration and with thatmore evaporation Draining the city of its water Decreasing space for infiltration and with that Decreasing space forwater infiltration and with that more evaporation • the We use to in daily life per person • There iscity close tomuch no reuse of on? water What is going more evaporation Draining of its water What is going on?of itsinfiltration Draining thespace city water Decreasing and with that more evaporation We use tothe much in daily life per person Draining citywater of its for water • A• lack of waterstorage There iscity close tospaces noitsreuse of water What on?city Draining the offor its water • going Draining the water We use is to much water inof daily life per person Decreasing space infiltration and with that more evaporation We use much water in daily life perthatperson • to Decreasing space for infiltration and with There is• is close to city no reuse ofwater water What going on?

We use to much water daily life perof person Draining the ofinunusable its Sweet water becomes because •• A lack oftowaterstorage spaces Decreasing space forwater infiltration and with that more evaporation We use much in daily life per person more evaporation There isis close to no reuse of water poluting the water What going on?

We use to much water in daily life per person Draining the city of its water Decreasing space for infiltration and with that more evaporation A lack of waterstorage spaces There is is close to no of in water There close toreuse no reuse of water We use to much water daily life per • Sweet water becomes unusable because ofperson What going on?city There iscity close to noinfiltration Draining the of itsreuse waterof water and with thespace offor its water ADraining lack ofis•waterstorage spaces Decreasing that more evaporation close to no reuse of water poluting the water Sweet water becomes unusable because poluting the water What isiswaterstorage going on?

We to much water in daily life of per person AThere lackuse of spaces Draining the city offor itsinfiltration water A lack of waterstorage spaces Decreasing space and with that more evaporation • A lack of waterstorage spaces There is close to no reuse of water We use to much water in daily life per person Sweet water becomes unusable because of poluting the water We use tothe much in daily lifeand per person Draining citywater offor itsinfiltration water Decreasing space with that Sweet water becomes unusable because of poluting themore water evaporation A lack of waterstorage spaces There is close to no reuse of water

We use•water to much water inunusable daily life perofperson Sweet becomes because There iswater close no reuse of water Sweet becomes unusable because of poluting the water Draining the city ofto its water A lack of waterstorage spaces There close to of water poluting the no water We useisto much water in daily life per person Draining the city of reuse its unusable water Sweet water becomes because of poluting the water • Aclose lack ofto waterstorage spaces A lack is of waterstorage spaces There no reuse of water We usewater to much water unusable in daily life per person Sweet becomes because of poluting the water A lack of waterstorage spaces There is close to no reuse of water We use• to much daily life perofperson Sweet waterwater becomesinunusable because Sweet water becomes unusable because of poluting the water A lack of waterstorage spaces There is poluting close to the no waterreuse of water Sweet water becomes unusable because of poluting the water A lack is of waterstorage spaces There close to no reuse of water Sweet water becomes unusable A lack of waterstorage spaces because of poluting the water Sweet water becomes unusable A lack of waterstorage spaces because of poluting the water Sweet water becomes unusable because of poluting the water Sweet water becomes unusable because of poluting the water

Conclusion analyses

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

81

82

83

Scenario’s

Scenario 1 - Nature (an utopia for water) Scenario 1 shows a landscape where the focus lies completely on bringing back the natural landscape Making the landscape the utopia for flora fauna Showing the way we can organise the watersystem and provide a healthy watersystemand returning a flexibility to the landscape that will let nature thrive.

Every different zone will have its own focus and identity depending on the specific soil and water characteristics per zone.

84

Scenario’s

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Landuse Nature Water landscape Floodable landscape

Den Bosch

Swampy forest Forest Land dune

Boxtel Tilburg

Eindhoven

Vessem

Dommelen

Landuse Nature Water landscape Floodable landscape

Pelt

Swampy forest Forest Land dune

Peer

0m

5km

10km

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Scenario’s

85

THE DOMMEL, PART OF A WATERSYSTEM THE DOMMEL, Creek cutting through two nature reserves - left, Landschotsche heide - right, Oirschotsche heide

86

Scenario’s

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Scenario’s

87

Scenario 2 - Agriculture (an utopia for water) Scenario 2 shows a landscape where the focus lies completely on the agricultural landscape.

Getting rid of the current agricultural areas and nature reserves soly forcussing on city and living.

Showing the way we can organise the watersystem and provide a healthy watersystem in combination with a landscape fully occupied by an agricultural production landscape This model shows that it is possible to soly focus on agriculture without compromising on the watersystem.

This way of occupying the landscape asks for a high variety of agricultural production. Every different zone will focus on a different way of production depending on the specific soil and water characteristics per zone.

88

Scenario’s

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Landuse Agriculture Extensive aquaforesting Paludiculture creek valley

Den Bosch

Padiculture seepage zone Big scale agriculture Agroforest Precision agriculture

Boxtel Tilburg

Eindhoven

Vessem

Dommelen

Landuse Agriculture Extensive aquaforesting Paludiculture creek valley

Pelt

Padiculture seepage zone Big scale agriculture Agroforest Precision agriculture Peer

0m

5km

10km

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Scenario’s

89

THE DOMMEL- Agricultural landscape - Son en Breugel

90

Scenario’s

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Scenario’s

91

Scenario 3 - City (an utopia for water) Scenario 3 shows a landscape where the focus lies in urbanistion of the landscape.

Getting rid of the current agricultural areas and nature reserves soly forcussing on city and living.

Showing the way we can organise the watersystem and provide a healthy watersystem in combination with a landscape fully occupied by urban life.

This combination of living but also ensuring the landscape and the people living in it a healthy living environment, enough and clean water for the future creates a new way of living and occupying the landscape. showing in its extreme form that inhabitation of the creek system is possible and in all of its zones, but requeres a new way in every single one of them.

92

Scenario’s

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Landuse City Recreating on the water Floodable city

Den Bosch

City swamp Regular city City forest City dune

Boxtel Tilburg

Eindhoven

Vessem

Dommelen

Landuse City Recreating on the water Floodable city

Pelt

City swamp Regular city City forest City dune Peer

0m

5km

10km

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Scenario’s

93

THE DOMMEL - van Abbe museum in the Creek - Eindhoven

94

Scenario’s

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Scenario’s

95

96

Conclusion out of the scenario’s With testing the three extreme scenario i found out that it is possible to arrange and design the landscape within every zone throughout all three scenario’s.

Specifically chosen for the three main landscape occupations that each occupy 1/3 of the watershed today.

For the future design it is unfortunately not possible to bet only on one of them. Combining the tree scenario’s will the landscape to an even bigger range of diversity, opportunities and flexibility with the opportunity to make small scale circulair systems and a healthy living environment fitting to the cultural history that Brabant is already famous for today.

