Sharon Sportel -In Between Green

IN BETWEEN GREEN

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF JERUSALEMS NO-MAN’S LAND Sharon Sportel Graduation Project Amsterdam Academy for Architecture October 25, 2022

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In Between Green

The past, present and future of Jerusalem’s No-Man’s Land Graduation project Sharon Sportel Amsterdam University of the Arts Academy of Architecture MSc in Architecture 25-10-2022 Committee Bart Bulter(mentor) Marc Schoonderbeek Micha de Haas Added members: Wouter Kroeze Daria Naugolnova

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Assignment

Before 1948, Jerusalem was a shared city between different cultures and religions, controlled and regulated by Great Britain. When the State of Israel was founded in 1948, land was conquered east of the British territory, and between Jordan property and Israeli property of Jerusalem arrised a barrier which was meant to be a buffer zone, when the contracts were signed between Israel and Jordan. This buffer zone quickly turned into a non-owned zone and therefore a complete opposite land as a gap: a broad barrier in the form of emptiness was set and a Westand East-Jerusalem were born. Families were torn and Arabs and Jews fled to ‘the other side’ along with their own communities. This barrier was a militarised area till 1967 (Six Day War) and was known as the No-Man’s Land of Jerusalem. After 1967, when Israel also conquered East-Jerusalem, the United Nations would not recognise the land as property of Israel, so till this day it is called Israel defacto. This No Man’s land with the Green Line around it still has its scars visible in the urban context as well as in municipal regulations for maintenance of streets, sanitation, landscape and other visible city elements which create a healthy and sustainable living environment.

Although it is not always a bad place, the difference between East and West Jerusalem is remarkably obvious on a very small scale: where the former Green Line divides a neighborhood, it is already visible in the paving, the waste disposal objects in the street and the vegetation. Also is the west side of the gap higher +sea level than the east side of the gap and is the east side not even figuratively but also literally the drain of the centre of Jerusalem.

eventually for the whole city?

I’m designing a recycling factory which is driven by society and controlled / managed by the munipality of Jerusalem, bringing an equal living environment to east and west Jerusalem.

With the intervention within the old gap of No Man’s Land the gap is filled with a plastic recycling factory which is operated by the municipality (govt) and driven by society. The difference of the land in 1967 is that there is a re shared ownership, the buffer zone is created as the buffer zone and turned from a hole into a gradient from east to west and west to east.

The drain is placed within the gap to collect all the water during floods in the winter months which is used by the recycling plant to wash the waste and purify the water afterwards. The purified water is stored for draughts underneath the plant and flows through the whole site to continuously benefit the streams of the plastic waste and the streams of people who use the site continuously for public transport and trespassing from west to east and vice versa.

How can the former gap as No Man’s Land become a land which provides an equal quality of healthy environments east and wes along the green line, reduce pollution and waste and turn it into a beneficial site

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Topic

To this day, the differences of Arabic and Jewish culture in Jerusalem are very present in the city. Not only the urban tissue is shaped by the history of Israels politics, but also the division on the maps with municipal rules and therefore clear differences in landscape and urban conditions on a small scale.

The current areas as described in the Statistical Yearbooks of Jerusalem have Jewish or Arabic names, coming from the families who excavated the land to become the areas they are now. The way they are devided along the Green Line on the maps is not surprising: Often through the middle of the former No-Man’s Land: every side a piece of it. Nonetheless, once the No-Man’s Land was a gap. Now the gap between the areas is still visible in the context as a residue of those 17 years of external ownership, other than Israel or Jordan.

‘Jerusalem is a mixed city in which population groups with different religious, national, and cultural characteristics reside side-by-side. An examination of Jerusalem as a mixed city requires understanding and addressing the unique needs of its various sectors, with special attention to the points of intersection between these population groups.

The city contains physical spaces that function as boundaries between the different communities.

These areas are characterized by neglect and an atmosphere of insecurity, which prevent their optimal use.‘ 2

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VECTORWORKS EDUCATIONAL VERSION

Brief situation of Jerusalem past and present

Conflicts over Jerusalem go back thousands of years - including biblical times, the Roman Empire and the Crusaders - but the current one is a distinctly 20th-century story, with roots in colonialism, nationalism and anti-Semitism.2 Most Zionist who were intended to create a entirely Jewish state were not driven by religious goals but by concerns of nationalism and a united Israel, while the local Arab population adjusted to the reality of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, which had ruled the city since 1517.

During the British Empire (1920-1948), the aim was not merely Jerusalem, but most of all Tel Aviv: This was the Western City of Israel, where Jordanian controll was less present than in Jerusalem. But dealing with Tel Aviv, ment dealing with the backbater of interest that was called the Holy City.

‘In the life of individuals and in lives of nations emerge the worst conflicts between two prosecuted people. Only in imaginations the prosecuted solidary unite to battle against their cruel suppressors. In reality two children of the same father not automatically become allies. They often see the threatening face of their father in their brother.

Europe abused the Arabs, humiliated them with colonialism and the same Europe prosecuted the Jews. But the Arabs see us as a new arrogant part of European colonialism and extortion. And we see the Arabs not as allies in hard times, but rather like anti-Semites. Disguised nazis.’

Young Arieh in Jerusalem,1948, A Tale of Love and Darkness, 2014

1949 - 1967 Armistice Agreements

1947 UN Partition Plan LEBANON

> 1967: Annexation of Jerusalem

LEBANON SYRIA

LEBANON SYRIA

SYRIA GOLAN

(SINCE 2019)

WEST BANK

WEST BANK

WEST BANK

International Zone

JORDAN

JORDAN

GAZA

EGYPT

Israel Land Palestine Land The Armistice Green Line Source: UN Cartographic Section

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JORDAN

GAZA

EGYPT

GAZA

EGYPT

The Old City in Jerusalem Four quarters

Geula, Me'a She'arim Mekor Baruch, Zichron Moshe Bab Az-Zahara

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Nachlaot, Zichronot Musrara City Center

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Muslim Q

At-Tur, Mount of Olives

Christian Q

Jewish Q Armenian Q Rehavya Silwan Kafr' Aqb, Atarot

Konomiyut (Talbiya), YMCA Compound

Yemin Moshe

German Colony, Gonen (Old Katamon)

