Johnson County Sustainability Guidelines Appendix by BNIM

Appendix Sustainability Guidelines For New and Renovated Facilities

Prepared by BNIM | January 2024 in collaboration with the Facilities Management Department of Johnson County, Kansas 1

Appendix

Johnson County Sustainability Guidelines

A .01 I N T R O D U C T I O N O U R P R O C E S S , B U I L D I N G S U CC E S S E TC . A .02 CO N T E X T U N I T E D N AT I O N S , F E D E R A L C L I M AT E AC T I O N S + I N C E N T I V E S E TC . A .03 K E Y S TA R T E G I E S A N D T E C H N O LO GY P R I O R I T I Z AT I O N R U B R I C , CO D E B E N C H M A R K E TC . A .0 4 J O H N S O N CO U N T Y R E S O U R C E S ( BY B N I M ) P R OJ E C T WO R K F LOW, P R OJ E C T C H E C K L I S TS E TC . A .0 5 L I N KS R E G I O N A L AC T I O N P L A N , L E E D FO R C I T I E S , E TC . A .0 6 G LO S SA RY

Overview The appendix reflects context information available at the time of this document’s publication (October 2024). As everything is subject to change, please use this appendix as reference information, while maintaining up to date with newly released versions of plans, codes, and certification requirements.

A.01

Introduction & Executive Summary A .01 .1 O U R P R O C E S S - H OW W E G OT H E R E A .01 . 2 B U I L D I N G S U CC E S S A N D M E E T I N G T H E M O M E N T

Overview Johnson County’s Facilities Management Department provides a wide range of services, including the charge to maintain, operate, and improve building and site performance across the nearly 3 million square feet of County operated space. Responsible management and goal setting since the publication of the 2004 Sustainable Guidelines Report has yielded an estimated energy savings of well over 4 million dollars just in avoided costs in new construction completed between 2004 and 2024. This report renews and enhances the County Facilities Department’s commitment to creating and sustaining safe, innovative environments, and it also aligns the activities of new construction and operational improvements with the larger commitments of the County to meet the Kansas City Regional Climate Action Plan goal of “net zero carbon by 2050”, as well as continuing to make progress across the County using the measures provided by LEED for Communities. The recommendations within this report provide clear metrics, evolved methods, and references for County staff to utilize as an active and ongoing resource, enhancing the professional expertise and capabilities provided.

A.01.1

Our Process Staff Engagement Highlights

A.01.2 1.04

Building Success Meeting the Moment

BNIM Architects and Johnson County Facilities representatives participated in a kickoff meeting for this document’s creation and establishing a preliminary vision. The Facilities team was asked a series of questions to lay a foundation for the design team to understand what’s important, the major goals, and how to get there. Johnson County Facilities and Operations’ staff engaged in a workshop to identify obstacles and opportunities to achieving a higher level of service and sustainability for the County and its residents. CONTEXT Identification of current status and outside forces that impact the County but that Facilities and Operations does not have much influence to impact ourselves. The workshop participants identified these major themes impacting the County currently: • Population continues to grow • Scarcity of resources, particularly energy • Politics is increasingly divisive limiting conversations • Limited funding • A treasure of great green spaces, trails, schools, and services • Changes in the way businesses operate (e.g., virtual vs in-person) 8

The solutions to enhancing the opportunities and mitigating the challenges point toward a particular set of desires by the workshop participants: 1. Enhancing County beauty and biophilia through amplification of natural features 2. Pragmatic, resilient design that expands the County’s Pillars of Performance without breaking the bank 3. Demonstrating financial stewardship to County taxpayers 4. Improving the human condition for future generations

STAKES Without first understanding the stakes, we may fail to make the meaningful changes we seek. Before entertaining the idea of what our future holds, the workshop participants spent time together identifying what happens if no progress is made. Major concerns included: • Loss of home-rule to other political entities • Food scarcity for citizens • Poor water management that leads to erosion of soils and destruction of property • Additional risks and vulnerabilities to population • Poor community health

Major challenges to combatting these threats include: 1. Lack of clarity and communication of community-wide efforts leading to public criticism 2. Limited access to skilled labor and turnover of quality employees 3. Risk averse culture within operations 4. The advancement of climate risk at a rate faster than the County can evolve public policy

A.01.2 1.04

Building Success Meeting the Moment

DESTINATION Identification of the desired future state through the lenses of social, natural, market, and governmental forces.

Financial • Lowest whole cost or life-cycle cost is valued over lowest first cost

The workshop attendees visualized their desired future:

Regulatory • Political action that moves the County forward • Addresses multiple points of view and competing interests (policy works for a common language)

Environmental • Continue to grow facilities while decreasing energy use • A minimum standard of LEED Platinum • Pursuit of net zero energy on all new buildings Social • The facilities and operations plan becomes second nature and is widely and successfully used • Integrations of the plan impact other departments in a positive way • Processes are streamlined to make action easy • County places and greenspaces are where people want to be

STRATEGY We only look to build our strategy when the future and current states are clearly identified and the stakes are understood. The Facilities roadmap must: • Be clear, concise, and graphical • Be adaptable with changing technology or other outside forces • Be easily accessible • Be a “North Star” for both daily decision making (existing building operations) and new projects (design & construction) • Stir the human spirit to action • Be financially viable, especially with respect to lifetime cost • Become part of the culture and be measurable • Raise the bar on Facilities work and provide guidance to other County departments

A .02

Context A .02 .1 U N I T E D N AT I O N S A .02 . 2 F E D E R A L C L I M AT E AC T I O N + I N C E N T I V E S A .02 . 3 C L I M AT E AC T I O N KC + R E G I O N A L AC T I O N P L A N A .02 . 4 J O H N S O N CO U N T Y & FAC I L I T I E S A .02 . 5 B U I L D I N G C E R T I F I C AT I O N S

Overview All decisions are not made in a vacuum. Johnson County’s decisions as an organization and political body reflect and are affected by others. The context section situates Johnson County and its Facilities department within a larger context of global, national, regional, and local goals, regulations, and incentives. Of importance is understanding the scales of action occurring in order for Johnson County to continue to “meet the moment” and define the right-fit priorities in relation to this broader context.

A.02.1

United Nations IPCC - SDGs

OVERVIEW The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) play a significant role in influencing national, state, and local climate action goals and strategies. The SDGs, adopted by all UN Member States in 2015, provide a comprehensive and integrated framework to address global challenges, including climate change. Goal 13 specifically focuses on climate action, but the interconnected nature of the goals means that progress in one area often contributes to progress in others. Here’s how the SDGs influence climate action at the local level: Community Engagement: SDGs encourage local governments to engage communities in climate action. Local authorities may develop initiatives aligned with SDG 13, such as promoting sustainable transportation, 14

implementing energy-efficient practices, and enhancing local resilience to climaterelated events. Partnerships: Local governments often form partnerships with nongovernmental organizations, businesses, and other stakeholders to implement climate projects aligned with SDG 13. These collaborations can leverage resources and expertise to achieve shared goals. The SDGs, particularly goal 13, serve as a global framework that influences and guides climate action at various levels. They promote integration, collaboration, and a holistic approach to addressing climate change, recognizing that sustainable development requires efforts across different scales of governance.

Image Credits https://sdgs.un.org/goals

Image Credits

C40 Knowledge Hub, How states and cities can benefit from climate investments in the Inflation Reduction Act, published in August 2022

A.02.2

Federal Climate Action + Incentives On August 16, 2022, President Joe Biden signed into law the Inflation

NOTABLE FUNDING + PROGRAMS

Reduction Act. A bill brokered by West Virginia Senator Joe Manchin and Chuck Schumer, the IRA ushered in the largest climate package in American history. The bill and its funding has unlocked a once in a lifetime opportunity.

Section 179D Tax Deduction for Energy Efficient Buildings Tax deduction is assignable/transferrable from non-profits to for-profits and represents about $5 to $6 per square foot of building space.

The bill and its parts range from energy efficiency upgrades to innovation incentives to infrastructure upgrades. Embedded throughout are multiple opportunities for communities to achieve their Climate Action goals with readily available funding.

Section 48 Clean Energy Investment Tax Credit 30-40% tax credit for implementation of solar, batteries, and other clean energy technologies. For non-profits and public entities, there is an option for a “Direct Pay” benefit, which essentially converts the tax credit into a rebate.

Departing from the more traditional “stick,” the IRA focuses heavily on incentives to entice private, public, and non profit partners to make choices that support climate action strategies. This is a once in a lifetime opportunity to access funding and resources to address climate action and the associated sectors that are in need of upgrades and changes. 16

Section 30C Alternative Fuel Vehicle (EV) Refueling Property Credit Thirty percent credit for EV charging stations. “Direct Pay” benefit available for public entities and non-profits. Rebates also available from Evergy.

Image Credits C40 Knowledge Hub, How states and cities can benefit from climate investments in the Inflation Reduction Act, published in August 2022 17

A.02.3

Regional Action Plan Climate Action Kansas City Credits - kcmetroclimateplan.org

Scan QR Code or visit kcmetroclimateplan.org

CONTEXT The Regional Climate Action Plan is an endorsement by the Johnson County Board of County Commissioners. It was developed during 2020 by a coalition led by Climate Action KC and the Mid-America Regional Council, together with hundreds of interested community members, stakeholders and decision-makers. The Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy, a worldwide collaboration among 10,000 municipalities, helped guide the plan’s development.

From Regional Action Plan Climate Risk & Vulnerability Assessment

NET ZERO BY 2050 • Net zero GHG emissions for local government operations by 2030 • Net zero GHG emissions for energy generation by 2035 • Net zero GHG emissions from homes and buildings by 2040 Primary strategies: 1. Decarbonizing the electric power grid. 2. Reducing sprawl, transitioning to EVs, and shifting modes of transportation to affordable, equitable, low-carbon, and safe mobility options. 3. Optimizing the energy performance and health of buildings and homes. 4. Diverting food and landscaping waste from the landfill. 5. Sequestering carbon in the soil through green infrastructure conservation and restoration.

RISK ASSESSMENTS Flooding, drought and extreme heat are the most climate change will intensify these hazards and their risks to human and natural systems, infrastructure and the built environment. While all parts of the region are vulnerable to the impacts of these hazards, community vulnerabilities are concentrated in the urban core. Frontline communities — people of color, people with low incomes and indigenous communities — will be the first ones affected and the hardest hit. Climate adaptation initiatives and investments will build resilience by addressing the systemic inequities that perpetuate vulnerability within these communities.

A.02.3

Regional Action Plan Climate Action Kansas City Credits - kcmetroclimateplan.org

KC Regional Climate Action Plan (Endorsed 2021)

From Regional Action Plan GHG Emissions Inventory

GHG INVENTORY Tracking greenhouse gas emissions is important to understanding our region’s carbon footprint and identifying areas of largest impact. An emissions inventory estimated greenhouse gas emissions in the region’s energy, transportation, and waste sectors using 2015 as the baseline year. The study estimates that 34% of emissions come from transportation, and 63% result from energy use in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. To meet the 2050 net zero vision, the region will need to reduce its projected 2050 emissions by 37 million metric tons of CO2e.

COLLABORATION & LEADERSHIP Leadership development and capacity building across communities, organizations, and businesses is fundamental to achieving the level of change required to attain planning goals. ENERGY GENERATION Replacing fossil fuels with unlimited, renewable and clean alternatives like wind and solar is an essential step toward mitigating the impacts of climate change. TRANSPORTATION Reducing the amount we travel and using fuel sources that produce fewer greenhouse gases help to reduce emissions from sources in the resources in the transportation sector. URBAN GREENING Nature-based solutions present meaningful, scalable opportunities to mitigate for greenhouse gas emissions, while helping with adaptation and resilience toward climate threats. FINANCE & INNOVATION Create an environment that increases and encourages participation, access, and impact to address climate inequities and access to programs and initiatives.

FOOD SYSTEMS Support and advocate for food and agriculture advancements that reduce emissions, improve livelihoods, and ensure access to affordable, quality food. HEALTHY & RESILIENT HOMES & BUILDINGS New buildings can take advantage of more efficient design and construction standards, while modifying existing buildings has the greatest potential for energy savings. COMMUNITY RESILIENCE The sustained ability to use resources to respond to, withstand, recover and bounce forward from adverse situations. The community is only as strong as the networks, relationships, and resources that are available to support individual/ community well-being and quality of life. It also requires planning and emergency preparedness to mitigate the shocks and stresses brought on by climate change. INDUSTRY & RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Reducing waste and keeping resources in use for as long as possible through recycling and composting (a circular economy) can reduce the waste and greenhouse gas emissions. 21

A.02.4

Johnson County & Facilities Management, Leadership, Vision, and Mission Credits - https://www.jocogov.org/department/facilities-management

Facilities Managment The Facilities Management Department provides a variety of services to the County organization. Our primary customer base is anyone who enters our buildings. (approximately 2,868,000 square feet). Our efforts benefit both the public and employees. The buildings we manage range in age from new construction to over 100 years old. Our Vision We strive to be a high-performing Facilities Management and Fleet Services organization, well respected for our professional expertise and capabilities. Our Mission Johnson County Facilities Management creates and sustains safe, innovative environments and delivers high quality services to support a productive County government and community.

Image Credits https://www.jocogov.org/

Johnson County Pillars of Performance Our Leadership Philosophy At Johnson County, we are inspired by a common leadership philosophy: Leadership is a responsibility shared by all. We trust and empower each other to do the right thing for the right reason for the public good. Committed to our shared values, we provide excellent public service, seeking always to improve ourselves and our organization. Together we will leave our community better than we found it. Our Vision We choose to be a different kind of government One that inspires trust for who we are and pride in what we do One that dares to imagine what can be and strives each day to make a difference One that cares about the health, the character, and the promise of community Through our service, Johnson County will always be an extra-ordinary place, second to none, where people want to be, to work, to live Our Mission We provide exemplary government functions and services to keep our community healthy and safe, promote sustainable growth, support people with life’s challenges, and contribute to a high quality of life. 23

A.02.5

Building Certifications As of 2024

Since the initial Johnson County Sustainability Guidelines Report was written in 2003, the number of green building (and product) certification programs has multiplied. Programs such as Energy Star are important, but tend to only address a single-attribute (such as energy), whereas the following are more holistically focused on total building performance using rigorous and transparent documentation methodology. While green building certification in general has become associated with added cost, there are excellent examples of projects achieving top certification levels without impacting the bottom line of a project. It’s key to establish clear goals early in the process, so that everyone is working towards the same outcome from before pencil meets paper. 24

LEED U.S. Green Building Council LEED Certification remains the most recognized green building certification programs. It is an excellent method of demonstrating improved property value using a transparent and 3rd party verified reporting methodology. There are several types of LEED certification available, and explained in the following pages, including: • • • •

LEED Certification LEED ZERO LEED for Operations + Maintenance ARC Skoru

WELL International WELL Building Institute

LIVING BUILDING International Living Future Institute

WELL Certification was established to give additional depth of focus on building and operational impacts on human health. This certification grew substantially during COVID with certifications and metrics that provided specific guidance to protect and maintain indoor air quality.

The Living Building Challenge is the most aggressive green building certification program, not utilizing cumulative “points” for a level of certification, but requirements (“imperatives”) utilizing operational performance data as well as policy and material tracking.

• • • •

• • • • •

WELL Certification WELL Health Safety Rating (HSR) WELL Performance Certification WELL Equity Rating

Core Certification Living Building Petal Certification Living Building Challenge Zero Energy Certification Zero Carbon Certification

A.02.5

LEED

LEED Certification, LEED Zero Credits - www.usgbc.org/leed Scan QR Code or visit www.usgbc.org/leed The LEED rating system provides a framework for designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining environmentally sustainable buildings. The goal of LEED is to promote sustainable practices that reduce the environmental impact of buildings while improving the health and well-being of occupants. LEED certification is achieved by earning points in various categories, each of which addresses different aspects of a building’s environmental performance.

SILVER 50-59 points GOLD 60-79 points CERTIFIED 40-49 points

Image Credits WEBSITE

PLATINUM 80+ points

RATING SYSTEM LEED certification has four levels. The points earned on a project will determine which certification the project recieves; Certified, Silver, Gold, or Platinum.

TRACKING AND SURVEY LEED tracking is the process of documenting and recording the various activities, strategies, and features implemented in a construction or renovation project to meet the requirements. Tracking is an essential aspect of the LEED certification process, as it allows project teams to demonstrate their compliance with the specific criteria and performance standards outlined in the LEED rating system.

LEED ZERO LEED Zero is an extension of the LEED rating system, specifically focusing on carbon emissions and energy use. It is designed to address the environmental impact of buildings by providing a framework for projects to achieve netzero carbon emissions, energy use, water use, and waste in operation. LEED Zero certification is available for four different categories: LEED Zero Energy: Aims to achieve a balance between the total energy used by a project and the amount of renewable energy generated onsite or offsite. The goal is to ensure that the project contributes to a net-zero energy impact. LEED Zero Carbon Emissions: Focuses on achieving net-zero carbon emissions associated with the project’s energy consumption. This includes both direct and indirect emissions from energy sources. LEED Zero Water: Aims to achieve a balance between the total water use of a project and the amount of water that is captured, treated, and reused onsite or offsite. The goal is to ensure that the project has a net-zero impact on water resources.

LEED Zero Waste: Focuses on achieving a balance between the total waste generated by a project and the amount of waste that is diverted from landfills through recycling, composting, or other methods. The goal is to achieve a net-zero impact on waste. Similar to the traditional LEED certification process, LEED Zero projects earn points based on specific criteria in each category. Projects can achieve LEED Zero certification by demonstrating that they have effectively balanced their impact in terms of energy, carbon emissions, water, or waste. LEED Zero encourages projects to adopt a holistic and integrated approach to sustainability, considering multiple environmental factors beyond just energy efficiency. It reflects a commitment to advancing high-performance buildings that not only minimize resource consumption but also contribute positively to the environment. 27

A.02.5

WELL

International WELL Building Institute

Scan QR Code or visit www.wellcertified.com WELL is a performance-based system. Every WELL project is verified through on-site testing of building performance. This is fundamental to high-performing buildings and helps project teams better understand the relationship between the physical environment and human health. The process for onsite assessments and testing is called Performance Verification. Onsite measurements are taken for various air and water quality parameters, as well as sound and light levels. It is a distinct process from traditional building commissioning and assures that the building performs as intended, according to WELL requirements. An Authorized WELL Performance Testing Agent completes the Performance Verification. They usually spend one to three days in the building to validate the project’s documentation and complete a series of performance tests, spot-checks and measurements covering all WELL concepts. The agent completes testing according to IWBI’s protocols. 28

Air seeks to achieve high levels of indoor air quality across a building’s lifetime through diverse strategies that include source elimination or reduction, active and passive building design, and operation strategies and human behavior interventions. Water covers aspects of the quality, distribution, and control of liquid water in a building. It includes features that address the availability and contaminant thresholds of drinking water, as well as features targeting the management of water to avoid damage to building materials and environmental conditions. Nourishment requires the availability of fruits and vegetables and nutritional transparency. It encourages the creation of food environments, where the healthiest choice is the easiest choice. Light promotes exposure to light and aims to create lighting environments that promote visual, mental and biological health. Movement concept promotes physical activity in everyday life through environmental design, policies, and programs to ensure that movement opportunities are integrated into the fabric of our culture, buildings and communities. Thermal Comfort aims to promote human productivity and provide a maximum level of thermal comfort among all building users through improved HVAC system design and control and by meeting individual thermal preferences. Sound concept aims to amplify occupant health and well-being through the identification and mitigation of acoustical comfort parameters that shape occupant experiences in the built environment. Materials seeks to reduce human exposure, whether direct or through environmental contamination, to chemicals that may impact health during the construction, remodeling, furnishing, and operation of buildings. Mind promotes mental health through policy, program, and design strategies that seek to address the diverse factors that influence cognitive and emotional well-being. Community aims to support access to essential healthcare, build a culture of that accommodates diverse population needs, and establish an inclusive, engaged occupant community.