97

98

99

Strategy

Main Infiltration zone

Seepage zone

Creek Valley / Creek

Deceleration zone

Main Infiltration zone

Deceleration zone

Seepage zone

Creeck Valley / Creek

Seepage zone

Deceleration zone

Main infiltration zone

Deceleration zone 30M

Precipitation Evaporation

Run off

Infiltration 25M

Seepage

20M

Inundationzone

Inundationzone (+\-) 400 meters

On permeable layer

0KM

2KM

1KM

3KM

4KM

5KM

6KM

7KM

9KM

8KM

10KM

high calcium level

Coarse sand and gravel Drift-sand (stuifzand)

Sand with high levels of clay, loam and often peat Creek depostis

Transition zone

Transition zone

Sand with high levels of clay, loam and often peat Creek depostis

technical section new strategy for the landscape, devided into 5 different landscape zones eacht with their own quality and part in the watersystem

100

Strategy

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Strategy

Den Bosch

Creek Creek valley Seepage zone Deceleration zone Main infiltration zone

Boxtel Tilburg

Eindhoven

Vessem

Dommelen

Pelt

Strategy

Peer

Creek Creek valley Seepage zone Deceleration zone Main infiltration zone

0m

50m

100m

A new strategy for the creek system deviding the watersystem into 5 different zones derivited from the underlying soil structure and hight differences BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Strategy

101

102

103

Design in matrix

Creek

Water landscape

Creek valey

Floodable landscape

natural shores

Seepage zone

Swampy forest

leaf tree forest

inaccesible forest

inaccesible forest

less deep and wider creek recreational fishing left-alone landscape bridged pathways Nature landscape

Nature

Nature landscape

ing

flood

accessible landscape

Creek

accessible landscape

• • • • •

inundation area dense wet forest landscape left-alone landscape bridged pathways raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible accessible landscape • removing weirs and drainage pipes

zone

Nature landscape

• • • •

extensive lifestock grazing area

Creek valley

Extensive aquaforesting

• • • • •

swamp dense wet forest left-alone landscape bridged pathways raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

swampy waterparties

extensive lifestock grazing area

Seepage zone

Paludiculture creek valley

natural shores

leaf tree forest

Padiculture seepage zone cattail field (lisdodde)

sweetwater fishing

calf meadow

wooden bank

wooden bank

(houtwal)

sweetwater fishing

cattail field (lisdodde)

(houtwal)

cranberry field

pig farm

Creek

Recreating on the water

zone

accessible landscape

hayfield extensive lifestock farming waterbuffalos

Creek valley

circular building block watersystem

Creek

water recreation canoeing on the creek

flood

Urban landscape

Urban landscape

ing

Urban

low density city

zone

forest roofs

as less as possible paved surfaces

Creek valley

city farming

waterstorage on roofs

circular building block watersystem

swampy leaf tree forest

accessible landscape

roughening shore expanding hiding and nesting places for animal life

public spaces on roof tops for more sunlight

floodable leaf tree forest

• less deep and wider creek • non-polluting urbanization • bridged pathways

circular building block watersystem

carr forrest

(broekbos bosbouw)

city farming

waterstorage on roofs

accessible landscape

small robots to work the land

drainage from buildings on to the public space

• • • •

floodable area / inundation area as less as possible paved spaces bridged pathways raising the bottom of ditches and removing where accessible landscape possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes • low density city floodable forest landscape as less as possible • non-polluting city paved surfaces

Seepage zone

forest roofs wadi drainage from buildings on to the public space

matrix

104

Matrix / design

floodable area only small scale agricultural machines coulissen landscape adjusted agriculture bridged pathways raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

City swamp public spaces on roof tops for more sunlight

natural shores

• • • • • •

Seepage zone

Floodable city

sleeping on the water

restaurant on poles

flood

floodable area / inundation area only small scale agricultural machines coulissen landscape adapted agriculture bridged pathways peat moss field raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes accessible landscape Agricultural landscape

roughening shore expanding hiding and nesting places for animal life

ing

small robots to work the land

• • • • • •

Urban landscape

accessible landscape

Agricultural landscape

Agriculture

Agricultural landscape

• less deep and wider creek • aquaforesting • bridged pathways

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

• creating as much space as possible for water to find its way to the surface • wadi streets • creating as many as possible bridged pathways • minimalizing paved surfaces • raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes • non-polluting city

Deceleration zone

Forest

Main infiltration zone

Transition zone

Dense forest

leaf tree forest

Land dune

leaf tree forest

infiltration fen (infiltratie vennen)

accessible landscape

accessible landscape

accessible landscape

pine trees

forest with lakes and meadows

• • • • • • •

recreational landscape densified forest landscape soil quality improvement maximizing space for infiltration drinkingwater extraction zone slowing down drainage withextensive the forest life stock raising the bottom of ditches and cows removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

Deceleration zone

Transition zone

Big scale agriculture

• • • • • • •

Nature landscape

extensive lifestock grazing area

recreational landscape densified forest landscape soil quality improvement maximizing space for infiltration drinkingwater extraction zone raising the bottom of ditches and removing where extensive lifestock possible grazing area • removing weirs and drainage pipes Nature landscape

Nature landscape

Transition zone • • • • • •

recreational landscape landdunes with a low density of trees soil quality improvement maximizing space for infiltration drinkingwater extraction zone partly covered in heather fields and scrubs raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

moorland

(landduin / heide)

Main infiltration zone

Agroforest

Precision agriculture

orchard

pig farm

little groups of trees for shade

grain field drinking water extraction

wooden bank (houtwal)

wooden bank

drinking water extraction

accessible landscape

(houtwal)

cow farm

drones

closed system lifestock farm

Transition zone

accessible landscape drainage polder water system

water factory

Deceleration zone

greenhouse systems

chickens

accessible landscape

small robots to work the land extensive life stock cows

corn field

• • • • • • •

agroforestry, diversity plus combining produce removing ditches, trenches and weirs only small scale agricultural machines supporting level controlled drainage drinking water extraction location nonpolluting agriculture extensive life stock raising the bottom of ditches and cows removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes Agricultural landscape

densification zone for agriculture innovation and testing fields precision drainage (polder system) working with opportunities to infiltrate as much as possible clean water • cleaning polluted water before infiltration Agricultural landscape