Ras Al-'Amud Abu Tor

Yeve Na'akov

Bet Hanina

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Pisgat Ne'ev North 1

Pisgat Ne'ev East

Ramot Alon North

Shu'afat

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22 Shu'afat, refugee camp

Ramat Shlomo

New Anata

Har Hotzvim, Sanhedria, Tel Arza

Ramot Alon South

Ramat Eshkol, Giv'at Hamivtar

Giv'at Shapira (French Hill)

Ma'alot Dafna, Shmuel Hanavi

Isawiyya

Romema

Giv'at Shaul

Wadi Al- Joz

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Geula, Me'a She'arim Mekor Baruch, Zichron Moshe Bab Az-Zahara

Har Nof

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Nachlaot, Zichronot Musrara City Center

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Kiryat Moshe, Beit Hakerem

Muslim Q

At-Tur, Mount of Olives

Christian Q Giv'at Ram Jewish Q Armenian Q

10 Rehavya

Silwan Konomiyut (Talbiya), YMCA Compound

Bayit Vagan Kiryat Hayovel (north)

German Colony, Gonen (Old Katamon)

Ras Al-'Amud

Giv'at Haradim (Rassco), Giv'at Mordechay

Abu Tor

Greek Colony Ge'ulim (Baq'a), Giv'at Hananya (Abu Tor), Yemin Moshe

12 Kiryat Hayovel (south)

Ramat Sharet, Ramat Denya Talpiot Mizrah Gonen (Katamon) A-I

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Kiryat Menahem, Ir Ganim

Jabal Mukaber Talpiot, Amona, Mekor Haim

East Talpiot (Armon Hanatziv)

Bet Zafada

Gilo (West)

16 Gilo (East)

Sur Baher

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Um Tubba

Homat Shmuel

By examining the conclusions of the field research, the main source used to discover paralel insights was the statitistic information from The Jerusalem insitute for Policy Research. Numbers are used from the year 2020.

Population schemes are divided in percentages of 'Arabs' and 'Jews & others'.

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City

Rehavya Kafr' Aqb, Atarot

Konomiyut (T YMCA Comp

German Colony, Katamo

Yeve Na'akov

Bet Hanina

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Pisgat Ne'ev North 1

Pisgat Ne'ev East

Ramot Alon North

Shu'afat

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22 Shu'afat, refugee camp

Ramat Shlomo

New Anata

Har Hotzvim, Sanhedria, Tel Arza

Ramot Alon South

Ramat Eshkol, Giv'at Hamivtar

Giv'at Shapira (French Hill)

Ma'alot Dafna, Shmuel Hanavi

Isawiyya

Romema

Giv'at Shaul

Wadi Al- Joz

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Geula, Me'a She'arim Mekor Baruch, Zichron Moshe Bab Az-Zahara

Har Nof

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Nachlaot, Zichronot Musrara City Center

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Kiryat Moshe, Beit Hakerem

Muslim Q

At-Tur, Mount of Olives

Christian Q Giv'at Ram Jewish Q Armenian Q

10 Rehavya

Silwan Ein Kerem, Kiryat Hadassah

Konomiyut (Talbiya), YMCA Compound

Bayit Vagan Kiryat Hayovel (north)

German Colony, Gonen (Old Katamon)

Ras Al-'Amud

Giv'at Haradim (Rassco), Giv'at Mordechay

Abu Tor

Greek Colony Ge'ulim (Baq'a), Giv'at Hananya (Abu Tor), Yemin Moshe

12 Kiryat Hayovel (south)

Ramat Sharet, Ramat Denya Talpiot Mizrah Gonen (Katamon) A-I

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Jabal Mukaber

11 Kiryat Menahem, Ir Ganim

Talpiot, Amona, Mekor Haim

East Talpiot (Armon Hanatziv)

Bet Zafada

Gilo (West)

16 Gilo (East)

Sur Baher

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Um Tubba

Homat Shmuel

Current statistic areas of Jerusalem

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Jews '& others' Areas Arab Areas Old City

By examining the conclusions of the field research, the main source used to discover paralel insights was the statitistic information from The Jerusalem insitute for Policy Research. Numbers are used from the year 2020.

Municipal boundaries unilaterally extended

by Israel between 1967-1993

Population schemes are divided in percentages of 'Arabs' and 'Jews & others'.

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Analysis of locations Five locations along the Green Line and the inbetween No-Man’s Land

During stays of each one week I walked in several places in Jerusalem where the resources claimed that an Un-united Jerusalem was the most visible. My questions were mostly about the clearity of the ‘border zones’ and why this was the case. The main differences were found at the edges of Jewish and Arab areas and the statististics of the Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research emphasized my feelings about these edges. I would like to refer to gaps instead of borders, because the borders are never one single line: there is always a space inbetween which is used by both communities or even not used at all. The history of the gap is important to form a conclusion of the place when I experience this in field research. I walked an biked 320 km over the hills of Jerusalem and mainly to spot the differences. However, I also visited neighborhoods like Gilo, Kiryat Menahem, Pisgat Ze’Ev and Ramot Polin to experience an anonimous way of living in Jerusalem as individuals and living as a community.

Mt. Scopus

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FIELD RESEARCH

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Field research Five locations along the Green Line and the inbetween No-Man’s Land

During the field research trips I documented a few biking an walking trails with pictures, hights, speed and environmental conditions as wind and temperature. The main goal was trying to define the biggest differences and the closest visible between cultures, landscape, views, urban conditions, infrastructure and landscape conditions. The biggest differences documented in picture and film are exactly on the border of the Armistice Green Line from 1948 - 1967, on which the UN states nobody owns anything from this land. Because of the whole it bares between East and West Jerusalem areas, I interpreted this land as a gap.

