Tule River Indian Tribe of California- Priority Climate Action Plan & Comprehensive Climate Action P by bluestrike

Tule River Indian Tribe of California JUNE 30, 2025 PREPARED

COMPREHENSIVE CLIMATE ACTION PLAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This project has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under assistance agreement No. 98T79601 to the Tule River Indian Tribe of California. The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the EPA, nor does the EPA endorse trade names or recommend the use of commercial products mentioned in this document.

TULE RIVER INDIAN TRIBE TRIBAL COUNCIL

Lester R. Nieto, Jr., (Shine) • Chairperson

Franklin Carabay, Jr. • Vice-Chairman

Amanda Sierra • Secretary

Michele McDarment • Treasurer

Neil Peyron • Member

Charmaine McDarment • Member

Nick Martinez • Member

Heather Teran • Member

Douglas Vera • Member

PROJECT TEAM

Sabino Martinez • Tribal Project Manager

Victor Silvas • Tribal Administrator

Valerie Williams • Grants & Contracts Coordinator

Hope Romero • Deputy Tribal Administrator

Nancy McDarment • Grants & Contracts Compliance Officer

Kerri Vera • Director, Department of Environmental Protection

Wendi Correa • Director of Planning & Community Development

John Gichuki • Director of Public Works

Jossalyne Carrillo • Executive Administrative Assistant

Janeah Perez • Department Assistant, Department of Environmental Protection

Liam Huber • Department of Energy Fellow

Carla Carothers • Project Administrative Assistant

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CONSULTING TEAM

Rich Swanson, Energy & Climate Director, Blue Strike Environmental

Anna Bugankova, Energy & Climate Senior Manager, Blue Strike Environmental

Sol Shepherd, Energy & Climate Analyst, Blue Strike Environmental

Marley Dooling, Energy & Climate Analyst, Blue Strike Environmental

Zane Cintas, Sustainability Program Manager, Blue Strike Environmental

Brittany Mahoney, Energy & Climate Technical Analyst, Blue Strike Environmental

With deep gratitude, we acknowledge the Tule River Indian Tribal community, Tribal Council, and all the individuals, staff members, nonprofits, community groups, and partners who contributed to the creation of this Plan. We extend special thanks to the broader tribal community for participating in our surveys and to everyone who provided data, shared expertise, offered insights, and supported the development of this Comprehensive Climate Action Plan. Thank you!

ACRONYMS

CLIMATE & ENVIRONMENTAL EMISSIONS

ACRONYM FULL MEANING

GHG Greenhouse Gas

CO₂ Carbon Dioxide

CH₄ Methane

SO₂ Sulfur Dioxide

N₂O

Nitrous Oxide

TOC Total Organic Compounds

SF₆ Sulfur Hexafluoride

EF Emission Factor

HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons

PFCs

Perfluorocarbons

CO₂e / MTCO₂e Carbon Dioxide Equivalent / Metric Tons of CO₂ Equivalent

Lbs Pounds

VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

CAP Criteria Air Pollutants

HAP Hazardous Air Pollutants

GWP Global Warming Potential

PM Particulate Matter

PM2.5 Fine Particulate Matter

BOD₅ Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5-Day)

NOX Nitrogen Oxides

TOF Trees Outside Forests

HWP Harvested Wood Products

ACRONYMS

CLIMATE PLANNING & REPORTING TOOLS

ACRONYM FULL MEANING

CCAP

PCAP

RPS

ICLEI

Comprehensive Climate Action Plan

Priority Climate Action Plan

Renewable Portfolio Standard

International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives

USCP U.S. Community Protocol

IPCC

LEARN

EUI

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Land Emissions and Removals Navigator

Energy Use Intensity

AVERT Avoided Emissions and Reduction Tool

LGO

CARB

Local Government Operations Protocol

California Air Resources Board

TCR The Climate Registry

EPIC

eGRID

NEI

NLCD

Electric Program Investment Charge

Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database

National Emissions Inventory

National Land Cover Database

GAP Gap Analysis Program (land protection classifications)

CY Calendar Year

ACRONYMS

ENERGY SYSTEMS & INFRASTRUCTURE

ACRONYM FULL MEANING

AMI

SCADA

Advanced Metering Infrastructure

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

TUA Tribal Utility Authority

PV Photovoltaic

PPA

BESS

DER

VFD

HVAC

LEED

Power Purchase Agreement

Battery Energy Storage System

Distributed Energy Resource

Variable Frequency Drives

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

EE Energy Efficiency

RE Renewable Energy

kWh Kilowatt-hour

kW Kilowatt

h Hour

t Tonn

KV Kilovalt

ROW Right of Way (Referring to the Right of Way Agreement form)

BTU British Thermal Unity

MMBtu Million British Thermal Units

CAMX California-Mexico eGRID Subregion

TRANSPORTATION & MOBILITY

ACRONYM FULL MEANING

VMT

CAFE

Electric Vehicle

Vehicle Miles Traveled

Corporate Average Fuel Economy

ACRONYMS

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES & PROGRAMS

ACRONYM FULL MEANING

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

DOE Department of Energy

DEMD Division of Energy and Mineral Development

USDA REAP

United States Department of Agriculture Renewable Energy Development Assistance

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs

IHS Indian Health Service

CEC California Energy Commission

CPUC California Public Utilities Commission

CPRG Climate Pollution Reduction Grant

AERI America’s Ecosystem Restoration Initiative

IRS Internal Revenue Service

HUD U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

REDA Renewable Energy Development Assistance

WMPPD BIA Water Management, Planning, and Pre-Development

TECR Tribal Energy and Climate Resilience Program

EERE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

SCE Southern California Edison

BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics

SETO Solar Energy Technologies Office

ICERP Indian Community Energy Resilience Program

EDA Economic Development Administration

FUNDING & LEGISLATION

ACRONYM

FULL MEANING

IRA Inflation Reduction Act

WIOA

Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act

FTA Federal Transit Authority Grants

EECBG Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant

WAP Weatherization Assistance Program

LIHEAP Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program

SGIP Self-Generator Incentive Program

PTC Production Tax Credit

ITC Investment Tax Credit

CWISA Clean Water Indian Set Aside (EPA Program)

DWIG-TSA Drinking Water Infrastructure Grants - Tribal Set Aside

UTI

Utility Savings Initiative

WIFIA Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act

WMPDD Water Management, Planning, and Pre-Development (BIA Program)

ICDBG Indian Community Development Block Grant

DEQ Department of Environmental Quality

EILP Energy Improvement Loan Program

ECAA Energy Conservation Assistance Act

SCDW Small Community Drinking Water Program

TPA Tribal Priority Allocations

CWSRF Clean Water State Revolving Fund

TSWGP Tribal Solid Waste Grant Program

SWIFR Solid Waste Infrastructure for Recycling Program

WIIN Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation

ACRONYMS

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE & TOOLS

ACRONYM FULL MEANING

START

LEARN

Strategic Technical Assistance Response Team

Land Emissions Removals Navigator

SWANA Solid Waste Association of North America

GBES

BPI

CEA

EMP

PPP

Green Building Education Services

Building Performance institute

Certified Energy Auditor

Energy Management Professional

Public Private Partnerships

EPC Energy Performance Contracts

IASS

IRR

NPV

CEM

TEDC

Infrastructure Services

Internal Rate of Return

Net Present Value

Certified Energy Manager Certification

Tribal Energy Development Capacity

OTHER

ACRONYM FULL MEANING

KPI

ABAU

BAU

C&D

SOP

FTE

Key Performance Indicator

Adjusted Business As Usual

Business As Usual

Construction and Demolition

Standard Operating Procedure

Calendar Year

Full-Time Employee

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Tule River Indian Tribe of California proudly presents its first Comprehensive Climate Action Plan (CCAP), a foundational roadmap that affirms the Tribe’s commitment to environmental stewardship, energy sovereignty, and long-term climate resilience. Rooted in Tribal values and informed by scientific analysis and community collaboration, the CCAP outlines strategic actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, improve public health and safety, and protect cultural and natural resources for future generations.

