WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION | VOLUME 2, NUMBER 1 | RACE
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THEBLUEREVIEW.ORG
04
The Aryan Years Butler, the press and the state of hate
07
“States’ Rights� Idaho sides with the South against civil rights
09
The Latino Vanguard A history of Idaho human rights legislation
11
13
Teaching Race Diversity from the teacher’s desk to the little chairs
Silencio en las Escuelas The invisible population: English language learners
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‡ :HJDUVRQWKH&KLQHVH and Japanese experience in Idaho ‡ :RRGZRUWK1H\DQG Smoak on Idaho tribes and treaties ‡ 3OXVSXEOLFIRUXPRQ Feb. 23 (details inside)
The Blue Review is published by the Boise State University College of Social Sciences and Public Affairs, in collaboration with Boise Weekly
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THE BLUE REVIEW | VOL. 2, NO. 1 | WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION
thebluereview.org
NOTE FROM THE ACADEMIC EDITOR
Racial Discrimination in Idaho: The Myth of the Colorblind State TODD SHALLAT JILL GILL
Photo of a house in Coeur d’Alene displaying “The South Will Rise Againâ€? ags, March 2013.
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JOIN WRITERS FROM
The Blue Review No. 4 FOR AN OPEN FORUM ON ‌
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN IDAHO CONFRONTING THE MYTH OF THE COLORBLIND STATE
F r e e & o p en t o a ll
When
Friday, Feb. 21 6pm
Where:
Boise State downtown 301 S. Capitol Blvd.
What:
An open forum on race and Idaho moderated by Marcia Franklin, TBR board member and host of “Dialogue� on Idaho Public Television
Todd Shallat is academic editor of 7KH%OXH5HYLHZ and directs the Center for Idaho History and Politics at Boise State University. The Blue Review thebluereview.org @reviewblue facebook.com/reviewblue The Blue Review is a webnative journal covering politics, cities, the environment and the media from the Boise State University College of Social Sciences and Public Affairs. Publisher Boise State University Publications OfďŹ ce in the College of Social Sciences and Public Affairs
Editor Nathaniel Hoffman Guest Editor Jill Gill Academic Editor Todd Shallat Graduate Fellow Andrew Crisp Editorial Board Politics: David Gray Adler Cities: Jaap Vos Media: Seth Ashley Media: Marcia Franklin Digital Culture: Leslie Madsen-Brooks Creative: Greg Hahn Digital: Marshall D. Simmonds
Graphic Design Kelsey Hawes & Tomas Montano, Boise Weekly Web Developer Aubrey Ellis For inquiries and submissions: The Blue Review Boise State University 1910 University Dr. Boise, Idaho 83725-1936 Phone: 208-426-3772 editor@thebluereview.org
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THE BLUE REVIEW | VOL. 2, NO. 1 | WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION
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RACE & IDAHO
Some Say Potato, Most Say Aryan Nations Four decades of media coverage of white supremacists in the “Too Great for Hate” state %,//025/,1
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THE BLUE REVIEW | VOL. 2, NO. 1 | WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION
BUTLER’S ARRIVAL IN THE NORTH $IWHUEX\LQJDQROGIDUPKRXVHRQDFUHV RII5LPURFN5RDGDQGPRYLQJQRUWKRI+D\GHQ ,GDKRLQ %XWOHUGDEEOHGLQWKHDQWLJRYHUQPHQWDQWLWD[YLHZVRIWKH3RVVH&RPLWDWXV and its form of self-styled government called the WRZQVKLSPRYHPHQW%XWIRU%XWOHUWKRVHIRUD\V ODFNHGWKHZKLWHVXSUHPDF\EDVHGIHUYRURIWKH &KULVWLDQ,GHQWLW\UHOLJLRQKHDQGKLVZLIH%HWW\ HPEUDFHGDERYHDOOHOVHDQGEURXJKWZLWKWKHP from California. 6RRQ%XWOHUVROGKDOIKLVSURSHUW\DQG HVWDEOLVKHGDFUXGHO\FRQVWUXFWHGFKXUFKRQ WKHUHPDLQLQJDFUHVPDNLQJLWKRPHRIWKH &KXUFKRI-HVXV&KULVW&KULVWLDQ%XWOHUFDOOHGLWV SROLWLFDODUPWKH³$U\DQ1DWLRQV´V\PEROL]HGE\ DVZDVWLNDLPSRVHGRYHUDFURVV +LVFKXUFKVKRXOGEHWD[H[HPSW%XWOHU DUJXHGHDUO\RQZLWKFRXQW\RI¿FLDOVJHQHUDWLQJ media coverage and letters to the editor in his failed attempt to secure tax-free status for the SURSHUW\8QGHWHUUHGKHVWDUWHGRI¿FLDWLQJDW ZHHNO\FKXUFKVHUYLFHVRSHQHGDVPDOOVFKRRO IRUKLVIROORZHUV¶FKLOGUHQDQGVHWXSDQRI¿FH DQGSULQWVKRSWKDWVSHZHGDZLGHDUUD\RIUDFLVW UHOLJLRXVOLWHUDWXUHVRPHRILWVHQWWRWKHQDWLRQ¶V SULVRQV+HPDGHLWFOHDULQYDULRXVLQWHUYLHZV WKDWKHZDVVWD\LQJLQ1RUWK,GDKRSDUWRIZKDW KHGHVFULEHGDVD³WHUULWRULDOLPSHUDWLYH´IRU ZKLWHSHRSOHVHHNLQJUHIXJHIURPSUREOHPVDQG FULPHVRI&DOLIRUQLDDQGODUJH(DVW&RDVWFLWLHV %XWOHUGLGQ¶WDOZD\VVSHDNZLWKHORTXHQFH DVKHDWWHPSWHGWRSXEOLFO\H[SODLQKLVUHOLJLRXV WHQHWVVRPHWLPHVODWFKLQJRQWRFXUUHQWZRUOG HYHQWV0DQ\EXVLQHVVDQGFLYLFOHDGHUVDQG VRPHSROLWLFLDQVVDLGWKH\ZHUHWXQLQJRXWWKH $U\DQVXQGHUWKHQRWLRQ³LJQRUHWKHP WKH\¶OOJR DZD\´([SHUWVZKRPRQLWRUKDWHJURXSVVD\WKDW
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THE BLUE REVIEW | VOL. 2, NO. 1 | WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION
5
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THE POST-BUTLER ERA 1RZIRXUGHFDGHVDIWHU%XWOHUPRYHGWR ,GDKRLWVHHPVIDLUWRVD\KLVQR[LRXVUDFLVW UHOLJLRXVEHOLHIVDQGWKHSHRSOHWKH\DWWUDFWHG² EH\RQGKLVPHUHUHVLGHQFHLQWKHVWDWH²OHIWD PDUNRQ,GDKRDQGWKHUHJLRQWKDW¶VRQO\QRZ VWDUWLQJWRIDGH6KLQLQJHYHQEULJKWHULVWKH ZRUNRI.RRWHQDL&RXQW\YROXQWHHUVZKRVWRRG XSWR%XWOHUDQGKDWUHGDQGJDUQHUHGUHFRJQLWLRQIRUDKXPDQULJKWVRUJDQL]DWLRQWKDW¶VQRZ a national model. %XWOHU¶VGHDWKLQDQGWKHUD]LQJRI the Aryan compound eliminated the magnets LQ,GDKR¶V3DQKDQGOHWKDWDWWUDFWHGUDFLVWVIRU FURVVEXUQLQJVDQGQHR1D]LSDUDGHVLQGRZQWRZQ&RHXUG¶$OHQH5DFLVWUHODWHGFULPHVWKDW EULQJPHGLDFRYHUDJHKDYHGZLQGOHGWRR EXW RIFRXUVHSRFNHWVRIUDFLVPSHUVLVW %HWZHHQ DQGWKHPLG VWKH,GDKR /HJLVODWXUHSDVVHG¿YHODZVHQKDQFLQJSHQDOties for hate crimes and harassment. And since VHYHQ,GDKRFLWLHVKDYHDGRSWHGRUGLnances preventing discrimination in employPHQWKRXVLQJDQGSXEOLFDFFRPPRGDWLRQV EDVHGRQVH[XDORULHQWDWLRQ%XWIHZRXWVLGHWKH VWDWHKDYHKHDUGDERXWWKLVSURJUHVVIRUKXPDQ ULJKWVLQ,GDKRDQGWKHUH¶VHYLGHQFHWKHLPDJH SUREOHPSHUVLVWV
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THE BLUE REVIEW | VOL. 2, NO. 1 | WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION
Richard and Betty Butler’s gravesite in Coeur d’Alene.