WELL HEALTH-SAFETY RATING A roadmap to help organizations put the necessary plans and protocols in place for resilience and response. It is designed to empower workplace leaders, owners, and operators across large and small businesses alike to prioritize the health and safety of their employees, staff, visitors, and other stakeholders. The seal is a visible mark of your organization’s commitment to making health and safety a best practice at your locations. It is comprised of a subset of strategies from the WELL Building Standard addressing safety and acute health issues within buildings, primarily through operations and management policies. The rating has applications for any business seeking to proactively plan for the future and support the long-term health and safety needs of their people. There are more than 20 features across five action areas. Projects must achieve 15 points across multiple themes to earn the rating. An annual renewal process validates ongoing operations and maintenance practices to confirm they are meeting a high standard for health and safety.

WELL PERFORMANCE RATING Informed by WELL Building Standard, focuses on measurable building performance strategies, verified through onsite testing and sensor technology. Occupant experience surveys connect building performance with the people inside, so organizations can make smarter decisions for their employees and business. The WELL Performance Rating addresses seven themes related to performance including, indoor air quality, water quality management, lighting measurements, thermal conditions, acoustic performance, environmental monitoring, and occupant experience. Upon achievement of the WELL Performance Rating, customers can expand their commitment to health and well-being by certifying the whole building or scaling their efforts across their entire organization. Strategies enacted through the WELL Performance Rating are automatically applied to a WELL Certification scorecard or WELL Score. Third-party verification and a visible seal upon achievement help communicate to anyone entering a building that it meets or exceeds industry recognized benchmarks for health. 29

A.02.5

LEED + WELL Streamlined Certification

The USGBC and IWBI have a streamlined process when pursuing both certifications.

USE FOR COMBINATIONS OF: WELL V2 LEED v4 BD+C LEED v4 ID+C LEED v4.1 BD+C LEED v4.1 ID+C This Process has a suite of tools. These tools include and LEED + WELL Streamlined Certification Proccess Guide, outlining the process and requirements. Along with the guide, it includes the possible “Crosswalks” for LEED + WELL certification.

https://sftool.gov/learn/GRScrosswalk

OPTIONS FOR LEED + WELL CROSSWALKS: LEED BD+C to WELL LEED ID+C to WELL WELL to LEED BD+C WELL to LEED ID+C The final part of the suite is the LEED + WELL submittal form. This form is to be filled out by the project team, and is used to distinguish the design strategies that the project incorporated for LEED or WELL credits.

Image Credits WEBSITE 31

A.02.5

International Living Future Institute www.https://living-future.org/

THE INTERNATIONAL LIVING FUTURE INSTITUTE is premised on the belief that providing a compelling vision for the future is a fundamental requirement for reconciling humanity’s relationship with the world. Our beautiful planet is capable of supporting vast diverse ecosystems, allowing human communities to thrive, and we are capable as a species of living in balance with ecosystems and in balance with each other. ILFI envisions a future where our planet and humanity are thriving, and they work towards that future every day. This future is referred to as the Living Future. The Living Building Challenge (LBC) is a philosophy, certification, and advocacy tool for projects to move beyond merely being less bad and to become truly regenerative. 32

THE LBC CONSISTS OF 7 PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES, OR “PETALS”: PLACE, WATER, ENERGY, HEALTH + HAPPINESS, MATERIALS, EQUITY AND BEAUTY Each Petal is subdivided for a total of 20 imperatives in the Challenge. The Imperatives can be applied to almost every conceivable building project, of any scale and any location—be it a new building or an existing structure. Many of the imperatives have temporary exceptions to acknowledge current market limitations. These are listed in the Petal Handbooks, which should be consulted for the most up-to-date rulings. Temporary exceptions will be modified or removed as the market changes. With this Standard, the Institute requires advocacy for essential improvements to the building industry.

Image Credits https://living-future.org/lbc/basics4-0/

Image Credits www.architecture2030.org/ 33

A.02.5

International Living Future Institute Living Building Challenge, Zero Carbon / Zero Energy www.https://living-future.org/

LIVING BUILDING CHALLENGE Living Buildings are: • Regenerative buildings that connect occupants to light, air, food, nature, and community. • Self-sufficient and remain within the resource limits of their site. • Create a positive impact on the human and natural systems that interact with them. The Living Building Challenge does not dwell on basic best-practice issues, so it can instead focus on critical high-level goals. It is assumed that to achieve this aspirational standard, typical best practices are already being met and championed by the team’s expert consultants. The implementation of this Standard requires leading-edge technical knowledge, an integrated design approach, and design and construction teams well versed in advanced practices related to green building. 34

Regional solutions are manifested in all LBC projects due to a number of variables; climate factors, building characteristics and community context. For example, becoming waterindependent in the desert demands the evolution of a project’s design to emulate a cactus instead of a tree. The built environment will be richer, and the stress on our resources will lessen as more and more projects have this focus on an appropriate response to place. Principles of LBC: • Living Building Challenge compliance is based on actual, rather than modeled or anticipated, performance. Projects must be operational for at least 12 consecutive months prior to audit to verify Imperative compliance. • All LBC projects must be holistic— addressing aspects of all seven Petals through the Core Imperatives.

ZERO CARBON CERTIFICATION Zero Carbon Certification provides a vision for a future of carbon positive buildings that reverse the effects of climate change. By addressing both operational and embodied carbon emissions, Zero Carbon Certification offers organizations a valuable tool to demonstrate credible climate action. Zero Carbon certified buildings are verified by a third-party after a 12-month performance period to be energy efficient, combustion free (or actively phasing out combustion), and powered by renewals. Learn more about the only performance-based carbon standard that addresses both operational and embodied carbon. Join other global leaders in taking climate action now.

ZERO ENERGY CERTIFICATION Zero energy is recognized worldwide as one of the highest aspirations in energy performance in the built environment. Zero Energy Certification allows projects to demonstrate that the building is truly operating as claimed, harnessing energy from the sun, wind or earth to produce net annual energy demand. Through a third-party audit of actual performance data, Zero Energy certified projects are proven to be highly efficient buildings that rely only on clean energy, without onsite combustion of fossil fuels. Learn more about how your project can pursue Zero Energy Certification to take credible climate action, celebrate a significant accomplishment, and be a beacon of inspiration in the marketplace.

A.03

Key Strategies and Technology A .03 .1 P R I O R I T I Z AT I O N R U B R I C A .03 . 2 CO D E B E N C H M A R K

Overview In recent years, the construction and architecture sectors have witnessed a significant transformation, spurred by the urgent need to reduce environmental impacts and promote sustainability. This section delves into emerging technologies and strategies that are pivotal in shaping sustainable practices within the industry. We explore the concepts of embodied carbon reduction, the use of heavy timber, the importance of environmental product declarations, and the modeling of carbon sequestration in landscapes.

A.03.1

Prioritization Rubric This table provides a template the county can utilitze to capture building operational and user comfort reporting to provide a combined list of building performance. This template can be used to capture all existing county buildings and will support a prioritization process for determining which buildings should be prioritized for renovation and improvements. Conducting this assessment annually will allow for comparison of previous scores after a renovation has been completed.

Property Name

Area (s.f.)

FTE (count)

Annual Energy Use (kBtu)

Annual Water use (kGal.)

Energy Use Intensity (kBtu/sf/yr)

Benchmark EUI Water Use Intensity from year placed in (kGal/sf/yr) service (kBtu/sf/yr)*

Comfort Score (1-100)

Notes

* See Benchmark Rubric

A.03.2

Code Benchmark ASHRAE Compliance - Property Prioritization

Instructions for Property Prioritization: 1. Identify the year the building was constructed and what code version it was constructed using. 2. Identify which version of ASHRAE is the equivalent compliance path by subtracting two years. (Ex. If code version was IECC 2012, then equivalent ASHRAE 90.1 is 2010 version.) 3. If multiple building uses exist (ex. 30% small office, 70% vehicle repair), use a weighted average to find EUI. 4. Report number to “Prioritization Rubric” (image below)

Property Name

Area (s.f.)

FTE (count)

Annual Energy Use (kBtu)

Annual Water use (kGal.)

Energy Use Intensity (kBtu/sf/yr)

Benchmark EUI Water Use Intensity from year placed in (kGal/sf/yr) service (kBtu/sf/yr)*

Comfort Score (1-100)

Notes

* See Benchmark Rubric

Living Building Challenge CORE Certification Imperatives Summary

WELL overlap

LEED overlap

Operations impact

Construction impact

Design impact

Policy impact

Core Imperative

List of all requirements and intersection with responsibilities and LEED/WELL Certification systems

1. ECOLOGY OF PLACE 1 Y Y Y 1 Y Y Y 1 Y 1

Avoid building on pristine greenfield, wilderness, prime farmland or in a floodplain unless they meet an exception. Preserve thriving vibrant ecological environments and habitats Document site and community conditions prior to start of work, including identification of reference habitat. Demonstrate that they contribute positively to the ecology of their place and restore or enhance the ecological performance of the site towards a healthy ecological baseline.

On-site landscape must be designed to mature and evolve, and emulate the functionality of the reference habitat, as appropriate to the project's Transect. Assess cultural and social equity factors and needs in the community, and consider those identified needs to inform design and process decisions. Y

4. HUMAN-SCALED LIVING 4 Y Y Y 4 Y Y 4 Y Y 4

Y Y

4 4 Y 4 4 Y 4 4 Y 4 Y 5. RESPONSIBLE WATER USE 5

Maintain or increase the density of the site and support a human-powered lifestyle. Build to a human scale that is appropriate for the neighborhood Provide places for occupants to gather and connect with the community. Provide sufficient secure, weather-protected storage for human-powered vehicles and facilities, such as showers and lockers, to encourage biking. Provide at least two electric vehicle charging stations or one per 30 spaces, whichever is greater. Minimize impervious surface parking to no more than 20% (T1-3), 15% (T4), 5% (T5), and 0% (T6) of the project area and ensures that any surface parking area larger than 65' x 100' is separated with planted areas.

No petrochemical fertilizers or pesticides can be used for the operation and maintenance of the on-site landscape, including urban agriculture.

Either reduce single-occupancy vehicle (SOV) trips and trips by fossil fuel-based vehicles by 30% over an established baseline relevant to the projects region and occupancy type. Implement at least 4 of the following best practices: - Consideration and enhancement of pedestrian routes, including weather protection on street frontages. - Advocacy in the community to facilitate the uptake of human-powered and public transportation. - A transit subsidy for all occupants of the project - Carpool coordination assistance. - Access either to subsidized car sharing and /or to hybrid or EV fleet vehicles. - Regular survey of occupants to determine current fossil fuel-based SOV trips.

No potable water for irrigation

Use 50% (new construction) or 30% (renovation) less water for the project's other needs than a baseline regional building of the same type.

Treat all stormwater on site, through natural or mechanical means and without chemicals

Manage all stormwater based on both rpe-development hydrology and current ecological conditions, as determined by a qualified professional

Projects on a combined sewer (CS) system, or in a floodplain (based on an exemption) must incorporate stormwater detention and avoid sheet flow off the site.

7. ENERGY + CARBON REDUCTION

7 7 7 7 7

Y Y Y Y Y

Project must achieve a reduction in total net annual energy consumption (after accounting for on-site renewable power), as compared to a typical existing building with comparable climate, size, use, and occupancy as follows (for new construction):

Y Y Y Y Y

- 70% energy use reduction from equivalent building baseline - No combusion on site - Renewables must be on site (or connected campus) to count towards efficiency Meter energy used by the project 20% reduction in the embodied carbon of primary materials compared to an equivalent baseline. Interior materials with lower than industry average carbon footprint for produt categoreis for which embodied carbon data is readily availble

8. HEALTHY INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT Comply with the current version of ASHRAE 62 9 Y Y Y Prohibit smoking within any buildings or enclosed spaces, and within 25' of any building opening, including air supply vents. 9 Y Y Y Y Develop healthy indoor environment plan specific to the project's building type and location. Plan must address: 9 - cleaning protocols 9 Y Y Y Y - prevention of particulates and toxins through an entry approach and implementation of at least one strategy to improve air quality 9 Y Y Y Y - provide views outside and daylight for 75% of regularly occupied spaces 9 Y Y Y - provide direct exhaust for kitchens, batrhooms, and janitorial areas. 9 Y Y Y Y

12. RESPONSIBLE MATERIALS 12 12

12 12 12

Y Y Y

Y Y

Positively impact the building products market by meeting the following materials selection criteria - Must contain one Declare label product per 2,250 gsf, up to 20 distinct products from 5 manufacturers. All other product manufacturers not curerntly in Declare must, at minimum, receive a letter requesting they disclose their ingredients and identify andy Red list content. - Must incoproate one product certified under the Living Product Challenge - 50% of wood products must be FSC, salvaged, or harvested on site. The remainder must be from low risk sources - 20% or more of the materials construction budget must come from within 300 miles of construction site Divert 80% of the construction waste material from the landfill and provide dedicated infrastructure for the collection of recyclables and compostable food scraps during occupancy.

17. UNIVERSAL ACCESS 17 Y

Make all primary transporation, roads, and non-building infrastructure that are considered externally focused (plazas, seating, park space) equally accessible to all members of the public regardless of background, age and socioeconomic class - including the homeless - with reasonable steps taken to ensure that all people can benefit from the project's creation. Projects in Transects L3-L6 must provide for and enhance the public realm through design measures and features that are accessible to all members of society, such as street furniture, public art, gardens, and benches.

17 Y

17 Y 17 Y

17 Y Y

17 Y

Safegueard access for those with physical disabilities through designs meeting either the Principals of Universal design (USAB), the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and the Architectural Barriers Act (ABA) Accessibility Guidelines. Do not block access to, nor diminish the quality of, fresh air, sunlight, and natural waterways for any member of society or adjacent developments.

Y Y Y

Appropriately address any noise audible to the public. Protect adjacent property from any noxious emissions that would compromise its ability to use natural ventilation. Operational emissions must be free of Red List items, persistent bioaccumulative toxicants, and known or suspect carinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic chemicals. Demonstrate that shading of adjacent building will not result in negative impacts to the occupants of those buildings. Do not restrict access to the edge of any natural waterway, except where access can be proven to be a hazar to public safety or would compromize the function of the project.

18. INCLUSION 18

18 Y

Must have a JUST label for at least two project team organizations with an integral role in decisions during boht design and construction phases, and an additional five organizations in the project must complete a self-assessment. Projects must either: - Include diverse stakeholders from vulnerable or disadvantaged populations in the design, construction and operations and maintenance phases at the following levels:

20% of design contract and/or construction contracts and 10% of maintenance contracts must be with JUST organizations that meet required levels for Diversity category, or are registered MWDBE organizations. AND Workforce development/training/community benefits agreements, registered apprentice programs, and similar programs are employed for 10% of the General Contractors project contracts and/or project maintenance contracts.

18 Y 19. BEAUTY + BIOPHILIA 19 Y 19 Y

19 Y 19

Y Y

19 Y 20. EDUCATION + INSPIRATION 20 Y Y 20 Y Y Y 20 Y Y Y 20 Y Y 20 Y Y 20 Y Y

- Donate 0.1% of total project cost to a regional, community-based nonprofit organization focused on equity and inclusion. Design to include elements that nurture the innate human/nature connection. Project team must engagem in a minimum of one all-day exploration of the biophilic design potential for the project, which must result in a biophilic framework and plan fo rthe project that outlines trategy and implementation ideas for the following: - How the project will be transformed by deliberateley incorporating nature through Environmental Features, Light and Space, and Natural Shapes and Forms. - How the project will be transformed by deliberatley incorporating nature's patterns through Natural Patterns and Processes and Evolved Human-Nature Relationships. - How the project will be uniquely connected to the place, climate, and clutre through Place-Based Relationships. Must meaningfully integrate public art and contain design features intended soley for human delignt and the celebration of culture, spirit, and place appropriate to the project's funciton. The framework should include a record of the exploration day and goals fot he project, as well as historical, cultural, ecological, and climatic studies that thoroughly examine the site and context for the project. The plan must contain methods for tracking biophilia at each design pahse to ensure sufficient implementation of the framework. Provide a Living Building Challenge Case Study Provide an annual open day fo rthe public Provide a copy of the Operations and Maintenance Manual. Provide a simple brochure describing the design and envirnomental features of the project Install interpretive signage that teaches visitors about the project Include one Living Future Accredited Professional on the project team.

A.04

Johnson County Resources A .0 4 .1 P R OJ E C T WO R K F LOW A .0 4 . 2 P R OJ E C T C H E C K L I S T

OWNER / CxA

46 DESIGN TEAM

BUDGET & PROJECT DEV. ly ng

Te a

PHASE:

DESIGN

PRE DESIGN SCHEMATIC DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION TEAM

OWNER’S PROJECT REQUIREMENTS DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS

PRE-CONSTRUCTION / ESTIMATION

DESIGN REVIEW

GMP PERMITTING

PROCUREMENT, CONSTRUCTION PREP Bu

ild

m es ig n re Te Co am m Ki m ck iss of io fC ni ng ha Re Ag re gi tt st en e er t /S Pr Ea et oj rly ec En t En er fo er gy SD rL gy an BC Le M d ve od Co W lC eli at r Li e os er ng fe / tE -C De Be a nd yc st te nc le im rm W hm Cr Co at at i ea ne ar e s e te s tA ks rC Ad M ss al di Cx at c e t Es u i s er on A l s a ta m i De tio al al en bl Ra Sp sig n ish t s s Iss tin ec n O ue Re ifi g PR ca Sy vie fo tio st rP w Iss e n e m s/ rm ue Ad EP it fo op rB D+ tio id HP n D Es ta bl ish Pr ice Su bm itt al Pu Re rc vie ha w se Su M at bm er itt ia ls al Re vie w

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A.04.1

Project Workflow Schedule

NEW CONSTRUCTION

1-3 YEARS

CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION ADMINISTRAT

CONSTRUCTION

PRE-FUNCTIONAL CHECKOUTS

N EXECUTION

CLOSEOUT

FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE TESTING

ACCEPTANCE / WARRANTY

GREEN POLICY ADOPTION n

Gr ee pe

CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT + MONITORING BASED COMMISSIONING (ALSO RetroCx) ng

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AND MAJOR RENOVATION EXISTING BUILDING STOCK ONLY

30-100 YEARS

EXISTING BUILDING OPERATIONS

TION

WARRANTY

EUI + CARBON REDUCTIONS

A.04.2

Project Checklist New Construction and Major Renovation

Project Checklist New Construction and Major Renovation DESIGN TEAM

DESIGN Budget & Project Development Budget and Early Planning Issue RFP for Design Team Owner’s Project Requirements Hire Design Team Hire Commissioning Agent Establish OPR Register Project for LBC Core / Determine Additional Rating System Adoption Pre-Design & Schematic Design Kickoff Charette / Set Energy and Water Benchmarks Early Energy Modeling and Water Calculations Pre-Construction / Estimation SD Level Cost Estimates Design Development Life-Cycle Cost Assessments Create Material Specifications / EPD+HPD Design Review CxA Design Review Construction Documents Issue for Permit Issue for Bid GMP Permitting Establish Price

CONSTRUCTION Construction Administration Submittal Review

CONSTRUCTION TEAM

OWNER CxA

Design Review CxA Design Review Construction Documents Issue for Permit Issue for Bid GMP Permitting Establish Price

CONSTRUCTION Construction Administration Submittal Review Construction Administration Submittal Review Procurement, Construction Preparation Purchase Materials Construction Execution Build Construction Administration Punchlists Pre-Functional Checkouts Conduct Pre-Functional Checkouts Begin LBC Core Submission Warranty & Closeout Training Pre-Functional Checkouts Conduct Pre-Functional Checkouts Training LBC Core Submission

Project Checklist Existing Building Operations

DESIGN Green Policy Adoption Setup in ARC Skoru

OWNER CxA

Owner Adpots Green Operations Policies Continuous Measurement + Monitoring Based Commissioning (RetroCX) Register Building for LEED EB O+M v5 Continous Monitoring and Measurement Documentation and Storytelling EUI + Carbon Reductions Ongoing Carbon (Energy) Reductions

*Add to list

A.05

Links A .0 5.1 R E G I O N A L AC T I O N P L A N A .0 5. 2 L E E D FO R C I T I E S

A.05.1

Regional Action Plan Climate Action Kansas City

Scan QR Code or visit kcmetroclimateplan.org

THE PLAN The Kansas City Regional Climate Action Plan (CAP) aims to transform the metropolitan area into a more resilient, equitable, and healthy community. It creates a flexible and voluntary framework to guide and align local action in ways that make a difference for the entire Kansas City region. The comprehensive set of strategies found in the plan can be tailored to meet local community needs and priorities. The ambitious set of interrelated strategies will assist in mitigating climate change by achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, and adapt to and mitigate the many risks climate change poses. CONTEXT The Regional Climate Action Plan was developed during 2020 by a coalition led by Climate Action KC and the Mid-America Regional Council, together with hundreds of interested community members, stakeholders and decision-makers. The Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy, a worldwide collaboration among 10,000 municipalities, helped guide the plan’s development.

