A Beginner's Guide to the Periodic Table

I L L U S T R AT E D BY

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M arc Mone s

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For Holly – Thank you!

First published 2014 by A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP www.bloomsbury.com Bloomsbury is a registered trademark of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Copyright © 2014 A & C Black Text copyright © 2014 Gill Arbuthnott Illustration copyright © 2014 Marc Mones Additional picture acknowledgements: Additional images all Shutterstock, aside from the following: p6 bottom © Wikimedia Commons, p7 top © Wikimedia Commons, p13 top © Wikimedia Commons, p13 top © Wikimedia Commons, p26 middle © Imperial War Museum/Wikimedia Commons, p44 top © Wikimedia Commons, p46 top © Wikimedia Commons, p50 bottom © Wikimedia Commons, p54 top left © Wikimedia Commons, p54 top right © Wikimedia Commons, p54 bottom © Wikimedia Commons.

The rights of Gill Arbuthnott and Marc Mones to be identified as the author and illustrator of this work respectively have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

ISBN 978-1-4729-0885-8 A CIP catalogue for this book is available from the British Library.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means – graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems – without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.

All Internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press.

The author and publishers regret any incovenience caused if addresses have changed or if websites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes.

Printed in China by Leo Paper Products, Heshan, Guangdong 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

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What are the Elements?

An element is a substance that can’t be broken down into a simpler substance by any sort of chemical reaction. It only contains one type of atom. There are 92 different elements that occur naturally, and some more that can only be made in a laboratory. Chemists have discovered that some of these manmade elements do actually occur naturally, but only in tiny amounts.

However, we’re going to stick with the original 92 in this book.

Chemists started to identify elements hundreds of years ago, and by the middle of the 1800s, 57 were known. Nobody could agree on how they should be grouped together.

Someone needed to take charge and sort things out…

It was a job for Professor Mendeleev.

D m it ri M e n d e le e v

Si be ri a, w as bo rn in 18 34 in , or th e yo un ge st of 14 ild re n po ss ib ly ev en 17 ch pt m ov in g (p er ha ps th ey al l ke pa re nt s ar ou nd w he n th ei r )! W he n tr ie d to co un t th em he ta ug ht M en de le ev gr ew up er sb ur g C he m is tr y at St P et os he lo ok s U ni ve rs it y. In ph ot nt is t – like a re al m ad sc ie cu t hi s su pp os ed ly he on ly a ye ar ! ha ir an d be ar d on ce

6

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Pr o fe s s o

r M e n d e le e

v’s p e ri o d ic ta b le .

Professor Mendeleev’s chemistry class Mendeleev had a brilliant idea during his career, and that was to arrange the elements based on their weights and their properties (how they behaved). He called his arrangement The Periodic Table.

Mendeleev found that when he arranged them in this way there seemed to be ‘families’ of elements that showed similarities, and gaps in the table where no known element fitted the pattern. Mendeleev predicted that new elements would be found to fill the gaps and suggested what weights and properties they would have.

This helped other chemists to find them, and Mendeleev’s predictions were proved correct.

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How the Periodic Table Works

79 9 79 9 Non-metals Non-metals

Metals Metals

Hydrogen Hydrogen Non-metals Non-metals

Alkali Alkali metals metals Metals Metals

Hydrogen Hydrogen Non-metal Non-metal Noble Noble gases gases Non-metal Non-metal

66 66

Noble Noble gases gases Metalloids Metalloids oror Semi-metals Semi-metals Metalloids Metalloids oror Semi-metals Semi-metals

Here is the modern periodic table.