JILL GILL
1DWLRQVDUHSURWHFWHGVSHHFKDVWDQGRII LQ%RXQGDU\&RXQW\DJDLQSXW,GDKRLQWKH QDWLRQDOVSRWOLJKWEHFDXVHRIH[WUHPLVWV 7KHVLHJHDW5XE\5LGJH²QRZFRQVLGHUHG DQLFRQLFHYHQWLQPRGHUQKLVWRU\²LQYROYHG 5DQG\:HDYHUZKRKDGEULHÀ\DWWHQGHG Aryan Nations events. 7KURXJKRXWWKH VRWKHUVZLWKWLHVWR ,GDKRDQGWKH$U\DQ1DWLRQVFRPPLWWHGRWKHU FULPHVLQFOXGLQJDSORWWRERPEDJD\EDULQ 6HDWWOHDEUXWDOWULSOHPXUGHULQ$UNDQVDV DQGDVKRRWRXWZLWKSROLFHLQ2KLR,Q WZRZHDOWK\IRUPHU&DOLIRUQLDEXVLQHVVPHQ moved to Sandpoint and spent thousands of GROODUVIRUGLUHFWPDLOGLVWULEXWLRQVRISRVWHUV and videos promoting Butler and the Aryan Nations. The national media spotlight again WXUQHGRQ,GDKRLQ$XJXVW ZKHQIRUPHU $U\DQ1DWLRQVVHFXULW\JXDUG%XIRUG)XUURZ ZHQWRQDNLOOLQJUDPSDJHDQGVKRWXSD-HZLVK day-care center in Los Angeles. ,GDKR¶VLPDJHFRXOGQ¶WFDWFKDEUHDNHYHQ WKRXJKSHRSOHRIJRRGZLOOPDGHLWNQRZQWKDW UDFLVWH[WUHPLVWVZHUHRQO\DWLQ\IUDFWLRQRIWKH state’s population. )LQDOO\DERXWD\HDUDIWHU$U\DQVHFXULW\ JXDUGV¿UHGVKRWVDWDFDURQDFRXQW\URDGQHDU WKH$U\DQ1DWLRQVFRPSRXQGWKH6RXWKHUQ 3RYHUW\/DZ&HQWHU¿OHGDFLYLOVXLW7KHHQVXLQJWULDOLQHQGHGZLWKDPLOOLRQ YHUGLFWDQGWKHHYHQWXDOEDQNUXSWF\DQGFORVXUH RIWKH$U\DQ1DWLRQV²DJDLQZLWKVXEVWDQWLDO QDWLRQDOPHGLDFRYHUDJHRI,GDKRDQGLWVSUREOHPZLWKUDFLVWV
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Bill Morlin covered extremism and criminal justice for the 7KH6SRNDQH'DLO\ Chronicle and later, 7KH6SRNHVPDQ 5HYLHZ, for 25 years, chronicling Butler and the Aryan Nations, as well as other Northwest extremist groups. He is currently a correspondent for Salon.com and for the Southern Poverty Law Center publications +DWHZDWFK and ,QWHOOLJHQFH 5HSRUW where he writes about domestic terrorism and extremist groups.
thebluereview.org
Playing Dixie: Idaho’s States’ Rights Alliance and the 1964 Civil Rights Act Idaho’s racial reputation predates Aryans’ arrival -,//.*,//
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CECIL STOUGHTON, WHITE HOUSE PRESS OFFICE
VSLUDWLRQDOVORJDQVVXFKDV³,GDKRLV7RR*UHDWWR+DWH´ DQG³,GDKR WKH+XPDQ5LJKWV6WDWH´HPHUJHGRYHU the past three decades as local human rights activists EDWWOHGZKLWHVXSUHPDFLVWVDQGWKHLPDJHSUREOHPVWKH\EURXJKWWR WKHVWDWH7KHVDGUHDOLW\KRZHYHULVWKDW,GDKRDQVKDYHORQJVXQJ YDULDWLRQVRI³'L[LH´LQVWDWHV¶ULJKWVKDUPRQ\ZLWKZKLWH6RXWKHUQHUVRQUDFH%XW,GDKRUHVLGHQWVDUHORDWKWRDGPLWWKLV ³:H¶YH KDGQRVHULRXVSUREOHPZLWKUDFLVPKHUH´WKH\DUJXHGHIHQVLYHO\ ³7KH+D\GHQ/DNHZKLWHVXSUHPDFLVWVZHUHRXWVLGHDJLWDWRUVIURP &DOLIRUQLD´³(DVW&RDVWQHZVSDSHUVJDYHXVDQXQIDLUUHSXWDWLRQ´ These common refrains paint an attractive narrative that locates ,GDKR¶VLPDJHSUREOHPRXWVLGHLWVERUGHUV²,GDKRVKDUHVQRFRPSOLFLW\LQWKLVWDOH WKHVWDWHLVVLPSO\ WKHYLFWLPRIOLEHO 7KHUHLVWUXWKWR,GDKR¶VFODLP WKDWPDQ\QHR1D]LVWUDQVSODQWHG to the Panhandle from other places. California emigrant Richard Butler DUULYHGLQ GUDZQE\FKHDS ODQGRSHQJXQODZVPRXQWDLQRXV LVRODWLRQDQGWKHZKLWHQHVVRIWKH population. He founded the Aryan 1DWLRQVLQ FRXUWHGWKHPHGLD and turned his compound into a racists’ retreat and operations FHQWHU$VDUHVXOWQHZVSDSHUV GLGWLH,GDKRWR$U\DQDFWLYLVPLQ UHDGHUV¶PLQGV7KHZRUNRIORFDO KXPDQULJKWVKHURHVZKRKHOSHG EDQNUXSW%XWOHU¶VRUJDQL]DWLRQLQ UHFHLYHGOHVVDWWHQWLRQWKDQ they deserved. $QG\HWWKHUHLJQLQJQDUUDtive suffers from a major historical RPLVVLRQ²RQHWKDWIXHOVIDOVHLQnocence and perpetuates legislative DSDWK\RQKXPDQULJKWV3ULRUWR%XWOHU¶VDUULYDO,GDKRSRVVHVVHG Southern ties and already had a racist reputation. White SouthernHUVORQJSRSXODWHGWKHVWDWHZLWKDQHDUO\ZDYHRI&RQIHGHUDWHV ZKRGRPLQDWHG,GDKRSROLWLFVLQWKHVDQG¶VDQGODWHU2NLHVZKRÀHGGXVWDQGGHSUHVVLRQWRZRUNLWV¿HOGVLQWKH V%XW ,GDKR¶VHOHFWHGRI¿FLDOVUHDOO\VROLGL¿HGDQ,GDKR'L[LHD[LVRQUDFH GXULQJEDWWOHVRYHUIHGHUDODQWLO\QFKLQJELOOV)URP XQWLOKLV GHDWKLQ 6HQDWRU:LOOLDP%RUDK5,'OHGWKHVWDWHV¶ULJKWV ¿JKWDJDLQVWWKHP+HZRQWKHDSSUHFLDWLYHDIIHFWLRQRI'L[LHFUDWV WKH6RXWKHUQSURVHJUHJDWLRQZLQJRIWKH'HPRFUDWLF3DUW\ DQG the hope of their electoral votes should he run for president. ,GDKR¶VUHSXWDWLRQDVDIHOORZIRHRIIHGHUDOFLYLOULJKWVOHJLVODWLRQGLGQRWGLHZLWK%RUDK'L[LHFUDWVDJDLQVRXJKWDOOLHVZKHQ 3UHVLGHQW-RKQ).HQQHG\FDOOHGIRUDFLYLOULJKWVELOOLQ-XQH WKDWZRXOGEDQUDFLDOGLVFULPLQDWLRQLQSXEOLFDFFRPPRGDWLRQV DQGHPSOR\PHQW1RWVXUSULVLQJO\6RXWKHUQHUVWXUQHGDJDLQWR