0 Regional

MID--AMERICA REGIONAL COUNCIL MID

CLIMATE ACTION PLAN Creating equitable and just climate resilience in the Kansas City region

NET ZERO BY 2050

2021

MID-AMERICA REGIONAL COUNCIL x CLIMATE ACTION KC

A.05.2

LEED For Cities

Johnson County, KS

Scan QR Code or visit www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-cities-case-study-johnson-county-kansas

LEED for Cities and Communities helps local leaders create and operationalize responsible, sustainable and specific plans for natural systems, energy, water, waste, transportation and many other factors that contribute to quality of life—revolutionizing the way cities and communities are planned, developed and operated to improve their overall sustainability and quality of life. The LEED framework encompasses social, economic and environmental performance indicators and strategies with a clear, data-driven means of benchmarking and communicating progress.

LEED Cities: Existing-v4.1

Johnson County, Kansas PROJECT DETAILS

Certified on: March 31, 2022 Certification level: Gold Johnson County, Kansas named LEED Gold and recognized for its sustainability and resilience achievements Johnson County achieved LEED Cities Gold certification for its sustainability and resilience achievements. “We are proud of the work we are doing here in Johnson County and proud of our accomplishment of LEED Gold certification,” said Ed Eilert, chairman of the Johnson County Board of County Commissioners. “Johnson County is committed to setting the standard for our community and everyone who calls Johnson County home.”

SUSTAINABILITY PRIORITIES

SNAPSHOT Country

USA

Project Area

307,200 acres | 1243 sq.km

Population

609,863 (2020)

• Develop and implement a comprehensive plan to protect, support, integrate, and utilize the county government’s data and systems. Work with agencies and departments to develop performance measures for county services that support an evidence-based performance management culture.

Demographics

86.2% White; 5.1% Black or African American; 8.7% Other

• Strengthen and finance the appropriate level of service to meet the needs of the county’s vulnerable populations.

Leadership

Board of County Commissioners

Key Johnson County Sustainability Committee, Stakeholders and County Managers, WaterOne, Evergy, Partners: Kansas Gas Service, Johnson County Wastewater

• Develop a creative and innovative vision for a transit plan that is financially sustainable. • Explore and engage city partners and other economic development organizations to assess the impact of historic policies on job growth and liveable wages.

U.S. Green Building Council

A.05.2

LEED For Cities

Johnson County, KS

LEED Cities: Existing-v4.1

Certification Overview

Johnson County achieved LEED Cities Gold certification by earning 67 points out of the possible 110 points available across nine credit categories as illustrated. Some of the most significant strategies that contributed to the certification include the County’s focused approach to sectors like Natural Systems and Ecology, reflecting a commitment to parks and open spaces and assessing the Quality of Life metrics in areas such as high school graduation and crime rates, reflecting continued values in education and safety.

Performance Score | Key Metrics

INTEGRATIVE PR

NATURAL SYSTE

TRANSPORTATIO

64/100 | Transportation Performance

WATER EFFICIEN

82/100 | Water Performance

ENERGY AND GR

71/100 | Energy and Emissions Performance

MATERIALS AND

46/100 | Waste Performance

QUALITY OF LIFE

99/100 | Quality of Life Performance

INNOVATION (IN

REGIONAL PRIO

20 10

0 IP

Performance Points

Credit Points

Missed Points

7 points out of strated. Some on include the gy, reflecting a Life metrics in nued values in

Category

Points Achieved/ Points Available

INTEGRATIVE PROCESS (IP)

2/5

NATURAL SYSTEMS AND ECOLOGY (NS)

8/9

TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE (TR)

6/15

WATER EFFICIENCY (WE)

7/11

ENERGY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (EN)

18/30

MATERIALS AND RESOURCES (MR)

2/10

QUALITY OF LIFE (QL)

14/20

INNOVATION (IN)

6/6

REGIONAL PRIORITY (RP)

4/4

TOTAL POINTS ACHIEVED

67/110

U.S. Green Building Council

A.05.2

LEED For Cities

Johnson County, KS

LEED Cities: Existing-v4.1

Performance + Strategies INTEGRATIVE PROCESS

2/5

INTEGRATIVE PLANNING PROCESS Adopting the LEED for Cities Integrative Planning Process, the Johnson County Sustainability Committee, comprised of leaders of the largest departments, as well as representatives from the County Commission, the County Manager’s Office and other key personnel served as the central coordinating group in pursuit of LEED certification. The committee was further divided into working groups to address the requirements of specific categories. The full committee met every month with LEED for Cities action as a standing agenda item to perform a GAP analysis for their areas of expertise and a self-assessment with the crosswalk tool to determine the preliminary score, identify credits to pursue, and responsible parties both inside and outside the organization for meeting the requirements of the selected credits.

ENERGY PERFORMANCE TRACKING AND DISCLOSURE FOR COUNTYOWNED BUILDINGS Based on the County’s 2007 GHG Reduction Resolution, Johnson County has a number of goals to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases associated with energy use in its facilities. In an effort to achieve this aim, the total energy consumption of county-owned facilities is continuously tracked, reported and ranked based on Energy Use Intensity. Better understanding how facility management and occupants interact with the buildings helps improve energy conservation throughout the organization through education and policy change.

NATU

ACCESSIBLE NATURAL R

Johnson Count space, which tr feet (0.415 acre space per resid residences are spaces.

RESILIENCE

Johnson Count and man-made assessment an stresses. The 2 Risk Assessme risks. The top n

The 2021 Coun management, a adaptation and

2/5

rtise and a credits to g the

UNTY-

mber of facilities. In s is

NATURAL SYSTEMS AND ECOLOGY

8/9

ACCESSIBLE GREEN SPACE AND NATURAL RESOURCE ACREAGE Johnson County has 232,595 acres of total green space, which translates to around 18,111 square feet (0.415 acres) (2012) of accessible green space per resident. More than 90% of the residences are within half a mile of these green spaces.

RESILIENCE PLANNING: VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY ASSESSMENT Johnson County demonstrated it has strengthened its resilience to climate change risks, natural and man-made hazards, and extreme events through an in-depth vulnerability and capacity assessment and by creating strategies to tolerate disturbances when faced with shocks and stresses. The 2019 KS Homeland Security Region L Hazard Mitigation Plan includes a Hazard Risk Assessment and Capability Assessment describing how the County plans to respond to risks. The top natural hazards identified are floods, tornados, and windstorms. The 2021 County Emergency Operations Plan (CEOP) includes goals for emergency management, and the County’s KC Regional Climate Action Resilience Strategy provides adaptation and mitigation strategies for all relevant hazards.

dings helps olicy change.

U.S. Green Building Council

A.05.2

LEED For Cities

Johnson County, KS

LEED Cities: Existing-v4.1

Performance + Strategies TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE

6/15

TRANSPORTATION PERFORMANCE

WATER PER

Johnson County achieved a transportation performance score of 64/100 based on the the measured value of 24.15 (2018) vehicles miles travelled per person per day.

Johnson Count performance sc per capita dom 69.12 gallons (2

INTERMODAL CONNECTIVITY Johnson County Transit (RideKC), provides public transportation throughout Johnson © SETH ROFFMAN County. Ride KC offers Ride KC Freedom, a shared ride program providing affordable curb-to-curb transportation for registered residents, and RideKC Micro Transit, an affordable ride-hailing transportation option available in parts of Johnson County. Johnson County has three transit centers–Johnson County Community College, Oak Park Mall, and Mission. The Mission Transit Center serves as the best example of intermodal connectivity for the County providing more than three bus routes at the station with designated passenger drop-off areas, bicycle parking, and vehicle parking at the station with carpool services.

HISTORIC PRESERVATION Johnson County is home to nearly 7,000 historic structures according to a survey conducted by the Johnson County Museum in 2020. In fact, the entire City of Westwood Hills in northeast Johnson County is identified as a federal and state Historic District. Building permits for every home and business in Westwood Hills must be reviewed by the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) of the Kansas Historical Society. The SHPO is tasked with protecting the significant historic and cultural resources of Kansas under the Kansas State Preservation Law(K.S.A. 75-2724).

WATE

WATER AUD

In order to impr the water mana annual water au systems and id

WATER MAN

Drawing from b over 36 billion g .14, well below

6/15

WATER EFFICIENCY

7/11

WATER PERFORMANCE Johnson County achieved a water performance score of 82/100 based on the daily per capita domestic water consumption value of 69.12 gallons (2019).

WATER AUDITS SETH ROFFMAN

d residents, in parts of

ak Park Mall, connectivity passenger ces.

In order to improve the operational efficiency of the water management system, Johnson County water service provider WaterOne conducts an annual water audit to help quantify and track water losses associated with water distribution systems and identify areas for improved efficiency and cost recovery for improving efficiency.

WATER MANAGEMENT Drawing from both the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, Johnson County has availability access to over 36 billion gallons of water per day while maintaining a ratio of withdrawals for human use of .14, well below sustainable levels.

onducted by ortheast s for every ervation g the vation

U.S. Green Building Council

A.05.2

LEED For Cities

Johnson County, KS

LEED Cities: Existing-v4.1

Performance + Strategies ENERGY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

18/30

ENERGY PERFORMANCE

WASTE PER

Johnson County achieved an energy performance score of 71/100 based on the total annual per capita scope 1 and scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions from all sectors measured as 8.48 MMTCO2 (2015).

Johnson Count performance sc municipal solid 1.03 tons per p diversion rate o

RENEWABLE ENERGY In 2019, Johnson County entered into a 20-year contract with Evergy’s Renewables Direct Program to procure 58.1 GWh of renewable electricity from wind energy produced at Panderosa Wind Farm. Based on the County’s 2020 electricity and thermal energy consumption, the Renewables Direct Program accounted for 46% of the renewable electricity usage for Johnson County.

LOAD MANAGEMENT Evergy, the County’s primary electric service provider, also offers demand response and offpeak incentives to its customers. Time of Use Plan offers rate discounts when weekday energy use is shifted to off-peak times. Customers pay a lower per-kilowatt hour charge during Saver and Super Saver times when they “wait ‘til 8.”

MATE

SOLID WAST

All residential c curbside recycl waste has been 2012 and is div successfully im reducing cafete

SPECIAL WA

While HHW rep sound manage Johnson Count service for hou Hazardous Wa

18/30

at consumption, ge for

e and offkday energy ring Saver

MATERIALS AND RESOURCES

2/10

WASTE PERFORMANCE Johnson County achieved a waste performance score of 46/100 based on a municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rate of 1.03 tons per person per year and a landfill diversion rate of 29% (2018).

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT All residential customers are provided with curbside recycling as a basic trash service. Yard waste has been banned from landfilling since 2012 and is diverted to local composting facilities. The Shawnee Mission School District has successfully implemented food waste composting in all its school and administrative centers, reducing cafeteria waste by 80% and providing a model for other regional districts.

SPECIAL WASTE STREAM MANAGEMENT While HHW represents less than one percent of Johnson County residential waste stream, the sound management of these wastes has significant impact on the environment. In 2018, Johnson County diverted 51% of the total Household Hazardous Waste generated. Drop-off service for household hazardous waste is available for residents at no cost at two Household Hazardous Waste Collection facilities.

U.S. Green Building Council

A.05.2

LEED For Cities

Johnson County, KS

LEED Cities: Existing-v4.1

Performance + Strategies QUALITY OF LIFE

14/20

QUALITY OF LIFE PERFORMANCE

INNOVATIVE

Johnson County achieved the quality of life performance score of 99/100 by tracking and measuring the key indicators of education, equitability, prosperity, health, and safety related to elevating the living standards of all people in the county (2019):

Johnson Count performance by

• • • • • • • • •

Population with high school degree: 96.10% Population with bachelor’s degree: 56.0% Median household income: $91,771 Median gross rent as % of household income: 25.10% Unemployment Rate: 2.60% Gini coefficient: 0.43 Violent crime rate per capita per year: 0.002 Median air quality index: 36 Air quality days unhealthy for sensitive groups: 0

CIVIC AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

INNOV

1. Community County became Kansas City reg Community for recognizes that that are benefic on older adults

2. Land apply sustainable infr plants (Blue Ri land application

3. Community conducts a Com population hea

Each year, Johnson County performs a community satisfaction survey to ask residents for feedback on county services and their overall perceptions of the county. These survey results provide county leadership insight into the perceptions and priorities of Johnson County residents and are used to help the county better serve residents.

4. Green Busin certification to b sustainability o

Using ‘Safety’ as a metric of neighbourhood cohesion, based on 2020 community satisfaction survey (1527 completed surveys), around 93% of the respondents reported overall feeling of safety in the county.

5. Solar Ready Solar Ready Co practices to inc power installati

14/20

ents for vey results nty residents

atisfaction feeling of

INNOVATION

6/6

INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE Johnson County demonstrated innovative performance by achieving the following: 1. Community for All Ages: In 2021, Johnson County became the first county in the greater Kansas City region to be recognized as a Community for All Ages. This designation recognizes that Johnson County provides services and supports built environments that are beneficial to all age groups, with a focus on older adults. 2. Land apply biosolids: Johnson County Wastewater’s commitment to triple-bottom-line sustainable infrastructure enables the reuse of treated bio-solids from two wastewater treatment plants (Blue River plant and Douglas L. Smith Middle Basin wastewater treatment plant) through land application. 3. Community Health Assessment: Johnson County Department of Health and Environment conducts a Community Health Assessment every 3 years to track and measure metrics on population health data in order to build a healthier and more equitable County. 4. Green Business Program: Johnson County's Green Business Program (JCGBP) provides certification to businesses for adopting policies, programs, and products to improve the sustainability of their operations. 5. Solar Ready Community: In March 2016, Johnson County achieved Gold Level status as a Solar Ready Community. This program honors cities and counties for implementing best practices to increase the use of solar energy and taking actions to promote and facilitate solar power installation.

U.S. Green Building Council

A.05.2

LEED For Cities

Johnson County, KS

LEED Cities: Existing-v4.1

Performance + Strategies REGIONAL PRIORITY

4/4

Johnson County demonstrated achievement of the following strategies that address geographically specific socio-economic and environmental priorities:

Regional Climate Action Plan:

To demonstrate regional collaboration on climate change adaptation, mitigation, and resilience, Johnson County is part of a 10-county, 124 municipality KC Regional Climate Action Plan which was developed in 2020-2021. The Johnson County Board of County Commissioners was the first county in the region to endorse the plan on September 2, 2021.

Developmental Supports: To foster opportunity and prosperity for the developmentally disabled population, Johnson County Developmental Supports (JCDS), facilitates career and personal development for residents with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Friends of JCDS, Inc. raises funds for adults with disabilities in Johnson County, providing resources to improve homes for individuals and provide medical services. Food Policy Council: The Johnson County Food Policy Council goal is to increase access to healthy, fresh and affordable food for all Johnson County residents by developing policies that support a sustainable food system.

A.6

Glossary

Note: Glossary developed from LEEDuser.com and Living Building Challenge v4.0 definitions

2-year, 24-hour Design Storm A 2-year, 24-hour design storm is a nationally accepted rate that represents the largest amount of rainfall expected over a 24-hour period during a 2-year interval. The rate is the basis for planning and designing stormwater management facilities and features. ACH Air changes per hour: The number of times per hour a volume of air, equivalent to the volume of space, enters that space. Acid Rain The precipitation of dilute solutions of strong mineral acids, formed by the mixing in the atmosphere of various industrial pollutants (primarily sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) with naturally occurring oxygen and water vapor. Acidification Build-up of acidity in soil and water bodies from acid precipitation, which gains acidity as it falls through an atmosphere containing certain pollutants, especially sulfur dioxide from coal-burning power plants.

Adaptive Management An ongoing process for improving management policies and practices by applying knowledge learned through assessment of previously employed policies and practices to future projects and programs. Also, the practice of revisiting management decisions and revising them in the light of new information.

Adapted Plants Vegetation that is not native to a particular region but that has characteristics that allow it to live in the area. Adapted plants do not pose the same problems as invasive species. Adapted Vegetation Adapted (or introduced) plants reliably grow well in a given habitat with minimal winter protection, pest control, fertilization, or irrigation once their root systems are established. Adapted plants are considered low maintenance and not invasive. Adaptive Reuse Adapted reuse is the renovation of a space for a purpose different from the original. ADC Alternative daily covers are material other than earthen material placed on the surface of the active face of a municipal solid waste landfill at the end of each operating day to control vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging. Generally these materials must be processed so they do not allow gaps in the exposed landfill face. Adequate Transit Service During weekday peak periods, at least four buses (including bus rapid transit), streetcars or light rail trains per hour OR at least 5 heavy passenger rail or ferries per weekday peak period. Adjacent Site A site having at least 25% of its perimeter bordering sites that has been previously developed. Any fraction of the perimeter that borders waterfront will be excluded from the calculation. For the purposes of this definition, a street or roadway does not constitute previously developed land. Adsorption The property of many solid surfaces, especially porous ones like carpet or ceiling tile, to attract and retain molecules from the air, for example, volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Aerosol Adhesive Aerosol adhesive is an aerosol product in which the spray mechanism is permanently housed in a nonrefillable can. Designed for hand-held application, these products do not need ancillary hoses or spray equipment. Aerosol adhesives include special-purpose spray adhesives, mist spray adhesives, and web spray adhesives. (SCAQMD Rule 1168) Agrifiber Board A composite panel product derived from recovered agricultural waste fiber from sources including, but not limited to, cereal straw, sugarcane bagasse, sunflower husk, walnut shells, coconut husks,

and agricultural prunings. The raw fibers are processed and mixed with resins to produce panel products with characteristics similar to those derived from wood fiber. Agrifiber Products Agrifiber products are made from agricultural fiber. Examples include particleboard, mediumdensity fiberboard (MDF), plywood, oriented-strand board (OSB), wheatboard, and strawboard.