Other Other metals metals Let’s take a closer look‌

l l

22 22

l

Alkali-earth Alkali-earth Alkali Alkali metals metals metals metals Alkali-earth Alkali-earth Transition Transition metals metals Transition Transition Rare Rare earths earths metals metals Radioactive Radioactive Rare Rare earths earths rare rare earths earths Radioactive Radioactive Other Other metals metals rare rare earths earths

10 10

N N 10 en10en Neo Neo 2N 02 N en180en18 Neo Neo 20A 20 18 18r ron A on colour of each box tells The Arg Arg 36 36 r r A A you onon if the element is a metal, Arg Arg K K 36 36 r r non-metal or metalloid. The KrKr ypyp to to n n K K r r 54 54 rows in the table are called KrKr ypyp to to n n Xe Xe 54 54 periods. If you read across a Xenon Xenon 8132 Xe Xe period the atomic numbers 68132 6 Xenon Xenon RR of 8132 n68132 n 6 the elements increase from RaRdaodnon left to right. The columns RRnn RaRdad onon

of the table are called groups.

The elements in a group have similar properties and get heavier the further down the group they are.

Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen

Lithium Lithium Lithium Lithium 11 11

Na Na Na Na

11 11 Sodium Sodium 2323 Sodium Sodium 2323

44

Be Be Be Be

44 Beryllium Beryllium 9 9 Beryllium Beryllium 99 Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium

Potassium Potassium Calcium Calcium 3737 Potassium Potassium

3838 Calcium Calcium

Rb Rb Rb Rb

Sr Sr Sr Sr

2121

2222

Sc Sc Sc Sc

Ti Ti Ti Ti

2323

VV VV

2525

2424

Cr Cr Mn Mn Cr Cr Mn Mn

2525 2121 2222 2323 2424 Scandium Scandium Titanium Titanium Vanadium Vanadium Chromium ChromiumManganese Manganese 4545 4848 51 51 5252 5555 Scandium Scandium Titanium Titanium Vanadium Vanadium Chromium Chromium Manganese Manganese 39 39 41 41 43 43 42 42 4545 4848 5151 5252 5555

Nb Nb Mo Mo Tc Tc Nb Nb Mo Mo Tc Tc

YY YY

44 44 Iron Iro

Ru Ru Ru Ru

3737 3838 4141 3939 4444 4343 4242 MolybdenumTechnetium Technetium Rutheniu Ruthen Niobium Niobium Molybdenum Yttrium Rubidium Rubidium Strontium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Zirconium 9898 102 102 9393 8989 8585 8888 9797 MolybdenumTechnetium Technetium Rutheniu Ruthen Niobium Niobium Molybdenum Yttrium Yttrium Rubidium Rubidium Strontium Strontium 5656 72 72 73 73 75 75 76 76 Zirconium Zirconium 9898 102 102 9393 8989 8585 8888 9797

Ba Ba 56 56 138 138 Ba Ba

Ta Ta 72 72 7373 Hf Hf 180 180 181 181 Ta Ta Hf Hf Hafnium Hafnium Tantalum Tantalum

57-71 57-71 57-71 57-71

Re Re 75 75 187 187 Re Re

Os Os 76 76 192 192 Os Os

Caesium Caesium

Barium Barium

Hafnium Tantalum Tantalum Lanthanides Lanthanides Hafnium Tungsten Tungsten

Rhenium Rhenium

Osmium Osmi

Caesium Caesium 8787

Barium Barium

Lanthanides Lanthanides

Rhenium Rhenium

Osmium Osmi

Francium Francium

Radium Radium

Francium Francium

Radium Radium

107 107 Bh Bh 262 262 Bh Bh

5757

5858

138 138

87 87 Fr Fr 223 223 Fr Fr 223 223

La La 57 57 139 139 La La

Ce Ce Ce Ce

5858 Cerium Cerium 140 140 Cerium Cerium 140 140

Lanthanum Lanthanum Lanthanum Lanthanum

89 89 139 139

Ac Ac 89 89 Ac Ac

104 104 180 180

Tungsten Tungsten 106 106

Dubnium Dubnium

Seaborgium Seaborgium

Bohrium Bohrium

Hassium Hassi

Dubnium Dubnium

Seaborgium Seaborgium

Bohrium Bohrium

Hassium Hassi

6262

6363

Actinides Actinides

89-103Rutherfordium 89-103 Rutherfordium Actinides Actinides

261 261

6060

262 262

61 61

Pm Pm 60 60 6161 Nd Nd 145 145 142 142 Pm Nd Nd Pm 91 91 93145 93 145 142 142 p93p NN 91 91 93 Pa Pa Uranium Uranium 237 p 231 231 N237 Np Pa Pa

