East Campus Framework Plan

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Framework Plan

washington university in st. louis 2013

A NEW VISION

east campus 1

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

1. A New Vision..........................................................4 Introduction.....................................................................6 Planning Process and Participants...........................................8 Challenges and Opportunities..............................................10 A New Vision....................................................................14 Summary of Recommendations.............................................16

2. East Campus and its Users.................................24 Introduction...................................................................26 Development Patterns........................................................28 The Schools.....................................................................36 Campus Support Spaces......................................................46

3. the framework plan...........................................52 Introduction...................................................................54 Development Opportunity..................................................60 Landscape.......................................................................68 Outdoor Events................................................................92 Mobility........................................................................106 Vehicular Experience........................................................120 Infrastructure.................................................................142

4. implementing THE VISION...................................152 Process and Communications.............................................154 Phasing.........................................................................156 Continuity and Transformation...........................................168

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

table of contents

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

A NEW VISION

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A NEW VISION

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

a

Introduction Planning Process and Participants Challenges and Opportunities A New Vision

A NEW VISION

Summary of Recommendations

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

A NEW VISION

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existing conditions

“A university is at all times a work in progress; thus, its history is never complete.”

— William H. Danforth, Chancellor Emeritus The East Campus Framework Plan articulates a vision for the future. It continues the legacy of the campus’ original designers— renowned campus architects and planners, Walter Cope and John Stewardson—who themselves established a vision that manifested into the beautiful campus known today. While

drawing inspiration from and being good stewards of the Cope & Stewardson vision, the framework plan also proposes a contemporary approach to transforming the area into an integral part of the Danforth Campus. It articulates how the university can make the best use of its remaining opportunities for contiguous growth. A holistic investigation of mission and vision, programming and pedagogy, development capacity, landscape, mobility and infrastructure will help define what an optimal build-out of East Campus should be.

This report investigates these topics and translates the many considerations into a vision for a re-imagined East Campus. It explains how the university can meet demand for new academic and other spaces, respond to calls for interdisciplinary collaboration, respect the landscape and architectural heritage of the campus, develop in a manner sensitive to the environment and solve transportation and infrastructure issues.

The vision and supporting principles will guide the incremental development of East Campus over time—an armature upon which future projects will contribute to a unified whole that is more than the sum of its parts.

A NEW VISION

For over a century, the area east of Hoyt Drive and west of Skinker Boulevard has served as the gateway to Washington University in St. Louis’ Danforth Campus. This area, for the purposes of this study, will be referred to as the “East Campus.”

East Campus was originally part of the fairgrounds for the 1904 World’s Fair. Today it represents the university’s last tract of land available for the contiguous development of the Danforth Campus. East Campus presents a unique opportunity to accommodate future program growth, better integrate the area with the Hilltop and enhance the university’s ceremonial gateway to Forest Park and the City of St. Louis.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

introduction

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

planning process The framework plan is the result of an 18-month process that began in Spring 2012. It embraced and expanded upon earlier planning initiatives that the university has recently undertaken. A series of in-depth working sessions were held with the university’s Working Committee and Executive Committee, groups formed specifically for the project. The outcomes of these working sessions informed the content of this plan.

Sasaki Associates, BNIM Architects and Andropogon Associates also conducted a series of stakeholder interviews to gather information and better understand aspirations for the future of East Campus. Meetings were held with each school and unit located in or near the area, as well as with groups that provide services and manage events campus-wide. The schools included the Brown School, the Sam Fox School of Design and Visual Arts, the School of Engineering & Applied Science and the College of Arts and Sciences. The Office of Undergraduate Admissions also participated, given the significance of Brookings Hall and its context for welcoming prospective students and their families.

The findings have been synthesized in this document: a plan to structure and coordinate an incremental build-out of East Campus. The flexibility and adaptability of this plan is intentional.

While the proposals described in the following pages are steadfast, the implementation of these proposals can be adjusted to shifting priorities and unpredictable circumstances.

A NEW VISION 8

“Whatever the plans or prospects of any university for future development may be today, they are sure to be modified as time goes on.”

— Messrs. Cope, Stewardson & Jamieson, September 1900 This plan strives to be a timeless statement that the university recognizes the inherent value of its buildings and grounds as formative elements of the character of both its campus and the institution as a whole. Each project the plan proposes, whether implemented next year or in the next decade, will reinforce the vision arrived at after gathering input from stakeholders, analyzing metrics and testing conceptual designs. This plan articulates the aspirations for the university to steward its exceptional design heritage as it sustains its academic mission for future generations.

executive committee

working committee

Hank Webber Ed Macias Barb Feiner John Berg Ann Prenatt Steve Hoffner Art Ackermann

Steve Hoffner Nick Stoff Phil Valko Art Ackermann Jamie Kolker

Dorothée Imbert Gary Wihl Jamie Kolker Jeff Morrisey Jared Marcantoni

Ed Barry Jeff Morrisey Jared Marcantoni

Associate Vice Chancellor for Operations Director of Parking and Transportations Services Director of Sustainability Associate Vice Chancellor Facilities Planning & Management Assistant Vice Chancellor for Campus Planning / Director Capital Projects Director, Utility Operations, Facilities Planning & Management Project Manager, Campus Planning & Capital Projects Project Coordinator, Capital Projects

consultants S. Fiske Crowell Greg Havens Allen Penniman Yaki Miodovnik Chris Mendel Steve McDowell Craig Scranton Kathy Achelpohl Gary Koch Chris Sterparn Jim Roth Emily Johnson Randy Hassler Chris Conklin

Principal, Sasaki Associates Principal, Sasaki Associates Project Manager, Sasaki Associates Principal, Andropogon Associates Associate, Andropogon Associates Principal, BNIM Architects Principal, BNIM Architects Principal, BNIM Architects Vice President, Walker Parker Consultants Education Market Sector Leader, Davis Langdon Associate, Cole Engineering Services Senior Engineer, Cole Engineering Services Principal, McClure Engineering Vanasse Hangen Brustlin

A NEW VISION

Rob Wild Ralph Quatrano Edward Lawlor Carmon Colangelo Bruce Lindsey

Executive Vice Chancellor for Administration Provost and Executive Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs Vice Chancellor for Finance and Chief Financial Officer Vice Chancellor for Admissions Vice Chancellor for Human Resources Associate Vice Chancellor for Operations Associate Vice Chancellor, Facilities Planning & Management Assistant Vice Chancellor, Office of the Chancellor Dean, School of Engineering & Applied Science Dean, Brown School / Director, Institute of Public Health Dean, Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts Dean, College of Architecture / Graduate School of Architecture & Urban Design Chair, Master of Landscape Architecture Program Former Dean of the Faculty of Arts & Sciences Assistant Vice Chancellor for Campus Planning / Director Capital Projects Project Manager, Campus Planning & Capital Projects Project Coordinator, Capital Projects

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

participants

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A NEW VISION

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existing conditions

If East Campus will no longer be a landscape of surface parking lots, just what will it become?

To answer this question—the primary purpose of this document —several challenges must be addressed, including the following: Due to its location and spatial characteristics, East Campus is disassociated from the Hilltop and lacks a safe physical connection to Forest Park...

How can East Campus be transformed, through a re-imagined landscape and new built forms, to integrate it with the Hilltop and enhance connectivity to Forest Park?

1. In 2012, St. Louis County required 5,109 parking spaces on the Danforth Campus. 1,094 of these spaces existed in East Campus.

Physical and visual barriers separate academic departments from one another, but there is a desire for increasingly interdisciplinary programs...

How can the physical design of the precinct be improved to facilitate more robust interdisciplinary collaboration?

Parts of East Campus, especially Hoyt Drive, are unsafe for pedestrians. Universal accessibility is not integrated into the path network, and transit is not as efficient as it could be. Bicycle ridership and car sharing is on the rise...

How can mobility systems be optimized to improve safety, efficiency and clarity across all modes?

Brookings Drive is the university’s front door, but the Allée’s trees are nearing the end of their lifespan. Skinker Boulevard is the seam between the campus and the city, but its car-oriented design deters cross movement...

How can these streets be reinvigorated or redesigned to create a welcoming gateway to the Danforth Campus?

Surface parking lots currently occupy the university’s last available land for contiguous expansion. Future development will displace these lots, affecting the university’s parking supply and demand balance...

What are the most effective ways to relocate and/or reduce parking in order to free up land for new buildings and open space?

A NEW VISION

East Campus is the last significant frontier of development opportunity within the Danforth Campus, but the university’s ability to cultivate its potential is constrained. St. Louis County requires the university to maintain a specific supply of parking, 21% of which exists in East Campus in the form of surface parking lots.1 In order for the university to grow, this parking must be accommodated elsewhere. However, this is not a parking problem; rather, it is an opportunity for transformation. The key question is:

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

CHALLENGES & opportunities

The university lacks a universally-accessible pedestrian route between East Campus and the Hilltop. Users are forced to use roadways and circuitous routes to get from one to the other.

A NEW VISION 12

Despite its intertwined history with the university, Forest Park is cut off from the Danforth Campus by Skinker Boulevard, a car-oriented arterial street that is unsafe for pedestrians and cyclists to cross.

The Allée is in decline. Many of the original trees have succumbed to disease or natural death. Less than half of the original trees remain. The typical lifespan of these remain trees will run their course by the mid 2020s.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Cycling is on the rise at the university, and East Campus is an important nexus between the university’s and the city’s cycletrack networks. However, adequate cycling infrastructure is lacking in most parts of East Campus.

Surface parking dominates East Campus, generating traffic, interrupting the campus fabric and creating eyesores at the university’s front door.

A NEW VISION

University commencement exceeds the capacity of Brookings Quadrangle.

A new venue is needed to accommodate the event, but the new venue must retain an intimate connection with Brookings Hall.

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

A New vision Planning for the future of East Campus begins with a clear articulation of the university’s goals and aspirations for it. The vision statements on the opposite page do just that. They describe a future condition in which East Campus embodies a learning environment that the university aspires to (rather than one that is dominated by parking lots). These vision statements set the direction for the physical planning recommendations later in this document. These statements are indispensable, for without a unifying vision, physical planning is reduced to piecemeal development that often results in disjointed built form.

Principles of implementation are needed to guide the university from envisioning a desired future for East Campus to a physical plan for bringing it to fruition. While the vision statements describe what a desired East Campus will embody, the principles profess how to achieve that desired future. Each principle is embedded within the vision statement it supports.

A NEW VISION 14

4. East Campus will employ green strategies to built and open spaces, and the infrastructure that supports them.

• Orient the spatial organization of future buildings around

• Invest in adequate green and gray infrastructure to serve planned

2. New open space and buildings will complement the spatial quality of the Hilltop and replace existing surface lots.

5. East Campus will feature a mobility system that prioritizes the pedestrian, embraces transit and is welcoming, safe and intuitive across all modes.

Brookings Hall • Strengthen the ceremonial and processional qualities of Brookings Drive • Enhance bicycle and pedestrian connections to Forest Park • Provide a universally-accessible route to the Hilltop

• Maximize development capacity without compromising the spatial character of open and built space

• Organize new buildings around a hierarchy of open spaces • Provide new opportunities for outdoor programming

3. East Campus will foster physical and academic connectivity through an integration of landscape and buildings.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

1. East Campus will be a symbolic gateway to the danforth campus, oriented around and featuring Brookings Hall.

development1 • Employ stormwater management strategies and harvest rainwater for irrigation • Plant only native and adaptive species in the landscape • Where possible, investigate and encourage on-site energy production, including geo-exchange

• Optimize mass transit to improve efficiency and access • Eliminate all but the minimum amount of necessary vehicular traffic

• Prioritize transportation demand management over supply-side solutions

• Establish dedicated bicycle routes and dismount zones

• Create a compelling new landscape, and use it to unify the precinct • Create new north-south and diagonal path connections • Design flexible buildings that can accommodate multiple uses over time

• Design open spaces to facilitate informal gathering and

1. Green infrastructure refers to systems that mimic natural processes in order to infiltrate, evaporate and/or reuse stormwater. Gray infrastructure refers to synthetic systems for processing stormwater such as pipes, sewers and culverts. Source: SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry.

A NEW VISION

socialization

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

bird’s eye view showing proposed conditions Olin Library

Brookings Hall Brown School Expansion

Entrance to underground parking garage

Central Open Space SEAS Expansion

Entrance to underground parking garage

Sam Fox School Expansion

Kemper Museum Expansion

A NEW VISION 16

Brookings Drive Improvements

SEAS Expansion

Forest Park Parkway

Skinker Boulevard

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

summary of recommendations While many discrete architectural, landscape, and infrastructural projects are needed to bring to bear the vision described above, pipeline of improvements can be organized under six “big moves”:

A central green is needed to tie together the new buildings and landscapes of East Campus, and to provide adequate outdoor space for commencement (which is currently over-capacity).

The form of the open space should be oval in order to provide a code-compliant slope between the Hilltop and East Campus.

A quadrangle does not provide the necessary “run” to do so.

Only the curves of an oval are long enough to maintain a 1:12 slope, as the American with Disabilities Act requires.

The “Oval” should emulate the qualities of the Hilltop that contribute to the breathtaking quality of the Danforth Campus.

It should feature an expanse of lawn, canopy trees, and highquality paving materials. The Oval should be a pedestrianonly environment, but it should be designed to accommodate emergency vehicles and the occasional VIP dropoff.

2. Relocate surface parking below the new green St. Louis County zoning code requires most, not all, of existing East Campus parking lots to be replaced in kind. A 920car, underground garage should be built beneath the Oval to maintain compliance with the code and to provide convenient parking for visitors and other motorists.

The garage should be designed not only for cars, but to accommodate events such as the Bauhaus Halloween party, movie screenings, and receptions. This is being done in places like Yonsei University, Seoul and 1111 Lincoln Road, Miami Beach. The garage should be viewed as an opportunity to create a unique space that contributes to the university’s learning environment.

A NEW VISION

1. Organize East Campus around a new green

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A NEW VISION 18

view of brookings hall from kemper museum patio

Brookings Hall is the defining icon of the university and Brookings Drive provides a ceremonial procession toward it. The siting and massing of buildings should respect and reinforce these beloved campus treasures.

An axis that runs from the arch of Brookings Hall down the centerline of the Allée to Forest Park establishes a line of symmetry. Setbacks and build-to lines should be based upon this axis in order to maintain a harmonious architectural relationship on either side of the Allée and to preserve views to Brookings Hall.

4. Renew the Allée’s trees and improve Brookings Drive The Allée is in decline. Many of the original trees succumbed to disease and were removed, and many of the remaining trees are nearing the end of their lifespans. A new generation of trees should be planted to begin restoring the Allée to its intended grandeur. New plantings should include a limited mix of native species in order to improve resilience against disease and infestation.

ThurtenE will be partially-displaced when the East Campus parking lots are decommissioned. As such, a new venue is needed. The Brookings Drive mall should be widened from 93’ to 113’ and designed as a distinct campus space unto itself. Such a space will provide a better setting for ThurtenE, as well as College of Architecture commencement, which also takes place in the mall.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

5. Build a network of connected basements There are no back doors in East Campus, which puts the practical concern of making deliveries in conflict with “front door” learning environments. As such, tunnels should be built to connect the basements of existing and new buildings, as well as the garage. Existing loading docks at Steinberg and Brauer should serve as centralized delivery points. These moves will obviate the need for delivery trucks to traverse the campus.

6. Phase development logically and in concert with needed infrastructure investments The garage is the enabling project in a phasing sequence that will bring to bear the envisioned East Campus. The garage must be built first so that the parking lots can be removed to free up land for new development. It and subsequent architectural and landscape projects will trigger the need for infrastructure improvements and utility relocations. These investments should be sited with planned buildings in mind, and phased so that only obsolescent landscapes are excavated.

A NEW VISION

3. Plan the site around Brookings Hall and the Allée

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

(BELOW)

*

*

(BELOW)

A NEW VISION

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ArchitecturE

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

illustrative plan

1. Future building site 2. Office of Undergraduate Admissions or market dining venue

Landscape 3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

The Oval Regenerated Brookings Drive Mall Regenerated Allée Forecourt Rain Garden Reading Garden

Infrastructure

* Entrances to the garage can be provided feasibly on Brookings Drive as an alternative or addition to ramps on Hoyt Drive

A NEW VISION

9. MetroLink entrance 10. Shuttle/bus stop 11. Separated bicycle path 12. Bicycle parking node 13. Pedestrian garage entrance 14. Vehicular garage entrance* 15. Vehicular drop-off node 16. Redesigned intersection 17. Central loading dock

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

A NEW VISION 22

VIEW OF BROOKINGS HALL FROM A NEW OVAL GREEN

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A NEW VISION

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

east campus and its users

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EAST CAMPUS AND ITS USERS

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

B

Introduction Development Patterns The Schools

east campus and its users

Campus Support Spaces

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

INTRODUCTION “Visitors to Washington University often express amazement at the continuity of its campus…This character which the visitor first perceives…is a quality of the original plan which has been maintained as new buildings have been added over the years.”