FRQVHUYDWLYH:HVWHUQVWDWHVULJKWV¶EDVWLRQVOLNH,GDKRWRKHOS ¿JKWWKLVFRQJUHVVLRQDOHIIRUW7KHDOOLDQFHZDVHVSHFLDOO\FULWLFDO JLYHQWKDWFKXUFKHVZHUHHIIHFWLYHO\VWLUULQJ0LGZHVWHUQ5HSXEOLFDQVWRVXSSRUWWKHELOO Dixiecrat senators mailed their arguments opposing the Civil 5LJKWV$FWGLUHFWO\WR,GDKRYRWHUVPLVXVLQJIUDQNLQJSULYLOHJHV LQWHQGHGWRKHOSOHJLVODWRUVFRPPXQLFDWHZLWKWKHLURZQFRQVWLWXHQWV 6HJUHJDWLRQLVWVDOVRFUHDWHGSRZHUIXOOREE\LQJJURXSV WREDWWOHWKHELOOZKLFKLQYHVWHGKHDYLO\LQ,GDKRERXQGOLWHUDWXUH The greatest volume came from The Coordinating Committee for )XQGDPHQWDO$PHULFDQ)UHHGRPV7KRXJKERDVWLQJD:DVKLQJWRQ '&DGGUHVVWKH0LVVLVVLSSL6RYHUHLJQW\&RPPLVVLRQJDYHLWOLIH
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PUBLISHED BY BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY AND BOISE WEEKLY
THE BLUE REVIEW | VOL. 2, NO. 1 | WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION
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RACE & IDAHO EHWWHUKLPVHOIFRXOGGRVRLIKHXVHGVRPHRIKLVRZQLQLWLDWLYH« &KDULW\KDVWRVWRSVRPHZKHUH´$VRQH,GDKRDQDI¿UPHGWR6HQ &KXUFKWKH³FLYLOULJKWVFULVLV´ZDVDQLVVXHZKHUH:HVWHUQDQG Southern “interests coincided.” 0DQ\OHWWHUVHFKRHGYHUEDWLPWKHWDONLQJSRLQWVLQ0LVVLVVLSSL IXQGHGOLWHUDWXUH(YHQ6HQ&KXUFKZRUULHGDERXWKRZHDVLO\ DQGIRUFHIXOO\,GDKRDQVSDUURWHG0LVVLVVLSSLPDWHULDOV+LVWHDP UHEXWWHGIDOVHDVVHUWLRQVLQUHWXUQFRUUHVSRQGHQFH&KXUFKDOVRHPSKDVL]HG WKDWEHFDXVH,GDKRZDVRQHRIDERXW non-Southern states that already had its RZQFLYLOULJKWVODZ²SDVVHGTXLHWO\LQ ²IHGHUDOOHJLVODWLRQZRXOGKDYHOLWWOH HIIHFWRQ,GDKRDQV,QIDFWWKHSXEOLFDFFRPPRGDWLRQVDVSHFWRI,GDKR¶VODZZDV WHFKQLFDOO\EURDGHUWKDQWKHIHGHUDORQH under consideration. 0DQ\,GDKRDQVHLWKHUGLGQ¶WUHDOL]H DVWURQJHUVWDWHODZDOUHDG\VDWRQWKH ERRNVRUWKH\ULJKWO\IHDUHGWKHIHGV ZRXOGHQIRUFHWKHLUVPRUHIXOO\IRUWKHLU OHWWHUVUHÀHFWHGDQ[LHW\DERXWORVLQJWKH freedom of association they then enjoyed. 3XWPRUHGLUHFWO\WKH\UHVLVWHGEHLQJ FRPSHOOHGE\WKHJRYHUQPHQWWRGHDOZLWK EODFNVLQDQRQGLVFULPLQDWRU\PDQQHU (TXDOLW\RIRSSRUWXQLW\KDGWREHHDUQHG PDQ\SUHVXPHGDQGEODFNVKDGQ¶WGRQHVR$VWKHRZQHURI+LOO 0LOOLQJ&RPSDQ\LQ7HUUHWRQZURWH³7KHVWDQGDUGRIWKHFRORUHG SHRSOHVSHUIRUPDQFHDQGVRFLDOOLYLQJPXVWEHEURXJKWXSWRWKH ZKLWHPDQV>VLF@VWDQGDUGDQGWKHQWKHUHZLOOEHDFFHSWDQFHDQG EURWKHUO\ORYH´3URYLGLQJEODFNVZLWKHTXDOHGXFDWLRQZDV¿QHEXW SURWHFWLQJWKHULJKWRIZKLWHVWROLYHLQZKLWHRQO\QHLJKERUKRRGV UHPDLQHGYLWDOWRKLPDQGKLVQHLJKERUV+HWKHQZDUQHG&KXUFK “We expect you to vote for the good of the country and not in a PDQQHUWRVRRWK>VLF@WKHPLQRULWLHV´$IDUPHULQ+D]HOWRQHFKRHG WKDWZKLOHDOORZLQJEODFNVWRYRWHDQGDWWHQGVFKRROZDV¿QH³WKH\ should earn the right to integrate as other groups have.” Several ZULWHUVZHUHDQJU\WKDWEODFNVKDGEHJXQGHPDQGLQJULJKWVRQD QDWLRQDOVWDJHUDWKHUWKDQSDWLHQWO\DZDLWLQJLQFUHPHQWDOSURJUHVV $QG\HWPDQ\DOVRWUXPSHWHGKRZWKHLUZKLWHIRUHEHDUVIRUFHIXOO\ SURWHFWHGWKHLURZQOLEHUWLHV $IHZOHWWHUVIDYRUHGIXOOFLYLOULJKWVIRUEODFNVMXVWQRWYLDWKH IHGHUDOJRYHUQPHQW,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH\H[SOLFLWO\DQGHIIHFWLYHO\ disengaged states’ rights values from the race issue. But most failed WRGRVRODFLQJWKHLUOHWWHUVZLWKIHDUVRIORVWDGYDQWDJHV7KHHPSOR\HHVRI6FRWW¶V5HIULJHUDWLRQLQ7ZLQ)DOOVSURWHVWHGWKDWULJKWV ZHUHEHLQJVWULSSHGIURPZKLWHVLQRUGHUWRJLYHWKHPWREODFNV$ :HLVHUPDQOLNHZLVHVWUHVVHG³,I>WKHELOO@ZDVGHVLJQHGWRKHOSWKH QHJURKHGRHVQ¶WQHHGLWLILWWDNHVDZD\VRPDQ\RIRXUOLEHUWLHV