Developed through a rigorous, inclusive process, the CCAP builds upon the Tribe’s GHG Inventory and previous climate planning efforts. It identifies nearterm and long-term GHG reduction targets and offers tailored strategies that reflect the realities of the Tribe’s geography, infrastructure, and governance. These strategies span the energy, buildings, water, and waste sectors, and are designed to enhance energy efficiency, reduce environmental risks, and strengthen Tribal sovereignty.

The CCAP includes six actionable measures: forming a Tribal Utility Authority (TUA) to increase energy independence; deploying smart meters in government buildings; conducting energy retrofits of existing facilities; integrating advanced monitoring systems into water infrastructure; and advancing waste reduction through diversion programs. Each measure is supported by implementation timelines, quantified benefits, and funding pathways, ensuring feasibility and accountability.

As a living document, the CCAP will guide the Tule River Indian Tribe’s climate journey into the coming decades, aligning Tribal governance with sustainability, resilience, and the preservation of ancestral lands. Through this Plan, the Tribe reaffirms its leadership in climate action and its enduring responsibility to protect its people and environment.

The Tule River Indian Reservation was established by Executive Order in 1873 as a permanent homeland to the Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Indian Reservation, California. The Tribe is governed by a nine-member Tule River Tribal Council. The Reservation is located in southeastern Tulare County in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and originally encompassed 55,356 acres of trust land. The terrain is predominantly mountainous and rugged, with elevations ranging from around 900 feet at the western edge to over 7,500 feet at the eastern boundary. Tribal settlements are primarily located at lower elevations along the South Fork Tule River, near the Reservation’s western portion. Over time, the Tribe has reacquired approximately 17,598.40 acres of its aboriginal territory beyond the original Reservation boundaries.

The Tribe is one of the largest landholding tribes in California. It has a total membership of 2,014 enrolled Tribal members, with approximately 1,198 individuals residing on the Reservation. Residential areas extend roughly seven miles along North Reservation Road, with an additional four miles of housing served on the southern route. The closest urban center, Porterville, located approximately 23 miles away, is a critical hub for goods, services, and access to broader regional resources.

This CCAP has been developed in response to the increasingly visible effects of climate change on the Tribe’s lands, infrastructure, and community well-being. The Tribe is already experiencing the consequences of these changes, including heightened wildfire risk, temperature extremes, shifts in precipitation, summer water shortages, frequent power outages, and increased vulnerability of infrastructure. These challenges underscore the urgent need for longterm, coordinated action.

The Plan boundary for the CCAP includes the entirety of the original reservation - 55,356 acres of trust land- plus approximately 2,013.12 acres of trust and fee lands adjoining the original reservation boundary. While this does not represent all lands owned by the Tribe or held in trust, it allows the CCAP to focus on strategies that directly impact Tribal operations and the Reservation’s residential community. Although the Tribe’s cultural and historical connections extend far beyond these boundaries, this targeted approach ensures more effective and actionable outcomes.

Building on prior efforts, such as the Priority Climate Action Plan (PCAP), this CCAP integrates technical analysis, GHG inventories, and the lived experiences of Tribal members. It establishes a strategic framework for reducing emissions while strengthening community resilience to both current and future climate-related threats.

The CCAP addresses four key sectors:

• Energy and the Built Environment

• Water, Wastewater, and Solid Waste Management

• Land Use and Cultural Resource Preservation

• Community Health and Resilience

Once adopted, this CCAP will serve as a living document, regularly updated to reflect new data, technologies, evolving climate conditions, and ongoing community input. It will incorporate clear performance metrics to track progress, promote accountability, and maintain alignment with the Climate Pollution Reduction Grant (CPRG) program’s long-term goals for emissions reduction.

Through this Plan, the Tule River Tribal Council reaffirms its commitment to environmental stewardship, tribal sovereignty, and the protection of future generations. This CCAP marks a critical and forward-looking step in securing a sustainable, resilient future for the Tribe and its lands.

CPRG OVERVIEW

The CPRG program, administered by the EPA, is an initiative funded by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA) to provide grants to states, local governments, Tribes, and territories for the development and implementation of ambitious plans for reducing GHG emissions and other harmful air pollutants. CPRG is structured to diminish GHG emissions, thereby mitigating climate change. It provides financial support to states, municipalities, Tribes, and territories for devising and executing measures to reduce emissions. Alongside GHG reduction, CPRG endeavors to revive ecosystems, enhance infrastructure, stimulate economic growth, and enhance public health by alleviating the pollution burden disproportionately borne by disadvantaged communities. Through this program, the EPA aims to achieve three overarching objectives:

• Address damaging climate pollution while promoting the creation of employment opportunities and reducing energy expenses for households.

• Expedite efforts to rectify environmental injustices and empower community-led solutions in areas burdened by environmental issues.

• Improve air quality by curbing harmful air pollutants in residential, occupational, recreational, and educational environments.

To realize these objectives, the CPRG program comprises two primary phases:

1. Planning (PCAP & CCAP): This phase focuses on the development of PCAPs and CCAPs, both of which are funded through CPRG Planning Grants. The PCAP focuses on short-term, high-priority emission reduction measures, while the CCAP provides a more comprehensive roadmap for long-term strategies.

2. Implementation: This phase entails the execution of PCAP and CCAP objectives by CPRG Planning grant recipients; to accomplish these objectives, eligible participants may apply for competitive CPRG Implementation Grants. Overarching CRPG program goals for this phase include:

• Implementation of ambitious measures to achieve significant cumulative GHG reductions by 2030 and beyond.

• Pursuit of measures yielding substantial community benefits, particularly in low-income and disadvantaged communities, such as the reduction of Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs) and Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs).

• Complementary utilization of other funding sources to maximize GHG reductions and community benefits.

• Pursuit of innovative policies and programs that are replicable and scalable across multiple jurisdictions.

The Tribe’s PCAP satisfied the first deliverable outlined in the CPRG Planning Grant. It became the framework for this CCAP, which satisfied the remaining Planning Grant deliverable.