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Mt. Scopus 500 m

300 m

50 m

50 m

500 m

50 m

700 m

Most tense borderlines related to the No Man's Land Routes / research tracks Old City Green line No Man's-Land

50 m

The amount of differences is greater at the border of the Armistice Green Line and the East of Jerusalem: Differences in trash amount, vegetation conditions, facade conditions and population in the streets

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RESEARCH ANALYSIS MA’ALOT DAFNA - SJEIKH JARRAH

Field research

Five locations along the Green Line and the inbetween No-Man’s Land

Track length in total: 3928 m Lightrail track from south to north (1052 m distance)

Ma'Alot Dafna

16.58

772 m

17.15

1

2

17.19

3 17.05

4 10.01

10.24 17.25

607 m

9 Bab Al Zahara

1077 m

10.35 17.21

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630 m

842 m

August 11, '19 November 13, '19

796,7 m

780 m

770 m 760 m 749 m 15.40

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15.50

16.45

17.00

17.10

10.24

10.35

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Parked cars Traffic

Trees / plants Green conditions

Waste managament Waste amount

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Ma'alot Dafna Sjeikh Jarrah(A) MA’ALOT DAFNA (J) - SHEIKH JARRAH (A) - BAB AZ-ZAHARA

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Bab Al Zahara Damascus Gate

RESEARCH ANALYSIS ABU TOR

Abu Tor is one one the areas where different communities live together.

However: When passing the old Armistice Green Line, the landscape, streets and welfare are literally and figuratively are going down. Jerusalem services do not provide anymore and this is visible in the urban fabric. In mapping the differences of conditions of elements, the maintainance of cars, facades, fences, street and waste is lacking in a very short distance from the eastern border of the Green Line. However this distance is only 20m, the landscape makes the distance grow exponentially by the steep valley when entering the Muslim area.

Track length in total: 2550m

872 m

15.40

15.50

16.00

16.08

990 m

688 m

750m

725m

700m 695,3m 15.40

15.50

16.00

16.10

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8 2

18

16.20

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Parked cars Traffic

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Trees / plants Green Waste conditions managament Waste amount

Waste managament Waste amount

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Ma'alot Dafna

ABU TOR (J & A)

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Sjeikh Jarrah

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Bab Al Zahara Damascus Gat

RESEARCH ANALYSIS JABBAL AL MUKABBER - TALPIOT MIZRAH RESEARCH ANALYSIS JABBAL AL MUKABBER - TALPIOT MIZRAH 1

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9 3

9 8 4 8 5

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RESEARCH ANALYSIS JABBAL AL MUKABBER - TALPIOT MIZRAH 6

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RESEARCH ANALYSIS JABBAL AL MUKABBER - TALPIOT MIZRAH 1

1757 m

3

13.45

13.35

13.45

13.35

2

13.55 14.29

1757 m

9 13.55

2

14.29

3 8 4

14.05

14.25

5

8

14.25

1275 m

2075 m

14.05

9 2075 m

4 1275 m

7 6

5 14.15

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784,1 m 780 m

784,1 m 13.55

770 m 13.45

13.35

760 m

770 m

14.05

14.25

750 m

740 m

1275 m

14.05

740 m

730 m

2075 m

690 m 689,1 m 13.35

14.15 700 m

540 m 690 m 689,1 m 13.35

13.45

13.55 784,1 m

760 m

780 m

750 m

770 m

740 m

760 m

730 m

750 m

14.15

13.45

14.15

14.05

14.25

14.15

14.05

13.55

14.35

14.25

Track length in total: 5647 m

740 m

720 m

730 m

710 m

720 m

700 m

710 m 13.45

13.55

14.25

14.15

14.05

14.35

700 m 690 m 689,1 m 13.35

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Track length in total: 5647 m

540 m

770 m

690 m 689,1 m 13.35

1275 m

710 m

720 m

780 m

14.25

720 m

730 m

700 m

13.55

750 m

14.29

760 m

2075 m

784,1 m

1757 m

14.29 780 m

710 m

Track length in total: 5647 m

540 m 1757 m

13.45

13.35

Track length in total: 5647 m

540 m 6

14.15

13.45

13.55

14.05

14.15

14.25

14.35

14.

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Parked cars Traffic

Trees / plants Green conditions

Waste managament Waste amount

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Ma'alot Dafna (A)- TALPIOT MIZRAH (J) JABAL AL MUKABER

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Sjeikh Jarrah

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Bab Al Zahara Damascus Gat

The Green Line from 1949 - 1967 or since 1949

‘Despite the formal removal of the ‘green line’ boundary over twenty-eight years ago, this line remains strongly imprinted on the mental maps held by both Israelis and Palestinians. For the former, the image of the West Bank as a separate territory has left its mark despite the strong processes of political socialisation discussed above.

This has been due to some of the paradoxical outcomes of Israeli government policy, which have resulted in the opposite outcome to that desired by its policy-makers. For the Palestinians, the ‘green line’ represents the realistic boundary of the maximal territorial extent of any future Palestinian autonomous or sovereign territory. It is a territory which has existed in the past and therefore has a concrete image for the future.‘1 The Green Line is established in 1949, after the Arab-Israeli war and set the State of Israel. The Green Line is not subject of discussion within the Israeli Government and is therefore not seen on the municipal maps and GIS provided by the municipality. Though this border is visibly still seen in the urban fabric by changes in the landscape (hills going down, different vegetation) and use of the public space by its inhabitants. When you look at the maps provided by Google, the 1949 Armistice Green Line is the only border you will see when looking at the map of Jerusalem.

This has many causes and reasons and will explain why Jerusalem is so important to the world’s politics.

It was originally demarcated as part of the Rhodes Peace Agreements between Israel and Jordan in 1949, following the War of Independence.2 The Green Line is drawn together with the red line by the commanders of Israel, Moshe Dayan, and Jordan, Abullah El Tell. They drew the lines with pencils over a map from august 1944.

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As Newman describes in his articles and briefings, they drew it with an intentional overlap: the red line of Jordan crosses the Old City of Jerusalem to the west of Jerusalem and so does the green drawn line of Israel to the eastern part of the Old City.

It means there was there was a shared ownership in this decision. However, the intention was to create a buffer zone across the Old City, the UN Partition Plan created two Green Lines, dividing the zones in three: West Jerusalem (Israel), East Jerusalem (Jordan) and No Man’s Land inbetween them. This No Man’s Land is still visible in city regulations, the streets, the population differences and the face of the urban conditions around the edges of No Man’s Land.