Agroforestry A system of land use in which harvestable trees or shrubs are grown among or around crops or on pastureland as a means of preserving or enhancing the productivity of the land. AHU

1.Air-handling units (AHUs) are mechanical indirect heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning systems in which the air is treated or handled by equipment located outside the rooms served, usually at a central location, and conveyed to and from the rooms by a fan and a system of distributing ducts. (NEEB, 1997 edition) 2.A type of heating and/or cooling distribution equipment that channels warm or cool air to different parts of a building. This process of channeling the conditioned air often involves drawing air over heating or cooling coils and forcing it from a central location through ducts or air-handling units. Air-handling units are hidden in the walls or ceilings, where they use steam or hot water to heat, or chilled water to cool the air inside the ductwork. Air Quality Standards The level of pollutants prescribed by regulations that are not to be exceeded during a given time in a defined area. (EPA) Air Source Heat Pump A type of heat pump that extracts heat from the outside air and brings it inside the building. Most heat pumps in use today are air source. Airborne Particulates Total suspended particulate matter found in the atmosphere as solid particles or liquid droplets. Chemical composition of particulates varies widely, depending on location and time of year. Sources of airborne particulates include: dust, emissions from industrial processes, combustion products from the burning of wood and coal, combustion products associated with motor vehicle or non-road engine exhausts, and reactions to gases in the atmosphere. (EPA) albedo Also known as solar reflectance: the fraction of solar energy that is reflected by a surface on a scale of 0 to 1. Black paint has a solar reflectance of 0; white paint (titanium dioxide) has a solar reflectance of 1. The standard technique for its determination uses spectrophotometric measurements, with an integrating sphere to determine the reflectance at each wavelength. The average reflectance is then determined by an averaging process, using a standard solar spectrum, as documented by ASTM Standards E903 and E892. Alternative Daily Cover Material other than earthen material placed on the surface of the active face of a municipal solid waste landfill at the end of each operating day to control vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging. Generally these materials must be processed so they do not allow gaps in the exposed landfill face. alternative fuel Low-polluting, nongasoline fuels such as electricity, hydrogen, propane, compressed natural gas, liquid natural gas, methanol, and ethanol. alternative water source Nonpotable water from other than public utilities, on-site surface sources, and subsurface natural freshwater sources. Examples include graywater, on-site reclaimed water, collected rainwater, captured condensate, and rejected water from reverse osmosis systems (IgCC). Alternative-fuel Vehicles Alternative-fuel vehicles use low-polluting, nongasoline fuels such as electricity, hydrogen, propane, compressed natural gas, liquid natural gas, methanol, and ethanol. In LEED, efficient gas-electric hybrid vehicles are included in this group. Ambient Lighting Lighting in a space that provides for general wayfinding and visual comfort, in contrast to task lighting, which illuminates a defined area to facilitate specific visual work.

Ambient Temperature Temperature of the surrounding air or other medium. (EPA) Ancillary Learning Spaces Ancillary learning spaces are spaces where good communication is important to a student's educational progress but for which the primary educational functions are informal learning, social interaction or similar activity other than formal instruction. These areas include, but are not limited to, corridors, cafeterias, gymnasia, and indoor swimming pools. Angle of Maximum Candela The direction in which the luminaire emits the greatest luminous intensity. annual sunlight exposure A metric that describes the potential for visual discomfort in interior work environments. It is defined as the percentage of an analysis area that exceeds a specified direct sunlight illuminance level more than a specified number of hours per year. Anticorrosive Paints Anticorrosive paints are coatings formulated and recommended for use in preventing the corrosion of ferrous metal substrates. APPA APPA used to stand for the Association of Physical Plant Administrators in the late 1960’s through the early 1990’s. Today, the association is known as APPA: Leadership in Educational Facilities, and is most easily recognized and referred to as simply “APPA.” APPA provides cleaning standards used in LEED. Appurtenance A built-in, nonstructural portion of a roof system. Examples include skylights, ventilators, mechanical equipment, partitions, and solar energy panels.

Area of Disturbance The area of land altered by the project, including land used for construction staging or any construction activities, including tunneling or conveyance. ASE

Annual sunlight exposure: a metric that describes the potential for visual discomfort in interior work environments. It is defined as the percentage of an analysis area that exceeds a specified direct sunlight illuminance level more than a specified number of hours per year. Assembly Recycled Content Assembly recycled content is the percentage of material in a product that is either postconsumer or preconsumer recycled content. It is determined by dividing the weight of the recycled content by the overall weight of the assembly. ASTM Voluntary standards development organization which creates source technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services Attendance Boundary The limits used by school districts to determine what school students attend based on where they live. Baseline Building Performance The annual energy cost for a building design, used as a baseline for comparison with abovestandard design. baseline condition Before the LEED project was initiated, but not necessarily before any development or disturbance took place. Baseline conditions describe the state of the project site on the date the developer acquired rights to a majority of its buildable land through purchase or option to purchase. Baseline Irrigation Water Use Baseline irrigation water use is the amount of water used by conventional irrigation in the region. Baseline water consumption A calculated projection of building water use assuming code-compliant fixtures and fittings with no additional savings compared with the design case or actual water meter data. Basis of design (BOD)

The information necessary to accomplish the owner's project requirements, including system descriptions, indoor environmental quality criteria, design assumptions, and references to applicable codes, standards, regulations, and guidelines. Bicycle network A continuous network consisting of any combination of the following 1) off street bicycle paths or trails at least 8 feet (2.5 meters) wide for a two-way path and at least 5 feet (1.5 meters) wide for a one-way path 2) physically designated on-street bicycle lanes at least 5 feet (1.5 meters) wide 3) streets designed for a target speed of 25 mph (40 kmh). Bicycling distance The distance that a bicyclist must travel between origins and destinations, the entirety of which must be on a bicycle network. Biking Network A continuous network consisting of one or more of the following: bicycle lanes or trails at least 5 feet wide or roads designed for a speed of 10 miles per hour or slower. Binder Glue used in manufacturing wood products, such as medium-density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard, and engineered lumber. Most binders are made with formaldehyde. Bio-based material Commercial or industrial products (other than food or feed) that are composed in whole, or in significant part, of biological products, renewable agricultural materials (including plant, animal, and marine materials), or forestry materials. For the purposes of LEED, this excludes leather and other animal hides. Bioaccumulation Process by which toxins can build up progressively through the food chain; small organisms often store toxins in fat tissue, and when larger organisms eat them, those toxins became more concentrated. Biobased Generally, classification of products and materials derived from plant and animal sources as opposed to minerals. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has a program to promote the use of emerging biobased products that defines them more narrowly, to exclude products that already have established markets, such as food, animal feed, and lumber. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of how fast biological organisms use up oxygen in a body of water. It is used in water quality management and assessment, ecology, and environmental science. Biological Control Biological control is the use of chemical or physical water treatments to inhibit bacterial growth in cooling towers.

Biomimicry The imitation of natural biological designs or processes in engineering or invention. Biomorph A painted, drawn, or sculptured free form or design suggestive in shape of a living organism, especially an ameba or protozoan. Adjective: Biomorphic.The area of land altered by the project, including land used for construction staging or any construction activities, including tunneling or conveyance. Biophilia The innate, evolutionary connection between human beings and nature and other living organisms. Bioremediation The use of microorganisms and vegetation to remove contaminants from water and soils. Bioremediation is generally a form of in-situ remediation and can be a viable alternative to landfilling or incineration.

Biosolids

The nutrient-rich organic material (byproduct) made from the stabilized sewage sludge from a composting toilet, other sewage treatment, or resource recovery facility. Biosolids can typically be recycled as a soil amendment for crops.

Bisphenol-A An ingredient in the production of polycarbonate plastics that is a suspected endocrine disrupter. Also known as BPA. Blackwater Wastewater containing urine or fecal matter that should be discharged to the sanitary drainage system of the building or premises in accordance with the International Plumbing Code. Wastewater from kitchen sinks (sometimes differentiated by the use of a garbage disposal), showers, or bathtubs is considered blackwater under some state or local codes. Bleed-off Bleed-off, or blowdown, is the release of a portion of the recirculating water from a cooling tower; this water carries dissolved solids that can cause mineral buildup. Bleed-off Rate The frequency with which the dissolved minerals and dirt are removed from the cooling tower. It varies depending on the mineral content and scaling tendency of the entering water. Blowdown Also referred to as bleed-off; the removal of makeup water from a cooling tower or evaporative condenser recirculation system to reduce concentrations of dissolved solids that can cause mineral buildup. Blower door test A blower door test gives an overall value for airtightness of a space, and can help identify air leaks. The testing unit consists of a calibrated fan that is sealed onto the unit entrance. The fan creates a continuous flow of pressure into the unit (or out of the unit when using theatrical fog to locate leaks). Devices detect the rate of pressure retention and loss due to possible air leaks in the construction. BMP Best Management Practice BOP The Building Operating Plan (BOP) is a document outlining on-going preventive and/or predictive maintenance and operations protocols for the intended operation of base building systems. Breathing Zone The breathing zone is the region within an occupied space between 3" to 72" above the floor and more than 2 feet from walls or fixed air-conditioning equipment. (AHSRAE 62.1– 2007) Brownfield Abandoned, idled, or under used industrial and commercial facilities/sites who expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or possible presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. They can be in urban, suburban, or rural areas. EPA's Brownfields initiative helps communities mitigate potential health risks and restore the economic vitality of such areas or properties. Btu A unit of energy consumed by or delivered to a building. A Btu is an acronym for British thermal unit and is defined as the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit, at normal atmospheric pressure. Energy consumption is expressed in Btu to allow for consumption comparisons among fuels that are measured in different units. BUG rating A luminaire classification system that classifies luminaires in terms of backlight (B), uplight (U), and glare (G) (taken from IES/IDA Model Lighting Ordinance). BUG ratings supersede the former cutoff ratings. Buildable Land The portion of the site where construction can occur, including land voluntarily set aside and not constructed on.. When used in density calculations, the calculation for buildable land excludes: public streets and other public rights of way, and land excluded from development by law or other prerequisites of LEED for Neighborhood Development. Building Automation System (BAS)

A building automation system (BAS) uses computer-based monitoring to coordinate, organize, and optimize building control subsystems, including lighting, equipment scheduling, and alarm reporting. Building Operating Plan (BOP) A general documentation summarizing the intended operation of each base building system described in the systems narrative; the building operating plan may also be known as "Owner's Operating Requirements" or similar. The operating plan includes the time-of-day schedules for each system for each of the eight day types (Monday to Sunday plus holidays), the mode of operation for each system when it is running (occupied vs. unoccupied; day vs. night, etc.), and the desired indoor conditions or setpoints for each schedule or mode. The operating plan accounts for any differences in needs or desired conditions for different portions of the project building, as well as any seasonal variations in operations patterns. The plan accounts for all the monitored space conditions used to control the base systems, i.e., air temperature, relative humidity, occupancy, light level, CO2 levels, room pressurization, duct static pressure, etc. Building Shell The exterior walls, roof, and lowest floor of a building, which serve to separate and protect the interior from the elements (precipitation, sunlight, wind, temperature variations). Building-Related Illness Diagnosable illness whose cause and symptoms can be directly attributed to a specific pollutant source within a building. (EPA) Buildout The time at which all habitable buildings on the project are complete and ready for occupancy. Built-Up Roof A roof covering consisting of several successive layers (each of which is called a "ply"), usually of roofing felt, with mopping of hot asphalt between layers and topped by a mineral-surfaced layer or by gravel embedded in a heavy coat of asphalt.

Business as usual (BAU) Business as usual (BAU) is the baseline reference point for handprinting. In simplest terms, BAU refers to a repeat of past practices from the year before. More formally, it refers to: responding to this year’s external forces with last year’s approach. For companies that sell goods or services, BAU is: responding to this year’s demand, with last year’s products and processes. For projects, BAU is addressing current demands based on typical fixtures, materials, or processes.

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) An enhanced bus system that operates on exclusive bus lanes or other transit rights-of-way. The system is designed to combine the flexibility of buses with the efficiency of rail. C2C A protocol developed by McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry that establishes guidelines for the manufacture of products in ways that harmonize with natural systems. These guidelines require, for example, that products be recyclable indefinitely, contain no hazardous ingredients, and be manufactured using renewable energy. Cadmium A naturally-occurring element and source of pigments that were once a staple in paints, but now is largely phased out in architectural coatings except for certain specialty products. High exposure to cadmium can cause a variety of health problems, including kidney damage. Campus Bus A campus or private bus is a bus or shuttle service that is privately operated and not available to the general public. In LEED, a campus or private bus line that falls within 1/4 mile of the project site and provides transportation service to the public can contribute to earning credits. Car Sharing A system under which multiple households share a pool of automobiles, either through cooperative ownership or through some other mechanism. Carbon offset A fiscal unit measured in metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) representing six main categories of greenhouse gases. Aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, one carbon offset represents the reduction, or avoidance, of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (or its equivalent in other 75

greenhouse gases). Carbon offsets are typically purchased by consumers of fossil fuels or products using fossil fuels, as a way to offset "or negate their negative environmental impact."

Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, Reprotoxic (CMR) Toxicity classification given to substances that cause or promote cancers, genetic mutations, and/or damage to reproductive systems.

CBECS The Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) is a national sample survey that collects information on the stock of U.S. commercial buildings, their energy-related building characteristics, and their energy consumption and expenditures. Commercial buildings include all buildings in which at least half of the floorspace is used for a purpose that is not residential, industrial, or agricultural, so they include building types that might not traditionally be considered "commercial," such as schools, correctional institutions, and buildings used for religious worship. CBECS data is used in LEED energy credits. CDD A measure of how hot a location was over a period of time, relative to a base temperature. In this report, the base temperature is 65 degrees Fahrenheit, and the period of time is one year. The cooling degree-day is the difference between that day's average temperature and 65 degrees if the daily average is greater than 65; it is zero if the daily average temperature is less than or equal to 65. Cooling degree-days for a year are the sum of the daily cooling degree-days for that year. CDL Construction, demolition, and land-clearing (CDL) debris includes all of the above plus soil, vegetation, and rock from land clearing. CERCLA The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, or CERCLA, is more commonly known as Superfund. Enacted in 1980, CERCLA addresses abandoned or historical waste sites and contamination by taxing the chemical and petroleum industries and providing federal authority to respond to releases of hazardous substances. Certified Wood Wood from a source that has been determined, through a certification process, to meet stated ecological and other criteria. There are numerous forest certification programs in general use based on several standards, but only the Forest Stewardship Council's standards, which include requirements that the wood be tracked through its chain-of-custody, can be used to qualify wood for a point in the LEED Rating System. CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a compound of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine and fluorine, once commonly used in refrigeration, that depletes the stratospheric ozone layer. CFR Current facilities requirements: the implementation of the owner's project requirements, developed to confirm the owner's current operational needs and requirements. CGP EPA's Construction General Permit. Outlines the provisions necessary to comply with Phase I and Phase II of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program. Chain-of-Custody (CoC) A procedure that tracks a product from the point of harvest or extraction to its end use, including all successive stages of processing, transformation, manufacturing, and distribution. A chain-ofcustody certificate number on invoices for nonlabeled products indicates that the certifier guidelines for product accounting have been followed. A chain-of-custody certification is not required by distributors of a product that is individually labeled with the Forest Stewardship Council logo and manufacturer's chain-of-custody number. Chain of Custody (CoC) certification requirements are determined by Forest Stewardship Council Chain of Custody Standard 40-004 v2-1.

Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers (CASRNs) A unique numerical identifier for nearly every known chemical, compound, or organic substance. as assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service, a division of the American Chemical Society. Chemical Runoff

Water that transports chemicals from the building landscape, as well as surrounding streets and parking lots, to rivers and lakes. Runoff chemicals may include gasoline, oil, antifreeze, and salts. Chemical Treatment Chemical treatment includes the use of biocidal, conditioning, dispersant, and scale-inhibiting chemicals to control biological growth, scale, and corrosion in cooling towers. Alternatives to conventional chemical treatment include ozonation, ionization, and exposure to ultraviolet light. CHP Combined heat and power (CHP), or cogeneration, generates both electrical power and thermal energy from a single fuel source. Chromium A naturally occurring metal used to make chrome, used in some wood treatment compounds, and sometimes used to tan leather. Its usage has been greatly reduced, but it may still be found in some products. Although chromium is an essential nutrient, some chromium compounds are carcinogenic. Churn 1. Churn is the movement of workstations and people within a space. 2. The reorganization of office space due to relocation of an employee from one workstation to another, employee turnover, or reorganization of an entire office. CIR Credit Interpretation Ruling. Used by design team members experiencing difficulties in the application of a LEED prerequisite or credit to a project. Typically, difficulties arise when specific issues are not directly addressed by LEED information/guide Circadian Rhythm The rhythm of an organism's vital functions with relation to the daily cycle of the natural environment. Class I Bikeway Bicycle or multi-use facilities that are completely separate from the vehicular right-of-way. The standard Class I bikeway has pavement that is 8 feet wide however the exact design requirements for Class I bikeways differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Clean waste Nonhazardous materials left over from construction and demolition. Clean waste excludes lead and asbestos. Climate Change 1. Climate change refers to any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008) 2.The increase in global average temperatures being caused by a buildup of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This temperature change is leading to changes in circulation patterns in the air and in the oceans, which are affecting climates differently in different places. Among the predicted effects are a significant cooling in Western Europe due to changes in the jet stream, and rising sea levels due to the melting of polar ice and glaciers. Climate Zone One of five climatically distinct areas, defined by long-term weather conditions which affect the heating and cooling loads in buildings. The zones were determined according to the 45-year average (1931-1975) of the annual heating and cooling degree-days (base 65 degrees Fahrenheit). An individual building was assigned to a climate zone according to the 45-year average annual degree-days for its National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Division. Closed-loop cooling A system that acts as a heat sink for heat-rejecting building and medical equipment by recirculating water. Because the water is sealed within the system, some closed-loop cooling systems use nonpotable water (such as recycled process water harvested from an air handler's cooling coil condensate).

Closed-Loop Water Systems Systems in which all water used on a project is captured, treated, used/reused, and/or released within a designated boundary, such as the Project Area. CO2

Carbon dioxide

Cogeneration The simultaneous production of electric and thermal energy in on-site, distributed energy systems; typically, waste heat from the electricity generation process is recovered and used to heat, cool, or dehumidify building space. Neither generation of electricity without use of the byproduct heat, nor waste-heat recovery from processes other than electricity generation is included in the definition of cogeneration. Color Rendering Index (CRI) A measurement from 0 to 100 that indictes how accurately an artificial light source, as compared with an incandescent light, displays hues. The higher the index number, the more accurately the light is rendering colors. Incandescent lighting has a color rendering index above 95; standard highpressure sodium lighting (such as orange-hued roadway lights) measures approximately 25; many fluorescent sources using rare earth phosphors have a color rendering index of 80 and above. (Adapted from U.S. ENERGY STAR) Combined Heat And Power (CHP) An integrated system that captures the heat, otherwise unused, generated by a single fuel source in the production of electrical power. Also known as cogeneration. (Adapted from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)

Combustion Any burning or combustion of fossil fuels or wood products.