CCAP PURPOSE AND SCOPE

A CCAP serves as an actionable, community-informed roadmap to reduce GHG emissions across all major sectors. Building on the foundational yet sector-specific work of the PCAP, the CCAP identifies a comprehensive suite of GHG reduction measures spanning all economic sectors. These measures are informed by a comprehensive GHG emissions inventory, and each measure is accompanied by detailed assessments of both qualitative and quantitative co-benefits, including a robust co-pollutant reduction analysis. The plan also evaluates implementation authorities, funding pathways, and workforce development needs to ensure effective execution.

While the constituent parts of a CCAP certainly define its purpose, the resulting plan is more than the sum of its parts. A CCAP is the product of a sustained and collaborative process that engages multiple levels of government, integrates meaningful community input, and incorporates feedback from a wide range of stakeholders. It reflects the unique local context of the planning region and is designed to be both ambitious and implementable. Ultimately, this CCAP strengthens and expands the Tule River Tribe of California’s understanding of its GHG sources and sinks and sets both near-term and long-term emission reduction targets.

APPROACH TO DEVELOPING THE CCAP

This CCAP was developed through a collaborative process involving the Tribe, Tribal Departments, broader Tribal community, key stakeholders, and contracted professionals with expertise in climate strategy development, energy analysis, and community engagement. Building on the foundation established during the development of the PCAP, the CCAP employed a similar methodology to ensure a comprehensive understanding of GHG sources and sinks. This process helped identify community climate priorities and develop GHG reduction strategies tailored to the Tribe’s unique needs.

The planning process included biweekly meetings with a dedicated project team, as well as presentations to the Tribal Council at pivotal stages of the CCAP’s development. Multiple community-wide surveys were conducted to capture environmental concerns and gather feedback on proposed GHG reduction measures. A site visit to the Tule River Reservation further grounded the planning in the local context. In addition, individual meetings were held with topic area advisors from within the Tribe, agency partners, and other stakeholders essential to implementing the plan. Additional details on the planning process can be found in the Tribal CCAP Management and Development Team section.

THE TRIBAL CCAP MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT TEAM

The Tribal CCAP development team was composed of Tribe representatives and stakeholders, including departmental directors, grant managers, topic-area advisors, and third-party consultants. This team met biweekly throughout both PCAP and CCAP development to track project progress, identify ongoing development needs (i.e., funding constraints, data availability, etc.), and provide guidance during GHG reduction measure ideation.

Due to the Tribe’s size, many Tribal government employees are also direct stakeholders within the Tribal community, with many living on the reservation and in the City of Porterville. Feedback was regularly solicited from staff within government departments most relevant to issues concerning the environment, natural resources, water, and land use, to ensure that measures could be implemented by the Tribe and reflect broader community priorities around climate action. These meetings complemented traditional stakeholder engagement and outreach efforts, such as community-wide and data collection surveys, which are detailed below in Appendix B.

Finally, the development team reported to the Tribal Council at key junctures within the planning process to align GHG reduction measures with broader Tribal priorities and ongoing initiatives. These meetings with the Tribal Council were crucial for the CCAP adoption by the Tribe and provided important opportunities for feedback from Tribal leaders.

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR TRIBAL OR TERRITORIAL ENTITIES

In 2022, the Tribe completed a comprehensive energy feasibility study funded by the California Strategic Growth Council. This study aimed to assess the Tribe's energy usage, estimate GHG emissions, and propose measures to reduce emissions from various sources on the reservation. Results were compiled into a document that became the 2022 Tule River Indian Tribe Energy Feasibility Report (herein referred to as the Energy Feasibility Report). To build on the work completed in this study and address urgent environmental challenges (i.e., sustainable energy management, air pollution, and public health outcomes), the Tribe chose to participate in the CPRG program. Participation in the CPRG program offered an opportunity to address these challenges proactively, as it provided resources such as funding, planning frameworks, and technical support for implementing climate action measures within the Tribe’s jurisdictions.

This support includes the ability to leverage expertise from contractors to complete GHG emissions inventories, coordinate stakeholder engagement activities, and develop emissions reduction measures, alleviating the burden of solely completing these tasks from the Tribe itself. The Tribe manages and oversees several essential infrastructure systems, including water and wastewater services, transportation, internet, and public safety. These sectors are vital to the Tribe’s selfgovernance and sovereignty, yet they remain vulnerable to increasingly severe climate-related hazards. The reservation has already experienced significant impacts from extreme weather events, including wildfires, floods, and prolonged drought. For example, during recent atmospheric river flood events of 2023, there were disruptions to the power supply and compromised water and sewer systems and hindered transportation access. The Tribe also operates its own emergency response services, including a 24/7 structure and wildland fire department, as well as round-the-clock ambulance services. Public transportation includes a fleet of school buses and a tribal route in partnership with the Porterville City Council, which provides service between the reservation and the City of Porterville.

These facts were crucial to consider during CCAP development, as this planning process provided the Tribe with the opportunity to address climate vulnerabilities and create an actionable roadmap to accelerate it towards a more sustainable future. However, due to the Tribe’s capacity constraints, the CCAP needed to be realistic, rather than overly ambitious, to be readily implemented, which limited the number and scope of GHG reduction measures. For example, due to Tribe’s remote location and the fact that most land within its jurisdiction is undeveloped, it would be inadvisable to include GHG reduction measures centered around increasing EV usage or deploying EV infrastructure. The technology for long-range vehicles that can travel over rugged terrain is not yet advanced enough to meet Tribe’s needs. As such, each of the six GHG reduction measures contained within this plan is the product of a robust development process that considered both short-term and long-term project execution to position the Tribe to readily implement the CCAP and, subsequently, build upon it with future environmental action plans, studies, and projects.

COLLABORATION

The CCAP was developed through a community-driven planning process rooted in inclusive engagement with tribal members, elders, youth, and key stakeholders. Thus, GHG reduction strategies were locally informed and aligned with tribal traditions, values, and priorities. A key strength of the process was that many tribal government employees are also tribal members, which allowed them to provide insights from both a community and governmental perspective, bridging policy and lived experience in shaping the plan.

Throughout the process, tribal members and staff played central roles, many serving multiple capacities as residents, government employees, and subject matter advisors. Various tribal departments contributed to the CCAP’s development, supporting survey distribution, outreach coordination, and data collection and analysis. A data collection survey for the heads of households was conducted to inform the GHG inventory, with some tribal staff going door to door to gather information directly from residents. To encourage participation, the Tribe ran gift card giveaways tied to survey completion.

Collaboration extended beyond the Tribe. Southern California Edison supported electricity data collection, and various tribal departments contributed key data to complete the GHG inventory. External stakeholders were engaged as needed to support data gathering and technical analysis.

The Tribal Council played a pivotal role in shaping the CCAP. It ensured alignment between the plan and the Tribe’s broader climate action priorities and offered guidance on how the strategies connected with ongoing initiatives. For more information on stakeholder engagement and outreach activities, please refer to Appendix B.