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east campus and its users 26

— Buford Pickens and Margaretta Darnall

The 169-acre Danforth Campus is the heart of the university and the academic home to the majority of the university’s undergraduate, graduate and professional students. The university currently enrolls more than 14,000 students, split almost evenly into undergraduate and graduate programs.1 Its signature collegiate Gothic architecture and Oxbridge pattern of courtyards distinguish it as one of the nation’s most striking campuses.

The campus developed in tandem with nearby Forest Park as part of the 1904 World’s Fair, and the functional and spatial relationship between the two landscapes has remained symbiotic over time.

The neighborhoods that surround Forest Park and the Danforth Campus were originally trolley car suburbs of St. Louis. They have retained their leafy, romantic character despite being absorbed by the outward expansion of the city. Light rail service to downtown was restored in 2006 after a half century of absence.

Skinker Station serves both neighborhood and campus, with an entrance that surfaces directly at East Campus.

The Danforth Campus lies within three political jurisdictions, which complicates the regulatory framework within which the university must plan. The City of St. Louis, the City of Clayton and university City each govern the campus, but planning matters generally fall under the purview of St. Louis County.

1. Fall 2012 Semester. Office of the University Registrar.

2. St. Louis County Zoning Code section 1003.165.

3. Pickens, Buford and Margaretta J. Darnall. Washington University in St. Louis: Its Design and Architecture. School of Architecture Gallery of Art, Washington University. St. Louis, 1978.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

OLIN LIBRARY

MUDD FIELD

EAST CAMPUS

Big Bend Blvd

BROOKINGS

N Skinker Blvd

Forest Park Pkwy

FRANCIS FIELD FOREST PARK

Forsyth Blvd

0

0

200ft

500ft

r

EAST CAMPUS

17

N

0

Danforth Campus West Campus

I-

Wydown Blvd

I-7

SOUTH 40

South Campus I - 64

e pi Riv issip

Miss

North Campus

east campus and its users

Ellenwood Ave

Forest Park

Forest Pa rk

Medical Campus I - 44

Pkwy

I - 64

DOWNTOWN

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS

The university was founded in 1853 in downtown St. Louis. The city was burgeoning during the formative years of the university and its officials recognized the need for a more spacious setting for its campus. In 1899, a national competition was held to choose an architecture and planning firm to design the new campus. The commission was awarded to Cope & Stewardson of Philadelphia, who had gained notoriety for their contributions to the campuses of the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University and Bryn Mawr College.

In 1900, the university began construction on the first five buildings in Cope & Stewardson’s plan, the chief among them being University Hall (later renamed Brookings Hall). In 1901, with the construction of Busch Hall and University Hall underway and cornerstones laid for Cupples I and Cupples II, the university leased to the company organizing the 1904 World’s Fair. The lease money made it possible to begin construction of additional buildings. Academic use of Danforth Campus buildings began two months after the World’s Fair closed, and the campus was formally dedicated during commencement ceremonies in June 1905.

east campus and its users 28

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

“…if there was one thing more than another which determined the jury in favor of the design ...it was the evidence of thought and study which showed in the block plan, with its changing and yet associated axes following the marked contours of the land, and the intelligent understanding of the needs of each group of buildings.”

east campus and its users

— R. Clipston Sturgis, juror, 1903

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east campus and its users 30

Cope & Stewardson’s block plan

“We advise a reservation of most of the land in front of the hill for future consideration...

As a fitting approach to the building we have indicated a great double avenue of elms or oaks spanning a central walk forty feet wide, and flanked on each side by driveways.”

— Cope & Stewardson1

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

The Cope & Stewardson Vision A “block plan” formed the conceptual basis of Cope & Stewardson’s competition submission, which served as a framework for the arrangement of the first campus buildings as well as buildings that would be built as the university grew. It defined form and spatial arrangement modularly so that it could adapt to the desires of future projects without compromising the unified character of the campus. A century later, the value of these criteria remains paramount to the development strategies for East Campus. Cope & Stewardson elaborated upon the criteria in their competition brief, which outlined the five formative characteristics of their scheme:

1.

“New Buildings for Washington University: Explanation of Drawings,” Cope and Stewardson, Philadelphia, PA. From the Hilltop Campus Architectural Competition, 1899 Information Files; Series 1, Box 1, Folder 8. University Archives, Washington University in St. Louis.

4. To meet, as far as possible, every practical consideration which the experience of the university has determined 5. To choose a style of architecture which shall not only fulfill easily the above conditions but shall satisfy the aesthetic ideal of a university east campus and its users

1. To make a design in harmony with the striking character of the site but so flexible in plan as to provide the freest possible growth without confusion or revolution 2. To suggest nothing which cannot be appropriately carried out, either in an economical or lavish manner, as funds may be provided 3. To individualize the separate buildings so as to worthily commemorate their donors but to so unite these that they may form one whole and avoid the danger of discordant contrasts

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east campus and its users 32

East Campus Since Cope & Stewardson’s block plan, subsequent master plans have incrementally shaped East Campus into its current form. No plan was executed building-for-building; rather, notions from each were brought to fruition. Cope & Stewardson’s 1899 block plan established the Danforth Campus’ overall layout and system of Oxford-style quadrangles, but its detailed proposals were limited to the Hilltop. In 1933, Jamieson and Spearl Architects were commissioned to design what they called the forecourt of the Danforth Campus. This was the first formal plan for East Campus, and used its distinct spatial qualities as an opportunity

Cope and Stewardson, 1899

PREVIOUS MASTER PLANS

to break away from the block plan. They proposed a Beaux Arts arrangement of buildings, and classical architecture to match. In this plan, three important notions emerged:

1. The organization of East Campus around a central open space 2. North-south connections between the Sam Fox School and School of Engineering & Applied Science 3. Physical connections the university and Forest Park

Jamieson and Spearl, 1933

Maki & Associates, 1998

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN Kallmann, McKinnell & Wood, 2001

east campus and its users

The university built Givens Hall and Bixby Hall in accordance with Jamieson and Spearl’s plan, but abandoned its larger vision. In 1988, Maki & Associates introduced modernist planning to East Campus. With Steinberg Hall already to his credit, Fumihiko Maki proposed a plan with a spirit radically distinct from the Hilltop. The university built the Kemper Museum and Walker Hall in accordance with Maki’s plan, but adoption of his vision did not extend beyond the Sam Fox School. Finally, Kallmann, McKinnell & Wood returned to Oxford-style motifs in their 2003 plan. Preceding master plans moved away from the architecture of the Hilltop; however, they proposed a continuation of Gothic architecture and Oxford-style campus design, as evidenced by Rudolph, Whitaker and Green Halls.

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

1923

east campus and its users 34

THE DEVELOPMENT OF EAST CAMPUS The university did not expand into East Campus during its early years, and some pavilions from the 1904 World’s Fair remained intact (left). By the 1940s, Givens and Bixby Halls had been built according to Jamieson and Spearl’s Beaux Arts plan. Surface parking was also introduced at this time (right).By 1970, the Allée was in its prime, Steinberg Hall was built, and surface parking was expanded (left). By the 2010s, new buildings began to incrementally replace surface parking, the Brookings Drive rotary was removed, and the Allée began to decline (right).

1945

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1970

2013

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east campus and its users 36

THE SCHOOLS

Four schools reside in this area of campus: the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts, the School of Engineering & Applied Science, the Brown School and the College of Arts & Sciences.

The Office of Undergraduate Admissions and other administrative functions also reside within East Campus. In the 2011/2012 academic year, the approximate population of East Campus consisted of 3,280 students and the full-time equivalent4 of 519 employees (these figures do not include Arts & Sciences, whose population is mostly outside East Campus).

Since its 1899 ground-breaking, the Danforth Campus has developed primarily westward from Brookings Hall. The balance of the land, of which East Campus is composed, has existed as leftover space for most of its history. It became a repository for parking by the mid-1940s and has remained such until recently.

The growth of the Sam Fox School and the School of Engineering & Applied Science has incrementally replaced some parking with buildings. As this shift continues, thoughtful and forwardthinking planning is needed to assure the remainder of surface parking lots are redeveloped to maximize such scarce land and extend the identity of the Hilltop throughout the Danforth Campus.

4. Full-time equivalent (FTE) refers to the equivalent of one employee working full time. For example, if two employees each work half-time, the FTE is 1.0.

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Skinker Blvd

Throop Dr Compton

Hoyt Dr

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Forest Park Pkwy

Urbauer

Whitaker Brauer

Rudolph

Green

Crow

Cupples

Brookings Dr Brookings

Ridgely

Brookings Dr

McDonnell

Goldfarb

Forsyth Blvd

Walker

Brown Expansion Building

N

Givens

Steinberg

Bixby

Skinker Blvd

38

Kemper

Hoyt Dr

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Busch

“To create positive social change through path-breaking research and educational excellence.”

— Brown School Concept Study, 2009 This drives a desire for its capital facilities to be open, inclusive and supportive of outreach efforts. This applies to the overall organization of its buildings and the type and location of individual facilities.

Over the past five years, the Brown School has experienced considerable growth in its student, faculty and staff populations, and has increased the number of programs offered, notably a Masters in Public Health. In response, the Brown School has expanded its facilities on sites beyond the Danforth Campus including research centers on North, Medical and West Campuses.

This distribution of faculty, staff and resources creates considerable challenges for the identity of the Brown School and for fostering the desired level of interaction and collaboration.

The combined impact of growth and the distribution of research now justify the need for additional space on the Danforth Campus.

Planning is underway for a new building, which will be sited east of the Brown School’s current Danforth Campus buildings: Brown

Hall and Goldfarb Hall. The school’s outward focus and emphasis on community issues is reflected in the vision for the new building, which will include a forum that will host conferences, dinners, policy discussions and many other events. Its design will accommodate up to 700 occupants. As such, the forum is expected to be a major generator of transportation and parking demand.

The values of the program are based on an interest in social justice, sustainability and concerns about the natural environment. These values lead to a desire for a healthy building and to link indoor and outdoor environments. There also is a desire for outdoor learning and activity spaces, and for social interaction and community. Thus, a building that meaningfully reflects the values of the program is important to the Brown School.

In addition to an outward focus, the Brown School curriculum encourages interdisciplinary collaboration within the university.

The school’s Danforth Institute of Public Health actively interacts with the School of Medicine, the School of Engineering & Applied Science and the Sam Fox School. In response to the goal of collegiate collaboration, the Brown School has developed a long-range plan addressing the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of its programs. The school is also working to increase undergraduate awareness of the graduate degrees that it offers. To facilitate and encourage interdisciplinary activities and foster a sense of connectivity and transparency, the proposed facility for the Brown School will make classrooms and other resources available to the entire campus as part of the open, inclusive vision for the building.

east campus and its users

The Brown School is focused on social change, social justice and economic justice. Its mission is:

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

The brown school

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Skinker Blvd

Throop Dr Compton

Hoyt Dr

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Forest Park Pkwy

Urbauer

Whitaker Brauer

Rudolph

Green

Crow

Cupples

Brookings Dr Brookings

Ridgely

Brookings Dr

McDonnell

Goldfarb

Forsyth Blvd

Walker

Brown Expansion Building

N

Givens

Steinberg

Bixby

Skinker Blvd

40

Kemper

Hoyt Dr

east campus and its users

Busch

“…a unique collaboration in architecture, art and design education, dedicated to excellence in learning, creative activity, research and exhibition.”

— Design for Excellence: 2010–2020 Strategic Plan Facilities for the Sam Fox School are located on the south side of Brookings Drive. Significant improvement, expansion, and construction of new facilities for the school have been completed over the past decade. Bixby Hall and Givens Hall were renovated 2001. Two new buildings designed by renowned architect Fumihiko Maki—the Kemper Art Museum and Walker Hall for the College and Graduate School of Art —were dedicated in 2006. The rededication of Steinberg Hall, also designed by Fumihiko Maki, occurred in 2009.

A majority of the school’s programs are located in East Campus.

The College of Art and the Graduate School of Art are located off campus at the Lewis Center. Given the projected increase in enrollment and the remote location of the aging facility, the Lewis Center will not accommodate the program or the type of interdisciplinary collaboration that is desired.

To accommodate the anticipated expansion and to foster collaboration, a new building is being considered for East Campus. The vision includes a new studio and research building to be conceived as: 1) a gateway building, 2) a high-performance building, 3) a model for campus sustainability and 4) a forward looking design, responsive to the programs and research needs of the school. The proposed building will include studio and instructional spaces, research facilities and exhibition and social spaces.

In addition to this building, the parking lot east of the Kemper Art Museum is desired for the expansion of the museum. This may include open space for art/landscape integrations and outdoor sculpture.

An Arts Walk is envisioned for the interstitial spaces of the Sam Fox School complex. It is conceptualized as a promenade for showcasing sculpture and other works of fine art. Improving connectivity between the Danforth Campus and Forest Park, and between the Sam Fox School and the whole of the university, is the primary goal of the proposal.

east campus and its users

The Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts was formed in 2005, uniting several academic units under the leadership of a new dean. Today, the Sam Fox School includes three central units: the College of Art, the College of Architecture and the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum. The Sam Fox School describes itself as:

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

SAM FOX SCHOOL OF DESIGN & VISUAL ARTS

41

Skinker Blvd

Throop Dr Compton

Hoyt Dr

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Forest Park Pkwy

Urbauer

Whitaker Brauer

Rudolph

Green

Crow

Cupples

Brookings Dr Brookings

Ridgely

Brookings Dr

McDonnell

Goldfarb

Forsyth Blvd

Walker

Brown Expansion Building

N

Givens

Steinberg

Bixby

Skinker Blvd

42

Kemper

Hoyt Dr

east campus and its users

Busch

“…serve society as a center for learning in engineering, science and technology…We strive to provide an environment that nurtures critical thinking and the education of innovators and leaders for the future.”

— Washington University in St. Louis Bulletin In support of its mission, the school completed a master plan in 2007. The plan identified that new research laboratories and specialized facilities are required to support the school’s mission and goals. As such, it called for a new 600,000 square foot complex on the north side of Brookings Drive.

Since the master plan, the school has been building out this complex incrementally. Whitaker Hall; Brauer Hall; and most recently, Green Hall; were the first three building to come online of six proposed for the complex. Two or three additional buildings are planned to accommodate the Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, additional classrooms and student services, interdisciplinary centers and institutes and administrative offices.

While about half of the engineering complex is complete, other programs remain to the west in Byan, Jolley, Lopata and Urbauer.

The balance of proposed buildings will provide necessary academic and research space required to accommodate the entire School of Engineering & Applied Science within one complex, while also growing student enrollment and hiring new faculty.

A subsurface connection between Whitaker Hall and Rudolph Hall is desired to link the School of Engineering & Applied Science with the College of Arts & Sciences. Access to MetroLink is highly valued in order to facilitate collaborative initiatives located at the medical campus, particularly Bioinformatics and Bio-engineering.

east campus and its users

The School of Engineering & Applied Science is pursuing its vision to be among the nation’s leading engineering schools in alternative energy, environmental engineering, sustainable technology, biotechnology, information technology and nanotechnology. Its mission is to:

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & APPLIED SCIENCE

43

Skinker Blvd

Throop Dr Compton

Hoyt Dr

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Forest Park Pkwy

Urbauer

Whitaker Brauer

Rudolph

Green

Crow

Cupples

Brookings Dr Brookings

Ridgely

Brookings Dr

McDonnell

Goldfarb

Forsyth Blvd

Walker

Brown Expansion Building

N

Givens

Steinberg

Bixby

Skinker Blvd

44

Kemper

Hoyt Dr

east campus and its users

Busch

In 2011, the school completed a benchmarking study of its research activity and capital facilities. The study recommended a modest growth in faculty, graduate students, postdocs and technicians; and approximately 260,000 gross square feet of new space. It emphasized the need for the right kind of space to conduct research and train future sciences.