DQGPDNHVLWLPSRVVLEOHWRFRQGXFWRXURZQSULYDWHDIIDLUVDVIUHHO\ DVZHKDYHGRQHLQWKHSDVW´$VDZRPDQIURP7ZLQ)DOOVLQVLVWHG “Negro leaders are not demanding civil rights. They are demanding VSHFLDOSULYLOHJHV´(YHQVWXGHQWVIURPD³<RXWKDQG'HPRFUDF\ &ODVV´LQ1RWXVHFKRHG³7KH1HJURPXVWOHDUQWRKHOSKLPVHOI «:HGRQ¶WEHOLHYHDQ\UDFHPLQRULW\VKRXOGEHJLYHQVSHFLDO SULYLOHJHV7KHMREVDUHWKHUHLIWKH1HJURHVZRXOGWDNHDGYDQWDJH RIWKHP´$FRXSOHIURP-HURPHDGGHGLQH[DJJHUDWHGIDVKLRQ ³8QOHVVZHDUHQHJURHVZHKDYHQ¶WDQ\ULJKWVDWDOO´ 6SHFL¿FDOO\WKH\ZDQWHGWRSUHVHUYHWKHLUSUHURJDWLYHWRH[FOXGH EODFNV²HYHQWKRXJKYHU\IHZOLYHGLQ,GDKRDQGPDQ\UXUDODUHDV had none. A lifelong union Democrat from Pocatello stated outright
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THE BLUE REVIEW | VOL. 2, NO. 1 | WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION
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Latinos Continue to Fight Racism in Idaho
Half-century of battles over anti-discrimination legislation still shape Idaho politics (552/-21(6
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PUBLISHED BY BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY AND BOISE WEEKLY
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KHÂżJKWIRU/*%7ULJKWVLQ,GDKRLVWKHODWHVW in a half-century struggle for state protection IURPGLVFULPLQDWLRQDQGELJRWU\)URPVPDOO WRZQVWRPDMRUFLWLHVWRWKHOHJLVODWLYHFKDPEHUVUDFLVP LQ,GDKRKDVFHUWDLQO\EHHQDORQJVWUXJJOHIRUWKHJURZLQJ +LVSDQLFFRPPXQLW\ZKLFKQRZFRPSULVHVSHUFHQWRI WKHVWDWHÂśVSRSXODWLRQ,QDUHFHQWIdaho Statesman editoULDOQDWLRQDOO\UHQRZQHGDQGUHVSHFWHGFRQVWLWXWLRQDO KLVWRULDQ'DYLG$GOHUWRRN,GDKRÂśV SROLWLFDOOHDGHUVKLSWRWDVNIRU WROHUDWLQJELJRWU\DQGUDFLVP+H challenged Gov. C. L. “Butchâ€? Otter WRUHFRJQL]HLWDVDVHULRXVSUREOHP DQGDGGUHVVLWLQKLV6WDWHRI the State speech. ,QKLVFROXPQ$GOHUPHQWLRQVD VLJQDIÂż[HGWRDIHQFHVXUURXQGLQJD house in a predominantly Hispanic QHLJKERUKRRGLQ%XUOH\WKDWDUURgantly proclaims “No Mexicans.â€? This contemporary example reminds us of “Whites Onlyâ€? signs that tarnished the South in the pre-civil rights days. ,QIDFWUDFLVWSODFDUGVGHFODULQJÂł1R 0H[LFDQV´DWUHVWDXUDQWVEDUVDQG many other commercial enterprises LQ6RXWKHUQ,GDKROHGWRWKHSDVVDJH RI,GDKRÂśVÂżUVWDQWLGLVFULPLQDWLRQ ODZLQ WKH,GDKR)DLU(PSOR\PHQW3UDFWLFHV$FW([DPSOHVRI violence and discrimination against +LVSDQLFSHRSOHLQ,GDKRGDWHEDFN WRWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHWKFHQWXU\ LQ%XUOH\DQG&DOGZHOO7KLVW\SHRI EHKDYLRUHYHQIRUFHGWKH0H[LFDQ JRYHUQPHQWWRUHPRYH,GDKRIURP the list of states importing Mexican IDUPODERUHUVXQGHUWKH:RUOG:DU ,,HUD%UDFHURSURJUDP )HGXSZLWKWKHZD\,GDKRWUHDWHG0H[LFDQVDQGRWKHU PLQRULW\JURXSVGXULQJDQGDIWHU::,,VRPHIRXJKW EDFN²LQFOXGLQJ$QWRQLR5RGULJXH]DEDUEHUDQGRZQHURID VPDOOUHVWDXUDQWLQQRUWK1DPSD5RGULJXH]ÂśVIULHQG,VLGUR Âł%ODFNLH´/RSH]UHPHPEHUHGFRPLQJKRPHDIWHUWKHZDULQ GUHVVHGLQKLVPLOLWDU\XQLIRUPDQGWKHUHVSHFWORFDO UHVLGHQWVVKRZHGKLP+RZHYHUÂłZKHQ,SXWRQFLYLOLDQ FORWKHV´/RSH]WROGZULWHU0DULD6DOD]DU\HDUVODWHUÂłWKH $QJORVVDZPHDVMXVWDQRWKHU0H[LFDQZRUWKOHVVLQWKHLU H\HV´/RSH]HYHQWXDOO\OHIWWKHVWDWHWRPDNHKLVKRPHLQ :DVKLQJWRQ,QWKH VVLJQVDW&DQ\RQ&RXQW\EXVLnesses told Mexicans and other minorities to stay out. $QJHUHGDQGIUXVWUDWHGE\WKHDQWL0H[LFDQVHQWLPHQWLQ
THE BLUE REVIEW | VOL. 2, NO. 1 | WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION
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THE BLUE REVIEW | VOL. 2, NO. 1 | WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION
Errol D. Jones, a native of Utah, is professor emeritus in the History Department at Boise State University. Jones joined the faculty of Boise State University in 1982 after teaching at universities in Texas, Utah, Mexico and Brazil. Trained in Latin American history, he specialized in the history of Mexico upon arriving at Boise State.
