Special Features - BC Parks, Trails and Natural Areas

BC Parks, Trails & Natural Areas of the Cariboo Chilcotin and Central Coast

The Cariboo Chilcotin Conservation Society Working to ensure the preservation and maintenance of healthy, functioning ecosystems!

Tatlayoko Lake, photo ©Marg Evans

BC Parks, Trails and Natural Areas of the Cariboo Chilcotin and Central Coast is one of the ways the Cariboo Chilcotin Conservation Society promotes sustainable, healthy functioning ecosystems within our region. Along with details on our region’s parks, we have included sites where a resident or tourist can stop and enjoy the surroundings, or learn more of the fine details on the area’s flora and fauna. We have chosen to create this guide out of non-glossy, recyclable materials to enable its re-entry back into the environment after it has been used, re-used, passed on to friends and finally become too frayed to read!

Society in 1996, CCCS has continued to be involved in the planning processes of Park Management and Development, the San Jose Watershed group, Ecosystems Restoration Steering Committee, the Cariboo Chilcotin Beetle Action Coalition, the development of a Conservation Strategy for the Cariboo Chilcotin (viewable on our website), and environmental sustainability throughout the region. CCCS provides presentations, displays, materials and forums on specific issues related to the environment. CCCS sponsors modules on sustainable ecosystems, watersheds, and species at risk in our region’s outdoor school (see Gavin Lake) and runs a Water Wise water conservation program, and a regional Waste Wise education Our History: Originally formed in 1992 as the program, delivering classes both within the Cariboo Chilcotin Conservation Council (CCCC), schools of our region and within the community. the purpose of which was to represent and provide a voice for conservation interests of the For more information on the Cariboo Chilcotin Cariboo Chilcotin region at the Commission on Conservation Society, call 1.250.398.7929 or Resources and Environment (CORE). The CCCC email ccentre@ccconserv.org, or visit us online was very involved in the development of the at www.ccconserv.org. We’re also on Facebook, Cariboo Chilcotin Land Use Plan, released in 1994. of course! Just search for CCCSociety in the Incorporated as the Cariboo Chilcotin Conservation search bar.

Use the campsite rule… “pack it in – pack it out, and leave the area better than you found it” Page 2

Table of Contents

Common loons, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films

Introduction...................................................... pg 2 Acknowledgements ........................................... pg 4 Wildfires of 2017 ............................................... pg 5 Provincial Parks Map ..................................pg 6 & 7 Why Have Parks & Protected Areas .............pg 8 & 9 Recreation Sites & Trails.......................... pg 10 & 11 Back Country Ethics ........................................ pg 12 Mountain Biking ............................................. pg 13 Baker Creek Nature Centre ...................... pg 14 & 15 Scout Island Nature Centre ..................... pg 16 & 17 Stream to Sea .................................................. pg 18 Gavin Lake Outdoor Education Centre ......pg 19 & 20 Big Bar Lake Provincial Park ............................. pg 21 Big Creek Provincial Park .................................. pg 22 Historic Barkerville ........................................... pg 23 Barkerville Campsites........................................ pg 23 Bull Canyon Provincial Park ............................ pg 25 Bowron Lake Provincial Park .................. pg 26 & 27 Bridge Lake Provincial Park ............................ pg 28 Cedar Point Class C Provincial Park ................. pg 29 Cariboo Mountains Provincial Park ................. pg 30 Downing Provincial Park................................. pg 31 Green Lake Provincial Park ............................. pg 32 Horsefly Spawning Channel & Trail ................. pg 33 Horsefly Lake Provincial Park.................. pg 34 & 35 Churn Creek Protected Area ............................ pg 36 Junction Sheep Range Provincial Park ..... pg 37 - 39 Lac La Hache Provincial Park .......................... pg 40 Moose Valley Provincial Park .......................... pg 41

Nazko Lake Provincial Park ............................. pg 42 Ecological Reserves ......................................... pg 43 Ecological Integrity ......................................... pg 43 Ecosystems Restoration ............................ pg 44 - 47 Pinnacles Provincial Park ................................ pg 48 Puntchesakut Lake Provincial Park ................. pg 49 Ruth Lake Provincial Park ............................... pg 49 Ten Mile Lake Provincial Park ......................... pg 50 Species at Risk .......................................... pg 51 - 58 Water Wise ...................................................... pg 58 Tweedsmuir Provincial Park ................... pg 59 & 60 Ts’il?os Provincial Park ............................ pg 61 & 62 Wetlands of the Cariboo Chilcotin ........... pg 63 - 65 Ducks Unlimited Wetlands ...................... pg 66 & 67 Williams Lake River Valley Trail ...................... pg 68 Invasive Species ....................................... pg 69 - 75 Bears & Cougars ...................................... pg 76 & 77 Wildlife Viewing ....................................... pg 78 - 81 Waste Wise & Wildlife...................................... pg 81 Birds of the Cariboo Chilcotin .................. pg 82 - 92 Marine Ethics .................................................. pg 93 Marine Parks ........................................... pg 94 & 95 Salmonids of the Cariboo Chilcotin.........pg 96 - 103 Salmon Sensitive Habitat Alert ..................... pg 103

Front Cover Photo:

Top of Cameron Ridge overlooking the Cariboo Mountain Range, North Arm of Quesnel Lake.

Photo ©Patrick Trudel

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Acknowledgements

Canoeing Kibbee Creek, photo ©Don Olesiuk

Support for the printing of this guide has been gratefully received from:

We are very grateful for the support of these partners, without which this guide would not be available in print, to be carried about in your backpack as you enjoy the scenery and identify the wildlife!

We’d also like to acknowledge all of the talented photographers who’ve kindly contributed their work to this publication. Here are biographies for just a few of them: Artist and Energetic Therapist, Catherine Roland receives her leitmotiv from the Nature. Her eyes catch the lines, the colors, or the movement. She lets her artist interpret, and play. www.catherineroland.com. Winner in our CCCS Field Guide Photo contest!

Chris Armstrong worked for BC Parks for over fifteen years. He continues to photograph the special spaces and incredible wildlife of the Cariboo Chilcotin as well as travelling to other places in the world in search of great wildlife opportunities.

Chris Czajkowski is a writer and naturalist who has lived offgrid for over 30 years. Visit her site www.wildernessdweller. ca to hear the latest on her books and wilderness experiences.

Don and Marg Evans, long time CCCS members, have lived, photographed and enjoyed their holidays over the past 40 years in the wilds of the Cariboo Chilcotin.

Don Olesiuk, avid photographer and former BC Parks Ranger enjoys bee keeping now and freely sharing photos with CCCS. Winner in our CCCS Field Guide Photo contest!

Don and Marianne Piller are wildlife photographers whose work reflects a driving passion to capture the animal’s beauty and expressions, and their love for all creatures.

Originally from Africa, Jeffrey Newman now calls 108 Mile Ranch in the Cariboo home. In addition to gardening and photography, Jeffrey has recently become involved in original music creation. Visit his website www.jnweb.com.

Kathleen MacDonald is a hiker, skier, geocacher and camper who, when she isn’t working at the Cariboo Regional District or enjoying the outdoors, is actively involved with the local Page 4

community theatre as a producer, stage manager and awardwinning actress. Winner in our CCCS Field Guide Photo contest!

Kris Andrews is a Williams Lake Field Naturalist who is happiest exploring the Cariboo Chilcotin with other naturalist friends. Winner in our CCCS Field Guide Photo contest!

Lover of family, friends, and learning with kids, Mary Alice Self is drawn to the curiosity and learning that’s embedded in the outdoors. Winner in our CCCS Field Guide Photo contest!

Patrick Trudel works at Gibraltar mines. In his free time, he enjoys mountain biking, quadding, kayaking and camping and exploring the Cariboo Chilcotin region with his family. Patrick took our cover shot. Winner in our CCCS Field Guide Photo contest!

Pat Teti enjoys gardening, cooking, woodworking and selfpropelled outdoor activities. He has been interested in photography since shortly after roll film was invented.