“We need facilities to sustain the core disciplines while enabling new interdisciplinary research and teaching… facilities that are flexible, to allow rapid adaptation to new areas of research and to encourage industrial partnering…Our vision for an integrated science campus is to provide the infrastructure and environment that fosters collaboration.”

— Barbara Schaal, Professor of Biology

The many departments within Arts & Sciences are scattered throughout the Hilltop. A lack of physical connectivity between some of them is an impediment to interdisciplinary research. It is a priority to reconfigure the distribution of its departments to facilitate interdepartmental collaboration. The college also seeks to redesign existing labs for flexible reconfiguration, expansion and retraction as appropriate. Well over $200 million needs to be invested over the next decade to maintain Arts & Sciences’ existing academic buildings, particularly its science buildings that are of deficient quality. Reconfigured labs will open new opportunities for interdepartmental research collaborations, new sponsored research and new graduate programs.

The benchmarking study identified the importance of maintaining close ties with the School of Engineering & Applied Science. As the school moves into its new East Campus complex, it will vacate several Hilltop buildings, presenting an opportunity for Arts & Sciences to occupy and reconfigure those facilities for their use. This strategy would maintain the physical and academic ties with the School of Engineering & Applied Science that are necessary for interdisciplinary collaboration.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Arts & Sciences is often referred to as the heart of the university because it provides the foundation courses for students from all colleges and schools across the university. It includes the core disciplines of the humanities, social sciences and natural sciences.

Its programs and research centers foster interdisciplinary initiatives such as Environmental Studies and the PhilosophyNeuroscience-Psychology program.

east campus and its users

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES

45

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Non-ACADEMIC UNITS

CAMPUS SUPPORT SPACES

Office of Undergraduate Admissions The admissions office currently resides in Brookings Hall, an ideal setting that structures a ceremonial arrival sequence for prospective students and their families. Entering the campus from Brookings Drive, visitors proceed through the Allée with Brookings Hall in view before them, then ascend the steps of Brookings Hall to arrive at the campus’ signature quadrangle and the Admissions office.

The Admissions office is challenged in its existing space. At peak times it borrows space in other buildings, complicating the visitation process. To function properly, the Admissions office requires approximately 15,000 gross square feet to house offices and presentation space that can accommodate up to 175 people.

Proximate visitor parking is also desired. The Admissions office typically generates 50 incoming visitor trips per day and 200 per day at peak times.

Dining Services east campus and its users 46

When East Campus is fully developed, its population will be approximately 16% greater than it is today—approximately 4,400 full-time students, faculty and staff in total. In addition, many visitors will come and go. East Campus’ only existing food service— Etta’s Café in Steinberg Hall—is not sufficient to accommodate the growing population.

To keep up with this growth, a new food concept of approximately 15,000 gross square feet is envisioned. It is conceptualized within the ground floor of a new building on the north side of Brookings Drive in order to distribute food services evenly throughout East Campus. The 2012 Food Service Master Plan details the university’s ten-year plan for dining.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Skinker Blvd

Forest Park Pkwy

Throop Dr Hoyt Dr

Compton Urbauer

Whitaker Brauer

Rudolph

Green

Crow

Cupples

Brookings Dr Brookings

Ridgely

Busch

McDonnell

Walker

Brown

N

Bixby

Givens Steinberg

Skinker Blvd

Expansion Building

Hoyt Dr

Goldfarb

Forsyth Blvd

Kemper

east campus and its users

Brookings Dr

47

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Landscapes used for recurring events

Daily Attendance Skinker Blvd

45,000

Forest Park Pkwy

40,000

Depending on weather, daily attendance tends to fluctuate between 25,000 and 40,000.

Throop Dr Hoyt Dr

Compton Urbauer

Whitaker Brauer

Rudolph

35,000

Green

Crow

30,000

Cupples

25,000

Ridgely

UNIVERSITY COMMENCEMENT

Brookings Dr

ARCHITECTURE COMMENCEMENT

Brookings

WALK IN LAY DOWN

15,000

BAUHAUS

Kemper Walker

Brown

N

Givens

Steinberg

Bixby

Skinker Blvd

Goldfarb

Expansion Building

Hoyt Dr

east campus and its users 48

20,000 Brookings Dr

Busch

McDonnell

THURTENE

10,000

5,000

Forsyth Blvd

0 ThurtenE

University Commencement

Walk in Lay Down

Bauhaus

Architecture Commencement

The landscape of East Campus hosts many of the university’s signature outdoor events. Some of these events are at or beyond capacity. Others take place in surface parking lots that have been identified as sites for future buildings. The future landscape must be designed carefully to accommodate the specific program requirements of all outdoor events, including:

juniors who are selected by seniors. It takes place each April in the parking lot adjacent to the School of Engineering & Applied Science and in the Brookings Drive Mall. Student organizations curate, construct and operate a series of exhibits, pavilions and rides. The event is open to the public.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

OUTDOOR SPACE USE

Walk In Lie Down (WILD)

The all-university commencement ceremony is currently held in Brookings Quadrangle. It is an adaptation of a medieval tradition founded at the University of Paris in 1100, and as such the event must be planned in accordance with particular rituals.

Attendance is limited to 15,000 due to the size of the space, but more would likely attend if more space were available. sam fox school commencement

Following the all-university ceremony, a focused ceremony is held in the Brookings Drive Mall for roughly 200 graduates of the College of Architecture and Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design, and their guests.5

Named for the tradition of laying down sofas, WILD is a concert held since 1973 in Brookings Quadrangle. It takes place biannually: once in the fall and again in the spring. Wolfgang Gartner headlined the fall 2012 WILD. Other recent performers include Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros, Talib Kweli and Reel Big Fish.

Bauhaus

The College of Architecture in the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts hosts a university-wide Halloween party in the spirit of the Bauhaus movement of the 20s and 30s. Students construct a tent to host the event, which is erected in the Givens Hall parking lot. Roughly 2,000 attend the event, many clad in Bauhaus color schemes in tribute to Bauhaus founder, Walter Gropius.

ThurtenE

The largest student-run carnival in the nation, ThurtenE began in 1904 as the signature event of a secret society of thirteen men chosen for their “leadership, character and participation in campus activities.”6 Today, it is run by a coed group of thirteen

Source: Washington University in St. Louis Facilities Planning & Management, April 2013

5. Adapted from data from the Office of the Registrar. Spring 2012.

6. http://www.thurtene.org.

east campus and its users

Commencement

49

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

east campus and its users

50

required parking vs. supply

The agreement considers only private parking controlled by the university. Public parking is not part of the agreement, but it is a

major influence on motorists’ behavior and the supply/demand balance. Public parking in adjacent neighborhoods is unrestricted; anyone can park on public streets, including university-affiliated motorists. Motorists that do not find desirable parking oncampus often seek it on city streets.

The development of East Campus will remove approximately 1,000 parking spaces, which will put the university out of compliance with the agreement by a magnitude of roughly 500 spaces. If the agreement remains in its present form, the university will need to replace some parking within the Danforth Campus.

However, the university is currently studying strategies to redouble its promotion of non-car commuting. By reducing demand for parking, the agreement with the county may be revisited.

east campus and its users

The university is under the jurisdiction of St. Louis County’s transportation and parking policies. A negotiated agreement between the two parties governs required on-campus parking and is codified under St. Louis County Zoning Code Section 1003.165. It requires maintaining a specific ratio of parking to population: two spaces for every five non-freshman residential students, two spaces for every nine commuter students and two spaces for every three full-time equivalent employees. The university is relieved of 10% of this requirement for the promotion of non-car commuting. In 2012, this amounted to a required supply of 4,630 parking spaces. At present, there are 5,109 parking spaces on campus, leaving a surplus of 479.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

PARKING REGULATIONS

51

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

52

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

the framework plan Introduction Development Opportunity Landscape Outdoor Events Mobility Vehicular Experience

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

Infrastructure

53

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

INTRODUCTION

Planning for the future of East Campus begins with a clear articulation of the university’s goals and aspirations for it. The vision statements on the opposite page do just that. They describe a future condition in which East Campus embodies a learning environment that the university aspires to (rather than one that is dominated by parking lots). These vision statements set the direction for the physical planning recommendations made in this chapter. These statements are indispensable, for without a unifying vision, physical planning is reduced to piecemeal development that often results in disjointed built form.

Principles of implementation are needed to guide the university from envisioning a desired future for East Campus to a physical plan for bringing it to fruition. While the vision statements describe what a desired East Campus will embody, the principles profess how to achieve that desired future. Each principle is embedded within the vision statement it supports.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 54

4. East Campus will employ green strategies to built and open spaces, and the infrastructure that supports them.

• Orient the spatial organization of future buildings around

• Invest in adequate green and gray infrastructure to serve planned

2. New open space and buildings will complement the spatial quality of the Hilltop and replace existing surface lots.

5. East Campus will feature a mobility system that prioritizes the pedestrian, embraces transit and is welcoming, safe and intuitive across all modes.

Brookings Hall • Strengthen the ceremonial and processional qualities of Brookings Drive • Enhance bicycle and pedestrian connections to Forest Park • Provide a universally-accessible route to the Hilltop

• Maximize development capacity without compromising the spatial character of open and built space

• Organize new buildings around a hierarchy of open spaces • Provide new opportunities for outdoor programming

3. East Campus will foster physical and academic connectivity through an integration of landscape and buildings.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

1. East Campus will be a symbolic gateway to the danforth campus, oriented around and featuring Brookings Hall.

development1 • Employ stormwater management strategies and harvest rainwater for irrigation • Plant only native and adaptive species in the landscape • Where possible, investigate and encourage on-site energy production, including geo-exchange

• Optimize mass transit to improve efficiency and access • Eliminate all but the minimum amount of necessary vehicular traffic

• Prioritize transportation demand management over supply-side solutions

• Establish dedicated bicycle routes and dismount zones

• Create a compelling new landscape, and use it to unify the precinct • Create new north-south and diagonal path connections • Design flexible buildings that can accommodate multiple uses socialization

1. Green infrastructure refers to systems that mimic natural processes in order to infiltrate, evaporate and/or reuse stormwater. Gray infrastructure refers to synthetic systems for processing stormwater such as pipes, sewers and culverts. Source: SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

over time

• Design open spaces to facilitate informal gathering and

55

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

bird’s eye view showing proposed conditions Olin Library

Brookings Hall Brown School Expansion

Entrance to underground parking garage

Central Open Space SEAS Expansion

Entrance to underground parking garage

Sam Fox School Expansion

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

Kemper Museum Expansion

56

Brookings Drive Improvements

SEAS Expansion

Forest Park Parkway

Skinker Boulevard

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

summary of recommendations While many discrete architectural, landscape, and infrastructural projects are needed to bring to bear the vision described above, pipeline of improvements can be organized under six “big moves”:

A central green is needed to tie together the new buildings and landscapes of East Campus, and to provide adequate outdoor space for commencement (which is currently over-capacity).

The form of the open space should be oval in order to provide a code-compliant slope between the Hilltop and East Campus.

A quadrangle does not provide the necessary “run” to do so.

Only the curves of an oval are long enough to maintain a 1:12 slope, as the American with Disabilities Act requires.

The Oval should emulate the qualities of the Hilltop that contribute to the breathtaking quality of the Danforth Campus.

It should feature an expanse of lawn, canopy trees, and highquality paving materials. The Oval should be a pedestrianonly environment, but it should be designed to accommodate emergency vehicles and the occasional VIP dropoff.

2. Relocate surface parking below the new green St. Louis County zoning code requires most, not all, of existing East Campus parking lots to be replaced in kind. A 920car, underground garage should be built beneath the Oval to maintain compliance with the code and to provide convenient parking for visitors and other motorists.

The garage should be designed not only for cars, but to accommodate events such as the Bauhaus Halloween party, movie screenings, and receptions. This is being done in places like Yonsei University, Seoul and 1111 Lincoln Road, Miami Beach. The garage should be viewed as an opportunity to create a unique space that contributes to the university’s learning environment.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

1. Organize East Campus around a new green

57

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

design concept

Forest Park Pkwy

Forest Park Pkwy

Compton

Future Building

Landscape Opportunity

Brauer

Rudolph

Green

Engineering Walk

Crow

Cupples

Primary Pedestrian Circulation

Skinker Blvd

Pedestrian Corridor

Whitaker

Brookings Dr

Brookings

Vehicular Access Service Access MetroLink Station Entrance

Kemper

Brown Goldfarb

Arts Walk Givens

Steinberg

Forest Park

Walker Bixby

Lagoon

Forsyth Blvd

O

50 100

200

300 ft

Skinker Blvd

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 58

Underground Parking Garage

Busch

Dr

Brookings Hall is the defining icon of the university and Brookings Drive provides a ceremonial procession toward it. The siting and massing of buildings should respect and reinforce these beloved campus treasures.

An axis that runs from the arch of Brookings Hall down the centerline of the allée to Forest Park establishes a line of symmetry. Setbacks and build-to lines should be based upon this axis in order to maintain a harmonious architectural relationship on either side of the allée and to preserve views to Brookings Hall.

4. Renew the allée’s trees and improve Brookings Drive The allée is in decline. Many of the original trees succumbed to disease and were removed, and many of the remaining trees are nearing the end of their lifespans. A new generation of trees should be planted to begin restoring the allée to its intended grandeur. New plantings should include a limited mix of native species in order to improve resilience against disease and infestation.

ThurtenE will be partially-displaced when the East Campus parking lots are decommissioned. As such, a new venue is needed. The Brookings Drive mall should be widened from 93’ to 113’ and designed as a distinct campus space unto itself. Such a space will provide a better setting for ThurtenE, as well as College of Architecture commencement, which also takes place in the mall.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

5. Build a network of connected basements There are no back doors in East Campus, which puts the practical concern of making deliveries in conflict with “front door” learning environments. As such, tunnels should be built to connect the basements of existing and new buildings, as well as the garage. Existing loading docks at Steinberg and Brauer should serve as centralized delivery points. These moves will obviate the need for delivery trucks to traverse the campus.

6. Phase development logically and in concert with needed infrastructure investments The garage is the enabling project in a phasing sequence that will bring to bear the envisioned East Campus. The garage must be built first so that the parking lots can be removed to free up land for new development. It and subsequent architectural and landscape projects will trigger the need for infrastructure improvements and utility relocations. These investments should be sited with planned buildings in mind, and phased so that only obsolescent landscapes are excavated.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

3. Plan the site around Brookings Hall and the allée

59

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITY

East Campus contains some of the last tracts of undeveloped land in the contiguous Danforth Campus. It represents an opportunity to accommodate growth in academic programs and campus population that will benefit from adjacency to existing facilities and campus amenities. It will prove critical to maximize the development capacity of the land located in East Campus while respecting and enhancing the character of the built environment.

East Campus can accommodate up to approximately 645,000 gross square feet of new development Six new buildings totaling approximately 645,000 gross square feet can be developed in East Campus. Three of these buildings should replace existing surface lots north of Brookings Drive, and two buildings should replace the lots flanking the Kemper Art Museum. A sixth building, which will accommodate expansion at the Brown School, is under construction.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 60

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

To match the established building height and massing generally applied across East Campus, future buildings should include three above-grade floors plus an additional, limited level to allow for architectural articulation.

Below grade, a network of expanded basements should provide programmable space fit for uses that do not require natural light, including certain laboratory facilities. A single basement level is recommended. One basement level is sufficient to meet the university’s forecast expansion needs. Moreover, a second basement level would require the pumping of sanitary lines, which adds significant costs. With a single basement level, waste can gravity-drain into the city sewer system.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

These new facilities should be used to achieve several universitywide and school-specific goals. They should enable the Brown School to consolidate its existing space, which is currently spread across the university’s three campuses; and they should provide adequate space for the its recent burgeon in enrollment, faculty and staff. They should enable the Sam Fox School to collocate its art studios within the Danforth Campus; and, in time, expand the Kemper Art Museum. They should enable the School of Engineering & Applied Science to consolidate all five of its departments in East Campus. They should accommodate a new admissions facility that adequately houses its staff and welcomes visitors to the Danforth Campus. And they should accommodate a new dining facility to serve the many new students, faculty, staff and visitors that will populate East Campus.