Comfort Criteria Comfort criteria are specific design conditions that take into account temperature, humidity, air speed, outdoor temperature, outdoor humidity, seasonal clothing, and expected activity. (ASHRAE 55– 2004) Commingled Waste Building waste streams that are combined on the project site and hauled away for sorting into recyclable streams. Also known as single-stream recycling. Commissioning (Cx) The process of verifying and documenting that a building and all of its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained to meet the owner's project requirements. Commissioning Authority (CxA) The individual designated to organize, lead, and review the completion of commissioning process activities. The CxA facilitates communication among the owner, designer, and contractor to ensure that complex systems are installed and function in accordance with the owner's project requirements. Composite Wood Composite wood consists of wood or plant particles or fibers bonded by a synthetic resin or binder. Examples include particleboard, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), plywood, oriented-strand board (OSB), wheatboard, and strawboard. Composting Toilets Composting (or Nonwater) toilet systems are dry plumbing fixtures and fittings that contain and treat human waste via microbiological processes. Concentration Ratio Concentration ratio is the ratio of the level of dissolved solids in the recirculating water to the level found in the entering makeup water. A higher concentration ratio results from a lower bleed-off rate; increasing the ratio above a certain point, however, leads to scaling, and water savings diminish after a certain level. This ratio is also called the cycles of concentration. Cycles refers to the number of times dissolved minerals in the water are concentrated compared with makeup water, not to water flow over the tower or to on-off cycles. Conditional Energy Intensity Total consumption of a particular energy source(s) or fuel(s) divided by the total floorspace of buildings that use the energy source(s) or fuel(s), i.e., the ratio of consumption to energy sourcespecific floorspace. This measure is used in the fuel-specific detailed tables.

Conservation Easement

A deeded transfer of an interest in real property for the purpose of conserving or protecting the land or its resources for future generations. A conservation easement is legally binding and its restrictions are permanent and run with the land, meaning that not only the original owner but all subsequent owners are subject to its terms

Construction IAQ Management Plan A construction IAQ management plan outlines measures to minimize contamination in a specific project building during construction and describes procedures to flush the building of contaminants prior to occupancy. Construction Waste Management Plan (CWMP) A plan that diverts construction debris from landfills through the processes of recycling, salvaging and reusing.

Continuous Simulation Model A stormwater modeling approach that accounts for many sizes and intensities of storms, as well as variation in the time between storms. Typically based on long-term rainfall records rather than synthetic design storms, such models provide a more accurate representation of infiltration, evapotranspiration, and stormwater control measures than other forms of storm modeling.

Conventional Irrigation A region's most common system for providing water to plants by nonnatural means. A conventional irrigation system commonly uses pressure to deliver water and distributes it through sprinkler heads above the ground. Conversion Factors Estimates are presented in customary U.S. units. Floorspace estimates may be converted to metric units by using the relationship: 1 square foot is approximately equal to 0.0929 square meters. Energy estimates may be converted to metric units by using the relationship: 1 Btu is approximately equal to 1,055 joules; one kilowatthour is exactly equal to 3,600,000 joules; and one gigajoule (109 joules) is approximately 278 kilowatthours (kWh). Conversion Losses The amount of energy lost during generation, transmission, and distribution of energy sources, particularly electricity, including plant and unaccounted-for uses. Cooling Equipment The equipment used for cooling room air in a building for human comfort. Cooling tower blowdown The water discharged from a cooling tower typically because increased salinity or alkalinity has caused scaling. Cooling tower blowdown may be too saline for use in landscape irrigation.

Core

Core, short for ILFI’s Core Green Building Certification, is a simple framework that outlines the 10 best practice achievements (Imperatives) that a building must obtain to be considered a green or sustainable building.

Cradle-to-Gate

Cradle-to-gate refers to a scope (or boundary) of a life cycle assessment. This scope usually represents the life cycle stages from raw material extraction through material processing and product manufacturing, before the product leaves the manufacturer “gate” at the final manufacturing facility or assembly location Cradle-to-Grave Cradle-to-grave refers to a scope (or boundary) of a life cycle assessment. A cradle-to-grave assessment addresses a full product life cycle from resource extraction (cradle) to the end-ofuse fate. The use phase and disposal phase of the product are included in this case. Cradleto-grave assessments are sometimes the basis for environmental product declarations.

Cultural landscape

An officially designated geographic area that includes both cultural and natural resources associated with a historic event, activity, or person or that exhibits other significant cultural or aesthetic values. Current facilities requirements The implementation of the owner's project requirements, developed to confirm the owner's current operational needs and requirements. CWM Construction Waste Management (CWM) diverts construction debris from landfills through the processes of recycling, salvaging and reusing. Cycles of Concentration Concentration ratio is the ratio of the level of dissolved solids in the recirculating water to the level found in the entering makeup water. A higher concentration ratio results from a lower bleed-off rate; increasing the ratio above a certain point, however, leads to scaling, and water savings diminish after a certain level. This ratio is also called the cycles of concentration. Cycles refers to the number of times dissolved minerals in the water are concentrated compared with makeup water, not to water flow over the tower or to on-off cycles. Daylight Factor The ratio of exterior illumination to interior illumination, expressed as a percentage. The variables used to determine the daylight factor include the floor area, window area, window geometry, visible transmittance (Tvis), and window height. Daylight Glazing A vertical window area located 7'6" above the floor. Glazing at this height is the most effective at distributing daylight deep into the interior space. Daylight-Responsive Lighting Controls Daylight-responsive lighting controls are photosensors used in conjunction with other switching and dimming devices to control the amount of artificial lighting in relationship to the amount and quality of natural daylight. Daylighting Sensors A lighting feature that takes advantage of sunlight to cut the amount of electric lighting used in a building by varying output of the lighting system in response to variations in available daylight. They are sometimes referred to as "natural lighting control sensors " or "photocells." dBA A decibel (dBA) is a sound pressure level measured with a conventional frequency weighting that roughly approximates how the human ear hears different frequency components of sounds at typical listening levels for speech. (ANSI S12.60– 2002)

Deconstruction The systematic removal of materials from a project (building and site) for the purpose of salvage, reuse, and/or recycling.

Dedicated storage A designated area in a building space or a central facility that is sized and allocated for a specific task, such as the collection of recyclable waste. Signage often indicates the type of recyclable waste stored there. Some waste streams, such as mercury-based light bulbs, sensitive paper documents, biomedical waste, or batteries, may require particular handling or disposal methods. Consult the municipality's safe storage and disposal procedures or use guidelines posted on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency website, at www.epa.gov. Degree-Days 45-Year Average The average of the total annual heating and cooling degree-days (base, 65 Degrees Fahrenheit) in each NOAA Division, for the 45 years, 1931 through 1975. Computed from the Division's daily temperature averages for each year in question and used to assign individual buildings to climate zones. Demand Response A change in electricity use by demand-side resources from their normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity or to incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high wholesale market prices or when system reliability is jeopardized. Demand Response Event

A specific period of time when the utility or independent service operator calls for a change in the pattern or level of use in grid-based electricity from its program participants. Also known as a curtailment event. Demountable Partition A temporary interior wall that can be easily reconfigured. In a health care facility, acoustical concerns and embedded equipment, as in a surgery suite, may prevent demountable partitions from being used. Densely Occupied Spaces Areas with a design occupant density of 25 people or more per 1,000 square feet (40 square feet or less per person). Density A measure of the total building floor area or dwelling units on a parcel of land relative to the buildable land of that parcel. Units for measuring density may differ according to credit requirements. Does not include structured parking. Density Factor Density factor (kd) is a coefficient used in calculating the landscape coefficient. It modifies the evapotranspiration rate to reflect the water use of a plant or group of plants, particularly with reference to the density of the plant material. Design Intent A written document that details the ideas, concepts, and criteria that are determined by the owner to be important to the success of the project. Design Light Output Design light output is the light output of lamps at 40% of their useful life. Development Footprint The total land area of a project site covered by buildings, streets, parking areas, and other typically impermeable surfaces constructed as part of the project. DHW Domestic hot water (DHW) is water used for food preparation, cleaning and sanitation and personal hygiene, but not heating. Differential air pressure The difference in air pressure between two spaces, potentially leading, in the case of a pressure difference, to the migration of contaminants from one space to another. When using a designated smoking room ror environmental tobacco smoke control, you may need to test the differential air pressure in the smoking room with respect to each adjacent area and in each adjacent vertical chase with the doors to the smoking room closed. The testing will be conducted with each space configured for worst case conditions of transport of air from the smoking rooms to adjacent spaces with the smoking rooms' doors closed to the adjacent spaces. The test can be conducted by a mechanical engineer. The test should involve 15 minutes of measurement, with a minimum of one measurement every 10 seconds. With the doors to the smoking room closed, operate exhaust sufficient to create a negative pressure with respect to the adjacent spaces of at least an average of 5 Pa (0.02 inches of water gauge) and with a minimum of 1 Pa (0.004 inches of water gauge). Differential durability A state in which two materials with different life spans make up one complete component. If one material wears out and cannot be separated and replaced, the entire product must be thrown away. Diffusers In an HVAC context, diffusers disperse heating, cooling, or ventilation air as it enters a room, ideally preventing uncomfortable direct currents and in many cases, reducing energy costs and improving indoor air quality (IAQ). In light fixtures, diffusers filter and disperse light. Direct Line of Sight to Perimeter Vision Glazing The approach used to determine the calculated area of regularly occupied areas with direct line of sight to perimeter vision glazing. The area determination includes full height partitions and other fixed construction prior to installation of furniture. Direct Sunlight An interior horizontal measurement of 1,000 lux or more of direct beam sunlight that accounts for window transmittance and angular effects, and excludes the effect of any operable blinds, with no

contribution from reflected light (i.e., a zero bounce analysis) and no contribution from the diffuse sky component. (Adapted from IES)

Disadvantaged Population Socially or Economically disadvantaged populations include, according to the US Code of Federal Regulations, those who have been subjected to racial or ethnic prejudice or cultural bias within American society because of their identities as members of groups and without regard to their individual qualities and/ or socially disadvantaged individuals whose ability to compete in the free enterprise system has been impaired due to diminished capital and credit opportunities as compared to others in the same or similar line of business who are not socially disadvantaged.

Displacement Ventilation A system in which air slightly cooler than the desired room temperature is introduced at floor level and is lifted up by warmer air to exhaust outlets at the ceiling, increasing air circulation and removal of pollutants. Distributed Water-Heating System A type of system for heating water (for purposes other than space-heating) that heats water as needed for immediate use near the location where this water is used. It is often called a "point-ofuse" water heating system, and is usually located in more than one place within a building. Because water is not heated until it is required, this equipment is more energy efficient. District Energy System (DES) A central energy conversion plant and transmission and distribution system that provides thermal energy to a group of buildings (e.g., a central cooling plant on a university campus). It does not include central energy systems that provide only electricity. Downstream Equipment The heating and cooling systems, equipment, and controls located in the project building or on the project site and associated with transporting the thermal energy of the district energy system (DES) into heated and cooled spaces. Downstream equipment includes the thermal connection or interface with the DES, secondary distribution systems in the building, and terminal units. Drift water droplets carried from a cooling tower or evaporative condenser by a stream of air passing through the system. Drift eliminators capture these droplets and return them to the reservoir at the bottom of the cooling tower or evaporative condenser for recirculation. Drip Irrigation Drip irrigation delivers water at low pressure through buried mains and submains. From the submains, water is distributed to the soil through a network of perforated tubes or emitters. Drip irrigation is a high-efficiency type of microirrigation. Dual-flush A type of water-saving toilet that gives a choice of flushes depending on the type of waste —solid or liquid. Durable Goods Products with a useful life of approximately two or more years and that are replaced infrequently. Examples include furniture, office equipment, appliances, external power adapters, televisions, and audiovisual equipment. Durable Goods Waste Stream The flow of long-lasting products from the project building after they are fully depreciated and have reached the end of their useful life for normal business operations. It includes leased durable goods returned to their owner but does not include durable goods that remain functional and are moved to another floor or building. EBOM EBOM is an acronym for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance, and is one of the LEED rating systems. EC Meter A device that measures the amount of nutrients and salt in water. Also know as a Conductivity Meter. ECM

Energy conservation measures are installations or modifications of equipment or systems intended to reduce energy use and costs. Ecological Restoration Ecological restoration is the process of assisting in the recovery and management of ecological integrity and includes biodiversity, ecological processes and structures, regional and historical context, and sustainable cultural practices. Ecologically Appropriate Site Features Ecologically appropriate site features are natural site elements that maintain or restore the ecological integrity of the site. Examples include native or adapted vegetation, water bodies, exposed rock, unvegetated ground, and other features that provide habitat value and are part of the historic natural landscape. Economizer An economizer is a device used to make building systems more energy efficient. Examples include HVAC enthalpy controls, which are based on humidity and temperature. Economizer Cycle A heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) conservation feature consisting of indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity sensors, dampers, motors, and motor controls for the ventilation system to reduce the air-conditioning load. Wherever the temperature and humidity of the outdoor air are more favorable (lower heat content) than the temperature and humidity of the return air, more outdoor air is brought into the building. Ecotoxicity Generally, harmful effects produced in the environment by chemical residues, leachate, or volatile gases during production or degradation of manufactured materials. Specifically, the measured levels at which toxins cause harm to organisms. Efficacy In lighting, the ratio of light output (in lumens) to input power (in watts). Higher efficacy indicates higher efficiency. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment The conductors, including the ungrounded, grounded, and equipment grounding conductors, the electric vehicle connectors, attachment plugs, and all other fittings, devices, power outlets or apparatuses installed specifically for the purpose of delivering energy from the premises wiring to the electric vehicle. (National Electric Codes and California Article 625) Electrical Conductivity (EC) Meter An electrical conductivity (EC) meter measures the amount of nutrients and salt in water. Electrical Engineering Electrical and electronics engineering is the practical application of electricity. Electrical engineers are concerned with electrical devices and systems and with the use of electrical energy. Electronic Waste Discarded office equipment (computers, monitors, copiers, printers, scanners, fax machines), appliances (refrigerators, dishwashers, water coolers), external power adapters, and televisions and other audiovisual equipment. Elemental Mercury Mercury in its purest form (rather than a mercury-containing compound), the vapor of which is commonly used in fluorescent and other bulb types. Embodied Energy 1. Embodied energy is the energy used during the entire life cycle of a product, including its manufacture, transportation, and disposal, as well as the inherent energy captured within the product itself. 2. The energy expended in the process of creating a product, often including the fuel value of its constituent parts as well as transportation to its point of use. Emergency Management and Constrol System (EMCS) An energy management feature that uses mini/microcomputers, instrumentation, control equipment, and software to manage a building's use of energy for heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, and/or business-related processes. These systems may also manage fire control, safety, and security. Not included as an EMCS are time-clock thermostats. Emergency lighting

A luminaire that operates only during emergency conditions and is always off during normal building operation. Emergency lighting is designed to supply illumination essential to the safety of life and property in the event of failure of the normal supply. Emissions factors Average greenhouse gas emissions, in metric tons of carbon equivalent (MtCO2e), per unit of energy for a particular type of energy source Emissivity Emissivity is the ratio of the radiation emitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by a black body at the same temperature. Enclosure The exterior plus semi-exterior portions of the building. Exterior consists of the elements of a building that separate conditioned spaces from the outside (i.e., the wall assembly). Semiexterior consists of the elements of a building that separate conditioned space from unconditioned space or that encloses semi-heated space through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior or conditioned or unconditioned spaces (e.g., attic, crawl space, basement). Endocrine Disrupter Chemical that mimics natural hormones, such as estrogen, and may interfere with reproductive development or alter behavior in offspring. Among common chemicals believed to be endocrine disrupters are phthalate plasticizers used in PVC plastic and bisphenol-A, which is used in the manufacture of epoxies and polycarbonate plastic. Energy Use Intensity (EUI) The ratio of consumption to unit of measurement (floorspace, number of workers, etc.) Energy intensity is usually given on an aggregate basis, as the ratio of the total consumption for a set of buildings to the total floorspace in those buildings. Conditional energy intensity and gross energy intensity are presented. The energy intensity can also be computed for individual buildings, often

expressed as energy (BTUs) per square foot per year.

Energy Service Provider A designation that allows an outside entity, such as USGBC, to access water and energy usage information that a building management team maintains with ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager or a similar tool. Engineered Nanomaterial A substance designed at the molecular (nanometer) level. Because of its small size, it has novel properties generally not seen in its conventional bulk counterpart. See the Australian National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, nicnas.gov.au/publications/information_sheets/general_information_sheets/nis_nanomaterials_pdf.p df. Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)

A transparent and objective report that communicates what a product is made of and how it impacts the environment across its entire life cycle. EPDs can be completed to various scopes (e.g. product-specific, facility-specific, industry-wide) based on availability of data. EPDs satisfy all of the requirements of relevant Product Category Rules (PCRs) for a given product category or type and follow international standards, including ISO 14044, ISO 14025, ISO 21930 and EN 15804.

Environmentally Preferable Purchasing A United States federal-wide program (Executive Order 13101) that encourages and assists Executive agencies in the purchasing of Environmentally Preferable Products and services. Environmentally Preferable Products (EPP) Environmentally preferable products (EPP) are those identified as having a lesser or reduced effect on health and the environment when compared with competing products that serve the same purpose. EPEAT The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) is a green electronics registry, which requires manufacturers to meet “environmental performance criteria” and then rates qualified products as Gold, Silver or Bronze. EPEAT was created by the Environmental Protection Agency and the nonprofit Greener Electronics Council. 84

Equity The just and fair inclusion into a society in which all can participate, prosper, and reach their full potential (per PolicyLink’s “Equity Manifesto”). ESC

ETS

An Erosion and Sedimentation Control (ESC) plan is a collection of measures designed to reduce pollution from construction activities by controlling soil erosion, waterway sedimentation and airborne dust generation

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), or secondhand smoke, consists of airborne particles emitted from the burning end of cigarettes, pipes, and cigars, and is exhaled by smokers. These particles contain about 4,000 compounds, up to 50 of which are known to cause cancer. Eutrophication 1. Eutrophication is the increase in chemical nutrients, such as the nitrogen and phosphorus often found in fertilizers, in an ecosystem. The added nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth, promoting algal blooms or weeds. The enhanced plant growth reduces oxygen in the land and water, reducing water quality and fish and other animal populations. 2. The process by which bodies of water are starved of oxygen and light by algae and other plants that multiply due to excessive concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous. Typical sources include fertilizer runoff and poorly managed wastewater treatment systems, frequently including home septic systems. Evapotranspiration (ET) The combination of evaporation and plant transpiration into the atmosphere. Evaporation occurs when liquid water from soil, plant surfaces, or water bodies becomes vapor. Transpiration is the movement of water through a plant and the subsequent loss of water vapor. Ex-situ Remediation The removal and treatment of contaminated soil and groundwater. Treatment of the contaminated media occurs in another location, typically a treatment facility. A traditional method of ex-situ remediation is pump-and-treat technology that uses carbon filters and incineration. More advanced methods of ex-situ remediation include chemical treatment or biological reactors. Exfiltration Exfiltration is air leakage through cracks and interstices and through the ceilings, floors, and walls. Extended Producer Responsibility Measures undertaken by the maker of a product to accept its own and sometimes other manufacturers products as postconsumer waste at the end of the products useful life. Producers recover and recycle the materials for use in new products of the same type. To count toward credit compliance, a program must be widely available. For carpet, extended producer responsibility must be consistent with NSF/ANSI 140-2007. Also known as closed-loop program or product take-back. Extensive Vegetated Roof A roof that is covered with plants and typically not designed for general access. Usually an extensive system is a rugged green roof that requires little maintenance once established. The planting medium in extensive vegetated roofs ranges from 1 to 6 inches in depth. (Adapted from U.S. EPA) exterior vegetated surface area the total area of vegetation on the project site, including vegetated roofs and turf grass. External Meter A device installed on the outside of a water pipe to record the volume of water passing through it. Also known as a clamp-on meter. Extraction, harvest or recovery point Extraction, harvest or recovery point refers to the location of raw materials prior to manufacturing of the building material or product that is furnished and installed in the project building. Faucet Aerator A device designed to save water and reduce splashing by adding air to a stream of water; usually found at the tip of a faucet. Flat Coatings

Coatings that register a gloss of less than 15 on an 85-degree meter or less than 5 on a 60-degree meter. Floor-Area Ratio (FAR) The density of nonresidential land use, exclusive of parking, measured as the total nonresidential building floor area divided by the total buildable land area available for nonresidential structures. For example, on a site with 10,000 square feet (930 square meters) of buildable land area, an FAR of 1.0 would be 10,000 square feet (930 square meters) of building floor area. On the same site, an FAR of 1.5 would be 15,000 square feet (1395 square meters), an FAR of 2.0 would be 20,000 square feet (1860 square meters), and an FAR of 0.5 would be 5,000 square feet (465 square meters). Fluoropolymer A polymer (compound made up of many identical molecules linked by chemical bonds) containing the element fluorine; the most recognized fluoropolymer is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), sold under DuPont's Teflon trademark. A key constituent in making some fluoropolymers, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), has come under scrutiny as a "likely carcinogen." Flushometer A device that utilizes pressure from the water supply system, rather than the force of gravity, to discharge water into the bowl of a toilet or urinal. It is designed to use less water than conventional flush toilets. Footcandle (FC) 1. A footcandle (fc) is a measure of light falling on a given surface. One footcandle is defined as the quantity of light falling on a 1-square-foot area from a 1 candela light source at a distance of 1 foot (which equals 1 lumen per square foot). Footcandles can be measured both horizontally and vertically by a footcandle meter or light meter. 2. The non-metric measurement of lumens per square foot, one footcandle is the amount of light that is received one foot from a light source called a candela, which is based on the light output of a standardized candle. A common range for interior lighting is 10 to 100 footcandles, while exterior daytime levels can range from 100 to over 10,000 footcandles. Footcandles decrease with distance from the light source. The metric equivalent of a foot candle is 10.76 lux, or lumens per square meter.

