Cowboy Soldier - Sneak Peek

Cowboy Soldiers Te l l i n g

Cowboy Airmen o u r

s t o r y

Telling our Story

Dear Supporters, The vision of this coordinated project of the Wyoming Military Department, Wyoming National Guard Association, and Wyoming National Guard Historical Society is to research and publish the history of the Wyoming National Guard from its origins in the 1860s to today. Each group is contributing significantly to that mission.

In these times of financial constraint, the overall goal is to self-publish two volumes in both hardbound and softbound editions with private monies and sell them to finance the project. To achieve that, our partner organizations will launch a fundraising effort soon.

Additional fundraising information is forthcoming.

Volume I Cowboy Soldiers (Publish in 2022) Wyoming National Guard, 1870–1945 Volume II Cowboy Soldiers, Cowboy Airmen (Publish in 2023) Wyoming National Guard, 1946–Present We’ve needed critical documents from the National Archives, which has been closed because of COVID. The facility is gradually reopening, so our historian is scheduling appointments to acquire these needed documents. Being unable to access these documents could delay publication.

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This updated version of the Proof of Concept incorporated essential suggestions from our Advisory Council. Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Art Dillon chairs our Advisory Council with Active and Retired members of the Wyoming National Guard. Our Advisory Council also includes key civilian members who have significant experience in Wyoming history and publishing. We thank all Advisory Council members for their dedication and commitment to this vital project.

The Proof of Concept gives you an idea of the size of the finished product, use of photography, maps, drawings, primary text, sidebars, footnotes, and other special features that we will incorporate into every chapter.

The primary leadership team responsible for producing the books includes:

Volunteer Project Coordinator: Col. (Ret.) Larry D. Barttelbort Volunteer Managing Editor: Former Maj. Rosalind Schliske Contract Historian: Dr. Mark W. Johnson Design and Layout Contractor: Mr. Josh “J” O’Brien Advisory Council Members: We welcome any specific suggestions you might have for style and design.

Please note the method to bind this Proof of Concept for you was selected only to save money; however, the final product will be approximately this size and will use appropriate book binding.

If you have any questions about this Proof of Concept, contact Col. Barttelbort at (307) 631-0812.

For valor

This medal presented to the returning veterans from Wyoming was engraved for a unit member from Buffalo.

Courtesy of Johnson County Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum

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02

Wyoming in the Philippines

P

HONOLULU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: JULY 5, 1898

rivate Robert Crosbie was a long way from Evanston, Wyoming, where less than three months previously he had been employed at the town’s Union Pacific machine shop as a boilermaker. Now a passenger on SS Ohio, along with a few hundred other Wyoming soldiers, the sights greeting him when the ship arrived off the island of Oahu were impressive. The government steamer Maui, with a band and officials from the recently annexed Territory

of Hawaii aboard, hailed Ohio off Diamond Head, dispatched a pilot, and escorted the troopship into Honolulu’s vast harbor.

On Ohio’s deck, the band of the 18th U.S. Infantry played as the ship headed for its berth. A local reporter recorded the scene: “The transport moved into the harbor and proceeded to dock at Oceanic wharf. Several thousand people had collected there to welcome the boys.

When the vessel approached near enough to the wharf oranges, bananas, pineapples, and various other fruits in endless quantities were thrown upon her for the troops.”1

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Scores of native Hawaiians swam in the water around the transport after it tied up. “The fellows would throw nickels in the water and thay would dive and get them,” Crosbie wrote in a letter home two days later, “thay are the gratest swimmers in the world[.] thay gave us a grate reception when we came in and thay are going to give us a fine dinner today.” The Wyomingites appreciated the food and terra firma, for the journey from San Francisco to Hawaii had been a miserable one. Many Spanish-American War veterans would later claim they were shipped overseas in “cattle boats,” but that was not actually the case. Ohio and her sister transports were all civilian passenger ships.

Extra bunks had been installed in the hold to increase troop-carrying capacity, but there had not been time to expand kitchen or latrine facilities. The ship’s food was barely palatable, but that mattered little because many of the troops were seasick during the eight days the vessel was in transit from San 12

Francisco to Hawaii. Crosbie escaped the stifling lower decks each night by stealing away topside and sleeping in a lifeboat.2 The layover in Hawaii was not just to give Crosbie and his comrades a respite. The five-ship convoy of which Ohio was a part needed to take on coal and provisions for the long haul to the Philippine Islands. All was ready by the afternoon of July 8. The convoy took until the end of the month to cover the final 5,269 miles to Manila. The journey from Wyoming to the far reaches of the Pacific was significant not only in terms of mileage but also in the organizational changes of the Wyoming unit. When Crosbie and his friends enlisted in Evanston during the last week of April, they were members of the 1st Regiment, Wyoming National Guard. By the time the men departed Cheyenne a few weeks later, bound for San Francisco and points west, they were in the newly christened 1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry Battalion.

The more than 7,000-mile journey

Permission pending. This 1898 map, courtesy of the Dowler family of Wyoming, was drawn by Ernest Wesche, a South Dakota rancher, who joined the 1st Wyoming. He was aboard the SS Ohio, which transported the 1st Wyoming Volunteer Battalion to the Philippines. The map follows the movements of the SS Ohio and the 1st Wyoming on August 13, 1898.

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Alger artillery

The Wyoming National Guard’s Light Battery A, “Alger Artillery,” received its new 3.2-inch Hotchkiss guns after arriving in California. This photograph was probably taken at the Presidio near San Francisco, California. Initially, the unit was not called to duty but was added to the May 25, 1898, call on the states.

Courtesy of Wyoming State Archives

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State answers

call to war

Second youngest state musters 1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry Battalion

A

merica went to war in 1898, a conflict with Spain becoming inevitable after rising tensions began in the mid-1890s over the Cuban War of Independence and an accidental explosion that sank the armored cruiser USS Maine at anchor in Havana harbor on February 15. It was a conflict for which America’s army was ill-prepared. The Regular Army numbered little more than 27,000 officers and men, far too few for the global campaigns that would ensue.

The weeks following the Maine disaster saw a flurry of debate in Washington, a portion of which centered on what role the National Guard would play should war come. Senator Francis E. Warren and Jay L. Torrey, a Fremont County rancher and former speaker of the Wyoming House of Representatives who spent the winter each year in Washington, wanted it to be known that the nation’s second youngest and most thinly populated state was ready to do its part in any mobilization. The two politicians paid visits to President William McKinley and U.S. Army Commanding General Nelson A. Miles on March 9.

“We were kindly received,” Torrey wrote to a colleague in Sheridan the next day, “and given assurances that in the event of hostilities our tender would not be forgotten.” Governor William A. Richards also weighed in, sending a telegram to the president on April 1 with an offer of the state’s 1st Regiment as a candidate for federal service.3 Wyoming was just one of many states lobbying that spring, efforts that contributed to the defeat of a bill that

“Volley after volley we fired, and volley after volley came back. The fire of the enemy was now entirely directed at the Wyoming infantry.”

Captain Thomas Millar, commander, Company C would have greatly expanded the Regular Army for the looming conflict. Instead, on April 23 President McKinley called for a modest increase in the Regular Army along with the mobilization of 125,000 state volunteers. He could not simply federalize the National Guard, for there were nagging legal questions about whether the Militia Act of 1792 allowed militia federalization and even confusion about whether the National Guard now represented the militia mentioned in the U.S. Constitution.

To avoid these pitfalls, it was decided that National Guardsmen could volunteer to join new organizations that would retain their state identities. On the afternoon of April 25, Governor Richards received word that Wyoming would provide a single infantry battalion of four companies.4 Congress declared war that same day.

Unlike the U.S. Army, the U.S. Navy in

1898 was at the peak of readiness with a relatively large, modern fleet and welltrained officer corps imbued with strategic prowess. To support naval operations in Cuban waters, the Army hastily organized an expedition to Cuba. The troops who ended up serving in Cuba consisted almost exclusively of regulars, including the 8th U.S. Infantry from Fort D.A. Russell and the 9th U.S. Cavalry garrison from Fort Washakie.5 The war’s first engagement took place on the far side of the world. On May 1, the Navy’s Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey destroyed a small fleet of Spanish vessels in Manila Bay. President McKinley followed up Dewey’s success by sending troops to capture Manila and occupy the Philippine archipelago, a Spanish colony. With most of the Regular Army earmarked for operations in Cuba, the Philippine expedition was composed of a small nucleus of regulars and a larger contingent of National Guard volunteers.

The expedition’s port of embarkation was San Francisco, so volunteers organizing in Western states made up the bulk of the units that ultimately served in the Philippines.

State officials began the first federal mobilization of the Wyoming National Guard. The effort began right after Maine exploded in February, when the War Department sent queries about National Guard status to each state. On February 27, Col. Frank Foote telegraphed instructions to his company commanders to ready men and equipment “for service on short notice.” Once the official notification came through in April, Governor Richards had

Spanish-American & Philippine Wars by the numbers 60

Oldest soldier mustered into the 1st Wyoming, Captain John D. O’Brien, who had enlisted in the U.S. Army as a 14-year-old drummer boy in 1852.

14/338

Officers and soldiers who departed Cheyenne on May 18, 1898, en route to San Francisco, California.

1

Day of shore leave each soldier was granted in Honolulu when the ship was docked three days for coal and provisions. Half were granted leave on July 6, 1898, and the other half the next day.

35

Days to travel from San Francisco to Manila Bay June 26, 1898– July 31, 1898, aboard the SS Ohio.

5,269 7

Miles from San Francisco to Manila Bay.

Days the 1st Wyoming waited to disembark its ship on July 6, 1898, after arriving in Manila Bay and being delayed by logistical difficulties and a storm.

4

Days the 1st Wyoming spent on shore before being sent into battle on July 10, 1898.

2

Soldiers Sgt. George Guyer and Cpl. Christian Hepp needed to raise the 1st Wyoming colors over the Luneta Barracks on August 13, 1898.

142

Days that the 1st Wyoming occupied the Luneta Barracks from August 13, 1898–January 2, 1899.

10/183

1st Wyoming present for duty in officers/ soldiers on June 2, 1898. Down five officers, 155 soldiers from their deployment strength because of death, disease, wounds, and injuries.

504 41

Days of federal duty from May 7, 1898–September 23, 1899.

Wyoming soldiers who requested discharge in the Philippines, many of whom enlisted with the 36th U.S. Volunteer Infantry.

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to make the painful decisions of which of the 1st Regiment’s companies would get the nod. He decided on those with the largest number of men on their muster rolls: Company C (Buffalo), Company F (Douglas), Company G (Sheridan), and Company H (Evanston). Adjutant General Frank Stitzer more properly should have handled this type of minutia, but the governor either had no faith in Stitzer’s ability or wanted to do everything himself as state commander-in-chief. “I set Stitzer aside temporarily and ran it myself,” Richards boasted in a telegram to Warren on May 2, referring to the gathering of the four companies in Cheyenne.6 Richards’s snubbing of Stitzer was not just temporary.

Wyoming’s adjutant general was effectively shelved throughout the mobilization.

Although three companies met National Guard strength standards—about 40 men each—they were all far short of the required mobilization minimum of 77 men in ranks. Company F was well short of the state standard, so volunteers from the Laramie Greys were added to the Douglas ranks. The men’s physical condition was a concern, for a certain number would surely fail the physical examination that was part of the mobilization process. All the companies set up hasty recruiting campaigns in their hometowns.

Wyoming men eager to serve It was not difficult to attract recruits.

Plenty of young men were willing to jump at a chance to serve with the prospect of active service overseas. The Wyoming Guard also benefited from a source of manpower few other states had: discharged Regular Army veterans. After serving out their enlistments at various Wyoming posts, many veterans decided to remain in the state. Some agreed to don a uniform again

...we were marched down through thronged streets, amidst men and women, some joyous, others weeping, clinging to their departing sons or brothers.

Private Madison U. Stoneman, Company F

during the mobilization. In addition to a leavening of ex-regulars in the ranks, two of the battalion’s four company commanders were also former regulars. Thomas Millar of Company C, an immigrant from Scotland who served in the Greenock Volunteer Highlanders prior to coming to America, was a corporal in the 8th U.S. Infantry at Fort McKinney from 1888 to 1893. He then settled in Buffalo, became editor of the local newspaper, and joined the Wyoming Guard in 1896. Company F’s Irish-born John D. O’Brien had even more experience, having first signed on with the 4th U.S. Artillery as a 14-year-old drummer boy in 1852. He enlisted in the regulars again during the Civil War and was serving as a sergeant in the 4th U.S. Infantry at Fort Fetterman when the 18-year veteran

was discharged in 1876. Afterward, he was justice of the peace in Douglas for many years. When Company F stood up in 1891, the men elected O’Brien captain.7 Even with reliable sources of recruits, getting the companies up to strength was still difficult given the tight time constraints. The companies received official word of their mobilization on April 27, and less than a week later they were on their way to Cheyenne. All four outfits continued to recruit during the journey and after they arrived. William Shortill, a 17-year-old student from Buffalo who enlisted just before Company C departed for Cheyenne, remembered how his company grew in strength as it journeyed south:

May 21, 1898

1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry Battalion continues the assault on Manila.

August 13, 1898

May 7–10, 1898

February 15, 1898

U.S. Navy

The USS Maine accidentally sinks while at anchor in Havana, Cuba.

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April 23–25, 1898

President William McKinley calls for an increase in the Regular Army along with the mobilization of 125,000 state volunteers. Congress declares war against Spain.

Between last-minute enlistments in hometowns, picking up men along the way, and further recruiting in Cheyenne, each company ended up with only a minority of “veteran” National Guardsmen.

Company G departed Sheridan with 55 men, many of them recent enlistees, but 17 of those ended up not serving by failing physical exams or through other disqualifications. Forty-four new recruits joined the company after it departed Sheridan, so only about a third of the company’s men were bona fide guardsmen.

Two of every five men in the battalion hailed from somewhere other than their company’s hometown, and the battalion’s ranks included 18 men from other states.

“One thing I will say, they were all tough,” remembered Pvt. Harry Smith of his fellow recruits in Company C.9 Filling the battalion’s officer billets presented challenges. Each company came to Cheyenne with its authorized complement of a captain and two lieutenants, but five of those officers did not leave Wyoming and had to be replaced through a hasty round of elections. It was thought Edward Holtenhouse, the Evanston postmaster

August 31, 1898

The battalion arrives at Camp Merritt in San Francisco, California, for equipment and training.

1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry Battalion travels to Cheyenne and is sworn in to service.

In their home towns none of the companies had had any where nearly the membership to bring them up to full war strength in accordance with the tables of organization at that time, but in every town where our troop train stopped, even for a few minutes, there were men, who had given up their jobs, waiting on the depot platform to join us. Every commissioned officer of the State Militia had the authority to enlist them and by the time we reached the state capitol, we had just about the number of men we needed.8

1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry Battalion takes part in assault on Manila. 1st Wyoming colors raised over the Luneta Barracks.

July 31, 1898

Troops arrive in Manila Bay.

July 5, 1898

Troops arrive in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader May 14, 1898

and commander of Company H, would be ineligible for mustering because of an infirm knee and being underweight, but he surprisingly passed his physical.

Company F was a special case because it was an amalgamation of men from Douglas and Laramie. Governor Richards decided Douglas would provide Company F’s commander and second lieutenant while the first lieutenant would be from Laramie. The examining board initially ruled that Captain O’Brien was too old. Company F held an election to fill the command vacancy, but the Douglas men promptly reelected the popular O’Brien as commander. Richards

State’s command

Wyoming Governor W.A. Richards visits the headquarters of Camp Richards with Wyoming’s officers on May 16, 1898.