Robert E. Moberg is a storyteller whose documentary films include Bighorns at the Junction, Giants Among Us: Rick Hansen & the Great White Sturgeon, and Turbidity. www.mobergfilms.com Ryan Simmonds is a wildlife enthusiast and professional guide at www.ecotours-bc.com where his typical workday is spent in the rainforest amongst wolves and grizzly bears.

Winner in our CCCS Field Guide Photo contest!

Verena Berger is a proud and happy “lifer” in Williams Lake. She loves exploring the many hiking and biking trails around town where often the only encounters are with wildlife. Winner in our CCCS Field Guide Photo contest!

Wildfires of 2017

Mountain House Road, September 2017, photo ©Kathleen MacDonald

Wildfires are a natural process important for the maintenance of the forests in the Cariboo-Chilcotin region. Many plant and animal species here depend on fires to maintain a healthy ecosystem.

For example, the cones of pine trees will only open and disperse seed if subjected to high temperatures. Burnt trees provide nesting habitat for birds and smaller mammals, as well as food for wood-boring insects. Some woodpecker species even specialize in predating on insects that target recently burnt forests. New vegetation emerging after a burn is an important food source for many animals, including deer and bighorn sheep. In the natural system, wildfires rarely scorch the land, but burn in uneven patches, which results in a variety of habitats in a patchwork of unburnt, moderately burnt and severely burnt areas. While wildlife can be harmed and killed by wildfire, most species instinctively know how to avoid fires by burrowing underground, or fleeing the area, returning when lush new vegetation emerges from the ash.

• Respect campfire bans and area closures.

• Discard cigarette butts in metal containers, and never throw cigarette butts out your vehicle window or onto the ground.

• If you see smoke or a wildfire, report it as soon as possible by calling 1-800-663-5555 or *5555 on your cell phone.

Some parks in our region were heavily impacted by wildfires in 2017, and may be closed or partially closed due to danger trees and other fire-related hazards. To find out the status of a particular park, please visit www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/ and search for a park alphabetically by name.

Most wildfires are caused by lightning in summer storms, but some wildfires are human-caused and can result in loss of life and property. Be sure to follow these tips to prevent human-caused wildfire: • Always extinguish campfires before going to bed and before leaving your campsite.

Resilience, photo ©Pat Teti Page 5

Boat Launch

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GREEN LAKE - Sunset View

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GREEN LAKE - Arrowhead

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GREEN LAKE - Emerald Bay

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MOOSE VALLEY

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NAZKO LAKE - Deerpelt Lake

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NAZKO LAKE - Loomis Lake

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Battle Mountain, Bull Canyon Provincial Park, photo ©Chris Armstrong Page 6

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Canoe Route

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CAMPGROUNDS & DAY USE AREAS

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Vehicle/Tent Campsites

Provincial Parks of the Cariboo

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Two red fox play in snow, photo ©Chris Armstrong

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Clearwater Lake

WELLS GRAY PARK

Hobson Lake

DONNELY LAKE PARK

SCHOOLHOUSE LAKE PARK

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Horsefly

CARIBOO MOUNTAINS PARK

Quesnel Lake

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BOWRON LAKE PARK

LAC LA HACHE 6 PARK MOOSE VALLEY 5 PARK

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Barkerville

CEDAR POINT PARK

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JUNCTION SHEEP RANGE PARK

DANTE'S BECHER'S INFERNO PRAIRIE PARK PARK 20

Alexis Creek

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NAZKO LAKE PARK 9

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DRAGON MOUNTAIN PARK

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Questions or comments BC Parks, Cariboo Section Office 400 - 640 Borland Street, Williams Lake, BC V2G 4T1 regarding these parks TEL: (250)398-4530 FAX: (250)398-4214 may be directed to: 50 Kilometres Website: www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks

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Why Have Parks & Protected Areas?

Snowshoes at Indian Point Lake, photo ©Don Olesiuk

British Columbia is home to many nationally and internationally significant natural and cultural values. To ensure that these values are afforded legal protection parks, ecological reserves and protected areas have been established. Parks and protected areas are managed for important conservation values and are intended to preserve natural environments and cultural features for the inspiration, use and enjoyment of the public.

Within the Cariboo and Chilcotin there are spectacular glacier clad mountain peaks, sparkling lakes (including the deepest fjord lake in the world), rolling grasslands and majestic forests. Whether you travel by foot,

Dantes Inferno, photo ©Trish Hoffos Page 8

canoe or horseback; or simply wish to enjoy a day at the beach with your family, you can find it in the parks of our region.

British Columbians have worked to protect special features such as habitat for endangered species and special landforms of the province.

The parks of BC serve to represent each of the province’s 100 ecosections, or natural regions.

In February 2013, 17 new Class A parks were established and additions were added to five existing Class A parks in the Cariboo-Chilcotin Region. These additions to the BC Parks system were a result of the Cariboo-Chilcotin Goal 2 (Special Features) land use planning process.

These are smaller parks and include natural, cultural and recreational areas.

These new parks and additions to existing parks were established to protect diverse habitat ranging from biologically rich wetlands (Beaver Valley Park) to undisturbed grasslands of the porcupine grass ecosystems (Becher’s Prairie Park). Species at risk that use these new parks include trumpeter swan, sandhill crane, fisher, northern bittern, wolverine, sharptailed grouse, great blue heron and flammulated owl. These significant areas also contribute to moose and

Junction Sheep Range Provincial Park, photo ©Kris Andrews

mule deer winter habitat and special features like mineral licks and fish habitat.

Other biophysical features captured in these new parks include complex glacial features (Copper Johnny Park), high scenic values (Dante’s Inferno Park) and viewscapes (Dragon Mountain Park), medicinal plants, and archaeological values related to aboriginal use.

Although these new parks do not have any

Curious moose, photo ©Chris Armstrong

park facilities, some were established for their high recreational values: hiking trails, access to heritage trail, horse trails (Big Basin Park), fishing, wildlife viewing and water recreation (Flat Lake Park and Bridge Lake Park Additions).

Protected areas are set aside as nature preserves, as scientific research areas, and as places for education and recreation.

Protected areas help conserve our natural and biological diversity, and our cultural heritage. They also contribute to the growth of tourism and economic diversification.

Descriptions of Chipmunk, photo these parks can ©Marianne & Don Piller be found on the BC government website, www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks. The BC government achieved its commitment to meeting the 1992 United Nations challenge of protecting 12% of our land base in protected areas.

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Recreation Sites & Trails

Crooked Lake South recreation site, photo ©RST BC

BC offers a host of exceptional recreation opportunities. While some of the Province’s most spectacular recreation features are located in parks, many more recreation resources are found in the rugged and real backcountry. The backcountry provides an abundance of great places to have fun and enjoy nature through activities such as camping, boating, fishing, hunting, mountain climbing, hiking, kayaking, mountain biking, ATVing, cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, and exploring. So get to know BC’s backcountry – it’s the perfect place to experience the wonders of the outdoors and create memories that will last a lifetime.

Gavin Lake Recreation Trail, photo Mike Tudor ©

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Recreation sites and trails are public campgrounds and trails located on Crown land outside of parks and settled areas. They provide enjoyable recreation experiences generally within an integrated resource management setting. Recreation sites and trails were formerly known as Forest Service recreation sites and trails, and were once the responsibility of the BC Ministry of Forests and Range. They are now the responsibility of Recreation Sites and Trails BC (RSTBC) of the Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development (FLNRORD).

Recreation Sites Recreation sites provide a simple, rustic camping experience. Generally located in remote areas and accessed by gravel forestry roads, recreation sites provide only basic facilities, such as fire rings, picnic tables, outhouses, and, where appropriate, boat-launching ramps.

Potable water is not available, and there is no electricity at recreation sites. At a limited number of recreation sites with on-site operators, supervisory services are provided. There are two basic types of recreation sites, those with fees and those without.

Sites with Fees - These sites are managed through partnership agreements with

Chimney Lake recreation site, photo ©RST BC

recreation groups, community organizations, First Nations, private citizens, local governments and forest companies. Camping fees are charged to pay for the services provided by the agreement holder, which may include supervision, daily maintenance, and facility/structure maintenance.