Footprint Any human impact on a site, usually with negative ecological implication. Note that this is not the same as the building footprint. (LPC) A measure of negative impacts, generally those caused by either the operations and supply chain of an organization or the production and supply chain for a product.

Formaldehyde 1. Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring VOC found in small amounts in animals and plants but is carcinogenic and an irritant to most people when present in high concentrations, causing headaches, dizziness, mental impairment, and other symptoms. When present in the air at levels above 0.1 ppm, it can cause watery eyes; burning sensations in the eyes, nose, and throat; nausea; coughing; chest tightness; wheezing; skin rashes; and asthmatic and allergic reactions. 2. A known carcinogen with no known safe exposure level. Formaldehyde occurs naturally, but appears in unnaturally high concentrations in many buildings because it is an ingredient in binders used in many building materials and furnishings. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Certification Independent, third-party verification that forest products are produced and sold based on a set of criteria for forest management and chain-of-custody controls developed by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), an international nonprofit organization. FSC criteria for certifying forests around the world address forest management, legal issues, indigenous rights, labor rights, multiple benefits, and environmental impacts. Full Time Equivalent (FTE) Full-time equivalent (FTE) represents a regular building occupant who spends 8 hours a day (40 hours a week) in the project building. Part-time or overtime occupants have FTE values based on their hours per day divided by 8 (or hours per week divided by 40). Transient Occupants can be reported as either daily totals or as part of the FTE.

Residential occupancy should be estimated based on the number and size of units. Core and Shell projects should refer to the default occupancy table in the Reference Guide appendix. All occupant assumptions must be consistent across all credits in all categories. Fuel-Efficient Vehicles Fuel-efficient vehicles have achieved a minimum green score of 40 according to the annual vehiclerating guide of the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy. Full Cutoff A full cutoff luminaire has zero candela intensity at an angle of 90 degrees above the vertical axis (nadir or straight down) and at all angles greater than 90 degrees from straight down. Additionally, the candela per 1,000 lamp lumens does not numerically exceed 100 (10%) at an angle of 80 degrees above nadir. This applies to all lateral angles around the luminaire. Full Cutoff Luminaire A full cutoff luminaire has zero candela intensity at an angle of 90 degrees above the vertical axis (nadir or straight down) and at all angles greater than 90 degrees from straight down. Additionally, the candela per 1,000 lamp lumens does not numerically exceed 100 (10%) at an angle of 80 degrees above nadir. This applies to all lateral angles around the luminaire. Full-Cost Accounting A method of monetizing the environmental and social impacts, as well as financial costs, associated with a product or process. Full-Time Equivalent Full-time equivalent (FTE) represents a regular building occupant who spends 40 hours per week in the project building. Part-time or overtime occupants have FTE values based on their hours per week divided by 40. Multiple shifts are included or excluded depending on the intent and requirements of the credit. Fully Shielded In a fully shielded exterior light fixture, the lower edge of the shield is at or below the lowest edge of the lamp, such that all light shines down. Functional Entry A building entryway that is designed to be used by pedestrians and is open during regular business hours. This does not include any door that is exclusively designated as an emergency exit, or a garage door that is not designed as an entrance for pedestrians. Functional Performance Testing The process of determining the ability of the commissioned systems to perform in accordance with the owner's project requirements, basis of design (BOD), and construction documents. GBCI Green Business Certification Inc. (GBCI) manages LEED) building certification and professional accreditation processes, as well as other sustainability-related certifications and accreditations. It was established in 2008 as a closely affiliated nonprofit to the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC).

Gender Identity The internal knowledge of one’s identity as a particular gender, including but not limited to transgender woman, transgender man, cisgender woman, cisgender man, or of belonging to a non-binary identity such as agender, genderfluid, genderqueer, or others. For further information regarding gender-based and other identities, visit Outright International or pflag. Geomorphology The study of the characteristics, origin, and development of landforms. GHG

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation emitted by Earth’s surface, clouds, and the atmosphere itself. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases are a root cause of global climate change. Glazing Factor The ratio of interior illuminance at a given point on a given plane (usually the work plane) to the exterior illuminance under known overcast sky conditions. LEED uses a simplified approach for its 87

credit compliance calculations. The variables used to determine the daylight factor include the floor area, window area, window geometry, visible transmittance (Tvis) and window height. Graywater Untreated household waste water which has not come into contact with toilet waste. Graywater includes used water from bathtubs, showers, bathroom wash basins, and water from clothes-washers and laundry tubs. It must not include waste water from kitchen sinks or dishwashers (Uniform Plumbing Code, Appendix G, Gray Water Systems for Single-Family Dwellings); waste water discharged from lavatories, bathtubs, showers, clothes washers and laundry sinks (International Plumbing Code, Appendix C, Gray Water Recycling Systems). Some states and local authorities allow kitchen sink wastewater to be included in graywater. Other differences can likely be found in state and local codes. Project teams should comply with the graywater definition established by the authority having jurisdiction in the project area. Green Cleaning Green cleaning is the use of cleaning products and practices that have lower environmental impacts and more positive indoor air quality impacts than conventional products and practices. Green Infrastructure A soil-and vegetation-based approach to wet weather management that is cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly. Green infrastructure management approaches and technologies infiltrate, evapotranspire, capture and reuse stormwater to maintain or restore natural hydrologies. (Adapted from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) Green Power A subset of renewable energy composed of grid-based electricity produced from renewable energy sources. Green Vehicles Vehicles achieving a minimum green score of 45 on the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE) annual vehicle rating guide (or a local equivalent for projects outside the U.S.). Green-e Green-e is a program established by the Center for Resource Solutions to both promote green electricity products and provide consumers with a rigorous and nationally recognized method to identify those products. Greenfield Area that is not previously developed, graded or disturbed, and could support open space, habitat, or natural hydrology. Gross Energy Intensity Total consumption of a particular energy source(s) or fuel(s) by a group of buildings, divided by the total floorspace of those buildings, including buildings and floorspace where the energy source or fuel is not used, i.e., the ratio of consumption to gross floorspace. Ground Source Heat Pump A type of heat pump that uses the natural heat storage ability of the earth and/or the groundwater to heat and/or cool a building. The earth has the ability to absorb and store heat energy from the sun. To use that stored energy, heat is extracted from the earth through a liquid medium (groundwater or an anti-freeze solution) and is pumped to the heat pump or heat exchanger. There, the heat is used to heat the building. In the summer, the process is reversed and indoor heat is extracted from the building and transferred to the earth through the liquid. The geothermal heat pump is more efficient than an air-source heat pump. Also referred to as a "closed-loop" system. GWP Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a measure of substances’ ability to absorb heat and warm the atmosphere relative to carbon dioxide, which has a GWP of 1, over a given time period. Halogen Light Bulb A type of incandescent light bulb that lasts much longer and is more efficient than a standard incandescent light bulb. The light bulb uses a halogen gas, usually iodine or bromine, that causes the evaporating tungsten to be redeposited on the filament, thus prolonging its life. Halogen lamps produce a brighter, whiter light than standard incandescent. They are especially suited to recessed or "canned fixtures," track lights, and outdoor lights.

Halogenated Flame Retardants (HFRs)

HFRs include PBDE, TBBPA, HBCD, Deca-BDE, TCPP, TCEP, Dechlorane Plus and other flame retardants with bromine or chlorine.

Halons Halons are substances, used in fire-suppression systems and fire extinguishers, that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer.

Handprints Handprints are beneficial changes to environmental and social impacts. They are reported in positive numbers to represent positive impacts, in contrast to so-called footprints, which represent negative impacts. The reference point for the positive contribution is Business As Usual (BAU), which is essentially the typical way of doing something or the way it’s been done in the past.

Hardscape The inanimate elements of the building landscaping. It includes pavement, roadways, stonewalls, wood and synthetic decking, concrete paths and sidewalks, and concrete, brick, and tile patios. hazardous material

Materials that have been deemed dangerous or carcinogenic for humans or the environment and/ or materials that exhibit one or more of the following properties: ignitibility, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. Hazardous materials include asbestos, lead paint, or materials producing ionizing radiation, and must be disposed of in a specific manner, in accordance with local regulations.

HCFCs Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are refrigerants that cause significantly less depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer than chlorofluorocarbons. Heat Island Effect The thermal absorption by hardscape, such as dark, nonreflective pavement and buildings, and its subsequent radiation to surrounding areas. Other contributing factors may include vehicle exhaust, air-conditioners, and street equipment. Tall buildings and narrow streets reduce airflow and exacerbate the effect. Heat Pump A type of heating and/or cooling equipment that draws heat into a building from outside and, during the cooling season, ejects heat from the building to the outside. Heat pumps are vapor-compression refrigeration systems whose indoor/outdoor coils are used reversibly as condensers or evaporators, depending on the need for heating or cooling. In the 2003 CBECS, specific information was collected on whether the heat pump system was a packaged unit, residential-type split system, or individual room heat pump, and whether the heat pump was air source, ground source, or water source. Heat-recovery ventilator A ventilation system that transmits heat from exhaust air to incoming fresh air. Heating Degree-Days A measure of how cold a location was over a period of time, relative to a base temperature. In CBECS, the base temperature used is 65 degrees Fahrenheit, and the period of time is one year. The heating degree-day is the difference between that day's average temperature and 65 degrees if the daily average is less than 65; it is zero if the daily average temperature is greater than or equal to 65. Heating degree-days for a year are the sum of the daily heating degree-days for days that year. HEPA filters Filters that remove virtually all (99.97%) 0.3-micron particles. HERS Index A scoring system established by the Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) in which a home built to the specifications of the HERS Reference Home (based on the 2006 International Energy Conservation Code) scores a HERS Index of 100, while a net zero energy home scores a HERS Index of 0. The lower a home's HERS Index, the more energy efficient it is in comparison to the HERS Reference Home. 89

High-Efficiency Particulate Air HEPA filters remove virtually all (99.97%) 0.3-micron particles. Homogeneous Material An item that consists of only one material throughout or a combination of multiple materials that cannot be mechanically disjointed, excluding surface coatings. Horizontal Footcandles Horizontal footcandles occur on a horizontal surface. They can be added together arithmetically when more than 1 source provides light to the same surface. Horizontal View The approach used to confirm that the direct line of sight to perimeter vision glazing remains available from a seated position. It uses section drawings that include the installed furniture to make the determination.

Human Scaled Human scale is about the experience of a space as a pedestrian, rather than as a motorist. A built environment at human scale is “legible” when one is on foot or up close, and detail and texture can be perceived by sight or touch.

Hydrofluorocarbons Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are refrigerants that do not deplete the stratospheric ozone layer but may have high global warming potential. HFCs are not considered environmentally benign. Hydrozone A group of plantings with similar water needs. IAQ Indoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. IECC International Energy Conservation Code IFMA International Facility Management Association Illuminance The incident luminous flux density on a differential element of surface located at a point and oriented in a particular direction, expressed in lumens per unit area. Since the area involved is differential, it is customary to refer to this as illuminance at a point. The unit name depends on the unit of measurement for area: footcandles if square feet are used for area, and lux if square meters are used. (Adapted from IES) In lay terms, illuminance is a measurement of light striking a surface. It is expressed in footcandles in the U.S. (based on square feet) and in lux in most other countries (based on square meters). Impervious Surfaces An area of ground that development and building have modified in such a way that precipitation cannot infiltrate downward through the soil. Examples of impervious surfaces include roofs, paved roads and parking areas, sidewalks, and soils that have been compacted either by design or by use. Imperviousness Resistance to penetration by a liquid and is calculated as the percentage of area covered by a paving system that does not allow moisture to soak into the ground. Individual occupant spaces In individual occupant spaces, occupants perform distinct tasks from one another. Such spaces may be contained within multi-occupant spaces and should be treated separately where possible. Individual occupant spaces may be regularly or non-regularly occupied spaces. industrial process water Any water discharged from a factory setting. Before this water can be used for irrigation, its quality needs to be checked. Saline or corrosive water should not be used for irrigation. Infill Site A site where at least 75% of the land area, exclusive of rights-of-way, within 0.5 miles (800 meters) of the project boundary is previously developed. A street or other right-of-way does not constitute

previously developed land; it is the status of property on the other side of right-of-way or the street that matters. Infiltration (HVAC) uncontrolled inward air leakage to conditioned spaces through unintentional openings in ceilings, floors, and walls from unconditioned spaces or the outdoors caused by the same pressure differences that induce exfiltration. (ASHRAE 62.1-2010) Infrared (thermal) Emittance A value between 0 and 1 (or 0% and 100%) that indicates the ability of a material to shed infrared radiation (heat). A cool roof should have a high thermal emittance. The wavelength range for radiant energy is roughly 5 to 40 micrometers. Most building materials (including glass) are opaque in this part of the spectrum and have an emittance of roughly 0.9, or 90%. Clean, bare metals, such as untarnished galvanized steel, have a low emittance and are the most important exceptions to the 0.9 rule. In contrast, aluminum roof coatings have intermediate emittance levels. (Adapted from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) Integrated Design An integrated design process (also called "integrative" design by some proponents) relies on a multidisciplinary and collaborative team approach in which members make decisions together based on a shared vision and holistic understanding of the project. Rather than a conventional linear design process in which a design is passed from one professional to another, an integrated process has all key team members talking together through out the design and construction process as they share ideas and use feedback across disciplines to iteratively move toward a high-performing design. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Integrated pest management (IPM) is the coordinated use of knowledge about pests, the environment, and pest prevention and control methods to minimize pest infestation and damage by the most economical means while minimizing hazards to people, property, and the environment. Integrated Project Delivery An approach that involves people, systems, and business structures (contractual and legal agreements) and practices. The process harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to improve results, increase value to the owner, reduce waste, and maximize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication, and construction. (Adapted from American Institute of Architects) Intensive Vegetated Roof A roof that, compared with an extensive vegetated roof, has greater soil volume, supports a wider variety of plants (including shrubs and trees), and allows a wider variety of uses (including human access). The depth of the growing medium is an important factor in determining habitat value. The native or adapted plants selected for the roof should support the site's endemic wildlife populations. (Adapted from Green Roofs for Healthy Cities) Interior Lighting Power Allowance Interior lighting power allowance is the maximum lighting power (in watts) allowed for the interior of a building. Invasive Plant Non-native vegetation that has been introduced to an area and that aggressively adapts and reproduces. The plant's vigor combined with a lack of natural enemies often leads to outbreak populations. (Adapted from U.S. Department of Agriculture) IPMVP The International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) provides bestpractice protocol for measurement and verification of new construction. This standard is referenced in LEED's measurement and verification credits. IT annual energy Electricity consumption by information technology and telecom equipment which includes servers, networking, and storage equipment over the course of a year.

Just Label A label for organizations to disclose social equity ratings attained through the Just program. Key Ecosystem Attributes

KL kWh

Broad categories developed as part of restoration standards to assist practitioners with evaluating the degree to which biotic and abiotic properties and functions of an ecosystem are recovering. In the Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) Guidelines. Includes six identified categories: absence of threats, physical conditions, species composition, community structure, ecosystem functionality, and external exchanges. Complexity, selforganization, resilience, and sustainability of ecosystems typically increase with the attainment of these attributes. The landscape coefficient (KL) is a constant used to calculate the evapotranspiration rate. It takes into account the species factor, density factor, and microclimate factor of the area. A kilowatt-hour is a unit of work or energy, measured as 1 kilowatt (1,000 watts) of power expended for 1 hour. One kWh is equivalent to 3,412 Btu.

Landscape Restoration Reversion of a plant community back to a pre-determined state (such as pre-settlement) through management. Restorations usually involve removing a plant community that has taken over a native ecosystem or remnant and are often supplemented with seeds from plants that are native to the site.

Land Trust A private, nonprofit organization that, as all or part of its mission, actively works to conserve land by undertaking or assisting in conservation easement or land acquisition, or by its stewardship of such land or easements. (Adapted from Land Trust Alliance)

Leachate The liquid that is leftover after the composting of organic waste.

Lead-free A label, defined by U.S. EPA regulations under the Safe Drinking Water Act, that allows small amounts of lead in solders, flux, pipes, pipe fittings, and well pumps. Leakage Rate The speed at which an appliance loses refrigerant, measured between refrigerant charges or over 12 months, whichever is shorter. The leakage rate is expressed in terms of the percentage of the appliance's full charge that would be lost over a 12-month period if the rate stabilized. (EPA Clean Air Act, Title VI, Rule 608). Least-risk Pesticide A registered pesticide in the Tier III (lowest toxicity) category, using the San Francisco Hazard Ranking system, or a pesticide that meets the requirements in the San Francisco Pesticide Hazard Screening Protocol and is sold as a self-contained bait or as a crack-and-crevice treatment used in areas inaccessible to building occupants. Rodenticides are never considered least-risk pesticides. Legionella Pneumophila Legionella pneumophila is a waterborne bacterium that causes Legionnaire's disease. It grows in slow-moving or still warm water and can be found in plumbing, showerheads, and water storage tanks. Outbreaks of Legionella pneumonia have been attributed to evaporative condensers and cooling towers. Life Cycle Analysis/Assessment (LCA)

A method to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product’s life cycle (i.e., from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair, maintenance, and disposal or recycling). Defined as compliant with the International Organization for Standardization’s ISO 14044 standards.