Agricultural landscape

• • • •

Transition zone

Regular city

• • • • • small robots to work the land strip farming in different directions

corn field

Main infiltration zone

City forest

City dune

infiltration fen (infiltratie vennen)

city farming innovation center

precision agriculture only small scale agricultural machines small plots, in different directions drinking water extraction location raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

water factory

circular building block watersystem

circular building block water system waterstorage on roofs

waterstorage on roofs

dense leaf tree forest

pine trees in the public space

accessible landscape

accessible city

Transition zone

space for a denser city

Deceleration zone

using every opportunity to safe and slow down water drainage

drainage polder water system

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

as less as possible paved surfaces forest roofs

drainage from buildings on to the public space

Transition zone

lakes and meadows for extra infiltration

• • • • • •

densifying creating a city forest landscape maximazing space for infiltration soil quality improvement drinking water extraction zone as less as possible slowing down drainage withsurface the forest paved raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes Urban landscape

opportunities for more density less strict rules precision drainage (polder system) working with opportunities to infiltrate as much as possible clean water • cleaning polluted water before infiltration accessible landscape Urban landscape

Urban landscape

• • • •

green roofs with leaf trees

Main infiltration zone

drainage from buildings on to the public space moorland

(landduin / heide)

low density city

• • • • • • • • •

low density circular urbanization (non polluting) rooftop landscapes landdunes with a low density of trees soil qualityt improvement maximizing space for infiltration drinking water extraction zone partly covered in heather fields and scrubs non-polluting city raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

Matrix / design

105

Creek Strategie • slow water drainage

Measures • less deep but wider creek • stimulate water live and riverbed vegetation

106

Matrix / design

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Matrix / design

107

Creek Strategie • slow water drainage

Measures • less deep but wider creek • stimulate water live and riverbed vegetation

Water landscape

natural shores

Nature landscape

• • • •

less deep and wider creek recreational fishing left-alone landscape bridged pathways

accessible landscape

Creek

108

Matrix / design

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Extensive aquaforesting

natural shores

Agricultural landscape

• less deep and wider creek • aquaforesting • bridged pathways

accessible landscape roughening shore expanding hiding and nesting places for animal life

Creek

Recreating on the water

sleeping on the water

restaurant on poles

natural shores

Urban landscape

• less deep and wider creek • non-polluting urbanization • bridged pathways

accessible landscape circular building block watersystem

Creek

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

water recreation canoeing on the creek

roughening shore expanding hiding and nesting places for animal life

Matrix / design

109

Creek valey Strategie • design as flooding / inundation area

Measures • more space for a meandering creek • soil quality improvement • raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

110

Matrix / design

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Matrix / design

111

Creek valey Strategie • design as flooding / inundation area

Measures • more space for a meandering creek • soil quality improvement • raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

Floodable landscape

leaf tree forest

inaccesible forest

ing

Nature landscape

d floo

accessible landscape

e

zon

• • • • •

inundation area dense wet forest landscape left-alone landscape bridged pathways raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

extensive lifestock grazing area

Creek valley

112

Matrix / design

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Paludiculture creek valley cattail field (lisdodde)

sweetwater fishing

calf meadow

wooden bank (houtwal)

Agricultural landscape

cranberry field

ing

small robots to work the land

d floo

e

zon

accessible landscape

hayfield

• • • • • •

floodable area / inundation area only small scale agricultural machines coulissen landscape adapted agriculture bridged pathways raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

extensive lifestock farming waterbuffalos

Creek valley

Floodable city public spaces on roof tops for more sunlight

city farming circular building block watersystem

waterstorage on roofs

accessible landscape ing

Urban landscape

d floo

Creek valley

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

low density city

e

zon

forest roofs

as less as possible paved surfaces

floodable leaf tree forest

• • • •

floodable area / inundation area as less as possible paved spaces bridged pathways raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes • low density city floodable forest landscape • non-polluting city

drainage from buildings on to the public space

Matrix / design

113

Seepage zone Strategie • creating space for water seeping out of the goround • water retention

Measures • raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes • allowing for land to become wetland • soil quality improvement

114

Matrix / design

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Matrix / design

115

Seepage zone Strategie • creating space for water seeping out of the goround • water retention

Measures • raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes • allowing for land to become wetland • soil quality improvement

Swampy forest

leaf tree forest

inaccesible forest

Nature landscape

• • • • •

swamp dense wet forest left-alone landscape bridged pathways raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

accessible landscape swampy waterparties

extensive lifestock grazing area

Seepage zone

116

Matrix / design

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Padiculture seepage zone wooden bank

sweetwater fishing

cattail field (lisdodde)

(houtwal)

Agricultural landscape

pig farm

• • • • • •

peat moss field small robots to work the land

accessible landscape

floodable area only small scale agricultural machines coulissen landscape adjusted agriculture bridged pathways raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

carr forrest

(broekbos bosbouw)

Seepage zone

City swamp public spaces on roof tops for more sunlight

city farming

waterstorage on roofs

circular building block watersystem

swampy leaf tree forest

Urban landscape

accessible landscape forest roofs

as less as possible paved surfaces

Seepage zone

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

wadi

• creating as much space as possible for water to find its way to the surface • wadi streets • creating as many as possible bridged pathways • minimalizing paved surfaces • raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes • non-polluting city

drainage from buildings on to the public space

Matrix / design

117

Deceleration zone Strategie • decelerating groundwater drainage and buffering

Measures • creating as much as possible space for infiltration • buffering water in underground and aboveground reservoirs where possible • creating inefficiency in the water drainage system • densifying plant cover • soil quality improvement • area with less restrictions in relation to water

118

Matrix / design

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Matrix / design

119

Deceleration zone Strategie • decelerating groundwater drainage and buffering

Measures • creating as much as possible space for infiltration • buffering water in underground and aboveground reservoirs where possible • creating inefficiency in the water drainage system • densifying plant cover • soil quality improvement • area with less restrictions in relation to water

Forest

leaf tree forest

Nature landscape

accessible landscape

extensive lifestock grazing area

• • • • • • forest with lakes and meadows

recreational landscape densified forest landscape soil quality improvement maximizing space for infiltration drinkingwater extraction zone raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

Deceleration zone

120

Matrix / design

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Big scale agriculture pig farm wooden bank (houtwal)

cow farm closed system lifestock farm

Agricultural landscape

• • • •

densification zone for agriculture innovation and testing fields precision drainage (polder system) working with opportunities to infiltrate as much as possible clean water • cleaning polluted water before infiltration

accessible landscape drainage polder water system

water factory

Deceleration zone

greenhouse systems

Regular city innovation center

water factory

accessible city

Urban landscape

• • • •

opportunities for more density less strict rules precision drainage (polder system) working with opportunities to infiltrate as much as possible clean water • cleaning polluted water before infiltration

space for a denser city

Deceleration zone

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

using every opportunity to safe and slow down water drainage

drainage polder water system

Matrix / design

121

Transition zone Strategie • decelerating groundwater drainage and buffering

Measures • creating as much as possible space for infiltration • buffering water in underground and aboveground reservoirs where possible • creating inefficiency in the water drainage system • densifying plant cover • soil quality improvement • raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