3 GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES

INVENTORY METHODOLOGY

This GHG Inventory utilized the ICLEI ClearPath tool1 for tracking emission sources, factors, and Carbon Dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) emissions. The GHG inventory methodology followed the U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (U.S. Community Protocol),2 developed by ICLEI USA, as well as the U.S. Local Government Operations Protocol, also developed by ICLEI USA.3 The categories reported in this community inventory are: residential energy, non-residential energy, on-road transportation, water and wastewater, and solid waste. GHG emissions are calculated by multiplying activity data (e.g., kilowatt-hours of electricity, tons of solid waste) by an emission factor (e.g., pounds of CO₂e per unit of electricity). For these categories, methods based on the U.S. Community Protocols were modified with regional or Tribal-specific data when available. All activity data and GHG emissions reported in this document are annual values, and all emission factors reported in this document are annual average values, unless stated otherwise. This inventory follows the reporting protocol outlined by ICLEI as referenced in the US Community Protocol4 and Local Government Operations Protocol.5 Local governments are expected to evaluate emissions of the six internationally recognized greenhouse gases under the Kyoto Protocol,6 including Carbon dioxide (CO₂), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ).7 To ensure consistency and comparability, GHG emissions are expressed in terms of CO₂e, which accounts for the varying impacts of different GHGs. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) metric is used to calculate CO₂e by comparing the heat-trapping ability of each gas to that of CO₂ over a specific time horizon, typically 100 years. The GWPs used in this inventory are from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5),8 provided in Table 1

Table 1. IPCC Global Warming Potentials (GWP) for Greenhouse Gases

The U.S. Community Protocol is the standard rulebook for developing community-scale inventories for municipalities.9 Protocols and guidance for reporting GHG emissions for entities, such as corporations and public agencies, are different from those for communities, and had to be augmented further to meet the limitations of a small Tribe. The Local Government Operations Protocol, developed by ICLEI, CARB, and the Climate Registry (TCR), and the General Reporting Protocol, developed by TCR, are widely used to develop GHG inventories for local governments and public agencies.10 The method to determine boundaries in the U.S. Community Protocol is different from the method in the Local Government Operations Protocol or the General Reporting Protocol, which depends on the entity’s financial or operational control. The community inventory accounts for the emission-generating activities in the Tule River Reservation, while the Tribal Government Operations Inventory is based on the government's operational control.

The study year in a GHG inventory is critical because it defines the time period for which emissions are measured and analyzed. Selecting a consistent and well-documented year ensures that the inventory reflects actual activity levels, energy use, and emissions patterns. Calendar year (CY) 2023 was selected as the study year because it is the most recent year with complete and reliable data across all relevant sectors. Using the latest full year of data strengthens the accuracy of the inventory and provides a timely baseline for tracking future emissions trends and evaluating the effectiveness of climate action strategies. More information can be found in Appendix A.

GHG INVENTORY RESULTS

Emissions are divided into two primary tracks: the community and the local government inventory. The community inventory focuses on emissions from individuals residing within the Tule River jurisdiction, encompassing those mainly within the Reservation limits, as well as those resulting from residents' activities. The local government operations inventory focuses on emissions stemming from government activities and facilities. Emissions for this project were calculated using the ICLEI ClearPath Tool. As the TRIT does not have any industrial or agricultural activities, emissions from these sectors are assumed to be zero.11

stemming from government activities and facilities Emissions for this project were using the ICLEI ClearPath Tool 11

ity Inventory

COMMUNITY INVENTORY

amount of GHG emissions produced by the Tule River Reservation for 2023 was 3,307 s of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e) emissions

The total amount of GHG emissions produced by the Tule River Reservation for 2023 was 3,307 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e) emissions.

2023 Community Emissions Breakdown

Table 2. Community GHG Emissions for Year 2023

Table 2a. Community Emissions Detailed Table for Year 2023

2.. 2023 Community Fuel Breakdown by Source

nment Operations Inventory

tal amount of emissions produced by the Government Operations of the Tule River vation for 2023 was 1,656 MT CO2e

GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS INVENTORY

The total amount of emissions produced by the Government Operations of the Tule River Reservation for 2023 was 1,656 MT CO2e.

Figure 2a 2023 Local Government Operations Emissions Breakdown

3. Local Government Operations GHG Emissions for Year 2023

Table

Table 3. Local Government Operations GHG Emissions for Year 2023

LAND USE CHANGE INVENTORY

Forests and land use play an important role in a community’s greenhouse gas profile by both releasing and absorbing carbon. Activities such as tree harvesting, land clearing, and changes in vegetation can result in emissions, while forest growth and conservation efforts can remove carbon from the atmosphere.

The analysis is based on the U.S. Community Protocol and uses ICLEI’s Land Emissions and Removals Navigator (LEARN) tool, which integrates land cover and biomass data to quantify sources and sinks. Land use change insights provide a more complete picture of the community’s carbon balance and support land use planning that aligns with climate goals. Wildfires are a major driver of land use emissions for the Tribe. In recent years, catastrophic fires such as the 2021 Windy Fire and the 2017 Pier Fire have severely impacted the reservation’s forested lands. These events caused immediate carbon releases through biomass combustion and resulted in long-term emissions due to the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land. This shift has reduced the land’s carbon sequestration capacity.

Table 4 below shows a simplified report of land use emission categories based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) categories. The total net flux from land use results in emissions of 149,283 MT CO₂e per year. This is primarily due to the shifting landscape change from forests to non-forests. These emissions dwarf those from human activities and have been separated due to the vast differences in quantity of emissions.

Table 4. Average Yearly Land Use Emissions (2011-2021)

Figure 3: 2025 National Land Cover Database overlaid with the Boundary and Catastrophic Fires Boundary

The Tule River Indian Tribe has committed to reforestation efforts, which have been largely successful, particularly in areas affected by the Pier Fire. While the primary focus of the CCAP is on reducing human-caused emissions, it will also support ongoing reforestation initiatives. Future planning documents may include targets and quantified emissions reduction estimates related to reforestation and land use change. More information on emissions from land use change can be found in Appendix C.

GHG INVENTORY TRENDS AND ANALYSIS

The 2023 GHG inventory establishes the Tule River Tribe’s first comprehensive baseline of GHG emissions across both community-wide activities and local government operations. Although trend analysis is not yet possible, this section provides an interpretation of the inventory results, identifies the primary sources of emissions, and outlines key considerations for future planning.

COMMUNITY EMISSIONS

In the calendar year 2023, community-wide activities on the Tule River Reservation generated approximately 2,990 MTCO₂e. Emissions were primarily driven by residential energy use (45.0%) and transportation (29.8%).

Residential energy emissions, totaling 1,346 MTCO₂e, resulted from the use of electricity, propane, and wood-burning stoves for cooking and heating. These fuels are essential in meeting daily energy needs and ensuring comfort and safety in homes, especially during colder months. Wood burning in particular remains a valued cultural practice among Tribal members.

Transportation emissions, estimated at 890 MTCO₂e, reflect the rural setting of the community and the corresponding reliance on personal vehicles for commuting, accessing goods and services, and participating in cultural and social activities. The lack of public transit infrastructure is a known contributor to higher per-capita vehicle emissions in rural Tribal communities.

Emissions from government-owned facilities, solid waste disposal, water pumping, and wastewater systems made up the remainder of community-wide emissions. The water and wastewater sector includes the electricity and fugitive emissions used to operate potable water distribution and wastewater treatment plant systems.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS

The Tule River Tribal government’s operations produced approximately 1,656 MTCO₂e in 2023. Emissions were largely dominated by the Tribal vehicle fleet, which is essential for service delivery across departments, including maintenance, emergency response, public safety, and natural resources management.