Camping fees can range from $12-$15 per night for a person, family or party of six. Overnight fees are paid for a 24-hour period beginning at 12:00 noon on the day in which camping begins. The Recreation Regulation states that each person/ party must only occupy one campsite.

Sites without Fees - These sites are managed through partnership agreements or maintenance contracts. No fees are charged for the services provided because the agreement holder has alternative ways of recovering the costs (e.g., volunteers), or the ministry covers the cost of the maintenance contract.

Recreation Trails BC’s recreation trails are used for many different purposes (hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, ATV riding, cross-country skiing, and snowmobiling). The types of trails available can range from rustic, single-track paths through dense forest to wide-tracked rail trails with high quality tread surfaces. Many of our trails are set in spectacular natural settings, and in addition to providing access to beautiful destinations (e.g., recreation features), they also provide

users with a sense of enjoyment, fulfilment and accomplishment along the journey. There are also many historical and heritage trails in BC that traces the footsteps of our forbearers and reminds us of important events in the development of the province.

BC is blessed with an extensive network of recreation trails and the potential to develop a tourism destination of world-class stature. Similar to recreation sites, some recreation trails have user fees while others are free of charge. Recreation trails where fees are charged are managed under a partnership agreement whereby the partner charges a fee for services provided, such as trail grooming, brushing, and other maintenance activities. For More details please visit us at www.sitesandtrailsbc.ca or on Facebook.

Recreation trail at Gavin Lake and Director Mike Tudor, photo ©Darryl Triebner Page 11

Back Country Ethics

Wilderness lake in the Chilcotin, photo ©Chris Czajkowski

The Cariboo Chilcotin’s wilderness areas are a popular destination for both residents and visitors. Popularity has its drawbacks, though.

Over-use and improper traveling and camping practices in the backcountry have led to damage to the natural environment and unfulfilled wilderness expectations. To retain the high quality of our wilderness experiences, we all must accept responsibility for minimizing our impact.

Special care must be taken in alpine and subalpine areas. These are among the most fragile because of severe conditions and a short growing season. To preserve this pristine wilderness, it is important to hike on designated trails, put up your tent on tent pads where provided and use a backpacking stove for cooking rather than an open fire.

camp is broken, there should be no sign of human use. Leave the area in better condition than when you arrived.

IF YOU PACK IT IN, PACK IT OUT - Take along a garbage bag and carry out all trash that you generate including biodegradable scraps such as apple cores, orange peels, etc.

• Use portable gas stoves for cooking.

• Boil or filter and treat water before drinking it.

• Any washing activities should take place at least 200 feet from natural water sources • If there is no outhouse provided, burying your waste in a shallow hole is the best disposal method. The hole should be located at least 200 feet from any water sources, campsites, and trails.

• Pack out all tampons and disposable diapers • Avoid urinating on plants because animals are attracted to the salty liquid.

• For washing and tooth paste, take phosphate free, bio-degradable products.

If taking pets into the backcountry, especially dogs, take extra care that they do not disturb other campers, foul trails or aggravate wildlife.

If you are not confident that you can manage them, leave the pets at home.

Take your photos and memories home with you – but please leave the site with no trace Everyone who uses the backcountry must strive of your visit, so that others may also enjoy our for “no trace camping”. In other words, when protected areas.

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Mountain Biking

Mountain biking on a Cariboo trail, photo ©John Wellburn

The Cariboo Region is your doorway to the most unique mountain bike experience in North America. Fast, flowy and tight are the best words to describe the experience you’ll have on one of the largest legal trail networks in the Province. From all mountain single track, to the most progressive free-riding, to truly epic cross country, the Cariboo has something for every style and skill level of rider. The Cariboo boasts eight trail networks across the communities of 100 Mile House, Williams Lake, Soda Creek (Xat´sull), Quesnel and Wells.

For detailed trails maps, videos, photos and trip planning information visit: http://ridethecariboo. ca and www.trailforks.com

Leave No Trace. Respect the land you ride on.

Practice low-impact cycling. Wet and muddy trails are more vulnerable to damage, so when the trail bed is soft, consider other riding options. This also means staying on existing trails and not creating new ones.Building of mountain bike trails and trail technical features on public and private land is illegal and can be hazardous for the inexperienced or unwary. Don’t cut switchbacks.

Be sure to pack out at least as much as you pack in.

Always Yield the Trail. Respect your fellow trail users and let them know you’re coming. Show your respect when passing by slowing to a walking pace or even stopping. Anticipate other trail users Like all activities, however, mountain biking needs around corners or in blind spots. to happen in the right place and with consideration to other users and Never Frighten Animals. Respect livestock e n v i r o n m e n t a l and wildlife. All animals are startled by an values. unannounced approach, a sudden movement, or a loud noise. This can be dangerous for you, Ride On Open Trails others, and the animals. Use special care when Only. Respect trail passing horses on the trail. Disturbing wildlife is and road closures a serious offense. Leave gates as you found them, (ask if uncertain). or as marked.

Avoid trespassing on private land and Within the B.C. Parks of our region, mountain obtain permits or biking is in prominent use. In the Quesnel area, other authorization the Dragon Mountain Park is home to some of if required. The way the best free-ride mountain biking in the region. you ride will influence In the Chilcotin region, mountain biking in Big trail management Creek park is an established use that links to the STAY OFF decisions and policies legendary South Chilcotin Mountains. Visit http:// in the future. Stay off www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/ for more details on THE GRASS! grasslands. specific Parks and mountain biking restrictions.

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Nature Education and Resource Centre Come enjoy our Urban Oasis!

Baker Creek’s spring break camp, photo ©Baker Creek Education Society (BCES)

The Nature Education and Resource Centre was opened in 2002 and is still going strong and constantly improving. It was started by Baker Creek Enhancement Society to foster awareness, stewardship and restoration of our local environment. The centre is located on the south side of the Quesnel River in West Fraser Timber Park, adjacent to the Johnson subdivision. From downtown head to Johnston subdivision, cross the Johnston Bridge, turn right and look for the West Fraser Timber Park sign.

When you’re done hiking come inside and take a look around. We have freshwater and saltwater tanks filled with local fish and marine life that you rarely get a chance to see in their natural habitat. Check out our many displays and ever changing exhibits. If you are looking for specific information feel free to browse our many books ranging from children’s literature to University level texts, and if you can’t find what you’re looking for, feel free to ask. We’ll help out with your questions as much as we can.

There is plenty to do whether you’re young or old. Explore over six kilometers of forest and wetland trails, ranging from easy walking to hill climbing. Make sure to keep a camera ready for the wildlife, squirrels, deer, moose and bear that are common visitors. Check out the bird observatory deck along the main trail for many birding opportunities and a great view of the local wetland area. For a spectacular view of the entire area, check out the more challenging Summit Trail.

Educational programs (field trips, hikes, activities) can be booked by schools, youth groups, and the general public. Topics include: • Orienteering. We have a newly installed orienteering course with beginner and intermediate levels: a great introduction to orienteering, and how to properly use a map and compass. Also a great teambuilding activity for work groups, etc.

• Stream to Sea: connecting local fish habitats to the ocean.

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Wildlife, Habitats and Ecosystems, and human impacts.

Sustainable Living: learn how you can do your part to reduce waste and protect our ecosystem.

Air Quality: the air in the Quesnel area is some of the worst in the entire province of BC. Find out why and what you can do about it.

Spring and summer day camps for kids aged 5-12. Participants will play games, go for nature hikes and learn about the environment.

Keep an eye out for our special events such as Environmental Mind Grind (new to Quesnel), Earth Day, Oceans Day, National Wildlife Week and many more. Just contact us and we’ll arrange something for you!

Snowshoe hare, photo ©Ryan Simmonds

Baker Creek Education Centre, photo ©BCES

Contact us: We are located in West Fraser Timber park, behind the playground, upstairs of the concession building.

