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Bibliography
International and Regional Legislation
• Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted 10
December 1984, entered into force 26 June 1987) 1465
UNTS 85 (CAT) • Convention on the Declaration of Death of Missing
Persons after the World War II (1939-1945) adopted, 6 April 1950, entry into force 24 January 1952,
UNTS Vol 119 • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women (adopted 18 December 1979, entered into force 3 September 1981) 1249 UNTS 13 (CEDAW) • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (adopted 9 December 1948, entered into force 12 January 1951) 78 UNTS 277 • Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted 20
November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) 1577 UNTS 3 • Council of Europe, European Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14 (adopted 4
November 1950, entered into force 3 September 1953)
ETS 5 (ECHR) • Council of Europe (2011), Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, CETS 210 11.V.2011 www.coe.int/en/web/ conventions/full- list/-/conventions/treaty/210 • Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the
Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (adopted 12 August 1949) 75 UNTS 31 (abbreviated GC I) • Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the
Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea (adopted 12 August 1949) 75
UNTS 85 (abbreviated GC II) • Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of
Civilian Persons in Time of War (adopted 12 August 1949) 75 UNTS 288 (abbreviated GC IV) • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 19 December 1966, entered into force 23
March 1976) 999 UNTS 171 (abbreviated ICCPR) • International Covenant for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (adopted 12 January 2007, entered into force 23 December (2010) UN Doc A/
RES/61/177 (20 December 2006) (abbreviated CED) • International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, (adopted 21 December 1965, entered into force 4 January 1969) 660 UNTS 195 (CERD) • International Criminal Court, Rules of Procedure and
Evidence (9 September 2002) • Organization of American States, American Convention on Human Rights “Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica” (B-32) (adopted 22 January 1969, entered into force 18 July 1978) (ACHR) • Organization of American States, Rules of Procedure of
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights 2009 (1 January 2010) • Organization of African Unity, African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (“Banjul Charter”) (adopted 27
June 1981, entered into force 21 October 1986) CAB/
LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 • Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12
August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) (adopted 8
June 1977, entered into force 7 December 1979) 1125
UNTS 17512 (abbreviated Additional Protocol) • Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (adopted 17 July 1998, entered into force on 1 July 2002) 2187 UNTS 3 (ICC-Statute) • Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10
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UN Documents
• UN Assistance Mission for Iraq/UN Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Richts, Unearthing Atrocities:
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IQ/UNAMI_Report_on_Mass_Graves4Nov2018_EN.pdf • UN Commission for Human Rights, Report of the independent expert to update the Set of Principles to combat impunity (18 February 2005) UN Doc E/
CN.4/2005/102/Add.1 (abbreviated Orentlicher
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Principles for the search for disappeared persons (8 May 2019) UN Doc CED/C/7 • UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), Universal Declaration on Bioethics and
Human Rights (19 October 2005) • UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights (11 November 1997) • UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), International Declaration on Human Genetic
Data (16 October 2003) • UNGA, Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for
Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (Resolution adopted on 29 November 1985) UN Doc A/RES/40/34 • UNGA, Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a
Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of
International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (Resolution adopted on 21 March 2006) UN Doc A/RES/60/147 • UNGA, Principles on the Effective Prevention and
Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary
Executions (15 December 1989) Resolution 44/162 • UNGA, Report of the Special Rapporteur on ‘Human rights standards and possible steps towards the respectful and lawful handling of mass graves’ (12 October 2020) UN Doc A/75/47919
• UNGA, ‘Progress report of the Human Rights Council
Advisory Committee on best practices on the issue of missing persons’ (22 March 2010) UN Doc A/HRC/14/42 • UN Human Rights Committee, Study on Best Practices on the Issue of Missing Persons (25 January 2010) UN Doc