122

Matrix / design

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Matrix / design

123

Transition zone Strategie • decelerating groundwater drainage and buffering

Measures • creating as much as possible space for infiltration • buffering water in underground and aboveground reservoirs where possible • creating inefficiency in the water drainage system • densifying plant cover • soil quality improvement • raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

Dense forest

leaf tree forest

accessible landscape

Nature landscape

Transition zone

extensive lifestock grazing area

• • • • • • •

recreational landscape densified forest landscape soil quality improvement maximizing space for infiltration drinkingwater extraction zone slowing down drainage with the forest raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

Transition zone

124

Matrix / design

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Agroforest

orchard

grain field drinking water extraction

wooden bank (houtwal)

Transition zone

Agricultural landscape

chickens accessible landscape small robots to work the land extensive life stock cows

corn field

• • • • • • •

agroforestry, diversity plus combining produce removing ditches, trenches and weirs only small scale agricultural machines supporting level controlled drainage drinking water extraction location nonpolluting agriculture raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

Transition zone

City forest city farming circular building block water system waterstorage on roofs

dense leaf tree forest

Urban landscape

Transition zone

as less as possible paved surfaces

accessible landscape forest roofs drainage from buildings on to the public space

Transition zone

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

• • • • • •

densifying creating a city forest landscape maximazing space for infiltration soil quality improvement drinking water extraction zone slowing down drainage with the forest raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

lakes and meadows for extra infiltration

Matrix / design

125

Main infiltration zone Strategie • infiltrating and buffering

Measures • • • • •

creating as much as possible space for infiltration creating fen to slow down drainage underground waterbuffering extensify plant cover soil quality improvementraising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

126

Matrix / design

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Matrix / design

127

Main infiltration zone Strategie • infiltrating and buffering

Measures • • • • •

creating as much as possible space for infiltration creating fen to slow down drainage underground waterbuffering extensify plant cover soil quality improvementraising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

Land dune infiltration fen (infiltratie vennen)

Nature landscape

accessible landscape

pine trees

• • • • • • •

extensive life stock cows

moorland

recreational landscape landdunes with a low density of trees soil quality improvement maximizing space for infiltration drinkingwater extraction zone partly covered in heather fields and scrubs raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

(landduin / heide)

Main infiltration zone

128

Matrix / design

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Precision agriculture

little groups of trees for shade

drinking water extraction

accessible landscape

Agricultural landscape

drones

• • • • • extensive life stock cows

small robots to work the land

precision agriculture only small scale agricultural machines small plots, in different directions drinking water extraction location raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

strip farming in different directions

corn field

Main infiltration zone

City dune

infiltration fen (infiltratie vennen)

circular building block watersystem waterstorage on roofs

pine trees in the public space

accessible landscape

as less as possible paved surface

Urban landscape

drainage from buildings on to the public space green roofs with leaf trees

Main infiltration zone

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

moorland

(landduin / heide)

low density city

• • • • • • • • •

low density circular urbanization (non polluting) rooftop landscapes landdunes with a low density of trees soil qualityt improvement maximizing space for infiltration drinking water extraction zone partly covered in heather fields and scrubs non-polluting city raising the bottom of ditches and removing where possible • removing weirs and drainage pipes

Matrix / design

129

130

131

Zooming-in

Zooming into 3 different locations on 3 different Scales 1:10.000 Vessem and the landscape surrounding Vessem Vessem is a village built next to the Beerze. The Beerze is one of the creeks in the creek system of the Dommel.

This part of the landscape is mainly oriented on Agriculture and inlcudes several nature reserves. This is the only area left within the whole system where drinking water still comes from the shallow ground water reserves, but also the place where the ground water is on it’s lowest point compared to surface level.

1:5000 Boxtel. Taken at the edge of the village, flowting into the surrounding natures and agricultural landscape.

The Dommel and a human made canal flow through the village.

The zoom-in of Boxtel shows a typical big village of Brabant with mainly small scale living.

In and around Boxtel the groundwaterlevel lies right beneath the surface. It lies in the flat bottem part of the creek system with barely any hight differences 1:2.500 Eindoven. The Dommel flows through thtis part of the city.

The city has big ambitions for thsi part of the city. In the future this area now filled with university campusses must become one of the cities green veins where nature flows right to the centre of the city. Built as a park with a pavilion way of implementing program into it. Eindhoven is one of the few cities in the watershed, and this particular part of the city shows a bigger scale of urbanisation, intensified program and space for innovation and testing fields.A perfect area to start.

132

Zooming-in

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Location zoom in’s water location

Den Bosch

watershed ‘Dommel’

Zoom Boxtel

Boxtel Tilburg

Zoom Vessem Eindhoven

Zoom Eindhoven

Vessem

Dommelen

Location zoom in’s water location

Pelt

watershed ‘Dommel’

Peer

0m

5km

10km

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Zooming -in

133

134

135

Vessem

Up-stream 1:10.000 Vessem and the landscape surrounding Vessem Vessem is a village built next to the Beerze. The Beerze is one of the creeks in the creek system of the Dommel.

This part of the landscape is mainly oriented on Agriculture and inlcudes several nature reserves.

This is the only area left within the whole system where drinking water still comes from the shallow ground water reserves, but also the place where the ground water is on it’s lowest point compared to surface level.

Step 1: diagram location transition zones It is impossible to transform the entire landscape all at ones. This diagram shows the zones within the deceleration zone that is called the transition zone. The transition zone is a strip of +/- 1 kilometer in with that facilitates a buffer zone between agriculture and nature, or between city and nature to prevent the plltion of ground water.

Zoom-in of the strategy showing the 5 main zones of transformation in this area

Vessem

Upstream zoom-in

136

Vessem - Upstream

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

0m

400m

800m

current situation, areal picture

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Vessem - Upstream

137

Precipitation rainfall

Creek

Precipitation rainfall Surface water

Evaporation Creek Valley

Ditches

Evaporation

Evaporation Evaporation

Lowering groundwater levels

Evaporation Evaporation

Evaporation Minimal to no infiltration

Minimal to no infiltration

Evaporation

Lowering groundwater levels

Lowering groundwater levels

Minimal to no infiltration

Current Watersystem Map with weirs and ditches facilitating a fast draining landscape.