Life Cycle Inventory An accounting of the energy and waste associated with the creation of a new product through use and disposal. Life-Cycle assessment "1. An evaluation of the environmental effects of a product from cradle to grave, as defined by ISO 14040-2006 and ISO 14044-2006. 2. The practice of quantifying and characterizing all the resource 92

and pollution flows associated with a process or product, for the purpose of documenting its environmental impact. It is defined by the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) as a compilation and evaluation of the inputs" Life-Cycle Cost Economic cost of a product or building over its expected life, including first cost, operating cost, and, when appropriate, cost of disposal or demolition. Life-cycle Inventory A database that defines the environmental effects (inputs and outputs) for each step in a material's or assembly's life cycle. The database is specific to countries and regions within countries. Light Pollution Waste light from building sites that produces glare, is directed upward to the sky, or is directed off the site. Waste light does not increase nighttime safety, utility, or security and needlessly consumes energy. Light Rail Transit service using two- or three-car trains in a right-of-way that is often separated from other traffic modes. Spacing between stations tends to be _ mileor more, and maximum operating speeds are typically 40D55 mph (65D90 kmh). Light-rail corridors typically extend 10 or more miles (16 kilometers). Light Trespass Obtrusive illumination that is unwanted because of quantitative, directional, or spectral attributes. Light trespass can cause annoyance, discomfort, distraction, or loss of visibility. Load Shedding An intentional action by a utility to reduce the load on the system. Load shedding is usually conducted during emergency periods, such as capacity shortages, system instability, or voltage control. Lodging Lodging are facilities that provide overnight accommodations to customers or guests, including hotels, motels, inns and resorts. Long Life, Loose Fit A general approach to design that allows buildings and interiors to adapt to future uses. Strategies include specifying durable materials as well as divisions of interior space that can be easily adjusted. Long-term Bicycle Storage Bicycle parking that is easily accessible to residents and employees and covered to protect bicycles from rain and snow. Low-cost Improvement An operational improvement, such as a repair, upgrade, or staff training or retraining. In LEED, the project team determines the reasonable upper limit for low-cost improvements based on facility resources and operating budgets. Low-E Low-E or Low-Emissivity Coating: Very thin metallic coating on glass or plastic window glazing that reduces heat loss and heat gain through the window; the coating emits less radiant energy (heat radiation), which makes it, in effect, reflective to that heat. In that way it boosts a window's R-value and reduces its U-factor. Low-Emitting Vehicles Low-emitting vehicles are classified as zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) by the California Air Resources Board. Low Impact Development (LID) Low-impact development: an approach to managing rainwater runoff that emphasizes on-site natural features to protect water quality, by replicating the natural land cover hydrologic regime of watersheds, and addressing runoff close to its source. Examples include better site design principles (e.g., minimizing land disturbance, preserving vegetation, minimizing impervious cover), and design practices (e.g., rain gardens, vegetated swales and buffers, permeable pavement, rainwater harvesting, soil amendments). These are engineered practices that may require specialized design assistance. Lumen 93

Lux LWR

1. A lumen is a unit of luminous flux equal to the light emitted in a unit solid angle by a uniform point source of 1 candle intensity. 2. A measurement of light output. Measurement of lumens per square meter.

Landscape water requirement: the amount of water that the site landscape area(s) requires for the site's peak watering month. Makeup Water Water that is fed into a cooling tower system or evaporative condenser to replace water lost through evaporation, drift, bleed-off, or other causes. MDF Medium-density fiberboard (MDF): Panel product used in cabinets and furniture; generally made from wood fiber glued together with binder; similar to particleboard, but with finer texture, offering more precise finishing. Most MDF is made with formaldehyde-emitting urea-formaldehyde binder. MDI Methyl Diisocyanate non-formaldehyde binder used in some medium-density fiberboard and particleboard products, including straw-based particleboard. MERV Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) rating is an American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) measurement scale which rates the effectiveness of air filters. Microclimate Factor Microclimate factor (kmc) is a constant used in calculating the landscape coefficient. It adjusts the evapotranspiration rate to reflect the climate of the immediate area. MSDS 1. Material safety data sheets (MSDS) are detailed, written instructions documenting a method to achieve uniformity of performance. 2. A report that manufacturers of most products are required to make available to installers and purchasers, informing them of product information on chemicals, chemical compounds, and chemical mixtures, the existence of potentially hazardous ingredients, and providing instructions for the safe handling, storage, and disposal of products NAED code A unique five- or six-digit number used to identify specific lamps, used by the National Association of Electrical Distributors.

Native Prairies Diverse ecosystems dominated by grasses and other flowering plants called forbs; for the LBC native prairies can be either “landscape remnants” or “landscape restorations.”

Native Vegetation An indigenous species that occurs in a particular region, ecosystem, and habitat without direct or indirect human actions. Native species have evolved to the geography, hydrology, and climate of that region. They also occur in communities; that is, they have evolved together with other species. As a result, these communities provide habitat for a variety of other native wildlife species. Species native to North America are generally recognized as those occurring on the continent prior to European settlement. Also known as native plants.

Naturalized Plant A plant that was introduced, but is established as if native: that is, having established sufficient population size to maintain itself in the environment, but not so abundant that it becomes invasive, dominating the system and outcompeting native species. Invasive plants that endanger native plants or ecosystems, that function without meaningful ecological checks on their abundance, are not considered naturalized for the purposes of the LBC. Natural Lands Conservation Natural Lands Conservation seeks the sustainable use of nature by humans, which could allow, for example, extraction of natural resources if done in a manner that permits their persistence for future generations. It includes maintaining diversity of species, genes, and ecosystems, as well as functions of the environment, such as nutrient cycling. 94

Natural Lands Preservation Natural Lands Preservation prevents human use of a site for the protection of its biodiversity and the quality of ecosystem functions.

Natural Refrigerant A compound that is not manmade and is used for cooling. Such substances generally have much lower potential for atmospheric damage than manufactured chemical refrigerants. Examples include water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Natural Resources Conservation Service soils delineation A U.S.-based soil survey that shows the boundaries of different soil types and special soil features on the site. Natural Site Hydrology The natural land cover function of water occurrence, distribution, movement, and balance. NFRC National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) is a non-profit organization that provides uniform, independent rating and labeling used to measure and compare energy performance of windows, doors, skylights, and attachment products. NOAA Division One of the 356 weather divisions designated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) that encompass the 50 contiguous United States and the District of Columbia. These divisions usually follow county borders to encompass counties with similar weather conditions. However, the NOAA division does not follow county borders when weather conditions vary considerably within a county, as is likely to be the case when a county borders the ocean or contains high mountains. A State contains an average of seven NOAA divisions; a NOAA division contains an average of nine counties. Nonpoint Source Pollution Water pollution from contaminants that are carried by stormwater runoff into water bodies such as streams and lakes. NPDES The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) is a permit program that controls water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States. Industrial, municipal, and other facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go directly to surface waters. NPV Net present value: The total discounted value of all cash inflows and outflows from a project or investment, or a formula used in assessing the value of an investment, calculated by taking the present value of an investment's future net cash flows and subtracting the initial investment. NRC Noise reduction coefficient (NRC) is the arithmetic average of absorption coefficients at 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 Hz for a material. The NRC is often published by manufacturers in product specifications, particularly for acoustical ceiling tiles and acoustical wall panels. NRCS soils delineation A U.S.-based soil survey that shows the boundaries of different soil types and special soil features on the site. ODP Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) is a measure of ozone impact a chemical has relative to CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane), which has a ODP of 1. Off-Hours Equipment Reduction A method of conserving energy by changing the temperature setting or reducing the use of heating, cooling, lighting, or office equipment either manually or automatically when the building is closed. In 2003, for buildings open 24 hours a day, this question also included whether heating or cooling was reduced during any periods over a normal 24 hour day. On-site Wastewater Treatment The transport, storage, treatment, and disposal of wastewater generated on the project site. Once-through Cooling

Lux LWR

Native Prairies Diverse ecosystems dominated by grasses and other flowering plants called forbs; for the LBC native prairies can be either “landscape remnants” or “landscape restorations.”

Natural Lands Preservation Natural Lands Preservation prevents human use of a site for the protection of its biodiversity and the quality of ecosystem functions.

A once-through (single pass) cooling system is one which water from any source is used to transfer heat from equipment or processes and then discharged. Ongoing Consumable A product that has a low cost per unit and is regularly used and replaced in the course of business. Examples include paper, toner cartridges, binders, batteries, and desk accessories. Also known as ongoing purchases. Open Space Area Open space area is usually defined by local zoning requirements. If local zoning requirements do not clearly define open space, it is defined for the purposes of LEED calculations as the property area minus the development footprint; it must be vegetated and pervious, with exceptions only as noted in the credit requirements section. Only ground areas are calculated as open space. For projects located in urban areas that earn a Development Density and Community Connectivity credit, open space also includes nonvehicular, pedestrian-oriented hardscape spaces. Open-grid Pavement System Pavements that consist of loose substrates supported by a grid of a more structurally sound grid or webbing. Pervious concrete and porous asphalt are not considered open grid as they are considered bounded materials. Unbounded, loose substrates do not transfer and store heat like bound and compacted materials do.

Operational Carbon The greenhouse gas emissions associated with the operational energy use of a building, or life cycle stage (B6 as defined by EN 15798). Operational Energy The energy used during the service life of a structure to power base systems, such as lighting, heating, cooling, and ventilating systems. Operational Energy is differentiated from Process Energy, which is energy used to support a manufacturing, industrial, or commercial process that may be housed in a building.

Operations and Maintenance Plan A plan that specifies major system operating parameters and limits, maintenance procedures and schedules, and documentation methods necessary to demonstrate proper operation and maintenance of an approved emissions control device or system. Owner Project Requirements (OPR) Owner's project requirements: a written document that details the ideas, concepts, and criteria determined by the owner to be important to the success of the project. OSB Oriented-strand board (OSB). Consists of wood or plant particles or fibers bonded by a synthetic resin or binder. Examples include particleboard, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), plywood, wheatboard, oriented-strand board, and strawboard. Partially Shielded In a partially shielded exterior light fixture, the lower edge of the shield is at or below the centerline of the lamp, to minimize light emitted above the horizontal plane. Peak Demand The maximum electricity load at a specific point in time or over a period of time. Peak Watering Month The month with the greatest deficit between evapotranspiration and rainfall. This is the month when the plants in the site's region potentially require the most supplemental water typically a midsummer month. (Sustainable Sites Initiative)

Performance Period A continuous 12-month period used for evaluating project performance. The performance period does not have to commence at the beginning of occupancy. Permaculture The conscious design and maintenance of agriculturally productive ecosystems that have the diversity, stability, and resilience of natural ecosystems. Permaculture is a philosophy of working with, rather than against, nature; of protracted and thoughtful observation; of looking

at plants and animals in all their functions, rather than treating any area as a single-product system.

Permanent Peak Load Shifting The transfer of energy consumption to off-peak hours, when demand for power is lower and energy is therefore less expensive. Permeable Pavement A paved surface that allows water runoff to infiltrate into the ground. Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxins (BPTs) Substances that poses a long-term risk to both humans and the environment because they remains in the environment for long periods, increases in concentration as they move up the food chain, and can travel far from the source of contamination. Often these substances can become more potent and harmful to ecosystems the longer they persist. See U.S. EPA's website on persistent bioaccumulative toxic chemicals, www.epa.gov/pbt/. PFOA A perfluorochemical (PFC) that is used to manufacture compounds used in Teflon and formerly used in Scotchguard products, as well as many other applications. A likely carcinogen, PFOA does not appear to break down in the environment, and has been found in human and animal tissue around the planet. Phenol Formaldehyde Phenol formaldehyde, which off-gasses only at high temperature, is used for exterior products, although many of these products are suitable for interior applications. Picogram A picogram is 1 trillionth of a gram. Picograms Per Lumen-Hour Picograms per lumen-hour is a measure of the amount of mercury in a lamp per unit of light delivered over its useful life. Plasticizer Chemical compound added to a material to make it more flexible or softer. The most common plasticizers used in PVC (vinyl) products such as flooring and wallcoverings are various phthalates that are suspected of causing cancer and/or endocrine disruptions. Plug Load or Receptacle Load The electrical current drawn by all equipment that is connected to the electrical system via a wall outlet.

Polyculture Agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture

Post-Consumer Waste generated by end users (households or commercial, industrial and institutional facilities) of a product no longer able to be used for its intended purpose that is recycled into raw material for a new product. Post-Industrial Refers to material diverted from the waste stream during a manufacturing process. Excluded from this category is reutilization of materials such as scrap that are generated in a process and capable of being reclaimed within the same process. Generally synonymous with "pre-consumer." Postconsumer Recycled Content Waste generated by households or commercial, industrial and institutional facilities in their role as end users of a product that can no longer be used for its intended purpose. Potable Water Water that meets or exceeds U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water quality standards (or a local equivalent outside the U.S.) and is approved for human consumption by the state or local authorities having jurisdiction; it may be supplied from wells or municipal water systems. Power Distribution Unit Output The electrical power from a device that allocates power to and serves information technology (IT) equipment. Power distribution unit (PDU) output does not include efficiency losses of any 99

transformation that occurs within the PDU, but it can include downstream non-IT ancillary devices installed in IT racks, such as fans. If the PDU system supports non-IT equipment (e.g., computer room air-conditioning units, computer room air handlers, in-row coolers), this equipment must be metered and subtracted from the PDU output reading. The metering approach should be consistent with the metering required for the power usage efficiency (PUE) category (e.g., continuous consumption metering for PUE categories 1, 2, and 3). Power Utilization Effectiveness A measure of how efficiently a data center uses its power; specifically, how much power is used by computing equipment rather than for cooling and other overhead. Preconsumer Recycled Content Matter diverted from the waste stream during the manufacturing process, determined as the percentage of material, by weight. Examples include planer shavings, sawdust, bagasse, walnut shells, culls, trimmed materials, overissue publications, and obsolete inventories. The designation excludes rework, regrind, or scrap materials capable of being reclaimed within the same process that generated them (ISO 14021). Formerly known as postindustrial content. Predevelopment Predevelopment refers to before the LEED project was initiated, but not necessarily before any development or disturbance took place. Predevelopment conditions describe conditions on the date the developer acquired rights to a majority of the buildable land on the project site through purchase or option to purchase.

Pre-Development Hydrology The combination of runoff, infiltration, and evapotranspiration rates and volumes that typically existed on a site before human-induced land disturbance occurred.

Preferred Parking Preferred parking, available to particular users, includes designated spaces close to the building (aside from designated handicapped spots), designated covered spaces, discounted parking passes, and guaranteed passes in a lottery system. For employee parking, it refers to the spots that are closest to the entrance used by employees. Premature Obsolescence The wearing out or disuse of components or materials whose service life exceeds their design life. For example, a material with a potential life of 30 years is intentionally designed to last only 15 years, such that its remaining 15 years of service is potentially wasted. In contrast, components whose service life is the same as their expected use are utilized to their maximum potential. Present Value The current value of one or more future cash payments, discounted by an appropriate interest rate. Previously Developed Altered by paving, construction, and/or land use that would typically have required regulatory permitting to have been initiated (alterations may exist now or in the past). Land that is not previously developed and landscapes altered by current or historical clearing or filling, agricultural or forestry use, or preserved natural area use are considered undeveloped land. The date of previous development permit issuance constitutes the date of previous development, but permit issuance in itself does not constitute previous development. Previously Developed Site A site that, prior to the project, consisted of at least 75% previously developed land. Prime Farmland Land that has the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and that is available for these uses, as determined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (a U.S.-based methodology that sets criteria for highly productive soil). For a complete description of what qualifies as prime farmland, see U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Volume 6, Parts 400 to 699, Section 657.5.

Priority Natural Lands Priority Natural Lands include Pristine Greenfields, Wilderness, Prime Farmland, the 100-year Floodplain, and Thriving Vibrant Ecological Habitats and Environments.

Process Energy

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Power resources consumed in support of a manufacturing, industrial, or commercial process other than conditioning spaces and maintaining comfort and amenities for building occupants of a building. It may include refrigeration equipment, cooking and food preparation, clothes washing, and other major support appliances. (ASHRAE) Process Load The load on a building resulting from the consumption or release of process energy. (ASHRAE) Process Water Process water is used for industrial processes and building systems such as cooling towers, boilers, and chillers. It can also refer to water used in operational processes, such as dishwashing, clothes washing, and ice making.

Product Category Rules (PCR) A set of defined rules necessary for developing an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for products fulfilling the same function. PCRs follow international standards such as ISO 14025 and enable transparency and comparability between product EPDs.

PSU

PUE

PWS

Primary Sampling Unit: A sampling unit selected at the first stage in a multistage area probability sample. A PSU typically consists of one to several contiguous counties—for example, an MSA (metropolitan statistical area) with surrounding suburban counties. Power utilization effectiveness: ameasure of how efficiently a data center uses its power; specifically, how much power is used by computing equipment rather than for cooling and other overhead.

Public water supply: a system for the provision to the public of water for human consumption through pipes or other constructed conveyances. To be considered public, such system must have at least 15 service connections or regularly serve at least 25 individuals. (Adapted from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) QC Plan Quality Control Plan: Portfolio-level or schema-level The general methods the volume review customer uses to ensure that the sustainable intent for its LEED projects becomes reality, ensuring that LEED requirements have been incorporated into its standard building processes. This level of the QC Plan describes generic organization-level checking and verification processes used for any building design, construction, or operational settings and across multiple types of building project issues and technical goals. Credit-level Builds on and supplements the generic QC Plan by providing detailed, credit-specific methods tailored to and suitable for each specific type of building process (i.e., plan review, commissioning, field inspections, periodic preventive maintenance, review of automation trend logs, etc.). Describes all aspects of the customer's internal verification processes: who, what, when, where, how, to what extent. This level of QC Plan detail is required for all prototyped or streamlined credits (except for some streamlined approaches in the LEED-EB setting). Rainforest Alliance Certification Rainforest Alliance certification is awarded to farms that protect wildlife by planting trees, control erosion, limit agrochemicals, protect native vegetation, hire local workers, and pay fair wages. Rainwater Harvesting The capture, diversion, and storage of rain for future beneficial use. Typically, a rain barrel or cistern stores the water; other components include the catchment surface and conveyance system. The harvested rainwater can be used for irrigation. Rapidly Renewable Term describing a natural material that is grown and harvested on a relatively short-rotation cycle (defined by the LEED rating system to be ten years or less). Rated Power Rated power is the nameplate power on a piece of equipment. It represents the capacity of the unit and is the maximum that it will draw. Rational Method

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A formula that can be used for calculating stormwater flow rates. Q = CIA, where C represents a coefficient for physical drainage area, I is the rainfall intensity, and A is area. The method is suitable for watersheds smaller than 300 acres in size. Raw Material The basic substance from which products are made, such as concrete, glass, gypsum, masonry, metals, recycled materials (e.g., plastics and metals), oil (petroleum polylactic acid), stone, agrifiber, bamboo, and wood. RCRA The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) addresses active and future facilities and was enacted in 1976 to give EPA authority to control hazardous wastes from cradle to grave, including generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal. Some nonhazardous wastes are also covered under RCRA. REC A Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) is a certificate representing proof that a given unit of electricity was generated from a renewable energy source such as solar or wind. These certificates are able to be sold, traded, or bartered as environmental commodities, where an electricity consumer can buy the renewable energy attributes of electricty to support renewable energy, even if they are consuming generic grid-supplied electricity that may be supplied by nonrenewable sources. Reclaimed Water Wastewater that has been treated and purified for reuse. Recycled Content Defined in accordance with the International Organization of Standards document ISO 14021 D Environmental labels and declarations D Self-declared environmental claims (Type II environmental labeling).

Red List The Red List contains twenty-two classes of harmful and polluting chemicals considered to be the worst in class in the building industry. Each chemical class contains a multitude of individual chemicals, identified by their Chemical Abstract Services Registry Number, or CASRN. Taken together, these classes comprise nearly eight hundred individual ingredients. The Red List is a resource to show manufacturers precisely which ingredients are prohibited from inclusion in Living Buildings. Reference Evapotranspiration Rate The amount of water lost from a specific vegetated surface with no moisture limitation. Turf grass with height of 120 mm is the reference vegetation.