Phone at 250-992-5833 or e-mail us at bces@telus.net.

Mule deer fawn, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films

It has been said that we use, in Canada, up to 5 billion to-go coffee cups per year… please bring your own mug!

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Scout Island Nature Centre The wild side of Williams Lake

Scout Island aerial view, photo ©Leo Rankin

A visit to Scout Island Nature Centre in Williams Lake is an encounter with diversity. The land, the people, the life forms, the range of activities -- all contribute to a rich experience every time.

wetland and riparian zones to rocky dry-belt fir and grasslands, along with the remarkable variety of birds, mammals, invertebrates and plants that they support. Observation platforms, boardwalks, eco-sensitive trails and interpretive signs make Scout Island a prime Within the Nature Centre’s 10 hectares, wildlife viewing site, according to the Ministry you’ll find landscapes ranging from thriving of Environment’s Wildlife Watch program. The extensive marsh linking Williams Lake with its outflow river valley attracts a vibrant community of migrating and nesting water birds, including swans, pelicans, loons, geese, and many species of ducks. The observation deck on top of the Nature House is a dandy place to watch bald eagles, osprey and the great blue heron dive for fish in the marsh. Check out the Field Naturalists’ website www.williamslakefieldnaturalists. ca . An interactive bird checklist for the region is available there.

Duck at Scout Island, photo ©Kathy MacDonald Page 16

The Williams Lake Field Naturalists, who have operated the Nature Centre in partnership with the City of Williams Lake and the Nature Trust of BC for over 40 years, have enhanced this already diverse ecology with plantings of native

tree, shrub and forb species.

The grassland plant exhibit south of the Nature House displays drought-tolerant cactus, sturdy sages, larkspur and delicate flax and many other specimens from the Chilcotin.

Because Scout Island is also a community park, with picnic grounds, beach and boat launch, people enjoy it in diverse ways. Walking the trails, or skiing them in winter, is popular with dogs and the well-trained humans on the other end of their leashes. Painters, photographers and wedding parties find it an ideal venue.

A mule deer feeds at Scout Island Nature Centre, photo ©Kris Andrews

you might be lucky and see the tree swallows hatch. And don’t miss the bat cave! The Nature Nature education forms the backbone of Scout House is open from April to October, or by Island’s mission, and the log Nature House is appointment. its heart. Within, you’ll get a better look at many of the water birds (stuffed, of course) in Connecting children with the natural world naturalistic display. Temporary live exhibits is a joy for the Field Naturalists and staff. change throughout the year: you might see Classes visit throughout the school year, while newly-hatched salmon alevins, peek at shy summer, weekend and spring break programs salamanders or get to feed the toad. In nesting help them explore through games, crafts and season, be sure to check out the webcam – lots of outdoor activities. School District 27’s Nature Kindergarten has its home at Scout Island and you will find the children there all week long. Many days a grade 7 Outdoor Education class or other local classes join them. Free public lectures and nature walks throughout the year keep adults on the learning trail as well. For information on events and programs, or to book a special experience for your family or community group, call 250-3988532 or check the website www. scoutisland.ca or the Scout Island Nature Centre Facebook page.

Beaver at Scout Island Nature Centre, photo ©Kris Andrews

The Nature Centre gate is open from 8:00 am to dusk all year.

Come experience this microcosm of Cariboo-Chilcotin diversity, right in the city, throughout the seasons.

Page 17

Stream to Sea

at Scout Island Nature House

Students catch chinook to collect gametes for the Stream to Sea program, ©photo Scout Island Nature Centre

Did you know that the water flowing out of Williams Lake and down the Williams Lake River will eventually touch a sea star? And did you know that salmon swimming far out in the Pacific Ocean right now will return to the Williams Lake River and some may make it as far as Williams Lake?

Others will return to the Horsefly and Chilcotin Rivers to spawn. At the Nature House we have tanks of living creatures and plants collected from the near shore environment close to Nanaimo B.C. There are sea stars, boring sponges, giant plumose anemones, scallops, kelp crabs, giant barnacles and more, and if you time it right, you can watch them being fed. This tank is visually connected to the stream/lake tank where there are fish from our local lake and stream.

Next to that is the marsh tank with a turtle and frogs. Throughout all of the tanks are samples of the plants (and invertebrates -bugs) that are important parts of these habitats. This display offers you a chance to observe these creatures closely and learn how they are connected to each other and to us.

Exploring the tank life at Scout Island Nature Centre, photo ©SINC Page 18

Don’t miss this chance to follow the stream to the sea and visit with the wildlife along the way.

Gavin Lake Outdoor Education Program

Gavin Lake in the sun, photo ©Gavin Lake Centre

Once run by the BC Forestry Association as a summer camp, in 1996 the Gavin Lake Forestry Centre was taken over by local volunteers who have worked hard over the years helping to put the camp together. The Gavin Lake Forest Education Society was formed and the camp has never looked back. The Society lowered the rental rates for camp and began working on school programs. Gavin Lake offers a below cost or “subsidized” rental rate to school groups, youth groups and non-profit groups, providing a great venue for local organizations.

Gavin Lake’s most significant achievement has been its grade 6 Outdoor Education program, a totally free program for kids in School District #27, #28 and #74. Classes stay for 3 days during the Fall or in the Winter and run through a series of education modules that broaden their understanding of the forest and wetlands around them, sharing with them the ‘fun’ of being outdoors. In the past 16 years over 10,000 kids have enjoyed this program. It

is significant to know that all this is funded by local service clubs, businesses, truckers and non-profit associations!

CCCS fully sponsors two modules each fall at the Gavin Lake Centre as well as a winter Snow Science program, a part of the CCCS Water Wise education. Each year two fall modules are chosen from the following six:

CCCS instructor Jenny Howell teaching the Wetlands module, photo ©Gavin Lake Centre Page 19

Cabins at Gavin Lake camp and camping module tents, photo ©Gavin Lake Centre

Species at Risk, which focuses on species within the Cariboo-Chilcotin region and the importance of habitat for healthy populations.

Watersheds, introduces students to the concept of a watershed and the impacts of human activity using games and models.

The Perfect Stream, students learn about the fish in our waterways and what they need to survive.

Invertebrates, demonstrates how aquatic insect conditions are indicators of water quality.

Moose, photo ©Marianne & Don Piller Page 20

Ecological Footprints, shows how individuals, in their daily activities, contribute to the changing nature of CO2 in the planet’s atmosphere. Students engage in a scavenger hunt around camp, highlighting energy and waste reducing options students can use at home.

Wetlands, using walk along the students share others, teaching wetland.

an interactive model and a Gavin wetlands boardwalk, their ‘species cards’ with each other about life in a

All the modules are designed to be mostly outdoors and make use of the surrounding natural environment as the classroom. The Cariboo Chilcotin Conservation Society is happy to be part of this first class outdoor education program that teachers have come to depend on and that the region can be proud of.

For further information on the Gavin Lake Forest Education Society, 72 South 7th Ave, Williams Lake, BC, V2G 4N5. Camp manager – Mike Tudor, at 604.629.9859.

Big Bar Lake Provincial Park

Big Bar Lake, photo ŠRoland Stanke

Big Bar Lake Park, with its 46 campsites, is a delightful park on the shore of a sparkling blue lake and with views of the Marble Range Mountains. To get there, turn onto a well graded gravel road 13 kilometres north of Clinton on Highway 97. The park is 34 kilometres along this road.

Millions of years ago, glaciers covered the area and carved out the landforms. Unusual gravel ridges near the picnic area are called eskers; they were deposited by rivers running beneath the ice. A 3.5 kilometre trail leading over the eskers and around the otter marsh provides excellent bird-watching and beautiful views.

Nearby Little Big Bar Lake and Beaverdam Lake are also popular for fishing.

Horse-back trail rides can be arranged through the many guest ranches in the area. Visitors can also enjoy the Jesmond Loop driving tour.

This scenic drive passes the historic town site of Jesmond, where the OK Corral - one of the oldest ranches in the area - is situated, then passes between Marble Range and Edge Hills Provincial Parks and connects back to Clinton via Downing Park. This Park accepts reservations.