Courtesy of Wyoming State Archives

February 6, 1899

Sergeant George Rogers becomes the first soldier from Wyoming killed in the Philippines.

February 4, 1899 The United States and Spain agree to the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898.

Secretary of State John Hay signs the memorandum of ratification for the United States (from page 430 of Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain, Vol. II., published by Harper and Brothers—now HarperCollins—in 1899).

Initial battles of the Philippine War begin.

June 15, 1899

1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry Battalion returns to Manila, eager for the redeployment to the U.S.

June 2, 1899

1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry Battalion leads capture of San Pedro de Makati.

Morong expedition begins.

July 31, 1899

1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry Battalion departs the Philippines for San Francisco, California.

September 23, 1899

1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry Battalion is withdrawn from federal service in California.

September 25–28, 1899

1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry Battalion returns to Wyoming.

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March to service

Company C marches toward the Capitol where each man was sworn into federal service on May 7, 1898.

Courtesy of Wyoming State Archives

March to Depot

Members of the 1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry Battalion march down Capitol at 16th Street (now Lincolnway) likely headed to the Cheyenne Depot in 1898.

Courtesy of Wyoming State Archives

applied some executive pressure to the examining board, and the grizzled, 60-yearold veteran was allowed to muster with his men.

Majors commanded battalions, so the most disappointed man in Wyoming during the early days of the mobilization was Col. Frank Foote, commander of the regiment. With only four companies mobilizing, Foote was not inclined to take a demotion to lead a mere battalion.

Word soon got out that Foote was resigning from the Wyoming Guard.

Almost simultaneously, Governor Richards announced he would appoint Capt.

Thomas Wilhelm, the state’s Regular Army advisor from the 8th U.S. Infantry, to command the Wyoming battalion.

Which came first—Foote’s intent to resign or Richards’s public announcement of Wilhelm—is difficult to say, but Richards had been planning to insert Wilhelm into a state role for some time. He laid out his plan in a letter to Senator Warren on April 1: “In case of war I want to make Wilhelm colonel of our 1st Regiment. Will you ask Secretary [of War] Alger if he will be granted leave of absence for that purpose?

Urge it.”10 Richards’s and Foote’s decisions were both controversial. Foote was an Evanston man, and many Company H men declared they would refuse to volunteer if their old commander was not leading the battalion.11 On the governor’s decision, a Buffalo newspaper expressed a common opinion: Wyoming has one regiment of Infantry. This regiment is provided with its full quota of field officers, towit: A Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel and two Majors, yet when the call came for only a battalion of four companies to go to war, Governor Richards selects as commander an alien. Either the four officers, from Colonel Foote to Junior Major Parmelee, are incompetent to command Wyoming’s battalion, or they are persona non grata to the valiant Commander-in-chief of the military forces of Wyoming. Which?12

It all worked out in the end. Wilhelm did not take command of the Wyoming battalion. Either he did not accept it, or the secretary of war refused to grant the captain a leave of absence from the Regular Army—again, it is difficult to determine the backstory. What is known for sure is

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Colonel Foote of the Wyoming Guard agreed to become Major Foote of the Wyoming Volunteers.

The men also had to undergo a guardto-volunteer conversion. Upon arrival in Cheyenne, the companies occupied Keefe and Turner Halls downtown while a camp was prepared at the fairgrounds.

A tent city, dubbed Camp Richards, was soon ready, with rations sent over from the largely vacant Fort D.A. Russell. The camp bustled with activity for the next two weeks as officers, noncommissioned officers, and older hands in the ranks taught newcomers the basics of soldiering, although almost constant rain interspersed with snow made training difficult. New men reported each day. The Cheyenne contingent eventually totaled 37 recruits, with 18 of those being firemen from the city’s Alert Hose Company. Uniforms and equipment trickled in, with never quite enough on hand to handle the constantly increasing strength. When a company had 81 officers and men present for duty, it marched to the state capitol to be mustered in as volunteers.

Buffalo’s Company C went first on May 7. The guardsmen marched to the Capitol with a host of cheering spectators lining the route. At the Capitol, festooned with flags and bunting, the company formed up in two ranks on the west side of the Capitol steps. Captain Wilhelm called the roll. As each man’s name was called, he marched forward, saluted the captain, and joined a new formation on the east side of the steps. When all were present in the new formation, Wilhelm swore them into federal service. Then the newly minted volunteers filed into the governor’s office to sign the federal muster roll. Governor Richards shook hands with each man, expressing his gratitude and wishing them all Godspeed.13 Two identical ceremonies took place on May 9 for Companies F and H. Company G rounded out the battalion on May 10. As the Sheridan men got ready to be sworn in, one of the privates in the ranks, Madison Stoneman, noticed a photographer taking their picture. He later wrote that the men were far from the epitome of military polish: Then we were called to attention, and there we stood; some had bright new uniforms and clean white stripes, cartridge belts and muskets;

Standard issue

While regulars carried modern Krag-Jorgensens, the Wyoming battalion was issued 1884 Trapdoor Springfield rifles.

Courtesy of George Eagle Feather; Photography by J.L. O’Brien

others had uniforms but no belts or muskets; still others had citizen’s clothes with flannel shirts, and shoes turned up at the toes; others with laundried shirts and collars both of which had seen better days; all these and more, to get their pictures taken.

What must they have looked like to a prim cadet or West Point graduate, both of whom had always been accustomed to seeing companies in uniform, even to shoes of the same make and complexion? Looking at this motley aggregation, who could cherish an unfriendly feeling toward one should he ask, ‘Pray, what do you expect these to do?’14

What was expected now was final preparations to depart Wyoming. Major Foote assumed command of the battalion on May 10 after Company G’s swearing in. Four days later, he received a telegram from the U.S. Army adjutant general: “By direction of the secretary of war you will proceed at once with your regiment to San Francisco, Cala., and report to the commanding general there.”15 Hectic preparations ensued as the last available pieces of uniform and kit arrived. Sergeant Frank Geere of Company G, a native Englishman who had moved to Wyoming in 1896 and was a clerk at the Sheridan Inn, would be a faithful correspondent to his hometown newspaper during the coming months. He penned a detailed description of those last days in Cheyenne: Camp W.A. Richards presented a busy scene, with wagons continually coming and going from Fort Russell and unloading equipments at the commissary tent. Yesterday and today the boys have been marched in squads of twenty to the fort for baths, and today Dr. Morrison commenced vaccinating the troops.

Company ‘G’ was treated this

afternoon and only a few suffered the effects to any extent…The Cheyenne people have been kind to us and have shown much attention.

Every company received so many cakes this afternoon, the gift of the Cheyenne ladies, and they were heartily appreciated by the boys after the regulation fare of beef, beans, bacon, potatoes, and coffee.16

The people of Wyoming were indeed generous in sending gifts, food, and kind sentiments to the troops as they prepared to leave. Major Foote could not thank all the donors individually, so he and the company commanders sent a letter to the press that was printed in papers across the state:

The most valued item the men received before departing Camp Richards was pay for their time in state service, the days between gathering in their hometowns and being mustered in as federal volunteers.

The state provided the funds by taking out a loan for $2,318.76 from the First National Bank and Stock Growers Bank of Cheyenne, personally countersigned by the governor and 16 of the city’s leading businessmen.18 With cash in hand, the battalion’s 14 officers and 338 men departed Camp Richards on May 18.

As reveille sounded that morning, the tents came down; remaining equipment was packed by early afternoon. Private Stoneman recorded the scene as they headed to the Cheyenne depot:

The major commanding the First battalion Wyoming volunteer Forming in battalion formation infantry, and the captains we were marched down through commanding its several companies, thronged streets, amidst men having received many gifts to and women, some joyous, the men of their commands… others weeping, clinging to their hereby express to the generous departing sons or brothers. Here donors, and each of them, their and there squads of citizens fired high appreciation, not only of the salutes from double barreled shot gifts, but also of the patriotic and guns; and all down the line could affectionate interest manifested be heard the swelling strains of in the men who have left home, Cheyenne’s band. Our train was business and friends to take upon in waiting when we reached the themselves the hardships of the Union Pacific Station and space tented field, being assigned and the to the several sacrificial companies we “Expedition convoys,” each duties of the went aboard to consisting of four to six vessels and battlefield in put away our troops, defense of equipments, departed our nation’s only to return from San Francisco from May flag and the to the platform to August 1898. vindication of and clasp the nation’s hands with honor. In this friends and public manner we express to you acquaintances. Presents of pies, our gratitude and return to you our cakes, fruits and other articles most hearty thanks. May the God of of food; musical instruments, battles keep and protect you and all testaments and mementoes of of us.17 various descriptions were stacked

7 3,000–5,000

up in the arms of the boys in blue.19

Similar festivities occurred in Laramie, where the train made a two-hour stop that evening, and in Evanston the next morning.

The Laramie residents not only fed the troops well but also presented a “beautiful sword” to Harol De Ver Coburn, a recent graduate of the University of Wyoming, former captain of the university’s corps of cadets, and now the first lieutenant of Company F. “As the train left the depot two detachments of the university cadet artillery gave the train a salvo,” Sergeant Geere wrote.

“The enthusiasm of the populace and the frenzied goodbyes of relations was enough to move the sternest man to tears.”20

Arrival at Camp Merritt The battalion arrived in Oakland on the morning of May 21. “They are a fine body of men, and fairly well equipped,” an Oakland daily newspaper noted.21 They made a short march to the Oakland Long Wharf, the “Mole” on the waterfront, boarded a ferry, and were soon deposited on a dock in San Francisco. Next stop was the new Ferry Building, where the local Red Cross chapter laid out a lavish spread of food. From there it was a 5-mile march through the streets of San Francisco to Camp Merritt at the old Bay District Racetrack, a cluster of vacant city blocks.

Named in honor of Maj. Gen. Wesley Merritt, commander of VIII Corps and the Philippine expedition, the camp was one of four military cantonments dotting the San Francisco landscape and would soon be home to more than 7,000 troops.22 Sergeant Geere listened closely to remarks from the crowd as the battalion marched by: The battalion was then marched to the old race track near the Golden

19

Rallythe colors

A gift from home Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader May 9, 1898

20

Harriet Alice Richards, center, wife of Governor William A. Richards, led the 1898 fundraising efforts to purchase a custom-embroidered U.S. flag to be used by 1st Battalion, Wyoming Volunteers. Her daughter, Alice Richards, right, served as her father’s secretary at the Capitol. At left is Mrs. Harry B. (Vivia Ada) Henderson.

Courtesy of Wyoming State Archives

1st Wyoming colors return home

Corporal Christian Hepp, left, and Color Sergeant Edmund G. Guyer pose with the flag that the 1st Battalion, Wyoming Volunteers brought back from Manila. As detailed by Hepp on the back of the photo, the image was taken in 1929 at the fair in Douglas, Wyoming. Hepp and Guyer raised this flag over the Luneta Barracks on August 13, 1898.

Courtesy of the Hepp Collection, Big Horn City Historical Society

History lives!

Unrolling history

Paulette Reading of Paulette Reading Textile Conservation, left, and Mandy Langfald, curator of collections, Wyoming State Museum, unroll the 1898 U.S. colors on September 22, 2020, in preparation to transfer the flag for conservation work.

Courtesy of Wyoming State Museum

Major General Greg Porter, adjutant general of Wyoming, meets descendants of Christian Hepp, 1st Wyoming Volunteer, credited with raising this flag in Manila, Philippines. From left are Porter, great-grandsons, Kevin Hepp, Wade Hepp, and retired Master Sgt. John Hepp. They met at the dedication of the conserved colors on March 22, 2021, at the Wyoming State Museum.

Courtesy of Wyoming Military Department

21

Time takes its toll The image of the 1898 colors photographed on September 22, 2020, below shows deterioration of the flag. The surrounding photos detail the damage as well as the results of the conservation efforts unveiled in March 2021.

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A new lease on life

From late 2020 to early 2021, the 1898 1st Wyoming colors were restored

by Paulette Reading of Mountain States Textile Conservation. The process included cleaning as well as repairing damage to a number of areas on the flag.

The flag was revealed at an event at the Wyoming State Museum on March 22, 2021.

Photos courtesy of Wyoming State Museum

Tools of the trade

The images to the right show the progress of the conservation of the flag. Reading detailed her conservation process in a report to the Wyoming State Museum. She wrote that the flag was vacuumed with a low-suction vacuum through a protective screen. The fringe was untangled using gentle mechanical action and a microspatula. Dry latex-free sponges were used to clean the flag with gently rubbing.

Where the flag was creased, Reading humidified the material and allowed the flattened material to dry under weight.

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Buffalo company

C Company, out of Buffalo, poses for a photograph at Camp Merritt, California.

Gate park…where they went into camp. While en route for camp the Wyoming battalion created quite a sensation. They were preceded by a band and crowds of people thronged to see them pass.

‘Where are they from?’ I heard one man ask. ‘Wyoming’ answered his friend. ‘Gad, they must raise ‘em out there,’ he remarked. I frequently heard words of high praise from the lookers-on and it made me feel proud for Sheridan.23

While the march to Camp Merritt may have been inspiring for the Wyoming troops, their first night in camp was anything but. A steady rain started when they arrived, and no tents were available. They turned up the collars of their overcoats and huddled together in small groups but soon were thoroughly soaked. “Does it always rain in California?” wistfully asked one dripping private, leaning on a fence with chin cupped in hands. Private William Wallam later wrote to his brother, a fellow Cheyenne plumber, that “we got as wet as the floor under a bursted water pipe.” Around midnight, arrangements were made to billet the men in nearby warehouses and stables.24 Within a few days the battalion was under canvas. Foote’s men settled into a camp routine similar to what they had experienced at Camp Richards: drilling daily, taking occasional target practice, and receiving new equipment. “We are drilling six hours a day,” Captain Millar of Company C wrote a few days after

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arrival at Camp Merritt. A few score men in the battalion lacked rifles when they left Wyoming, so arms were shipped from Benicia Arsenal. Like all volunteers in this conflict they received outdated black powder Springfields instead of the modern Krag–Jørgensen the regulars carried.

Sergeant Geere noted the equipping process: The ordnance department has completed equipping us and all are supplied with 45 cal. Springfields, cartridge belts, knapsacks, haversacks, canteens, blanket straps, bayonets, mess kits, etc.

Little campaign shelter tents have been received by the battalion, but not issued. The next on the program will probably be the commissary department and all will be thoroughly equipped with clothing. The requisitions have been made some time ago, but it is a big job to equip an army.25

Looking around at volunteers from other states during the early days at Camp Merritt, Captain Millar noted that “some of the troops here are not very well equipped and Governor Richards of Wyoming is entitled to a great deal of credit for sending out his troops in such fine condition.”26 The battalion made headlines in early June when it was presented a national flag of heavy silk with the inscription “1st Battalion Wyoming Volunteers” embroidered along the center red stripe.

Courtesy of Johnson County Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum

The banner’s genesis was a fundraising campaign that originated with Harriet Alice Richards, wife of the governor. While the battalion was organizing in Cheyenne, Mrs. Richards sent a letter to the women of each Wyoming municipality requesting funds for the banner. Donations were limited to no more than 10 cents per individual, and the required funds were soon in hand. She shipped the flag to her brother who lived in Oakland, George C. Hunt. On the morning of June 5, Major Foote formed up the battalion on Point Lobos Avenue, Camp Merritt’s northern boundary near the Wyoming encampment.