THE GREEN LINE

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Mt. Scopus

WEST JERUSALEM

5,64 km

Mt. Scopus: Neutral Enclave

EAST JERUSALEM

2,89 km Red Line drawn by Abdullah el-Tell (Jordan) Green Line drawn by Moshe Dayan (Israel) Militarised Area 1949 - 1967 Old City Green line No Man's-Land

Green & Red Pencil Lines drawn in 1949 after the Armistice Agreements between Israel and Jordan

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Militarised Zone also known as: the No-Man’s Land of Jerusalem between 1948 - 1967

EAST JERUSALEM

5,64 km

WEST JERUSALEM

Mt. Scopus

2,89 km Red Line drawn by Abdullah el-Tell (Jordan) Green Line drawn by Moshe Dayan (Israel) Militarised Area 1949 - 1967 Old City Green line

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No Man's-Land

Green & Red Pencil Lines drawn in 1949 after the Armistice Agreements between Israel and Jordan

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Red Line drawn by Abdullah el-Tell (Jordan) Green Line drawn by Moshe Dayan (Israel) Militarised Area 1949 - 1967 Old City Green line No Man's-Land

If Jordan and Israel agreed to the shared land between West and East Jerusalem, this means there would have been an buffer zone where both could make use of. Documents and agreements signed by Levi Eskhol, The first Prime Minister of Israel at the time, show the complete opposite of the agreement: not a shared ownership as a buffer, but a gap, an abyss on the edge of the west or east territory.

Green & Red Pencil Lines drawn in 1949 after the Armistice Agreements between Israel and Jordan

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Influence of the British Mandate (1920-1948) and further history Mt. Scopus

Corpus Separatum Line Statistic Area Lines Green line City Line before 1949 Old City Municipal boundaries unilaterally extended by Israel between 1967-1993 Arab Municipality under Jordan rule (1952 -1967)

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Municipal Boundaries under the British Mandate (1923-1947)

Municipal boundaries from 1923 - 2020 (boundaries from 1949 - 1967 only extended in the West of Jerusalem: this was not related to the area of No Man's Land).

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Area ages

History neighborhoods & statistic areas Green Line, Green Zone and No-Man’s Land Wadi Al-Joz 1890

Ma'alot Dafna 1972

Sheikh Jarrah 1865

Me'a She'arim 1870 (former Jerusalem swamp) Bab A Zahara 1890

Musrara 1890

Bab A Zahara 1890 Area Third Wall 66 BC

Mamilla 1890

Silwan / Siloam 7th - 9th C BC.

5,64 km

Yemin Moshe 1892 -1894

Giv'at Hananya (Abu Tor) 1187

Abu Tor (At-Thuri) 1187

Abu Tor 1187

Ge'ulim (Baq'a) 1892

Jabal Al Mukabber 1928

North Talpiot 1931

Arnona 1931

Talpiot Mizrah 1977

Ramat Rachel 1926

East Talpiot (Armon Hanatziv) 1973

1,85 km

Ages Statistic Areas (Dark > Old / Light > Young) Old City Green line No Man's-Land

The areas with the most differences in society and (urban) lanscape appear to be the oldest containing a large history.

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Sanitation districts The sanitation districts are regulated by the Municipality of Jerusalem.

The Sanitation Division is responsible for: garbage removal and cleaning in the built-up areas, purchase, maintenance and operation of the municipal vehicle system and operation of the waste recycling system. It also manages the clearance days for pickup of old furniture / garbage.

Also improvement of the city (parks, green etc) in handled by this department and therefor this devision map applies.

Sanitation Districts Old City Green line 0

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Boundaries of the Ministry of Interior

Mt. Scopus

(Municipal) Boundaries are not always certain in Jerusalem (from the maps of the Municipality, feb.

2020)

The Ministry of Interior boundaries Old City Green line No Man's-Land

The Ministry of Interior controlls the way which cultures inhabit the projected land and which institutions are alowed to settle. Mostly there's only space provided within these boundaries for Jews making aliyah, but in the map it shows that many spaces north from the historic city are still inhabited

by Arabs and maybe therefor extra control boundaries are set after 1967. But I never got an answer to this and still it is hard to not notice.

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Infrastructure Lightrail and roads

The Light Rail in the city center is one of the connectors between the west and east part of Jerusalem. This map shows the amount of bus lines going north, south and west and almost none going east.

The public transport in Jerusalem is spatial politics at the surface. While the Light Rail brings different ethnic groups together in the center of Jerusalem, the bus lines separate because the destinations of the bus lines are 90% west and south Jerusalem.

Also every busticket is 5,90 NIS, but when you enter Area C, you must buy a new ticket of 5,90. Those are the least wealthy areas in (east) Jerusalem, and it doens’t make sense they have to pay the most to work in the city. This already seperates those ethnic groups from the city center (west)of Jerusalem which is generally Jewish.

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Giv'at-Ha Mivtar (French Hill)

Infrastructure

Ammunition Hill

Mt. Scopus

Shim'on Ha-Tsadik

Ha-Turim (Jaffa-West)

Central Station

Shivtei Israel

Mahane Yehuda Ha-Davidka

Jaffa Center (King George)

Damascus Gate

City Hall

Bus lines Light Rail and stations Old City Green line No Man's-Land

The main asset in infrastructure the past few years was the Light Rail (Purple) running from Mount Herzl till Heyl Ha'avir. The previous No Man's Land and more important the militarissed area was exactly the place this intervention has been made. The rail rail runs within the Green Lines around the Old City and is therefor a catelyser for Arab and Jewish areas. Just to make it 'normal' to encounter each other.

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Urban nature, special trees and parks

Mt. Scopus

WEST JERUSALEM

EAST JERUSALEM

Relatively 'new' nature area: Less ancient trees and overall planted parks in the 1970's.

Sculptural tree Symbolic tree Rare or botanical tree Special ancient tree Ancient tree Dog Gardens maintained by the Municipality Urban Gardens, maintained by the Municipality Urban Nature Sites Old City Green Line

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No Man's-Land

Resource: Jerusalem Municipal GIS and the Masterplan 2000.