Migrant housing near Rupert, 1950s.
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RXWOLQHGLQWKHHDUOLHU DQWLGLVFULPLQDWLRQDFW$QGOLNH WKDWDFWWKHFRPPLVVLRQZRXOGEHSRZHUOHVVRQLWVRZQWR HQIRUFHWKHODZ 7KHVRFDOOHG³JRYHUQRU¶VELOO´DSSHDOHGPRUHWR6WDWH$IIDLUV&RPPLWWHHPHPEHUVZKRWKRXJKWWKHRULJLQDO&LWL]HQV IRU&LYLF8QLW\ELOOYHVWHGWRRPXFKSRZHULQDFRPPLVVLRQ WKDWPLJKWEH³LQFOLQHGWRJRRQZLWFKKXQWVFRQGHPQLQJ LQQRFHQWSHRSOHLQLWV]HDOIRUVHFXULQJWKHULJKWVRIPLQRULWLHV´6RPHFRPPLWWHHPHPEHUV³IULJKWHQHGE\FLYLO ULJKWVDFWLYLVP´ZHUHFRQYLQFHGWKDW,GDKRKDGQRVHULRXV SUREOHPVZLWKGLVFULPLQDWLRQ7KHVHODZPDNHUVEHOLHYHG WKDWQHLWKHUWKH/HJLVODWXUHQRUWKHYRWHUV³ZRXOGVWDQGIRUD µVWURQJ¶FLYLOULJKWVFRPPLVVLRQ´DFFRUGLQJWR LQWHUYLHZVZLWK%DWWDQGZLWK6WDQ&URZD%RLVHDWWRUQH\ZKR KHOSHGGUDIWWKH³JRYHUQRU¶VELOO´7KHZHDNHQHGELOOZHQWWR WKHIXOO6HQDWHDQGSDVVHGXQRSSRVHGRQ0DUFK 7KH+RXVHDSSURYHGLWGD\VODWHU ,GDKR¶V&RPPLVVLRQRQ+XPDQ5LJKWV ,&+5 ZDVQRW ZKDW&LWL]HQVIRU&LYLF8QLW\HQYLVLRQHGDQGZDVPXFK ZHDNHUWKDQKXPDQULJKWVFRPPLVVLRQVLQRWKHUVWDWHV$ VWXG\VKRZHGWKDWWKHERG\ODFNHGGLUHFWHQIRUFHPHQW DQGVXESRHQDSRZHUVZDVZRHIXOO\XQGHUIXQGHGDQGKDG QR³VWDWXWRU\DVVXUDQFH´DOORZLQJIRU³HIIHFWLYHFRPSODLQW SURFHVVLQJSURFHGXUHV´/HJLVODWLYHDWWHPSWVWKHIROORZLQJ \HDUWRJUDQWLWSRZHUVVLPLODUWRWKRVHH[HUFLVHGE\VWDWH FRPPLVVLRQVHOVHZKHUHSURYHGXQVXFFHVVIXO*RYHUQDQFH rules forced the commission to rely on county advisory FRPPLWWHHV²DSSRLQWHGE\FRXQW\FRPPLVVLRQHUV²DQG FRXQW\SURVHFXWLQJDWWRUQH\VZKRRIWHQSUHVHQWHGPXOWLSOH REVWDFOHVDQGGHOD\WDFWLFVWRDWWHPSWVDWVROYLQJFRPPXQLWLHV¶GLVFULPLQDWLRQSUREOHPV 7KHRQJRLQJFRQWURYHUV\LQ,GDKRRYHUWKHODFNRIHTXDOLW\IRUWKHVWDWH¶VOHVELDQJD\ELVH[XDODQGWUDQVJHQGHU UHVLGHQWV²DVZHOODVIDLOHGDWWHPSWVWRLQFOXGHWKHPLQ WKH DFWFUHDWLQJWKH,GDKR&RPPLVVLRQRQ+XPDQ 5LJKWV²SXWV,GDKRLQWKHFDWHJRU\RIDVWDWHZKRVHPDOH GRPLQDWHG5HSXEOLFDQ/HJLVODWXUHFOLQJVWRDQRXWGDWHG YLVLRQRISUHFLYLOULJKWV$PHULFD$VWRQLVKLQJO\WKH,GDKR +XPDQ5LJKWV&RPPLVVLRQLWVHOIYRWHGLQ DJDLQVW including “sexual orientation” and “gender identity” in the ,GDKR+XPDQ5LJKWV$FWHFKRLQJWKHORQJKHOGSRVLWLRQ RIODZPDNHUV6WDWHOHJLVODWRUV¶VWHDGIDVWUHIXVDOWRJUDQW HTXDOLW\WR/*%7FLWL]HQVSURPSWHG\HDUROGIRUPHU 5HSXEOLFDQJRYHUQRUDQGORQJWLPHFLYLOULJKWVFKDPSLRQ Phil Batt to call them “fools.” $OWKRXJK,GDKR¶V0H[LFDQ$PHULFDQFRPPXQLW\IRXQG UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRQWKHFRPPLVVLRQZLWK-HVVH%HUDLQ¶VDSSRLQWPHQWDVDFRPPLVVLRQHUDQGLWV¿UVWDQGRQO\IXOOWLPH LQYHVWLJDWRUVHULRXVFLYLOULJKWVDEXVHVFRQWLQXHG0DQ\ ,GDKRIDUPHUVDQGDJULEXVLQHVVHVYLRODWHGPLJUDQWIDUP ZRUNHUV¶KXPDQULJKWVE\IDLOLQJWRSURYLGHWKHPZLWK GHFHQWKRXVLQJRUHYHQZLWKSRUWDEOHWRLOHWVLQWKH¿HOGV $ODUJHIRRGSURFHVVLQJFRPSDQ\LQ&DOGZHOOUHIXVHGWR promote Mexican Americans to management positions despite their demonstrated competence and seniority. This SUDFWLFHRIHWKQLFGLVFULPLQDWLRQDSSHDUHGWREHZLGHVSUHDG ZKHUH0H[LFDQVFRQFHQWUDWHG&RPSODLQWVEURXJKWEHIRUH WKH,+5&LQ DQG DFFXVHGRZQHUVDWVRPHHDWLQJ DQGGULQNLQJHVWDEOLVKPHQWVRIGHQ\LQJVHUYLFHWRSHRSOHRI 0H[LFDQKHULWDJHRUGHPDQGLQJWKDWWKH\QRWVSHDN6SDQish on the premises. Many expressed frustration that their FKLOGUHQLQZKRPWKH\SODFHGDOOKRSHIRUDEHWWHUIXWXUH
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Percentage of white students in Idaho school districts Plummer-Worley 40% Native American
0 - 20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Source: Idaho State Department of Education
Lapwai 84% Native American
Madison 1% African American
Wilder 75% Hispanic Caldwell 58% Hispanic
Bear Lake County 94% white
Jerome 48% Hispanic
A Plea for Inclusive Curricula