Employee commuting and water and wastewater treatment were additional sources of government emissions. Emissions from solid waste operations and buildings, and facilities were comparatively low. Government buildings generated minimal emissions due to electricity being the sole energy source.

INTERPRETATION AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS

Although this inventory represents a single point in time, it provides a clear picture of the Tribe’s largest emission sources. Residential energy use and vehicle travel are the primary drivers of community-wide emissions, while the Tribal fleet is the most significant contributor among government operations.

Many of these sources present challenges for near-term emissions reductions due to cultural, financial, and infrastructure realities. Wood burning is not only a practical heating method but also a cultural tradition that holds importance for many Tribal members. Similarly, propane is the dominant home heating fuel, and every home is already outfitted for its use. Transitioning away from propane would require widespread retrofits and significant investment.

Electric vehicles (EVs), while promising for reducing transportation emissions, currently face multiple barriers. They remain cost-prohibitive for many residents, and limited public charging infrastructure, combined with regular power outages, makes EV use impractical in the near term. These issues are common across rural communities and particularly acute in Tribal areas.

These realities underscore the importance of pursuing emission reduction strategies that are culturally appropriate, financially feasible, and resilient to local infrastructure limitations. Long-term opportunities may include expanded renewable energy access, home weatherization and energy efficiency programs, clean vehicle incentives, and greater energy independence. These efforts must be designed in collaboration with the community to ensure they are responsive to local needs and values.

Looking ahead, this inventory establishes a foundation for future emissions tracking. As the Tribe repeats this process in future years, it will be able to measure changes, evaluate the effectiveness of climate actions, and adjust strategies accordingly.

NEAR-TERM MITIGATION TARGET (2030)

A near-term mitigation target refers to a GHG emissions reduction goal set for achievement by the year 2035 It involves measurable actions and outcomes over the next several years, using currently available technologies and practices. The purpose of a 2035 target is to achieve substantial progress in reducing emissions within the short-to-medium timeframe, and to establish a trajectory toward deeper reductions. The 2035 year is chosen as it is a mid-term target that is less aggressive than the U.S. 2030 mid term goal, and allows TRIT appropriate time to achieve emission reductions.

LONG-TERM MITIGATION TARGET (2050)

A long-term mitigation target refers to a GHG emissions reduction goal set for achievement by the year 2050. This target provides a planning horizon for comprehensive and sustained emissions reductions over the next several decades. A 2050 target is often used to align with broader national or international climate objectives and frameworks. The 2050 target is chosen to align with the timeline of EPA and US national goals, although zero emissions may not be achieved in 2050. These targets provide a structured timeline for planning, implementing, and evaluating climate mitigation measures over both short and extended periods.

TULE RIVER TARGETS

The Tribe is committed to setting GHG reduction targets that are both achievable and grounded in empirical data. The Tribe recognizes that ambitious but unrealistic goals can undermine implementation efforts and community trust. Therefore, Tribe’s mitigation targets are based on their own GHG inventory and reflect a pragmatic, evidence-based approach to emissions reduction. This target is based on reducing all emissions other than transportation-related emissions and household cooking and heating from propane and wood.

Using 2023 as the baseline year, with total emissions measured at 3,308 MTCO₂e, the Tribe has established the following targets:

These targets represent a 25% reduction by 2035 and a 55% reduction by 2050. They are designed to reflect what can be realistically achieved through a combination of local policy actions, capacity-building, and technical interventions available to the Tribe. The targets also account for the Tribe’s current infrastructure, resource constraints, and projected development.

By tying its climate goals directly to its GHG inventory, the Tribe ensures that mitigation efforts are transparent, trackable, and tailored to the specific conditions of the Tribe’s lands, operations, and communities. This approach allows for continuous evaluation and adjustment of strategies over time and supports both accountability and long-term sustainability.

Table 5: Tule River GHG Reduction Targets

BAU PROJECTIONS METHODOLOGIES

To estimate future GHG emissions for the Tule River Reservation under a Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario, this study used sector-specific methodologies that rely on historical data, emission factors, and conservative assumptions about future activity. BAU projections assume no new policies or mitigation measures are implemented beyond those already in place as of the inventory year. The Tribe has no previous GHG inventory data available prior to the study year of 2023, which was chosen as the baseline year for all emission reductions to be compared to.

TOOLS AND METHODS BY SECTOR

• Residential Electricity and Other Electricity:

Emissions were projected using historical electricity consumption data and emissions factors aligned with Southern California Edison’s (SCE) forecasted grid decarbonization targets. Because the Tribe does not purchase or use natural gas, emissions from stationary combustion were excluded. SCE’s public climate commitments and Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) compliance were assumed to continue on track, resulting in a consistent decline in emissions from electricity use through 2050.

• Transportation and Mobile Sources:

Emissions were estimated using ICLEI’s ClearPath default carbon intensity growth rates, which apply a 1.8% annual reduction to reflect improvements under the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards and expected fleet turnover. Due to limitations in tribal transportation data, vehicle miles traveled (VMT) were assumed to remain constant, consistent with the stable population assumption.

• Solid Waste and Water/Wastewater:

Emissions from waste disposal and water/wastewater systems (outside of electricity) were held constant through 2050. This reflects the absence of detailed activity forecasts and the assumption that per capita waste generation and water use will not change significantly without intervention.

KEY ASSUMPTIONS

• No Natural Gas Usage: The Tule River Tribe does not use or purchase natural gas, as described in the GHG inventory section.

• SCE Grid Decarbonization: SCE’s clean energy transition is assumed to occur on schedule, resulting in declining emissions intensity for electricity.

• Stable Population: Due to inconsistent reporting and large changes in recent Census figures, the Tule River population is assumed to remain stable through 2050. This avoids over- or under-projecting emissions growth. Updated population figures will be incorporated as they become available.

• Default CAFE-Driven Reductions: A 1.8% annual emissions intensity reduction was applied to the transportation sector using ICLEI’s ClearPath default rates.

• Emissions from land use change are not included in the BAU, as this study is focused on human-caused emissions.

EMISSION FACTORS AND GWP

All emissions are expressed in MTCO₂e, using 100-year GWPs from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC AR5):

CO₂ = 1

CH₄ = 28

N₂O = 265

LIMITATIONS

AND UNCERTAINTIES

• Lack of tribal-scale transportation and demographic forecasts introduces uncertainty into long-range projections.

• Proxy data and default assumptions (e.g., vehicle efficiency trends) may not fully capture localized shifts.

• Potential changes in water use or waste disposal practices are not reflected in the projections.

Limitations and Uncertainties

● Lack of tribal-scale transportation and demographic forecasts introduces uncertainty into long-range projections

BAU PROJECTIONS RESULTS

● Proxy data and default assumptions (e.g., vehicle efficiency trends) may not fully capture localized shifts

● Potential changes in water use or waste disposal practices are not reflected in the projections

BAU Projections Results

The Tribe’s BAU GHG projections reflect expected changes in emissions from 2023 through 2050, assuming no new policies or mitigation measures are adopted. The analysis covers five major sectors: Residential Energy, Commercial Energy, Transportation & Mobile Sources, Solid Waste, and Water & Wastewater.