As shown in the area map with their ages, here the ancient trees and 'specials' in landscape are all relatively new in the Talpiot Mizrah area. ALong the Lightrail up north gardens are planted which are maintained by the Municipality.

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WASTE & STATE

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Maintenance & sanitation in Jerusalem Diverse hygiene observations among the neighborhoods

‘A family of four in the Jerusalem Municipal Area produces an average of thirty liters of garbage per day, collected at least three times per week. Most refuse containers are located in public areas, along roads, on sidewalks, or in parkling lots, depending on the population density and land availabiblity. Problems with maintenance and sanitation, which occur when containers overflow and garbage is dumped next to them, are associated with a lack of responsible behavior in public areas.‘ There is a lack of uniformity in the use of the containers, because the export towards trucks or collective disposal areas (dumps) is not as easy as in Europe: the culture is different and the roads are narrow in the collection areas.

This is not the real reason why it is seperated. Only in the given districts the garbage is taken from collective disposal units, mostly four or five containers for different seperated sources as glass, plastic, paper, green and other waste.

In the Arab district where the garbage disposal maintainance is provided by private contractors, the disposal units do not have seperation options and all waste what is collected here goes to the main waste burner in Atarot, Ma’ale Adumim, or other landfills in Israel or Syria. To include the Arab areas with the possibily to seperate the waste and have the same options as the other Jerusalem areas, the regulations per district must be equaly set and sanitation regulated equally.

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Current recycling and water treatment plants in and for Jerusalem

Waste management at Atarot industrial zone by GreenNet: 1500 tons of waste /day. 40% of the city's waste is sent for recycling, the rest of it is sent to a landfill in the Negev.

Goals set by the Environmental Protection Ministry is 30% of the waste to landfills, while this is now 80%. The main solution: build more sorting centers to recycle waste and make it easy for people to seprterate their own garbage.

Atarot Recycling Plant (2019)

Some of the plastic is recycled in Israel, but most of is goes to plants in Turkey, so the waste has to be transported which is not sustainable. (from: Haaretz: What a waste: Jerusalem's Underused Sorting Center)

Mt. Scopus

Soreq Water Treatment Plant

Hezekia's Tunnels

Existing recycling units Atarot Recycling Plant Water Statistic Area Lines Green line Old City Municipal boundaries unilaterally extended by Israel between 1967-1993

Soreq Water Treatment Plant: treats 120.000 m3 water / day for 933.000 people (2020) Atarot Recycling Plant: Recycles 28% of plastic in Greater Jerusalem

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Pictures of Arab and Israeli garbage disposal places Near the former Green Line

40

Jabal al Mukabber (Arab)

Sheikh Jarrah (Arab)

Abu Tor (Arab)

Ma’alot Dafna (Jewish)

Sanitation districts The sanitation districts are regulated by the Municipality of Jerusalem.

The Sanitation Division is responsible for: garbage removal and cleaning in the built-up areas, purchase, maintenance and operation of the municipal vehicle system and operation of the waste recycling system. It also manages the clearance days for pickup of old furniture / garbage.

Also improvement of the city (parks, green etc) in handled by this department and therefor this devision map applies.

Sanitation Districts Old City Green line 0

200

400

1000

41

Maintenance Lines Within these districts the cleaning and maintaining duties of the municipality are stated. Each district has a different maintainance group assigned who take care of street swiping, landscape condition and such.

Mt. Scopus

Maintenance districts Statistic Areas

42

Old City Green line

0

200

400

1000

Goal: Plastic recycling supported by water management Storage of water underneath the plant

‘A family of four in the Jerusalem Municipal Area produces an average of thirty liters of garbage per day, collected at least three times per week. Most refuse containers are located in public areas, along roads, on sidewalks, or in parkling lots, depending on the population density and land availabiblity. Problems with maintenance and sanitation, which occur when containers overflow and garbage is dumped next to them, are associated with a lack of responsible behavior in public areas. ‘ Jerusalem: A City and Its Future, Marshall J. Breger, Ora Ahimeir, Syracuse N.Y. : Syracuse University Press, 2002.

W E

Recycling points In West-Jerusalem the recycling oints are sometimes even accomodated within buildings, but mostly it is taken care of by the municipality in the streets. When crossing the Green Line, there seems to be no more municipal gathering of waste. Local companies take the trash and they seem to know the inhabitants of the communities as well. Urban quality and hygienic is therefore very low compared to the West.

Landscape drainage and watering systems Urban green is maintained better in West-Jerusalem than in East-jerusalem. Within and east from the former Green Line the maintainance is behind and lands and plants are dry.

43

44

Plastic recycling plant Scheme of the proces

45

Water purification plant Scheme of the proces

46

47

Santitation differences Arab district not being serviced equily

Existing Atarot Waste Plant

WEST JERUSALEM

EAST JERUSALEM National

Now Regional

Specified recycling factory Massudiyah

PURIFICATION FACTORY WEST JERUSALEM

EAST JERUSALEM

Future

48

Local

Small recycling units

Israel and State Architecture Architecture of politics

When thinking of Jerusalem and structures, the first thing coming to mind is the face of the Old City. A bright face, referring to the brown yellowish limestone used to build the massive walls of the Old City and its inner structures. The first wall was built of that same material (Hezekiahs Broad Wall). These walls are the beginning of an architecture trend of this local and sustainable material and yet setting a recognisable atmosphere, uneasy to find somewhere else alike.

Over the years the placement, shape and finishing of the stone has been refined, while still using the same constructive principles like the traditional arches.

The traditional use of Jerusalem stone as a base began to change since 1948, when the State of Israel was born.

Before 1948, there were no traditional ‘State’ buildings, because Israel was ruled by the British Mandate. When Israel became a force as state, this force was expressed in many ways, including the architecture of State buildings.

The Knesset, the Israeli Parliament, was at first (19501966) situated at King George Street, in the middle of the modern center of West Jerusalem. It was located in the Fromine House (Beit Frumin) and was a building which was part of the horizontal alignment of the rest of King George St. The new building was designed by German architect Joseph Klarwein as a rectangular building made from Jerusalem Stone, but with sleek finishes like concrete . It had a symmetrical appearance with a great reservation towards the entrance facade by a 115m long square from road to entrance. This building was placed on a hill in Gi’vat Ram and was criticised as ‘alienating from Jerusalem architecture’ and ‘not biblical’, however the structure of the Tabernacle was als set up in columns. With similar arguments for a modern interpretation of Jerusalem architecture construction started in 1957.