61

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN Whitaker

Green

32

70

160

Brauer

160

Rudolph

70

82

30

28

30

130

130

Cupples Building Footprint

40

40

160

Garage Footprint 270

Brookings 40

40

Pedestrian Zone

160

300

Pavilion Zone

Kemper

164

75

Busch

Walker

Brown Goldfarb

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 62

O

50 100

200

300 ft

CAMPUS DESIGN & BUILDING SITES

86

74

30

Givens

Steinberg

Bixby

80 29 81 47 86

View Corridor

70

Crow

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Building Footprint Pavilion Footprint Whitaker

Green

32

70

160

Brauer

160

Rudolph

Basement

130

82

40

120 120

300

40 164

75

6 Walker

Brown Goldfarb

Kemper

5 30

74

73,000

P2

Busch

4

86

3,500

Brookings

Givens

Steinberg

Bixby

80 29 81 47 86

P2

270

110,000** 128,000

P1

160

3,500

79,000

3

160

P1

145,000

2

130

103,000

1

40

1 2 3 4 5 6

Cupples

30

40

Approximate Site Capacity (GSF)*

30

28

70

Crow

70

Garage Footprint

O

50 100

200

300 ft

SITE CAPACITY * Assumes 3.5 above-grade levels and one basement level for academic buildings; and one above-grade level for pavilions ** The Brown School expansion building was under construction at the time this document was published

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

645,000

63

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

design approach The intent of the Framework Plan is to offer general guidance regarding the future placement of buildings and landscape features on the East Campus. A key objective of the site evaluation has been to create a balance between built form and natural features that maintains and extends the character of the Hilltop Campus. Primary criteria involved in the Framework Plan include the location, footprint, height and volumetric disposition of the possible future building opportunities. While detailed design procedures will be associated with any future building project, the following parameters have been established for such architectural explorations to work witihin.

A series of build-to lines define the location and massing of future buildings. They are derived from a line of symmetry drawn from the tower of Brookings Hall, along the center-line of Brookings Drive, and east toward Lindell Boulevard. Two parallel lines are then drawn from the northern and southern extents of Brookings Hall.

These establish build-to lines for the buildings proposed along Brookings Drive. The Kemper Museum already respects this geometry, setting the precedent for buildings to come. On the east extent of East Campus, Walker and Bixby define the build-to line, while on the west Whitaker defines the build-to line.

section looking north

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

brookings

parking garage

future building #1

future building #2

future building #3

rudolph

64

west

east

A secondary set of build-to lines define “pavilion zones”— landscapes where structures such as terraces, bicycle parking, café seating, or pavilions themselves can be thoughtfully located.

The Kemper terrace sets the precedent. It extends 40’ beyond the build-to line toward Brookings Drive. The other buildings proposed along Brookings Drive will follow this geometry. It is not necessary that they all feature terraces per se, however any pavilion structure should respect the 40’ dimension.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Create a balance between built form and natural features

These build-to lines and pavilion zones establish symmetry and protect views of Brookings Hall. As one can enjoy a panorama of Brookings Hall from the Kemper terrace today, the same will be possible on the north side of Brookings Drive. To preserve this condition, any structure built in a pavilion zone along Brookings Drive will be of limited height, delicate massing, uncluttered character, and respectful of views.

future building #5

givens

admissions or market dining

parking garage

future building #2 market dining or admissions brauer

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

section looking west

65

south

north

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE RELATIONSHIPS Inherent in the design approach to future construction on the East Campus is the important consideration of architectural character and the appropriate use of materials. The history of the East Campus and its buildings is slightly more complicated than the Hilltop Campus as there were no clear guidelines established in the early Cope and Stewardson master plan or early development of the campus. While the area was clearly reserved for future use by the university, there was no early guidance about how the land and buildings might evolve.

A merging of disparate styles Over time, the structures which have emerged on East Campus have been varied in character and often idiosyncratic in visual presentation. The earlier buildings, Bixby and Givens Halls, were created on the south side of the precinct with a notable neo-classical character and the predominance of limestone as a building material. The addition of Steinberg Hall and the more recent Kemper Museum and the expansion of the facilities for the Sam Fox School of Visual Art and Design have added a modern interpretation of form and space within this limestone building vocabulary.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 66

On the north side of the precinct, the School of Engineering and Applied Science has expanded with a series of major buildings over the last 20 years which have embraced the extension of the historic collegiate gothic style with its pervasive use of the local red granite as the primary façade material, with accents of limestone trim.

The existing development of the East Campus has been heaviest at

the perimeter of the campus and much less concentrated in the central zone. As defined, the future building sites available must occupy the ‘core’ of the East Campus, necessitating a migration of architectural development in close proximity to Brookings Drive and the historic allee landscape. As noted in these guidelines, care must be taken to provide buildings of appropriate scale and character in this zone.

The convergence of the ‘gothic’ and ‘modern’ stylistic approaches will require careful study for the East Campus. It is recommended that the resolution will emerge as an intermediate, transitional style that will carefully blend the salient attributes of both styles.

While the intent is not to suggest specific architectural design guidelines as part of this study, it is anticipated that such a further evaluation would be important as future design efforts commence.

Through the careful placement, massing and articulation of future buildings and other structures, both above and below grade, forecasted programmatic needs can be accommodated. The resolution of architectural style as buildings start to embrace the new Oval space and reinvigorated Brookings Allee will involve care and attention to details and the appropriate use of materials.

A simpler language of form and composition must address the physical character of the precinct, a merging of disparate styles and a commitment to sustainable and economically responsive buildings. All the while, East Campus’s role as the gateway to the Danforth Campus and its ceremonial approach to Brookings Hall will be protected and enhanced.

O

50 100

200

300 ft

O

50 100

200

300 ft

Maintain the distinction of red granite buildings north of Brookings Drive and lighter limestone buildings to the south

Red Granite Limestone

OPTION 3

O

50 100

200

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

OPTION 2

300 ft

Develop a simpler palette for all future buildings in the central zone of the site which would be designed primarily of limestone

Create a narrower zone on both sides of Brookings Drive which suggests a limestone vocabulary to acknowledge the centrality and balance necessary along the central axis and new Oval leading to Brookings Hall. This would allow for the ‘inner’ side of buildings on both the north and south zones to generate more unique and varied design solutions while presenting a balanced and respectful front to the more public aspect of the precinct.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

OPTION 1

67

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

LANDSCAPE

The East Campus landscape should espouse Cope & Stewardson’s vision for its landscape as a symbolic gateway to the university. At the same time, it should accommodate the university’s contemporary needs and aspirations related to themes such as interdisciplinary collaboration, outdoor events and campus character. These goals can be achieved by reimagining the fundamental elements of landscape design: structure, space, circulation, sequence and environment. East Campus should:

1. Provide visitors with a memorable arrival experience 2. Tie together and foster collaboration between the schools housed in East Campus with the rest of the Danforth Campus 3. Link to Forest Park and surrounding neighborhoods 4. Accommodate a variety of outdoor events 5. Attenuate and treat stormwater and harvest it for irrigation

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THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

FOREST PARK PKWY

RUDOLPH

WHITAKER

green SKINKER BLVD

BRAUER

BROOKINGS

KEMPER WALKER

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brown school expansion

GIVENS

STEINBERG

FORSYTH BLVD

LANDSCAPE PLAN

BIXBY

FORSYTH BLVD

ground level plan This plan illustrates how interior ad exterior space relate to each other. These hypothetical floor plans provide an example of how future buildings could tie into the landscape.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

SKINKER BLVD

brown school expansion

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FOREST PARK PKWY

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

The Oval (looking southwest)

brookings hall brown school expansion

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An open space should be the organizing element for East Campus, providing Arts & Sciences, the Brown School, the School of Engineering & Applied Science and the Sam Fox School with a distinguished presence adjacent to a central, iconic space. Forecourts—open areas in front of the main entrances to buildings—should physically connect each school to the Oval.

And the Oval should facilitate universally-accessible pedestrian movement between the Hilltop, East Campus and Forest Park. An open space of this character can be analogized as a dining room table at which each school has a seat and Brookings Hall sits at the head.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

A new campus open space

An oval shape provides two important advantages over other forms.

Curves are necessary to provide enough length to maintain a codecompliant slope between the Hilltop and East Campus, which are separated by 30 feet in elevation change. Only an oval form provides the necessary run and fits geometrically within the site.

Second, an oval (as opposed to a circle or square), provides the most efficient means of crossing the campus diagonally without creating cow paths, which would compromise the central open space.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

Curves are necessary to provide enough length to maintain a code-compliant slope

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

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preliminary design studies

CRESCENT. This design did not adequately reduce pedestrian/ vehicular conflicts along Hoyt Drive, and it lacked a distinguished open space.

LONGITUDINAL. In this design, ramps to the garage cut off pedestrian circulation between the Hilltop and the Engineering Walk and Arts Walk.

STRETCHED. In this design, the drop-off node at the foot of the Oval was too small to accommodate large gatherings or an outdoor stage

PINCHED. In this design, the Oval and allée were too distinct from each other

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Many permutations of an Oval were considered as part of this study, including (as illustrated on the previous page): a crescent form, a longitudinal oval, a stretched oval and a pinched oval. Ultimately, the recommended design (at left) was chosen for its superior ability to:

1. Provide an elegant foreground for Brookings Hall and a memorable outdoor campus space that ties together the Hilltop and East Campus 2. Gracefully integrate the Allée with the Oval 3. Accommodate the particular needs of Commencement, ThurtenE, Bauhaus and other outdoor events

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

4. Optimize pedestrian and transit connections while removing vehicles from the center of East Campus 5. Connect surrounding buildings with forecourts 6. Create a grand drop-off for visitors 7. Facilitate universally-accessible pedestrian and bicycle connections between the Hilltop, East Campus and Forest Park

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

northeast forecourt

outdoor seating

Discrete threshold between Oval and forecourt

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open view to Oval and brookings hall

low planted boundary for spatial definition AND uninterrupted views

Each building that will have frontage on the Oval should also feature a forecourt, a plaza-like space that precedes the building’s main entrance. These spaces should be designed to facilitate a variety of social and academic activity, including spill-out from class change period, informal interactions, outdoor teaching, and simple hanging out. Moveable café seating should be incorporated into the design of the forecourt that abuts the planned dining venue. The forecourt adjacent the planned Admissions office should include gathering space for beginning campus tours.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

forecourts

Danforth University Center plaza offers a place for small groups using seat walls, and movable and fixed seating (top). An example of a paved area offering cafestyle seating protected by a vegetated boundary that enables distant views (bottom)

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

These spaces should be great venues for gathering and peoplewatching. Well-designed forecourts will enhance the sociability of the campus environment and strengthen perceptions of personal safety. Seating walls, plantings, cafe seating, fine-grained materials and other landscape features can be employed to bring these spaces to life.

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

lesser canopy trees

rain garden

canopy trees

understory

BROOKINGS allÉe (looking west)

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widened mall

“Trees do not live forever. We need to enjoy them with the heart of an artist, but maintain them with the mind of a scientist.”

- Robert Emmett, Urban Forester Since it was planted, the Allée’s trees have been replaced at least twice. The Allée originally comprised 83 trees, evenly spaced along the inside and outside edges of Brookings Drive. The current Allée contains 55 trees. Of those trees, 35 are fully mature and 20 are replacement trees as young as 20 years old. Many of the older trees are declining due to disease and expected to die within ten years. The younger trees would likely remain healthy for many years if left unstressed, but planned utility lines underneath Brookings Drive will damage the root systems of these trees and inevitably trigger significant losses.

1.

Used widely in western European gardens, an allée is a linear landscape framed on both sides by trees or bushes. Allées focus attention on a destination by framing a viewshed and formalizing procession toward that destination.

Current and expected deterioration, and a mix of ages and heights stand to weaken the cohesion and legibility of the Allée. However, these realities present an opportunity to regenerate the trees and improve the landscape for generations to come. The following improvements are recommended:

1. Replant the Allée with multiple tree species to improve resiliency against disease and infestation, and choose durable species that can endure the stresses of urban conditions 2. Widen the Brookings Drive mall to improve views of Brookings Hall and better-accommodate events 3. Plant an understory to intertwine and strengthen root systems 4. Space trees evenly to establish rhythm and focus attention on Brookings Hall and Forest Park 5. Establishing a mid-block crossing to allow north-south pedestrian and bicycle flow between the Arts Walk and the Engineering Walk 6. Install green infrastructure2 to better manage stormwater runoff

2.

Green infrastructure refers to systems that mimic natural processes in order to infiltrate, evaporate and/or reuse stormwater. Gray infrastructure refers to synthetic systems for processing stormwater such as pipes, sewers and culverts.

Source: SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

In place since the early 1900s, the Brookings Allée1 has been cherished by the university and neighborhood communities for several generations. Even though this landscape treasure is historic, it is composed of trees that grow, decline and die. Thus careful stewardship of this landscape will be necessary to ensure it’s sustained health for future generations.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

The Brookings AllÉe

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Planting typology 1. Tall canopy trees

Tree and plant species selected for the Allée and other landscapes should be chosen from the native community for their ability to withstand drought, flooding rains, high heat, seasonal cold, pollution and salt. These selections should also be colorful (especially in spring and fall), attractive in form and texture and easily maintained.

Allées are often planted with a single tree species even though such monocrops are susceptible to epidemics. To increase resiliency by virtue of diversity, it is recommended that a multitude of like species be planted. The examples to the right are a few of many native species that could be employed.

To allow for discrete and incremental regeneration over time

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Even a diverse allée will inevitably lose trees over time, whether to extreme weather, old age or other causes. When trees are replaced, they will likely be out of scale with their mature neighbors if the allée is a regularly-spaced monocrop. This can be avoided by selecting a mix of tall canopy and lesser canopy species, and planting them in stippled rows. This allows for discrete and incremental regeneration over time.

Ulmus americana

Quercus rubra

Juglans nigra

Liquidambar styraciflua

Catalpa speciosa

Diospyros virginiana

2. lesser canopy trees

Aesculus glabra

Juglans cinerea

3. bioswale understory/ornamental trees

Hamamelis virginia

Sambucus canandensis

Amelanchier

Rhustyphina

Cercis canadensis

Cornus sericea

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Planting Plan By planting a mix of tree types and species in stippled rows, trees can be replaced incrementally over time as theyTh inevitably roop Drare lost to extreme weather, age and other causes Hoyt Dr

Whitaker

Brauer

Green

Crow

2

1

Cupples

Skinker Blvd

Rudolph

Forest Park Pkwy

3

1. Tall Canopy Trees

2. Lesser Canopy Trees

6

Busch

5

Kemper Walker

Goldfarb

4

Givens

Steinberg

Forsyth Blvd

Bixby

Skinker Blvd

Brown

3. Bioswale Understory/ Ornamental Trees Lagoon

Dr

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

Brookings

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN aDjoining terraces

walker

accessible entry to terraces Pedestrian AND bicycle path to delmar loop

bixby

ENGAGE STATUE IN ARRIVAL

skin

ker

blvd

arts walk extension

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OPEN VIEWS BETWEEN CAMPUS AND FOREST PARK

forsyth blvd

gateway at forsyth & skinker boulevards

DECORATIVE INTERSECTION PAVING

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Campus gateways & forest park forest park pkwy

East Campus presents an opportunity to better-unite the Danforth Campus with its neighborhood context and Forest Park.

Visual and physical links should be improved at the three gateways to East Campus: Skinker and Forest Park Parkway, Skinker and Brookings Drive and Skinker and Forsyth Boulevard.

A separated bicycle and pedestrian path should be installed along the southbound side of Skinker, similar to the path that connects East Campus, Skinker Station and the Centennial Bikeway.

The Arts Walk and Engineering Walk should extend to Skinker Boulevard and their landscapes should echo that of Forest Park.

Skinker Boulevard should be a seam between Forest Park and the Danforth Campus, not an edge. Finally, the university’s Lindell Boulevard property could become an extension of Forest Park. A passive landscape designed for activities such as small gatherings and quiet contemplation is recommended.

metro bus bay

Decorative paving at intersections

potential sculpture garden Extension of bike path to delmar loop and points south

forest park walker

bixby south entry landscape AND signage that connect to the arts walk

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

East Campus presents an opportunity to better-unite the Danforth Campus with its neighborhood context and Forest Park.

reading garden (Lindell property)

skinker blvd

Coordinate with the City of St. Louis is needed to upgrade these intersections with traffic calming measures such as special paving, speed tables and/or bulb-outs among others. Such measures slow down traffic and increase the safety of pedestrian crossings on Skinker Boulevard. Improved signage and landscaping should be installed at these gateways to identify and formalize entry into the campus.

green

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

engineering walk (looking east)

green hall

Brauer hall

Central paved area cafÉ / study space

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OPEN RECREATION (SUNNY SPACE)

A promenade should tie together the existing and proposed buildings that will compose the new Engineering campus. It should organize the landscape and facilitate pedestrian flow to the Hilltop, Skinker Station and other destinations. A rhythm of nodes should punctuate the promenade where building entrances connect to it. Each of these nodes should be celebrated with unique paving, as is common to other buildings entrances across campus. The interstitial spaces of the new landscape should be thought of as outdoor rooms. They should be designed for outdoor instruction, small group gatherings, private study and passive recreation. Loading docks and service entries should have no place in this landscape. All back-of-house activities should take place through the planned tunnel network below.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Engineering walk

Indoor/outdoor connectivity should be emphasized. Architectural features such as glass curtain walls or colonnades can be employed to facilitate visual if not physical links between building interiors and the landscape. A colonnade has the added benefit of providing shelter during inclement or hot weather, and it would match the precedent set by Brauer Hall.

