Whitaker's 2015

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WHITAKER’S 2015

The traditional design of the title page for Whitaker’s Almanack which has appeared in each edition since 1868

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Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. 50 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3DP

WHITAKER’S, the ‘W’ Trident logo and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.

Whitaker’s Almanack published annually since 1868 147th edition © 2014 Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.

Whitaker’s was compiled with the assistance of Amnesty International; HM Revenue and Customs; Keesing’s Worldwide; Oxford Cartographers; Press Association; Transparency International: the global coalition against corruption; UK Hydrographic Office; and WM/Reuters.

www.bloomsbury.com Bloomsbury Publishing, London, New Delhi, New York and Sydney STANDARD EDITION Cloth covers 978–1-4729–0929–9 CONCISE EDITION Paperback 978–1-4729–0931–2 JACKET PHOTOGRAPHS Main image: Crowds of ‘No’ campaigners attend a ‘Better Together’ rally in Trafalgar Square, London ahead of the Scottish independence referendum. © Jonathan Brady/PA Wire/Press Association Images Spine: The Whitaker’s trident, Whitaker’s Almanack 1869 Top, from left to right: 1. Nelson Mandela during a state visit to Sweden in 1999. © Jan Collsioo/TT News Agency/Press Association Images 2. FIFA World Cup 2014: In the Uruguay v England match, Uruguay’s Luis Suarez (centre) celebrates scoring their first goal of the game with team mates. © EMPICS Sport/Press Association Images 3. Russian President Vladimir Putin holds a globe presented to him during a visit to a youth educational forum at a youth camp near Lake Seliger, Russia on 29 August 2014. © Mikhail Klimentyev/AP/Press Association Images 4. Syrian People’s Protection Units fight against Islamic State (IS) in Rabia, Mosul, Iraq on 6 August 2014. © AA / TT/TT News Agency/Press Association Images Typeset in the UK by RefineCatch Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk NR35 1EF

Material was reproduced from (in addition to that indicated): CIA World Factbook 2014; Human Development Indicators 2013 published by the UN Development Programme and UN Statistics published by UN Data; World Economic Outlook Database 2013 © International Monetary Fund; World Development Indicators 2014 published by The World Bank; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) 2014; Press Freedom Score 2014 © Reporters Without Borders. Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

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CONTRIBUTORS (where not listed) Sheridan Williams (Astronomy); Anthea Lipsett, Caroline Macready (Education); Clive Longhurst (Insurance); Graham Bartram (Flags); Duncan Murray, Chris Priestley (Legal Notes); Matthew Chorley (Sport); Jill Papworth (Taxation); and Philip Eden (Weather)

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CONTENTS PREFACE

THE YEAR 2015 2015 Calendar 2016 Calendar Forthcoming Events Centenaries

8 9 10 12

UNITED KINGDOM

English County Councils London Borough Councils District Councils Metropolitan Borough Councils Unitary Councils London The City Guilds Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Isle of Man Channel Islands

The UK in Figures The National Flag

15 19

THE ROYAL FAMILY

20

Private Secretaries Finance Military Ranks and Titles Kings and Queens The House of Windsor Descendants of Queen Victoria

24 26 28 31 35 36

Law Courts and Offices Scottish Judicature Northern Ireland Judicature Tribunals Ombudsman Services Police Prisons

PRECEDENCE

38

DEFENCE

PEERAGE

40

Salaries Pensions

Hereditary Peers Life Peers Lords Spiritual Courtesy Titles and Peers’ Surnames Orders of Chivalry Baronetage and Knightage The Order of St John Dames Decorations and Medals Chiefs of Clans in Scotland Privy Council

41 60 69 70 76 79 104 105 109 112 113

PARLIAMENT

117

Members of Parliament General Elections Results By-election Results

128 135 173

THE GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC BODIES

175

The Cabinet Government Departments Executive Agencies Non-ministerial Government Departments Public Bodies

175 178 189 193 197

REGIONAL GOVERNMENT London Wales Scotland Referendum Northern Ireland

217 217 221 226 236 237

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

242

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

245

Political Composition of Councils England Principal Cities

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251 256 257

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LAW AND ORDER

EDUCATION The Education System Universities Professional Education Independent Schools National Academies Research Councils

HEALTH

263 263 264 267 268 270 272 275 278 283 285 286

288 288 295 297 299 305 308 312

316 325 327

328 328 346 356 365 374 376

379

National Health Service

379

SOCIAL WELFARE

385

Social Services National Insurance Pensions War Pensions Tax Credits Benefits

UTILITIES AND TRANSPORT Water Energy Transport

RELIGION Religion in the UK Churches

COMMUNICATIONS Postal Services Telecommunications Internet

THE ENVIRONMENT Conservation and Heritage World Heritage Sites

385 386 387 390 391 392

399 399 402 407

416 416 422

443 443 444 446

448 448 457

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HERITAGE

459

Historic Buildings and Monuments Museums and Galleries Sights of London Hallmarks

459 467 475 482

BANKING AND FINANCE

484

British Currency Banking and Personal Finance Financial Services Regulation National Savings National Debt London Stock Exchange Economic Statistics Cost of Living Insurance

484 488 491 493 494 495 496 498 500

TAXATION

504

Income Tax Value Added Tax Stamp Duty

504 517 518

LEGAL NOTES

520

Intellectual Property

545

THE MEDIA

547

Broadcasting Television Radio The Press Newspapers Periodicals

547 547 550 552 552 556

ORGANISATIONS

561

Trade and Professional Bodies Trade Unions Sports Bodies Clubs Charities and Societies

561 565 569 574 576

THE WORLD The World in Figures Air Distances Travel Overseas European Union International Organisations

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591 598 599 601 611

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Countries of the World A-Z The North and South Poles UK Overseas Territories

634 928 931

THE YEAR 2013–14 Events UK Affairs Arts and Media Crimes and Legal Affairs Environment and Science Sport International Affairs Obituaries Archaeology Architecture Art Business and Finance Conservation Natural Environment Built Heritage Dance Film Literature The Media Television Radio The Press Internet Classical Music and Opera Pop Music Parliament Acts of Parliament Science and Discovery Sports Results Sports Records Theatre Weather

943 943 945 948 950 951 954 965 967 971 977 980 983 983 986 988 992 995 999 999 1000 1001 1002 1004 1010 1013 1018 1020 1025 1050 1053 1057

TIME AND SPACE Astronomy Time Measurement and Calendars Tidal Predictions

1065 1123 1137

Abbreviations Index

1144 1148

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Origins of UK Food

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TOP TEN BABY NAMES (ENGLAND AND WALES) 1914 2013 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Girls Mary Margaret Doris Dorothy Kathleen Florence Elsie Edith Elizabeth Winifred

Boys John William George Thomas James Arthur Frederick Albert Charles Robert

Girls Amelia Olivia Emily Ava Isla Jessica Poppy Isabella Sophie Mia

Boys Oliver Jack Harry Jacob Charlie Thomas Oscar William James George

Source: ONS (Crown copyright)

LIVE BIRTHS (ENGLAND AND WALES) by age of mother and registration type

Outside marriage/civil partnership Year under 20 20–29 30–39 1938 4,730 14,158 6,403 1952 5,123 16,962 9,041 1972 21,737 30,926 8,821 1992 40,074 132,961 39,852 2012 32,520 198,644 103,947 Within marriage/civil partnership 1938 20,680 332,448 216,226 1952 24,025 386,782 207,950 1972 57,350 465,859 129,739 1992 7,787 275,148 183,637 2012 1,295 136,182 227,092

EMPLOYMENT 40+

All ages

1,088 1,423 1,027 2,338 11,374

26,379 32,549 62,511 215,225 346,485

25,471 22,429 9,981 7,859 18,620

594,825 641,186 662,929 474,431 383,189

Source: ONS (Crown copyright)

MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE Marriages

Divorces

Source: ONS (Crown Copyright)

*301,254 *262,240 30,534 8,480

130,284 118,140 †9,700 2,444

HOUSE PRICES

United Kingdom England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland

* Provisional figures Source: NISRA, ONS (Crown copyright), Scottish Government

LEGAL ABORTIONS England and Wales Scotland

2002

2013

175,932 11,870

185,331 11,777

Source: Department of Health, NHS Scotland

INFANT MORTALITY RATE 2012* United Kingdom England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland

3.7 4.0 3.7 3.5

* Deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births Source: NISRA, ONS (Crown copyright), Scottish Government

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Average Price Year 1930 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995

£

Year

£

1,000 2,000 3,000 5,000 24,000 60,000 66,000

2000 2005 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

102,000 191,000 226,000 251,000 245,000 246,000 251,000

Source: ONS (Crown Copyright)

ORIGINS OF UK FOOD

DEATHS

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MEDIAN FULL-TIME GROSS ANNUAL EARNINGS

BY REGION (£) Region 2000 2013 UK 18,848 27,017 England 19,107 27,376 North East 17,430 24,084 North West 17,863 25,097 Yorkshire and the Humber 17,503 24,954 East Midlands 17,352 24,918 West Midlands 17,812 25,341 East 19,020 26,483 London 24,204 35,238 South East 19,992 28,400 South West 17,847 25,251 Wales 17,157 24,182 Scotland 18,029 26,472 Northern Ireland 16,599 23,904

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ORDERS OF CHIVALRY THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER (1348)

KG Ribbon, Blue Motto, Honi soit qui mal y pense

(Shame on him who thinks evil of it) The number of Knights and Ladies Companion is limited to 24 SOVEREIGN OF THE ORDER

The Queen LADIES OF THE ORDER

HRH The Princess Royal, 1994 HRH Princess Alexandra, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy, 2003

Lord Luce, 2008 Sir Thomas Dunne, 2008 Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, 2011 Lord Boyce, 2011 Lord Stirrup, 2013 Lady Manningham-Buller, 2014 Lord King of Lothbury, 2014

Prelate, Bishop of Winchester Chancellor, Duke of Abercorn, KG Register, Dean of Windsor Garter King of Arms, Thomas Woodcock, CVO Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, Lt.-Gen. David Leakey, CMG, CBE Secretary, Patric Dickinson, LVO

Lord Patel, 2009 Earl of Home, 2013 Lord Smith of Kelvin, 2013

Chancellor, Earl of Airlie, KT, GCVO, PC Dean, Very Revd Iain Torrance Lord Lyon King of Arms, Dr Joseph Morrow Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod, Rear-Adm. Christopher Layman, CB, DSO, LVO Secretary, Mrs C. Roads, LVO

THE MOST HONOURABLE ORDER OF THE BATH (1725)

THE MOST ANCIENT AND MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE THISTLE (REVIVED 1687) GCB Military GCB Civil GCB

ROYAL KNIGHTS

HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, 1947 HRH The Prince of Wales, 1958 HRH The Duke of Kent, 1985 HRH The Duke of Gloucester, 1997 HRH The Duke of York, 2006 HRH The Earl of Wessex, 2006 HRH The Duke of Cambridge, 2008 EXTRA KNIGHTS COMPANION AND LADIES

Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg, 1972 HM The Queen of Denmark, 1979 HM The King of Sweden, 1983 HM King Juan Carlos of Spain, 1988 HRH Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, 1989 HIM The Emperor of Japan, 1998 HM The King of Norway, 2001 KNIGHTS AND LADIES COMPANION

Lord Carrington, 1985 Duke of Wellington, 1990 Lord Bramall, 1990 Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover, 1992 Lord Ashburton, 1994 Sir Ninian Stephen, 1994 Sir Timothy Colman, 1996 Duke of Abercorn, 1999 Sir William Gladstone, 1999 Lord Inge, 2001 Sir Anthony Acland, 2001 Duke of Westminster, 2003 Lord Butler of Brockwell, 2003 Lord Morris of Aberavon, 2003 Sir John Major, 2005

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KT Ribbon, Green Motto, Nemo me impune lacessit (No one provokes me with impunity) The number of Knights and Ladies of the Thistle is limited to 16 SOVEREIGN OF THE ORDER

The Queen ROYAL KNIGHTS

HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, 1952 HRH The Prince of Wales, Duke of Rothesay, 1977 HRH The Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, 2012 ROYAL LADY OF THE ORDER

HRH The Princess Royal, 2000 KNIGHTS AND LADIES

Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, 1981 Earl of Airlie, 1985 Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, 1996 Lady Marion Fraser, 1996 Lord Macfarlane of Bearsden, 1996 Lord Mackay of Clashfern, 1997 Lord Wilson of Tillyorn, 2000 Lord Sutherland of Houndwood, 2002 Sir Eric Anderson, 2002 Lord Steel of Aikwood, 2004 Lord Robertson of Port Ellen, 2004 Lord Cullen of Whitekirk, 2007 Lord Hope of Craighead, 2009

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KCB DCB CB

Knight (or Dame) Grand Cross Knight Commander Dame Commander Companion

Ribbon, Crimson Motto, Tria juncta in uno (Three joined in one) Remodelled 1815, and enlarged many times since. The order is divided into civil and military divisions. Women became eligible for the order from 1 January 1971.