Praseodymium Praseodymium

263 263

262 262

Sm Sm Eu Eu 6363 62 62 152 152 153 153 Sm Sm Eu Eu

108 108 192 192

108 108 Hs Hs 265 265 Hs Hs

265 265

6464

Gd Gd 64 64 158 158 Gd Gd

Neodymium NeodymiumPromethium Promethium Samarium Samarium

Europium Europium Gadoliniu Gadoli

Neodymium NeodymiumPromethium Promethium Samarium Samarium

Europium Europium

Praseodymium Praseodymium

Protactinium Thorium Thorium Protactinium

Actinium Actinium 227 227

Protactinium Protactinium

231 231

107 107 187 187

g Db Db 105 105 106 S106 Sg 261 261 g 262 262 263 Rf Rf Db Db S263 Sg

Rf Rf 104 104 89-103 89-103Rutherfordium Rutherfordium

Actinium Actinium 227 227

Thorium Thorium

105 181105 181

94152 94 152

9595 153 153

Uranium Uranium

Neptunium Neptunium Plutonium Plutonium

237 237

Gadoliniu Gadoli

96 96 158 158

Cm Cm Pu Pu Am Am 9595 9696 94 94 Curium Curi Cm Pu Pu Americium Am Am Cm Americium Curium Curiu

Neptunium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Plutonium Americium 243 243 244 244

244 244

243 243

8

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Iron Iro

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247 24

247 24

Atomic number

Au

E a c h e le m e nt has a bo x.

T h e box co n Gold Atomic number t a in s : 79

T h e c h e m ic a l symbol

4343 5555

Tc Tc 4343 9797 Tc Tc

Iron Iron

Cobalt Cobalt

44 44 Iron Iron

4545 Cobalt Cobalt

Ru Ru 44 44 102 102 Ru Ru 76102 76 102

Os Os 76 76 192 192 Os Os

Osmium Osmium

107 107 87 187

108 108 192 192

Osmium Osmium

77103 77 103

Ir 77Ir 77 Iridium Iridium 193 193 Ir Ir Iridium Iridium 109 109 193 193

106 106 106

Platinum Platinum Platinum Platinum 110110

Ga Ga Ga Ga

Silver Silver

Cadmium Cadmium

Indium Indium

Silver Silver

Cadmium Cadmium

81 81 Indium Indium

Copper Copper

Gold Gold Gold Gold 111 111

110 110 Ds Ds 269 269 Ds Ds

g111g RR 111 g 272 R272 Rg

266 266

269 269

272 272

6565

6666

109 109 Mt Mt 266 266 Mt Mt

31 31 2727

Mercury Mercury Mercury Mercury Mercur 112112

etals

9

Potassium

11

als

12

Sodium

23

Helium Helium 10 10 19 m

Neon 20 18

Magnesi

24

Calcium

38

Rubidium 85

Argon Phosphorus Phosphorus 36

Kryp

ton

Francium

223

Xenon 813 62

72

88

226

TinTin

81 81 Ti Ti 205 205 Ti Ti

57

Lanthanu

Thallium Thallium Thallium Thallium

113 113 205 205

139

89

Actinium 227

m

Cerium 140 90

Thorium

DarmstadtiumRoentgenium RoentgeniumCopernicium Meitnerium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Copernicium Ununtrium Ununtrium

LivermoniumUnunseptium Flerovium Flerovium Ununpentium Ununoctium UnunpentiumLivermonium Ununseptium Ununoctium

97 97 159 159

Dysprosium Dysprosium Holmium Holmium 9898 9999

164 164

Cm Cm Bk Bk Am Am 9595 9696 97 97 98 98 Cf Cf mericium ricium Curium Curium Cm Cm Bk Bk Cf Am Am Cf ricium Curium mericium Curium