(Top left) Outdoor classroom at Goldfarb. Corners of terraces, paved areas and colonnades can be useful as ad-hoc meeting spaces or classrooms. (Bottom left) Colonnade at Ridgley Hall.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

Trees and shrubs should be planted in rows to reinforce latitudinal movement, and to avoid conflicting with planned underground utilities. The spaces along the north edge of the promenade should be planted more openly to allow for winter sun to warm the spaces. The south edge will be more protected and shady.

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

ENGINEERING WALK LANDSCAPE FEATURES

shared loading docks

Open Recreation (sunnY) Engineering walk

Central paved area cafÉ/study space

drop-off node

protected pedestrian route/ colonNade

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 86

Arts/EngINEERING pedestrian connection

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

Blending indoor and outdoor space can provide pleasant environments for studying, even when the weather is poor. Peaceful outdoor landscapes should be provided for studying and other quiet activities.

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Arts WALK (looking west)

Brown school

givens

kemper museum

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steinberg

The Arts Walk should tie together the existing and proposed buildings that will compose the Sam Fox School. In doing so, several challenging conditions must be considered. The design of the Arts Walk needs to weave in the complex plazascape into a broader campus fabric. Below this plazascape, Kemper and Steinberg have garden levels that cut cross the Walk to allow light to penetrate from the east. Also, building entrances, and facades in general, are not symmetrical.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Arts walk

A prior landscape plan for the Arts Walk by Michael Boucher should be considered. Particularly, the Boucher plan called for the Arts Walk to connect to Skinker Boulevard, and for the reconfiguration of the plazascape adjacent Kemper to improve pedestrian flow and reduce visual clutter.

The Arts Walk provides an opportunity to showcase student and university collections, and to weave together its plazascape with the broader campus fabric.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

The design of the Arts Walk must navigate these challenges, while improving overall connectivity and providing a varied and interesting sequence of spaces. The promenade should act as the spine that links a series of outdoor rooms. These rooms should allow for art and landscape integration through sculpture display, outdoor classrooms and seating. The changing aspect of the sun throughout the seasons will allow for both sunny open and shady protected spaces. Similar to the Engineering Walk, trees and shrubs should be planted in rows to reinforce latitudinal movement. However, some trees will have to be placed in planters and point-loaded on columns in locations where garden level program exists below.

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

ARTS WALK LANDSCAPE FEATURES

Arts/EngINEERING pedestrian connection

Campus Transit Node

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adjoining AND ADA-accessIble building terraces

Arts walk aligns walker to brown school entries Central paved area reduce/ redesign barriers to connect spaces shared loading docks

reconfigured Arts walk entry and bixby-walker connection

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

New plantings can soften the plaza adjacent to the Kemper Museum (left).

Opportunities for art installations within the arts walk can complement existing installations on the lawn adjacent Forsyth Boulevard (right).

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

OUTDOOR EVENTS

East Campus hosts several of the university’s marquee events, including commencement ceremonies for the university and the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design, ThurtenE, Walk In Lay Down concerts and the Bauhaus Halloween party.

Each of these events carries specific needs for space, capacity, views and other considerations, all of which must be accounted for in the design of outdoor space.

The future East Campus landscape ought to be more than beautiful. Its design should respond to the specific needs of the outdoor events that will take place there

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The following pages detail how the future East Campus can enhance the setting, functionality and overall experience of these important events. The Oval can expand the capacity of university commencement, Walk In Lay Down and other events while maintaining Brookings Hall as an iconic backdrop. This allows the decommissioning of Beaumont Pavilion and the restoration of Brookings Quad to its original design. ThurtenE and Bauhaus can take place within the Oval and the Alleé. Similarly, the School of Architecture and Urban Design commencement can continue to be held within the enhanced Alleé, framed by new buildings instead of parking lots.

The future East Campus landscape ought to be more than beautiful. Its design should respond to the specific needs of the outdoor events that will take place there, as well as the everyday activity it will support.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

1

1 8 6

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3

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1

1

university-wide Commencement

Bauhaus and College of Architecture Commencement

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ThurtenE

OUTDOOR EVENT CONFIGURATIONS

Concerts

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Tree Canopy Picnic Seating Folding Chair Seating Upper Deck Speakers/Equipment

6. Stage 7. Support Area/Backstage 8. Faculty Seating 9. Graduate Seating 10. Facades

11. Carnival Rides 12. School of Architecture Commencement 13. Bauhaus

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1

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

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View of Commencement at the Oval

Commencement is currently held each spring in the Quadrangle, surrounded by four of the university’s oldest buildings: Brookings, Ridgley, Cupples and Busch. Beaumont Pavilion, the outdoor stage, was added in 1965. The Quadrangle is marginally capable of accommodating growing attendence to this important ceremony.

It can safely accommodate 13,000 seats, but it has been projected that many more would attend if additional seating were made available.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Commencement

The Oval presents an alternative setting for commencement that preserves Brookings Hall as a backdrop while expanding the capacity of the event. The Oval can accommodate 18,000 to 22,000 seats with adequate access, egress, processional and presentation capabilities.

The stage and podium can be situated approximately halfway up the hillside facing east. Candidates for graduation and the audience face west, looking up the slightly sloping hillside toward Brookings Hall. This layout allows the procession of the graduates to pass in front Brookings Hall, with the iconic building as the backdrop.

Commencement at the Oval can become a new tradition over time.

It addresses the key issues of capacity, functionality and identity while providing a new, memorable campus place that can furtherstrengthen the iconic presence of Brookings Hall as a symbol of the university.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

The Oval can accommodate 18,000 to 22,000 seats while maintaining Brookings Hall as an iconic backdrop for the event

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

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Bird’s eye view of proposed commencement

The Commencement seating plan is similar to the current plan at Brookings Court, with students centered on stage and the Student Marshals up front. The procession of the Student Marshals follows along the Oval and walkways at the side of the stage.

Students Student Marshals Orchestra Stage/Faculty seating Guest seating

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

BROOKINGS HALL

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

COMMENCEMENT PROCESSION

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

View Angles One of the key planning considerations for the proposed relocation of the Commencement Ceremony is the shift in site orientation, involving both the slight slope of the hillside approach to Brookings Hall as well as the relative solar alignnment for the morning’s activities.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

The gentle slope of the Oval, combined with an appropriate stage at the head of the lawn, will provide full visibility for all seated participants. Regarding the solar orientation, the audience will have optimum alignment, facing west during the morning hours.

The stage orientation, facing east, will have the potential of a slight glare consideration which could be mediated by a canopy or shade device as suggested in the rendering.

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

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Bird’s eye view of performance setup

A temporary stage can be installed for each event and the framework plan considered accommodations for projection screens, sound system speakers and specialized lighting for evening events. Temporary fencing can be installed for ticketed events with entry gates around the venue. Services for vending, toilets and other amenities will be located along Brookings Drive. Parking is available immediately below the venue in the underground parking facility. Access will be through stairs and elevators located at each corner of the quad.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

The universityhas a history of outdoor concerts with symphony and other presenting organizations. The new landscape design for the East Campus provides a natural amphitheater within the Oval.

Up to 17,000 patrons can be accommodated west of a temporary stage at the terminus of Brookings Drive. The slope of the landscape enhances viewing angles for patrons. Installed temporary seating achieves maximum seating capacity and blanket viewing accommodates less formal performances when reduced capacity is acceptable.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

Concerts & performances

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

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CONCERT AND PERFORMANCE SEATING PLAN

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN Stage

Back of stage

Standing/lawn seating

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

Controlled entry points

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

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Bird’s eye view of Thurtene

Founded in 1908, ThurtenE is the oldest and largest student-run carnival in the United States. The annual event takes place each spring and typically attracts more than 80,000 people over the course of the weekend. Like many carnivals, ThurteneE offers standard fare: amusement rides, game booths and fun food.

ThurtenE distinguishes itself in that students directly organize and present entertaining, family-friendly theatrical productions.

illustrates, the surface parking lots that have housed ThurtenE in the past will no longer exist. In lieu of the parking lots, the landscaped open spaces have been planned to provide room for the ThurtenE installations and operations within the eastern half of the newly proposed Oval.

The Framework Plan has been developed with the expressed intent of keeping the legacy and location of ThurtenE as a vital participant in the East Campus. As the rendering (at left)

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4 3

2

Fence

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3.

4.

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6.

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Amusement Rides

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14 15

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Facades

Stage

Cliffhanger Hurricane Moby Dick Round Up Crazy Bus Mini Boomer Scooter Motorcycles

10. Sizzler 11. Cotton Candy 12. Bounce House 13. Coaster 14. Dizzy Dragon 15. Merry-Go-Round 16. Pharaoh’s Fury 17. Portable Toilets 18. Ferris Wheel

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

This proposed strategy provides adequate space for a stage, the carnival rides and the ThurteneE facades. The facades flank the Oval’s path, with the stage central to the event layout. The iconic Ferris wheel could be situated at the east end of Brookings Drive, providing high visibility for the event. Additional carnival rides would be organized along the entire length of Brookings Drive leading to the events on the Oval. The carnival layout is based on rides and attractions from 2013, but the Allée and the Oval are flexible and can accommodate any number of future configurations

The weekend of activities includes carnival rides and creative ‘facades’ built and operated by student groups. The facades house food booths, theatrical performances and games. The event serves as a fundraiser for charity organizations and culminates with a competition among the student groups in which prizes are awarded.

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Thurtene

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

MOBILITY

The university’s mobility system should consider the many types of users that will pass through East Campus. As the primary arrival point to the university, East Campus should provide an intuitive and ceremonial entry sequence for visitors, including the families of prospective students, museum patrons and those attending Policy Forum events. At the same time, it should accommodate the daily flows of faculty, staff and students in a safe and convenient way.

Today, East Campus is an automobile-dominated landscape built around parking convenience. To become a vital campus environment, it must be safe and pleasant for pedestrians and cyclists, and integrated with transit. The university should continue efforts to reduce the demand for parking, and replace current surface parking lots with built solutions that do not degrade the environment. In sum, the university’s mobility system should:

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 106

1. Plan for a sustainable campus transportation system 2. Accommodate long-term growth and the build-out of the campus 3. Enhance safety and security of all transportation options 4. Reduce dependency on independent vehicles 5. Minimize negative transportation impacts to the adjoining communities

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

In 2011, the university’s shuttles and U-Pass program eliminated nearly two million vehicular trips, the equivalent of 5,400 vehicular trips per day.

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN Throop

Forest Park Pkwy

Dr

Whitaker

Vehicular Arrival

Brauer

Rudolph

VIP Arrival

Green

Crow

Pedestrian Arrival Metrolink VISITOR PARKING

Drop-off point Brookings

Parking

Brookings Dr UNDERGROUND GARAGE VISITOR PARKING

Elevator Busch

Kemper

Givens

Goldfarb

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Forsyth Blvd

O

50 100

200

300 ft

arrival sequence

Steinberg

Bixby

Skinker Blvd

Walker

Brown

Forest Park

The arrival sequence should ceremonialize entry into the Danforth Campus and showcase the university’s spectacular architecture and landscape, especially for visitors. Whether coming for a tour, an event, or a visit to the Kemper Museum, many visitors will come looking for parking. They may be unfamiliar with the university’s layout or its parking policies, thus an intuitive arrival sequence is key.

Zones should be provided for motorists who wish to drop off passengers. These zones should be located at the east foot of the Oval, adjacent to Whitaker Hall, and adjacent to the Brown School’s expansion building (which will host frequent and highly-attended public events). For special occasions, VIP guests can be dropped-off at the foot of Brookings Hall.

Most visitors will arrive by car via Forest Park Parkway or I-64. It is recommended that they enter campus via Brookings Drive so they can experience the elegance of the Allée and Oval, with Brookings Hall on the horizon. Visitor parking should be provided on Brookings Drive, and the parking should be short-term (3060 minutes). Short-term parking ensures frequent turnover and increases the probability of finding a space. Moreover, this parking will be adjacent to the new Admissions office, where visitors can obtain a parking pass and campus map, and begin their exploration of the Danforth Campus. This parking can also be reserved for buses or other large tour groups as needed.

The arrival sequence should ceremonialize entry into the Danforth Campus and showcase the university’s spectacular architecture and landscape MetroLink riders will arrive via Skinker Station, emerging at the corner of Forest Park Parkway and Skinker Boulevard.

From there, they will pass through the archway of Green Hall, a gateway that will communicate a clear sense of passage into a distinct campus environment.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

Long-term visitor parking should be provided in the top level of the underground garage. Repeat visitors will likely park there directly, but first-time visitors might need directions. From the garage, elevator/stair towers will deposit visitors at key campus landmarks: at the foot of Brookings Hall and inside the pavilions of planned buildings.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Arrival Sequence

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

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East Campus, by contrast, is a landscape designed for and dominated by automobiles. Surface parking lots generate a constant flow of traffic. Hoyt Drive lacks sidewalks, forcing pedestrians to risk walking in drive lanes. The Brookings Drive Mall is surrounded by a wide expanse of asphalt.

In the future, most vehicular activity should occur underground, allowing the ground level to be a pedestrian realm like the Hilltop.

East Campus should feature a gracious and functional network of pedestrian walks. This network should:

1. Emulate the exceptional quality of the pedestrian experience that the Hilltop currently provides 2. Extend and improve the east-west patterns of circulation that run the length of the Danforth Campus 3. Facilitate longitudinal and diagonal connections 4. Establish ADA-accessible connections between the Hilltop and East Campus There are two latitudinal pedestrian routes that cross East Campus.

On the north side, pedestrians travel between the Hilltop and Skinker Station via the School of Engineering & Applied Science.

This route functions well today, and the proposed pedestrian

network is primarily a reinforcement of its existing qualities.

However, Hoyt Drive will ramp underground, north of this route, so pedestrians can travel freely at grade without conflict with vehicles. On the south side, a parallel route runs between the Sam Fox School and the Hilltop. This route is walled off at its eastern terminus, but should extend and connect to Forest Park. Hoyt Drive will ramp underground, south of this route, to avoid pedestrian-vehicular conflicts and allow latitudinal connections.

While current latitudinal connectivity is strong, East Campus lacks longitudinal and diagonal pedestrian paths altogether. To travel between the Sam Fox School and the School of Engineering & Applied Science, a pedestrian must cut through parking lots and across Brookings Drive, which lacks a mid-block crosswalk.

Crossing the campus diagonally is similarly challenging. There are no paths to facilitate this direction of movement. As East Campus develops, the desire for these connections will increase, and will be accommodated by a major longitudinal path extending from the Kemper Museum to Brauer. The Oval will facilitate diagonal pedestrian movement.

The Oval will also provide accessible routes between the Hilltop and East Campuses. To travel between the two today requires pedestrians of limited mobility to take a circuitous route up the hillside. The Oval will provide a more integrated experience.

These improvements will contribute to a complete reorientation of East Campus toward pedestrians, and away from automobiles.