Hunt presented the flag to the battalion, and Foote entrusted it to the care of the battalion’s new color sergeant, Edmund G. Guyer of Company G. Although Major Foote once admitted he was “no orator,” he gave it his best shot as he addressed Hunt and the formation: Sir, on behalf of the officers and members of the First Battalion Wyoming Volunteer Infantry, I accept this beautiful banner—the Stars and Stripes—the emblem of the grandest and best country on the face of the globe, and for the officers of this battalion offer to you and through you to Mrs. Richards—the wife of our honored and respected governor—and to the other noble and loyal ladies of the State of Wyoming, who have contributed toward its purchase, our sincere thanks. God bless the noble and patriotic ladies of Wyoming will

always be the prayer of every officer and member of the First Battalion of Wyoming. Color Sergeant, I now place in your charge the colors of the First Battalion of Wyoming, and backed by all of the officers and men of the First Battalion, it will, I trust and believe, always be found on the front line, where it should be.27

A reporter Hunt brought along to cover the event noted: “The Wyoming troops are about the best equipped of any of the volunteer forces in Camp Merritt and are anxious and eager to take ship and proceed to the aid of Admiral Dewey in the faraway Philippines.”28 Anxious and eager volunteers were everywhere to be found in San Francisco that spring. Since the beginning of the conflict, the War Department had been making feverish attempts to charter and purchase transport vessels for the Philippine expedition. The ships trickled into San Francisco Bay each week, but the process of required inspections and maintenance meant enough were never ready at any given time to transport all the waiting troops. A total of seven “expedition convoys,” each consisting of four to six vessels and 3,000–5,000 troops, departed San Francisco from May to August 1898.

The first set sail on May 25, just a few days after the Wyoming battalion’s arrival at Camp Merritt, and the second departed on June 15. Whether a volunteer unit was on an expedition’s manifest came down to a

combination of three factors: equipment, training, and influence.29 The 1st Wyoming fared well in terms of equipment and training. By all accounts Foote’s command was one of the betterequipped state outfits at Camp Merritt, and it quickly obtained whatever equipment it lacked. The battalion badly needed training, but not more so than the majority of volunteers gathering at the Golden Gate.

Because unit drill was difficult in the narrow confines of Camp Merritt, the battalion had to march to either Golden Gate Park or the Presidio of San Francisco, the local Regular Army installation. Once at the training sites, the battalion benefited from adept drillmasters such as Captains Millar and O’Brien and Lieutenant Coburn.

Sergeant George Rogers of Company C, a Johnson County ranch hand and veteran of the British Army, also had much-needed expertise. Rogers was ill for a few days in early June, and he noticed a difference in how the drilling went when he absent: I had to remain in camp while the companies…went out for battalion drill. I will tell you the officers did [not] realize the value of a good right guide until they tried it without me as right guide. When the boys came in from drill they said that it made a difference for the entire Battalion. Do not let this go any further as it may come back to him, but Lieutenant Cheever is no good. He gets excited and gives wrong commands which is a great drawback for the company. I can take the company out and drill them in company drill or in the manual of arms and the boys go through without a bobble. But when the Lieutenant has charge they seem lost.30

“Drill goes on regularly every day,” Sergeant Geere reported in mid-June.

“Battalion drill comes now in the morning and company drill in the afternoon. We are now practicing in the skirmish drill and firing exercises. Later on I expect we will get some target practice.”31 The battalion shot well on the ranges at the Presidio, the high degree of marksmanship a result of the firearms familiarity most Wyoming soldiers already had. “The average scores were from 20 to 25,” a San Francisco newspaper briefly noted, “which is a very high percentage, and it shows that Major Foote has some excellent marksmen in

his command.”32 The shooting results validated a comment Captain Wilhelm made a year earlier: “The men forming the Guard of the State are generally good shots and handle the rifle well.”33 General Merritt set up an inspection system to evaluate the readiness of the various units.

The 1st Wyoming’s turn came on June 9.

“The Wyoming Battalion has little cause for discontent,” Sergeant Geere informed readers back in Sheridan, “as their chance is one better since I wrote last. The whole camp has been rigidly inspected in turn in heavy marching order and the Wyoming battalion received their Inspection from Inspector General Hughes last Thursday.

As the inspecting officer passed down the ranks he was heard to remark…‘These boys are all right. I guess you’re good for the next expedition.’”34 Influence came in many forms. The War Department and generals of other commands sent a steady stream of advice to General Merritt about which volunteer units should get priority to ship out.

Merritt and Maj. Gen. Elwell S. Otis, the principal subordinate commander in VIII Corps, could also play favorites. Merritt had once commanded the Department of the East and Otis the Department of Colorado, so any regiment from east of the Mississippi or Denver received favorable nods. An unwritten rule was once a state had a unit overseas, other units from that state were low in priority regardless of readiness.35 And then there was politics. Governor Richards was more than ready to participate. The Wyoming governor was a former resident of the Bay area, having lived in San Jose for seven years in the 1870s and 1880s. His wife was from California, and his brother A.C. Richards lived in the Golden State. Richards had let Major Foote know prior to the battalion’s departure from Cheyenne to expect a visit from the Wyoming commander-in-chief during the battalion’s stay in San Francisco. True to his word, Richards arrived in Oakland on June 9. The officers of the battalion met the governor at the mole the next morning— minus Major Foote, who claimed he was ill but perhaps was just still simmering about the governor’s initial desire for someone else to command the battalion. The battalion was formed up at Camp Merritt when the governor’s party arrived. He addressed the men, telling them he was confident “Wyoming’s sons would represent with

At home away from home

Members of Company C brought this flag from Buffalo to Camp Merritt. This Company C flag is not the battalion’s colors shown on pages 20–23.

Courtesy of Johnson County Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum

honor in field and camp and battle the state which is proud to point to them as her citizens.” The battalion passed in review and was dismissed for the rest of the day.36 Richards did not just spend time with the battalion in San Francisco. He took rooms at the Palace Hotel, the same establishment in which General Merritt was lodging. Although no meeting between the two was recorded, a number of press reports intimated the governor’s presence resulted in the 1st Wyoming Volunteers being selected for the third Philippine expedition, due to depart on June 27.

The week before departure saw yet more frantic preparation. The battalion received white canvas fatigue uniforms to wear in the tropical heat. A paymaster paid off the troops for the month of June, the upcoming deployment allowing the men to be paid in advance instead of arrears as was the usual practice. The day any unit departed Camp Merritt was an event the San Francisco newspapers thoroughly covered, and the presence of a governor ensured plenty of reporters observed the 1st Wyoming: The big tents came down with a wild whoop and were awkwardly packed for shipment to the wharf.

The Governor of the state, W.A. Richards, stood in a large group of privates and with note book and pencil took farewell messages to the home folks. …The matter of messages having been attended to the men formed for the march to the dock in light marching order, their heavier accoutrements having been sent in wagons, through the intercession of Governor Richards.37

Escorted by the band of the 7th California, the battalion departed Camp Merritt just before noon on June 26 with Major Foote, Governor Richards, and General Otis, all mounted, leading the way.

The battalion followed, minus four men who were patients at the Camp Merritt hospital. A cheering crowd lined the entire route down Golden Gate Avenue and Market Street to the Lombard Street Wharf and Ohio. The governor sent a telegram to his wife in Cheyenne later that day: “Five miles solid people. Immense enthusiasm. Thousands of flags.”38 The battalion waited dockside most of the afternoon before boarding. In addition to the 1st Wyoming, Ohio’s manifest included about 600 regulars from the 18th U.S. Infantry and 3rd U.S. Artillery. Ohio,

25

along with Indiana, City of Para, Morgan City, and Valencia, pulled away from the docks that evening, laying at anchor in the bay overnight. The expedition departed San Francisco the next morning. Ohio temporarily had one passenger aboard.

Governor Richards had vowed to be with the 1st Wyoming when it departed, and he took that promise literally. He boarded the ship with Foote’s men and remained aboard as the convoy departed San Francisco Bay. When they were 14 miles out to sea and past the harbor’s bar, Ohio stopped briefly while the pilot boat that had escorted the convoy out of San Francisco Bay, Lady Mine, came alongside. Richards transferred to the smaller vessel as the Wyoming troops on deck roared him farewell. “He had gone fourteen miles further in seeing his men off than any other Governor on record,” a reporter wrote two days later, “and tomorrow will go home to Cheyenne well satisfied with his work.”39 Ohio, with its numerous seasick passengers, spent eight days in transit to Hawaii, then three days in Honolulu taking on coal and provisions. The men were granted a day of shore leave to explore the city, half the battalion on July 6 and half the next day. Private Stoneman wrote of the official dinner they were given on the day prior to departure: July 7th we were marched to the capitol building, in which grounds tables and a good dinner were prepared for the entire expedition.

The dinner consisted of bread, meats, pies, cakes, fruits and other articles of food, coffee and tea.

After dinner each soldier was given a bottle of soda-water; and before we marched away we were given our choice of a pile of perhaps a ton’s weight of pineapples. These we took to our bunks, some vowing to keep them for a few days; while others, whose appetites seemed more ravenous, ate theirs the same day.

We found afterward that these latter were the wiser of the lot, for we who kept ours found them spoiled, and fit only to feed to the fish in the sea.40

Two Wyoming soldiers almost remained in Hawaii. William Shortill and another man in Company C, both just teenage kids and away from home for the first time, were homesick and depressed. They briefly considered getting “lost” in Honolulu

26

There was many a sad heart that evening, as the burial of a comrade at sea is a sad event.”43

By the time we reached the Philippines, the home sickness had passed and, like all others of that age we were keenly alert for any adventure.

Pvt. William Shorthill, Company C

the deck and roped in. This serves and missing the final leg of the journey to as a bandstand and sparring ring. the Philippines, but in the end thought Every evening there are one or better of it. “By the time we reached the more boxing matches between Philippines,” Shortill recalled years later, representatives of the various “the home sickness had passed and, like all companies and batteries, followed others of that age we were keenly alert for by some music by the band. Besides any adventure.” With all accounted for, the 18th Infantry band there are a the expedition departed Hawaii on July number of musicians on board who 8. Most of the men had their sea legs now, play different instruments. There are so the voyage from Honolulu to Manila five or six who play mandolins and guitars and these get together in the was long but uneventful. Food remained evenings and entertain the rest with the chief complaint. “The grub they give music and singing. In spite of all this the soldiers to eat on this trip was simply diversion the time passes slowly disgusting,” Company C’s Sergeant Rogers and all are anxious to end the long recalled later. voyage.42 “Several of the men remarked Private Ernst R. Bowker, The only that it knocked who had contracted happening of note all the patriotism both measles and typhoid fever, was during the weeks buried at sea, the first Wyoming fatality. out of them, and in transit was the if ever they get burial at sea of Pvt. out of this they Ernst R. Bowker will stay at home on July 24. Bowker was reportedly the first next time and let some one else try it that Douglas resident to enlist in Company has not had the experience.”41 Sergeant F when the call went out for recruits in Geere described how they kept themselves April, and now he was that company’s first occupied: fatality. He had been ill prior to the voyage with measles, then contracted typhoid We do not lack for diversions on fever. “We buried him at sundown,” related board. Besides our daily duties, musician John Frick, another Company inspections, etc., there is no lack F man. “The band played the funeral of reading and music, cardplaying march, and the service was read and he was and other amusements. A platform has been constructed aft above lowered to the water amid Pacific waves.

JULY 24

Arrival in the Philippines The expedition arrived at Manila Bay on July 31. “At two o’clock the smoke of a steamer broke the horizon beyond Corregidor,” noted an observer on Newport, General Merritt’s command ship, “and soon our transports came in sight, the Indiana leading and followed by the Morgan City, the Ohio, the City of Para, and the Valencia. Cheer after cheer was exchanged as the vessels, black with men, one by one dropped anchor.” George Rogers wrote that the men had “almost forgotten” the hardships of the voyage as soon as they arrived in Manila Bay. The anchorage was in the sheltered waters near Cavite 8 miles south of Manila, scene of the previous May’s naval battle. The ever-observant Frank Geere noted: “The wrecks of many of the Spanish vessels which Dewey sank can be seen. Some have part of the hull out of the water, some nothing but the masts, while others are merely marked by a buoy and flag.” The waters were alive with small steam launches going from warships and transports to shore, for Cavite’s undersized docks could not handle large ocean-going vessels.44 Unloading the transports was a laborious process that involved transferring men and equipment into a small native “cascos,” pole-powered craft that normally plied the Philippine labyrinth of inland waterways but now had been pressed into service for ship-to-shore logistics. The technique was to tie together a half dozen cascos behind a steam-powered vessel that would tow the line of craft through the surf to the beach. The regulars on Ohio disembarked first, and it was not until August 6, after a storm delay, that the 1st Wyoming went ashore. As a line of cascos bearing Company F headed toward the beach, the lead steamer made too sharp a turn, and one of the river craft overturned.

The men aboard all managed to cling to the hull or be pulled into one of the other cascos, but the company suffered a priceless loss: the sword presented to Lieutenant Coburn back in May. “I can truly say I never had anything to hurt me quite as bad as losing the sword,” Coburn lamented, “for I had always kept it near me, and worn it with pride and it was a pleasing remembrance of Laramie. Every member of

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my company had an interest in it and really shared the honor with me.” For the next two days Company F soldiers dove and swam in the waters where the blade went down, but it was never found.45 The battalion came ashore at the small coastal village of Paranaque, then trudged inland to Camp Dewey, a rambling bivouac situated in an old peanut field. The men pitched their small two-man campaign tents, eventually adding bamboo flooring and bunks to get them off the wet, sandy ground. With the reinforcements from the third expedition, Camp Dewey was now home to more than 8,000 troops.

Merritt organized the force into a division of two brigades under Brig. Gen. Thomas Anderson. The 1st Wyoming was assigned to Brig. Gen. Arthur MacArthur’s 1st Brigade.46 The American forces massing south of Manila were one element of a threeway power struggle for control of the Philippines. Rebel forces under Emilio Aguinaldo had been battling Spanish occupation troops for two years in a bid to establish an independent Philippine state.

Aguinaldo’s insurgents were now nominally allied with Merritt’s command because the interests of both converged for the time being on ousting the Spanish. Both sides in this uneasy relationship were already considering options for after the common enemy was defeated.47 For now, the focus was on the 13,000 Spanish troops holed up in Manila.

Insurgents had encircled the Philippine capital months prior to the American army’s arrival. Starting in late July, U.S. troops occupied a sector of the line due south of Manila near the coast, about 2 miles north of Camp Dewey. Units pulled duty manning the line for 24-hour periods.

Firefights were a nightly occurrence for a while, the largest taking place just before midnight on July 31 while the 1st Wyoming was still aboard ship. Sergeant Geere wrote the next day that “heavy firing was heard from the direction of the position of the Americans and flashes of light and the rattle of Gatlings mingled with the boom of heavy guns could be plainly distinguished.”48 After spending a few days settling into Camp Dewey, on August 10 the 1st Wyoming was rotated onto the line fully expecting to exchange fire with the Spanish troops occupying fortifications less than half a mile away. Some of Major Foote’s

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We had never seen such mud in our lives. It seemed there was no bottom to it and it rained all the time.

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men were disappointed when no shots were exchanged. Private Charles Wilseck of Company G laughingly wrote: “Every night had seen some fighting going on, but our night spent there was uneventful, as the Spaniards must have realized the presence of the Wyoming battalion (?).”