Transporting water as fast as possible towards the creek

138

Vessem - Upstream

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Historically restored Infiltration lake (Ven) Inundationzone Precipitation rainfall Precipitation rainfall

seepage wet-forest floodable forest (creek valley) creek valley

new water

existing water

Evaporation rooftop water

Evaporation

Evaporation

Infiltration

average groundwaterlevel: -1,4m Seepage

Vessem

Watersystem map

Future Watersystem Taking out the weirs and ditches and putting complete focus on infiltration and the storing of water in the soil, in surface water and if necessary in or on top of man made structures

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Vessem - Upstream

139

Recreational routes

Swampy forest maintained by lifestock

Kleine Beerze

Waterbuffalo’s in de swampy field s with high grass

Agroforesty landscape

Dike

Little baby

Bigscale life stock farm

+24.4M

+23.4M

+19.6M

1:100 1:20.000

20m

On permeable layer

Decelaration zone

10m

100m

Transition zone

Creek valley

Creek

Creek valley

200m

section

140

Vessem - Upstream

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Se

eepage zone +21.6M

+24.6M

Transition zone

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water Deceleration zone Main infiltration zone

Vessem - Upstream

141

Drinking water source (under the impurvious layer)

The Buikheide

Land dune

Extensive life stock farming

Drinking water source (ground water)

Dry forest

Agroforesty landscape

Buildings drainage drained onto the public space

Fruit trees

Restored historical water buffering lake

E

G

N

MIDDELBEERS

Vessem

Upstream zoom-in

H

A day in Vessem

Paludiculture • Ecological friendly farming in a floodable or swampy landscape • Extensive lifestock farming ( calfs / waterbuffalo’s) / • Extensive specified crops (Lisdodde / Cat’s-tail)

Dune Landscape • Minimize vegetation, especially pine trees and stimulate the moorland landscape to improve infiltration and water storage

Precision agriculture • Ecologically friendly and water friendly agriculture using a special way of irrigation, small agricultural instruments and computerised monitoring to make sure there is maximum infiltration into the soil

Tree lined lanes • Restoring and strenghtening the quality of the typical tree land of brabant that forms the main grid of the historical cultural landscape

Historical retention lakes • Restoring dried up or reclaimed lakes for extra water retention, better and slower infiltration, bringing back the historical quality of a landscape full of these lakes (vennen)

Recreational routes • Intensifying bike and walking routes making the landscape more permeable, bringing back the historical quality of the cultural small coullissen landscape

A

Old production forest

B

Historical Haylandscape

C

Nature reserve ‘Landschotse heide’

D

Nature reserve ‘Oirschotse heide’

E

Water cleaning facility (RWZI)

F

Drinking water Source

G

Water factory

H

Historical coulissen landscape

I

Recreative fishing

J

Historical tree lined lane

K

Historical forest lane

L

Old mill

M

Look out point

N

Town hall Middelbeers

O

Country shop

P

Sawmill wood production

Q

Beer Brewery

R

Historical tower

P

A

C

Wet Forest • Riparian forest / swampy wet forest to make space for seepage water to make its way to the surface and create extra water buffer capacity

Wooden bank landscape (houtwallen landschap) • Restoring the borders between farm fields to widen and instensify the ecological structure. This will bring regular farming fields in better connection to the rest of the landscape.

Agroforest • Between natural or waterfriendly zones and regular city scapes or agriculture to create a buffer between them.

• Agricultural landscape that forms a bufferzone and slows down ground water through the placement of tree lines parallel to the creek, making the drainage system inefficient, giving the soil the time to clean the water beter before it arrives in the creek.

Historical agricultural landscape • Cherisching parts of the old agricultural landuse structures, keeping the history of the landscape in tact.

Vessem Future Vision

new situation

P

142

Vessem - Upstream

0m

200m

400m

OOSTELBEERS

I

O

R

D

P KLEINE BEERSZE

B

I

J

M

F

K

P

H

E

G

L VESSEM

Q

O

Vessem - Upstream

143

144

145

Boxtel

Down-stream 1:5000 Boxtel. Taken at the edge of the village, flowting into the surrounding natures and agricultural landscape.

The Dommel and a human made canal flow through the village.

The zoom-in of Boxtel shows a typical big village of Brabant with mainly small scale living.

In and around Boxtel the groundwaterlevel lies right beneath the surface. It lies in the flat bottem part of the creek system with barely any hight differences

Step 1: diagram location transition zones

Zoom-in of the strategy showing the 5 main zones of transformation in this area

It is impossible to transform the entire landscape all at ones. This diagram shows the zones within the deceleration zone that is called the transition zone. The transition zone is a strip of +/- 1 kilometer in with that facilitates a buffer zone between agriculture and nature, or between city and nature to prevent the plltion of ground water.

Boxtel

Downstream zoom-in

146

Boxtel - Downstream

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

0m

200m

400m

current situation, areal picture

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Boxtel - Downstream

147

Water cleaning facility

Surface water

Ditches

Precipitation rainfall Creek valley

Precipitation rainfall

Broekbos Evaporation

Creek valley

Evaporation

Evaporation Evaporation

Evaporation

Minimal to no infiltration Lowering groundwater levels Lowering groundwater levels

Evaporation Lowering groundwater levels

Evaporation Minimal to no infiltration

Lowering groundwater levels

Lowering groundwater levels Minimal to no infiltration Lowering groundwater levels

Current Watersystem Map with weirs and ditches facilitating a fast draining landscape.

Transporting water as fast as possible towards the creek

148

Boxtel - Downstream

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

new water existing water creek valley Precipitation rainfall Precipitation rainfall seepage wet-forest

floodable forest (creek valley)

Inundationzone

NEW Infiltration lake (Ven)

average groundwaterlevel: -0,25m Infiltration

Seepage

Infiltration

Boxtel

Watersystem map

Future Watersystem Taking out the weirs and ditches and putting complete focus on infiltration and the storing of water in the soil, in surface water and if necessary in or on top of man made structures

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Boxtel - Downstream

149

+6.3M +7.8M

20m

On permeable layer

Boxtel 10m - Downstream

50m

150

Boxtel - Downstream Seepage zone Transition zone

100m

section

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

city forest

Elevated public spaces

Green roofs and terraces

Urban farming

city swamp

Wadi streets and gardens

Estate restaurant

Estate Sparrenrijk

Historical Rabatten forest

+7.4M

Deceleration zone +4.7M

Transition zone

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water Creek +8.0M +7.5M

Creek Valley +7.8M

Boxtel - Downstream

Boxtel - Downstream

151

Wadi streets

Wadi gardens

Floodable city

New wet water buffer

Bridge that makes room for the creek

The Dommel

city forest

Green roofs and terraces

Elevated public spaces

Regular city

Car parking in front of your house

way to the surface

Boxtel

Downstream zoom-in

A day in Boxtel

Dune Landscape • Minimize vegetation, especialy pine trees and stimulate the moorland landscape to improve infiltration and water storage

Coulissen landscape • Improving water retention, minimisation of evaporation with a smaller scale landuse, variety of crops and within this structure more trees and scrubs.