Add diversity training to the state’s school reform wish list .(,7+/$1'(5621 ³'RQ¶W)DLO,GDKR´SOHDGVDSXEOLFVHUYLFH DQQRXQFHPHQWWKDWGHFULHVWKHORZQDWLRQDO UDQNLQJVRI,GDKR¶VVFKRROVDQGSRRUFROOHJH completion rates of its students. According to ,GDKR¶V*R2QSURJUDPWKHVWDWH¶VHGXFDWLRQDO V\VWHPUDQNVWKRXWRIVWDWHVLQJHWWLQJ VWXGHQWVIURPKLJKVFKRROWRFROOHJH6RZKDW¶V DWWKHKHDUWRIWKHSUREOHP"(GXFDWLRQUHIRUP KDVERLOHGRQWKHIURQWEXUQHURISROLWLFDOGHEDWHV ZLWKOLWWOHDFFRPSOLVKHG$PLGUDJLQJEDWWOHVRYHU WHDFKHUWHQXUHQHZ&RPPRQ&RUHVWDQGDUGV DQGRQOLQHFODVVHVVRPHWKLQJFUXFLDOKDVEHHQ PLVVHG ,GDKR¶VUHODWLYHSDXFLW\RIPXOWLFXOWXUDO curriculum materials and teacher training. This LVGLUHFWO\LPSDLULQJVWXGHQWV¶JUDGXDWLRQUDWHV QRWWRPHQWLRQWKHLUDELOLW\WRWKULYHLQWKHHYHU GLYHUVLI\LQJZRUOGEH\RQG²ERWKZKLWHFKLOGUHQ DQGVWXGHQWVRIFRORU<HWWKHLPSRUWDQWLVVXHRI diversity education and its central role in student DFKLHYHPHQWRUIDLOXUHLVODUJHO\DEVHQWIURP SXEOLFDQGOHJLVODWLYHGLVFXVVLRQVLQ,GDKR %HFDXVHWHDFKHUVFDQ¶WWHDFKZKDWWKH\ GRQ¶WNQRZWKLVHVVD\ZLOOIRFXVRQZK\,GDKR¶V educational system should provide effective and VXI¿FLHQWGLYHUVLW\WUDLQLQJWRFXUUHQWDQGIXWXUH WHDFKHUV(YHQPRUHLPSRUWDQWO\LWZLOOVWUHVVWKH negative repercussions of not providing educators ZLWKHIIHFWLYHDQGVXI¿FLHQWPXOWLFXOWXUDOFXUULFXOXPWUDLQLQJ%HFDXVHDVLJQL¿FDQWLQÀX[RIWHDFK-
HUVIURPGLYHUVHEDFNJURXQGVZRQ¶WEHMRLQLQJ ,GDKR¶VWHDFKHUSRRODQ\WLPHVRRQLWLVLPSRUWDQW WKDWFXUUHQWWHDFKHUVZKRDUHPRVWO\ZKLWHEH given the opportunity to learn and understand the importance of a culturally inclusive curriculum. 7UDLQLQJLQWKLVDUHDQHHGVWRFRPHIURPNQRZOHGJHDEOHKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQDOIDFXOW\LQ,GDKR ZKLFKFXUUHQWO\DSSUR[LPDWHVD³EOLQGOHDGLQJ WKHEOLQG´VLWXDWLRQ ,GDKR¶VLQVWLWXWLRQVRIKLJKHU HGXFDWLRQIDFHWKHLURZQGLYHUVLW\FKDOOHQJHV 6WDWH6XSHULQWHQGHQWRI3XEOLF,QVWUXFWLRQ 7RP/XQDDFNQRZOHGJHVWKDWWKHUHDUHSOHQW\ RIYHU\JRRGWHDFKHUVLQ,GDKR0RVWRIWKHP ZRXOGEHZLOOLQJWRLQFRUSRUDWHDPRUHGLYHUVH FXUULFXOXPEXW¿UVWWKH\QHHGWREHWUDLQHGKRZ 7KLVPHDQVWKH6WDWH'HSDUWPHQWRI(GXFDWLRQ DQG,GDKR¶VLQVWLWXWLRQVRIKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQQHHG WRSULRULWL]HPXOWLFXOWXUDOSHGDJRJ\PRUHKLJKO\ including providing more funding. ,GDKR¶VWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQSURJUDPVGRFRQWDLQDVPLGJHQRIGLYHUVLW\WUDLQLQJEXWLI%RLVH 6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\¶VSURJUDPVDUHDQ\LQGLFDWLRQ PXFKRILWLVFKDQQHOHGLQWRWKH%LOLQJXDO(GXFDWLRQVSHFLDOL]DWLRQ0DLQVWUHDPHOHPHQWDU\DQG VHFRQGDU\HGXFDWLRQPDMRUVZKRGRQRWVHHNRXW VSHFLDOL]HGWUDLQLQJUHFHLYHOLWWOHGLYHUVLW\WUDLQing. Multicultural information is treated more as a marginal topic for certain teachers destined for FHUWDLQW\SHVRIFODVVURRPV,QVWHDGDV,GDKR¶V
PUBLISHED BY BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY AND BOISE WEEKLY
THE BLUE REVIEW | VOL. 2, NO. 1 | WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION
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RACE & IDAHO VWXGHQWSRSXODWLRQFRQWLQXHVWRGLYHUVLI\²LQFOXGLQJWKHUHODWLYHO\ UHFHQWLQÀX[RIUHIXJHHVWXGHQWVIURPDOORYHUWKHZRUOGVSHDNLQJ PDQ\GLIIHUHQWODQJXDJHV²LWQHHGVWREHPDLQVWUHDPHGLQWROHFWXUH halls as standard fare for all educators. ,GDKRXQLYHUVLWLHV¶LQYROYHPHQWLQ75L2SURJUDPVIRUKLJK VFKRROVWXGHQWVKDVEHHQDERRQ75L2HPSOR\VSHRSOHZLWKYDVW H[SHULHQFHZRUNLQJZLWKORZLQFRPHVWXGHQWVRIDOOUDFHV² students a year across the state. They are also generally familiar ZLWKKRZWRFRPPXQLFDWHHIIHFWLYHO\DQGPRWLYDWHWKHVHVWXGHQWV WRVXFFHVVIXOO\VHHNKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQ%XWDJDLQIURQWOLQHIDFXOW\ LQWKHVWDWH¶VWHDFKHUFROOHJHVVKRXOGEHDUPHGZLWKVXFKVNLOOVWRR ,QVWHDG,GDKRVHHPVWREHFXWWLQJFRUQHUVZLWKWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQ,Q 'HQQLV&DUWZULJKWGLUHFWRURIHGXFDWLRQSURJUDPV DW7KH&ROOHJHRI,GDKRWROGWKHIdaho Press-Tribune³7HDFKLQJLV PXFKPRUHFRPSOH[QRZEXWZLWKPDQ\RIWKHDOWHUQDWHURXWHVWR FHUWL¿FDWLRQWKHVWDWHKDVHQFRXUDJHGSXWWLQJWHDFKHUVLQWRFODVVHV PRUHTXLFNO\ZLWKOHVVSUHSDUDWLRQZKLFKPDNHVQRVHQVHWRPH´ /HVVSUHSDUDWLRQFHUWDLQO\LQFOXGHVVHQGLQJQHZWHDFKHUVZKR aren’t prepared to meet the needs of diverse student populations into increasingly diverse school districts.