No humor was attached to the conditions the men endured in the trenches. May through October is the rainy season in the Philippines, with heavy downpours taking place almost every afternoon. The men in the trenches had to stand in mud that was anywhere from ankle to knee deep. “We had never seen such mud in our lives,” Pvt. Harry Smith remembered. “It seemed there was no bottom to it and it rained all the time.”49

Spanish negotiate surrender While the 1st Wyoming spent its soggy night standing guard, secret negotiations between Commodore Dewey and his Spanish counterpart concluded with an agreement for Manila’s surrender. The Americans and Spanish wanted to avoid surrendering the city to Aguinaldo’s insurgents, as both feared a bloodbath if the Filipinos were allowed to wreak vengeance upon their former oppressors. Using the Belgian consul as an intermediary, the two sides agreed that on August 13 the American fleet would bombard only San Antonio Abad, a Spanish strongpoint opposite the American lines that was the powder magazine (Polvorin) for the Manila fortifications. After the perfunctory shelling, the Spanish would withdraw, the Americans would advance, and the insurgents would be kept out of the city.

Most of the commanders at Camp Dewey were unaware of the battle’s scripted sequence; all they knew was an attack on Manila was set for August 13. “The men received the news with a good cheer,” Sergeant Rogers wrote to an uncle in Buffalo, “and anxiously awaited the dawn of the day.”50 Preparations began the night of August 12. Captain Dan Wrighter, commander of Company G, gave his men a pep talk.

“The captain lined up the company and made us a little speech,” Sergeant Oscar Hoback wrote in a letter home the next month, “and told us that there was to be a combined land and naval attack on Manila the next day. He told us all kinds of nice things and I think when he quit talking we all felt one foot taller,

Wyoming leadership

Commanding Officer Maj. Frank Foote with the other officers from the 1st Battalion.

Officers with Maj. Frank Foote (fourth from the left in the front) are (back row, from left) Capt. Edward P. Holtenhouse, commander, Company H; Lt. George F. Fast, battalion quartermaster, from Company H; Lt. Harol de ver Coburn, Company F (later appointed to battalion adjutant); Lt. Harry Ohlenkamp, Company H; Dr. William E. Gossett, battalion hospital steward, Company C; Lt. John S. Morrison, battalion surgeon; Lt. Hezekiah P. Howe, Company G; (front row, from left) Capt. John D. O’Brien, commander, Company F; Lt. James D. Gallup, battalion adjutant, from Company C; Capt. Thomas Millar, commander, Company C; Major Foote, commander, 1st Wyoming Battalion; Capt. Daniel C. Wrighter, commander, Company G; and Lt. Loren Cheever, Company C. Additional leadership from 1st Wyoming Battalion not in the photograph include Lt. Johnson W. Morgareidge, Company G (later battalion quartermaster), and Lt. Willard H. Rouse, Company F. Courtesy of Johnson County Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum

100 pounds heavier, and able to lick all the Spaniards on the island.” Other preparations included issuing each man 100 rounds of ammunition—50 rounds in their cartridge belts and another 50 in their haversacks—along with rations for two days. General Anderson arranged his division with MacArthur’s brigade on the right and the 2nd Brigade under Brig.

Gen. Francis Greene on the left. He held the 1st Wyoming and 1st Idaho in reserve and posted them behind Greene’s brigade near the coast. Being under control of the division commander meant the 1st Wyoming was detached from MacArthur’s brigade throughout the advance on Manila. It also meant the Wyoming battalion had a superb vantage point from which to view the naval attack on San Antonio Abad.51 The battalion was ready to move two hours after reveille on August 13 amid yet

another tropical downpour. “My command, according to orders, left Camp Dewey at 7.05 a.m.,” Major Foote later reported, “and marched as directed to the open field north of Camp Dewey and about 400 yards to the left and rear of the road leading to Pasai. We arrived at this position at 8.05 a.m. and remained there until and during the bombardment by the fleet.” Right on schedule at 9:30, the cruisers Olympia and Raleigh, supported by the gunboat Petrel, emerged from the mist of a rain squall 2 miles offshore and opened fire on the Spanish positions. Two smaller craft, gunboats Callao and Barcelo, operated close to shore and added their fires as well, as did the Utah Battery positioned on the beach.

“It was a grand sight—the bombardment of the city by the big guns of Dewey’s warships,” remembered Cpl. Robert Newell of C Company.52 Thomas Millar agreed:

We were near the bay and had a splendid view of Dewey’s fleet as it crawled up and poured forth its wrath upon Fort San Antonio and the Spanish entrenchments. We could see the Olympia and the Baltimore, grand but grim. Our boys cheered wildly at the sound of their shots. We could see the Caleo, close to the beach, vomiting fire and smoke. The sound of its rapid fire guns made everybody laugh, and the men christened that ship the “Woodpecker.”53

Dewey’s guns went silent after an hour, when the forward units of both brigades began to advance. The 1st Colorado of Greene’s brigade was the first unit to enter the shell-scared San Antonio Abad, and at 11 that morning raised the American flag over it. The 1st Wyoming and 1st Idaho joined in the advance, moving north on the Calle Real, the main road that paralleled the coast. A few moments later, an officer from General Anderson’s staff caught up with 1st Wyoming and ordered Major Foote to move forward, link up with the 18th U.S. Infantry, and advance into Manila. The Wyoming battalion took the lead from the 1st Idaho and approached within a quarter mile of San Antonio Abad.

Although the powder magazine was now in American hands, plenty of nearby Spanish troops were still putting up resistance, particularly in front of MacArthur’s brigade to the east at Blockhouse 14—these Spaniards were as ill-informed about the negotiated surrender as their American counterparts. The column of Wyoming troops came under fire from an unseen enemy to their front. Major Foote ordered the battalion off the road and into a line of abandoned trenches nearby until the incoming fire slackened, then sent out patrols to locate the 18th Regulars and “find out what the situation was, as we had supposed that the city had surrendered and that the fighting was over.”54 Foote soon received word that the 18th was just to the right and front, and to advance when he saw the regulars move out. He got the 1st Wyoming back on the road as the regular skirmishers moved forward. The battalion was now in sight of San Antonio Abad. John Frick remembered the moment well: “The boys in front had by this time raised the stars and stripes over the Spanish fort, the first to float in Manila, and we cheered and

cheered.” There was no cheering for what happened next. To keep contact with the 18th Infantry, Major Foote decided to move off the road and advance to the right through difficult terrain that was variously described as a swamp, rice patty, or cane field. “It was raining and mud was knee deep,” wrote Pvt. Charlie Brandis, another Company F man from Laramie.

“We went across a sugarcane field and we would sink down into the mud so deep that it was all we could do to pull our legs out again.” After struggling forward for perhaps 30 minutes, the 1st Wyoming emerged from the mud and came upon the Spanish forward trenches. Entering the Spanish lines and seeing the effects of the bombardment were images that became etched in the battalion’s collective memory.

Just about every soldier who wrote a letter home describing the events of August 13 mentioned what he saw at that moment.

The comments of Private Brandis were typical: “At last we crossed the trench and got into New Manila. The Spanish must have left in an awful hurry. Guns, ammunition, clothes, etc., were strewn all around. Several dead were to be seen. One had his head torn off by a shell. In the fort were lots of dead and wounded.”55 Moving around the conquered powder magazine and crossing a bridge over a tidal estuary, Major Foote reoriented the battalion’s advance on Calle Real through the urban settlements of Malate and Ermita. The detour through the swamp resulted in the 1st Wyoming temporarily losing contact with the 18th Infantry and also caused it to fall farther behind most of the regiments of the 2nd Brigade. The battalion was now one of many units moving north through Malate. Foote knew the 18th Infantry’s column was “some short distance ahead of us. There were so many detachments moving into this street from toward the beach that it was difficult to keep them in sight, but this we managed to do.”56 The battalion then came under fire again, most likely from Spanish troops who were still putting up a stout resistance against MacArthur’s 1st Brigade from a fortified house north of the small hamlet of Singalong. The Wyoming men sheltered against the walls of the buildings lining Calle Real, being careful to avoid cross streets where the incoming fire was heaviest.

While the battalion took cover, Captain Millar heard a familiar voice call out from up the street—Lt. William Haan of the 3rd

U.S. Artillery, a fellow Ohio passenger and commander of one of the 3rd’s batteries that was serving as infantry. The regular officer motioned for Millar to join him at the 3rd Artillery’s column, where Haan handed the Wyoming captain a bottle of champagne.

While Millar took a long pull, Major Foote was briefly considering a counterattack eastward. The incoming fire ceased before that became necessary. Foote ordered the men back into formation; Millar hurriedly expressed his thanks to Haan, and the battalion continued northward.57 The 1st Wyoming came to the end of Ermita’s built-up area and now faced a broad plain known as the Luneta, a combination park and parade field immediately south of the formidable walls of Fort Santiago that enclosed Intramuros, the original Spanish settlement. Although a Spanish flag was still flying over the fort, a large white flag was also visible, as were hundreds of Spanish soldiers on the fort’s walls who were just waiting to surrender. A few moments earlier, the Luneta had been crowded with American troops, the regiments of Greene’s brigade that had preceded the 1st Wyoming through the streets of Malate and Ermita.

With Greene’s brigade at the fort and MacArthur’s brigade still engaged at Signalong, General Anderson, the division commander, told Greene to keep moving: “I directed General Greene to proceed at once with his brigade to the north side of the Pasig [River], retaining only the Wyoming battalion to remain with me to keep up the connection between the two brigades.”58 Inside the walls of Fort Santiago, negotiations were taking place to end the fighting and secure the Spanish surrender of the city. Meanwhile General Anderson told Major Foote to have the 1st Wyoming take possession of what looked like military barracks on the Luneta adjacent to the moat surrounding Fort Santiago. Major Foote relayed the order to his company commanders, and the barracks were soon secured. During the battalion’s first moments in what turned out to be Luneta Barracks, it was decided to raise the 1st Wyoming’s flag on the barracks’ flagpole. Color Sergeant Edmund Guyer, accompanied by Major Foote and Sgt. Christian Hepp from Company C, ascended to the roof and got to work. Sergeant Guyer wrote of this moment 40 years later: “Immediately

It was raining and mud was knee deep. We went across a sugarcane field and we would sink down into the mud so deep that it was all we could do to pull our legs out again.

Private Charlie Brandis, Company F

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after taking possession of the barracks, we raised our Flag. As Color Sergeant, it was my duty to do this. At our first attempt to raise the flag the rope, being old, broke.

Some one soon found new rope which we spliced, and at 4:45 P.M. the flag was raised—the first flag raised near the Center of Manila.”59

Old Glory over Manila Whether the 1st Wyoming’s flag was in fact the first to be raised over Manila is doubtful, but there is no doubt it preceded the American flag that started flying above Fort Santiago about an hour later.

Following the conclusion of negotiations between General Merritt and the Spanish commander, Lt. Thomas Brumby of Dewey’s staff replaced the fort’s Spanish flag with the Stars and Stripes, with American warships firing a salute when the flag was unfurled. The 1st Wyoming spent the remainder of that memorable day guarding their barracks, securing General Anderson’s nearby headquarters,60 and trying to clean up. “You would have laughed if you had seen me there,” Charlie Brandis informed his parents. “Soaking wet, mud from head to foot, so tired that I could hardly stand up, and sitting down in the road toasting bacon on the end of my bayonet. We went into Quarters right opposite the old fort in the barracks of the Seventy-third regiment of Spanish regulars.

They left everything behind them, so we captured quite a lot of stuff.”61 Luneta Barracks would be the 1st Wyoming’s home until early January 1899.

The stay was much longer than at first anticipated. Three days after Manila’s fall, word arrived that the United States and Spain had signed a peace protocol the day prior to the battle. Now that active fighting in the Spanish-American War was over, the volunteers in the Philippines wanted to go home. They had signed up to fight the Spanish, so in their minds they had done their duty as agreed. Serving as an occupation force in a faraway land was not why they had enlisted, but for the time being that was what they did. The battalion’s sergeant major, Benjamin Moore from Evanston, summed up his feelings in a letter from late October: “Although it is the unanimous wish of all to be discharged with the least loss of time, we will not complain but wait patiently for the government to notify us that our services are no longer required, and then we will bid

30

adieu and give three cheers for McKinley and the Stars and Stripes.”62 Such a virtuous statement was expected from the battalion’s senior noncommissioned officer, but the actions of other Wyoming soldiers were not as pristine. Eight were caught burglarizing a local private residence, an offense for which the entire battalion was confined to quarters for a while. “The two sports Wyoming excelled in were baseball and stealing,” was how one private described the men’s use of their free time. At the end of August Sergeant Geere wrote: “We are to receive our monthly muster tomorrow and were inspected by Adjutant-General Major Mallory this morning. His criticism of the battalion was not complimentary and the battalion has gone down.” Shortly thereafter, Major Foote appointed Captain O’Brien as the battalion’s summary court officer to “keep up morals.” Sergeant Rogers summed up the feelings of many of his comrades in a letter from in mid-October: “All that seems to interest the boys now is when will Uncle Sam order us home and discharge us. The majority of volunteers find it very hard to settle down to Garrison life. The war was only over for a few days before some of the wanted to know is we would not soon be sent home as there would no more fighting to do.”63 At least the 1st Wyoming occupied fairly comfortable barracks while they patiently waited. Luneta was one of the betterknown of Manila’s military facilities. The structure had its drawbacks. There was no electricity, the interior courtyard had been used as a “death yard” to execute prisoners, and one corner had been damaged by a shell during the American attack, but it was spacious, solidly built, and dry. “Our barracks are near the famous Luneta, a popular drive, where all the parades take place,” Captain Millar wrote, “so, while scarcely anybody can tell you where to find the other regiments, everybody knows the barracks of the Wyoming battalion.” The officers were billeted in a separate building in the complex, a structure dubbed “the Bungalow.”64 In November, Luneta Barracks became more crowded. A regiment of South Dakota volunteers had departed San Francisco with the fourth expedition, arriving in Cavite at the end of August.

Two months later they moved north to Manila. The regiment’s 2nd Battalion was assigned to Luneta Barracks, but

A legend refined: raising the colors T

he historic accomplishments of military units are an integral part of building unit identity and esprit de corps, but sometimes the basis of historic deeds rest more on legends than facts.

For many years, Wyoming Army National Guard soldiers were informed that on August 13, 1898, the 1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry Battalion raised the first U.S. flag over Manila during the Spanish-American War. This legend grew as the lineage of the 1st Wyoming Volunteer Infantry Battalion was passed through former Wyoming Army National Guard units and on to the 2nd Battalion, 300th Field Artillery, a unit still serving today. The unit reveled in the many “firsts” to which it laid claim, including raising the first U.S. flag over Manila.

After a review of the official reports pertaining to the 1898 events in Manila, it can now be said the 1st Wyoming’s flag was one of the first to be raised there, but certainly was not the first. The 1st Colorado raised the first flag near Manila when it planted the Stars and Stripes over the ruins of the San Antonio Abad powder magazine before noon. During the early afternoon hours, the 1st Nebraska entered Manila, crossed to the north side of the Pasig River, and raised an American flag at the Port Captain’s Barracks. These two flags were in place long before the 1st Wyoming raised its own flag.

The Wyoming troops had full view of the Spanish flag that continued to fly over nearby Fort Santiago when the Wyoming flag was raised over Luneta Barracks during the late afternoon. The Wyoming troopers later witnessed the lowering of that Spanish flag and its replacement by the Stars & Stripes in the early evening at the conclusion of Manila’s formal surrender.