243 243

243 243

99 99 Es Es Es Es

285 285

286 286

6868

6969

7070

Thulium Thulium

Ytterbium Ytterbium

Thulium Thulium

Ytterbium Ytterbium

102 102 174 174

No No Fm Fm 101 101 102 102 100 100 Md Md No Fm Fm Md Md No Fermium Fermium

141

mium

Protacti

232

231

nium

71 71

Yb Yb Lu Lu Tm Er Er Tm 71 71 6969 70 70 Lutetium Lutetium 169 169 174 174 175 175 Yb Lu Lu Tm Yb Er Er Tm Lutetium Lutetium 101 101 169 169

Praseody

Actinium 91 227

265 265

96 96 158 158

s

59

Hassium Hassium

Gadolinium Gadolinium

Actinide

Lanthanides Lanthanides Lanthanides Lanthanides

103 103 175 175

Lr Lr 103 103 Lr Lr

247 247

Mendelevium Nobelium Fermium Mendelevium Californium Einsteinium Einsteinium Fermium Berkelium Berkelium Californium Nobelium Lawrencium Lawrencium 258 258 257 257 251 251 254 254 247 247 255 255 256 256

247 247

Californium Einsteinium Einsteinium Berkelium Berkelium Californium 251 251 254 254 247 247

Mendelevium Mendelevium Nobelium Nobelium Lawrencium Lawrencium

Actinides Actinides Actinides Actinides

258 258 contains 257 60 which 255 255all the256 256 *There is a full periodic table on257 page chemical symbols.

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Rutherfo

rdi

261

Lanthanum

58

Bohrium hrium

uropium opium

Hafniu 180 104

Radium

262 262

9595 153 153

Zirco 90

Tin RaTin don

Uut Uut 112 112 113113 Cn Cn 285 285 286 286 Uut Uut Cn Cn

6868 Erbium Erbium 168 168 Erbium Erbium 100 100 168 168

Barium4

Francium Barium Lanthani 138 des

87

Germanium Germanium

Tit

Yttrium 89

56

Caesium 133

Germanium Germanium 54

39

Strontiu m 88

55

21

Scandium 45

40

37

Phosphorus Phosphorus

um

20 Rubidium 85

LivermoniumUnunseptium Flerovium Flerovium Ununpentium Ununoctium UnunpentiumLivermonium Ununseptium Ununoctium

Gd Gd Tb Tb 65 65 64 64 D66 Dy66y 159 159 164 y Gd Gd Tb Tb D164 Dy Terbium Terbium

6 6 38

6C 6Sr Rb C Strontiu C K10 Ne Ne 10 18C 18 88 Ca N e S Neon Neon c 56 N Oxygen Fluorine Fluorine Nitrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon CarbonNeon T 20 20 Ne Ne 1817 18 17 20 18 Neon Neon Ba Oxygen Oxygen Fluorine Fluorine Nitrogen Carbon Carbon 15 15 N Ne Nitrogen Rb2020 SCaesium 17S 17 rP S A r 138 Y 15P 15 Argon Z 36 87 S S Sulphur Sulphur Chlorine Silicon Silicon Argon Argon Chlorine 31P 31 Ar P Cl Cl Cs Kr 1414 32 32 Kryp 3131 3535 36 36 Ba Fr Sulphur Sulphur Chlorine Silicon Silicon Argon Argon Chlorine ton 57-7Cl 1 Cl Radium Hf Kr 54 223 Si Si 14 14 Ge Ge Kr Kr 35 35 36 36 3232 Br Br Bromine Bromine Krypton Krypton Selenium Arsenic Arsenic Selenium Xe 74 74 SiSi 79 79 FrKr 84 84 Ge Ge Kr Br Br Ar Ra 89-10Ar Xenon X e Bromine Bromine Krypton Krypton 3 5074 50 5353 5454 5252 Selenium Arsenic 3333 Rf 8132 6 Arsenic Selenium 74 7979 8484 Ar Ar Sn Sn 57 Xe Xe 52 52 50 Rn 53 53 54 54 Te Te I I As As 33 33 58 R50 n Radon Iodine Iodine Xenon Xenon Tellurium Tellurium Antimony Antimony 34 34 120 120 127 132 132 130 130 La As Ce Sn Sn Xe Xe Te Te I127 I As Cerium Iodine Iodine Xenon Xenon Tellurium Tellurium 85 85 86 86 Antimony Antimony 34 34 140 Se 139 Se 120 120 127 127 130 130 La 132132 C e 89 Rn Rn 85 85 86 86 Pr Se At At Se Pb Pb Nd Astatine Radon Radon Polonium Astatine Lead Lead Bismuth Bismuth Polonium Ac 210 210 222 222 Rn Rn At At 80 Pb Pb 82 82 Thorium Astatine Astatine Radon Ac Radon Polonium Lead Lead Bismuth Bismuth Bismut 114 114 116116 117 117 118 118 115115 h Polonium T h 210 222 210 222 Pa 8282U H80 Hg BiBi HHg Fl Fl 114 114 116 116 117117 118118 Uno Uno 115115 UuP UuP Lv Lv Uus Uus 79 289 289 294 294 289 289 294 294 293 293 Bi Bi Fl Fl Uno Uno UuP UuP Lv Lv Uus Uus 7878 79 Au A 289 289 294 294 289 289 294 294 293 293 78 78 Pt Pt Au A Pt Pt Noble g