They will enhance connectivity within the Danforth Campus as well as connectivity with Forest Park and the university’s surrounding neighborhoods.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

As a pedestrian, it is easy to recognize the majestic qualities of the Hilltop campus. It is free of vehicles, trees shade the summer sun and buffer winter winds, and handsome architecture frames delightful open spaces. It is a fantastic environment to experience as a pedestrian.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Pedestrian experience

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Primary Pedestrian Route (accessible) Secondary Pedestrian Route (accessible)

Secondary Pedestrian Route (non-accessible)

Compton

Whitaker Brauer

Rudolph Crow

1

Cupples

Bus Stop MetroLink Station Entrance

Brookings

5

Kemper

alk w ute n i 5-m 200

300 ft

PROPOSED PEDESTRIAN NETWORK

Forest Park

4

Givens

Steinberg

Bixby

Lagoon

Forsyth Blvd

Skinker Blvd

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 112

50 100

6 Walker

Brown Goldfarb

3

2 Brookings Dr

Busch

O

Green

Skinker Blvd

Elevator to underground garage

Forest Park Pkwy

Dr Throop

Hoyt Dr

Primary Pedestrian Route (non-accessible)

2.5-minute walk

Forest Park Pkwy

Dr

Forest Park Pkwy

Dr

Bicycle Parking Node MetroLink Station Entrance

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Throop

Whitaker Brauer

Rudolph

Green

Crow

Separated Bicycle Path Bicycle Route

3

2

Skinker Blvd

1

Brookings Brookings Dr

Busch

5

Kemper

Walker

Brown Goldfarb

6

4

Givens

Steinberg

Forest Park

Bixby

Forsyth Blvd

O

50 100

200

300 ft

PROPOSED BICYCLE NETWORK

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

CENTENNIAL GREENWAY

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

A bicycle parking node (left) is a centralized parking facility for bicycles. In a campus setting, a parking node is placed at the nexus of a pedestrian zone and a high-traffic bicycle route. Cyclists dismount, park, and continue to their final destination on foot.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 114

The Centennial Greenway (second from left) plugs the Danforth Campus into St. Louis’ metropolitan bicycle network. Bicycle-pedestrian conflicts can be minimized through the establishment of dismount zones (second from right) and shared paths (right).

By centralizing bicycle parking into parking nodes, the clutter of distributed bike racks can be avoided In East Campus, the Engineering Walk and the Arts Walk will be designated pedestrian zones. Parking nodes, of the character of the examples noted above, will be located at the gateways to these zones to allow cyclists to dismount and continue on foot.

Outside these pedestrian zones, paths will be shared between cyclists and pedestrians. The university has an established method of demarcating pedestrian lanes versus bike lanes, using stonework within the vocabulary of campus materials. A similar method should be continued throughout the East Campus.

Many cyclists will use the Centennial Greenway to access East Campus. It is anticipated that traffic from the west, particularly the South 40 and the South side of the Hilltop, will use the Centennial Greenway, then turn onto Hoyt Drive. Accordingly, a parking node will be located adjacent to the planned Graduate School of Design building in order to collect this traffic in advance of the Arts Walk pedestrian zone.

Traffic coming from the east is anticipated to access East Campus via Brookings Drive. Therefore, a shared pedestrian/bicycle path along the south side of Brookings Drive is imperative. This path will lead to a parking node adjacent Kemper, again to serve the function of collecting bicycle traffic before it reaches pedestrian zones. On the north side of East Campus, it is anticipated that traffic will arrive from the west along Throop Drive, and from the north along Skinker Boulevard. Accordingly, parking nodes are sited adjacent to the planned SEAS expansion building and Green Hall, respectively, to head off traffic at both ends of the Engineering Walk.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

The university’s bicycle infrastructure system is based on designated bicycle routes and centralized bicycle parking nodes.

The bicycle routes distribute cyclists to the parking nodes, where cyclists park and continue on foot to their final destination. This system separates cycling traffic from designated pedestrian zones in order to avoid bicycle/pedestrian conflicts. Also, by centralizing bicycle parking into parking nodes, the clutter of distributed bike racks can be avoided. The Olin Library parking node is an exemplary application of this system. A visual amenity in and of itself, the node is conveniently located in a high-demand area along a designated bike route.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Bicycle experience

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

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116

PROPOSED TRANSIT SYSTEM

1. Access from the stop to the rider’s final destination should not exceed a five-minute walk 2. Stops should be spaced far enough apart to maintain efficient average speeds 3. Stops should be consolidated to facilitate easy transfers Two shuttle-only stops should be located within the garage: one adjacent to the north stairs/elevators, the other adjacent to the south stairs/elevators. The university’s Green Line and Campus Circulator will utilize these stops, making the garage a primary point of departure for riders of those lines whose destination is within East Campus.

A bus stop should be located along Skinker Boulevard to link Metro’s red and gold bus routes to Skinker MetroLink Station.

It should feature separate northbound and southbound bus bays that align with station entrances, in order to facilitate easy connections to the underground trolley platform. Riders should not need to cross a street to transfer between the bus and MetroLink.

Finally, a bus/shuttle stop should be located at the intersection of Forsyth Boulevard and (to be demapped) Hoyt Drive. Metro’s red and gold bus routes, and the university’s Green Line and Campus Circulator will stop here. The proposed west campus shuttle should stop here as well; however its drop-off point should be on the southbound stretch of the Hoyt drop-off loop. It should not stop on the eastbound side of Forsyth Boulevard.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

Transit should be embraced as a fundamental mode of transportation for all users of the Danforth Campus: students, faculty, staff and visitors. This can be accomplished while simultaneously establishing a pedestrian environment that limits vehicles. City buses should be routed along the perimeter of East Campus, and campus shuttle vans should be routed through the underground garage that lies beneath the Oval. Using this approach, transit vehicles can serve East Campus without crossing through it. The placement of bus/shuttle stops along these routes should follow several guidelines:

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Transit Experience

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EXISTING EAST CAMPUS TRANSIT SYSTEM METROLINK CIRCULATOR

Throop Dr

RED LINE GOLD LINE

ATOR CIRCUL INE L N GREE

Rudolph

Whitaker

Brauer

Green RED LINE GOLD LINE

Bus Stop (one direction) Crow

Pedestrian Link

Transit Line

Cupples

Transit Line (one direction) CIRCULATOR RED LINE GOLD LINE

2.5-minute walk 2.5-minute walk

Brookings Dr Brookings

CIRCULATOR

Busch

Kemper

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 118

Goldfarb GREEN LINE CIRCULATOR RED LINE GOLD LINE

Givens

Steinberg

Bixby

Forsyth Blvd

Skinker Blvd

Walker

Brown

Forest Park

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

PROPOSED EAST CAMPUS TRANSIT SYSTEM

SKINKER (NORTHBOUND)

METROLINK CIRCULATOR

CIRCULATOR GREEN LINE

Throop Dr

Whitaker

Skinker Blvd

Brauer

Stop (one direction)

strian Link

SKINKER (SOUTHBOUND)

sit Line

Cupples

sit Line (one direction)

GARAGE NORTH

minute walk 2.5-minute walk

RED LINE GOLD LINE

Brookings Dr

GARAGE SOUTH Kemper

GREEN LINE CIRCULATOR WEST CAMPUS SHUTTLE RED LINE GOLD LINE

Givens

Bixby

Forsyth Blvd

Skinker Blvd

HOYT

Forest Park

HOYT

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

Busch

119

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

VEHICULAR EXPERIENCE

While the design of East Campus should prioritize the quality of its pedestrian environment, many campus users will rely on private automobiles. The prevailing and engrained driving culture should not be ignored. The following recommendations will accommodate convenient automobile access without sacrificing the quality of the pedestrian environment:

1. Replace surface parking lots with an underground garage and locate its entry ramps outside of major pedestrian routes 2. Replace Hoyt Drive with a promenade 3. Bar all vehicles from crossing through East Campus (except emergency vehicles and VIP dropoffs) 4. Connect all East Campus basements to existing loading docks (at Brauer and Steinberg) via a tunnel network so that service and deliveries can occur underground

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 120

To achieve a balance between parking demand and parking supply, measures to reduce demand should be given as much consideration as supplying parking. Several existing demandmanagement programs have successfully reduced dependence on the automobiles. Parking should be considered within the context of these programs and the university’s campus-wide regulatory obligations.

121

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

In 2011, the university’s shuttles and U-Pass program eliminated nearly two million vehicular trips, the equivalent of 5,400 vehicular trips per day (left).

Enterprise CarShare, the university’s car sharing service, has grown 233% since its 2009 inaugural year (right).

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 122

The university provides free Metro passes to full-time students, benefits-eligible faculty and staff and full-time employees of qualified service providers through its U-Pass program. In the fall of 2011, over 20,000 U-Passes were distributed and 1.8 million boardings were recorded. The university also runs several free campus circulators, which recorded nearly 175,000 boardings in the last fiscal year.

Parking permits are priced to encourage remote parking. Remote parking permits cost $15 annually, whereas basic permits cost $495 and reserved spaces cost $1179. West and North Campuses host most remote parking, where parking resources are underutilized (West Campus contains 1,400 spaces that are only 64% utilized).2 Parking permits of any kind are not available to freshmen.

Car sharing is provided through Enterprise CarShare. Ten cars are available in five on-campus locations. Over 10,000 Enterprise CarShare reservations were made in 2011, a 233% increase from the program’s inaugural year in 2009.

1. Transportation Demand Management at Washington University in St. Louis. CHANCE Management Advisors, Inc. 2012.

2. Washington University Parking and Transportation Services 3. Washington University Office of the University Registrar

The university houses 64% of its undergraduate students oncampus.3 While not a transportation policy, housing students on campus reduces transportation demand by eliminating the need to commute.

The university’s transportation demand management policies and programs have eliminated demand for between four and seven percent of its on-campus parking supply It is known anecdotally that cycling on campus has risen significantly in the past few years, mirroring a national trend. No data is available to measure how many individuals have given up a car in favor of a bike, but the trend is undoubtedly driving down automobile traffic and parking demand. Recent investments in bike infrastructure, such as the Forsyth Avenue bike path and parking nodes across campus, have encouraged increased bicycle activity. The university is committed to redoubling these efforts.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

The university’s transportation demand management policies and programs have eliminated demand for between four and seven percent of its on-campus parking supply, according to a recent study.1 This equates to 200 to 350 spaces, which is the size of the larger Sam Fox School’s surface lot. Several policies and programs have led to this result.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Transportation demand management

123

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

SWOT Analysis strengths

weaknesses

Compact and walkable campus

Lack of available development parcels

Commitment to sustainability

Lack of parking access control and parking data

Fully-subsidized transit pass (U-Pass)

Lack of awareness of alternative transportation programs

Good working relationship with Metro

Negative perceptions of riding Metro

Breadth and depth of existing programs

Infrequent MetroBus and MetroLink service

Available satellite parking

Lack of comprehensive alternative transportation marketing plan

Surplus of residential parking supply (South 40)

Bicycle and pedestrian barriers

Willingness to pilot programs

Limited number of bicycle routes to campus

Hiring of alternative transportation coordinator

opportunities

threats

Significant number of commuters live near campus or existing transit

Ingrained driving culture

Pricing of parking permits can disincentivize driving

Access to parking viewed as an entitlement

Partnership with academics (civil engineering, GIS)

Unknown economic climate

Partnership with other campus groups

Little control over public transit operations and level of service

Reduction of county parking requirements

Neighborhood parking impacts

Issues coming to a head

Resistance to alternative transportation modes Increased event-related parking demand

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 124

Increased pedestrian/bicycle conflicts

Increase participation in non-car transportation programs Provide a marketing and commuter benefits branding mechanism and elevate the level of employee engagement. These programs should be measured and evaluated after a short timeframe (e.g., three years) and ineffective programs should be tweaked or eliminated. Participation in alternative transportation programs and parking and transportation activity should be benchmarked through a formal data collection program. The newly hired Alternative Transportation Coordinator will play a critical role in integrating, promoting and developing alternative transportation programs.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Encourage satellite parking Commuters should be strongly encouraged to use satellite parking, especially West Campus. West Campus has a 500-space parking capacity that is poorly utilized, and it features a convenient connection to the Danforth Campus via MetroLink and MetroBus. While lowered permit prices have encouraged a small number of commuters to park in West Campus, additional incentives are necessary, including: 1. Increasing parking permit prices for the Danforth

Campus 2. Educate commuters and dispelling myths about MetroLink

Negotiate to permit non-resident parking at the South 40 The university should start discussions around the use of South 40 parking facilities for commuters. The South 40 has approximately 150 to 200 spaces of available parking capacity, but county zoning law mandates these spaces to support only residential housing.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

A 2013 study by Vanasse Hangen Brustlin (VHB) found that, with a robust commitment to alternative transportation, an additional 10 percent reduction in parking demand can be achieved. This equates to approximately 430 spaces. The VHB study recommended the following actions be taken to improve the university’s parking experience:

125

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Existing surface parking in East Campus . The Framework Plan’s recommendations replace these parking lots with buildings and landscape, relocating the lost parking spaces to an underground garage.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 126

To serve the particular needs of East Campus users, particularly visitors, replacing surface lots within East Campus is the only realistic option. A new garage should be built that contains approximately 900 spaces and achieves the following goals: 1. Locates parking within an area of high existing and future

parking demand 2. Minimizes risk of not meeting future parking demand 3. Obviates need for additional parking facility in East Campus 4. Minimizes operational challenges associated with large parking garages

Determine prorations and permit price increases The most likely scenarios for funding the East Campus garage are increased parking permit prices, increased prorations from schools, or a combination of the two. Funding discussions are still in their preliminary stages; however, it is anticipated that the parking permit prices will increase over the next several years.

Study parking price elasticity of demand Elasticity is based on many different factors including the availability of public transit and car-sharing, quality of bicycle infrastructure, income, average distance travelled, and other factors. While national figures suggest that parking demand elasticity ranges from 0.1 to 0.6 (for every 10% increase in

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

parking costs, the anticipated reduction in parking demand is between 1 to 6%) it is unclear how elastic demand is for the university community. Since it is anticipated that parking permit prices will increase significantly, a study to determine the elasticity of parking demand for the campus should be conducted. This will help guide estimates of future parking demand and thus future investments in parking facilities (if necessary). It will also provide input for any future parking permit price increases and the financial implications of doing so.

Continue to review campus-wide parking permit structure Given the anticipated changes to the parking and transportation infrastructure and policy over the next several years, continued review of the campus-wide parking permit structure is recommended. The current parking permit structure limits the university’s ability to vary parking costs based on areas of contrasting parking demand. A survey should be conducted that includes questions regarding the current permit structure and potential changes to it. The responses can reveal motorists’ preferences (e.g., if required to choose, which would motorists prefer: adjacent parking, low cost, guaranteed space?); and as a result can inform changes to the parking permit structure.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

Construct a parking garage in East Campus

127

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Forest Park Pkwy Throop Dr

Throop

Dr Rudolph

Future Development Site

Hoyt Dr.

Removed Parking

1

Cupples Cupples

Spaces Removed -200

Total

995

7

-200

50 100

3

Brookings Dr

-136 -76 -227 -101 -55

Busch Busch

5

Kemper Kemper

Walker

Brown Goldfarb

200

300 ft

PARKING SUPPLY

6

4

Givens Givens

Steinberg Steinberg

Bixby Bixby

Skinker Blvd

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2

Forsyth Blvd Forsyth Blvd

O

Green

Skinker Blvd

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 128

Brauer Brauer

Crow

The Oval

Site

Whitaker Whitaker

Forest Park

In determining the optimal supply of parking in East Campus, careful consideration should be given to the quality of the campus environment, its transportation policy and goals and the regulatory obligations the university must meet.

St. Louis County currently requires the university to provide 4,630 spaces within the Danforth Campus.1 At present, the university supplies 5,109 spaces, leaving a surplus of 479. As the university’s population grows, the required parking supply will grow with it. According to current population forecasts, the County will require approximately 4,900 spaces by 2020; much of this demand is attributed to East Campus growth.

To cancel out the planned removal of existing parking, an underground garage should be built in East Campus. The garage should offset, or nearly offset, the planned removal of 995 surface parking spaces. Any gap can be subtracted from the university’s 479-space surplus.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Parking

The layout of the garage should integrate harmoniously with the landscape and circulation patterns planned for East Campus.

It should connect to a planned tunnel network to facilitate underground service and deliveries. It should be well-ventilated, feature clear signage and intuitive wayfinding. And its top floor should be flat so special events can be accommodated.

As the same time, the university is planning to remove the surface lots in East Campus, which together contain 995 spaces. In the future, the 1,1010-space Millbrook garage may be demolished as well. In order to keep pace with the county parking requirement, most of these spaces must be replaced, or the county requirement must be renegotiated.

1. St. Louis County Zoning Code sec. 1003.165

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

In order to keep pace with the county parking requirement, most of the spaces must be replaced.

129

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 130

brown school expansion

GARAGE ENTRANCE FROM FORSYTH BOULEVARD

garage entrance

drop-off loop

RUDOLPH

BRAUER

3

1

2 5

BROOKINGS

5 2

1

KEMPER

BROWN SCHOOL EXP.