Time, distance, and the fog of war undoubtedly gave the Wyoming soldiers the impression that Wyoming raised the first flag over Manila that day. Although the men of the Wyoming Battalion had seen the 1st Colorado’s flag at San Antonio Abad, they probably thought that banner was not in Manila proper. As for the 1st Nebraska’s flag, the Wyomingites most likely did not see it because it was on the far side of the Pasig. But there is no doubt that Wyoming’s flag was flying before an American flag was raised over Fort Santiago—and thus the legend was born.

Yet Wyoming today can still take great pride in the accomplishments of its National Guardsmen of 1898. The flag they raised in Manila was a unique gift to the unit from the people of Wyoming, and that banner continues to be a treasured artifact in the collections of the Wyoming State Museum.

—Larry D. Barttelbort

they were light on equipment upon arrival. “We got up there about 3 in the afternoon,” remembered Maj. Charles Howard, the Dakota battalion commander, “and hadn’t had very much to eat since morning. We had no cooking utensils, no rations in fact practically nothing but our rifles, ammunition and blankets.”

The 1st Wyoming took them in “as if we were long lost brothers. Lent us rations, utensils, fuel, everything.” A South Dakota sergeant later wrote: “The writer will often remember a cup of soup received from F of the Wyomings, as one of the finest things he ever ate.”65 After seeing to their men, Major Howard and his officers

headed toward the Bungalow, wondering what they were going to do for their own food. As they approached the door, they heard Lieutenant Coburn call out “just step in here, major.” While Major Howard had been looking after his troops, Major Foote’s officers were preparing a meal for their South Dakota counterparts. The spread consisted of just standard rations but was appreciated all the same. A grateful Howard remarked: “These Wyoming fellows are just our kind of people, free, generous, whole-souled and open hearted, ready to do anything for you and preferring that you say nothing about it.”66 Another unit from Wyoming arrived in the Philippines a few weeks later: Battery A, Wyoming Volunteer Artillery.

Cheyenne’s Light Battery A, which had dubbed themselves the “Alger Artillery” in honor of the secretary of war, was forced to stand idle while the 1st Wyoming Battalion mobilized, but they got their chance when the battery was included in President McKinley’s May 25 call on the states for an additional 75,000 volunteers.

Captain Granville R. Palmer led the unit, whose strength shot up from 30 men to 152 after three days of recruiting. The battery went through exams, mustering, and outfitting in Cheyenne before boarding a train for San Francisco, arriving on June 28. Governor Richards, having just completed his sojourn out to sea on Ohio, met the Algers at Camp Merritt and saw to it they occupied the same tents the Wyoming battalion had vacated the day before.67 The battery soon moved to the Presidio, where they were billeted near Regular Army artillerymen and were well on their way to gaining proficiency with the four 3.2-inch Hotchkiss guns they received at the end of July. Everything changed on August 12 when the peace protocol was signed. In the Philippines that summer there were whispers and mutterings among volunteer troops about wanting to return home; among volunteers stuck stateside, there were loud protests and desertions.

A report on the battery sent to General Stitzer stated, “A large number of the members of the battery have been absent from camp without leave.”68 Eight-seven members of the battery, well over half the men, signed a letter of protest on the first day of September that was published widely:

The day I thought of home

Doctor William E. Gossett of Sheridan, hospital steward of the 1st Wyoming, tends to wounded soldiers in the field. Dated March 16, 1899, this photo most likely depicts a “staged” scene.

Courtesy of Wyoming State Archives Many of us sacrificed a great deal, financially and otherwise, when duty called us in defense of our flag, and now that there is no further need of our services, we object to being made a convenience of in order that one or two men may have a chance of having their military aspirations realized. Our personal welfare and ambitions, which we sacrificed cheerfully when we took up arms, now demand our attention, and we feel that in our civil avocations we can be of more use than playing soldier, and we would be glad to be returned to them.69

In addition to the simmering resentment, the battery had to deal with a sudden change of command. Captain Palmer worked himself nearly to death trying to accomplish the myriad tasks required of a commander molding citizens into soldiers. He suffered a nervous breakdown soon after arriving in California and was hospitalized. Lieutenant Harry

Hotchkiss

Soldiers man an M1897 3.2-inch Hotchkiss gun in the difficult terrain of the Philippines.

Wyoming’s Battery A was also equipped with this weapon.

Courtesy of Library of Congress

31

Family connections

O

ften families take pride in succeeding generations who continue the tradition of military service, and those who served in the Spanish-American War were no exception.

Christian Hepp Christian, known to his family as CJ, was elected a Johnson County commissioner in 1892. This was during the Johnson County War when “invaders,” hired by cattle barons, were stopped at the TA Ranch south of Buffalo, after having killed Nate Champion near Kaycee. Hepp served as a first sergeant in Company C with 1st Christian John Battalion, Wyoming Volunteers, and his Hepp Hepp story is well-documented in this chapter.

Decades later, CJ’s grandson and uncle to John Hepp, Zane Hepp, served as a paratrooper in the U.S. Army in the 1950s. Zane worked as a custodian at the Sheridan armory for many years.

In 1973, John Hepp, great-grandson of CJ, enlisted in the U.S. Air Force and served until 1979. He then enlisted that same year as a personnel specialist in the 1st Battalion, 49th Field Artillery (Sheridan) with follow-on service in the 3rd Battalion, 49th Field Artillery (Casper) and state headquarters in Cheyenne.

He joined the Active-Guard Reserve (AGR) program in 1985 and retired as a master sergeant in 1999 with 26 years of federal service. Hepp’s community involvement included being a life member of the Wyoming National Guard Association, Disabled American Veterans, and the National Rifle Association, as well as a member of a Masonic order and Shriners, and he then served on the Wyoming National Guard Retiree Council.

Edmund G. Guyer Guyer also served with the 1st Battalion, Wyoming Volunteers as color sergeant. One of his notable duties took place on August 13, 1898, when he along with Sgt. Christian Hepp and the battalion commander, Major Frank Foote, raised the U.S. colors over the Luneta Barracks on the east side of Edmund G. Manila. He later served as a sergeant major with the Wyoming Guyer National Guard. Guyer’s son, Edmund Elarth Guyer, graduated from Northwestern University with a doctor of dental surgery degree in 1940 and served as a dentist in the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II through 1946.

Following the war, he returned to private practice in Sheridan. He served in the U.S. Air Force Reserve and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel while serving as a dental surgeon. He joined the Wyoming Army National Guard in 1960 as a major assigned to state headquarters until 1967.

—Larry D. Barttelbort

32

A. Clarke replaced him as commander.

When orders were issued in late October announcing the battery’s assignment to the Philippines, Palmer tried to report for duty but was informed he was unfit for service and would be discharged. On the evening of November 11 at the Presidio, the captain shot himself in the head, dying instantly.

He left behind a widow and two small children in Cheyenne.70 Discharges and desertions whittled the battery’s strength to 80 soldiers, but the deployment put to rest for the time being the desire to return home. Battery A boarded the transport Newport two days before Palmer’s suicide. After the usual stop in Honolulu, the vessel crossed the Pacific and arrived in Manila Bay on December 7. During the time between arrival and disembarkation, Captain Millar paid the battery a visit: The Newport arrived here three days ago with the Alger Light Artillery on board and I am out here visiting Lieutenants Clarke and Gilmore.

They had a very pleasant trip and the Cheyenne boys all look stout and happy. I learn that the men are all well behaved, the officers all popular with their superiors, in fact, the battery is reflecting credit on Wyoming as the battalion has been trying to do ever since we left home.

We sat up last night and looked across the bay at the innumerable lights on the ships and talked about Wyoming…It is a real joy to meet people from your own state on foreign soil.71

Two days later, the battery disembarked and was assigned to Cavite, the U.S. naval base on Manila Bay, where it would remain throughout its time in the Philippines.

Volunteer units continued to be shipped to the foreign soil of the Philippines in late 1898 because the situation with Aguinaldo’s insurgents remained tense. The American forces in Manila, 15,000 troops now under the command of General Otis, were surrounded by a larger insurgent army that systematically improved the line of fortifications first put in place to contain Spanish forces occupying the city. It was only a matter of time before hostilities commenced, particularly once the Treaty of Paris, signed December 10 between the United States and Spain, let the Filipinos know their dream of an independent nation was now out of the question.72

The 1st Wyoming spent the final months of 1898 performing guard and outpost duty in Manila. Small clashes with Filipinos became routine, with firefights and calls to arms occurring with increasing frequency. The night of December 17 was typical. A group of Filipinos tried to push past a sentry post manned by three soldiers from Company H at a canal bridge along the Calle de Nozaleda a few hundred yards from the barracks. Shots rang out, rousing Captains Millar and O’Brien from the Bungalow.

They hurriedly dressed and ran to the sentries to find 1st Sgt. William DeLoney and his men firing into the darkness at fleeing shadows. As Captain Millar took charge of the area, a squad of regulars from the nearby 6th U.S. Artillery arrived as reinforcements. O’Brien ran back to Luneta Barracks to alert the 1st Wyoming.

“A few of our officers had arrived by this time,” Captain Millar wrote, and the tramp of soldiers coming in double time could be heard. Here was “F” company coming on the run with Lieut. Coburn in charge; “C” company was right with “F” in full force. Capt. O’Brien arrived shortly after, a little out of breath, and we learned that Maj. Foote had gone towards the Luneta with “H” and “G.” We lined up our companies and sent out patrols, which returned without having been able to locate the natives.73

Christmas 1898 Christmas allowed the battalion to relax, particularly because the Wyomingites did not have to prepare dinner that day.

The South Dakota battalion at Luneta Barracks used the holiday to repay the 1st Wyoming for the assistance rendered to Major Howard’s men when the Dakotans arrived. They arranged an elaborate feast for 600 in nearby Alhambra Hall along the Pasig River. The event cost them more than $1,200, with a menu that included oyster soup, canape Lorenzo, filet of beef, ox tongue, suckling pig with applesauce, chicken with dressing, potato salad, shrimp salad, mince pie, cheesecake, and more.74 One of the South Dakota troops wrote of the memorable evening: Arriving at the hall we took our places at the table leaving alternate chairs for the Wyomings who soon

The other Rough Riders

A

Where 1st Wyoming raises the U.S. colors

Soldiers in white canvas uniforms, worn only overseas, stand in front of one of the buildings in the Luneta Barracks complex where the flag was raised on August 13, 1898.

Courtesy of Johnson County Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum arrived and were greeted with cheers which they returned, after which a cordial shake of the hand of neighbor with neighbor made everyone feel at home. It was the sight of a lifetime. All around were green boughs, palm leaves and streamers; the rays of incandescent lamps were reflected in myriads of glasses…and the sturdy manhood of both states stood erect as the divine blessing was invoked. And then how we did eat…but even a soldier’s appetite (and Christmas appetite at that) has a limit and gradually the hum of conversation and sounds of mirth became more frequent. The occasion was a joyous one and a success in every particular.75

On January 2, 1899, the 1st Wyoming departed Luneta Barracks and was assigned to the Cavite garrison. When word spread about the move, many convinced themselves this was the first step on the long journey back to Wyoming. Bets were still being taken about the ultimate destination as the men loaded onto the small sidewheel steamer Kwong Choi at the Manila jetty. It wasn’t until they were deposited in Cavite after the short steam across the bay and told to take up their duties that all realized they were no closer to home than before.

Although the battalion’s stay in Cavite was

uneventful, being at the same station as the Wyoming Battery was a plus. On February 4, the battalion returned to Manila and was billeted in the Mercado building in Malate.76

Back into action The American army’s role as peaceful occupiers of the Philippines ended a few hours later. The Wyoming troops heard a scattering of shots in the early evening.

Sustained firing soon spread along the lines northeast of the city, indicating this was not just another small-scale encounter.

About 10 o’clock, Major Foote told Trumpeter Frederick Frick to sound call to arms. The battalion quickly assembled in the Calle Real and remained under arms until midnight, when Foote received word the firing had died down and the 1st Wyoming would not be needed just then.

The major ordered the men back into quarters, instructing them to sleep in their uniforms with weapons nearby, ready to go at a moment’s notice.77 The fighting on February 4 had started with a chance encounter between patrols from the 1st Nebraska and Filipino troops near Blockhouse 7, after which both sides started firing. It abated after about three hours, but this skirmish signaled the start of the Philippine War, a bloody conflict that would last more than three years. The war

s the U.S. mobilized for the SpanishAmerican War, a number of states fielded volunteer units that the federal government accepted for active service. Jay L. Torrey of the Bighorn Basin received authorization to recruit a cavalry regiment from Western states that was eventually designated as Not Teddy’s the 2nd U.S. The staff of Colonel Torrey’s Rough Riders at Fort D.A. Russell pause for a picture. Though mostly from Volunteer Cavalry.

Wyoming, this regiment also included recruits from Torrey became Idaho, Utah, and Nevada. The 2nd U.S. Volunteer the regiment’s Cavalry had no organizational connection to the colonel, and the Wyoming National Guard. outfit was soon Courtesy of Wyoming State Archives known as “Torrey’s Rough Riders.” The nickname was a nod to Theodore Roosevelt and the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry at the time preparing to fight in Cuba.

A lawyer by trade, Torrey served in the Missouri National Guard prior to coming to Wyoming in the early 1890s. With his brother, Robert, he established three horse ranches near the Owl Creek Mountains west of Thermopolis. Torrey was elected to the Wyoming House of Representatives in 1894 and, though a freshmen representative, served as the speaker from 1895 to 1897.

Recruiting for the 2nd U.S. Volunteer Cavalry got underway in May 1898. Of the regiment’s 12 companies, seven were recruited in Wyoming. Two were raised in Colorado, and one each came from Idaho, Utah, and Nevada. Of the 842 men in Torrey’s Rough Riders, 591 were from Wyoming.

After organizing at Fort D.A. Russell, in mid-June the regiment departed Cheyenne for the training camp at Jacksonville, Florida. Tragedy struck while the unit was traveling through Mississippi. One of its trains was rammed by another train. Five Rough Riders died, and 15 more were injured. Torrey injured both feet and was on crutches for several weeks.

Similar to most volunteer units raised in 1898, Torrey’s regiment was not deployed overseas. It suffered greatly while camped in the swamps of Florida, where 30 men died of typhoid. The Rough Riders were mustered out of service and returned to Wyoming in October 1898.

As a federal volunteer unit, the 2nd U.S. Volunteer Cavalry has no organizational lineage in the Wyoming National Guard. Wyoming National Guardsmen were prohibited from enlisting in the Rough Riders, although a handful of former guardsmen served with Torrey, and in the early 20th century a few former Rough Riders served in the Wyoming Guard.

—Larry D. Barttelbort

33

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began in earnest the next morning, when the VIII Corps’ two divisions attacked all along the lines around Manila.78 Having just arrived in Manila from Cavite, the 1st Wyoming was not yet assigned to a division or brigade. General Anderson’s division occupied the nearest segment of the line, so Major Foote’s battalion initially served as Anderson’s reserve, much as it had during Manila’s capture the previous August.

Sergeant Major Moore roused the men early the next morning, and by 6 a.m. the battalion was formed up and ready. Major Foote received orders to move three-quarters of a mile east on Calle de Herren and halt at Paco Bridge. When they reached that point, the battalion was about a half mile behind the lines, but the lethal environment was starting to expand as Filipinos throughout Manila joined the fight and took random shots at Americans. The suburb of Paco was particularly dangerous and later that day became the scene of heavy fighting.

One of the buildings in Paco was used as an

34

B.H. #13

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Key moment Sergeant George Rogers, the British Army veteran in Company C, had been a patient there for about six weeks, battling malaria. He felt well enough that morning to rejoin the battalion. As he prepared to leave, Rogers briefly silhouetted himself in a window and was shot in the head by a Filipino sniper. He died the next day, the first Wyoming soldier to be killed in combat.