THE SOVEREIGN GREAT MASTER AND FIRST OR PRINCIPAL KNIGHT GRAND CROSS

HRH The Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB, OM

Dean of the Order, Dean of Westminster Bath King of Arms, Adm. Lord Boyce, KG, GCB, OBE Registrar and Secretary, Rear-Adm. Iain Henderson, CB, CBE Genealogist, Thomas Woodcock, CVO Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod, Maj.-Gen. Charles Vyvyan, CB, CBE Deputy Secretary, Secretary of the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood Chancery, Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood, St James’s Palace, London SW1A 1BH

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Parliament

MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT as at September 2014 * Denotes new MP at the 2010 General Election † MP for another seat in previous Parliament ‡ MP for another party in previous Parliament § Elected at a by-election since the 2010 General Election ¶ Currently suspended from the parliamentary Labour Party ** Currently suspended from the parliamentary Liberal Democrats

Abbott, Diane (b. 1953) Lab., Hackney North & Stoke Newington, Maj. 14,461 §Abrahams, Deborah (b. 1960) Lab., Oldham East & Saddleworth, Maj. 3,558 *Adams, Nigel (b. 1966) C., Selby & Ainsty, Maj. 12,265 Afriyie, Adam (b. 1965) C., Windsor, Maj. 19,054 Ainsworth, Rt. Hon. Robert (b. 1952) Lab., Coventry North East, Maj. 11,775 *Aldous, Peter (b. 1961) C., Waveney, Maj. 769 †Alexander, Rt. Hon. Danny (b. 1972) LD, Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch & Strathspey, Maj. 8,765 Alexander, Rt. Hon. Douglas (b. 1967) Lab., Paisley & Renfrewshire South, Maj. 16,614 *Alexander, Heidi (b. 1975) Lab., Lewisham East, Maj. 6,216 *Ali, Rushanara (b. 1975) Lab., Bethnal Green & Bow, Maj. 11,574 Allen, Graham (b. 1953) Lab., Nottingham North, Maj. 8,138 Amess, David (b. 1952) C., Southend West, Maj. 7,270 Anderson, David (b. 1953) Lab., Blaydon, Maj. 9,117 *Andrew, Stuart (b. 1971) C., Pudsey, Maj. 1,659 Arbuthnot, Rt. Hon. James (b. 1952) C., Hampshire North East, Maj. 18,597 §Ashworth, Jon (b. 1978) Lab., Leicester South, Maj. 12,078 Austin, Ian (b. 1965) Lab., Dudley North, Maj. 649 Bacon, Richard (b. 1962) C., Norfolk South, Maj. 10,940 Bailey, Adrian (b. 1945) Lab. (Co-op), West Bromwich West,

Maj. 5,651 Bain, William (b. 1972) Lab., Glasgow North East, Maj. 15,942 Baker, Rt. Hon. Norman (b. 1957) LD, Lewes, Maj. 7,647 *Baker, Steven (b. 1971) C., Wycombe, Maj. 9,560 Baldry, Rt. Hon. Sir Tony (b. 1950) C., Banbury, Maj. 18,227 *Baldwin, Harriett (b. 1960) C., West Worcestershire, Maj. 6,804 Balls, Rt. Hon. Ed (b. 1967) Lab. (Co-op), Morley & Outwood, Maj. 1,101 Banks, Gordon (b. 1955) Lab., Ochil & Perthshire South, Maj. 5,187 *Barclay, Stephen (b. 1972) C., Cambridgeshire North East, Maj. 16,425 Barker, Rt. Hon. Gregory (b. 1966) C., Bexhill & Battle, Maj. 12,880 Baron, John (b. 1959) C., Basildon & Billericay, Maj. 12,398 Barron, Rt. Hon. Sir Kevin (b. 1946) Lab., Rother Valley, Maj. 5,866 *Barwell, Gavin (b. 1972) C., Croydon Central, Maj. 2,969 Bayley, Hugh (b. 1952) Lab., York Central, Maj. 6,451 *Bebb, Guto (b. 1968) C., Aberconwy, Maj. 3,398 Beckett, Rt. Hon. Dame Margaret (b. 1943) Lab., Derby South, Maj. 6,122 Begg, Dame Anne (b. 1955) Lab., Aberdeen South, Maj. 3,506 Beith, Rt. Hon. Sir Alan (b. 1943) LD, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Maj. 2,690 Bellingham, Henry (b. 1955) C., Norfolk North West, Maj. 14,810 Benn, Rt. Hon. Hilary (b. 1953) Lab., Leeds Central, Maj. 10,645 Benton, Joe (b. 1933) Lab., Bootle, Maj. 21,181

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Benyon, Richard (b. 1960) C., Newbury, Maj. 12,248 Bercow, Rt. Hon. John (b. 1963) The Speaker, Buckingham, Maj. 12,529 Beresford, Sir Paul (b. 1946) C., Mole Valley, Maj. 15,653 *Berger, Luciana (b. 1981) Lab. (Co-op), Liverpool Wavertree, Maj. 7,167 *Berry, Jake (b. 1978) C., Rossendale & Darwen, Maj. 4,493 Betts, Clive (b. 1950) Lab., Sheffield South East, Maj. 10,505 *Bingham, Andrew (b. 1962) C., High Peak, Maj. 4,677 Binley, Brian (b. 1942) C., Northampton South, Maj. 6,004 *Birtwistle, Gordon (b. 1943) LD, Burnley, Maj. 1,818 *Blackman, Bob (b. 1956) C., Harrow East, Maj. 3,403 Blackman-Woods, Dr Roberta (b. 1957) Lab., Durham, City of, Maj. 3,067 *Blackwood, Nicola (b. 1979) C., Oxford West & Abingdon, Maj. 176 Blears, Rt. Hon. Hazel (b. 1956) Lab., Salford & Eccles, Maj. 5,725 *Blenkinsop, Tom (b. 1980) Lab., Middlesbrough South & East Cleveland, Maj. 1,677 *Blomfield, Paul (b. 1953) Lab., Sheffield Central, Maj. 165 Blunkett, Rt. Hon. David (b. 1947) Lab., Sheffield, Brightside & Hillsborough, Maj. 13,632 Blunt, Crispin (b. 1960) C., Reigate, Maj. 13,591 *Boles, Nick (b. 1965) C., Grantham & Stamford, Maj. 14,826 Bone, Peter (b. 1952) C., Wellingborough, Maj. 11,787 Bottomley, Sir Peter (b. 1944) C., Worthing West, Maj. 11,729 *Bradley, Karen (b. 1970) C., Staffordshire Moorlands, Maj. 6,689 Bradshaw, Rt. Hon. Ben (b. 1960) Lab., Exeter, Maj. 2,721 Brady, Graham (b. 1967) C., Altrincham & Sale West, Maj. 11,595 Brake, Rt. Hon. Tom (b. 1962) LD, Carshalton & Wallington, Maj. 5,260 *Bray, Angie (b. 1953) C., Ealing Central &Acton, Maj. 3,716 Brazier, Julian (b. 1953) C., Canterbury, Maj. 6,048 Brennan, Kevin (b. 1959) Lab., Cardiff West, Maj. 4,750 *Bridgen, Andrew (b. 1964) C., Leicestershire North West, Maj. 7,511 *Brine, Steve (b. 1974) C., Winchester, Maj. 3,048 †Brokenshire, James (b. 1968) C., Old Bexley & Sidcup, Maj. 15,857 Brooke, Rt. Hon. Annette (b. 1947) LD, Dorset Mid & Poole North, Maj. 269 Brown, Rt. Hon. Gordon (b. 1951) Lab., Kirkcaldy & Cowdenbeath, Maj. 23,009 Brown, Lyn (b. 1960) Lab., West Ham, Maj. 22,534 Brown, Rt. Hon. Nicholas (b. 1950) Lab., Newcastle upon Tyne East, Maj. 4,453 Brown, Russell (b. 1951) Lab., Dumfries & Galloway, Maj. 7,449 Browne, Jeremy (b. 1970) LD, Taunton Deane, Maj. 3,993 *Bruce, Fiona (b. 1957) C., Congleton, Maj. 7,063 Bruce, Rt. Hon. Sir Malcolm (b. 1944) LD, Gordon, Maj. 6,748 Bryant, Chris (b. 1962) Lab., Rhondda, Maj. 11,553 Buck, Karen (b. 1958) Lab., Westminster North, Maj. 2,126 *Buckland, Robert (b. 1968) C., Swindon South, Maj. 3,544 Burden, Richard (b. 1954) Lab., Birmingham Northfield, Maj. 2,782 *Burley, Aidan (b. 1979) C., Cannock Chase, Maj. 3,195 Burnham, Rt. Hon. Andy (b. 1970) Lab., Leigh, Maj. 15,011 *Burns, Conor (b. 1972) C., Bournemouth West, Maj. 5,583

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THE GOVERNMENT A coalition government formed of the Conservative Party and Liberal Democrat Party (since 12 May 2010)

as at 1 September 2014 * Liberal Democrats

THE CABINET Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service Rt. Hon. David Cameron, MP Deputy Prime Minister, Lord President of the Council (with special responsibility for political and constitutional reform) *Rt. Hon. Nick Clegg, MP Chancellor of the Exchequer Rt. Hon. George Osborne, MP First Secretary of State, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Rt. Hon. Philip Hammond, MP Secretary of State for the Home Department Rt. Hon. Theresa May, MP First Secretary of State, Leader of the House of Commons Rt. Hon. William Hague, MP Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills and President of the Board of Trade *Rt. Hon. Dr Vincent Cable, MP Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government and Minister for Faith Rt. Hon. Eric Pickles, MP Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport Rt. Hon. Sajid Javid, MP Secretary of State for Defence Rt. Hon. Michael Fallon, MP Secretary of State for Education and Minister for Women and Equalities Rt. Hon. Nicky Morgan, MP Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change *Rt. Hon. Edward Davey, MP Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Rt. Hon. Elizabeth Truss, MP Secretary of State for Health Rt. Hon. Jeremy Hunt, MP Secretary of State for International Development Rt. Hon. Justine Greening, MP Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor Rt. Hon. Chris Grayling, MP Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Rt. Hon. Theresa Villiers, MP Secretary of State for Scotland *Rt. Hon. Alistair Carmichael, MP Secretary of State for Transport Rt. Hon. Patrick McLoughlin, MP Secretary of State for Wales Rt. Hon. Stephen Crabb, MP Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Rt. Hon. Iain Duncan Smith, MP Chief Secretary to the Treasury *Rt. Hon. Danny Alexander, MP

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ALSO ATTENDING CABINET MEETINGS Leader of the House of Lords and Lord Privy Seal Rt. Hon. Baroness Stowell of Beeston, MBE Attorney-General †Rt. Hon. Jeremy Wright, QC, MP Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster General Rt. Hon. Francis Maude, MP Minister for Government Policy and Chancellor for the Duchy of Lancaster Rt. Hon. Oliver Letwin, MP ‡Minister of State for the Cabinet Office and Minister of State for Schools *Rt. Hon. David Laws, MP Minister of State for Universities, Science and Cities Rt. Hon. Greg Clark, MP Minister without Portfolio Rt. Hon. Grant Shapps, MP Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury and Chief Whip Rt. Hon. Michael Gove, MP Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Rt. Hon. Baroness Anelay of St Johns, DBE Minister of State for Employment Rt. Hon. Esther McVey, MP Minister of State for Energy, Minister of State for Business and Enterprise and Minister for Portsmouth Rt. Hon. Matthew Hancock, MP † only attends cabinet meetings when ministerial responsibilities are on the agenda ‡ position held jointly with the Department for Education