• Restoring the old historical structure known to Brabant which improves the permeability of the landscape for its users

Agroforest • Between natural or waterfriendly zones and regular city scapes or agriculture to create a buffer between them.

• Agricultural landscape that forms a bufferzone and slows down ground water through the placement of tree lines parallel to the creek, making the drainage system inefficient, which gives the soil the time to clean the water beter before it arrives in the creek.

City swamp • Minimizing paved surfaces in the streets, building wadi streets making space for seepage water to make its way to the surface

Bridged infrastructure

A

Estate Sparrenrijk

B

Estate Venrode

C

Water cleaning facility (RWZI)

D

Cemetery Munsel

E

Waterboard Dommel watershed

F

Primeval time museum

G

Train station Boxtel

H

Medieval center Boxtel

I

Park Molenwijk

J

Historical production forest

K

Boxtelsche watermill

L

Historical hayland

M

Highway A2

N

Lake ‘De Langspier’

O

Tree nursery Boxtel

P

Kano club Boxtel

Q

Rugby sports club

R

Boxtel car parking hub

O

J

A

N

• Transforming infrastructure in the creek valley into bridges preventing water obstruction and increasing flexibility for the creek

Floodable city • Minimizing urbanization and transformation into flood water protected architecture, expanding the flexibility of the creek, increasing natural qualities within the city

Historical town center • Building little dikes at the edge of the historical city centre where there is no space for other measures to be taken. To prevent the creek form damaging the old centres or important non transformable neighbourhoods or buildings

Regular city • Places of less importance to the watersystem, maximizing infiltration (the cleanest water possible) is still one of the goals in this area but these zones are far enough out of the way for it to be of less consequence to the entire system. Calling it phase 2

I

City forest • Minimizing paved areas and densify with a forest like structure, improving infiltration, slowing down drainage of water heading towards the creek, filtering dirt out of the water

City swamp • Minimizing paved surfaces in the streets, building wadi streets making space for seepage water to make its way to the surface

R

Boxtel Future Vision

new situation

152

Boxtel - Downstream

0m

100m

200m

L

B

C F

R

M

R

E

P Q D

R

OMLEIDINGSKANAAL DOMMEL

DOMMEL

K

BEERZE H

BOXTEL

Boxtel - Downstream G

153

154

155

Eindhoven

Mid-stream 1:2.500 Eindoven. The Dommel flows through thtis part of the city. The city has big ambitions for thsi part of the city.

In the future this area now filled with university campusses must become one of the cities green veins where nature flows right to the centre of the city. Built as a park with a pavilion way of implementing program into it. Eindhoven is one of the few cities in the watershed, and this particular part of the city shows a bigger scale of urbanisation, intensified program and space for innovation and testing fields.A perfect area to start.

Step 1: diagram location transition zones It is impossible to transform the entire landscape all at ones. This diagram shows the zones within the deceleration zone that is called the transition zone. The transition zone is a strip of +/- 1 kilometer in with that facilitates a buffer zone between agriculture and nature, or between city and nature to prevent the plltion of ground water.

Zoom in of the strategy showing the 5 main zones of transformation in this area

Eindhoven

Midstream zoom-in

156

Eindhoven - Midstream

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

0m

100m

200m

current situation, areal picture

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Eindhoven - Midstream

157

Creek Valley

Creek Valley Precipitation rainfall Precipitation rainfall

Canal

Evaporation

DItch

Evaporation

Lowering groundwater levels

Evaporation

Evaporation

Lowering groundwater levels Minimal to no infiltration

Minimal to no infiltration

Lowering groundwater levels

Evaporation Lowering groundwater levels

Minimal to no infiltration

Evaporation Lowering groundwater levels

Lowering groundwater levels

Minimal to no infiltration

Current Watersystem Map with weirs and ditches facilitating a fast draining landscape.

Transporting water as fast as possible towards the creek

158

Eindhoven - Midstream

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

floodable forest (creek valley)

Precipitation rainfall

creek valley

Precipitation rainfall seepage wet-forest

new water

Inundationzone

existing water

NEW Infiltration lake (Ven) rooftop water

Evaporation Evaporation

Evaporation

Infiltration

average groundwaterlevel: -0,8m

Seepage

Eindhoven

Watersystem map

Future Watersystem Taking out the weirs and ditches and putting complete focus on infiltration and the storing of water in the soil, in surface water and if necessary in or on top of man made structures

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Eindhoven - Midstream

159

+15.6M +15.8M +13.5M

0.0 NAP

10m

On permeable layer

5m

160 Seepage zone

25m

Eindhoven - Midstream Creek valley

50m

section

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water Creek

The Dommel

Testing lakes

Technical university campus Eindhoven

Insulindelaan

Bridge that makes room for the creek

New wet water buffer

Forest rooftop garden

Fontys

Sportspark Hondsheuvel

+16.4M +18.2M

Creek valley

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Eindhoven - Midstream

161

bridges inbetween buildings

Rooftop public spaces

Elevated public spaces

New wet water buffer

Floodable buildings

Urban farming

New wet water buffer

Wadi

nature running underneath

Buildings drainage drained onto the public space

New water connectionsl

Floodable park

Wet forest • Riparian forest - swampy wet forest to make space for seepage water to make its way to the surface and create extra water buffer capacity

City dune • Minimize vegetation and paved areas on street level on the higher sandy soil areas to improve infiltration

Eindhoven

Midstream zoom-in

A day in Eindhoven

Floodable city • Minimize urbanization and transform into flood water protected architecture • Expanding the flexibility of the creek • Increasing natural qualities within the city

Elevated public space • Minimizing paved areas in the streets • Maximizing infiltration and creating sunny spots above the trees

Bridged infrastructure • Transforming infrastructure in the creek valley into bridges preventing water obstruction and increasing flexibility for the creek

Recreational routes • Intensifying bike and walking routes making the landscape more permeable • Bringing back the historical quality of the cultural small coullissen landscape

City forest • Minimize paved areas and densify with a forest like structure • Improving infiltration • Slowing down drainage of water heading towards the creek • Filtering dirt out of the water

A

Karpendonkseplas

B

IJzerenman

C

Campus Technical university Eindhoven

D

Sportspark Hondsheuvel

E

Hospital Maxima medisch centrum Eindhoven

F

Old watermill

G

Water testing lakes

H

Cemetary Oude toren

I

Water cleaning facility Eindhoven (RWZI)