DarmstadtiumRoentgenium RoentgeniumCopernicium Meitnerium MeitneriumDarmstadtium Copernicium Ununtrium Ununtrium

opium uropium Gadolinium Gadolinium Terbium Terbium Dysprosium Dysprosium Holmium Holmium 158 158

Calcium

N a Mg Helium Helium 37

Non-met

Hassium Hassium

Eu Eu 6363 53 153 Eu Eu

He He 22 He He

Beryllium

7

als

22

Be

Lithium

Semi met

Magnesiu

4

Li

Other m

hrium Bohrium

6464

Sodium 23

3

metals

107 107 Bh Bh 62 262 Bh Bh

6363

108 108 Hs Hs 265 265 Hs Hs

Rh Rh 45 45 46 46 Pd Pd Rhodium Rhodium Palladium Palladium 103 103 106 106 Rh Rh Pd Pd Rhodium Rhodium Palladium Palladium

Al Al l Aluminium Aluminium

6464

Copper Copper

Alkali-ea rt metals h Transiti on metals Rare ea rths

Na

en

1

39

on-Meta

3131 Gallium Gallium 6969 Gallium Gallium 6969

Radioactive rare earths

10

HeliMetal Aluminium Aluminium u m Non 2727 N

Zn Zn 30 30 Zinc Zinc 64 64 Zn Zn Zinc Zinc

etals

11

1

H Hydrog

Potassiu

Helium Al Al 13 13

Ni Ni Ni Ni

Transition metals

Radioact ive Other rare ea rths

Be

Beryllium 9

Lithium

10

Boron Boron 13 13 11 11

2828 Nickel Nickel 5858 Nickel Nickel 4658 46 58

4

ases

He He

3030

Alkali m

6

BB2

2828

Alkali-earth metals

Metalloids or

b11 er11

Re Re 75 75 87 187 Re Re

Rhenium enium

C

Non-metal

Semi-metals Hyd rogen

o f t h e e le m 55 Boron e n tAtomic numBoron

chnetium netium Ruthenium Ruthenium

Rhenium enium

number

Alkali metals

Rare earths

(A o n e , t w o Non Metal or t hree Carbon le t t e r c o d e f o r t h e e le Non-Met me nt ) 5a 5l Atomic number 2 The name BB

chnetium netium Ruthenium Ruthenium

7575 9797

C Carbon Atomic

Hydrogen

Noble gases

(T h e n u m b e Gold6 r o f p r o t o n Atomic number s in a n e le m e nt )