LAW OFFICERS Attorney-General Rt. Hon. Jeremy Wright, QC, MP Solicitor-General Robert Buckland, QC, MP Advocate-General for Scotland *Rt. Hon. Lord Wallace of Tankerness, QC

MINISTERS OF STATE Business, Innovation and Skills Rt. Hon. Greg Clark, MP †Lord Livingston of Parkhead Rt. Hon. Matthew Hancock, MP ‡Ed Vaizey, MP §Nick Boles, MP Cabinet Office *Rt. Hon. David Laws, MP Rt. Hon. Greg Clark, MP Jo Johnson, MP

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London Chair, Health Committee, Onkar Sahota Chair, Housing Committee, Darren Johnson Chair, Planning Committee, Nicky Gavron Chair, Police and Crime Committee, Joanne McCartney Chair, Regeneration Committee, Gareth Bacon Chair, Taser Working Group, Joanne McCartney Chair, Transport Committee, Caroline Pidgeon, MBE

STATE OF THE PARTIES as at 3 May 2012

LONDON ASSEMBLY MEMBERS

MAYORAL ELECTION RESULTS

as at 3 May 2012 Arbour, Tony, C., South West, Maj. 19,262 Arnold, Jennette, Lab. North East, Maj. 66,188 Bacon, Gareth, C., London List Biggs, John, Lab., City and East, Maj. 82,744 Boff, Andrew, C., London List Borwick, Victoria, C., London List Cleverly, James, C., Bexley and Bromley, Maj. 47,768 Copley, Tom, Lab. London List Dismore, Andrew, Lab., Barnet and Camden, Maj. 21,299 Duvall, Len, Lab., Greenwich and Lewisham, Maj. 38,037 Evans, Roger, C., Havering and Redbridge, Maj. 3,899 Gavron, Nicky, Lab., London List Johnson, Darren, Green, London List Jones, Jenny, Green, London List Knight, Stephen, LD, London List Malthouse, Kit, C., West Central, Maj. 29,131 McCartney, Joanne, Lab., Enfield and Haringey, Maj. 36,741 O’Connell, Steve, C., Croydon and Sutton, Maj. 9,418 Pidgeon, Caroline, LD, London List Qureshi, Murad, Lab., London List Sahota, Onkar, Lab., Ealing and Hillingdon, Maj. 3,110 Shah, Navin, Lab., Brent and Harrow, Maj. 29,796 Shawcross, Valerie, Lab., Lambeth and Southwark, Maj. 52,702 Tracey, Richard, C., Merton and Wandsworth, Maj. 9,981 Twycross, Fiona, Lab., London List

Party Conservative (C.) Labour (Lab.) Liberal Democrats (LD) Green

219

Seats 9 12 2 2

as at 3 May 2012 Electorate 5,910,460

Turnout 38%

Change in turnout from 2008: -7.33% Good votes: 1st choice 2,208,475 (98.21%); 2nd choice 1,763,009 (79.83%) Rejected votes: 1st choice 40,210 (1.79%); 2nd choice 445,466 (20.17%) First Boris Johnson Ken Livingstone Jenny Jones Brian Paddick Siobhan Benita Lawrence Webb Carlos Cortiglia

Party C. Lab. Green LD Ind. UKIP BNP

Votes 971,931 889,918 98,913 91,774 83,914 43,274 28,751

% 44.01 40.30 4.48 4.16 3.80 1.96 1.30

Second Brian Paddick Jenny Jones Ken Livingstone Boris Johnson Siobhan Benita Lawrence Webb Carlos Cortiglia

Party LD Green Lab. C. Ind. UKIP BNP

Votes 363,692 363,193 335,398 253,709 212,412 161,252 73,353

% 20.63 20.60 19.02 14.39 12.05 9.15 4.16

LONDON ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULTS as at 3 May 2012 E. Electorate T. Turnout See General Election Results for a list of party abbreviations

CONSTITUENCIES E. 5,910,460 T. 38% BARNET AND CAMDEN E. 446,248 T. 38% Andrew Dismore, Lab. Brian Coleman, C. Audrey Poppy, Green Chris Richards, LD Michael Corby, UKIP Lab. majority 21,299 BEXLEY AND BROMLEY E. 447,465 T. 38.1% James Cleverly, C. Josie Channer, Lab. Sam Webber, LD, David Cobum, UKIP Jonathan Rooks, Green Donna Treanor, BNP C. majority 47,768

10:39:24:09:14

74,677 53,378 17,904 13,800 7,331

88,482 40,714 11,396 10,771 9,209 7,563

BRENT AND HARROW E. 389,737 T. 38% Navin Shah, Lab. Sachin Rajput, C. Charlotte Henry, LD Shahrar Ali, Green Mick McGough, UKIP Lab. majority 29,796 CITY AND EAST E. 500,427 T. 34.8% John Biggs, Lab. John Moss, C. Chris Smith, Green Richard Macmillan, LD Paul Borg, BNP Kamran Malik, CUP Steven Woolfe, UKIP Paul Davies, Comm. Lge Lab. majority 82,744

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70,400 40,604 15,690 10,546 7,830

107,667 24,923 10,891 7,351 7,031 6,774 5,243 1,108

CROYDON AND SUTTON E. 436,451 T. 35.7% Stephen O’Connell, C. Louisa Woodley, Lab. Abigail Lock, LD Winston McKenzie, UKIP Gordon Ross, Green C. majority 9,418

60,152 50,734 21,889 10,757 10,287

EALING AND HILLINGDON E. 439,143 T. 37.9% Onkar Sahota, Lab. 65,584 Richard Barnes, C. 62,474 Michael Cox, LD 11,805 Mike Harling, Green 10,877 Helen Knight, UKIP 6,750 Dave Furness, BNP 4,284 Ian Edward, NF 2,035 Lab. majority 3,110

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Local Government

LOCAL COUNCILS Council ABERDEEN Aberdeenshire Angus Argyll and Bute Clackmannanshire Dumfries and Galloway DUNDEE East Ayrshire East Dunbartonshire East Lothian East Renfrewshire EDINBURGH Eilean Siar (Western Isles) Falkirk Fife GLASGOW Highland Inverclyde Midlothian Moray North Ayrshire North Lanarkshire Orkney Perth and Kinross Renfrewshire Scottish Borders Shetland South Ayrshire South Lanarkshire STIRLING West Dunbartonshire West Lothian

Administrative Headquarters Aberdeen Aberdeen Forfar Lochgilphead Alloa Dumfries Dundee Kilmarnock Kirkintilloch Haddington Giffnock Edinburgh Stornoway Falkirk Glenrothes Glasgow Inverness Greenock Dalkeith Elgin Irvine Motherwell Kirkwall Perth Paisley Melrose Lerwick Ayr Hamilton Stirling Dumbarton Livingston

Telephone

Population*

0845-608 0910 01467-620981 0845-277 7778 01546-602127 01259-450000 030-3333 3000 01382-434000 01563-576000 0300-123 4510 01620-827827 0141-577 3000 0131-200 2000 01851-703773 01324-506070 0345-155 0000 0141-287 2000 01349-856606 01475-717171 0131-270 7500 01343-543451 01294-310000 01698-302222 01856-873535 01738-475000 0300-300 0300 01835-824000 01595-693535 0300-123 0900 0303-123 1015 0845-277 7000 01389-737000 01506-280000

Key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

224,970 255,540 116,210 86,900 51,280 150,830 147,800 122,720 105,880 100,850 91,030 482,640 27,560 156,800 366,220 595,080 232,910 80,680 84,240 92,910 137,560 337,870 21,530 147,740 174,310 113,710 23,210 112,910 314,360 91,020 90,340 175,990

Council Tax† £1,230 £1,141 £1,072 £1,178 £1,148 £1,049 £1,211 £1,189 £1,142 £1,118 £1,126 £1,169 £1,024 £1,070 £1,118 £1,213 £1,163 £1,198 £1,210 £1,135 £1,152 £1,098 £1,037 £1,158 £1,165 £1,084 £1,053 £1,154 £1,101 £1,197 £1,163 £1,128

Council Aberdeen City Aberdeenshire Angus Argyll and Bute City of Edinburgh Clackmannanshire Dumfries and Galloway Dundee City East Ayrshire East Dunbartonshire East Lothian East Renfrewshire Falkirk Fife Glasgow City Highland

Key 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Chief Executive Angela Scott Colin Mackenzie Richard Stiff Sally Loudon Elaine McPherson Gavin Stevenson David Dorward Fiona Lees Gerry Cornes Angela Leitch Lorraine McMillan Sue Bruce Malcolm Burr Mary Pitcaithly, OBE Steve Grimmond George Black Steve Barron John Mundell Kenneth Lawrie Roddy Burns Elma Murray Gavin Whitefield Alistair Buchan Bernadette Malone David Martin Tracey Logan Mark Boden Eileen Howat Lindsay Freeland Stewart Carruth Joyce White Graham Hope

Council Inverclyde Midlothian Moray North Ayrshire North Lanarkshire Orkney Perth and Kinross Renfrewshire Scottish Borders Shetland South Ayrshire South Lanarkshire Stirling West Dunbartonshire Western Isles (Eilean Siar) West Lothian

* Source: Office for National Statistics – Mid-2012 Population Estimates (Crown copyright) † Average Band D council tax bill 2014–15 Councils in CAPITAL LETTERS have city status

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THE PRISON SERVICE The prison services in the UK are the responsibility of the Secretary of State for Justice, the Scottish Secretary for Justice and the Minister of Justice in Northern Ireland. The chief executive (director-general in Northern Ireland), officers of the National Offender Management Service (NOMS), the Scottish Prison Service (SPS) and the Northern Ireland Prison Service are responsible for the day-to-day running of the system.

There are 122 prison establishments in England and Wales, 15 in Scotland and three in Northern Ireland.

Convicted prisoners are classified according to their assessed security risk and are housed in establishments appropriate to that level of security. There are no open prisons in Northern Ireland. Female prisoners are housed in women’s establishments or in separate wings of mixed prisons.

Remand prisoners are, where possible, housed separately from convicted prisoners. Offenders under the age of 21 are usually detained in a Young Offender Institution, which may be a separate establishment or part of a prison. Appellant and failed asylum seekers are held in Immigration Removal Centres, or in separate units of other prisons.

Fourteen prisons are now run by the private sector in England and Wales, and in England, Wales and Scotland all escort services have been contracted out to private companies. In Scotland, two prisons (Kilmarnock and Addiewell) were built and financed by the private sector and are being operated by private contractors.

There are independent prison inspectorates in England, Wales and Scotland which report annually on conditions and the treatment of prisoners. The Chief Inspector of Criminal Justice in Northern Ireland and HM Inspectorate of Prisons for England and Wales perform an inspectorate role for prisons in Northern Ireland. Every prison establishment also has an independent monitoring board made up of local volunteers.

Any prisoner whose complaint is not satisfied by the internal complaints procedures may complain to the prisons and probation ombudsman for England and Wales, the Scottish public services ombudsman or the prisoner ombudsman for Northern Ireland. The prisons and probation inspectors, the prisons ombudsman and the independent monitoring boards report to the home secretary and to the Minister of Justice in Northern Ireland.

PRISON STATISTICS The projected ‘high scenario’ prison population for 2019 in England and Wales is 86,600; the ‘low scenario’ is 77,300.