J

De Karpendonkse Hoeve

K

Archery club

L

Parking hub

M

Running track

N

Fontys University

O

Bird Island

P

Sport center Technical Unversity Eindhoven

Q

Peppelrode

R

Insulindelaan

S

Walkingpark Eckart

T

Urban plan from ‘van Embolen’

EUROPALAAN

H

JOHN F. KENNEDYLAAN

EINDHOVEN

Urban Farming • Using the city and places of innovation as breeding grounds towards new ways of farming

L

Paludiculture • Ecological friendly farming in a floodable or swampy landscape • Extensive lifestock farming ( calfs / waterbuffalo’s) • Extensive specified crops (Lisdodde / Cat’s-tail)

Extra water retention • Adding extra water retention and infiltration lakes • Plan floodable planes to flood in case of high water, like sportsfields in the city

Green roofs • Extra water storage on rooftops, gardens, forests to retain and store extra water

City swamp • Minimizing paved surfaces in the streets, building wadi streets making space for seepage water to make its way to the surface

Wet forest • Riparian forest - swampy wet forest to make space for seepage water to make its way to the surface and create extra water buffer capacity

L

City dune • Minimize vegetation and paved areas on street level on the higher sandy soil areas to improve infiltration

Eindhoven Future Vision

new situation

162

Eindhoven - Midstream

0m

50m

100m

F

S

I DE BOOMERANG

L

K

ORPHEUSLAAN

L Q

D

E

O A

N M

J

L

INSULINDELAAN

P DOMMEL

R

G T C

B

EISENHOWERLAAN 163 Eindhoven - Midstream

164

165

Concluding

166

Concluding

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Conclusie; Landscape Saturad by water

The warm nostalgia that accompanied the swirling irrigation systems watering the agricultural field accross the street of my parents home changed for me into a reminder that the clock is ticking.

The last couple of years we have seen the consequenses of climate change and the way we occupy the landscape. Drought and flooding, losses in agriculture, pending drinkwater shortages and a steep decrease in biodiversity are just a few of these consequenses we are dealing with already today and the changes are high it is going to get even more extreme in the next years.

During the process of this project i realised that the watershed of the Dommel en actually all the sandy soils in the Netherlands are dealing with a way bigger number of challanges and danger than i could have imagined before.

With sea level rising and salinity problems in the west of the Netherlands, the east and south has often been painted as the solution for density, farming and drinking water solutions, not knowing the this part of the Netherlands is dealing with its own issues and challanges. Because of continuous densification, monoculture, intensification, maintenance and upscaling of agricultural plots the sandy soils are already overcrowed and lacking space for a future proof system.

The water within the watershed of the Dommel was historically flexible and worked together with the soil and hight differences to create its own utopic system. A system with beautiful nature and because af all the little hight differences it was an area with a lot of diversity and precious rare species. Only for humans the living conditions where not ideal. Poor sandy soils and on other spots wet feet prevented farmers to grow crops, breed life stock and prevented people from building houses. With the increase of technical advances in water management and the invention of the right kind of furtalisers profits where not dependend on the natural water system or the richness of the soil. With the need to expand and facilitate the economy, these new innovations whiped away a lot of the indigenous nature and put people and technology in charge of growth and the shape of the landscape.

Looking back at the proces we can realise that this has been the start of many of todays problems the landscape is facing and with the our excistence in the landscape.

This project proposes a new system where we give water once again the leading role in de development and land use choices of the landscape. Setting a solid base. Because only with a healthy water system and enough water we can live in a landscape. When this base is in order than we can start to see what is possible and what kind of occupations can fit within its system.

The water works together with the soil it floats through. The soil can store, clean and slow down the water, bring it to the right spots and add the right minirals to it.

This power couple is the base for a perfect system.

In this area we can find 5 different sand and water zones that will determine the form of living, the kind of nature and the way we do agriculture Following this strategy will make it possible for nature and human to enjoy the Dommel and its landscape around it for many years to come.

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Concluding

167

168

169

Credits

Acknowledgements The results of the project would not have been possible without the suport and help of my Committee members and advisors that helped met throughout the entire process .

Commission Saline Verhoeven (mentor) Jandirk Hoekstra Paul de Kort

External advisors Roelof Stuurman Eric Jan Bijlard

Additional professional support - Hanneke Kijne - JeanneTan - The academy of Architecture - The municipality op Amsterdam Friends and Family And a special thanks to loving friends and family that helped throughout the entire proces

170

Credits

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

THE DOMMEL - On the Creek - Venbergen

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Credits

171

LITERATURE

172

Credits

•

Anp. (2020, 15 mei). Meerdere waterschappen stellen nu al sproeiverbod in. Trouw. https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/meerdere-waterschappen-stellen-nu-al-sproeiverbod-in~b3138b1f/

•

Architecture, A. A. O., & B. (2013). Marit janse zouitkristallen. Issuu. https://issuu.com/bouwkunst/docs/marit_janse-zouitkristallen

•

Besselink, G. (2020, 10 september). Nationaal Park De Loonse en Drunense Duinen | ANWB. ANWB. https://www.anwb.nl/eropuit/dagje-uit/nederland/ natuurgebieden/de-loonse-en-drunense-duinen Verwijzing in de tekst

•

Boom, N.-. (2018, 5 juli). “De term droogte is erg complex”. Nieuws Droogte | Boerenbusiness.nl. https://www.boerenbusiness.nl/artikel/10879155/determ-droogte-is-erg-complex

•

Borremans, M. (2003). Trickland [Oil on canvas]. David Zwirner, New York, United States.

•

Bouma, J. (2020, 15 mei). Grote droogte: akkergrond verstuift en er verdampt meer dan dat er regen valt. Trouw. https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/grotedroogte-akkergrond-verstuift-en-er-verdampt-meer-dan-dat-er-regen-valt~bebeb859/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F

•

Brouwers, B. (2019, 8 november). Brainport Eindhoven heeft hoogste managementkwaliteit van het land - Raboresearch signaleert financieel voordeel.