American hospital. Sergeant George Rogers, the British Army veteran in Company C, had been a patient there for about six weeks, battling malaria. He felt well enough that morning to rejoin the battalion. As he prepared to leave, Rogers briefly silhouetted himself in a window and was shot in the head by a Filipino sniper. He died the next day, the first Wyoming soldier to be killed in combat.79 After waiting 10 minutes at Paco Bridge, General Anderson and his staff led the battalion forward through a narrow lane and positioned it on Battery Knoll, a slight

elevation adjacent to Blockhouse 12 that served as the division’s field headquarters and upon which was positioned a battery of the 6th U.S. Artillery. From there, the 1st Wyoming could reinforce either of the division’s two brigades: Brig. Gen. Charles King’s 1st Brigade on the left in the Pasig River valley or Brig. Gen. Samuel Overshine’s 2nd Brigade on the right near the coast. Foote’s battalion remained in reserve for about an hour. Anderson then decided to send it to King’s brigade by attaching the Wyoming troops to the 1st California of Col. James Smith. The

colonel’s command was a large, threebattalion regiment, but seven of the regiment’s 12 companies were scattered around the battlefield that morning. Two of the remaining five participated in the brigade’s attack on the village of Santa Ana. The other three companies were in reserve near Battery Knoll when Anderson decided to extend the advance of King’s brigade to include the village of San Pedro de Makati, about one and a half miles upriver from Santa Ana.80 The Californians were advancing up a small hill crowned with an “English” cemetery when the 1st Wyoming started forward to join them. A company of Regular Army engineers, commanded by the 3rd Artillery’s Lt. William Haan, advanced to the right of the Wyoming troops. The 1st Wyoming’s movement at this point created some controversy afterward. Colonel Smith reported he noticed an enemy force from San Pedro de Makati attempting to outflank the

Californians on the right, and then “orders were shouted back to the support to come up on the right flank so as to extend it and meet the threatened danger. The order was not heard and motions were then made which evidently were misunderstood. A messenger was then sent back, but evidently did not reach his destination.”81 Major Foote’s report stated he sent Companies C and H into line as soon as there was room for them between the Californians and engineers. Colonel Smith’s orderly then relayed the order to move forward in support, at which time Foote “ordered Company F (Captain O’Brien) and Company G (Captain Wrighter) forward, but they did not succeed in reaching the firing line until after we had passed the English cemetery, as the companies of the California Infantry…were advancing so rapidly.”82 The precise sequence of movements is unclear, but General Anderson made his opinion perfectly clear: “The Wyoming battalion, on the right of the line, did not advance with the energy of the rest of the line.”83 Redemption was soon at hand for the Wyoming battalion. After scattering the defenders near the English cemetery, the combined line of Californians, Wyomingites, and engineers were about three-quarters of a mile from San Pedro de Makati. Colonel Smith then headed to the right with one platoon from his regiment and Haan’s regular engineers, still worried about the Filipino flanking force he saw earlier. The other Californians veered left toward the river, engaging enemy troops that were retreating from Santa Ana. The 1st Wyoming alone continued the advance.

Captain Millar described the action well: “The insurgents retreated [from the English cemetery], but soon opened up again from the church of San Pedro Mercati and a stronghold to the left, over half a mile away…Volley after volley we fired, and volley after volley came back. The fire of the enemy was now entirely directed at the Wyoming infantry.”84 Major Foote’s official report included few details about the final assault, but a letter he wrote the next month to a business associate in Evanston painted the picture: “We received a terrific fire from about two hundred warriors from San Pedro de Macati and the stone fences and buildings on either side. Of course, we all went to cover mighty quick; we fired a few volleys then raised up and made a rush of 15 or 20 rods.”85

The incoming fire was heavy but inaccurate. The Filipinos were equipped with modern small arms, but they were chronically short of ammunition, and few were proficient marksmen. Most of their cartridges were crude reloads of poor quality, which further degraded accuracy.86 Although inaccurate, some of the enemy rounds still found their marks.

As the 1st Wyoming advanced past the English cemetery, Pvt. Ray F. Weidmer of Company C was hit in the chest, a wound that proved fatal, while Pvt. Harry R. Crumrine, Company F, was wounded in the foot.87 The defenders fled as the 1st Wyoming closed the distance. Hastening their retreat was the sudden appearance of Haan’s engineers and the California platoon on the town’s south flank, Colonel Smith’s flanking force. The capture of San Pedro de Makati was the result of skilled maneuvering, an impressive feat given that an ad hoc mix of three units conducted the assault. The 1st Wyoming earned laurels from Colonel Smith: “Major Foote and his battalion did good service in front of San Pedro Mercati, and I desire to commend him for work done at that point.” General Anderson’s praise was more guarded: “The Wyoming battalion, although not well handled at first, when it got into action showed the bravery I have seen before in Wyoming men.” Anderson was particularly pleased because the town was an important Filipino arsenal. In addition to a few dozen prisoners, the haul included nearly 50,000 rounds of rifle ammunition, something Aguinaldo’s men could ill afford to lose.88 American units elsewhere along the lines replicated the success at San Pedro de Makati many times that day. When faced with a determined attacking force, Filipinos generally retreated.

The insurgent army performed poorly as a conventional military force, being much better suited to hit-and-run guerrilla tactics—a fact the U.S. Army would learn the hard way in the coming years. For now, American commanders consolidated their gains. Major Foote sent Companies F and G into the hills south of the town during the afternoon to clear out scattered insurgents, while Colonel Smith did the same that evening by sending a force of Californians across the Pasig to the hamlet of San Perillo.

Historical photo - to be published

35

Smith ordered San Perillo to be put to the torch “to clear the front and protect us against the shots of sharpshooters.”89 The wind carried sparks to the opposite bank and set alight a portion of San Pedro de Makati as well. Private Charles Wilseck of Company G wrote that the flames were “a very pretty sight, as the houses, which are made of bamboo, burn like hay.”90 Later that night, Major Foote received a report that an insurgent force would arrive in nearby Guadalupe at dawn the next day, so he sent Company F a half mile farther upriver to occupy the small village’s church. The expected enemy did not materialize. The Douglas and Laramie men spent a sleepless night but captured some rifles, another 30,000 rounds of ammunition, and a three-pounder brass cannon.91

Return to Manila The next day, the 1st Wyoming was on the move. Smith’s 1st California continued advancing up the Pasig River, almost reaching the shores of Laguna de Bay before sending word to Major Foote that assistance was needed to deal with a Filipino force. The major led Companies G and H 5 miles upriver, but the encounter was over by the time they arrived. The footsore troops were back in San Pedro de Makati in the evening, where they barely had time to catch their breaths before orders arrived to return to Manila.

The attacks on February 5–6 had resulted in American forces being only slightly less scattered and disorganized than their opponents, so General Otis consolidated positions and withdrew some units back to the city. With Company F remaining at Guadalupe, the balance of the battalion departed San Pedro de Makati and arrived in Malate shortly before midnight.

Captain O’Brien’s company followed the next morning.92 The battalion conducted routine guard duty in Malate for the next two days, during which time it was transferred to Brig. Gen. Irving Hale’s brigade of MacArthur’s division. On the afternoon of February 8, the battalion moved to the far side of the Pasig River and marched 2 miles east of Manila to help secure the city’s vital freshwater pipeline. From February until early June, the 1st Wyoming was one of the units patrolling the 5 miles from the waterworks on the Marikina River to an

36

underground reservoir, the Deposito, in the hills overlooking Manila. Battalion headquarters was in the bullet-riddled convent at San Felipe, with the companies dispersed in four strongpoints along a front stretching one and a half miles. From Company C’s position in the center of the battalion position, Captain Millar was impressed with the scenery:

front (that is they have not come to us, but we have gone to them), there has been a few hundred [insurgents] ahead of us all the time since we have been here, only about two miles away. Once in a while they…come down and exchange a few shots with our outposts.”95 Lieutenant Loren Cheever wrote a detailed account of a Company C patrol:

The country here is beautiful. The convent is in a village of bamboo and nipa huts. The river San Juan flows by the convent and is skirted by lovely green patches of rice fields and great stretches of trees.

The river Pasig is also in the vicinity and everything has a picturesque appearance. The mountains loom up grandly in the distance to remind us of Wyoming and many church spires can be seen through the trees.93

Four of our boys, two H company boys and myself were scouting when we ran right into 50 of those devils and all I can lay it to is fool-headed luck that we all got away with a whole skin. We were along through the brush and not expecting to find any Filipinos just yet when we looked through the brush only 100 yards ahead and saw 30 to 50 Filipinos looking over their trench at us. It took only one glance through my glasses to tell me that they all had their guns in position to shoot. The boys were not all out of the brush yet but those who were seemed to know at once what had happened. We all turned and jumped together for the brush we just come out of. It was barely five seconds after we saw the first signs of Filipinos when they sent a volley after us. They fired three volleys and some scattering shots after us but it was only for the first volley that they had good marks. Lucky for us that they were holding too low on us, and many shots of the first volley fell in the grass at our feet. One thing that I found out that day was that there are good foot-racers in company C but I will not give any of them credit for being a better runner than I am. We were congratulated by all getting back to camp safely.96

Being in the countryside gave the men the opportunity to supplement their government fare. Private Stoneman wrote of one incident when his company made quick work of some indigenous wildlife: Despite the fact that stringent orders had been issued against promiscuous foraging, chickens, pigs and other native articles of subsistence found their way into camp. One day while Company G was still camped in the rear of the reservoir, the headless calf of a carabao found its way into camp just as Gen. Hale rode in.

The boys did all they could in the limited time they had to prevent the necessity of any remarks on the part of the General, but it was only partly concealed when the General, spying it, asked Capt. Wrighter where ‘that hog’ came from. The Captain did not know. The General commanded him to find out and report—but all the Captain’s ‘efforts’ failed, and he afterward pronounced it ‘very nice meat.’94

The battalion did not just take in the scenery and find creative ways to subsist during the months they were at San Felipe.

The companies conducted patrols along the pipeline and kept an eye on insurgent activity in the area. “It is a hard place and a dangerous one,” Major Foote remarked about the convent position. “While we have not had any fighting on our own

Hale’s brigade occasionally attempted larger operations. On February 21, Hale received a report of a large concentration of enemy troops in the region between the 1st Wyoming’s position at the convent and the Pasig River. The brigade commander ordered Foote’s battalion to head out at first light the next day, maneuver around the enemy force, and occupy a blocking position along the river opposite Guadalupe. The 1st Nebraska, meanwhile, would attack directly, and the insurgents would be caught between a hammer and anvil. The operation was derailed when the 1st Wyoming was ambushed as it

moved toward the river. Company H, in the lead, was caught in a crossfire, but Captain Holtenhouse extricated his men without casualties. Meanwhile, Captain Wrighter maneuvered Company G around the enemy’s left flank, and Captain Millar did the same with Company C to the right. After about an hour of fighting, the ambushers withdrew. Miraculously, the battalion came through the encounter with no casualties, even though the antagonists were at times only yards apart.

Major Foote reported, “There were 3 insurgents killed and several wounded; unable to know definitely on account of thick underbrush.” The brigade’s attack did not unfold as planned, but General Hale emphasized the positive results: “Although the design of surrounding the insurgents, cutting them off from Pasig, and forcing them toward Guadalupe and the Wyoming battalion and destroying or capturing them was not accomplished… they were, nonetheless, severely defeated and scattered, and this locality has been practically free from any hostile demonstrations since.”97 The brigade’s position along the waterworks line was quiet for the next two weeks, but the pipeline was too important to be ignored for long. By the first week of March, insurgent activity was again on the rise, with trenches appearing 800 yards in front of the Wyoming positions.

Sergeant Oscar Hoback of Company G, a blacksmith from Cambria, Wyoming, got closer to the enemy than he needed to. “The 1st Washington regiment was stationed on the other side of the Pasig and about one mile farther up stream and just in nice rifle range of the insurgent strong hold at the old Guadalupe Church,” Hoback later wrote, “and we could hear the fighting going on up there day and night but could not find out what was being done.” On March 4, Hoback decided to take a look. Commandeering a small canoe he found on the riverbank, he paddled upriver to the 1st Washington’s forward outpost at San Pedro de Makati.

Insurgents at Guadalupe took aim as the Wyoming sergeant beached his craft on the south bank. The Filipinos “began gunning for me and you should have seen me hide out. Two bullets went through my canoe all right and some more cut the brush around me pretty close, but I got out all O.K. and up into the trenches with the Wash. boys and I had the fun then of

Morong Expedition Map – To Be Published

helping pick off a few [insurgents], while asking and answering questions.” His curiosity satisfied, Hoback considered returning via a downriver walk and then a swim across the Pasig, but decided to risk another waterborne journey: “You bet I was not slow in getting into it and pushing out into the stream, and sure enough I had hardly touched the boat when they opened fire on me again, and of course I put on steam and drove that little canoe down the river for all I was worth.” Hoback made it back to Company G unscathed amid laughter from his company mates who “never saw a canoe go as fast as mine was going.”98 General Hale devised another brigade attack three days after Hoback’s amphibious reconnaissance. This operation included better fire support and tighter control than the brigade’s aborted February operation. Hale ordered the Wyoming battalion to pin down the enemy with direct fire. The Utah Battery to the east would do the same, as would the heavily armed gunboat Laguna de Bay in the Pasig River near Captain Wrighter’s Company G position. The brigade’s maneuver force, again consisting of the 1st Nebraska along with a few companies of the 20th Regulars, would flank the enemy line to the east and put it to flight.

Hale would personally coordinate the movements from atop the Deposito, from which he had excellent observation of the area.99

Major Foote had fallen ill, so Captain Millar was in command of the 1st Wyoming when the men took up firing positions as the sun rose on March 7.

Lieutenant Cheever filled in as commander of Company C. A low hill a mile in front of that company served as one of the battalion’s forward outposts. Millar positioned 20 sharpshooters there from Companies C and F, flanking the position with the balance of those units. Companies G and H extended the line southeast toward the river. Millar took up a position with the sharpshooters: From the hill we had a splendid view of the ground over which we were about to advance. Looking down the ridged and sunbrowned rice fields to our right across the Pasig we could see San Pedro Macati, which we had helped to capture a little over a month before. Turning to our left and glancing north we could see the pretty church of San Juan del Monte surrounded by a mass of foliage, while a little further up, the Deposito peeped over the tree tops with the Stars and Stripes flying from its flag-staff. Over the fields directly in our front the insurgents lay behind a long line of stone breastworks, behind them was the jungle and behind that the Pasig River.100

From the Deposito, General Hale gave the signal to open fire at half past six. The Springfields of the Wyoming battalion,

Hotchkiss guns of the Utah Battery, and four Gatling guns on Laguna de Bay blanketed the enemy line with fire. The insurgents replied in kind, their attention fully diverted from the 1st Nebraska’s flanking move. When Millar observed the Nebraskans assaulting the line, he ordered the 1st Wyoming to advance: The battalion halted within 400 yards of the insurgent breastworks and poured a heavy fire on the enemy, to which the insurgents replied very stubbornly. At this point Capt. John D. O’Brien was wounded in the right wrist, and his company being [now] without an officer, I ordered the adjutant, First Lieut. H.D. Coburn, to take charge of Company F. …Company C then charged on the enemy’s breastworks, Company F took up the charge on the left, and Company H on the right. The insurgents made a brief stand and then fled toward the brush, pursued by the battalion.101

The pursuit continued until the battalion reached the Pasig River.