PRISON POPULATION (UK) as at June 2014 Remand Sentenced ENGLAND AND WALES 12,197 71,481 Male 11,503 68,274 Female 694 3,207 SCOTLAND* 1,203 5,846 Male 1,138 5,530 Female 65 316 N. IRELAND 404 1,463 Male 383 1,416 Female 21 47 UK TOTAL 13,804 78,790 * Figures from August 2014 Sources: MoJ; Scottish Prison Service; NI Prison Service

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Other 1,831 1,803 28 – – – 0 0 0 1,831

PRISON CAPACITY (ENGLAND AND WALES)

as at August 2014 Male prisoners Female prisoners Total Useable operational capacity Under home detention curfew supervision

81,930 3,904 85,834 87,362 2,118

Source: MoJ – Prisons and Probation Statistics

SENTENCED PRISON POPULATION BY SEX AND OFFENCE (ENGLAND AND WALES)

as at 30 June 2014 Violence against the person Sexual offences Burglary Robbery Theft, handling Fraud and forgery Drugs offences Motoring offences Other offences Offence not recorded Total*

Male

Female

18,694 11,100 6,926 8,210 3,852 1,189 9,866 794 7,142 390 68,163

902 92 215 297 525 163 440 26 502 36 3,198

* Figures do not include civil (non-criminal) prisoners or fine defaulters Source: MoJ – Prisons and Probation Statistics

SENTENCED POPULATION BY LENGTH OF SENTENCE (ENGLAND AND WALES)

as at 30 June 2014 Less than 12 months 12 months to less than 4 years 4 years to less than life Indeterminate Total*

British

Foreign and Not Recorded

5,707 17,548 24,384 11,495 59,134

943 2,041 2,891 1,092 6,967

* Figures do not include civil (non-criminal) prisoners or fine defaulters Source: MoJ – Prisons and Probation Statistics

AVERAGE DAILY POPULATION BY TYPE OF CUSTODY 2013–14 (SCOTLAND) Remand: sub total Persons under sentence: sub total Under 4 years 4 years and over Total

1,476 6,375 3,540 2,835 7,851

Source: SPS – Annual Report and Accounts 2013–14

SUICIDES IN PRISON IN 2013 (ENGLAND AND WALES) Male Female Total Source: MoJ

72 2 74

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DEFENCE The armed forces of the UK comprise the Royal Navy, the Army and the Royal Air Force (RAF). The Queen is Commander-in-Chief of all the armed forces. The Secretary of State for Defence is responsible for the formulation and content of defence policy and for providing the means by which it is conducted. The formal legal basis for the conduct of defence in the UK rests on a range of powers vested by statute and letters patent in the Defence Council, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. Beneath the ministers lies the top management of the Ministry of Defence (MoD), headed jointly by the Permanent Secretary and the Chief of Defence Staff. The Permanent Secretary is the government’s principal civilian adviser on defence and has the primary responsibility for policy, finance, management and administration. The Permanent Secretary is also personally accountable to parliament for the expenditure of all public money allocated to defence purposes. The Chief of the Defence Staff is the professional head of the armed forces in the UK and the principal military adviser to the secretary of state and the government.

The Defence Board is the executive of the Defence Council. Chaired by the Permanent Secretary, it acts as the main executive board of the Ministry of Defence, providing senior level leadership and strategic management of defence.

The Central Staff, headed by the Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff and the Second Permanent Under-Secretary of State, is the policy core of the department. Defence Equipment and Support, headed by the Chief of Defence Materiel, is responsible for purchasing defence equipment and providing logistical support to the armed forces.

A permanent Joint Headquarters for the conduct of joint operations was set up at Northwood in 1996. The Joint Headquarters connects the policy and strategic functions of the MoD head office with the conduct of operations and is intended to strengthen the policy/executive division.

The UK pursues its defence and security policies through its membership of NATO (to which most of its armed forces are committed), the European Union, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the UN (see International Organisations section).

STRENGTH OF THE REGULAR ARMED FORCES

1975 strength 2000 strength 2005 strength 2006 strength 2007 strength 2008 strength 2009 strength 2010 strength 2011 strength 2012 strength 2013 strength 2014 strength

Royal Navy

Army

RAF

All Services

76,200 42,850 39,940 39,390 38,850 38,560 38,340 38,730 37,660 35,540 33,960 33,080

167,100 110,050 109,290 107,730 106,340 104,980 106,700 108,920 106,240 104,250 99,730 89,480

95,000 54,720 51,870 48,730 45,480 43,370 43,560 44,050 42,460 40,000 37,030 34,940

338,300 207,620 201,100 195,850 190,670 186,910 188,600 191,700 186,360 179,790 170,710 157,490

Source: MoD – Defence Statistics (Tri-Service)

SERVICE PERSONNEL BY RANK AND GENDER Males Females Officers 24,230 3,530 Other Ranks 117,480 12,250 Source: MoD – Defence Statistics (Tri-Service)

UK regular forces include trained and untrained personnel and nursing services, but exclude Gurkhas, full-time reserve service personnel, mobilised reservists and naval activated reservists. As at 1 July 2014 these groups provisionally numbered: All Gurkhas Full-time reserve service Mobilised reservists Army RAF Naval activated reservists

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430 210 40

Source: MoD – Defence Statistics (Tri-Service)

CIVILIAN PERSONNEL 2000 level 2001 level 2002 level 2003 level 2004 level 2005 level 2006 level 2007 level 2008 level 2009 level 2010 level 2011 level 2012 level 2013 level 2014 level

121,300 118,200 110,100 107,600 108,990 107,680 102,970 95,790 88,690 86,620 85,850 83,060 70,940 65,400 62,340

Source: MoD – Defence Statistics (Tri-Service)

UK REGULAR FORCES: DEATHS In 2013 there were a total of 86 deaths among the UK regular armed forces, of which 13 were serving in the Royal Navy and Royal Marines, 63 in the Army and 10 in the RAF. The largest single cause of death was cancer, which accounted for 19 deaths (22 per cent of the total) in 2013.

Land transport accidents accounted for 15 deaths (17 per cent) and other accidents accounted for a further 18 deaths (21 per cent). Nine deaths (10 per cent) were as a result of hostile action. Suicides and open verdicts accounted for five deaths.

NUMBER OF DEATHS AND MORTALITY RATES 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total number 205 187 132 129 86 Royal Navy 23 30 19 19 13 Army 158 136 98 95 63 RAF 24 21 15 15 10 Mortality rates per thousand Tri-service rate 1.07 0.97 0.69 0.71 0.50 Navy 0.58 0.78 0.52 0.55 0.42 Army 1.33 1.16 0.89 0.89 0.65 RAF 0.55 0.50 0.33 0.42 0.23 Source: MoD National Statistics

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2,830 3,340

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Education

Northern Ireland State-maintained nursery schools State-maintained primary and secondary schools Controlled Voluntary Catholic maintained Other maintained Integrated Special schools Independent schools Total

96 1,035 440 51 452 30 62 40 15 1,186

Source: DENI

INSPECTION ENGLAND The Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills (Ofsted) is the main body responsible for inspecting education in English schools. As well as inspecting all publicly funded and some independent schools, Ofsted inspects a range of other services in England, including childcare, children’s homes, pupil referral units, local authority children’s services, further education, initial teacher training and publicly funded adult skills training.

Ofsted is an independent, non-ministerial government department that reports directly to parliament, headed by Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector (HMCI). Ofsted is required to promote improvement in the public services that it inspects; ensure that these services focus on the interests of their users – children, parents, learners and employers; and see that these services are efficient, effective and promote value for money.

The inspection regime changed in 2012 to focus on four areas: achievement, teaching, leadership and behaviour.

Ofsted publishes the findings of its inspection reports, its recommendations and statistical information on its website.

OFFICE FOR STANDARDS IN EDUCATION, CHILDREN’S SERVICES AND SKILLS T 0300-123 1231 W www.ofsted.gov.uk

WALES Estyn is the office of Her Majesty’s Inspectorate for Education and Training in Wales. It is independent of, but funded by, the Welsh government and is led by Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Education and Training in Wales.

Estyn’s role is to inspect quality and standards in education and training in Wales, including in primary, secondary, special and independent schools, and pupil referral units, publicly funded nursery schools and settings, further education, adult community-based and work-based learning, local authorities and teacher education and training.

Estyn also provides advice on quality and standards in education and training to the Welsh government and others and its remit includes making public good practice based on inspection evidence. Estyn publishes the findings of its inspection reports, its recommendations and statistical information on its website.

HER MAJESTY’S INSPECTORATE FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN WALES T 029-2044 6446 W www.estyn.gov.uk

SCOTLAND HM Inspectorate of Education (HMIE) merged with Learning and Teaching Scotland in July 2011 to become Education Scotland, an executive agency of the Scottish government. Education Scotland operates independently and impartially while being directly accountable to Scottish ministers for the standards of its work. The agency’s core business is inspection and review. It is responsible for delivering measurable year-on-year improvements, with

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maximum efficiency, by promoting excellence, building on strengths, and identifying and addressing underperformance.

Inspection reports and reviews, recommendations, examples of good practice and statistical information are published on Education Scotland’s website.

EDUCATION SCOTLAND T 0141 282 5000 W www.educationscotland.gov.uk

NORTHERN IRELAND The Education and Training Inspectorate (ETINI) provides inspection services for the Department of Education and Employment and Learning Northern Ireland.

ETINI carries out inspections of all schools, pre-school services, special education, further education colleges, initial teacher training, training organisations, and curriculum advisory and support services. Since September 2013 regional colleges of further education have received four weeks’ notification of inspection, while all other organisations have received two weeks’ notification of inspection.

The inspectorate’s role is to improve services and it provides evidence-based advice to ministers in order to assist in the formulation of policies. It publishes the findings of its inspection reports, its recommendations and statistical information on its website.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSPECTORATE T 028-9127 9726 W www.etini.gov.uk

THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM ENGLAND

The National Curriculum, first introduced in 1988, is mandatory in all state schools for children from age 5 onwards.

Until age 5, or the end of Reception Year in primary school, children are in the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), which has its own learning and development requirements for children in nursery and primary schools.

Changes to the EYFS came into effect in September 2012 and a further revised EYFS came into force on 1 September 2014. These included simplifying the statutory assessment of children’s development at age five; reducing the number of early learning goals from 69 to 17; focusing on seven areas of learning and development (prime areas: communication and language, physical development and personal, social and emotional development; and specific areas: literacy, mathematics, understanding the world, and expressive arts and design) and, for parents, a new progress check at age two on their child’s development.

Following the EYFS, the National Curriculum is organised into ‘Key Stages’, and sets out the core subjects that must be taught and the standards or attainment targets for each subject at each Key Stage.

• Key Stage 1 covers Years 1 and 2 of primary school, for children aged 5–7 • Key Stage 2 covers Years 3 to 6 of primary school, for children aged 7–11 • Key Stage 3 covers Years 7 to 9 of secondary school, for children aged 11–14 • Key Stage 4 covers Years 10 and 11 of secondary school, for children aged 14–16 Within the framework of the National Curriculum, schools may plan and organise teaching and learning in the way that best meets the needs of their pupils, but maintained schools are expected to follow the programmes of study associated with particular subjects. The programmes of study describe the subject knowledge, skills and understanding that pupils are expected to have developed by the end of each Key Stage.

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The Water Industry

AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BILLS 2014–20 (£) WATER AND SEWERAGE COMPANIES* 2014–15 Anglian 408 Dwr Cymru 416 Northumbrian 368 Severn Trent 315 South West 516 Southern 413 Wessex 459 Yorkshire 353

2015–16

2016–17

2017–18

2018–19

2019–20

380 409 362 298 492 381 417 338

375 407 362 294 488 381 417 338

370 403 362 294 485 379 417 338

368 398 362 293 482 378 416 337

363 396 362 297 479 378 416 336

* Thames Water and United Utilities figures were unresolved at the time of publication

WATER ONLY COMPANIES† Affinity Dee Valley Portsmouth Sembcorp Bournemouth South East South Staffordshire Sutton and East Surrey

2014–15

2015–16

2016–17

2017–18

2018–19

2019–20

174 144 92 145 190 133 176

165 136 92 130 181 130 180

165 136 92 130 181 129 173

159 136 92 129 180 128 169

156 136 92 126 179 128 165

155 136 92 125 179 128 160

† Bristol Water figures were unresolved at the time of publication Source: OFWAT

aspects of economic and customer service performance, including water and sewerage charges. SEPA, created under the Environment Act 1995, is responsible for environmental issues, including controlling pollution and promoting the cleanliness of Scotland’s rivers, lochs and coastal waters. The Public Services Reform (Scotland) Act 2010 transferred the complaints handling function of Waterwatch Scotland regarding Scottish Water, to the Scottish Public Services Ombudsman. Consumer Futures represented the views and interests of Scottish Water customers but became part of Citizens Advice Scotland on 1 April 2014.