In 1998, eleven new campsites were added near the lake shore and the picnic area was rebuilt, with funds from Forest Renewal BC. Fishing for rainbow trout is a popular activity, as the lake is stocked on a yearly basis. There have been trout up to 6.5 pounds caught in the lake, and many fish are in the two pound range. Please remember special restrictions on Big Bar Lake include a 10 kilometre per hour speed restriction, and no towing.

Squirrel with cone, photo ŠMarianne & Don Piller Page 21

Big Creek Provincial Park

Twin Lakes, photo ©D. Evans

This 65,982 hectare wilderness park in the visitors must be experienced in backcountry South Chilcotin was established in 1995. travel and completely self-sufficient.

There are no roads into the park; hikers and horseback riders most often use the southern trails, accessed from near Gold Bridge. Visit the BC Parks website http://www. env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks for more information.

The park’s landscapes vary from dramatic mountains and alpine lakes in the south, to gentler volcanic hills and lava formations, to the flat, forested Chilcotin Plateau in the north.

This park teems with wildlife; you might see mountain goats, California bighorn sheep, moose or predators such as wolves, black and grizzly bears.

The spectacular scenery in the south makes it a popular destination for horseback riding, backpacking, hunting, wildlife viewing, and mountaineering.

Because of the park’s remoteness, Page 22

Dragonfly, photo ©Ryan Simmonds

Historic Barkerville The rush is on

The Barkerville townsite, photo ©Barkerville Historic Town

Barkerville is the largest historic site in western North America, and is named after William “Billy” Barker who, in 1862, struck it rich along the banks of Williams Creek. His find inspired over 100,000 other fortune seekers who journeyed north along the Cariboo Wagon Road to Barkerville.

mountain biking, canoeing, swimming and trout fishing.

In addition to regular special events and programming in Barkerville, the nearby 1930s era town of Wells is host to many cultural activities throughout the year. Wells is home to a unique Once the largest city west of Chicago and north selection of art galleries and craft stores, and offers of San Francisco, Barkerville is nested within the accommodation and other tourist amenities. scenic Cariboo Mountain Range 700 kilometres north of Vancouver. The Victorian-era town boasts While travelling to Barkerville, there are a host more than 135 heritage buildings and a wealth of of heritage experiences you can participate in, historic displays that chronicle the development including Historic Hat Creek Ranch, 108 Mile of BC’s mining heritage and the people who Ranch, Cottonwood House Historic Site, Quesnelle made Barkerville famous. The region also offers a Forks and many other historic sites and museums wealth of outdoor activities such as alpine hiking, along the Gold Rush Trail.

Barkerville Campsites Barkerville has three campgrounds located adjacent to Barkerville Historic Town. The first, Lowhee Campground, is the largest with 87 secluded sites, including full hook-up and 30 amp power RV sites, family cabins, and a playground.

Showers and flush toilets are on-site and a sanistation is located across the highway. Government Hill campground has 23 sites, including family cabins; it is the closest to the historic town but has tight corners and is not recommended for larger RVs. Forest Rose campground, with 54 sites, including 30 amp power RV sites, is our horse friendly site and includes a group site with cooking

shelter, 20 pull through sites, horse paddocks, showers and flush toilets, is located directly across Williams Creek from Lowhee.

All campgrounds are within walking distance of Barkerville Historic Town. There are several hiking, biking and horse trails in the area, as well as a walking trail, which connects Lowhee Campground with the Barkerville Cemetery and the townsite.

For camping reservations please call our toll free number at 1-888-994-3332, ext. 99. www. barkerville.ca/places-to-stay/ For local area information check our websites at www.barkerville.ca and www.wells.ca Page 23

Take the back road.

Find sunken treasure.

Likely • Barkerville • Wells

goldrushcircleroute.ca • British Columbia • #goldrushcircleroute

Page 24

Bull Canyon Provincial Park

Bull Canyon, photo ©Chris Armstrong

Bull Canyon is located on Highway 20 just west of Alexis Creek. This small, peaceful 20 campsite park set along the amazing blue waters of the Chilcotin River is often used as a home-base while exploring the Chilcotin. The park offers a short walking trail that meanders along the riverbank, where you can see signs of native pit houses. Across the highway is Battle Mountain, formed millions of years ago by numerous layers of lava flowing out of Mt Begbie, located near 100 Mile House! Shallow caves and crevices

Prickly pear cactus, photo ©Maureen Byman

within these canyon cliffs make ideal roosting and nesting sites for the many species of bats and cliff dwelling birds in this area. The surrounding area has a number of great fishing lakes, and offers good bird watching and wildlife viewing.

Bull Canyon provides an excellent overnight stop on the way to or from South Tweedsmuir Park and Bella Coola. For more information visit www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks

Mason bee on Nootka rose, photo ©Don Olesiuk Page 25

Bowron Lake Provincial Park

Bowron Lake chain, a lifetime experience, photo ©Helen Rimmer

Bowron Lake Park is a 149,207 hectare wilderness situated on the western slopes of the Cariboo Mountains. The world-renowned Bowron Lake Canoe Circuit encompasses a 116 kilometre chain of lakes, waterways and connecting portages. This wilderness canoe trip takes from 6 to 10 days to complete, depending on your time frame and skill level. For those looking for a shorter trip, the west side of the circuit can be paddled in 2 to 4 days.

Canoeing the Bowron, photo ©Helen Rimmer

To get there, take Highway 26 from Quesnel to Barkerville, then follow signs to the park, 28 kilometres further along a well-graded gravel road.

Bowron Lake portage, photo ©Don Olesiuk Page 26

The park has tremendous diversity in topography and vegetation. The rounded hilltops of the Quesnel Highlands on the west side of the circuit have a character quite different from

A Bowron wetland, photo ©Chris Swan

the imposing Cariboo Mountains on the eastern and southern sections of the circuit. The park is a wildlife sanctuary, closed to hunting. A great variety of wildlife inhabits the area, including moose, deer, caribou, black bear, grizzly bear, waterfowl, beaver, and otter. Rainbow trout, lake trout, bull trout, and Rocky Mountain whitefish inhabit the park’s waterways.

services: camping supplies, outdoor gear, canoe and kayak rentals, a restaurant, and food.

If you are interested in canoeing the circuit, it is recommended that you make a reservation.

Reserve your spot on-line at www.env.gov. bc.ca/bcparks/reserve or call 1-800-689-9025 (a surcharge applies to bookings through an agent). You can also now reserve a campsite in Bowron Lake Park has a very pleasant 25-site the front country campground at Bowron. campground. The campground is located near the registration centre a short distance from Bowron Lake itself. Enjoy a leisurely walk around the Osprey Self-guided Interpretive Trail located in the front country campground at Bowron and learn about the natural and cultural history of the area. Increasing visitor numbers during recent years has placed a great deal of pressure on the park’s resources. If we are to preserve the wilderness experience, it is up to each visitor to treat this special area with the respect it deserves -- please obey all park regulations. Pets are not permitted on the circuit. It is important that those who attempt the circuit have some wilderness paddling experience.

Two commercial resorts and a general store located near the park entrance offer a variety of

Black bear, photo ©Ryan Simmonds Page 27

Bridge Lake Provincial Park

Bridge Lake, photo ©BC Parks

This high elevation Cariboo Plateau Park on the shores of beautiful Bridge Lake is a popular stopping place for people travelling Highway 24. Fishing is good for both rainbow and lake trout.

and fishing. An easy trail meanders through open forest along the lake shore, for the hiker or fisherman that wants to explore the area.

Bridge Lake Park is within driving distance of numerous other popular fishing lakes on the Pleasant shaded campsites provide easy access plateau and is located 51 kilometres east of 93 to the shores for swimming, boating, paddling, Mile House on Highway 24.