A/HRC/AC/4/CRP.2/Rev.1 • UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment
No. 31: Nature of the General Legal Obligation on
States Parties to the Covenant (26 May 2004), UN Doc
CPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13 • UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment
No. 6: Article 6 (Right to Life) (30 April 1982) • UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment
No. 20: Article 7 (Prohibition of Torture, or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment) (10
March 1992) • UN Human Rights Council, ‘Guidelines for States on the effective implementation of the right to participate in public affairs’ (2018) www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/
PublicAffairs/GuidelinesRightParticipatePublicAffairs_ web.pdf • UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Working
Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances on enforced disappearances in the context of migration, 28
July 2017, UN Doc A/HRC/36/39/Add.2. • UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights,
‘Equal participation in political and public affairs (2020) www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/EqualParticipation.aspx • United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for
Human Rights (2004), Istanbul Protocol- Manual on the
Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/ training8rev1en.pdf • United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for
Human Rights (2016), The Minnesota Protocol on the
Investigation of Potentially Unlawful Death www.ohchr. org/Documents/Publications/MinnesotaProtocol.pdf • United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for
Human Rights (2001), Training Manual on Human Rights
Monitoring www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/ training7Introen.pdf • United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for
Human Rights/Human Rights Center (2020) Berkeley
Protocol on Digital Open Source Investigations (advance version) www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/
OHCHR_BerkeleyProtocol.pdf • UNSC, Resolution 2474 (11 June 2019) Un Doc S/
RES/2474 • UNSC, ‘Final Report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to Security Council
Resolution 780 (1992) Annex X Mass graves’ (28
December 1994) UN Doc S/1994/674/Add/2
Domestic legislation
• Argentina: Decree No. 187/83 (15 December 1983) • Bosnia and Herzegovina: Criminal Code, Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina 37/03 (27 June 2003) • Colombia: Law 1531 on the Declaration of Absence of
Missing Persons, (23 May 2012) • Iraq: Law No. 13 of 2015, Affairs and Protection of Mass
Graves Law, amending Law No. 5 of 2006, Protection of
Mass Graves
Relevant guidelines, principles, handbooks, good practice manuals and protocols
• aaBB Advancing Transfusion and Cellular Therapies
Worldwide (2010), Guidelines for Mass Fatality DNA
Identification Operations www.aabb.org/docs/defaultsource/default-document-library/about/guidelinesfor-mass-fatality-dna-identification-operations. pdf?sfvrsn=af1c96a9_0 • Association for the Advancement of Science (March 2019), Location-Based Data in Crisis Situations.
Principles and Guidelines www.aaas.org/sites/default/ files/2019-04/VGI%20Principles%20and%20Guidelines_
FINAL%20%28002%29.pdf • Folke Bernadotte Academy and Swedish National
Defence College (2011), Handbook on assisting international criminal investigations https://fba.se/ contentassets/6f4962727ea34af5940fa8c448f3d30f/ handbook-on-assisting-international-criminalinvestigations.pdf • Geneva Academy and International Committee of the
Red Cross (ICRC) (2019), Guidelines on investigating violations of international humanitarian law: law, policy, and good practice www.icrc.org/en/document/ guidelines-investigating-violations-ihl-law-policy-andgood-practice • Global Rights Compliance (2016), Basic Investigative
Standards for first Responders to International
Crimes www.globalrightscompliance.com/ uploads/2a712b82b7363354be0b3b5011d71795.pdf • International Bar Association: Human Rights Institute (2009) Guidelines on International Human Rights Fact-
Finding Visits and Reports (“Lund-London Guidelines”) www.ibanet.org/Fact_Finding_Guidelines.aspx • International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) (2018), Guidelines for First Responders: Safeguarding known or suspected grave or body disposal locations,
ICMP.ST.AA.857.1 www.icmp.int/wp-content/ uploads/2018/10/icmp-st-aa-857-1-doc-guidelines-forfirst-response-at-grave-or-body-disposal-locations.pdf • ICMP (2019), The ICMP Paris Principles, Annotated
Version, ICMP.DG.468.1.W.doc www.icmp.int/wp-content/ uploads/2019/04/icmp-dg-1468-1-W-doc-parisprinciples-annotated.pdf • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (2009),
Guiding Principles/Model Law on the Missing www.icrc.org/en/document/guiding-principles-modellaw-missing-model-law
• ICRC (2016), Management of Dead Bodies After