METHODS OF CHARGING Scottish Water sets charges for domestic and non-domestic water and sewerage provision through charges schemes which are regulated by the Water Industry Commission for Scotland. In February 2004 the harmonisation of all household charges across the country was completed following the merger of the separate authorities under Scottish Water. In November 2009 the Water Industry Commission for Scotland published The Strategic Review of Charges 2010–2015, stating that annual price rises would be kept at 5 per cent below the rate of inflation during this five-year period. For the year 2014–15, the combined service charge, covering the water supply and waste water collection, rose by 1.6 per cent. The average household bill for 2014–15 therefore increased to around £339.

CITIZENS ADVICE SCOTLAND, T 0131-550 1000 W www.cas.org.uk

DRINKING WATER QUALITY REGULATOR FOR SCOTLAND, Area 1-D South, Victoria Quay, Edinburgh EH6 6QQ T 0131-244 0190 W www.dwqr.org.uk

NORTHERN IRELAND Formerly an executive agency of the Department for Regional Development, Northern Ireland Water is a government-owned company but with substantial independence from government. Northern Ireland Water was set up as a result of government reform of water and sewerage services in April 2007. It is responsible for policy and coordination with regard to the supply, distribution and cleanliness of water, and the provision and maintenance of sewerage services. The Northern Ireland Authority for Utility Regulation (known as the Utility Regulator) is responsible for regulating the water services provided by Northern Ireland Water. The Drinking Water Inspectorate, a unit in the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA), regulates drinking water quality. Another NIEA unit, the Water Management Unit, has responsibility for the protection of the aquatic environment. The Consumer Council for Northern Ireland is the consumer representative body for water services.

METHODS OF CHARGING The water and sewerage used by domestic customers in Northern Ireland is currently paid for by the Department for Regional Development (DRD), a system which will continue during 2014–2015. In March 2010, the Northern Ireland Assembly passed the Water and Sewerage Services (Amendment) Act (Northern Ireland) 2010, which ensured that Northern Ireland Water would continue to receive DRD subsidy until at least 2014. Non-domestic customers in Northern Ireland became subject to water and sewerage charges and trade effluent charges where applicable in April 2008.

SCOTTISH ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY, Erskine Court, Castle Business Park, Stirling FK9 4TZ T 01786-457700 W www.sepa.org.uk SCOTTISH WATER, Castle House, 6 Castle Drive, Dunfermline KY11 8GG T 0345-601 8855 W www.scottishwater.co.uk

Chief Executive, Douglas Millican WATER INDUSTRY COMMISSION FOR SCOTLAND, First Floor, Moray House, Forthside Way, Stirling FK8 1QZ T 01786-430200 W www.watercommission.co.uk

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CONSUMER COUNCIL FOR NORTHERN IRELAND, 116 Holywood Road, Belfast BT4 1NY T 028-9067 2488 W www.consumercouncil.org.uk

NORTHERN IRELAND AUTHORITY FOR UTILITY REGULATION, Queens House, 14 Queen Street, Belfast BT1 6ED T 028-9031 1575 W www.uregni.gov.uk

NORTHERN IRELAND WATER, PO Box 1026, Belfast BT1 9DJ T 0845-744 0088 W www.niwater.com

Chief Executive, Sara Venning

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Energy

NUCLEAR POWER

RENEWABLE SOURCES

Nuclear reactors began to supply electricity to the national grid in 1956. Nuclear power is currently generated in the UK at nine sites: one magnox reactor (Wylfa 1, possible generation extension to December 2015) following the closure of Oldbury nuclear power station in February 2012, seven advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR) and one pressurised water reactor (PWR), Sizewell ‘B’ in Suffolk.

The AGRs and PWR are owned by a private company, EDF Energy, while the magnox reactor is state-owned by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority. The first of a series of new-generation plants is expected to come on-line around 2018; all but one of the current sites (Sizewell ‘B’) will be shut down by 2035.

In April 2005 the responsibility for the decommissioning of civil nuclear reactors and other nuclear facilities used in research and development was handed to the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA). The NDA is a nondepartmental public body, funded mainly by the DECC. The total planned expenditure for the NDA in 2014–15 was £3.2bn. Until April 2007, UK Nirex was responsible for the disposal of intermediate and some low-level nuclear waste.

After this date Nirex was integrated into the NDA and renamed the Radioactive Waste Management directorate.

There are currently 17 nuclear sites owned by the NDA that are in various stages of decommissioning, including the world’s first commercial power station at Calder Hall on the Sellafield site in Cumbria. The decommissioning of these sites is scheduled for completion within the next 15 to 20 years. In the case of the Dounreay research facility in Scotland, controls on access to contaminated land are expected to remain in place until around 2300.

In 2013 electricity supplied from nuclear sources accounted for 19.8 per cent of the total electricity supply.

The 2008 Energy bill paved the way for the construction of up to ten new nuclear power stations by 2020. Eight sites have been assessed as potentially suitable for the development of new power stations in England and Wales before the end of 2025. A number of factors have led to government backing for nuclear power: domestic gas supplies are running low; oil and gas prices are high; carbon emissions must be cut to comply with EU legislation and meet global climate change targets; and a number of coal-fired power stations that fail to meet clean air requirements are due to be closed.

Nuclear power has its advantages: reactors emit virtually no carbon dioxide and uranium prices remain relatively steady.

However, the advantages of low emissions are countered by the high costs of construction and difficulties in disposing of nuclear waste. Currently, the only method is to store it securely until it has slowly decayed to safe levels. Public distrust persists despite the advances in safety technology.

Renewable sources of energy principally include biofuels, hydro, wind and solar. Renewable sources produced 11.8 million tonnes of oil equivalent for primary energy usage in 2013; of this, about 8.9 million tonnes was used to generate electricity, 1.9 million tonnes to generate heat and 1.1 million tonnes was used as transport fuels. In 2013, the UK generated 14.9 per cent of its total electricity production from renewable sources, up by 3.6 percentage points from 2012.

The government’s principal mechanism for developing renewable energy sources is the Renewables Obligation (RO), which aims to increase the contribution of electricity from renewables in the UK. There are separate RO schemes for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

For both England and Wales and Scotland, the RO is set so that 9.7 per cent of licensed electricity sales should be from renewable sources eligible for the RO by 2009/10, and 15.4 per cent should be eligible by 2015/16. For Northern Ireland, these figures are 3.5 per cent and 6.3 per cent. In 2013, renewable sources accounted for 14.1 per cent of sales on an RO basis, an increase of 3.3 per cent from 2012.

A Renewables Obligation has been in place in England and Wales since April 2002 to give incentives to generators to supply progressively higher levels of renewable energy over time. These measures included exempting renewable energy sources from the climate change levy, capital grants, enhanced research funding and regional planning to meet renewables targets.

In addition to the RO, in April 2010, the government launched a Feed-in Tariff (FIT) scheme in Great Britain to encourage the uptake of small-scale low carbon electricity generation technologies, principally renewables such as solar photovoltaics, wind and hydro-electricity.

The government approved an EU-wide agreement in March 2007 to generate 20 per cent of energy production from renewable sources by 2020. It has since negotiated down the national share in this target to 15 per cent of energy production by 2020. In July 2009 the government published a Renewable Energy Strategy in order to meet this target. Other impediments to the expansion of renewable energy production include planning restrictions, rising raw material prices, and the possible redirection of funds to develop CCS technology and nuclear energy sources.

For further information on renewable energy see The Environment.

SAFETY AND REGULATION The Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR), a public corporation of the Department for Work and Pensions, is the nuclear industry’s regulator. Operations at all UK nuclear power stations are governed by a site licence which is issued under the Nuclear Installations Act. The ONR monitors compliance and has the jurisdiction to close down a reactor if the terms of the licence are breached. The DECC is responsible for security at all the UK’s nuclear power stations, which are policed by the Civil Nuclear Constabulary, a specialised armed force created in April 2005. In 2009 Magnox Electric Ltd was found guilty of breaking the Radioactive Substances Act 2003: it had left a radioactive leak on a holding tank at Bradwell power station, Essex, unchecked for 14 years.

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Roads must be booked in advance through an operator. In London, taxis and private hire vehicles are licensed by the Public Carriage Office (PCO), part of TfL. Outside London, local authorities are responsible for the licensing of taxis and private hire vehicles operational in their respective administrative areas. At the end of March 2013 there were 78,000 licensed taxis and 152,600 PHVs in England and Wales, of these 73,000 taxis and 148,600 PHVs were in England with around 31 per cent of both taxis and PHVs based in London.

ROAD TRAFFIC BY VEHICLE TYPE (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013

Million vehicle km All motor vehicles Cars and taxis Light goods vehicles Heavy goods vehicles Buses and coaches Motorcycles Pedal cycles

488,800 383,200 68,500 25,200 4,500 4,300 5,000

Source: Department for Transport

ROAD SAFETY In May 2011, the government published The Strategic Framework for Road Safety which identified key indicators at national and local level intended to monitor the progress towards improving safety and decreasing the number of fatalities and seriously injured casualities on Great Britain’s roads.

The key findings from the Department for Transport’s 2013 annual road casuality report found that the number of people killed in road accidents reported to the police had decreased, by 2 per cent, from 1,754 in 2012 to 1,713 in 2013; the lowest figure since national records began in 1926. The total number of reported casualities in Great Britain (slight injuries, serious injuries and fatalities) decreased by 6 per cent, from 195,723 in 2012 to 183,670 in 2013. Total reported child casualities (0–15 years) continued to decrease, by 9 per cent in 2013 to 15,756, with the number of children killed or seriously injured also decreasing by 13 per cent to 1,980 in 2013.

ROAD ACCIDENT CASUALTIES 2013 Killed Serious Slight Total 2,816 27,225 216,010 246,050 Average for 2005–9 England 1,430 18,957 143,457 163,844 Wales 111 1,033 7,191 8,335 Scotland 172 1,667 9,652 11,491 Great Britain 1,713 21,657 160,300 183,670 Source: Department for Transport

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DRIVING LICENCES It is necessary to hold a valid full licence in order to drive unaccompanied on public roads in the UK. Learner drivers must obtain a provisional driving licence before starting to learn to drive and must then pass theory and practical tests to obtain a full driving licence.

There are separate tests for driving motorcycles, cars, passenger-carrying vehicles (PCVs) and large goods vehicles (LGVs). Drivers must hold full car entitlement before they can apply for PCV or LGV entitlements.

The Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) ceased the issue of paper licences in March 2000, but those currently in circulation will remain valid until they expire or the details on them change. The photocard driving licence was introduced to comply with the second EC directive on driving licences. This requires a photograph of the driver to be included on all UK licences issued from July 2001. The photocard licence must be renewed every ten years, with fines of up to £1,000 for failure to do so.

To apply for a first photocard driving licence, individuals are required to complete the form Application for a Driving Licence (D1).

The minimum age for driving motor cars, light goods vehicles up to 3.5 tonnes and motorcycles is 17 (moped, 16).

Since June 1997, drivers who collect six or more penalty points within two years of qualifying lose their licence and are required to take another test. Forms and leaflets are available from post offices and online (W www.gov.uk/ dvlaforms or W www.gov.uk/government/organisations/driverand-vehicle-licensing-agency).

The DVLA is responsible for issuing driving licences, registering and licensing vehicles, and collecting excise duty in Great Britain. Driver and Vehicle Licensing Northern Ireland (DVLNI), part of the Driver and Vehicle Agency (DVA), has similar responsibilities in Northern Ireland.