Barrow’s goldeneye ducks, photo ©Chris Swan Page 28

Red fox, photo ©Ryan Simmonds

Cedar Point Class ‘C’ Provincial Park

Cedar Point, photo ©Robin Hood

Cedar Point was first mentioned in Hudson Bay Company maps from 1832. The area was used as a stopover and camping place by the Interior Shuswap People and later as a rendezvous spot for trappers and fur traders. The first prospectors arrived here in 1858 and discovered gold in Cedar Creek, which runs through the park.

deep, an impressive man-made canyon that can be viewed from the trail above. This historic 8-hectare Class C Provincial Park is located on Quesnel Lake, six kilometres from the town of Likely. Access is by paved road from Highway 97.

The park is managed by a volunteer community park board that is overseen by BC Parks.

The magnificent stand of old growth Cedar trees in the park escaped a forest fire that raged up the Quesnel River in 1869. Miners broke a 2000 foot flume to flood the area, and this, along with Quesnel Lake, and a huge mine tailings pile, provided enough to save this stand of trees. In 1962 Cedar Point was made a provincial park.

Today, Likely is a central location for many interesting day trips. Quesnel Forks is an authentic ghost town where peaceful walks through the many original buildings give a glimpse into a bygone era. The city of Quesnel Forks was established in 1859, before Barkerville existed. The town site is situated at the confluence of the Cariboo and Quesnel Rivers. It’s an ideal spot for a picnic lunch and a bit of gold panning.

Quesnel Lake offers spectacular scenery and excellent swimming, boating, and fishing.

White-water kayaking is a popular activity on the nearby Cariboo and Quesnel Rivers.

The park offers 32 campsites, a sani station, a boat launch, Big Toy playground, and nature trails that wind through the forest.

Along with our new 1500 square foot museum, many pieces of historic mining equipment are on display in the Park, including a gigantic 11 ton steam shovel, and a huge monitor nozzle from the world famous Bullion Pit Mine, one of the biggest hydraulic mining operations ever.

The Pit itself is two miles long and 400 feet

Cedar Point Park has a full size baseball park, perfect for family reunions and company picnics. For more information visit www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks

Cedar Point, photo ©Robin Hood Page 29

Cariboo Mountains Provincial Park

Niagara Falls, Quesnel Lake, photo ŠM. Evans

Cariboo Mountains Park, sandwiched between Bowron Lake Park and Wells Gray Park, protects habitat for caribou, moose, grizzly bear, waterfowl, and fish, and represents an important intact predator-prey ecosystem.

This wilderness park features high rugged mountains and glaciers, steep valley sides with dense forests, and narrow valley bottoms with lakes and wetlands. There is a small, rustic vehicle-access camping area at Ghost Lake.

Nearby, Cariboo River Park protects valley bottom wetlands and forests, and offers wildlife viewing and river recreation opportunities.

Also close by, the Quesnel Lake Park system includes seven designated areas dispersed along the shoreline of Quesnel Lake. The sandy beaches and moorings provide excellent camping and exploring opportunities for boat, canoe and kayak users alike. The waterfalls, wetlands, old growth forests and waterways provide excellent wildlife and scenic viewing opportunities.

Please check the BC Parks website http://www. env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks for access and other details.

Cow moose and calves on Quesnel Lake, photo ŠElysia Resort Page 30

Downing Provincial Park

Downing Lake, photo ©BC Parks

Downing Park is a small but popular park located 18 kilometres west of Clinton on a paved road. The campground has 18 walk-in tent sites spread over a lush, grassy field adjacent to the campground parking lot. Swimming in Kelly Lake is enjoyable, with over 200 metres of developed beach. If fishing is more your game you can angle for rainbow trout.

property. Please respect their property by keeping to the road when walking between the day-use area and campground.

The Pavilion Mountain Road connecting the Cariboo to Lillooet and the Duffy Lake Road, is a scenic, though windy, route to the Lower Mainland. Travelers often stop at Downing Park to camp or refresh themselves with a swim in The park was donated by C. S. Downing in 1970, Kelly Lake. and his family still owns the adjacent

Mayfly on fireweed, photo ©Don Olesiuk

Canada goose prepares for flight, photo ©Marianne & Don Piller Page 31

Green Lake Provincial Park

Green Lake boat trip, photo ©Don Olesiuk

Green Lake Park, set amongst the rolling aspen and pine forests of the Cariboo, is situated 15 kilometres northeast of 70 Mile House, on the emerald-green waters of Green Lake.

This is a recreational paradise, popular with anglers, water-skiers, and canoeists alike. The shallow, warm waters are great for swimming. Autumn is a particularly nice time to visit Green Lake, as the aspens turn a brilliant shade of gold, creating marvelous photo opportunities.

The park is made up of 9 parcels of land. Six of these are developed, consisting of three campgrounds, four day use areas, and a sani-station. The sanistation is situated at the junction of North and South Green Lake Roads and has flush toilets as well as information on the park. From here, continue down South Green Lake Road to Sunset View campground where you will find 54 campsites, developed beach, picnic shelter, day use area, hiking trail, boat launch and group campsite area.

Alternatively, if you make the turn past the sanistation on to North Green Lake Road, you will come

across, in order of appearance: • Blue Spring day-use area (picnic tables, pit toilets, and developed beach), • Arrowhead campground (16 waterfront sites, pit toilets), • Little Arrowhead day-use area (boat launch, picnic tables, pit toilets, and developed beach), • Emerald Bay campground (51 sites, developed beach, picnic shelter, pit toilets and day-use area).

A few of the private resorts in the area have boats to rent, and some offer trail rides. There are many great fishing lakes within a half-hour’s drive of Emerald Bay campground. Although Green Lake is very clean, there is almost no flushing action, and everything that goes into the lake stays in the lake.

Please dispose of fish entrails and garbage in the receptacles provided. Please do not bathe, wash clothes, or use soap in the lake.

This Park accepts reservations, and the group campsite must be reserved. For more information visit www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks.

Don’t Move Firewood Help stop the spread of invasive species.

Learn more at bcinvasives.ca Page 32

Horsefly

Spawning Channel & Trail

Horsefly River, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films

Historically, the Horsefly sockeye salmon run had been second only to the Adams River in its importance to Fraser River fisheries.

However, due to a combination of factors at play in the late eighteen/early nineteen hundreds (dam construction at outlet of Quesnel Lake, passage problems at Hells Gate, high commercial fishery catches) - the stock dropped drastically in size for many generations to follow. Constructed in the late eighties, the spawning channel’s original objective was to aid in rebuilding the Horsefly River sockeye stock to historic levels in the subdominant and offyears.

In addition, the channel would supplement the dominant cycle to test Quesnel Lake’s juvenile carrying capacity during “cyclic dominance” studies. To accomplish this, Fisheries and Oceans Canada operates and maintains the channel to maximize egg to fry survival. In 1989, unusual late fall flooding in the main stem Horsefly River caused an almost total loss of the dominant cycle spawn. We now know that without the additional production

from the spawning channel, the impact of this freshet on production of the 1989 dominant cycle, and future cycles, would have been far greater. Starting in the mid-nineties, dominant year operation was discontinued as returns from natural spawning areas were sufficient to test Quesnel Lake carrying capacity. However, a sharp decline in stock size in recent years prompted dominant cycle channel operation in both 2009 and 2013.

Salmon eggs, photo ©DFO Page 33

Horsefly Lake Provincial Park

Beach at Horsefly Lake Provincial Park, photo ŠDon Evans

Horsefly Lake Park is a small park with a popular 23 site campground, including some lakeside sites and an accessible tenting and overflow area for larger groups, located 13 kilometres northeast of the community of Horsefly on Horsefly Lake. Set amongst a forest of fir, spruce, birch, and cedar, the park’s landscape is typical of the rolling Quesnel Highlands. The park features a developed beach, basketball net, tether ball, horseshoe games and an easy trail to a lookout over the lake.

Spawning channels on the Horsefly River provide spawning beds for sockeye salmon that travel up the Fraser River to the Quesnel River, Quesnel Lake, and finally the Horsefly River to spawn. The best time to view these brilliant red and green salmon is mid-September. This Park accepts reservations. All campsite reservations must be made through Discover Camping at https://discovercamping.ca. When reservations are not available all campsites function as firstcome, first-served.