49

Common oriental architecture, stones and arches: Lifta Ruines of an Arab village in West-Jerusalem, bombed by the Israeli in 1957

50

51

52

LOCATION

53

Project Location Mass’udiyyah

Mt. Scopus

0

54

500

1000

2000

Project Location Mass’udiyyah

55

Existing Petrol station, built 1972 - 1974

Existing excavation

Place of the Third Wall 34-37 AD UN Green Line Partition Plan Nov.1949 Border Sanitation Districts Green Line >1967 56

Old City

57

New recycling flows around the Green Line

To Atarot (Waste transfer station and organic recycling)

Recyclates

Sludge compost

(Recycled, washed and grinded plastics)

(Residue from water treatment)

Project location: Plastic recycling plant New recycling units Existing recycling units Statistic Areas

58

Old City Green line

0

200

400

1000

Area Mas’udiyya

Musrara was founded by Christian Arabs in the late 19th century but they fled after 1948. The neighborhood was repopulated by Jewish refugees from North Africa but they were exposed to daily attacks from Arabs from the occupied part of the city; today, it is home to many media outlets including Israel Radio, Channel 2, Channel 10, and part of BBC News; Mas’udiyyah on the south side of Beit Yisrael contains The Museum on the Seam, which explores issues of coexistence through art and is situated on the road dividing the eastern and western parts of Jerusalem.

Existing Atarot Waste Plant National

Regional

Specified recycling factory Massudiyah

Local

Small recycling units

Old City Green line

59

Water streams and recycling points Jerusalem

Mt. Scopus

Soreq Water Treatment Plant

Hezekia's Tunnels

Water Statistic Area Lines Green line Old City

60

Municipal boundaries unilaterally extended by Israel between 1967-1993

Soreq Water Treatment Plant: treats 120.000 m3 water / day for 933.000 people (2020)

0

500

1000

2000

Site specifications

The two Green Lines & neighborhood line

Sanitation District Line

According to the maps of the Jerusalem Center for Policy Research the line of the two neighborhoods (Me’a Shearim & Bab Az Zahara) is drawn here, exactly over the plot. Theoretically it means this plot is owned by orthodox Jewish neighborhood as well as the entrance to the center of Arabic East-Jerusalem.

The practical differences of picking up the trash, the amount and quality of trash cans and the services for recycling are different left and right of this line. It means the urban quality of the street is different on both sides. By making an intervention which representst the source of the sanitation the quality of the street should stay the same in a large radius of the green line, making it less visible in urban quality of living.

West to east is downhill

Backside of the plot

At the point of the Green Line the hill runs down from the west to the east, when ending in one of the valleys on the east side of Mount Zion. Going further to the Areas A and B in east Jerusalem (ministered by the Palestinian authorities) the hight runs up again to +800m from sea level.

The backside of the area functions as a backbone of the distribution part where the public is no part of. Also on top of this the international zone behind it is seen from the roof of the building and makes the space less secret from the neighbourhood. In this way this backbone also functions as backbone for the new infill of the location.

61

B2

C2 B1

B2

B1

C2

A2

C1 C1

A2

A1 A1

Place of the Third Wall 34-37 AD UN Green Line Partition Plan Nov.1949 Border Sanitation Districts Green Line >1967 62

Analysis current situation - Sections A

6280

10845

2275

7820

6335

Section A1

6280

10845

2275

7820

6335

Section A1

3695

15285

2845

6120

970

5215

3160

Section A2

3695

15285

2845

6120

970

5215

3160

Section A2

63

The excavation

The inscriptions in Greek date from the mid-sixth century and so are the walls of this building. The inscriptions in black and white tesserae (mosaic) are placed within a tabula ensata, which means was a votive shape with inscriptions in the Roman empire (550 AD).

The inscription mentions Constantine, who was in charge of the building. The building remains were most likely part of a complex of religious buildings located along the main road, at the entrance to Jerusalem.

This excavation is made on the corner of Nablus Road and the gas station. The remains of two ancient buildings were found here, likely to be a bathhouse of the ancient monastries and hospices. Underneath the excavation is Terra rosso soil (+678m). Further down you get to the limestone.

64

65

The excavation Expansion of Jerusalem 37-44 AD

66

67

B2

C2 B1

B2

B1

C2

A2

C1 C1

A2

A1 A1

Place of the Third Wall 34-37 AD UN Green Line Partition Plan Nov.1949 Border Sanitation Districts Green Line >1967 68

Analysis current situation - Sections B

3750

1770 1320

8785

2070 700 0

3750

1770 1320

8785

2070 700 0

1395

6925

2085 700

1395

6925

2085 700

Section B1

Section B1

Section B2

Section B2

69 700

7000

700

11625

7002605 1445

B2

C2 B1

B2

B1

C2

A2

C1 C1

A2

A1 A1

Place of the Third Wall 34-37 AD UN Green Line Partition Plan Nov.1949 Border Sanitation Districts Green Line >1967 70

Analysis current situation - Sections C 3750

1770 1320

8785

2070 700 0

Section B1

3750

1770 1320

8785

1395

6925

2070 700 0

Section B1

1395

6925

2085 700

Section B2

2085 700

Section B2

700

7000

700

11625

7002605 1445

Section C1

700

7000

700

11625

7002605 1445

Section C1

2900 6070

10350

200

2400 2200

700

4590 9325

700

Section C2

2900 6070

10350

200

2400 2200

700 71

Tiny cultural material use details Mea Shearim (Jewish neihgborhood) and Abu Tor (Arab neighborhood)

Typical Jewish use of Jerusalem Stone facades, where Orthodox families do not own TV’s and put bulletins and posters on the walls in the streets.

72

Typical Arab use of the Jerusalem Stone facades, where Muslim who made a Hadj to Mekka are honoured with a white stuco cladding on their house and the family draws pictograms and texts with green and red on them.