Figure 4. Line Chart of Total Community GHG Emissions From 2023 to 2050

Figure 4 Line Chart of Total Community GHG Emissions From 2023 to 2050

Figure 4a. Stacked Area Chart Showing Sector-Specific Community GHG Emissions From 2023 to 2050

4a. Stacked Area Chart Showing Sector-Specific Community GHG Emissions From 2023 to 2050

Table 6. Projected GHG Emissions for BAU Scenario

Percent Change in Emissions (2023–2050)

1 Overall Emissions Decline

Figure

Table 6. Projected GHG Emissions for BAU Scenario

PERCENT CHANGE IN EMISSIONS (2023–2050)

1. OVERALL EMISSIONS DECLINE

• Total emissions are projected to decline from 3,308 MTCO₂e in 2023 to 1,863 MTCO₂e by 2050, a 44% decrease.

2. RESIDENTIAL ENERGY

• Emissions decrease from 1,328 MTCO₂e in 2023 to 864 MTCO₂e in 2050, a 36% reduction.

• This remains the largest single sector contributor throughout the forecast period.

3. OTHER ENERGY

• Sharp decline from 516 MTCO₂e in 2023 to 3 MTCO₂e in 2050.

• This is the most significant sectoral reduction in percentage terms, due to electricity emission reductions from grid renewable energy policies.

4. WATER & WASTEWATER

• Emission reduction from 200 MTCO₂e in 2023 to 45 MTCO₂e in 2050 due to electricity emissions reduction.

• Remaining emissions are from Wastewater processes, such as fugitive emissions and nitrification.

5. TRANSPORTATION & MOBILE SOURCES

• Emissions fall from 890 MTCO₂e in 2023 to 545 MTCO₂e in 2050, a 39% reduction.

• This remains the second-largest emissions source through 2050.

6. WASTE AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT

• Emissions are constant at 374 MTCO₂e from 2023 through 2050.

• Indicates no expected change in this sector under ABAU.

These reductions are driven primarily by the decarbonization of electricity generation (in line with SCE’s climate goals) and improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency under the CAFE standards.

GHG EMISSION REDUCTION MEASURES SUMMARY

The Tribe’s GHG Reduction Measures, as outlined in the CCAP, constitute a targeted six-part strategy focused on reducing emissions while enhancing energy resilience and self-determination. These measures address key sectors including energy, building efficiency, water and wastewater systems, and waste management, and are tailored to the Tribe’s environmental conditions and resource constraints.

ENERGY SECTOR:

• Measure 1 calls for a feasibility study and implementation plan to establish a Tribal Utility Authority (TUA). This would increase energy independence, stabilize electricity supply, and support renewable energy integration.

• Measure 2 involves transitioning all government buildings to smart electricity meters, enabling real-time monitoring, energy savings, and data-informed decision-making, and laying groundwork for future grid management under the TUA.

BUILDING EFFICIENCY:

• Measure 3 includes the deep retrofit and electrification of the former Eagle Mountain Casino to serve as a new government center. The project integrates solar PV, battery storage, and high-efficiency systems.

• Measure 4 focuses on phased energy efficiency retrofits in 20 government buildings, improving HVAC, lighting, and insulation to reduce operational costs and energy use over a 15-year period.

WATER & WASTEWATER SECTOR:

• Measure 5 will complete the integration of SCADA technology across water distribution and wastewater infrastructure. This allows realtime system control, energy-efficient pump operation, and improved reliability during seasonal shortages.

WASTE MANAGEMENT:

• Measure 6 aims to minimize landfill waste through recycling improvements, organics and construction material diversion, and policy updates to prevent illegal dumping. Community education and monitoring will support long-term waste reduction.

Each measure is accompanied by specific tasks, cost estimates, implementation timelines, and tracking metrics, ensuring they are actionable and accountable. Together, they form a strategic path to reduce emissions, enhance climate resilience, and promote sustainable development in alignment with tribal priorities.

Table 7. Summary of GHG Emission Reduction Measures by Sector

ENERGY SECTOR MEASURES

MEASURE 1.

Complete a Feasibility Study and Implementation Plan to Develop a Tribal Utility Authority

DESCRIPTION

The reservation receives electricity from SCE via two circuits: the 12 KV Soda Spring (Boxwood Substation) serving 824 accounts, and the 12 KV Success (Porterville Substation) serving 2,356 customers. These circuits are subject to rolling blackouts, which significantly impact Tribe’s capacity to operate Tribe facilities, including their health center, which jeopardizes the well-being of reservation residents. Establishing a local TUA offers numerous benefits that cater specifically to the unique needs, environmental goals, and economic development strategies of the Tule River Indian Tribe. Energy authorities can enable the development and implementation of tailored energy solutions that consider local climate, geography, and resources, increasing energy independence and reducing reliance on external sources. The approach offers more stable energy prices and supply, and stimulates the tribal economy through job creation in construction, maintenance, and operation of energy facilities.

By focusing on local energy expenditures, the establishment of a TUA can generate a powerful economic multiplier effect, significantly benefiting businesses and residents across the Reservation. Local control of power ensures that revenues from energy production and sales remain within the community, rather than flowing to external utilities. This enables reinvestment into critical tribal programs, services, and infrastructure projects. Additionally, local control improves the Tribe’s ability to prioritize energy reliability for essential facilities, reducing vulnerability to rolling blackouts and grid disruptions. It also allows the Tribe to align energy projects with cultural values, environmental stewardship goals, and long-term sustainability planning. Ultimately, a locally controlled energy system strengthens tribal sovereignty and builds a more secure, prosperous future for the Tule River Indian Tribe.

Another advantage is that local TUAs can swiftly adopt innovative technologies and practices, placing a greater emphasis on renewable energy sources and energy efficiency measures, which align with environmental sustainability goals. A diversification of energy sources and an increase in local generation capacities can help to enhance the community's resilience to supply disruptions caused by natural disasters, policy decisions, or market fluctuations. Being directly accountable to the communities they serve, these authorities provide a higher level of transparency and responsiveness compared to larger utilities, fostering a culture of sustainability through community engagement and education on energy conservation and the benefits of renewable energy.

Moreover, local authorities are positioned to offer innovative financing options, incentives, and rebates to encourage the adoption of renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency improvements. They can effectively tailor and deliver programs designed to address energy affordability and access, ensuring support for vulnerable populations. The enhanced flexibility and adaptability of TUAs allow them to quickly respond to changing technologies, market conditions, and community needs, making them more effective in managing their energy strategies over time.

Establishing a local TUA significantly enhances a community's environmental, economic, and social well-being. The implementation steps for this measure are outlined below:

TASK 1: UTILITY OPERATIONS FEASIBILITY

This task involves assessing the feasibility of establishing a sustainable utility system for the Tribe. It will evaluate the Tribe's technical and financial capacity to implement and maintain the utility system, focusing on its ability to provide affordable and reliable service, enhance energy efficiency, and reduce operational costs. A preliminary rate structure will be developed based on the Tribe's priorities and will consider options for offsetting costs or generating profits. The task will also involve calculating long-term capital and operational costs for the utility system and identifying risks, providing a comprehensive evaluation of the system's financial sustainability.