Fishing for rainbow trout is a favourite pastime of many visitors. Horsefly Lake is a large, deep lake and is usually fished on a troll. There are also a number of small lakes in the area that are excellent for fly fishing.

Boat, canoe and paddle boat rentals are available.

In the community of Horsefly you can obtain groceries and gasoline. There are shower and laundry facilities near the park. Trails to Viewland Mountain, and to alpine meadows at Eureka Peak are easy to access. There are also historical features to explore; ask the Park Facility Operator for more information and directions.

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Grizzly bear with salmon, photo ŠRyan Simmonds

Horsefly Falls, photo ©Don Olesiuk

WILLIAMS LAKE HISTORY RANCHING & RODEO HISTORY BC COWBOY HALL OF FAME Summer Hours: 7 Days a Week • 9am - 5pm Winter Hours: Mon.-Fri. • 9am - 5pm

Museum of the Cariboo Chilcotin with the support of the CRD & City of WL via the Central Cariboo Arts and Culture Society

Phone/Fax: 250-392-7404 mcc@wlake.com • www.cowboy-museum.com 1660 South Broadway, Williams Lake

Swallowtail butterfly, photo ©Mary Alice Self Page 35

Churn Creek Protected Area

California bighorn sheep, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films

Churn Creek Protected Area was established in 1995 under the Cariboo Chilcotin Land Use Plan and expanded in 1998 to include the Empire Valley Ranch. Its 36,747 hectares rise from the western shore of the Fraser River south of Gang Ranch. Covering a wide range of elevations, it is the most ecologically representative grassland protected area in British Columbia.

It also has a rich cultural history. Its lands have been inhabited by Secwepemc (Shuswap) people for thousands of years; ranches were established following the 1858 gold rush which

Churn Creek Protected Area, photo ©Don Evans Page 36

also brought many Chinese miners prospecting for gold. Parts of the area were logged prior to it becoming a protected area. It is very popular with hunters and horseback riders.

The roads through Churn Creek P.A. can be extremely slippery when wet; four-wheel drive is recommended. Visit the BC Parks website http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks for more information.

BC Parks led a public management planning process for Churn Creek. Some strategies identified in the Plan are: • Churn Creek Protected Area will be managed for its nationally significant grassland conservation values. The Empire Valley Ranch will continue to operate at its historic levels as a cow-calf ranch operation.

• Three large areas will be served as natural benchmarks with no cattle grazing. These act as natural laboratories, helping to explain how grassland ecosystems function.

The Friends of Churn Creek Protected Area Society was formed in 2009 to promote and help achieve the vision for this protected area as described in the management plan.

Visit their website at www.friendsofchurn.ca

Junction Sheep Range Provincial Park

Junction Sheep Range Provincial Park, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films

The Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia: Working together for the conservation of BC’s grasslands.

The Junction Sheep Range Park was designated a provincial park in 1995, most notably because of an internationally significant herd of California bighorn sheep that range there.

Along with the sheep, you’ll find a host of other species, many that are endangered or at risk. These include: sharp-tailed grouse, rubber boas, flammulated owls, and long-billed curlews. The park is also home to over 40 species of butterflies, golden and bald eagles, and great horned owls.

Junction Sheep Range Park is one of relatively few protected areas specifically established to protect BC’s grassland ecosystems. There are approximately 644,207 hectares of grasslands in British Columbia, constituting only 0.8% of BC’s total land base. Only 8.8% of BC’s grasslands (or 57,000 hectares) are managed within protected areas. Nearly

44% of grasslands are privately owned, the majority of which are held in ranches. Slightly over 10% is in federal ownership with the majority being held in First Nations Reserve, slightly over 46% is held in provincial crown land.

Grasslands and rangelands of British Columbia are under increasing pressures from human activities such as urbanization, invasive plants, inappropriate recreation and grazing practices, agricultural conversion, forest encroachment and industrial development. The result is

Kiosk at park, photo ©Don Olesiuk Page 37

The GCC is the only organization of its kind in the province and has become a well-respected voice on all grassland-related issues, including: range management and monitoring, sustainable ranching, grassland species at risk, provincial distribution of grasslands, rural development and urban sprawl, and abusive recreation.

The GCC has focused on four main program areas from 2009-2014:

Farwell Canyon, photo ©Don Olesiuk

1. Education and Outreach: This program is designed to foster grassland stewardship and long-term grassland sustainability by raising awareness of grasslands, including their importance to BC, the threats and issues around them, and by inspiring action.

concern for the long-term sustainability of 2. Sustainable Ranching Program: This these special spaces and the future of the many program emphasizes the critical link between intact working ranches and the long-term wildlife species that depend on them. health of grassland In response to these pressures, a diverse group ecosystems in BC. of grassland enthusiasts gathered at Big Bar The GCC encourages Guest Ranch near Clinton, BC in 1996. As they the use of tools discussed the threats facing grasslands in BC and strategies that healthy, and how best to mitigate them, one thing support vibrant ranching became clear: a province-wide organization able to work with stakeholders and for the operations. At the public on behalf of the grasslands habitat was same time, the GCC actively works needed. with the ranching and The Grasslands Conservation Council of British community to Columbia (GCC) was born. Established as a governments society in August 1999 and a registered charity address and mitigate in December 2001, the GCC is a strategic economic and other alliance of organizations and individuals forces that lead to Northern hawk owl, dedicated to the education and outreach, the fragmentation, © photo Kris Andrews stewardship and conservation of B.C.’s loss and degradation of grasslands. grasslands. GCC members and partners are a diverse group – government, range managers, ranchers, agrologists, grassland ecologists, First 3. Community Stewardship Program: This Nations, environmental groups, recreationists program complements the Sustainable and grassland enthusiasts - all focused on Ranching Program by working with government the future well being of British Columbia’s on developing appropriate incentives for land owners who are stewards of their grasslands at grasslands.

Page 38

Fraser Valley, photo ©Catherine Roland

a landscape level. This includes focusing on the ecological goods and services that grasslands provide and maintaining important grassland corridors and ecosystem representation throughout the province. GCC will also focus on building support for stewardship and securement of grasslands with communities and large-scale landowners, as well as encourage and facilitate the development of best management practices for recreation and other sectors.

life-sustaining ecosystems within them provide critical habitat for more than 30% of British Columbia’s threatened or endangered species.

The GCC is a province-wide organization, encompassing grasslands throughout the province, including the extensive grassland steppes and plateaus found in the Thompson, Nicola, Fraser and Chilcotin Valleys; the grasslands of the East Kootenay Trench; the South Okanagan pocket desert grasslands; the Garry Oak pocket grasslands in the Georgia Basin; the cold air drainage type grasslands in the Muskwa Kechika, Pink Mountian and areas in the North West along the Stikine and Francois lake ” and the steep south-facing slopes along the Peace River around Dawson Creek and Fort St. John.

You can contact the GCC by telephone at 250688-1508, email at info@bcgrasslands.org or visit their website at www.bcgrasslands.org

So the next time you are out exploring in the Junction Sheep Range Park, be thankful for such special places and know that there are organizations like the GCC working collaboratively and pro-actively for the conservation and wise use of all grasslands in 4. Grassland Ecology and Science Program: British Columbia.

This program focuses on ecology and science and the process of generating and extending Take action by joining the GCC and add this information to industry, government, non- your voice to the growing number of government organizations, and partners to citizens working for the conservation of BC’s address and support our vision of healthy, grasslands. Your contribution goes a long way life-sustaining grassland ecosystems in British toward the long-term sustainability of one of Canada’s most endangered ecosystems.

Columbia.

Remember ‘GRASSLANDS ARE FRAGILE’. Long-lasting damage occurs when they are driven on.

Noxious weeds cause irreversible damage to natural grasslands, always stay on the roads and report any sightings of noxious weeds to the local Parks office.