Overlapping location of Jewish and Arab ownership Mass’udiyyah

73

CURRENT USE LOCATION

NEW USE LOCATION

74

DESIGN

75

76

77

Crosses as separators for waste

Machines / storage

78

Transport, flows & streams

Machines / storage

Water input

Plastic input

Recycled plastic pickup

Purifed water outpour

Crosses as separators Crosses as reference and structure points

On every floor the concrete crosses are a deviding element for waste, water flows, ventilation shafts and so on. It structures the separation of the dirty and clean flows in an element of 2750x2750 mm.

The crosses are also made from recycled concrete and are maximum 4750m high. Only the structural element for the water purification tank is higher and is made from mycrosylica and can therefor be higher, but also for hygenic reasons this material is more suitable than recycled concrete.

Unclean water IN

Clean recyclates OUT

Unclean plastic waste IN

Clean water OUT

79

Social routes

Where the edges of the plot were used a lot by passengers taking the bus of r the Light Rail, now tthe edges are attached to the adjacent functions. The left edge is attached to the street for the trucks to enter the plant and the right sight is attached to the back of the international strip between the plot and Nablus Road (Bab Az Zahara). It is mandatory to use the primary bridge to to from Morasha (and Mea Shearim) to the bus staion and for passengers from Bab Az Zahara mandatory to take the prime bridge to the Light rail station.

Primary bridge

Excluded from any participation in the factory Main pedestrian route within the infrastructural network in the Mass’udiyyah area Connection between Light Rail and bus station >1:20 rising ratio 11m width

+

Morasha / Mea Shearim

Secundary bridge

Includes users in the recycling process of the factory on the route Lowest point is -5m below ground level 1:20 rising ratio and wheelchair friendly accessibily 2,75m width (1/4 of main bridge)

Light Rail station

Bus station

Mas’udiyyah / Bab Az-Zahara 80

GSEducationalVersion

Bridges In a bowl of sand tones

81

82

83

Mandatory Jerusalem Stone Collective waste Jerusalem Stone

84

Collective & public HDPE = public carrier

The bridges are completely constructed from HDPE tiles, constructive elements and

85

86

87

Mandatory Jerusalem Stone Collective waste Jerusalem Stone

88

Plastic from earth

Every material we have on earth comes from the earth, even plastic. The plastic which is being recycled in the Bab Az Zahara recycling plant is mostly made from petroleum.

The next step would be a difference in price of virgin and recycled plastic, but this would also need political interference on European level.

Petroleum In ancient times million of years ago, organic material and plants grew in shallow seas. When the plants died and sank to the bottom of the seas, organic waste material was pressed together under high temperature and are built up as underground reservoirs of maeterial. Now we know these leftovers as fossil fuels: coal, gas and petroleum and are found underneath oceans as well as under land. These leftovers of millions of years ago are now the fuels we use for our ‘synthetic’ products and controlable energy.

Almost all plastic that is used for single purposes is made from fossil virgin fuels, where petroleum is the main source for plastics.

When plastic (bakelite) was invented in 1907, it was a chemical reaction of phenol and formalddehyde put under pressure. This was a groundbreaking invention and wasn’t problematic at all: it made it possible to make mass producttion in a short amount of time. The polluion problems began when plastic took so many chemical forms, that recycling became complicated when the point was reached recycling was needed. There is so much plastic, that we even use the waste material that can’t be melted and reused anymore as clothing and such.

Now the point has reached that technology has made it possible to recycle 90% of the plastic by sortation and thurrough cleaning. This process is just as expensive as using virgin plastics. The advantage of virgin plastics is that the colour can be chosen or it can be made transparent. Recycled plastic already has color. This is the biggest problem: easthetics. Also the main reason why often is chosen to use virgin granulate to make products instead of recycled granulate.

Now in 2022 a German company is working on extra sortation systems in the recycling process to sort on colour so the recycled material will be more attractive to purchase.

Petroleum molecule chain

89

90

91

92

93

275 275

550

275 275

550

275 275

550

275

1100

275 1268

137.5 275

137.5

200

900

200

900

200

200

900

200

The supporting beams are also made of HDPE and refer to the shape of the overall structure. Also this is the only way to use the material in a stiff way.

1100

1268

The bridge is constructed out of 1100x275mm recycled HDPE tiles and coloured in a beige tone to refer to the refminucipal rule to use a minimum of 40% ‘Jerusalem Stone’ to the face of the building. The surface structure guides the falling water to the edges of the tiles and into a slope leading it to the gutter attached on the edges of the bridge.

550

1100

137.5

94

275

137.5

200

900

55

110

275

550

1100

Mandatory Jerusalem Stone Facade cladding: Bowl of HDPE

250

Recycled plastic slabs 1100 x275 Coloured with beige Beam recycled HDPE + coloured with beige, air space

2000

Primary bridge

Racks, feeding bed for caper shrubs

11000

Secundairy bridge 1/4

55 13.7

4750

P=0

2750 Recycled concrete

Wall recycled concrete 300 mm

Bridge side -500: inbetween & view in factory

Insulated waste disposal truckside (dB /oUe )

-3000

Caper shrubs

-5000

55 13.7

7000

250

1:10

Recycled plastic slabs 1100 x275 Coloured with beige Beam recycled HDPE + coloured with beige, air space

-10000

Factory

Racks, feeding bed for caper shrubs

-10000

Wall recycled concrete 300 mm

Bridge side Insulated waste disposal truckside (dB /oUe )

5000

110

Caper shrubs

Factory + storage (water)

-15000

-15000

110

4750

P=0

7000

-5000

1:10

-15000

110

110

5000

-10000

95

96

GSEducationalVersion

97

98

99

Primary bridge

2000

11000

Secundairy bridge 1/4

4750

P=0

2750 Recycled concrete

-500: inbetween & view in factory

Insulated waste truckside (dB /

-3000

7000

-5000

-10000

-10000

5000

Factory

Factory + storage (water)

-15000

-15000

Section in the middle of the plant: Bridge is carried by the linear structure of columns getting smaller from level -3 to ground floor. The bridge has a different height than the plant itself, so men can look into several processes of recycling the plastic.