Innovation Origins. https://innovationorigins.com/nl/brainport-eindhoven-heeft-hoogste-managementkwaliteit-van-het-land-raboresearch-signaleert-financieel-voordeel/

•

Buijs, G. J. (2020, 26 mei). Sparren in Brabantse bossen vallen massaal om door de droogte. Eindhovens Dagblad. https://www.ed.nl/brabant/sparren-in-brabantse-bossen-vallen-massaal-om-door-de-droogte~aea94a7c/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F

•

Cordewener, K. (2020a, juni 26). Brabant gaat verdroging en wateroverlast aanpakken, volgens de PVV is Forum overgelopen naar links. Omroep Brabant. https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/3221867/brabant-gaat-verdroging-en-wateroverlast-aanpakken-volgens-de-pvv-is-forum-overgelopennaar-links

•

Cordewener, K. (2020b, juni 26). Brabant gaat verdroging en wateroverlast aanpakken, volgens de PVV is Forum overgelopen naar links. Omroep Brabant. https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/3221867/brabant-gaat-verdroging-en-wateroverlast-aanpakken-volgens-de-pvv-is-forum-overgelopennaar-links

•

Coster, A. (2020, 10 september). Brabantse boeren zetten schouders onder droogtemaatregelen | Akkerwijzer.nl - Nieuws en kennis voor de akkerbouwers. Akkerwijzer.nl. https://www.akkerwijzer.nl/artikel/257030-brabantse-boeren-zetten-schouders-onder-droogtemaatregelen/

•

D. (2020a, augustus 1). Wandel de Huisvennenroute in de Kampina. Stripe Away. https://stripeaway.nl/wandel-huisvennenroute-kampina/

•

De Scheirder, K. (2020). Provincie Antwerpen neemt bijkomende droogtemaatregelen op onbevaarbare waterlopen. hln.be. https://www.hln.be/antwerpen/ provincie-antwerpen-neemt-bijkomende-droogtemaatregelen-op-onbevaarbare-waterlopen~a458f015/

•

Fabrique [ merken, design & interactie ]. (z.d.). H+N+S Landschapsarchitecten -. H+N+S Landschapsarchitecten. http://www.hnsland.nl/nl/people/ jandirk-hoekstra

•

Fabrique [ merken, design & interactie ]. (2013). H+N+S Landscape architects - Land art park Buitenschot. H+N+S Landscape architects. http://www. hnsland.nl/en/projects/land-art-park-buitenschot

•

Geujen, C., & Mol, A. (2007). Brabant Waterland (1ste editie). Provincie Noord-Brabant.

•

HILDEGARDVDG. (2011, 19 januari). BRABANTS LANDSCHAP. vroegevogels.bnnvara. https://vroegevogels.bnnvara.nl/community/fotos/landschappen/n-a/44115

•

Ibañez, D., Hutton, J., & Moe, K. (2020). Wood Urbanism. Actar D.

•

L. (2020b, juli 12). Fotoserie: Koeien bij een ontginningsboerderij. Liesbethblogt.nl. http://liesbethblogt.nl/fotoserie-koeien-bij-een-ontginningsboerderij/

•

Limburg, D. (2017, 15 november). Noordbrabants Museum doet met Van Goghs ‘Collse watermolen’ recordaankoop. NRC. https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/11/16/kunstmarkt-noordbrabants-museum-doet-met-van-goghs-collse-watermolen-recordaankoop-14048715-a1581352

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

•

Linders, T., & Otterdijk, F. (2020, 11 augustus). Tientallen vissen verhuisd naar ander water om ze te redden van de droogte. Omroep Brabant. https:// www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/3241864/tientallen-vissen-verhuisd-naar-ander-water-om-ze-te-redden-van-de-droogte

•

NOS. (2020, 28 augustus). “Natuur staat door droogte op aantal plekken op omvallen”. https://nos.nl/artikel/2345757-natuur-staat-door-droogte-op-aantal-plekken-op-omvallen.html

•

Press. (2017, 4 augustus). Precision Farming Takes to the Skies with Aerobotics. Just Drones. https://justdrones.com.au/precision-farming-takes-skies-aerobotics/

•

Prinsen, S. (2020, 4 juni). Acute droogte Midden- en Zuidoost-Brabant vraagt om zuinig watergebruik. Natuurmonumenten. https://www.natuurmonumenten.nl/nieuws/acute-droogte-midden-en-zuidoost-brabant-vraagt-om-zuinig-watergebruik

•

Redactie. (2013, 26 juni). 5 Vragen aan: Paul de Kort. Straatbeeld. https://www.straatbeeld.nl/nieuws/260613/5-vragen-aan-paul-de-kort

•

Redactie, & Yhoitink. (2014, 28 juli). Nieuwe particuliere fruitboomgaarden in Gelderland. De Erfgoedstem. https://erfgoedstem.nl/nieuwe-particuliere-fruitboomgaarden-gelderland/

•

Renaturation of the River Aire, Geneva « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine. (z.d.). Landezine. http://landezine.com/index.php/2016/06/renaturation-of-the-river-aire-geneva/

•

Rexwinkel, S. (2020, 7 juli). Mega-varkensstal Oirschot aan zijden draad | Stal-en-Akker.nl - Landbouwnieuws voor Zuid-Nederland. Stal-en-Akker.nl. https://www.stal-en-akker.nl/artikel/215837-mega-varkensstal-oirschot-aan-zijden-draad/

•

Ruimte met Toekomst - Relatietheorie. (2013). Ruimtexmilieu. http://www.ruimtexmilieu.nl/wiki/oude-doos/relatietheorie

•

Saanen, B. (2020, 11 juni). Dringende oproep om minder water te gebruiken vanwege acute droogte. Omroep Brabant. https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/ nieuws/3213322/dringende-oproep-om-minder-water-te-gebruiken-vanwege-acute-droogte

•

Sijmons, D., & Hendriks, M. (2020). EO Wijers 11 - Verrukkelijk landschap (1ste editie). Blauwdruk.

•

ten Hooven, M. (2020, 29 januari). Landschapspijn. De Groene Amsterdammer. https://www.groene.nl/artikel/landschapspijn

•

van Delft, B. (2020). - Het Kennisnetwerk Ontwikkeling en Beheer Natuurkwaliteit (OBN). Natuurkennis.nl. https://www.natuurkennis.nl/landschappen/ droog-zandlandschap/droog-zandlandschap/algemeen-droogzand/

•

Verhoeven, S. (2013). Saline verhoeven [Portret]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/salineverhoeven

•

Verhoeven, S., Wiskerke, J. S. C., & Reijnen, L. (2018). Flourishing Foodscapes. Valiz.

•

Wijn, B. (2019, 5 augustus). Een koe in de wei vraagt meer dan de staldeuren openzetten. Nederland voedselland. https://www.nederlandvoedselland.nl/ artikel/een-koe-in-de-wei-vraagt-meer-dan-de-staldeuren-openzetten

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Credits

173

174

Credits

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

BRAEC Landscape saturated by water Monique Verstappen Master Landscape Architecture Academy of Architecture, Amsterdam Aug. 24, 2021 Amsterdam

Commission Saline Verhoeven (mentor) Jandirk Hoekstra Paul de Kort

External commission Maike van Stiphout Eric Luiten

External advisor Roelof Stuurman © 2021 Monique Verstappen verstappenmonique@gmail.com

BRAEC, Landscape saturated by water

Credits