TASK 2: INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

This task aims to create a detailed map of the existing utility infrastructure within the Tribe’s jurisdiction. The map will serve as a key planning tool for future expansions, maintenance, and vulnerability assessments. It will involve gathering and digitizing existing infrastructure data, developing a geographic prioritization plan, and collecting detailed information on utility assets such as poles, meters, and transformers. Additionally, infrastructure data will be linked to existing right-of-way agreements to streamline future evaluations and upgrades.

TASK 3: ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK CREATION

The task focuses on developing an organizational framework for the TUA that defines roles, responsibilities, and communication channels. It will involve reviewing and revising the Tribe's existing policies and regulations, drafting new ordinances, codes, and procedures, and ensuring these are aligned with the Tribe’s governance structure. Training sessions will be conducted to ensure the effective application of new policies and procedures, with metrics established to track their success and alignment with strategic goals.

TASK 4: WORKFORCE PLANNING

This task focuses on identifying the workforce needs for the TUA, assessing the Tribe’s current staffing capabilities, and developing strategies to attract, train, and retain qualified personnel. It will involve identifying staffing gaps, developing a continuity plan to address turnover and retirements, and identifying workforce development opportunities for Tribal members. Partnerships with nearby community colleges, Vocational-Technical schools, and industry training programs can also be explored and planned. The task aims to ensure that the TUA has the necessary human resources to manage utility operations effectively and sustain future growth.

TASK 5: FINAL DELIVERABLES

This task ensures that all findings, recommendations, and strategies from the previous tasks are compiled and delivered to key stakeholders. It will involve delivering a final presentation to Tribal leadership summarizing key findings and next steps, completing a comprehensive final report, and submitting progress and financial reports to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Division of Energy and Mineral Development (DEMD). The deliverables will include a full narrative of the grant activities and necessary documentation for grant reporting.

IMPLEMENTATION AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITIES

The Tule River Indian Tribe holds primary authority for implementing the proposed GHG reduction measure. Oversight and decision-making are led by the Tribal Council and executed by key personnel with the relevant expertise and leadership roles.

Per Article VI, Section 1 of the Constitution of the Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation, the Tribal Council has the authority “to enter into negotiations with the Federal, State, and local governments on behalf of the Tule River Indian Tribe.” This provision establishes the Tribal Council’s governing authority to direct and manage intergovernmental relations and implement strategic initiatives, including energy projects and GHG reduction measures.

The Tribal Electrical Department, with support from other departments where necessary, will participate in the measure implementation and ensure that all activities are fully aligned with tribal governance, policies, and protocols.

No additional authority is currently anticipated. However, should the need arise, such as for work involving cross-jurisdictional coordination or non-Tribal properties, additional permissions will be pursued through formal Tribal Council resolution and, if necessary, coordination with federal, state, or local agencies.

This work is being supported through the Tribal Energy Development Capacity (TEDC) Grant, administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). The Tribe will provide regular progress reports, expenditure updates, and outcomes to the BIA to ensure the project aligns with federal guidelines and maintains transparency throughout its development.

IMPLEMENTATION ROLES OF GRANTEES AND CONTRACTORS

The Tribe contracted a consultant to conduct feasibility studies and provide technical support. The consultant will serve as a third-party technical advisor under the direct oversight of tribal leadership. Their role will include:

• Conducting feasibility analysis for renewable energy and GHGreduction projects

• Providing guidance on project finance and development strategies

• Supporting compliance with grant requirements and permitting processes

The consultant will not hold authority to implement measures independently; all final decisions and actions will remain under the jurisdiction of the Tule River Indian Tribe.

IMPLEMENTATION TIMELINES AND MILESTONES

The project began following the receipt of funding and was launched on February 1, 2025, with an expected duration of approximately 12 months. The following table provides an overview of specific project tasks, timelines, and key milestones, outlining critical activities necessary to successfully complete the project objectives.

Table 8. Summary of GHG Emission Reduction Measures by Sector

METRICS FOR TRACKING PROGRESS

Progress on this measure will be evaluated through several key metrics, each of which is designed to be measurable and provide transparent tracking of project implementation:

• Capacity Assessment: Creation of a comprehensive assessment detailing the Tribe’s current technical, administrative, organizational, and managerial capacity related to energy resource development

• Vision and Strategic Planning: Development of a clear vision and actionable strategies for environmental policies, regulations, laws, and procedures to address identified capacity gaps

• Finalized Roadmap: Delivery of a finalized, actionable roadmap approved by Tribal leadership, guiding future efforts in establishing a TUA and initiating targeted energy projects within Tribal Lands

• Energy Savings: Anticipated measurable reductions in energy consumption resulting from future clean energy purchases and on-site generation

• Cost Savings: Expected financial savings from lower energy bills due to increased efficiency and renewable energy projects

• GHG Emissions Reductions: Significant anticipated reductions in GHG emissions from integrating clean energy solutions

QUANTIFIED GHG EMISSION REDUCTIONS

Table 9. Quantified Emission Reductions from Measure 1

MEASURE COSTS

To support the creation of a sovereign TUA, this cost estimate outlines the anticipated expenses for both a comprehensive feasibility study and the formation of the legal and operational foundation for the authority. The feasibility study, totaling approximately $112,592, covers utility operations analysis, infrastructure mapping, organizational design, workforce planning, and community deliverables. The legal formation phase is estimated at $143,000 and includes the development of governance structures, regulatory planning, intergovernmental coordination, and an initial staff salary. Altogether, the total estimated investment to launch this effort is approximately $255,592, with opportunities to offset costs through federal and state grant programs.

Table 10. Estimated Costs for a Tribal Feasibility Study and Utility Authority Formation

INTERSECTION WITH OTHER FUNDING AVAILABILITY

The DOE and BIA grant programs (like the DOE Office of Indian Energy’s Strategic Technical Assistance Response Team (START) or CommunityScale Energy Deployment programs) are common funding sources for these stages. Part of this project has already received funding from the BIA TEDC Grant. Additional information about funding opportunities is available in the Funding Roadmap section and in Appendix D.