GRADING THE CURRICULUM $ORQJZLWKLPSURYLQJWHDFKHUWUDLQLQJWKH6WDWH%RDUGRI(GXFDWLRQFRXOGUHTXLUHDPRUHGLYHUVHVWXGHQWFXUULFXOXP$QREYLRXV DQGHVVHQWLDOHOHPHQWPXVWEHWKH86FLYLOULJKWVPRYHPHQW ,GDKRLVRQHRIVHYHUDOVWDWHVWKDWGRHVQRWPDQGDWHLQFOXVLRQRI WKLVVXEMHFWLQWKHFXUULFXOXP$FFRUGLQJWRWKH6RXWKHUQ3RYHUW\ /DZ&HQWHU³,QPRVWVWDWHVWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUWHDFKLQJDERXW WKHFLYLOULJKWVPRYHPHQWDUHJURVVO\LQDGHTXDWHWRQRQH[LVWHQW 7KHDYHUDJHVFRUHDFURVVDOOVWDWHVDQGWKH'LVWULFWRI&ROXPELDZDV SHUFHQWIRUDQDYHUDJHJUDGHRI)´$VRQHRIVWDWHVWKDWUHTXLUHVQRLQVWUXFWLRQZKDWVRHYHUDERXWWKHFLYLOULJKWVPRYHPHQW ,GDKRUHFHLYHGDVFRUHRISHUFHQW²RQHRIWKHORZHVW)¶VSRVVLEOH (YHQ0LVVLVVLSSLIDUVXUSDVVHGWKLVHDUQLQJD& 7KLVLVDVPDOO\HWVLJQL¿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¿JKWLQJIRUWKLVFRXQWU\ agriculture and science. 7KHFXUULFXOXPLVQ¶WWKHRQO\DUHDWKDWVKRXOGEHGLYHUVL¿HG6R WRRVKRXOGWKHUDQNVRIHGXFDWRUV,GDKR¶VLQVWLWXWLRQVRIKLJKHU OHDUQLQJKDYHYHU\IHZSHRSOHRIFRORUWHDFKLQJPXOWLFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\FRXUVHVQRWWRPHQWLRQZRUNLQJLQDQ\¿HOG$FRXSOHRI,GDKR XQLYHUVLWLHVDUHWU\LQJ²DQGVXFFHHGLQJ²WRUHFUXLWIDFXOW\RIFRORU 7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI,GDKRLVOHDGLQJWKHZD\$FFRUGLQJWR,QWHULP 3UHVLGHQW'RQ%XUQHWWKLVIDFXOW\LQFOXGHV¿YH$IULFDQ$PHULFDQV +LVSDQLF/DWLQRVIRXU1DWLYH$PHULFDQV$VLDQVDQGRWKHUVFODVVL¿HGDV³WZRRUPRUHUDFHV´,GDKR6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\FRXQWV WKUHHIXOOWLPHWHQXUHWUDFNRUWHQXUHGSURIHVVRUVZKRDUH$IULFDQ $PHULFDQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHIRUPHUKXPDQUHVRXUFHVGLUHFWRU 7KHVWDWH¶VODUJHVWXQLYHUVLW\%RLVH6WDWHGHQLHGDSXEOLFUHFRUGV UHTXHVWIRUWKHGHPRJUDSKLFGDWDWKRXJKDFFRUGLQJWRGDWD UHSRUWHGWRWKH1DWLRQDO&HQWHUIRU(GXFDWLRQ6WDWLVWLFV%RLVH 6WDWHKDVWHQXUHGRUWHQXUHWUDFN/DWLQRSURIHVVRUVIRXU1DWLYH $PHULFDQ$VLDQDQGWZREODFNSURIHVVRUV
12
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³SHRSOHRIFRORUQHHGWRHPXODWH ZKDWZKLWHJUHDWJUDQGSDUHQWVGLGZKHQWKH\FDPHWRWKLVFRXQWU\ SXOOWKHPVHOYHVXSE\WKHLUERRWVWUDSVDQGPDNHVRPHWKLQJRI WKHPVHOYHV7KH\KDGQRKDQGRXWV´+RZHYHUFXOWXUDOO\NQRZOHGJHDEOHSHRSOHNQRZWKDWZKLWHDQFHVWRUVGLGLQIDFWUHFHLYHKHOS WKDWSHRSOHRIFRORUZHUHUDUHO\DOORZHGWRDFFHVVLQFOXGLQJFLWL]HQVKLSWKHYRWHMXULHVRIWKHLUSHHUVXQLRQMREVRSHQKRXVLQJDQG UHDG\EDQNORDQV 3DXO.LYHODZULWHUDFWLYLVWDQGHGXFDWRUUHPLQGVXVRIWKH GLVFULPLQDWLRQZLWKLQIHGHUDODLGSURJUDPVDIWHU:DU:RUOG,, LQFOXGLQJWKH*,%LOOWKH9HWHUDQV$GPLQLVWUDWLRQKRXVLQJKHDOWK FDUHSURJUDPV³7KHEHQH¿WVIURPWKHVHSURJUDPVZHUHSULPDULO\ DOWKRXJKQRWH[FOXVLYHO\ DYDLODEOHWRZKLWHPHQ´.LYHOZULWHVRQ KLVZHEVLWH,UD.DW]QHOVRQSROLWLFDOVFLHQWLVWDW&ROXPELD8QLYHUVLW\JRHVIXUWKHULQKLVERRN:KHQ$I¿UPDWLYH$FWLRQ:DV:KLWH LOOXVWUDWLQJKRZSHRSOHRIFRORUZHUHV\VWHPDWLFDOO\ER[HGRXWRI DFFHVVWRWKHIHGHUDOVDIHW\QHWDQGDVVLVWDQFHSURJUDPVWKDWEXLOW WKHSRVWZDUPLGGOHFODVV 7KHFRQWURYHUVLDO¿JXUHRI:LOOLH/\QFKIDWKHURI³O\QFKLQJ´ UHFRJQL]HG,QWHUQDOL]HG5DFLDO,QIHULRULW\DVHDUO\DV,Q³7KH 0DNLQJRID6ODYH´/\QFKUHFRXQWVKLVPHWKRGIRUVODYHRZQHUV WRGRPLQDWHDQGEUHDNEODFNVDUJXLQJWKDWWKHUHZRXOGEHORQJ ODVWLQJSV\FKRORJLFDOUHSHUFXVVLRQVLIZKLWHVODYHRZQHUVSK\VLFDOO\ DQGPHQWDOO\DEXVHGWKHLUFKDWWHO6LPLODUSV\FKRORJLFDOUHSHUFXVVLRQVDUHSUHVHQWZKHQ,GDKR¶VHGXFDWLRQDOV\VWHPIDLOVWRWDNH multiculturalism seriously. $QGKRZZLOO,GDKR¶VZKLWHJUDGXDWHVGRZLWKLQ$PHULFD¶V LQFUHDVLQJO\GLYHUVHZRUNSODFHV"7KH\PD\HYHQWXDOO\¿QGWKHPVHOYHVDWDGLVDGYDQWDJHZKHQWKH\FDQQRWEHFDXVHRILQWHUQDOL]HG UDFLDOVXSHULRULW\FRPPXQLFDWHHIIHFWLYHO\ZLWKSHRSOHRIFRORURU WKRVHIURPGLIIHUHQWODQGV3HUKDSVRQHRIWKHUHDVRQV,GDKRLV RXWRIVWDWHVLQVHQGLQJKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVWRFROOHJHKDVWRGR ZLWKDIHDURUGLVFRPIRUWZKLWHVWXGHQWVKDYHRIOHDYLQJDKRPRJHneous area to participate in higher education.