Hydrogen

Metals

Non-metals

Au

T h e a t o m ic numbe r

2525

Mn Mn 2525 anganese ganese 55 55 Mn Mn anganese ganese

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60

Neodym

142

ium

92

Uranium 238

3

Gold Atomic number

6

Hydrogen

Radioactive rare earths

Alkali metals

Other metals

Alkali-earth metals

Semi metals

All life on Non-metals sition Earth is based Tran metals Noble gases on chemicals Rare earths that contain carbon. It can join with Non-Metal other elements to form millions of different compounds. Pure carbon can exist 10 ber mic numdifferent Ato in several forms: graphite (which is the ‘lead’ in lead pencils), Neon diamond, the wonderfully named 20 18 ‘buckyballs’ (which are minute spheres of graphite), and graphene Argon (which is a one atom thick layer of 36 Non-Metal graphite). Scientists are very excited Krypton about graphene because it’s strong, light, almost transparent, and 54 Diamond is the hardest naturally conducts both heat and occurring material and most electricity very well.

Xenon diamonds are mined in Africa.

8132 6 The largest diamond ever found was the Cullinan, which weighed Radon over 600 grams!

The scientific It was cut into name of the over 100 smaller diamond star is BPM 37093. What diamonds, some a mouthful! of which are part of the Crown Jewels.

C Carbon Hem

Heliu

2

Ne

Ar

Kr

Diamond

Li

Lithium

7

11

Na

Sodium

23 19

K

Potassium

39

37

Rb Rubidium

4

Be

Beryll

9

12

Mg

Magne

24

20

Ca

Calc

4

38

S

85

Stron 8

55

5

Cs

Caesium 133

87

Fr

Francium

223

B

Bar

13

8

R

Rad

22

Xe

Rn

57

La

Lanthanum

139 89

Ac

Actinium 227

The diamond star Astronomers have found the remains of a massive star, which has been transformed into a huge diamond – a diamond that may be five times the size of the Earth!

16

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5

C

Ce 1

T

Th

2

Global warming Fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil) were originally living things, so contain lots of carbon. When we burn them, they release carbon dioxide gas, which collects in the atmosphere and traps extra heat from the sun there. This is known as the Greenhouse Effect, and many scientists are worried that it is leading to climate change.

Re cip e fo r a hu m an Wh ich ele me nts are yo u ma de of?

O u yo do m the of ch H An d ho w mu C C n?

N ne ed to ma ke a hu ma C C CCC C Ca of: de P A 70 kilo gra m ad ult is mo stl y ma Atomic number

43kg oxygen 16kgCcarbon CC CC H C hydrogen N Zn H HH H 7kg CZn H Zn N FZn Zn Zn nitrogen Zn Zn NN 1.8kg NCa NF N Ca P F Fe Ca Fe Ca Ca Ca 1kgFFcalcium Ca FFF P Fe K Si P P Fe PSi Fe K 780g Fe PP Fephosphorus Fe K Si SK K Si KK SiSi K 140g Sipotassium S Si S SNa SSSS 140g sulphur O Na Na Cl CNa Na Na Na 100g sodium Na H Cl Cl Mg Cl Zn Cl Mg Cl Cl 95g chlorine Cl O ON Mg C Mg C Mg Mg Mg Ca Mg F 19g magnesium C H H Fe 4.2g iron Zn Zn N ONP K Ca HCa F C FSi 2.6g fluorine P N PS Fe ZnFe 2.3g zinc Na Si K CaK Si F1.0g silicon

6

Carbon

Atomic number

O

O O OH OC O O

6

66 6 666 Carbon 6 6

number Atomic number Atomic number number Atomic number Atomic number number Atomic number Atomic Atomic Atomic

Non Metal

Non Metal

Carbon Carbon Carbon

Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon Metal Non Metal Non Metal Metal Non Metal Non Non Metal Metal Metal Non Non Non

Atomic number

6

C Carbon

Non Metal

6

Atomic number Atomic number

6

C C CarbonCarbon

Non Metal Non Metal Atomic number

6

C Carbon

Non Metal

O

Atomic number

6

Carbon

Non Metal

H

C

N

Zn

Ca

F

P

Fe

K

Si

S

Na Cl

Mg

S P SCl

Fe

Mg Na KNa

Si

Cl SCl

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