DRIVING LICENCE FEES As at August 2014 Provisional licence Car, motorcycle or moped Bus or lorry After disqualification until passing re-test Changing a provisional licence to a full licence Renewal Renewing the photo on the licence (must be renewed every 10 years) At age 70 and over For medical reasons Bus or lorry entitlement After disqualification After disqualification for some drink driving offences* After revocation (under the New Drivers Act) Replacing a lost, stolen, defaced or destroyed licence Adding an entitlement to a full licence Removing expired endorsements Exchanging a paper licence for a photocard licence† a full Northern Ireland licence for a full GB licence a full GB licence for a full EU/EEA or other foreign licence (including Channel Islands and Isle of Man)‡ a full EU/EEA or other foreign licence (including Channel Islands and Isle of Man) for a full GB licence

£50.00 Free Free Free

£20.00 Free Free Free £65.00 £90.00 £50.00 £20.00 Free £20 £20.00 Free

Free

£50.00

Page 445

Telecommunications of mobile standards that provide high bandwidth support to applications such as voice- and video-calling, high-speed data transfer, television streaming and full internet access. Most recently, a 4G superfast mobile spectrum was rolled out, which delivers speeds of up to 100 megabits per second (Mbps), allowing for faster download speeds on a range of devices.

445

USA. Following the 2012 Olympic Games in London, there is Wi-Fi access at 130 London Underground stations, available for a fee in ticket halls, corridors and platforms.

Additionally Wi-Fi is also available at 56 London Overground stations.

FIXED-LINE SERVICES FOURTH GENERATION (4G) AND WI-FI In March 2011 OFCOM announced plans for the auction of additional spectrum (the airwaves on which all communications rely) to provide the necessary capacity for 4G technology in the UK. OFCOM originally aimed to begin the auction in early 2012, but following a consultation regarding the proposals in 2011, the auction did not take place until February 2013. The spectrum was auctioned in two bands – 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz – which lie within the ‘sweetspot’, the frequency in greatest demand.

This combination of low and high frequencies provides the potential to cope with high demand of 4G services. The auction raised £2.34bn for HM Treasury, less than the £3.5bn that was forecast by the Office for Budget Responsibility, and considerably less than the 3G auction in 2000 which raised £22bn. The winning bidders for the distribution of 4G mobile broadband were Everything Everywhere (EE), Hutchison 3G UK (3), Niche Spectrum Ventures (a BT subsidiary), Telefonica (O2) and Vodafone.

4G coverage is expected to cover 98 per cent of the UK population indoors and above that when outdoors. The speeds offered by 4G are approximately five to ten times faster than 3G networks which allows for higher quality and faster streaming of media such as TV and films. The UK population in more rural areas that was often outside 3G coverage should also be able to access mobile broadband through the 4G spectrum.

EE was the first operator to launch 4G in late 2012 and by April 2013 the service was available in ten cities where the broadband speed was doubled to more than 20Mbps. O2 and Vodafone subsequently launched their 4G networks in late August 2013 while 3 began their service in December 2013. As at March 2014 EE, the largest network provider of 4G, had rolled out 4G coverage to around 180 towns and cities and by the end of 2014, forecasts 4G coverage for 98 per cent of the UK population.

The use of Wi-Fi (wireless networking) saw no change in 2013 as the UK remained second behind South Korea as the country with the highest number of public Wi-Fi locations.

In the fourth quarter of 2013, the UK had 182,610 recognised hotspots, around 30,000 more locations than the

10:43:24:09:14

Page 445

2012 saw a further decline in the number of fixed lines in the UK to 33.1 million connections from 33.3 million connections in 2011, following a trend which began in 2002.

Business customers continued to gravitate towards the use of mobile phones, emails and voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services such as Skype, with a decline of 0.6 million (6.3 per cent) to 8.8 million in the number of business lines in 2012.

The decrease in the number of business lines was offset slightly by a small increase in the number of residential lines which rose by 0.5 million (2.0 per cent) to 24.4 million in 2012. The increase is most likely due to the necessity of UK households to have a fixed line in order to receive fixed broadband services. The average cost of a residential fixed broadband connection increased in 2012 to £16.35 (1.1 per cent) due to the take-up of superfast broadband services. In turn, the average headline speed increased by 4.5Mbps to 12.0Mbps, while users who invested in higher speed packages, including superfast services received a headline speed of up to 30Mbps or more. In the year to November 2012, the proportion of superfast fixed broadband connections increased from 5 to 13 per cent.

MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS OFCOM reported that 92 per cent of adults in the UK own or use a mobile phone, while 51 per cent of adults own a smartphone. The volume of outgoing SMS messages in the fourth quarter of 2012 was 37.1 billion, 6.5 per cent less than the same quarter in 2011. The decline in text messaging is likely to be a result of the of the increasing number of smartphones being used for communication, with social media platforms and instant messaging services such as WhatsApp, often pre-installed, providing increased availability of alternatives to SMS. The total number of mobile connections continued to increase in 2012, by 1.3 per cent to 82.7 million. This figure is under half the annual average increase of 3.1 per cent recorded over the previous five years.

According to OFCOM’s Communications Market Report 2013 around half a million UK mobile subscribers have signed up to 4G services, representing 0.5 per cent of all UK mobile subscribers. An estimated 40.5 million mobile subscribers used their mobiles phones to access the internet

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THE WORLD IN FIGURES THE EARTH The shape of the Earth is that of an oblate spheroid or solid of revolution whose meridian sections are ellipses, while the sections at right angles are circles.

DIMENSIONS Equatorial diameter = 12,742.01km (7,917.51 miles) Polar diameter = 12,713.50km (7,899.80 miles) Equatorial circumference = 40,030.20km (24,873.6 miles) Polar circumference = 40,007.86km (24,859.73 miles) Mass = 5,972,190,000,000,000,000,000,000kg (5.972 × 1024kg) The equatorial circumference is divided into 360 degrees of longitude, which is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds east or west of the Greenwich (or ‘prime’) meridian (0°) to 180°; the meridian 180° E coinciding with 180° W. This was internationally ratified in 1884.

Distance north and south of the equator is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds of latitude. The equator is 0°, the North Pole is 90°N. and the South Pole is 90°S. The tropics lie at 23° 27′ N. (tropic of cancer) and 23° 27′ S. (tropic of capricorn). The Arctic Circle lies at 66° 33′ N. and the Antarctic Circle at 66° 33′ S. (Note the tropics and the Arctic and Antarctic circles are affected by the slow decrease in obliquity of the ecliptic, of about 0.47 arcseconds per year.

The effect of this is that the Arctic and Antarctic circles are currently moving towards their respective poles by about 14m per annum, while the tropics move towards the equator by the same amount.)

AREA ETC The surface area of the Earth is 510,064,472km2 (196,936,994 miles2), of which the water area is 70.92 per cent and the land area is 29.08 per cent.

The radial velocity on the Earth’s surface at the equator is 1,669.79km per hour (1,037.56mph). The Earth’s mean velocity in its orbit around the Sun is 107,218km per hour (66,622mph). The Earth’s mean distance from the Sun is 149,598,262km (92,956,050 miles).

OCEANS LARGEST BY AREA Pacific Atlantic Indian Southern Arctic

km2

miles2

165,250,000 82,440,000 73,440,000 20,327,000 14,090,000

63,800,000 31,830,000 28,360,000 7,848,300 5,440,000

The equator divides the Pacific into the North and South Pacific and the Atlantic into the North and South Atlantic. In 2000 the International Hydrographic Organisation approved the description of the 20,327,000km2 (7,848,300 miles2) of circum-Antarctic waters up to 60°S. as the Southern Ocean.

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GREATEST KNOWN OCEAN DEPTHS Greatest depth Location metres Mariana Trench* Pacific 10,911 Puerto Rico Trench Atlantic 8,380 Diamantina Trench Indian 8,047 South Sandwich Trench Southern 7,235 Molloy Deep Arctic 5,607

feet 35,798 27,493 26,401 23,737 18,397

* On 23 January 1960, Jacques Piccard (Switzerland) and Don Walsh (USA) descended in the bathyscaphe Trieste to the floor of the Mariana Trench, a depth later calculated as 10,916m (35,814ft). The current depth was calculated by the Japanese remote-controlled probe Kaiko on 24 March 1995. On 1 June 2009, sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench by the US oceanographic research vessel Kilo Moana indicated a possible depth of 10,971m (35,994ft)

SEAS LARGEST BY AREA South China Caribbean Mediterranean Bering Okhotsk Gulf of Mexico Japan Hudson Bay Andaman East China North Sea Red Sea Black Sea

km2

miles2

3,685,000 2,753,000 2,509,900 2,304,000 1,582,000 1,550,000 978,000 819,000 798,000 750,000 570,000 453,000 422,000

1,423,000 1,063,000 969,100 890,000 611,000 600,000 377,600 316,000 308,000 290,000 220,000 174,900 163,000

GREATEST KNOWN SEA DEPTHS Greatest depth metres Caribbean (Cayman Trench) 7,686 Philippine Sea (Ryukyu Trench) 7,507 Mediterranean (Calypso Deep) 5,267 Gulf of Mexico (Sigsbee Deep) 5,203 South China 5,016 Andaman 4,400 Bering (Bowers Basin) 4,097 Japan 3,742 Okhotsk 3,372 Red Sea 3,040 Black Sea 2,212 North Sea 700

feet 25,216 24,629 17,280 17,070 16,457 14,500 13,442 12,276 11,063 9,974 7,257 2,300

THE CONTINENTS There are generally considered to be seven continents: Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Asia, Australia and Europe. Europe and Asia are sometimes considered a single continent: Eurasia, and North and South America are sometimes referred to together as the Americas.

AFRICA is surrounded by sea except for the narrow isthmus of Suez in the north-east, through which was cut the Suez Canal (opened 17 November 1869). Its extreme longitudes are 17° 20′ W. at Cabo Verde, Senegal, and 51° 24′ E. at Raas Xaafunn, Somalia. The extreme latitudes are 37° 20′ N. at Cape Blanc, Tunisia, and 34° 50′ S. at Cape

Page 752

752

Countries of the World

IRAN Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran – Islamic Republic of Iran

Area – 1,648,195 sq. km Capital – Tehran; population, 7,368,347 (2012 est) Major cities – Ahvaz, Esfahan, Karaj, Mashhad, Qom, Shiraz, Tabriz Currency – Iranian rial of 100 dinar Population – 80,840,713 rising at 1.22 per cent a year (2014 est); Persian (61 per cent), Azeri (16 per cent), , Kurdish (10 per cent), Lur (6 per cent), Arab (2 per cent), Baloch (2 per cent), Turkmen (2 per cent) (est) Religion – Muslim (official) 99 per cent (Shia 90–95 per cent, Sunni 5–10 per cent) (est); small Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian and Baha’i minorities Language – Persian (official), Turkic, Kurdish, Luri, Balochi, Arabic, Turkish Population density – 46 per sq. km (2011) Urban population – 69.2 per cent (2012 est) Median age (years) – 28.3 (2014 est) National anthem – ‘Sorud-e Melli-e Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran’ [‘Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran’] National day – 1 April (Republic Day) Death penalty – Retained CPI score – 25 (144)

CLIMATE AND TERRAIN Apart from narrow coastal plains on the Gulf coasts and the shores of the Caspian Sea, the interior is a plateau consisting of barren desert in the centre and east. This is enclosed by high mountains in the west and north, with smaller ranges on the eastern border and the southern coast. Elevation extremes range from 5,671m (Kuh-e Damavand) to −28m (Caspian Sea). Earthquakes are frequent. The climate is arid or semi-arid in the interior, and subtropical on the Caspian shores. Average temperatures in Tehran are 1°C in January and 31°C in July.

POLITICS Under the 1979 constitution, overall authority rests with the spiritual leader of the republic, who is appointed for life by the Assembly of Experts; this consists of 83 clerics who are directly elected and decide religious and spiritual matters.

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The executive president is directly elected for a four-year term, renewable once. Ministers are nominated by the president but must be approved by the legislature. The unicameral Consultative Council (Majlis al-Shoura) has 290 members who are directly elected for a four-year term on a non-party basis; five seats are reserved for religious minorities. Laws passed by the legislature must be approved by the Council of Guardians of the Constitution, six theologians appointed by the spiritual leader and six jurists nominated by the judiciary and approved by the legislature; it also has a supervisory role in elections. In 1997, the Constitutional Surveillance Council, a five-member body, was established to supervise the proper application of constitutional laws.