GIVENS 4

STEINBERG

After careful study of numerous sizes and configurations, it is recommended that a two-story, 920-car garage be built immediately east of Brookings Hall. A garage of this capacity replaces 92% of surface parking in East Campus and is sufficient to meet the parking demand that existing and planned development is forecasted to generate.

A wide and shallow (two-story) layout is recommended over a deeper, more compact layout for its ability to connect to both the Hilltop and East Campus. A wide layout allows elevators and stairs to surface within the attached pavilions of planned buildings and at the foot of Brookings Hall. A new admissions office and new dining venue are planned for the pavilions. These uses, and Brookings Hall, are highly-public destinations. Direct access to them from the garage enables a convenient arrival sequence for visitors.

Two access ramps should be provided: one connecting to Forest Park Parkway and the other to Forsyth Boulevard. These ramps effectively submerge Hoyt Drive, which is critical for maintaining the ability of campus buses and MetroBus to access East Campus.

Access ramps to Brookings Drive may also be provided. While these ramps would allow a more ceremonial arrival sequence for motorists (by affording views of the Allée and Brookings Hall), such ramps would degrade the pedestrian environment and come at a considerable cost. Moreover, no more than two ramps are necessary from a traffic flow standpoint.

FORSYTH BLVD 1 2 3 4 5

Elevator/handicap access to the Hilltop Elevator/handicap access to planned buildings Forest Park Parkway Entrance Forsyth Boulevard Entrance Brookings Drive Entrance (optional)

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

FOREST PARK PKWY

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Garage design

131

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 132

1. identify garage entry

4. identify pedestrian exits

2. enter garage

5. Approach stair

3. find a parking spot

6. approach garage exit

It is recommended that the garage’s floors be flat. Among several advantages, flat floors allow users to see from one side of the garage to the other. Unobstructed site lines help users identify exits and contribute to a sense of personal safety.

7. exit garage

For many visitors, the garage will be the port of entry to the university.

Human beings have an appreciation for natural light and fresh air. Light wells can be integrated into the design of the garage to allow sunlight to penetrate the structure and air to flow through it. They also connect the user to the outdoor environment above, counteracting the cavernous feel that many underground garages imbue.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

For many visitors, the garage will be the port of entry to the university. The experience of entering, parking, and exiting the garage will influence first impressions. Thus, the quality of user experience should be considered with great care. A garage that can be navigated intuitively and is pleasing to walk through stands to positively influence visitors’ initial experience at the university.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

parking experience

133

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

SUNLIGHT

SUNLIGHT

NATURAL AIR

PLANTING BED

environmental impact

60% (+/-) NATURAL AIR passive ventilation

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 134

60% (+/-) NATURAL AIR

daylight potential

groundwater pressure

structure “Bubble decks” drastically reduce the volume of required concrete, reducing costs and improving environmental performance while maintaining required structural strength.

geo-exchange Geo-exchange uses the stable temperature of the earth to reduce temperature differential in air conditioning and ventilation systems. This strategy reduces cooling load in summer and heating load in winter.

electric lighting Electric lighting loads can be reduced through daylight sensors, LED and other high-efficiency bulbs, occupancy sensors and timers. These strategies ensure the lights are on only when needed.

water Directing stormwater run-off to swales or rain gardens reduces load on municipal system and reduces risk of flash flooding. It is also possible to capture, store and reuse rainwater on site for irrigation, toilet flush, and other greywater applications.

daylighting Providing openings in the top and sides of the garage improves visibility while creating opportunities for natural ventilation and reduced lighting loads. Daylight can also be used selectively to establish simple wayfinding beacons to pedestrian exits.

natural ventilation Using natural ventilation drastically reduces energy demand used for conditioning space and moving fresh air. Coupling passive and active ventilation with occupancy and CO2 sensors can further reduce the energy demand.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

High-performance integrated design improves efficiency, overall performance, comfort, cost, beauty and durability.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

high performance integrated design

135

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 136

adapted reuse of a parking garage at the ucla medical center

In the long term, the university may consider permanently reprogramming a portion of the garage. The current nationwide decline in car ownership rates may precipitate a reduction in parking demand, or the university may consider reducing parking supply as a policy decision. In any case, the top level of the garage should feature flat floors, adequate ceiling height, and access to natural light so that it can be repurposed as academic, studio/ workshop, administrative, research or other uses.

The UCLA Medical Center recently completed an adaptive reuse of a former parking garage. It retrofitted portions of the structure for an eye research laboratory and outpatient treatment clinics; and it plans to repurpose additional space for a book repository in the near future. The UCLA example is particularly relevant to Washington University in St. Louis for three reasons:

1. The adaptive reuse occurred incrementally over a period of years as demand for parking diminished and needs for programmatic space increased.

2. The garage’s access ramps and pedestrian circulation systems were designed to allow concurrent occupancy by parking and other uses.

3. The garage has a landscaped terrace as its roof.

Section of garage (looking north) elevator access to the Hilltop

flat floor and vaulted ceiling

whitaker

brauer

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

The underground garage should be designed for use beyond parking; both for temporary transformations and permanent adaptations. The university puts on several unique events and installations that could take place in the garage. For example, the Sam Fox School’s Walter Gropius-themed Halloween party, Bauhaus, is currently held under a tent in the parking lot adjacent Walker Hall. It will be displaced when that parcel is developed.

Movie screenings, art installations and receptions are a few other examples of events the garage can accommodate. Moreover,the novelty of a garage setting stands to add a unique flavor to these events.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Alternative uses for the garage

137

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 138

adapted reuse Featuring flat floors, vaulted cielings, and access to natural light an air; the garage can be repurposed for tempory uses such as movie screenings, receptions and installations among others. Or it can permanently adapted for galleries, archives, a cafeteria, or other uses.

139

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EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Proposed Basement Footprint Existing Basement Footprint

Whitaker Green Rudolph Brauer

Crow

Skinker Blvd

Above-Grade Footprint

Forest Park Pkwy

Dr Throop

Service Elevator

Surface Access

Brookings

Service Access to Pavilions Brookings Dr

Kemper Basement Access Busch Walker

Brown Goldfarb Givens

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 140

Forsyth Blvd

O

50 100

200

300 ft

BASEMENT PLAN

Steinberg

Bixby

Forest Park

The garage should tie into a tunnel network that allows the centralization of service and deliveries. In doing so, servicerelated pedestrian-vehicle conflicts can be minimized, and the need for additional, unsightly loading docks can be obviated. Service and delivery vehicles should be able to access all East Campus buildings from any of three points: the garage, Brauer loading dock, or Steinberg loading dock. Walker and Building 6 are exceptions. Existing utility infrastructure occludes a basement connection to these buildings.

The garage should be utilized for small deliveries. Its clearance should be 13 feet; sufficient to allow delivery vans, campus shuttle vans and ambulances. Any greater clearance would require the ramps to interrupt surface-level pedestrian walks. The loading docks at garage level B1 should be flush with the B1 levels of Building 1 and Building 5.

Brauer and Steinberg loading docks should be utilized for large deliveries because they can accommodate full-size trucks. These loading docks should tie into the tunnel network by reconfiguring existing interior circulation and constructing new tunnels as shown in the diagram to the left.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Service Access

The perimeter of the existing Walker parking lot should be adapted into an alley that can accommodate service and delivery access to Walker Hall and Building 6. Neither of these buildings can be connected to the tunnel network due to an existing utility duct bank adjacent to Kemper’s east facade.

Finally, the basements of Green Hall and Building 3 should not be connected. Needed utility lines will require an unobstructed underground corridor to run east out of the Engineering Quad, hence this underground space should be kept open.

future building #5

givens

admissions or market dining

future building #2 underground garage

market dining or admissions brauer

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

SERVICE ACCESS

141

south

north

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

INFRASTRUCTURE

The development of East Campus will require new infrastructure and the relocation of some existing infrastructure. Utility lines along Hoyt Drive and beneath surface parking lots need to be rerouted to make room for the garage and the basements of new buildings; and need to be coordinated with future landscape conditions to protect the root systems of trees and to manage stormwater. The sequence of these investments has implications for how the build-out of East Campus is phased.

East Campus contains a network of sewers that carry both stormwater and sanitary waste to a public sewer system located outside the limits of the campus property. The outside edge of the campus is a major utility corridor for water, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, electric and telecommunications. These corridors should be maintained to limit service disruptions and significant utility relocation costs.

Civil Engineering

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 142

Utility corridors are planned for both the north and south sides of Brookings Drive. Sanitary and storm sewers should be located within these corridors to serve the development of the new buildings in East Campus.

Planned stormwater improvements include providing storm sewers and drainage structures to carry runoff from the developed areas to the existing sewers, relocating the existing underground detention pipe and relocating the existing irrigation cistern.

Infrastructure investments need to be coordinated with future landscape conditions to protect the root systems of trees Due to the proposed tunnels, two separate storm sewer systems may be required. One system would capture, transport and direct stormwater to the relocated underground stormwater detention system. The otherwould capture the roof drains from the new buildings and direct it to the relocated underground stormwater detention system. The design of the detention should be coordinated with the stormwater master plan requirements and future development.

East Campus sewers will connect to the existing public sewer at the intersection of Brookings Drive and Skinker Boulevard, which is a combined sewer system. There is a possibility the basement levels (elevation 489’) of Buildings 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 are below the

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

hydraulic grade line at the connection to the existing 12’x 12’ box culvert. If this is the case, we would recommend that this level (elevation 489’) be designed with a backup mechanical pump system that would provide continual operation of the building drainage system in the event that large storm events surcharge the downstream system. All buildings connected to the new storm and sanitary sewers should be protected from downstream sewer backups that may occur during significant rain events with a backflow protection device.

At the time of this report, stormwater quality treatment will not be required by the Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District (MSD) for East Campus projects because the projects are within the combined sewer area. However, the university should consider the implementation of BMPs such as bioswales, bioretention basins, pervious pavement and disconnected roof drains, to promote Low Impact Development and sustainability and to assist in acquiring stormwater related LEED points.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

Careful planning will be required to ensure the stormwater within the Engineering Walk can drain by gravity rather than require a mechanical pump for discharge. Since tunnels are proposed to connect East Campus buildings, an unobstructed corridor must be preserved for the routing of a storm sewer (and utilitiy lines). Underground building connection elevations and utility minimum depth requirements should be established as part of the master plan for future planning uses.

143

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

S S M C W

W

Water Main

C

Chilled Water

S

Sanitary Sewer

M

Mechanical, Electrical, and Telecommunications

S

Stormwater

W

M C

W

S

W

M

C W

M

Stormwater Detention Basin

S M C

S

S

W

W

Rainwater Harvesting Cistern

M W

S M C

M

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 144

M C

W

W

O

50 100

200

300 ft

EXISTING UTILITIES PLAN

S

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

S

W

Forest Park Pkwy S M C W

Building Footprint (Above Ground)

Rudolph

Whitaker M

Green

Brauer

Basement Footprint W

Water Main

C

Chilled Water

S

Sanitary Sewer

M

Mechanical, Electrical, and Telecommunications

S

Stormwater

Crow S

1

2

3 S

Brookings

S

S

STORMWATER DETENTION BASIN

S

S

Busch Brown

W

S

4

Forsyth Blvd

50 100

200

300 ft

PROPOSED UTILITIES PLAN

M C

S

5

6

Kemper

Forest Park

M

Walker M C

Bixby

Steinberg M C

O

W

S

Stormwater Detention Basin Potential Location for Rainwater Harvesting Cistern

S W

Skinker Blvd

S M C

C

W

W

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN MOBILITY

1

145

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

building 1

brauer

building 2

519’Second Floor Elevation

Second Floor Elevation

519’

30’

TELE/COMM DUCTBANK

typical section looking north

WATER

507’First Floor Elevation

CHILLED WATER

506’

16’

Program Space

Program Space

489’Basement Floor Elevation

Basement Floor Elevation

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

SUB-SOIL DRAIN

SUB-SOIL DRAIN 10” SANITATION

5'

10'

507’

Service Tunnel

12’

146

First Floor Elevation

506’

20'

CONNECTED BASEMENTS AND UTILITIES

12” ST.

489’

Chilled water is a one-pipe loop circulating in a counter clockwise direction. This design is similar to the system the serves the Danforth Campus for the area of campus west of Hoyt. Most buildings will have a chiller sized for the building load that is connected to the one-pipe chilled water loop. Opportunities should be explored, where feasible, to provide a single chiller that can serve an additional building if project phasing and geometry allows.

Heating water is from two regional plants: Thermal Plant #5, located in Whitaker Hall to serve the buildings north of Brookings Drive; and Thermal Plant #6, located in Kemper Art Museum to serve the buildings south of Brookings Drive.

Water for potable and fire use is a combined system that is connected to the St. Louis City water supply located in Skinker Boulevard; it is a looped system with one connection near Forest Park Parkway and the second connection located near Forsyth Boulevard. Buildings are connected with a three valve arrangement that allows feeding to the building from either direction off the loop if a section of the loop is unavailable due to maintenance or repairs.

Natural gas is a single feed from the power plant; the line runs along the campus perimeter paralleling Forest Park Parkway and Skinker Boulevard.

Electric is provided from the power plant to regional distribution switchgear located in Whitaker Hall. From Whitaker Hall 5kV loops provide power through a ductbank and manhole system around the parameter of the precinct with a portion left to be completed along Hoyt Drive.

Telecommunications are distributed through a ductbank and manhole system around the parameter of the precinct with a portion left to be completed along Hoyt Drive. Telephone service is from Brookings Hall and data service is from Rudolph Hall.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

The existing utility infrastructure for East Campus was planned to provide utilities to Whitaker Hall. The design was for the utilities to be on the outer perimeter of East Campus, within close proximity to the future buildings while not impacting the future building sites. The side along Hoyt Drive was left uncompleted to allow for a future underground parking garage, with the exception of chilled water and water needed for the systems to function, knowing that they would need to be rerouted in the future when the garage construction occurred.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Site Utilities

147

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

plan view

section

Supply/ Return Header

8” Dia. x 300’ D. Bore (Typ.)

Supply/Return Piping to each Loop (Typ.) Maintain 20’ Radius Clearance @ Each Bore Hole

T.O. Limestone 8” Dia. x 300’ D. Bore (Typ.)

Maintain 20’ Radius Clearance @ Each Bore Hole

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 148

POTENTIAL GEO-EXCHANGE SYSTEM

Minimum 300’ Bore Depth

The excavation of the garage site presents an opportunity to install a ground-source heating and cooling system, referred to as “geoexchange.” Such systems use the earth as a heat source during winter months and a heat sink during summer months. A field of wells, each at least 300 feet deep, is bored into the

The recommended...scheme...would produce enough heating and cooling load to condition approximately 75,000 square feet of interior space

The capacity of a geo-exchange system in East Campus depends on the size of the proposed underground parking garage. The larger the footprint, the more wells can be bored and the greater the capacity of the system. The recommended two-story garage scheme would allow about 100 wells to be bored, which would produce enough heating and cooling load to condition approximately 75,000 square feet of interior space.1 This is the rough equivalent of one academic building. However, it is recommended that the geo-exchange system tie into the university’s existing chilled water loop that serves East Campus. This approach would yield greater efficiencies and it would reduce the heating and cooling load of multiple buildings.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Geo-Exchange

1. Adapted from estimates provided by Integral Group. June, 2012.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

ground to facilitate thermal exchange between building interiors and the earth below. Geo-exchange systems are among the most energy and cost-efficient heating and cooling systems available.

They produce zero local emissions and represent a low-impact alternative to conventional HVAC systems.

149

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN Forest Park Pkwy

r

D Throop

Stormwater Flow

+507.37

Rudolph

+507.29

Pervious Landscapes Crow +511.00

Stormwater Outflow into the City of St. Louis Combined Sewer System

1

2

+507.00

+507.00

3 +507.00

Brookings +502.00

+513.00

+534.00

+491.50

+500.00

+507.38

Busch

5 Goldfarb

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN 150

4

Forsyth Blvd

50 100

200

300 ft

stormwater management plan

Kemper

+507.20

Brown

O

Skinker Blvd

Underground Detention Basin

+507.37

+507.17

6 Walker

Steinberg

Bixby

Forest Park

1. It is often cheaper to build, maintain and replace 2. Rainwater is harvested and stored for use as a free irrigation source 3. Stormwater attenuation occurs on campus before it enters the city’s combined sewer system 4. Water-borne pollutants are effectively treated 5. It can provide a visual and ecological amenity Some green infrastructure is already in place in East Campus. As part of its LEED certification, the Engineering Complex draws its irrigation water from two retrofitted sewer lines that harvest rainwater from roofs. They are located beneath the Engineering parking lot. In order to free that land for development and

1.

SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry.

maintain LEED certification, the retrofitted sewer lines should be replaced by a dedicated rainwater harvesting cistern to be located beneath the Brookings Drive Mall.

A system of bioswales should provide the primary infrastructure for managing surface runoff. A bioswale is a low tract of land that attenuates the flow of water and filters out pollutants. It is both a devise for cleaning water and mitigating flooding. It can also be a visual amenity if careful attention is paid to landscape design.

If a rain event significant enough to overwhelm the bioswale system’s ability to process the incoming volume of water occurs, water will overflow into an underground detention basin beneath the Brookings Drive Mall. This detention basin will act as a fail safe that prevents floodwater from entering the city combined sewer system.

The university is committed to sustainable land stewardship for the campus, immediate neighbors and for the City of St. Louis, Clayton and the River Des Peres watershed. Doing so provides meaningful “real-world” examples of sustainable design in the daily lives of students. Interpretive signage should also be a part of this effort to make sure that all are aware of the university’s sustainable design features.

THE FRAMEWORK PLAN

The development of East Campus will require existing stormwater management infrastructure to be replaced and new infrastructure to be built. This presents an opportunity to invest in “green infrastructure,” a term that refers to systems that mimic natural processes in order to infiltrate, evaporate and/or reuse stormwater.

Green infrastructure provides alternatives to conventional “gray infrastructure”: synthetic systems for processing stormwater such as pipes, sewers and culverts.1 Green infrastructure presents several advantages over gray infrastructure, including the following:

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Green infrastructure

151

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

152

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Completing The Vision Process & Communications Phasing

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

Continuity & Transformation

153

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Process and communications

As with any campus development project, the implementation of the framework plan involves coordination with many stakeholders.

Those internal to the university include faculty, staff and students; and those belonging to the broader university community include alumni, donors, neighbors and friends. Public stakeholders include municipal officials and other regulatory and entitlement bodies. All stakeholders should be involved in the process of bringing to bear the vision for East Campus.

The university has active relationships with these stakeholders in place and it has already engaged many of them on its plans for East Campus. The City of St. Louis Zoning Code requires the university to file a Community Unit Plan (CUP) detailing its long-term vision for campus development. Since the university filed a CUP in 2001 (updated in 2007), it has been meeting regularly with the City and its Board of Aldermen as the university’s vision is implemented incrementally. The university has also engaged stakeholders internal to the university. The Executive Vice Chancellor for Administration is engaged with the University Management Team (UMT) and other groups on campus.

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION 154

As the process continues, stakeholder engagement should redouble around the multiple individual projects that will come out of the framework plan. The Office of Government & Community Relations and the Office of Facilities Planning & Management will need to work together and with university administration to develop processes that engage stakeholders of each project.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

flow chart of communications INTERNAL WUSTL COMMUNITY

CK

ALUMNI

A DB

E

GOVERNMENT & COMMUNITY RELATIONS COMMUNICATION

DONORS

EA

TR

OU

OU

COMMUNITY/ NEIGHBORHOOD ORGS

CH

EA

TR

FACILITIES PLANNING & MANAGEMENT

FE

& CK

BA

ED

FE

IMPLEMENTATION

CITY OF CLAYTON CITY OF ST. LOUIS ST. LOUIS COUNTY

FRAMEWORK PLAN

PROJECT 1

PROJECT 2

PROJECT 3

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATION

&

CH

155

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

PHASING

There are multiple sequences by which East Campus can be built out, but four principles drive the general ordering of projects.

Chief among them is that the garage should be built first in order to remain in compliance with St. Louis County parking minimums. Second, the Oval should immediately follow the completion of the garage, leveraging the capping work across both projects.

Fundraising outcomes, shifting priorities, pedagogy and other forces will ultimately determine which sequence the university chooses to pursue.

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION 156

Third, construction of any portion of the Engineering campus triggers the need to replace a stormwater detention basin and a rainwater harvesting cistern that currently lies beneath the site. And fourth, any Brookings Drive improvements and allée regeneration (not already completed as part of the Oval) should not proceed until all utility investments have been completed, so that newly-planted trees go undisturbed and fresh pavement is not torn up to place utility lines. Within this general order, the exact project sequence is flexible; projects can be shuffled and/or grouped.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Rather than prescribe a particular phasing sequence, four alternative sequences were studied under the framework plan.

Except where noted, architectural and landscape projects were expected to span two years of pre-construction and two years of construction. Infrastructure projects were expected to span one year of pre-construction and one year of construction.

Fundraising outcomes, shifting priorities, pedagogy and other forces will ultimately determine which sequence the university chooses to pursue. Any of these alternatives is a logical path toward fulfillment of the university’s vision for East Campus.

phasing principles 1. Construct the garage first.

3. The stormwater detention basin and rainwater harvesting cistern must be replaced before construction of the Engineering campus can proceed.

4. All infrastructure investments must be complete before Brookings Drive improvements can proceed.

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

2. The Oval should immediately follow the garage.

157

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Sequence A PROJECT SCHEDULE Brown School Expansion

‘13

‘14

‘15

‘16

‘17

‘18

‘19

‘20

‘21

‘22

‘23

'24

'25

'26

'27

'28

'30

'31

'32

'33

Utility Relocations (Garage) Underground Garage (1) The Oval (A) Brookings Drive Improvements Phase I (B) Harvesting Cistern Replacement (C) Detention Basin Replacement (D) Utility Relocations (SEAS) SEAS Building (2) Utility Relocations (Sam Fox) Graduate School of Design Brookings Drive Improvements Phase II (E) SEAS Building (4) SEAS Building (5) Kemper Museum Expansion

Pre-Construction

Construction

Enabling Project

Dependent Project

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Capital investments are spread out over a longer period

Sequence of building out East Campus is most protracted

Construction sites are most compact

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION 158

Phase 2

Phase 3

Cap the garage with the Oval.

Replace the rainwater harvesting cistern and stormwater detention basin. Complete Phase I of allée regeneration and construct the first Engineering building.

FOREST PARK PKWY

P DR

THROO

FOREST PARK PKWY

P DR

THROO

P DR

THROO

Brauer

Brauer

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Phase 1

Relocate utility lines and construct the underground garage. This phase can begin the day after 2015 Commencement.

FOREST PARK PKWY

Brauer

c 2 Brookings

1

Brookings

a

Kemper

b

Kemper

Forest Park

Phase 4

Phase 5

In any sequence: regenerate the Allée, improve Brookings Drive, and complete the Kemper Museum expansion and the Engineering campus. FOREST PARK PKWY

FOREST PARK PKWY

P DR

architectural projects 1 2 3

P DR

THROO

4

Brauer

Brauer

5 6

4 Brookings

3

Kemper

Forest Park

e

landscape and site projects

e

a b

6 Forest Park

C D e

FORSYTH BLVD

FORSYTH BLVD

Underground Garage SEAS Building Graduate School of Design SEAS Building SEAS Building Kemper Museum Expansion

5

Brookings

Kemper

Forest Park

FORSYTH BLVD

Reroute utility lines to Skinker Boulevard and construct the Graduate School of Design building.

THROO

d

Kemper

Forest Park

FORSYTH BLVD

FORSYTH BLVD

c

The Oval Brookings Drive Improvements (Phase I) Rainwater Harvesting Cistern Stormwater Detention Basin Brookings Drive Improvements (Phase II)

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

Brookings

159

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Sequence B PROJECT SCHEDULE Brown School Expansion

‘13

‘14

‘15

‘16

‘17

‘18

‘19

‘20

‘21

‘22

‘23

'24

'25

'26

'27

'28

'30

'31

'32

'33

Utility Relocations (Garage) Harvesting Cistern Replacement (C) Detention Basin Replacement (D) Utility Relocations (SEAS) Underground Garage (1) SEAS Building (2) The Oval (A) Brookings Drive Improvements Phase I (B) Utility Relocations (Sam Fox) Graduate School of Design Brookings Drive Improvements Phase II (E) SEAS Building (4) SEAS Building (5) Kemper Museum Expansion

Pre-Construction

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION 160

Construction

Enabling Project

Dependent Project

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Shorter overall construction period is achieved by undertaking multiple projects simultaneously

Funding simultaneous projects requires significant Phase 1 capital In Phase 1, the entire East Campus, from Brookings Hall to Skinker Boulevard, would be a construction zone for 20 months Increased difficulty and cost associated with the construction of the Sam Fox School graduate design building

Phase 2

Phase 3

Cap the garage with the Oval.

Complete Phase I of the allée regeneration, relocate utility lines and construct the Graduate School of Design building.

P

THROO

FOREST PARK PKWY

P DR

THROO

FOREST PARK PKWY

P DR

THROO

Brauer

Brauer

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Phase 1

Relocate utility lines, and replace the rainwater harvesting cistern and stormwater detention basin.

Construct the underground garage and the first Engineering building simultaneously. FOREST PARK PKWY DR

Brauer

2 Brookings

Brookings

1

c

d

Kemper

Brookings

a

b

Kemper

Forest Park

FORSYTH BLVD

FORSYTH BLVD

3

Forest Park

Kemper

Forest Park

FORSYTH BLVD

Phase 4

In any sequence: regenerate the Allée, improve Brookings Drive, and complete the Kemper Museum expansion and the Engineering campus. FOREST PARK PKWY P DR

Brauer

4 Brookings

5

architectural projects 1

e

2

e Kemper

3

6

4 Forest Park

5 6

Underground Garage SEAS Building Graduate School of Design SEAS Building SEAS Building Kemper Museum Expansion

landscape and site projects a b C D e

The Oval Brookings Drive Improvements (Phase I) Rainwater Harvesting Cistern Stormwater Detention Basin Brookings Drive Improvements (Phase II)

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

THROO

FORSYTH BLVD

161

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Sequence c PROJECT SCHEDULE Brown School Expansion

‘13

‘14

‘15

‘16

‘17

‘18

‘19

‘20

‘21

‘22

‘23

'24

'25

'26

'27

'28

'30

'31

'32

'33

Utility Relocations (Garage) Utility Relocations (Sam Fox) Underground Garage (1) Graduate School of Design The Oval (A) Harvesting Cistern Replacement (C) Detention Basin Replacement (D) Utility Relocations (SEAS) SEAS Building (2) Brookings Drive Improvements Phase I (B) Brookings Drive Improvements Phase II (E) SEAS Building (4) SEAS Building (5) Kemper Museum Expansion

Pre-Construction

Construction

Enabling Project

Dependent Project

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Shorter overall construction period is achieved by undertaking multiple projects simultaneously

Funding simultaneous projects requires significant Phase 1 capital

Infrastructure investments are spread out over time

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION 162

Phase 2

Phase 3

Cap the garage with the Oval.

Relocate utility lines, replace the stormwater detention basin and rainwater harvesting cistern, construct the first Engineering building, and complete Phase I allée regneration.

FOREST PARK PKWY DR

FOREST PARK PKWY

P DR

THROO

FOREST PARK PKWY

P DR

THROO

Brauer

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Phase 1

Relocate utility lines, and construct the underground garage and the Graduate School of Design building simultaneously.

P

THROO

Brauer

Brauer

C 2 Brookings

Brookings

Brookings

a

1

3

Kemper

b

Kemper

Forest Park

FORSYTH BLVD

FORSYTH BLVD

C

Kemper

Forest Park

D

Forest Park

FORSYTH BLVD

Phase 4

In any sequence: regenerate the Allée, improve Brookings Drive, and complete the Kemper Museum expansion and the Engineering campus. FOREST PARK PKWY P DR

Brauer

5

4 Brookings

architectural projects 1

e

2

e Kemper

3 6

4 Forest Park

5 6

Underground Garage SEAS Building Graduate School of Design SEAS Building SEAS Building Kemper Museum Expansion

landscape and site projects a b C D e

The Oval Brookings Drive Improvements (Phase I) Rainwater Harvesting Cistern Stormwater Detention Basin Brookings Drive Improvements (Phase II)

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

THROO

FORSYTH BLVD

163

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Sequence D PROJECT SCHEDULE Brown School Expansion

‘13

‘14

‘15

‘16

‘17

‘18

‘19

‘20

‘21

‘22

‘23

'24

'25

'26

'27

'28

'30

'31

'32

'33

Utility Relocations (Garage) Utility Relocations (Sam Fox) Harvesting Cistern Replacement (C) Detention Basin Replacement (D) Utility Relocations (SEAS) Underground Garage (1) Graduate School of Design SEAS Building (2) The Oval (A) Brookings Drive Improvements Phase I (B) Brookings Drive Improvements Phase II (E) SEAS Building (4) SEAS Building (5) Kemper Museum Expansion

Pre-Construction

Construction

Enabling Project

Dependent Project

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Shorter overall construction period is achieved by undertaking multiple projects simultaneously

Funding simultaneous projects requires significant Phase 1 capital

Shortest for building out East Campus

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION 164

In Phase 1, the entire East Campus, from Brookings Hall to Skinker Boulevard, would be a construction zone for 23 months

Phase 2

Phase 3

Cap the garage with the Oval.

In any sequence: regenerate the Allée, improve Brookings Drive, and complete the Kemper Museum expansion and the Engineering campus.

FOREST PARK PKWY

P DR

THROO

FOREST PARK PKWY

P DR

THROO

FOREST PARK PKWY

P DR

THROO

Brauer

Brauer

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Phase 1

Relocate utility lines; replace the stormwater detention basin and rainwater harvesting cistern; and construct the underground garage, first Engineering building, and the Graduate School of Design building simultaneously.

Brauer

C 2

4 Brookings

1

C

3

FORSYTH BLVD

Kemper

Brookings

e b

a

D

e Kemper

Forest Park

FORSYTH BLVD

Kemper

Forest Park

6 Forest Park

FORSYTH BLVD

architectural projects 1 2 3 4 5 6

Underground Garage SEAS Building Graduate School of Design SEAS Building SEAS Building Kemper Museum Expansion

landscape and site projects a b C D e

The Oval Brookings Drive Improvements (Phase I) Rainwater Harvesting Cistern Stormwater Detention Basin Brookings Drive Improvements (Phase II)

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

Brookings

5

165

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

166

Bird’s eye view of interim conditions

As East Campus develops, thoughtful consideration of interim conditions is needed to ensure a high-quality campus environment is maintained without wasteful investments in temporary landscapes. It may take approximately 15 to 20 years to build out East Campus. During this period, inexpensive yet elegant landscapes should be installed so that unbuilt parcels contribute to the campus environment rather than detract from it.

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

Interim conditions

1923 For much of its history, East Campus was a temporary landscape that consisted of lawn and limited plantings.

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

Once the garage is complete, the surface parking lots that are not developed can be converted into temporary landscapes (retaining the parking lots is discourged, for they are obviated by the garage).

These spaces are suitable for a number of temporary uses, including but not limited to: lawn, a recreation field, art installations or a pop-up cafe. Ironically, these parcels were temporary landscapes before parking was installed. They can be restored to that condition or adapted to other desired interim uses.

167

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

CONTINUITY & TRANSFORMATION

The development of East Campus will involve both continuity and transformation. Great educational institutions thrive by maintaining a balance between the traditions that distinguish them, and the many forces of change they constantly confront.

Tradition and continuity are powerful sources of strength, reflected in each institution’s mission, cultural values and place identity. Continuity requires dedicated stewardship and spirited renewal of the institutional mission and campus environment.

Institutions such as Washington University in St. Louis nourish these strengths by infusing the campus with new vitality, honoring traditional settings while advancing their relevance as places of contemporary learning and living. New architecture and landscapes should not only elevate academic and campus life, but also strengthen the identity of the institution.

Such opportunities are clearly present in East Campus, which will play the leading role in the university’s next chapter of growth.

The initiatives this framework plan proposes for East Campus

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION 168

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

honor both its extraordinary sense of place and the evolving notions of transformation being embraced by the university. The essence of how a framework plan ought to balance tradition and change was captured in the enduringly relevant vision of the university’s original campus designers, Walter Cope and John Stewardson. In 1899, they asserted the priority of the plan was:

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

“To make a design in harmony with the striking character of the site but so flexible in plan as to provide the freest possible growth without confusion or revolution.”

169

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

170

171

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

EAST CAMPUS FRAMEWORK PLAN

IMPLEMENTING THE VISION

172