Surviving insurgents swam to the far bank and took refuge in Guadalupe, the small village Company F had occupied during the initial combat in February and now a major insurgent stronghold. Sergeant Christian Hepp of Company C looked across the river and noticed a cannon firing from a hole in the wall of the

Sergeant Christian Hepp

Courtesy of Johnson County Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum

MARCH 7, 1899 Sergeant Christian Hepp of Company C looked across the river and noticed a cannon firing from a hole in the wall of the crumbling Guadalupe church.

Reputed to be the best shot in his company, Hepp silenced the gun by taking careful aim just above the cannon’s muzzle and squeezing off a round whenever he saw shadows moving in the church interior.

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crumbling Guadalupe church. Reputed to be the best shot in his company, Hepp silenced the gun by taking careful aim just above the cannon’s muzzle and squeezing off a round whenever he saw shadows moving in the church interior.102 It was all over by noon, and by early evening the 1st Wyoming was back at the convent positions. The battalion suffered three casualties in addition to Captain O’Brien. Private Joseph Spaeth of Company C was hit while assaulting the enemy line. He died later that day. Two other Wyoming troops were wounded during the fighting along the river, but both recovered, as did O’Brien. Casualties among the Nebraskans and regulars were similarly light, so the brigade paid a small price for completely routing the insurgents from the land between the waterworks and Pasig. Two days later, General Hale reported the region to be “practically free from insurgents and gratifyingly quiet.”

The battalion’s only other loss during the attack was Lieutenant Coburn’s cartridge belt and field glasses, which continued his penchant for losing equipment that began with the Laramie sword.103 The American defenses around Manila were quiet enough that spring for General Otis to go on the offensive. MacArthur’s division conducted an extended campaign north of Manila, advancing 40 miles into Pampagna Province, the seat of the Philippine national government.

The 1st Wyoming remained on the waterworks line and was transferred to a new brigade commanded by Brig.

Gen. Robert H. Hall. Many of the state volunteer regiments that had been in the Philippines since the previous summer remained near Manila at this time. After the U.S. Senate’s ratification of the Treaty of Paris in February, calls to bring the state troops home were reaching new levels of intensity. With additional contingents of regulars and new U.S. volunteer regiments on the way to replace the state troops, General Otis began to position his volunteers for the journey back across the Pacific. Private Rueben “Toot” Reals, a railroad man from Laramie, wrote his sister in late April that it would not be long now: All we talk of now is going home.

Our major said we would be on board the transport inside of thirty days, bound for home, and I guess

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he knows if any one does. All of the officers are very busy taking inventory of what government property we have on hand, and making out all kinds of reports and final statements prior to turning them over. I hope we turn in our guns and everything else here.

They are a lot of bother and trouble aboard ship. Coming over we had trouble keeping the guns from getting rusty.104

Operations intervened to delay redeployment. At the beginning of June, Otis sent a strong force east of Manila to engage an insurgent force supposedly gathering in the mountainous Morong Peninsula on the north side of Laguna de Bay. With MacArthur’s division still engaged north of Manila, the only force available was the division near the city, now commanded by Maj. Gen. Henry W. Lawton. Lawton would employ two columns. Hall’s brigade would advance east from the waterworks, cross the Merikina River, and seal off the Morong Peninsula. Meanwhile, another force at San Pedro de Makati would move up the Pasig to the river’s source, be ferried across the lake, and then move up the peninsula from the south.105 Major Foote and Sergeant Major Moore put the battalion in motion on the evening of June 2. The 1st Wyoming marched 4 miles from the convent line to the waterworks, each man weighed down with 200 rounds of ammunition and rations for two days. They spent a largely sleepless night there while enduring a rainstorm with no shelter other than blankets and ponchos. Hall’s brigade struck out on the Morong Expedition before dawn the next morning. The 1st Wyoming that day was much different from the battalion that had departed Cheyenne 13 months earlier. Major Foote’s command numbered only 10 officers and 183 men present for duty, little more than half the strength that mustered in. Like all American units deployed overseas during those years, disease ravaged the battalion’s ranks.

In the previous year, six men had died after falling ill. A number of invalids had already been sent back to the United States; others were in Manila hospitals.

Worse was now in the offing. Torrential rains of the monsoon began in May, transforming streams into torrents,

making ravines impassable, and turning trails into quagmires. The rains ceased for a few days during the first week of June, replaced by a scorching sun. The steamy, inhospitable terrain and hot weather during the Morong Expedition would further thin the battalion’s ranks.

Native guides led Hall’s column into the wilderness. General Lawton thought it would take the brigade two hours to reach the town of Antipolo and attack the insurgent garrison there, but the journey actually lasted into the next day. “These guides professed a complete knowledge of all trails across the mountains,” General Lawton reported, “but their information was of little value as the recent rains had changed the face of the country so that ravines and trails that were reported practicable were found to be impassable for footmen or small-wheeled vehicles.

Much time was lost building bridges. The column advanced with much difficulty.”106 As the sun reached its zenith each day, heat exhaustion prostrated significant numbers of troops. Three officers and 11 men of the 1st Wyoming were evacuated on the first day, including Major Foote and Captains O’Brien and Wrighter.

Captain Millar again stepped in as battalion commander, with lieutenants assuming command of Companies C, F, and G. More men fell out during the coming days, and a total of 42 Wyoming men were sent to hospitals during the expedition, nearly 20 percent of the battalion. Major Foote’s condition was so precarious he was sent back to the United States.107 When the brigade finally reached Antipolo on the morning of June 4, Hall attacked from three sides: the 1st Colorado from the east, 1st Wyoming from the north, and 4th U.S. Infantry from the west. Whatever insurgents who had been there were long gone, and the sweep through the village netted only a few crates of ammunition. Instead of confronting Americans directly, the insurgents were now roving the countryside in small bands, striking swiftly, melting away. Ambushes occurred each day while the column struggled through the difficult terrain. “The hills were covered with a dense growth of low underbrush,” recalled Cpl. Charles Cahill, one of the Cheyenne firemen serving in Company G, “which afforded good hiding places for the natives. Many of

them laid down until the column passed, when they would fall upon the rear.”

Lawton soon realized the operation was not achieving anything except wearing out his command. Having advanced as far as Binangonam, far down the Morong Peninsula, Hall’s brigade turned around. On June 8 it arrived back at the waterworks where it started.108 The 1st Wyoming covered 72 difficult miles during the six days of the expedition.

The men were often short of food and clean water, either baked in the sun or completely soaked through, and had no shelter other than the occasional Filipino hut. The expedition accomplished little, but Captain Millar was still proud of what his command endured: Taking into consideration the fact that six days’ continuous marching was a new experience for the Wyoming Infantry, and also considering the fact that most of the men were much weakened by the tropical sickness when the battalion was ordered out, the enlisted men are entitled to a good deal of credit for plowing so pluckily through and performing all their duties in such a cheerful spirit. Much credit for this, however, is due Captain Holtenhouse, Lieutenants Ohlenkamp, Cheever, and Rouse, all of whom were sick at starting, but who kept up their own spirits, and the spirits of their men.109

Sergeant Major Moore described the expedition’s trials as one that “will ever hold a place in the heart of every soldier participating.” He added, “The boys…look forward to their near departure with an impatience that has never been exhibited before.”110 The Wyoming troops rested their sore feet and cleaned up at the convent positions along the pipeline for the next week. Insurgent activity in the Cavite District had increased while Lawton’s division was slogging around the Morong Peninsula. As soon as units recovered from the expedition, Lawton transferred them south of Manila. On June 15, the Wyoming volunteers descended from the hills and marched to Manila. Where the Pasig empties into Manila Bay, the men boarded a line of cascos that bore them south toward Cavite. They disembarked at the village of Las Piñas and from there

marched 2 miles inland to the Zapote River Bridge, a site of fierce fighting two days prior. For the next three weeks the battalion guarded the bridge and patrolled the area while enduring the full fury of the summer monsoon.111

Homeward bound The battalion’s soggy existence along the Zapote River came to an end on July 5.

Sergeant Christian Hepp remembered the moment: “After supper Capt Millar came up the road his hat in one hand and a dispatch in the other saying that we…were [ordered] home at the earliest possible time[.] we did some cheering all of the boys.” The next day, the battalion returned to Manila and prepared for departure.

Billeted again in Malate’s Mercado building, they were reunited with the Wyoming Battery from Cavite, which had also received departure orders. The units spent three weeks turning in equipment and discharging soldiers who wished to remain in the Philippines—28 men from the battalion, along with another 13 from the battery; most of those enlisted in the 36th U.S. Volunteer Infantry. Frank Geere, now the first sergeant of Company C, also stayed behind. He was hospitalized and too sick to travel. The men leaving the Philippines had to decide on whether to receive travel pay at San Francisco or have the government transport them to Cheyenne. Because travel pay was $55 and a rail ticket from California to Wyoming cost only $35, the men voted to receive travel pay and make their own ways home.112 The Wyoming troops boarded the transport Grant on July 29, 12 officers and 242 men from the 1st Wyoming and three officers, 58 men from the battery.

Units from Idaho and North Dakota were also aboard. On the evening of July 31— one year to the day since the battalion’s arrival in the Philippines—Grant departed Manila Bay. The return route to San Francisco went via Japan instead of Hawaii, so the ship sailed northeast. The lingering effects of the harsh environment they left behind stayed with them. On August 2, Sgt. Maj. Ben Moore, one of the battalion’s “bravest and best soldiers,” succumbed to dysentery and was buried at sea. “My boy’s death was a terrible shock to all of us,” lamented Moore’s mother in Brooklyn, New York. “I was counting so on seeing him again… . It is a comfort

The San Francisco Call August 30, 1899

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My boy’s death was a terrible shock to all of us.

I was counting so on seeing him again… .

It is a comfort to me, however, to know that he served his country faithfully.

Mother of Sgt. Maj. Ben Moore, who died of dysentery at sea, August 2, 1899

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Gubernatorial escort

Wyoming’s troops were greeted on their way home in San Francisco Bay on August 30, 1899, by a chartered tug carrying Major Foote, General Stitzer, and Wyoming Governor DeForest Richards.

Courtesy of Wyoming State Archives

to me, however, to know that he served his country faithfully.”113 After port calls in Nagasaki and Yokahama, Grant headed east and arrived off San Francisco Bay on the evening of August 29. The next morning, the tug Governor Markham approached Grant to transfer the pilot who would guide the transport to its berth at the Folsom Street Wharf. Aloft, the tug flew a broad white pennant bearing a single word in black lettering. When the vessel was close enough for the men on Grant to notice the flag, load cheering broke out. The banner’s message was wyoming. The tug had aboard a trio of familiar faces: Major Foote, General Stitzer, and Governor Richards. This was not the same Governor Richards who had bid farewell to the battalion—it was the recently elected DeForest Richards, distant cousin of the previous governor and former colonel of the 1st Wyoming Regiment.

Amid the shaking of hands on the transport, the governor informed the men that the

people of Wyoming wanted to welcome the battalion and battery as units and had raised more than $4,000 to charter a train to bring the men home. Not all greeted the governor’s news with enthusiasm. Similar to many Wyoming residents of that era, a number of the troops were not native to the state. They wanted to travel directly to their out-of-state relatives instead of stopping first in Wyoming, but those who took the governor’s offer would pocket their travel pay.114 The battalion had much to do before the “Wyoming Special” could depart Oakland.

First up was disembarking Grant and marching to the Presidio. The residents of San Francisco were just as enthusiastic in their welcome home to the troops as they had been during the previous year’s send-off. A huge crowd lined the parade route on Market Street and Van Ness Avenue. Dignitaries preceded each state’s contingent of troops.

The politicians from Idaho and North Dakota rode in carriages, but Governor

Richards, General Stitzer, and the Wyoming adjutant general’s staff received enthusiastic applause by riding on horseback.115 Medical exams, weapons turn in, waiting, and final muster out took place during the following three weeks. “We have turned in all our arms and equipment and have also taken the physical examination,” John Frick wrote after two weeks at the Presidio, “so there is nothing more to do except enjoy California hospitality until mustering out day…We are getting the best rations that we have had since we were mustered in service.

This is a good idea and will prevent many of the boys looking like living skeletons when they come home.”116 The Wyoming volunteers were mustered out of federal service on September 23.

The next morning, with little fanfare, they took the ferry across the bay and walked to the Oakland passenger depot where the Wyoming Special was waiting. Only a little more than 200 former members of the 1st Wyoming and Battery A boarded. The

others traveled elsewhere, with a dozen deciding to remain in San Francisco.

Lieutenant Harol Coburn also remained behind, for he had applied for a Regular Army commission and had to appear before an examining board.117 The train departed in the early afternoon. Towns along the route planned welcome home celebrations. Evanston hosted a late evening reception on September 25 before the train, minus Company H, continued eastward. Rock Springs ended up disappointed. The plan was for the train to make a breakfast stop there, but a miscommunication with the engine crew resulted in only a brief pause to take on coal and water. Laramie staged an elaborate celebration, much as it had the previous year, but the big event took place in Cheyenne on the evening of September 27. Nothing like it had ever occurred in the young state’s history, the welcome home even eclipsing the statehood celebrations of nine years earlier. “It was a great reception,” the local press reported. “Thousands were at the station to welcome home the heroes of two wars, and it is difficult to say who were the happiest, the returning soldiers or the patriotic townspeople who greeted them.” After a parade and reception at Turner Hall that lasted throughout the night, the men from Douglas, Buffalo, and Sheridan continued northward by rail the next day, where more welcome home events took place.118 A recent summary of the Wyoming volunteers in the Philippines concluded that “their sole accomplishment was raising the U.S. flag over an abandoned Spanish army barracks,”119 but that statement ignores everything the 1st Wyoming experienced after the capture of Manila. Although the battalion did

Now that the smoke has cleared away—the work of our soldiers a matter of history—the question that presents itself is: What lessons has the war taught us? Were we, as a state, prepared to meet the emergency when it arose?

Corporal Charles Cahill, Philippine War veteran

not emerge from the Philippines as one of the premier units to serve there, it participated in three significant combat actions, engaged in numerous small skirmishes, and for a number of months guarded one of the most important pieces of civic infrastructure in the area.

The Morong Expedition was a test of endurance that should inspire awe to this day—particularly when one keeps in mind the 19th-century technology sustaining the men as they trekked through rugged

terrain during the monsoon of a harsh tropical climate.

As the ex-volunteers settled into the routines of their civilian lives, it did not take them long to notice that National Guard companies were again present in many Wyoming towns. The new 2nd Wyoming Regiment functioned in much the same way as had the 1st Wyoming Regiment before the war: The men drilled with antiquated weapons and participated in parades and ceremonies but did not

realistically train for combat. In his conclusion to an article written in late 1899 on the history of the 1st Wyoming Battalion, Philippine War veteran Charles Cahill wrote he was not impressed with either the previous or current versions of the Wyoming Guard: Now that the smoke has cleared away—the work of our soldiers a matter of history—the question that presents itself is: What lessons has the war taught us? Were we, as a state, prepared to meet the emergency when it arose? Was our militia all that it should be?

Is it better equipped, drilled and disciplined to-day than it was at the outbreak of the war? If not, what is the reason? Our state militia, to-day as in the past, is not as efficient as it should be. The term ‘tin soldiers’ expresses all that people can say and feel toward the militia and its members. It should be placed on a higher plane, so that men would be attracted to its ranks, not because of the social pleasures to be derived from it, but from a sense of duty and a desire to be prepared for any emergency that may arise where soldiers in the truest sense are needed. In other words, our militia should be made a matter of business; officers should be trained as well as the men, and now is the time to do it. That old saying was never more applicable than at the present time: ‘In time of peace, prepare for war.’120

Cahill could not have then realized just how many officials in the War Department, Regular Army, National Guard, and United States Congress would come to agree with his conclusions during the next few years. It was time to place the National Guard on a higher plane.