100

Hidden waste intake from all neighborhoods A bowl of HDPE

101

102

GSEducationalVersion

103

1:500 Model

104

105

Ground floor

1:20

Ramp 1:20

Anoxic zone / Anaerobic Zone

BNR (Biological Nutrient Removal)

Aerobic IFAS Zone to remove nitrogen and phospherus from wastewater before entering the purification tank

Aeration basin Opp.: 293 m2

Personel (cafeteria, lockers etc) Opp.: 114 m2

Distribution Opp.: 142 m2

Truck stand household plastics (PMD) Opp.: 57 m2

Truck stand PET, PS and PP Opp.: 57 m2

Truck stand export recyclates Opp.: 60 m2

Shared toilets & canteen Opp.: 40 m2

Busstation Busstation TicketsTickets Opp.: 28Opp.: m2 14 m2

Ground Floor - 220902 106 GSEducationalVersion

1:20

GSEducationalVersion

Level -1

PET from Household truck waste PP, PS from Household truck plastics Grid / surface waste tank

Downpour PMD Water pump + first Downpour clarifier PS, PP, PE Downpour PET

Plastic disposal cabin Opp.: 249 m2

PET installation

Water pump

-1 Floor - 220902 107

Level -2

Bottom of slib tank (sand capture)

Downpour PMD Downpour PS, PP, PE Downpour PET

-2 Floor - 220902 108 GSEducationalVersion

Grinding machines

Shredding machines

Opp.: 179 m2

Opp.: 195 m2

GSEducationalVersion

Level -3

PET incoming

Household waste

Opp.: 113 m2

Opp.: 114 m2

PP, PE, PS incomingHousehold plastic Opp.: 57 m2

Water basin first wash

Opp.: 58 m2

Opp.: 467 m2

Water pumping systems Opp.: 56 m2

Centrifugal Chillers Opp.: 95 m2

Base pumps air ventilation

Space to walk / work Opp.: 239 m2

Water basin second wash Opp.: 475 m2

-3 Floor - 220902 109

110

+14,000

10,000 2 2e verdieping

5,000 1 1e verdieping

23.560

0 0 Begane grond

-5,000 -1 Factory / Public

-10,000 -2 Factory

-15,000 -3 Factory / Storage

5,500

5,500

5,500

5,500

5,500

27,500

N

#Pln

Green between edges

111

Materialisation Recycled concrete

When the assumption is State - concrete, orientalism Jerusalem stone is over the sense of ownership of both Jewish and Arabic inhabitants of Jerusalem, then Jerusalem stone should be the face of the trusted and protecting.

The recycling factory is a State symbol to manage both sides, east and west as an equal reciever of sources and care from the State. Therefor the State is close instead of distant, tranparent instead of closed, soft instead of hard, covering / protecting instead of alienating. State becomes the opposite as it was between 1948 - 1967. Therefore State has shared foundations instead of a foundation of West. Those shared foundations are stacked upon each other.

112

Materialisation Microsilica or silica fume for the water tanks and purification clarifier

Microsilica Concrete Silica Fume: Byproduct of silicon Benefits: 1. Because of its fine parts it contributes to the density and coherence of concrete 2. Has a great influence on pressure of the concrete(>1/3 stromger than regular concrete) 3. Reduce of concrete permiability (not affected by water in time) 4. Raises stability of concrete 5. Gives a higher resistantance to chemical damage to concrete 6. No bleeding in texture / look concrete: equal surface: soft looking concrete Microsilica is known to improve the durability of concrete by making it less permeable, and increasing its compressive strength. Concrete made with silica fumes is specifically used for structures that are exposed to harsh chemicals. Compared to traditional concrete, it is a much eco-friendlier material. Concrete made with silica fumes is specifically used for structures that are exposed to harsh chemicals. Compared to traditional concrete, it is a much eco-friendlier material.

113

114

115

116

Mandatory Jerusalem Stone A bowl of HDPE

Walking through a recycling plant. The structure is defined by four crosses. These crosses divide, seperate and organize the complex layout from level -3 to first floor.

They function as the bearers and the function planners of the factory. Thefore as a base to make the plant work.

They also appear in the bearing structures of the bridge, but then made from 110x275mm HDPE columns to refer to the material of the public route at the location.

The cocnrete crosses are also the load bearing structures of floors.

A bowl of sand tones enclosed by the concrete structures of the plant

117

118

119

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all people who accompanied me in this project and encouraged me and listened to all the stories and doubts I had about the sensibility of the arab-israeli conflict. Also my perspective somehow changed by the stories of Orthodox Jewish families in Jerusalem as well as Nashashibi Arab families who are eventually excavated by colonists on the first location of this project. Looking back I naively dove into the outskirts of Abu Tor and Ramot and me and my sensitive questions were welcome every time. I learned how hard it is to stay neutral when you’re confronted with heart breaking situations. It made me too critical on state and municipal regulations at one point, but also made me sharp on political choices in the Netherlands relevant for social wellbeing and the role of architecture and other spatial interventions.

Especially I would like to thank my committee, Marc Schoonderbeek and Micha de Haas for their professional guidance, patience and encouragement. I never learned more during the Academy time than during this graduation project. I’m grateful they supported my intuitive way of working and guided the process to make it factual with analysis and research to build from.

And last I would like to thank my mentor Bart Bulter, for all the supportive and pleasants talks we had, and always asking the right questions to help me further.

120

Research supporting companies

Israel

The Netherlands

Municipality of Jerusalem: GIS Department Menachem Helman Yoni Bar-Lavie Shayna Laban

Van Werven Recycling, Biddinghuizen: Sven Fortuin

Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research: Omer Yaniv Yair Assaf-Shapira

RWZI, Zwolle: Menno

Bezalel Academy for Architecture Jerusalem: Arch. Ilana Rudashevski

Aufderhaar Kunststofrecycling, Vroomshoop: Sebastiaan Kok

ICEJ Jerusalem: Jannie Tolhoek Jacob Keegstra

Emek Shaveh: Prof. Yonathan Mizrachi Matti Rosenshein Architects: Arch. Aryeh Wiseglass Ministry of Interior: Tomer Heimann Union Tech Tel Aviv: Oz Bar-Liss

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INBETWEEN GREEN

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF JERUSALEMS NO-MANS LAND