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THE BLUE REVIEW | VOL. 2, NO. 1 | WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION
communities and to the nation provides an essential element WKDWFDQKHOSWKHPEUHDNWKHF\FOHRIJHQHUDWLRQDOSRYHUW\²D EXUGHQPDQ\RIWKHPIDFH:LWKRXWVXFKDQHGXFDWLRQWKH\PD\ JURZWRVHHWKHPVHOYHVDVLQIHULRUWRWKHLUZKLWHFRXQWHUSDUWV 7KLVLVLQGHHGKDSSHQLQJIRUVRPH,GDKRVWXGHQWVDVHYLGHQFHG
1RQZKLWH+LVSDQLFSRSXODWLRQV of select Idaho School districts Twin Falls 26% Wilder 77% Boise 22% Caldwell 61% Pocatello 19% Jerome 51% 16% Blackfoot 40% Emmett 16% Blaine County 40% Meridian Moscow 14% Nampa 37% Mtn. Home 31% E\DUHFHQWFROOHJHOHYHOFRXUVHWKDW,WDXJKWLQZKLFKWZRVWXGHQWVRIFRORUIHOWWKHLUJURXSZDVDWDQLQWHOOHFWXDOGLVDGYDQWDJH EHFDXVHHYHU\RQHLQYROYHGLQWKHLUJURXSSURMHFWZDVDVWXGHQW of color. 'RHVDQLQIHULRULW\FRPSOH[GHYHORSZLWKLQHYHU\VWXGHQWRI FRORULQ,GDKR"2IFRXUVHQRWEXWZKDWSHUFHQWDJHLVDFFHSWDEOH"5DFLDOLQHTXDOLW\LQ$PHULFD¶VVFKRROVZDVRQFHRYHUWDQG EODWDQW7RGD\LWPRUHRIWHQPDQLIHVWVDVLJQRULQJWKHQHHGVRI VWXGHQWVIURPGLYHUVHEDFNJURXQGVDQGHUDVLQJWKHLUKHULWDJH :KDW¶VWKHVROXWLRQ"7KHVWDWHRI,GDKRDQGLWVLQVWLWXWLRQV RIKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQVKRXOGRIIHUTXDOLW\GLYHUVLW\FRXUVHVHDUO\ DQGRIWHQ7KHVHFRXUVHVVKRXOGEHGHVLJQHGWRKHOSSURVSHFWLYH educators more effectively teach a culturally inclusive curriculum. There are progressive institutions around the country that DOUHDG\XQGHUVWDQGZKDWQHHGVWREHGRQH)RUH[DPSOH6W 0DU\¶V8QLYHUVLW\WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI&RORUDGR'HQYHUDQGWKH University of Missouri-Kansas City are among many schools ERDVWLQJHGXFDWLRQGHJUHHVRUFHUWL¿FDWLRQVLQ³FXOWXUDOO\ UHVSRQVLYHWHDFKLQJ´*HQHYD*D\DSLRQHHULQWKLV¿HOGZKR SXEOLVKHGDQDZDUGZLQQLQJERRNRQWKHVXEMHFWOLVWV¿YHEHVW teaching practices that are designed to improve the academic success “of ethnically diverse students.” These essentially echo ZKDW,¶YHGLVFXVVHGDERYH GHYHORSLQJDFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\ NQRZOHGJHEDVH GHVLJQLQJFXOWXUDOO\UHOHYDQWFXUULFXOD GHPRQVWUDWLQJFXOWXUDOFDULQJDQGEXLOGLQJDOHDUQLQJFRPPXQLW\ FURVVFXOWXUDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQV DQG FXOWXUDOFRQJUXLW\ LQFODVVURRPLQVWUXFWLRQ LHWHDFKLQJLQDPXOWLFXOWXUDOZD\ $V,GDKRDQVGHEDWHKRZWRUHIRUPWKHLUWURXEOHGHGXFDWLRQ V\VWHPDQGDVFRPPXQLW\JURXSVSOHDG³'RQ¶W)DLO,GDKR´ZH PXVWORRNDWPRUHWKDQWHFKQRORJ\WHVWLQJDQG&RPPRQ&RUH VWDQGDUGV:HQHHGVHULRXVGLVFXVVLRQDERXWFHQWUDOO\LQFRUporating culturally inclusive material into our teacher preparaWLRQDQGFODVVURRPFXUULFXOD$VRQHDGIRU³'RQ¶W)DLO,GDKR´ DVVHUWV³WKHUH¶VDZLGHJDSEHWZHHQWKHKDYHDQGKDYHQRW VWXGHQWV´$VL]DEOHQXPEHURI,GDKR¶VNLGVWKHDGFRQWLQXHV ³DUHIDOOLQJEHKLQGDQGWKH\QHYHUFDWFKXS´$FXOWXUDOO\LQFOXVLYHFXUULFXOXPFDQKHOSLPPHQVHO\/HW¶VDWOHDVWPDNHLWSDUW of the dialogue.
Keith Anderson attended the Utah State University School of Graduate Studies and later the University of Idaho, where in May 2006, he received a Ph.D. in Educational Leadership. He played football at Boise State and has published two novels, A Field Day and $%ODFN6RXO5LVHV
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THE BLUE REVIEW | VOL. 2, NO. 1 | WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION
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THE BLUE REVIEW | VOL. 2, NO. 1 | WINTER 2014 PRINT EDITION
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