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Awards & decorations

Unit awards The 1st Wyoming was awarded these battle streamers for its overseas combat service from 1898 to 1899. Second Battalion, 300th Field Artillery, Wyoming Army National Guard, now carries these battle streamers as they were passed to it through various reorganization actions.

Note to Advisory Council Readers: The book will feature photos of the actual battle streamers

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War with Spain: Manila

Philippine Insurrection: Manila, Malolos, Luzon 1899

Individual decorations Wyoming Philippine Campaign Medal At the request of Governor DeForest Richards, the 1901 Wyoming Legislature authorized a campaign medal for Wyoming troops who served in the Philippines. Additional details about the awarding of this medal are in Chapter 3.

This particular medal was awarded to Pvt. James S. Miller of Company C, 1st Wyoming Infantry Battalion.

Courtesy of Johnson County Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum; Photography by J.L. O’Brien

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1898 U.S. Army Spanish Campaign Medal In the years following the War with Spain, Congress and the War Department authorized several medals to recognize soldiers who participated in the war’s three different theaters of operations: Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands. There were also medals for occupation duty after the war.

Courtesy of Johnson County Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum; Photography by J.L. O’Brien

1899 U.S. Army Philippine Insurrection Campaign Medal The Philippine Insurrection—now usually referred to as the Philippine-American War—began after the United States occupied the Philippine Islands at the end of the War with Spain. Although the United States declared the war over in spring 1902, fighting continued on various islands until 1913. The War Department and Congress each authorized medals for service in the Philippines.

Courtesy of Johnson County Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum; Photography by J.L. O’Brien

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Chapter 2 endnotes 1. “Come from Wyoming; Second Transport Brings the Plainsmen,” Hawaiian Star (Honolulu), 5 July 1898.

2. Robert Crosbie to mother, 7 July 1898, Robert F. Crosbie file, Spanish-American War Veterans Survey, U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.

3. G.J.A. O’Toole, The Spanish War: An American Epic 1898 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1984), 1934; Torrey to Appelget, 10 March 1898, reprinted in Sheridan Enterprise, 19 March 1898; Richards to Warren, 1 April 1898, Governor William A. Richards Papers, Wyoming State Archives.

4. Cooper, The Rise of the National Guard, 95.

5. April 1898 post returns for Forts D.A. Russell and Washakie, Returns from U.S. Military Posts, 1806–1916, National Archives Microfilm Publication M617.

6. Richards to Warren, 2 May 1898, Governor William A. Richards Papers, Wyoming State Archives.

7. Register of Enlistments in the U.S. Army, 1798–1914, National Archives Microfilm Publication M233, entries 88M0339, 71O0016; Madison U. Stoneman, Official History of the Operations of the First Battalion Wyoming Infantry, U.S.V. in the Campaign in the Philippine Islands (n.p.: 1899), 35, 39 (hereinafter cited as First Battalion Official History).

8. William Shortill statement of service, Spanish-American War Veterans Survey, U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.

9. Harry E. Smith, “History of Company ‘C’ First Wyoming Volunteer Infantry,” Wyoming State Archives, Cheyenne, 1. Numbers are derived from analysis of company rosters that appear in First Battalion Official History, 36–49, and an initial unit roster for Company G that appears in “Off to War,” Sheridan Enterprise, 30 April 1898.

10. Richards to Warren, 1 April 1898, Governor William A. Richards Papers, Wyoming State Archives, Cheyenne.

11. “Clark’s Lieutenant,” Daily Boomerang (Laramie), 29 April 1898.

12. Buffalo Voice, 7 May 1898.

13. “Company C Mustered In,” Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 7 May 1898.

14. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 2.

15. Corbin to Foote, 14 May 1898, reprinted in “Ordered to San Francisco,” Cheyenne Daily SunLeader, 14 May 1898.

16. Frank Geere, letter to the editor, Sheridan Enterprise, 21 May 1898.

17. Frank Foote, letter to the editor, Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 17 May 1898.

18. “Wyoming Troops Paid,” Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 17 May 1898.

19. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 3.

20. Frank Geere, letter to the editor, Sheridan Enterprise, 21 May 1898.

21. “Many Carloads of Volunteers are Daily Passing Through the City,” Oakland Tribune, 21 May 1898.

22. Stephen D. Coats, Gathering at the Golden Gate: Mobilizing for War in the Philippines, 1898 (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006), 43–48.

23. Frank Geere, letter to the editor, Sheridan Enterprise, 6 June 1898.

24. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 5; “Five States in One Camp,” San Francisco Chronicle, 22 May 1898; “A Plumber Soldier,” Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 6 June 1898.

25. Frank Geere, letter to the editor, Sheridan Enterprise, 18 June 1898.

26. Thomas Millar, letter to the editor, Buffalo Voice, 5 June 1898.

27. “Wyoming’s Troops Given a Banner,” Oakland Tribune, 6 June 1898.

28. “Wyoming’s Troops Given a Banner,” Oakland Tribune, 6 June 1898.

29. Coats, Gathering at the Golden Gate, 233–250.

30. Rogers to Hesse, 7 May 1898, reprinted in Sylvia Bruner, “Letters from George,” Sentry ( Johnson County Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum) 29 (Winter 2020), 2. Rogers misdated this letter—he wrote it in June, not May. 31. Frank Geere, letter to the editor, Sheridan Enterprise, 25 June 1898.

32. “Division Headquarters,” San Francisco Call, 22 June 1898.

33. Thomas Wilhelm, “Statement of the Condition of the National Guards of Wyoming in 1897,” Wyoming National Guard Museum Archives, Cheyenne, 9 (hereinafter cited as Wilhelm, “Annual Report 1897”).

34. Frank Geere, letter to the editor, Sheridan Enterprise, 13 June 1898.

35. Coats, Gathering at the Golden Gate, 234–235.

36. “Wyoming’s Governor Here to See the Boys,” San Francisco Chronicle, 11 June 1898.

37. “Wyoming Men are Honored,” San Francisco Chronicle, 27 June 1898.

38. Richards to Richards, 26 June 1898, Governor William A. Richards Papers, Wyoming State Archives, Cheyenne. Three of the four Wyoming troops left in hospital deployed with the fourth

expedition in July 1898. The other man, Cpl. Thomas Holden, a former regular serving in Company H, died in San Francisco on July 6.

39. “Saw Wyoming Out to Sea,” San Francisco Chronicle, 28 June 1898.

40. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 7.

41. William Shortill statement of service; Rogers to Hesse, 3 August 1898, reprinted in Sylvia Bruner, “Letters from George,” Sentry 29 (Winter 2020), 4.

42. Frank Geere, letter to the editor, Sheridan Enterprise, 17 September 1898.

43. John Frick, letter to the editor, Daily Boomerang (Laramie), 8 September 1898.

44. Francis D. Millet, The Expedition to the Philippines (New York: Harper Brothers, 1899), 93; Rogers to Hesse, 3 August 1898; Frank Geere, letter to the editor, Sheridan Enterprise, 17 September 1898.

45. Coburn to Bramel, undated, reprinted in Daily Boomerang (Laramie), 25 September 1898.

46. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 30.

47. O’Toole, The Spanish War, 364–368.

48. Frank Geere, letter to the editor, Sheridan Enterprise, 17 September 1898.

49. Charles Wilseck, letter to the editor, Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 26 September 1898; Smith, “History of Company ‘C’ First Wyoming Volunteer Infantry,” 5.

50. O’Toole, The Spanish War, 368–371; Rogers to Hesse, 18 October 1898, reprinted in Sylvia Bruner, “Letters from George,” Sentry 29 (Winter 2020), 5.

51. Hoback to sister, 22 September 1898, reprinted in Springfield (MO) News-Leader, 25 November 1898.

52. Annual Reports of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1898 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1898), 122 (hereinafter cited as Annual Report 1898); The War with Spain: Operations of the United States Navy on the Asiatic Station; reports of Rear-Admiral George Dewey on the Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, and on the investment and fall of Manila, May 1 to August 13, 1898 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1899), 55, 68; Robert Newell, letter to the editor, Buffalo Bulletin, 29 September 1898.

53. Thomas Millar, letter to the editor, Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 26 October 1898.

54. Annual Report 1898, 122.

55. John Frick and Charles Brandis, letters to the editor, Daily Boomerang (Laramie), 25 September 1898.

56. Annual Report 1898, 122.

57. Thomas Millar, letter to the editor, Buffalo Voice, 1 October 1898.

58. Annual Report 1898, 58.

59. Edmund Guyer to Wyoming State Historian, 13 August 1938, Wyoming Veterans Memorial Museum, Casper.

60. Many Wyoming veterans later claimed General Anderson selected the 1st Wyoming to be his “bodyguard” or “guard of honor” in gratitude for the battalion being one of the first units to enter Manila, but those recollections are not accurate. Most of Greene’s brigade preceded the 1st Wyoming into Manila. Anderson ordered the 1st Wyoming to guard his headquarters simply because it was the only unit available.

61. Charles Brandis to parents, 18 August 1898, reprinted in Daily Boomerang (Laramie), 25 September 1898.

62. Benjamin Moore, letter to the editor, Wyoming Press (Evanston), 3 December 1898.

63. Leslie Brookhart to parents, 16 August 1898, reprinted in News-Tribune (Muscatine, IA), 6 October 1898; Frank Geere, letter to the editor, Sheridan Enterprise, 15 October 1898; Smith, “History of Company ‘C’ First Wyoming Volunteer Infantry,” 4; Rogers to Hesse, 18 October 1898.

64. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 10–11; Thomas Millar, letter to the editor, Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 26 October 1898.

65. “Christmas at Manila,” Black Hills Weekly Journal (Rapid City, SD), 10 February 1899.

66. Howard to Hermance, undated, reprinted in State Democrat (Aberdeen, SD), 17 February 1899.

67. “More than Enough,” Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 13 June 1898; Palmer to Richards, 27 June 1898, Governor William A. Richards Papers, Wyoming State Archives, Cheyenne.

68. “Better Guns for Wyoming Battery,” San Francisco Examiner, 27 July 1898; “To Manila,” Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 10 October 1898.

69. Privates of the Alger Light Artillery, letter to the editor, Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 6 September 1898.

70. “Cares of His Command Drove Him to Suicide,” San Francisco Examiner, 13 November 1898.

71. Thomas Millar, letter to the editor, Laramie Republican, 19 January 1899.

72. Brian McAllister Lynn, The Philippine War, 1899–1902 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 23-37.

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73. Thomas Millar, letter to the editor, Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 7 February 1899.

74. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 13.

75. “Christmas at Manila,” Black Hills Weekly Journal (Rapid City, SD), 10 February 1899.

76. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 13.

77. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 16.

78. Linn, The Philippine War, 46–48.

79. “In Memoriam: George Rogers,” Buffalo Voice, 30 September 1899.

80. Annual Report of the Major-General Commanding the Army, 1899, Part 2 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899), 373 (hereinafter cited as Annual Report 1899 Part 2). The Pasig River is actually a tidal estuary that connects Manila Bay to Laguna de Bay; the Pasig flows in the direction of the tides, but during the monsoon season generally flows toward Manila. For clarity in this text, the terms “up” and “down” river assume a flow toward Manila.

81. Annual Report 1899 Part 2, 380.

82. Annual Report 1899 Part 2, 378.

83. Annual Report 1899 Part 2, 373.

84. Thomas Millar, letter to the editor, Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 20 March 1899.

85. Foote to Kastor, 21 March 1899, reprinted in Wyoming Press (Evanston), 13 May 1899.

86. David J. Sibley, A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2007), 72.

87. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 18.

88. Annual Report 1899 Part 2, 375, 381–382.

89. Annual Report 1899 Part 2, 381.

90. Charles Wilseck, letter to the editor, Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 28 March 1899.

91. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 19; “To Stand by the Monument,” Republican (Rawlins), 17 June 1899.

92. Linn, The Philippine War, 55; Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 19; 93. Thomas Millar, letter to the editor, Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader, 20 March 1899.

94. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 20.

95. Foote to Kastor, 21 March 1899, printed in Wyoming Press (Evanston), 13 May 1899.

96. Loren Cheever, letter to the editor, Buffalo Bulletin, 27 April 1899.

97. Annual Report 1899 Part 2, 481–484; First Battalion Official History, 20–21.

98. Oscar Hoback to Miss Florence Pyle, 16 November 1900, private collection of Tom Greet, Buffalo, Wyoming.

99. Annual Report of the Major-General Commanding the Army, 1899, Part 3 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899), 447–448 (hereinafter cited as Annual Report 1899 Part 3).

100. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 23.

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101. Annual Report 1899 Part 3, 451.

102. Progressive Men of the State of Wyoming (Chicago: A.W. Bowen, 1909), 234; “Boys of Co. C,” Buffalo Bulletin, 4 May 1899.

103. Stoneman, First Battalion Official History, 25; Annual Report 1899 Part 3, 449.

104. Reals to sister, 24 April 1899, printed in Daily Boomerang (Laramie), 27 May 1899.

105. Linn, The Philippine War, 118–119.

106. Annual Report 1899 Part 3, 290.

107. Annual Report 1899 Part 3, 302.

108. Annual Report 1899 Part 3, 294–295; Charles Cahill, letter to the editor, Daily Boomerang (Laramie), 24 July 1899.

109. Annual Report 1899 Part 3, 302-303.

110. Benjamin Moore, letter to the editor, Wyoming Press (Evanston), 29 July 1899.

111. Annual Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army, 1900, Part 3 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1900), 283–284; First Battalion Official History, 28.

112. Christian Hepp Papers, Christian Hepp Collection, Big Horn City Historical Society, Big Horn, Wyoming; First Battalion Official History, 28, 36–37, 41, 45, 49; H.A. Clarke, “Wyoming in the Philippines: Battery A, Wyoming Light Artillery,” Wyoming Industrial Journal, 1 (1900): 248; Correspondence Relating to the War With Spain (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902), 2:999–1000.

113. Charles G. Cahill, “Wyoming in the Philippines,” Wyoming Industrial Journal, 1 (1900), 193; “Transport Grant Brings Home War-Torn Heroes of Three States,” San Francisco Call, 30 August 1899; “Died on His Way Home,” New-York Daily Tribune, September 2, 1899.

114. Frank A. Stitzer, “Report of the Adjutant General of Wyoming for 1899 & 1900,” Wyoming National Guard Museum Archives, Cheyenne, 5; “Historical Sketch of the Wyoming National Guard,” 22. Wyoming was not unique in providing return transportation for its soldiers after their demobilization. A number of other states did likewise.

115. “Boys from Three Young Commonwealths Receive Ovation in San Francisco,” San Francisco Chronicle, 1 September 1899.

116. John Frick, letter to the editor, Daily Boomerang (Laramie), 16 September 1899.

117. “The Soldiers Return,” Rock Springs Miner, 28 September 1899; “University,” Daily Boomerang (Laramie), 30 September 1899.

118. “Welcome Home!” Wyoming Tribune (Cheyenne), 28 September 1899.

119. Doug Cubbison, “Wyoming Troops in the Philippines, 1898,” https://www.wyohistory.org/ encyclopedia/ wyoming-troops-philippines-1898 (accessed 15 October 2019).

120. Cahill, “Wyoming in the Philippines,” 193.