Reference Habitat An intact habitat containing similar structure and function as the ecosystem that would have naturally occurred on the site, acknowledging that ecosystems are dynamic, and adapt and evolve over time in response to changing environmental conditions.

Reference Soil A soil native to the project site, as described in Natural Resources Conservation Service soil surveys (or a local equivalent survey outside the United States), or undisturbed native soils within the project's region that have native vegetation, topography, and soil textures similar to the project site. For project sites with no existing soil, reference soils are defined as undisturbed native soils within the project's region that support appropriate native plant species similar to those intended for the new project. Refurbished Material An item that has completed its life cycle and is prepared for reuse without substantial alteration of its form. Refurbishing involves renovating, repairing, restoring, or generally improving the appearance, performance, quality, functionality, or value of a product. Regularly Occupied Space An area where one or more individuals normally spend time (more than one hour per person per day on average) seated or standing as they work, study, or perform other focused activities inside a building. The one-hour timeframe is continuous and should be based on the time a typical occupant

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uses the space. For spaces that are not used daily, the one-hour timeframe should be based on the time a typical occupant spends in the space when it is in use. Regulated Load Any building end use that has either a mandatory or a prescriptive requirement in ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010. Remanufactured Product An item that has been repaired or adjusted and returned to service. A remanufactured product can be expected to perform as if it were new. Renewable Energy Energy sources that are not depleted by use. Examples include energy from the sun, wind, and small (low-impact) hydropower, plus geothermal energy and wave and tidal systems.

Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) are proof that energy has been generated from renewable sources and are issued when one megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity is generated and delivered to the electricity grid from a renewable energy resource. Reprotoxin Substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may produce or increase the incidence of non-heritable adverse effects in the progeny and/or impairment of male or female reproductive functions or capacity.

Revenue-Grade Meter A measurement tool designed to meet strict accuracy standards required by code or law. Utility meters are often called revenue grade because their measurement directly results in a charge to the customer. Reverberation Reverberation is an acoustical phenomenon that occurs when sound persists in an enclosed space because of its repeated reflection or scattering on the enclosing surfaces or objects within the space. (ANSI S12.60– 2002) Salvaged Material A construction component recovered from existing buildings or construction sites and reused. Common salvaged materials include structural beams and posts, flooring, doors, cabinetry, brick, and decorative items. SBS Sick building syndrome (SBS): Building whose occupants experience acute health and/or comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent therein, but where no specific illness or cause can be identified. Complaints may be localized in a particular room or zone, or may spread throughout the building. A pattern of health complaints related to poor indoor air quality in a specific building, but without a known cause or a definite, diagnosable pattern of symptoms. SCAQMD South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) is the air pollution control agency that regulates stationary air pollution sources in parts of southern California, including Orange County and most of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Riverside County. Scope 1 emissions Direct greenhouse gas emissions from sources owned or controlled by the entity, such as emissions from fossil fuels burned on site. Scope 2 emissions Indirect greenhouse gas emissions associated with the generation of purchased electricity, heating/cooling, or steam off site, through a utility provider for the entity's consumption. sDA Spatial daylight autonomy: a metric describing annual sufficiency of ambient daylight levels in interior environments. It is defined as the percentage of an analysis area (the area where calculations are performed, typically across an entire space) that meets a minimum daylight illuminance level for a specified fraction of the operating hours per year (i.e., the Daylight Autonomy value following Reinhart & Walkenhorst, 2001). The illluminance level and time fraction are included as subscripts, as in sDA300, 50%. The sDA value is expressed as a percentage of area. 103

Sealants A sealant has adhesive properties and is formulated primarily to fill, seal, or waterproof gaps or joints between 2 surfaces. Sealants include sealant primers and caulks. (SCAQMD Rule 1168. )Sealants are used on wood, fabric, paper, corrugated paperboard, plastic foam and other materials with tiny openings, often microscopic, that may absorb or discharge gas or fluid. Sealed Combustion Combustion system for space heating or water heating in which outside combustion air is fed directly into the combustion chamber and flue gasses are exhausted directly outside. Sealers Sealers are coatings applied to either block materials from penetrating into or leaching out of a substrate, to prevent subsequent coatings from being absorbed by the substrate, or to prevent harm to subsequent coatings by materials in the substrate. Semiarid Watershed Watershed that receives between 20 and 40 inches of rainfall per year.

Sensitive Ecological Habitat Habitat that is threatened, endangered, or particularly vulnerable to changes in the local ecology. Examples include, but are not limited to, wetlands, dunes, old-growth forests, and native prairies.

Service Life The assumed length of time that a building, product, or assembly will be operational for the purposes of a life-cycle assessment. Setpoints Setpoints are normal operating ranges for building systems and indoor environmental quality. When the building systems are outside of their normal operating range, action is taken by the building operator or automation system. SHGC Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC): The fraction of solar gain admitted through a window, expressed as a number between 0 and 1. Shielding Shielding is a nontechnical term that describes devices or techniques that are used as part of a luminaire or lamp to limit glare, light trespass, or sky glow. Short-Term Bicycle Storage Non-enclosed bicycle parking typically used by visitors for a period of two hours or less. Simple Box Energy Modeling Analysis (Also known as building-massing model energy analysis) A simple base-case energy analysis that informs the team about the building's likely distribution of energy consumption and is used to evaluate potential project energy strategies. A simple box analysis uses a basic, schematic building form. Site Assessment An evaluation of an area's aboveground and subsurface characteristics, including its structures, geology, and hydrology. Site assessments typically help determine whether contamination has occurred and the extent and concentration of any release of pollutants. Remediation decisions rely on information generated during site assessments. Site Master Plan An overall design or development concept for the project and associated (or potentially associated) buildings and sites. The plan considers future sustainable use, expansion, and contraction. The site master plan is typically illustrated, with building plans (if applicable), site drawings of planned phased development, and narrative descriptions. Sky Glow Sky glow is caused by stray light from unshielded light sources and light reflecting off surfaces that then enter the atmosphere and illuminate and reflect off dust, debris, and water vapor. Sky glow can substantially limit observation of the night sky, compromise astronomical research, and adversely affect nocturnal environments. SMACNA

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The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association (SMACNA) is an international association of union contractors, in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Brazil. Solar Garden/Community Renewable Energy System Shared solar array or other renewable energy system with grid-connected subscribers who receive credit for the use of renewables using virtual net metering. (Adapted from solargardens.org) Solar Reflectance Also known as albedo: the fraction of solar energy that is reflected by a surface on a scale of 0 to 1. Black paint has a solar reflectance of 0; white paint (titanium dioxide) has a solar reflectance of 1. The standard technique for its determination uses spectrophotometric measurements, with an integrating sphere to determine the reflectance at each wavelength. The average reflectance is then determined by an averaging process, using a standard solar spectrum, as documented by ASTM Standards E903 and E892 Solar Reflectance Index A measure of the constructed surface's ability to stay cool in the sun by reflecting solar radiation and emitting thermal radiation. It is defined such that a standard black surface (initial solar reflectance 0.05, initial thermal emittance 0.90) has an initial SRI of 0, and a standard white surface (initial solar reflectance 0.80, initial thermal emittance 0.90) has an initial SRI of 100. To calculate the SRI for a given material, obtain its solar reflectance and thermal emittance via the Cool Roof Rating Council Standard (CRRC-1). SRI is calculated according to ASTM E 1980. Calculation of the aged SRI is based on the aged tested values of solar reflectance and thermal emittance. Sound Absorption Coefficient Sound absorption coefficient describes the ability of a material to absorb sound, expressed as a fraction of incident sound. The sound absorption coefficient is frequency-specific and ranges from 0.00 to 1.00. For example, a material may have an absorption coefficient of 0.50 at 250 Hz, and 0.80 at 1,000 Hz. This indicates that the material absorbs 50% of incident sound at 250 Hz, and 80% of incident sound at 1,000 Hz. The arithmetic average of absorption coefficients at midfrequencies is the noise reduction coefficient. Sound-Level Coverage A set of uniformity criteria that ensure consistent intelligibility and directionality of audible frequencies for all occupants within a space. Source Energy Source energy is the total amount of raw fuel required to operate a building; it incorporates all transmission, delivery, and production losses for a complete assessment of a building's energy use. Source Reduction A decrease in the amount of unnecessary material brought into a building in order to produce less waste. For example, purchasing products with less packaging is a source reduction strategy. Spatial Daylight Autonomy A metric describing annual sufficiency of ambient daylight levels in interior environments. It is defined as the percentage of an analysis area (the area where calculations are performed, typically across an entire space) that meets a minimum daylight illuminance level for a specified fraction of the operating hours per year (i.e., the Daylight Autonomy value following Reinhart & Walkenhorst, 2001). The illluminance level and time fraction are included as subscripts, as in sDA300, 50%. The sDA value is expressed as a percentage of area. Species Factor Species factor (ks) is a constant used to adjust the evapotranspiration rate to reflect the biological features of a specific plant species. Specular Reflectors The mirror-like backing of a fluorescent lighting fixture designed specifically to reflect light into the room. The materials and shape of the reflector are designed to reduce absorption of light within the fixture, while delivering light in the desired angular pattern. The most common materials used are silver (highest reflectivity) and aluminum (lowest cost). speech spectra The distribution of acoustic energy as a function of frequency for human speech. SRI A measure of the constructed surface's ability to stay cool in the sun by reflecting solar radiation and emitting thermal radiation. It is defined such that a standard black surface (initial solar reflectance

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0.05, initial thermal emittance 0.90) has an initial SRI of 0, and a standard white surface (initial solar reflectance 0.80, initial thermal emittance 0.90) has an initial SRI of 100. To calculate the SRI for a given material, obtain its solar reflectance and thermal emittance via the Cool Roof Rating Council Standard (CRRC-1). SRI is calculated according to ASTM E 1980. Calculation of the aged SRI is based on the aged tested values of solar reflectance and thermal emittance. Standard Error A measure of the precision of an estimate, equal to the square root of the variance. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) A standard operating procedure (SOP) manual can be used to document routine operations and maintenance practices, and to encourage use of standardized best practices. STC Sound transmission class (STC) is a single-number rating for the acoustic attenuation of airborne sound passing through a partition or other building element, such as a wall, roof, or door, as measured in an acoustical testing laboratory according to accepted industry practice. A higher STC rating provides more sound attenuation through a partition. (ANSI S12.60– 2002)

Stormwater Detention Stormwater detention is an area where stormwater is temporarily stored, or detained, and is eventually allowed to drain slowly when water levels recede in the receiving channel. Stormwater Retention Stormwater retention holds, or retains, stormwater. With the exception of the water lost to evaporation and to absorption by the soil, retention infrastructure is able to store water for indefinite periods. Stormwater Runoff Stormwater runoff is generated from rain and snowmelt events that flow over land or impervious surfaces, such as paved streets, parking lots, and building rooftops, and does not soak into the ground.

Submeter Submetering is used to determine the proportion of energy or water use within a building attributable to specific end uses such as tenant spaces, or subsystems such as the heating component of an HVAC system. Systems Manual Provides the information needed to understand, operate, and maintain the systems and assemblies within a building. It expands the scope of the traditional operating and maintenance documentation and is compiled of multiple documents developed during the commissioning process, such as the owner's project requirements, operation and maintenance manuals, and sequences of operation. Technical Release 55 An approach to hydrology in which watersheds are modeled to calculate storm runoff volume, peak rate of discharge, hydrographs, and storage volumes, developed by the former USDA Soil Conservation Service. Tenant space Tenant space is the area within the LEED project boundary. For more information on what can and must be in the LEED project boundary see the Minimum Program Requirements (MPRs) and LEED 2009 MPR Supplemental Guidance. Note: tenant space is the same as project space. Tertiary Treatment Tertiary treatment is the highest form of wastewater treatment and includes removal of organics, solids, and nutrients as well as biological or chemical polishing, generally to effluent limits of 10 mg/L biological oxygen demand (BOD) 5 and 10 mg/L total suspended solids (TSS). Thermal Emittance The ratio of the radiant heat flux emitted by a specimen to that emitted by a blackbody radiator at the same temperature (adapted from Cool Roof Rating Council).

Thriving Vibrant Ecological Environments and Habitats For purposes of the LBC and Core standards, “thriving, vibrant ecological environments and habitats” are one class of Priority Natural Land which includes places with high-quality or

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important ecological function, and/or critical ecology, that may not meet the definition of wilderness or pristine greenfield. Also see guidance under Ecological Clarifications in Ecology of Place.

Time-Of-Use Pricing An arrangement in which customers pay higher fees to use utilities during peak time periods and lower fees during off-peak time periods. TP Total phosphorus (TP) consists of organically bound phosphates, polyphosphates, and orthophosphates in stormwater, the majority of which originates from fertilizer application. Chemical precipitation is the typical removal mechanism for phosphorus. TR 55 Technical Release 55: an approach to hydrology in which watersheds are modeled to calculate storm runoff volume, peak rate of discharge, hydrographs, and storage volumes, developed by the former USDA Soil Conservation Service. TSS Total suspended solids (TSS) are particles that are too small or light to be removed from stormwater via gravity settling. Suspended solid concentrations are typically removed via filtration. Tvis Visible light transmittance (VLT) (Tvis) is the ratio of total transmitted light to total incident light (i.e., the amount of visible spectrum, 380– 780 nanometers of light passing through a glazing surface divided by the amount of light striking the glazing surface). The higher the Tvis value, the more incident light passes through the glazing. TVOC The sum or total of all volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from a product or measured in a space under certain defined conditions. U-value U-value describes how well a building element conducts heat. It measures the rate of heat transfer through a building element over a given area, under standardized conditions. The greater the Uvalue, the less efficient the building element is as an insulator. The inverse of (1 divided by) the Uvalue is the R-value. UF Urea Formaldehyde (UF), used in some types of plywood, particleboard, MDF, and laminated wood products, is a synthetic resin created by condensing urea with formaldehyde. Uninterruptible Power Supply Output The electricity provided by a unit that keeps information technology (IT) equipment functioning during a power outage. UPS output does not include efficiency losses from the unit itself but does include losses from downstream electrical distribution components, such as power distribution units, and it may include non-IT ancillary devices installed in IT racks, such as fans. If the UPS system supports non-IT equipment (e.g., computer room air-conditioning units, computer room air handlers, in-row coolers), this usage must be metered and subtracted from the UPS output reading. The metering approach should be consistent with the metering required for the power usage efficiency (PUE) category (e.g., continuous consumption metering for PUE categories 1, 2 and 3). Universal Notification Universal notification means notifying building occupants not less than 72 hours before a pesticide is applied in a building or on surrounding grounds under normal conditions, and within 24 hours after application of a pesticide in emergency conditions. Use of a least toxic pesticide or self-contained nonrodent bait does not require universal notification; all other pesticide applications do. Universal Waste Hazardous items that are easily purchased and commonly used. Examples include batteries, pesticides, mercury-containing equipment, and light bulbs. See epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastetypes/universal/index.htm. UPS output The electricity provided by a unit that keeps information technology (IT) equipment functioning during a power outage. UPS output does not include efficiency losses from the unit itself but does include losses from downstream electrical distribution components, such as power distribution units,

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and it may include non-IT ancillary devices installed in IT racks, such as fans. If the UPS system supports non-IT equipment (e.g., computer room air-conditioning units, computer room air handlers, in-row coolers), this usage must be metered and subtracted from the UPS output reading. The metering approach should be consistent with the metering required for the power usage efficiency (PUE) category (e.g., continuous consumption metering for PUE categories 1, 2 and 3). Upstream Equipment A heating or cooling system or control associated with the district energy system (DES) but not part of the thermal connection or interface with the DES. Upstream equipment includes the thermal energy conversion plant and all the transmission and distribution equipment associated with transporting the thermal energy to the project building or site. Urban Heat Island A densely populated area in which pavement and buildings absorb, store, and release solar energy, making the vicinity warmer than it would be if the pavement and buildings were not present. Urea Formaldehyde Urea formaldehyde is a combination of urea and formaldehyde used in some glues and adhesives, particularly in composite wood products. At room temperature, ureaformaldehyde emits formaldehyde, a toxic and possibly carcinogenic gas. VAV Variable Air Volume (VAV) is an HVAC conservation feature that supplies varying quantities of conditioned (heated or cooled) air to different parts of a building according to the heating and cooling needs of those specific areas. Vertical Footcandles Vertical footcandles occur on a vertical surface. They can be added together arithmetically when more than 1 source provides light to the same surface. Vertical Illuminance Illuminance levels calculated at a point on a vertical surface, or that occur on a vertical plane. This lighting that affects spatial limits and proportions. VFD A variable frequency drive (VFD) is a device for for controlling the speed of a motor by controlling the frequency of the electrical power supplied to it. VFDs may be used to improve the efficiency of mechanical systems as well as comfort, because they use only as much power as needed, and can be adjusted continuously. Vision Glazing The glass portion of an exterior window that permits views to the exterior or interior. Vision glazing must allow a clear image of the exterior and must not be obstructed by frits, fibers, patterned glazing, or added tints that distort color balance. VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT): The number of miles traveled by motor vehicles in a specified period of time, such as a day or a year, by a number of motorists in absolute or per capita terms. VOC A volatile organic compound (VOC) is a carbon compound that vaporizes (becomes a gas) at normal room temperatures. VOCs contribute to air pollution directly and through atmospheric photochemical reactions (excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides and carbonates, and ammonium carbonate) to produce secondary air pollutants, principally ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate. VOC content The measure of VOCs per unit volume (usually grams per liter)—what's in the can or tube. Regulations on VOC content are designed to improve outdoor air quality since VOCs are implicated in producing smog. VOC emissions The measure of specific VOCs present in indoor air—for example, how much benzene is emitted from a paint. These numbers are derived from placing a sample in a test chamber and measuring VOC levels in the air after a certain period of time. Walking Distance The distance that a pedestrian must travel between origins and destinations without obstruction, in a safe and comfortable environment on a continuous network of sidewalks, all weather-surface

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footpaths, crosswalks, or equivalent pedestrian facilities. The walking distance must be drawn from an entrance that is accessible to all building users. Waste Diversion A management activity that disposes of waste through methods other than incineration or landfilling. Examples include reuse and recycling. Waste-To-Energy The conversion of nonrecyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolization, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas (LFG) recovery. Water Budget A project-specific method of calculating the amount of water required by the building and associated grounds. The budget takes into account indoor, outdoor, process, and makeup water demands and any on site supply including estimated rainfall. Water budgets must be associated with a specified amount of time, such as a week, month, or year and a quantity of water such as kGal, or liters. Wet Meter A device installed inside a water pipe to record the volume of passing water. Wetland An area that is inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances does support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas, but exclude irrigation ditches unless delineated as part of an adjacent wetland. WFR Window-to-floor ratio (WFR) is the total area of the window (measured vertically from 30 inches above the finished floor to the top of the glass, multiplied by the width of the glass) divided by the floor area.

Wilderness A wild and uncultivated region, as of forest or desert, largely undisturbed by human activity, that retains ecological functions and biodiversity characteristic of the ecosystem in its natural state; and/or a tract of land officially designated as wilderness and protected by the U.S. government. Within this definition, traditional practices of indigenous communities are not considered disturbance. Xeriscaping Xeriscaping is a landscaping method that makes routine irrigation unnecessary. It uses droughtadaptable and low-water plants as well as soil amendments such as compost and mulches to reduce evaporation. ZEV Zero-emission vehicles.

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