Table 11. Funding Opportunities for Tribal Utility Authority Formation and Clean Energy Planning

PROGRAM

Tribal Energy Development Capacity (TEDC) Grant

Office of Indian Energy – Planning and Capacity Grants

Office of Indian Energy – Deployment of Energy Infrastructure on Tribal Lands

Indian Community Energy Resilience Program (ICERP)

Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant (EECBG)

Renewable Energy Development Assistance (REDA)

Economic Development Administration (EDA) – Public Works & Economic Adjustment Assistance

BIA – Division of Energy and Mineral Development (DEMD)

U.S. DOE – Office of Indian Energy

PURPOSE

Supports the development of tribal legal and regulatory infrastructure to manage energy resources

Funds strategic energy planning and technical capacity building

ELIGIBLE USES

Feasibility studies, utility governance planning, legal framework development

TUA formation, workforce planning, energy roadmaps, stakeholder engagement

U.S. DOE - Office of Indian Energy

U.S. DOE (Inflation Reduction Act)

U.S. DOE- Office of Indian Energy

USDA – Rural Energy for America Program (REAP)

Supports development and implementation of tribalowned energy systems

TUA-aligned solar, battery storage, microgrids, and energy infrastructure

U.S. Department of Commerce (EDA)

California Tribal Energy Investment Programs (if applicable) California Energy Commission (CEC)

Advanced Grid Technology Acceleration Projects (if applicable) CEC

Funds projects that improve energy resilience in tribal communities

Supports energy planning, efficiency programs, and clean energy initiatives

Offers technical assistance for planning renewable energy projects in tribal and rural communities

Supports infrastructure development for economic resilience and job creation

Offers grants for clean energy planning, grid resilience, and energy sovereignty

Accelerates deployment of advanced grid and distributed energy technologies

Grid modernization, TUA formation, interconnection studies

Staff capacity, policy development, incentive program design

Community-scale project development tied to energy authority goals

Utility setup, energy workforce training centers, clean energy transition planning

Tribal energy roadmaps, distributed energy siting, community outreach

Microgrid integration, grid interoperability pilots, resilience-enhancing innovations

ENERGY SECTOR MEASURES

MEASURE 2.

Transition All Government Buildings to Smart Electricity Meters

DESCRIPTION

The Tule River Indian Tribe currently receives electric service through traditional analog metering infrastructure, which limits real-time energy monitoring, data tracking, and demand response capabilities. This outdated metering system restricts the Tribe’s ability to proactively manage energy use, identify inefficiencies, and respond to energy market signals or grid disruptions. Transitioning all government buildings to smart electricity meters represents a foundational step toward modernizing energy management, improving operational efficiency, and advancing the Tribe’s broader climate and energy goals.

Smart meters enable real-time communication between energy consumers and the utility provider. These devices allow for continuous monitoring of energy usage, providing Tribal facility managers with detailed, actionable insights into consumption patterns. Even prior to the establishment of the Utility Authority, this data can be used to detect energy waste, optimize building performance, and identify costsaving opportunities through load shifting or behavioral interventions. Furthermore, smart meters enable more precise energy auditing and inform future renewable energy and energy efficiency projects by providing baseline and post-implementation usage data.

The Tribe can also enhance grid reliability and resilience by transitioning to smart meters. During periods of high demand or rolling blackouts— frequent in the region due to wildfire risk and aging infrastructure— smart meters can provide near-instantaneous usage data to help prioritize critical loads and manage demand. Additionally, they support integration with distributed energy resources (DERs), such as solar photovoltaics and battery storage, enabling automated load management, improved peak shaving, and better alignment of on-site generation with building loads.

The modernization of the Tribe’s metering infrastructure will help strengthen administrative functions, develop demand response programs, and provide customized energy services. Automated meter readings reduce the potential for human error, eliminate the need for manual site visits, and provide transparent billing information. The TUA, if established, will be able to use smart meter data for accurate billing and revenue collection within its own system. Over time, the transition will support the development of energy policies and incentivize demand-side management measures as part of larger tribal energy strategies. With full control, the Tribe could offer tailored energy services to different government buildings or even future residential customers based on real-time data.

To fully capture the benefits of smart meter installations, the Tribe plans to take the following steps:

1. Real-Time Energy Monitoring and Analysis: Use smart meters to track building energy use in real time, identifying inefficiencies and opportunities for immediate savings.

2. Energy Efficiency and Demand Management Programs: Implement targeted efficiency upgrades and load-shifting strategies based on meter data to lower costs before full energy control is achieved.

3. Load Forecasting and System Planning: Analyze consumption patterns to design appropriately sized solar, battery, and microgrid systems aligned with actual facility needs.

4. Transition to TUA Operations: After establishing the Authority, use smart meters for precise billing, rate setting, and energy management across tribal government buildings.

5. Ongoing Optimization and Economic Development: Continuously refine energy operations and explore new revenue streams, using smart meter data to maximize system performance and community benefits.

The implementation steps for this measure include:

TASK 1: AUDIT OF EXISTING METERING INFRASTRUCTURE

This task will involve conducting a detailed audit of all electric meters installed across government buildings on the Reservation. The audit will catalog the age, type, and condition of existing meters and assess compatibility with available smart metering technologies. This will include mapping meter locations and linking them to building types and energy usage profiles to inform prioritization for upgrades.

TASK 2: TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY AND TECHNOLOGY SELECTION

This task will assess the technical and logistical feasibility of implementing smart meters across the Tribe’s facilities. It will include evaluating communications infrastructure (e.g., wireless, cellular, or fiber connections), data security protocols, compatibility with existing utility systems (SCE), and integration with energy management platforms.

TASK 3: IMPLEMENTATION PLANNING AND PROCUREMENT

Based on the audit and feasibility results, an implementation plan will be developed outlining procurement needs, capital costs, installation phasing, and training requirements. Procurement of meters will follow Tribal policies and include a competitive bidding process for smart meter vendors. The implementation plan will also identify opportunities for grant support, rebates, or utility partnerships to offset upfront costs.

TASK 4: INSTALLATION AND INTEGRATION

Once contracts are awarded, this task will cover the physical installation of smart meters across government buildings, followed by integration with a centralized energy data platform. Facility managers will be trained in using the system to monitor energy consumption, set alerts, and generate reports. Technical testing will be performed to confirm successful installation and system communication.

TASK 5: POST-INSTALLATION MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION

This task focuses on evaluating performance outcomes and establishing ongoing protocols for data use and reporting. Energy use baselines will be compared to post-installation metrics to quantify savings and identify additional areas for efficiency improvements.

IMPLEMENTATION AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITIES

The Tule River Indian Tribe maintains full authority over this GHG reduction measure, with leadership provided by the Tribal Council and technical oversight from the Energy and Technology Director. Under Article VI, Section 1 of the Tule River Indian Tribe’s Constitution, the Council retains authority to manage strategic infrastructure projects and enter into utility coordination agreements. This includes decisions on metering technologies, vendor selection, and infrastructure upgrades.

The project can be strategically launched following the formal establishment of the TUA. This contingency ensures the project aligns with broader long-term energy governance plans. The Environmental Department, Tribal facilities management, other departments, and selected contractors will work on the implementation and deployment of smart meters.

Should the TUA become operational during implementation, governance and oversight responsibilities may be transitioned or shared accordingly. Programming and deployment plans will be designed by the Tribal Energy and Technology Director with flexibility to ensure continuity in decision-making, vendor engagement, and technology integration. Oversight will include ensuring compliance with Tribal policies, timelines, and budget requirements. Additional coordination with the Tribal IT Department may be required for data integration and communications infrastructure.

ADDITIONAL APPROVALS AND JURISDICTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

• Utility Interconnection: Coordination with SCE will be required to ensure that smart meters meet utility compatibility standards and can effectively communicate with their grid systems

• Building Code Compliance: All electrical upgrades and device installations will adhere to NEC, Tribal building codes, and applicable state regulations