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad won the presendential elections in 2005 and 2009. The results of the 2009 election were challenged by the other candidates, who alleged electoral fraud. Following massive protest rallies, the Council of Guardians confirmed Ahmadinejad’s victory and ruled out an annulment; further popular protests were suppressed.

After the protests in summer 2009, Ahmadinejad’s government ruthlessly suppressed the opposition (the Green Movement) and purged liberals from official positions.

Conservative candidates retained the majority of seats in the Majlis in the 2012 legislative election. In the 15 June 2013 presidential elections, moderate candidate Hassan Rouhani defeated the conservative mayor of Tehran Mohammed Baqer Qaliaf, gaining 50 per cent of the vote.

Spiritual Leader of the Islamic Republic and C.-in-C. of Armed Forces, Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei, appointed June 1989 President, Hassan Rouhani, elected 15 June 2013 First Vice-President, Es’haq Jahangiri SELECTED GOVERNMENT MEMBERS as at April 2014 Defence, Hossein Dehqan Economic Affairs and Finance, Ali Tayebnia Foreign Affairs, Mohammad Javad Zarif EMBASSY OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN 16 Prince’s Gate, London SW7 1PT T 020-7225 3000 W london.mfa.ir

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, vacant BRITISH EMBASSY The Swedish Embassy and embassies of EU countries offer limited consular assistance to British citizens; Swedish Embassy, 27 Nastaran Street, Boostan Avenue, Tehran T (+98) (21) 2371 2200 E ambassaden.teheran@foreign.ministry.se

FOREIGN RELATIONS Between 1980 and 1988, Iran was engaged in a bitter war with Iraq over the Shatt-al-Arab waterway. Iran remained neutral in the Gulf War (1991) and the Iraq War (2003), but it has been accused since of subverting reconstruction in Iraq by arming Shia insurgents.

2014 EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ELECTIONS The elections to the European Parliament took place across the European Union from 22 to 25 May 2014.

221 191

The European People’s Party remained the largest faction in the new parliament but lost ground to the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats.

The turnout for the election was 42.54%.

S&D

GUE/ NGL

EFA

GREENS/

EPP

EFDD

ECR

ALDE

52

52

50

48

NI

70

67

ALDE

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe

Greens/EFA

European Free Alliance

ECR

European Conservatives and Reformists

GUE/NGL

EFDD

Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy Group Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats)

S&D

European United Left/ Nordic Green Left Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament Non-attached members

EPP

NI

MEPs by Party UK Independence Party 24

UK European Election Results by votes %*

Labour

20

Conservative

19

Green

3

Scottish National Party

2

Liberal Democrat

1

Other*

4

*Sinn Fein, 1; Democratic Unionist Party, 1; Plaid Cymru, 1; Ulster Unionist Party, 1 *Votes for Northern Ireland’s parties are first preferences only and vote share excludes NI as it has a separate electoral system (gap in chart)

colour plates 2015.indd 23

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MILITARY AND POLICE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE UN W A Y S W E D E N

ICELAND

FINLAND

O

R

GREENLAND

N

USA

ESTONIA LATVIA

UNITED KINGDOM

REP. OF IRELAND

DENMARK

LITHUANIA

NETHERLANDS

BELARUS

POLAND

C A N A D A

A

BE

BELGIUM G E R M A N Y U KRA IN E CZECH LGLUX. IU REPUBLIC OVAKIA MOLDOVA M SL LIECH. Y RI AR FRANCE UNG AUST H IA SWITZERLAND S ROMANIA VEN TIA O SL ROA C BOSNIA ANDORRA & HRC. SAN KOS. BULGARIA MARINO MONT. MONACO MAC. N ALBANIA VATICAN

I

A BI ER

A

PORTUGAL

ITA LY

SP

U N I T E D S TAT E S OF AMERICA

GREECE

TUNISIA

TURKEY

MALTA

BERMUDA

M

THE BAHAMAS

IN RK S O BU FA

GUINEA

SIERRA LEONE

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

LIBERIA

COLOMBIA

NIGER CHAD S U D A N NIGERIA

TOGO EQUATORIAL GUINEA

ECUADOR

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE

SOUTH SUDAN

C.A.R.

GABON

RE

UG AN D

GUINEA-BISSAU

ON

GUYANA SURINAME

THE GAMBIA

RO

VENEZUELA

MALI SENEG A

ME

PANAMA

MAURITANIA CAPE VERDE L

ANTIGUA & BARBUDA DOMINICA ST LUCIA BARBADOS TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

ST KITTS & NEVIS ST VINCENT & GRENADINES GRENADA

NICARAGUA COSTA RICA

EGYPT

HAITI

P. C O NGO

EL SALVADOR

LIBYA

CA

JAMAICA BELIZE HONDURAS

ALGERIA

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

A

GUATEMALA

BA

CYPRUS LEBANON ISRAEL & PAL.

O

BENIN

CU

O

CC

GHANA

MEXICO

RO

A

DEM. REP. CONGO RWANDA BURUNDI

P E R U

B R A Z I L

UN Personnel

ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE

U

2,000–4,999

AY

TS

G

W A

NAMIBIA BO

C

RA

N

A

BOLIVIA PA

ANGOLA

5,000+

H U

I

RU

G

U

AY

1,000–1,999

SOUTH AFRICA

SWAZILAND

L

LESOTHO

E

ARGENTINA

500–999 200–499 100–199 50–99 10–49 1–9

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F E D E R A T I O N

K AZ A K H S TAN

RK

ME

NIS

IST AN

AN

H

AF

KUWAIT

C H I N A

TAJIKISTAN

TA N

I R A N

IRAQ

D.P.R. KOREA

KYRGYZSTAN

SYRIA

JORDAN

MONGOLI A

IST AN

N JA AI IA RB EN RM

TU

BEK

G

IS TA N

UZ

AZ GEORGIA E A

K PA

BAHRAIN SAUDI A R A B I A QATARUAE

NE

REP. KOREA

J A P A N

R U S S I A N

BHUTAN

PA L TAIWAN BANGLADESH MYANMAR

LAOS

O

M

AN

I NDI A

ERITREA

Y

EM

VIETNAM

EN

THAILAND CAMBODIA

DJIBOUTI

THE PHILIPPINES MARSHALL ISLANDS

A

ETHIOPIA

LI

BRUNEI

A

M

A

PALAU

SRI LANKA

SO

MALDIVES

KENYA

MICRONESIA

MALAYSIA SINGAPORE

KIRIBATI

SEYCHELLES

I N D O N E S I A

TANZANIA THE COMOROS

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

SOLOMON ISLANDS EAST TIMOR

TUVALU SAMOA

CA R GA S MA

DA

MALAWI E IQU MB ZA MO

NAURU

VANUATU FIJI

MAURITIUS

TONGA

A U S T R A L I A

United Nations Peacekeeping Forces help countries torn by conflict create the conditions for lasting peace. The peacekeeping forces comprise civilian, police and military personnel.

NEW ZEALAND

123 countries contributed military and police personnel with a total workforce of 96,824 according to the UN report of 31 July 2014.

The five highest contributing countries were: 1. Bangladesh, 8,430 2. India, 8,129 3. Ethiopia, 7,806 4. Pakistan, 7,205 5. Nepal, 5,104

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972

The Year 2013–14

Fig. 1. Serpentine Sackler Gallery (south elevation), Zaha Hadid Architects

SERPENTINE SACKLER GALLERY, HYDE PARK, LONDON Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects Historic building work/restoration: Julian Harrap Architects and Liam O’Connor Architects The temporary exhibition pieces occupying the area in front of the main Serpentine Gallery in London’s Hyde Park and designed by signature names from the world of architecture have become an increasingly familiar summertime attraction since Zaha Hadid was selected for the Gallery’s first such commission in 2000. The Gallery’s companion building, The Magazine, has now undergone its own permanent transformation with the completion of a historic renovation and new extension project. This completes a 13-year cycle by virtue of Zaha Hadid again being responsible for design, this time for the major new intervention in the form of an extension wing that now houses a restaurant.

The Magazine, dating from 1805 and built originally as a gunpowder store amid fears of invasion during the Napoleonic War, comprised two massive brick barrel-vaulted spaces surrounded by a neo-classical façade, with corner pavilions and a colonnaded entrance. Formerly open, the spaces around the central Magazine have been roofed over and provided with long linear roof-lights, fitted with black-out blinds and external solar control louvres, to create a new wrap-around circuit of crisp white exhibition and gallery spaces opening into the vaulted volumes of the central brickwork core.

To the rear of the gallery, a new wing has been added in matching neo-classical style to accommodate office space, new toilets and service facilities. In order to maintain the integrity and cohesiveness of the circuit of galleries, an internal corridor passing through the new wing via an opening at the rear provides the only internal access route through to the project’s main event, the new restaurant extension. There is thus no direct link between the two.

Compared with the classical restraint and symmetry of the Magazine’s elevations, the new extension is a complete contrast, its voluptuous tent-like form oozing up and down around the perimeter and snuggling up to but not quite enveloping its historic counterpart. In that it appears lightweight and its enclosure is typical of tented forms of canopy, it in some ways maintains the established Serpentine formula of a contrast between the permanent and the temporary; if this latter impression is gained, it is because the considerable complexity and weight of the structural elements are cleverly concealed (Fig. 1).

The structure of the extension is an essay in tensile membrane construction, with the fabric envelope stretched between a wandering perimeter ring-beam and a series of internal upward-thrusting column supports to create a continuously undulating surface, both internally and externally. The volume is supported by five internal columns.

However, these are no ordinary columns but are unique sculptural forms expanding as they rise from the floor and swelling into hollow oval forms as they punch through the inner ceiling membrane to form large sky-lights, allowing north-light to flood down through fritted glazing into the

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restaurant. Prefabricated from a steel framework and finished in a smooth white fibre-reinforced plastic cladding, their form is reminiscent of white ceramic Chinese spoons, upended on their handles, each column held at an inclined angle by the tension exerted through the structural external membrane.

The perimeter ring beam is constructed from a variablewidth ladder truss comprising two circular hollow steel beams connected by a series of struts. The ring beam structure is clad with a fibre-reinforced plastic over-cladding with a bull nose leading edge, like an aerofoil section, expanding and contracting as it snakes up and down in its progress around the perimeter. The leading edge touches the ground at three points, once each on the south, west and north faces, providing secure points of anchorage into piled foundations.

There is a powerfully organic quality to the form and the shiny white undulations of the overhanging soffit, especially under certain lighting conditions.

Where the edge beam sweeps up to reveal the interior, a full-height glazed wall follows the curved profile of the plan as it swells out from the exposed brick facing of the Magazine’s side wall to enclose the restaurant space.

Constructed from low-iron glazing and braced by a sequence of low-iron laminated vertical glass fins, it provides unrestricted views, although these are not as extensive as they might ideally have been, given the substantial hedge that encloses the site at close quarters. As the membrane roof rises to offer a protective wing sheltering the original building, a narrow clerestory runs along the top of the gallery’s external wall, providing a clear visual separation between the solidity of the restored historical core and the energy and exuberance of the extension.

While it is a pity that only the tent-like tops of the rooflight columns are visible from the park, the open frontage to the roadway as it crosses the Serpentine certainly allows the new extension to realise its dramatic impact to the full. This highly distinctive structure provides a valuable addition to the park’s facilities and will no doubt add considerable impetus to the Serpentine Gallery’s programme of exhibitions. Construction started on site in November 2011; the project cost £14.5m and was completed in September 2013.