Disasters: A Field Manual for First Responders www.icrc.org/en/publication/0880-management-deadbodies-after-disasters-field-manual-first-responders • ICRC (2020), Accompanying the Families of Missing
Persons - a practical Handbook www.icrc.org/en/ publication/4110-accompanying-families-missingpersons-practical-handbook • International Criminal Court (2008), Code of Conduct for
Investigators, ICC/AI/2008/005 www.icc-cpi.int/resourcelibrary/Vademecum/Code%20of%20Conduct%20for%20
Investigators.PDF • Interpol, (2018) Disaster Victim Identification https:// www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Forensics/Disaster-
Victim-Identification-DVI • Inter-Parliamentary Union and ICRC (2009), Missing
Persons – A Handbook for Parliamentarians www.icrc. org/en/publication/1117-missing-persons-handbookparliamentarians • Public International Law and Policy Group (PILPG) (2015), Field Guide for Civil Society Investigation and
Documentation of Gross Human Rights Violations www.publicinternationallawandpolicygroup.org/toolkitsand-handbooks
European Court of Human Rights
• Aslakhanova and others v Russia Judgment, ECtHR
Application Nos 2944/06 and 8300/07, 50184/07, 332/08, 42509/10 (18 December 2012) • Cyprus v Turkey Grand Chamber Judgment, ECtHR
Application No. 25781/91 (10 May 2001). • Da Silva v United Kingdom Grand Chamber Judgment,
ECtHR Application No. 5878/08 (30 March 2016). • El-Masri v the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Judgment (Grand Chamber), ECtHR (13 December 2012). • Faber v Hungary Judgment, ECtHR Application No 40721/08 (24 July 2012) • Hanan v Germany Grand Chamber Judgment, ECtHR
Application No. 4871/16 (16 February 2021) • Huseynova v Azerbaijan Judgment, ECtHR Application No. 10653/10 (13 July 2017). • Kukhalashvili and others v Georgia, Judgment, ECtHR
Application Nos. 8938/07 and 41891/07 (2 May 2020) • Johannische Kirche & Peters v Germany, Decision, ECtHR
Application No 41754/98 (10 July 2001) • Ramsahai and others v Netherlands, App No 52391/99 (ECtHR, 15 May 2007) • Sabanchiyeva and others v Russia, Judgment, ECtHR
Application No 38450/05 (6 June 2013) • Treskavica v Croatia, Judgment, ECtHR Application No. 32036/13 (12 April 2016)
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
• Carpio Nicolle et al. v Guatemala Judgment on Merits, reparations and Costs, IACtHR Series C No. 117 (22
November 2004). (25 March 2016). • Conteras et al. v El Salvador Judgment on Merits,
Reparations and Costs, IACtHR Series C No. 232 (31
August 2011). • Ituango Massacres v Colombia Judgment Preliminary
Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs, IACtHR Series
C No 148 (1 July 2006) • ‘Las Dos Erres’ Massacre v Guatemala Judgment on
Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs,
IACtHR Series C No. 211 (24 November 2009) • Manuel Cepeda Vargas v Colombia Judgment Preliminary
Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs, IACtHR Series
C No. 213 (26 May 2010) • Mapiripán Massacre v Colombia Judgment on Merits,
Reparations and Costs, Inter-American Court of Human
Rights Series C No 134 (15 September 2005) • Pueblo Bello Massacre v Colombia, Judgment on Merits,
Reparations and Costs, Inter-American Court of Human
Rights Series C No 140 (31 January 2006) • The Massacres of El Mozote and other Places v El Salvador,
Judgment on Merits, Reparations and Costs,
Inter-American Court of Human Rights Series C No 252 (25 October 2012) • Velásquez Rodríguez v Honduras, Judgment on Merits,
Inter-American Court of Human Rights Series C No 4 (29 July 1988)
Human Rights Committee
• Rizvanović v Bosnia and Herzegovina (23 May 2014) UN
Doc CCPR/C110/D/1997/2020
International Criminal Cases
• Pohl et al. US Military Tribunal in Nuremberg (3
November 1947) • Prosecutor v Mladić Judgment, IT-09-02-T-117281 (22
November 2017) • Prosecutor v Karadžić Public redacted version of
Judgment issued on 25 March 2016, IT-95-5/18-T (25
March 2016).
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News and websites
• EyeWitness (2021), ‘Welcome to eyeWitness’ www.eyewitness.global/welcome • Health and Human Rights Info www.hhri.org/thematicpages-overview/survivors-of-human-rights-violations • Phillips, T., ‘The disappeared’: searching for 40,000 missing victims of Mexico’s drug wars’, The Guardian, 6
November 2019, www.theguardian.com/world/2019/ nov/06/mexico-drug-wars-thousands-disappearmissing?CMP=share_btn_tw
Dr Melanie KLINKNER
Professor in International Law, Department of Humanities & Law, Bournemouth University
Dr Ellie SMITH
Researcher, Department of Humanities & Law, Bournemouth University and Principal Associate at Global Security and Disaster Management Ltd
The Translations
The Bournemouth Protocol on Mass Grave Protection and Investigation
Bournemouth-ov protokol o zaštiti i istraživanju masovnih grobnica
1
Protocolo de Bournemouth sobre la protección y la
investigación de las fosas comunes
1
Le protocole de Bournemouth sur la protection et l’investigation des charniers
အုပ္စုလိုက္ေျမျမွဳပ္ႏွံျခင္းဆိုင္ရာ ကာကြယ္ေရး ႏွင့္ စံုစမ္းစစ္ေဆးေရးအတြက္ Bournemouth လုပ္နည္းက်င့္၀တ္