THE REID BUILDING FOR GLASGOW SCHOOL OF ART, RENFREW STREET, GLASGOW Architect: Stephen Noll Architects Glasgow’s city centre is home to many fine Victorian and early 20th-century buildings, but few can lay claim to quite such a high degree of familiarity and affection as Charles Rennie Mackintosh’s celebrated School of Art. Perched on the hillside above Sauchiehall Street, with its famous tall-windowed sandstone elevations and wonderfully handcrafted wrought ironwork, facing onto Renfrew Street, it has long been the beating heart of one of the UK’s most highly regarded art colleges. Facing it across the street, the run-down accommodation provided by the 1960s Newbery Tower and Foulis Building had, years earlier, been earmarked

Page 1047

Sports Results

2014 (XX) COMMONWEALTH GAMES Glasgow, Scotland, 23 July–3 August

Mixed Doubles: England Mixed Team: England

BOWLS

ATHLETICS MEN 100m: Kemar Bailey-Cole (Jamaica), 10.00sec 110m Hurdles: Andrew Riley (Jamaica), 13.32sec 200m: Rasheed Dwyer (Jamaica), 20.14sec 400m: Kirani James (Grenada), 44.24sec 400m Hurdles: Cornel Fredericks (South Africa), 48.50sec 800m: Nijel Amos (Botswana), 1min 45.18sec 1500m: James Kiplagat Magut (Kenya), 3min 39.31sec 3000m St: Jonathan Ndiku (Kenya), 8min 10.44sec 5000m: Caleb Mwangangi Ndiku (Kenya), 13min 12.07sec 10,000m: Moses Kipsiro (Uganda), 27min 56.11sec 4 × 100m Relay: Jamaica, 37.58sec 4 × 400m Relay: England, 3min 00.46sec Marathon: Michael Shelley (Australia), 2hr 11min 15sec Decathlon: Damian Warner (Canada), 8,282pts High Jump: Derek Drouin (Canada), 2.31m Long Jump: Gregory Rutherford (England), 8.20m Triple Jump: Khotso Mokoena (South Africa), 17.20m Discus: Vikas Shive Gowda (India), 63.64m Hammer: Jim Steacy (Canada), 74.16m Javelin: Julius Kiplangat Yego (Kenya), 83.87m Shot: O’Dayne Richards (Jamaica), 21.61m Pole Vault: Steven Lewis (England), 5.55m MEN’S PARA-SPORT 100m (T37): Fanie van der Merwe (South Africa), 11.65sec 1500m (T54): David Weir (England), 3min 21.67sec Discus (F42/44): Dan Greaves (England), 59.21m WOMEN 100m: Blessing Okagbare (Nigeria), 10.85sec 100m Hurdles: Sally Pearson (Australia), 12.67sec 200m: Blessing Okagbare (Nigeria), 22.25sec 400m: Stephanie McPherson (Jamaica), 50.67sec 400m Hurdles: Kaliese Spencer (Jamaica), 54.10sec 800m: Eunice Jepkoech Sum (Kenya), 2min 00.31sec 1500m: Faith Chepngetich Kibiegon (Kenya), 4min 08.94sec 3000m St: Purity Cherotich Kirui (Kenya), 9min 30.36sec 5000m: Mercey Cherono (Kenya), 15min 07.21sec 10,000m: Joyce Chepkirui (Kenya), 32min 09.4sec 4 × 100m Relay: Jamaica, 41.83sec 4 × 400m Relay: Jamaica, 3min 23.82sec Marathon: Flomena Cheyech Daniel (Kenya), 2hr 26min 45sec Heptathon: Brianne Theisen-Eaton (Canada), 6,597pts High Jump: Eleanor Patterson (Australia), 1.94m Long Jump: Ese Brume (Nigeria), 6.56m Triple Jump: Kimberly Williams (Jamaica), 14.21m Discus: Dani Samuels (Australia), 64.88m Hammer: Sultana Frizell (Canada), 71.97m Javelin: Kim Mickle (Australia), 65.96m Shot: Valerie Adams (New Zealand), 19.88m Pole Vault: Alana Boyd (Australia), 4.50m WOMEN’S PARA-SPORT 100m (T12): Libby Clegg (Scotland), 12.20sec 1500m (T54): Angela Ballard (Australia), 3min 59.20sec Long Jump (T37/38): Jodi Elkington (Australia), 4.39m

BADMINTON Men’s Singles: Kashyap Parupalli (India) Women’s Singles: Michelle Li (Canada) Men’s Doubles: Malaysia Women’s Doubles: Malaysia

11:32:24:09:14

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Page 1047

MEN Singles: Darren Burnett (Scotland) Pairs: Scotland Triples: South Africa Fours: Scotland WOMEN Singles: Jo Edwards (New Zealand) Pairs: South Africa Triples: England Fours: South Africa PARA-SPORT Mixed Pairs (B2/B3): South Africa Open Triples (B6/B7/B8): South Africa

BOXING MEN Light flyweight (49kg): Paddy Barnes (N. Ireland) Flyweight (52kg): Andrew Moloney (Australia) Bantamweight (56kg): Michael Conlan (N. Ireland) Lightweight (60kg): Charlie Flynn (Scotland) Light welterweight (64kg): Josh Taylor (Scotland) Welterweight (69kg): Scott Fitzgerald (England) Middleweight (75kg): Antony Fowler (England) Light heavyweight (81kg): David Nyika (New Zealand) Heavyweight (91kg): Samir El-Mais (Canada) Super heavyweight (91kg+): Joseph Joyce (England) WOMEN Flyweight (48–51kg): Nicola Adams (England) Lightweight (57–60kg): Shelley Watts (Australia) Middleweight (69–75kg): Savannah Marshall (England)

CYCLING MEN Time Trial: Alex Dowsett (England), 47min 41.8sec Cross-country: Anton Cooper (New Zealand), 1hr 38min 26sec Sprint: Sam Webster (New Zealand) Team Sprint: New Zealand Keirin: Matthew Glaetzer (Australia) 20km Scratch Race: Shane Archbold (New Zealand) 1000m Time Trial: Scott Sunderland (Australia), 1min 0.675sec 4000m Individual Pursuit: Jack Bobridge (Australia), 4min 19.65sec 4000m Team Pursuit: Australia, 3min 54.851sec 40km Points Race: Thomas Scully (New Zealand), 98pts Road Race: Geraint Thomas (Wales), 4hr 13min 05sec MEN’S PARA-SPORT Sprint (B2) Tandem: Neil Fachie (Scotland) 1000m Time Trial (B2) Tandem: Neil Fachie (Scotland) WOMEN Time Trial: Linda Villumsen (New Zealand), 42min 25.5sec Cross-country: Catharine Pendrel (Canada), 1hr 39min 29sec Sprint: Stephanie Morton (Australia) 500m Time Trial: Anna Meares (Australia), 33.435sec 3000m Individual Pursuit: Joanna Rowsell (England), 3min 31.615sec 10km Scratch Race: Annette Edmondson (Australia) 25km Points Race: Laura Trott (England), 37pts Road Race: Lizzie Armitstead (England), 2hr 38min 48sec

Page 1077

March

1077

SUNRISE AND SUNSET d

London Bristol Birmingham Manchester Newcastle Glasgow Belfast 0° 05′ 51° 30′ 2° 35′ 51° 28′ 1° 55′ 52° 28′ 2° 15′ 53° 28′ 1° 37′ 54° 59′ 4° 14′ 55° 52′ 5° 56′ 54° 35′ h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m

1

6

46

17 40

6 56 17 50

6 55 17 46

6 58 17 46

6 57

17 41

7 09

17 51

7 14

17 59

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

44 42 40 38 35 33 31

17 17 17 17 17 17 17

42 44 45 47 49 51 52

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

54 52 50 48 45 43 41

17 17 17 17 17 18 18

52 54 55 57 59 01 02

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

53 50 48 46 44 41 39

17 17 17 17 17 17 17

48 50 52 53 55 57 59

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

55 53 51 48 46 44 41

17 17 17 17 17 17 17

48 50 52 54 56 57 59

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

55 52 50 48 45 43 40

17 17 17 17 17 17 17

43 45 47 50 52 54 56

7 7 7 6 6 6 6

07 04 02 59 57 54 51

17 17 17 17 18 18 18

53 55 57 59 01 03 05

7 7 7 7 7 6 6

12 09 07 04 02 59 57

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

01 03 05 07 09 11 13

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

29 27 24 22 20 18 15

17 17 17 17 18 18 18

54 56 57 59 01 03 04

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

39 37 34 32 30 28 25

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

04 06 07 09 11 13 14

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

37 35 32 30 28 25 23

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

01 02 04 06 08 10 11

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

39 37 34 32 29 27 25

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

01 03 05 07 09 11 12

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

38 35 33 30 28 25 23

17 18 18 18 18 18 18

58 00 02 04 05 07 09

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

49 46 44 41 39 36 33

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

07 09 11 13 16 18 20

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

55 52 50 47 45 42 40

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

15 17 19 21 23 25 27

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

6 6 6 6 6 6 5

13 11 09 06 04 02 59

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

06 08 09 11 13 14 16

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

23 21 19 16 14 12 09

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

16 18 19 21 23 24 26

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

21 18 16 14 11 09 07

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

13 15 17 18 20 22 24

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

22 20 17 15 12 10 08

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

14 16 18 20 22 24 25

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

20 17 15 12 10 07 05

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

11 13 15 17 19 21 23

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

31 28 25 23 20 18 15

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

22 24 26 28 30 32 34

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

37 35 32 30 27 25 22

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

29 31 33 35 37 39 40

23 24 25 26 27 28 29

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

57 55 53 50 48 46 43

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

18 20 21 23 25 26 28

6 6 6 6 5 5 5

07 05 03 00 58 56 54

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

28 30 31 33 35 36 38

6 6 6 5 5 5 5

04 02 00 57 55 52 50

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

26 27 29 31 33 34 36

6 6 6 5 5 5 5

05 03 00 58 56 53 51

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

27 29 31 33 35 36 38

6 6 5 5 5 5 5

02 00 57 55 52 49 47

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

25 27 29 31 33 35 37

6 6 6 6 6 5 5

12 10 07 04 02 59 57

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

36 38 40 42 44 46 48

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

20 17 15 12 09 07 04

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

42 44 46 48 50 52 54

30 31

5 5

41 39

18 30 18 31

5 51 18 40 5 49 18 41

5 48 18 38 5 45 18 40

5 48 18 40 5 46 18 42

JUPITER Day

R.A. h m

1 11 21 31

9 9 9 9

09.6 05.6 02.7 01.0

5 44 5 42

18 39 18 41

5 54 5 51

18 50 18 52

Dec °

+17.4 +17.7 +17.9 +18.0

Mag. Diam. Rise Transit Set ″ h m h m h m −2.1 −2.0 −2.0 −1.9

45 44 43 42

14 13 13 12

43 58 14 32

22 21 21 20

32 49 06 25

6 5 4 4

17 36 55 15

Day R.A. h m 1 11 21 31

16 16 16 16

12.0 12.6 12.5 11.7

Dec °

−19.0 −19.0 −19.0 −18.9

Mag. Diam. Rise Transit Set ″ h m h m h m +0.7 +0.6 +0.6 +0.5

17 17 17 18

1 0 24 23

22 44 00 20

Equatorial Diam. 17″, Polar Diam. 16″ Rings – major axis 40″ minor axis 17″, Tilt 25°

URANUS

NEPTUNE

1 11 21 31

0 0 0 0

53.4 55.3 57.4 59.4

12:46:24:09:14

18 56 18 58

SATURN

Equatorial Diam. 43″, Polar Diam. 40″

Day R.A. h m

6 02 5 59

Dec °

+5.0 +5.2 +5.5 +5.7

Mag. Diam. Rise Transit Set ″ h m h m h m +6.2 +6.3 +6.3 +6.3

3 3 3 3

7 7 6 5

43 04 25 47

14 13 13 12

Page 1077

17 40 02 25

20 20 19 18

44 08 32 56

Day R.A. h m 1 11 21 31

22 22 22 22

36.6 38.0 39.4 40.7

Dec °

−9.6 −9.4 −9.3 −9.2

5 4 4 3

33 54 15 35

9 9 8 7

44 05 26 46

Mag. Diam. Rise Transit Set ″ h m h m h m

+7.8 +7.8 +7.8 +7.8

2 2 2 2

6 6 5 4

47 09 30 51

11 11 10 10

57 19 41 03

17 16 15 15

06 29 52 15