For a brochure on the Junction Sheep Range Provincial Park or on the Grasslands of the Cariboo Chilcotin drop by or contact the Grasslands are one of Canada’s most Cariboo Chilcotin Conservation Society office endangered habitats and the rare, unique, or view them online at www.ccconserv.org Page 39

Lac La Hache Provincial Park

Lac La Hache, photo ©M. Evans

Set amongst a Douglas-fir forest that shades campers from the hot summer sun, Lac La Hache Park is located on Highway 97, 12 kilometres north of the community of Lac La Hache. It has 83 campsites, a sani-station and a nature trail. The day use area is located across Highway 97 on the shore of Lac La Hache and has an adventure playground, picnic shelter, boat launch, developed beach, and change-house.

Lac La Hache, also known as Axe Lake, is one of the most popular recreation lakes in the Cariboo. There are many stories to explain how the lake was named; according to one, it gained its name when a trapper lost his only axe when chopping a hole in the frozen lake.

This area is rich in tales of fur traders, gold seekers and cattle ranchers. By the 1860’s, gold fever was running high, as miners searched for

River otters, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films Page 40

the motherlode first near Likely, and later at Barkerville. With teams of horses, mules and oxen, the fortune-seekers plodded north along the Cariboo Wagon Road skirting the eastern shores of Lac La Hache.

Year round angling for kokanee and lake trout, as well as rainbow trout and burbot during the summer months, make this an excellent fishing lake. However, the lake is also a popular place for power-boating and water-skiing. This Park accepts reservations. All campsite reservations must be made through Discover Camping at https://www.discovercamping.ca. When reservations are not available all campsites function as first-come, first-served.

Skunk, photo ©Ryan Simmonds

Moose Valley Provincial Park

Moose Valley Provincial Park, photo ŠDon Olesiuk

Moose Valley Provincial Park is located west of 100 Mile House. Access is by 30 kilometres of gravel road from Highway 97. A high clearance 4x4 vehicle is recommended because the last nine kilometres are rough. A park brochure is available on the BC Parks website which also offers access details and a map.

The park consists of 2,322 hectares of interconnected lakes and wetlands and surrounding forest. The lake depressions were formed when large chunks of buried glacial ice melted after the last ice age. The landscape provides habitat for muskrat and beaver, waterfowl, and as the name indicates, moose. The park abounds with birds: owls, hawks, grouse, woodpeckers, ducks, loons, grebes, sandhill cranes, and a wide variety of songbirds.

who first cleared and named portage routes in the mid-1970s.

Please use the portage trails, trail braiding increases the environmental damage.

Wetland floating vegetation is easily damaged by canoeists trying to walk or line canoes through it. A wetland restoration project was undertaken in 2004 by BC Parks, the Wetlands Institute and other stakeholders to repair the environmental damage caused to the floating vegetation from portage trail usage during low water level. The eastern lakes, beyond Kirkland Lake, may be inaccessible at low water. Obey signs and use the new portage routes. There is no fishing allowed in these lakes.

Moose Valley is a wilderness park with few facilities. Canoeing is the recreational focus of the park; both day and overnight trips are popular. The canoe route consists of a chain of 12 small lakes and is a leisurely two day trip.

The main canoe launch at Marks Lake provides parking as well as 3 campsites and a pit toilet.

Maitland and Kirkland Lakes are also accessible by walking trail.

The names of the lakes recognize the efforts of those who established the canoeing area; people such as Stuart Maitland, a local guide,

Moose Valley Provincial Park, photo ŠL.A. Lyons Page 41

Nazko Lake Provincial Park

Pelicans at Nazko Lake, photo ©Chris Armstrong

Nazko Lake Provincial Park is 7,918 ha in size and is situated approximately 100 kilometres northwest of Williams Lake in the Chilcotin Plateau. Access is via a well-graded logging road off Highway 20. A park brochure, access details and a map are available on the BC Parks website. The park protects several lakes, the connecting sections of the Nazko River and a large wetland area that drains into the river.

You may encounter moose, beaver, muskrat, waterfowl and shorebirds. The lakes are known as feeding areas for the spectacular and endangered American white pelican. All these creatures rely on the wetland environment.

Nazko Lake Provincial Park’s small chain of lakes is ideal for a 2 to 4 day canoe trip. This 20 kilometres route spans six lakes and has short easy portages. The chain offers dispersed camping, fishing, and excellent wildlife viewing.

The portages are clearly marked. There are four designated sites on the canoe chain as well as three rustic vehicle-access campgrounds in

the park; at Summit Lake, Loomis Lake, and Deerpelt Lake. Facilities are limited to picnic tables and outhouses - no drinking water or firewood is provided. Note: Loomis Lake is not connected to the canoe chain. For more information visit www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks

An inquisitive coyote, photo ©Helen Rimmer

the amount of water

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going into making the bottle can be up to six or seven times what's inside the bottle

BYRB Bring Your Reuseable Bottle

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Ecological Reserves

Cardiff Mountain Ecological Reserve, photo ©Kris Andrews

Ecological reserves are areas selected to: • preserve representative and special ecosystems; • protect rare and endangered plant and animal species; • preserve unique, rare or outstanding botanical, zoological or geological phenomena; • scientific research and educational use.

Volunteer Ecological Reserve Wardens assist BC Parks by visiting the reserves regularly, and reporting their findings.

Ecological Reserves are not created for outdoor recreation. However, some are open to the public for observational purposes such as bird watching and photography. Camping and the use of motorized vehicles are not permitted.

BC Parks is responsible for the management There are 10 ecological reserves in the Cariboo and protection of British Columbia’s ecological Region, covering a total of 17,307 hectares. reserves, under the Ecological Reserve Act. Please cooperate in caring for these areas.

Ecological Integrity In the Cariboo Chilcotin are the most beautiful places, the most diverse living landscapes, the most treasured ecosystems: it is vital we all share in and care for what we have. Numerous organizations such as the Cariboo Chilcotin Conservation Society share the BC Parks goals for Ecological Integrity.

Ecological integrity makes the ecological needs of the parks the primary responsibility of BC Parks and supporting organizations, while recognizing the diversity of natural, cultural and recreational values in the system. Ecological integrity is a way of managing that sees maintaining the wholeness of nature as a major priority.

• protected ecosystems are unimpaired by stresses from human activity • natural ecological processes are intact and self-sustaining • protected ecosystems evolve naturally and their capacity for self-renewal is maintained, and • the protected area’s biodiversity (variety of living things) is ensured.

BC has some of the world’s most wonderful places. These are places of great beauty, of great diversity – our natural treasures.

Together we must care for these places forever, Ecological integrity helps us to understand what ensuring that this generation passes along to we need to be aiming at throughout the protected the next a system just as beautiful, and just as area system. We will know we are successful when: diverse.

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Ecosystems Restoration in the Cariboo Chilcotin

Spring burn at Becher Prairie, where several cavity nesting trees were protected, photo ©CCERSC

Why is ecosystem restoration important?

In the fire maintained ecosystems of BC’s interior, decades of wildfire suppression and the absence of prescribed fire has contributed to trees encroaching onto historic grasslands, as well as, excessive in-growth of trees in previously open forests. Throughout the province, hundreds of thousands of hectares of open forest and grasslands have been affected by this ecological change, causing a reduction of ecosystem resiliency to climate change pressures and a loss of biodiversity.

and maintaining open forests with grassy understories that merged with native grasslands.

Covering less than one percent of BC, native grasslands are home to the highest diversity of at-risk plant and animal species.

In response to changes in ecosystems and loss of biodiversity, increasing measures are being taken throughout the world to rehabilitate or restore ecosystems. Ecosystem restoration is recognized internationally as the process of re-establishing ecological characteristics, species composition and natural processes of Since the early 1900s forest encroachment has degraded or destroyed ecosystems. been occurring in many grasslands throughout the province. Before this time period many Throughout the Cariboo Chilcotin, the benefits more “cool” fires occurred every 7-20 years, of ecosystem restoration reach far beyond killing off most of the small, thin-barked trees, ecology. Restoration provides many economic, social and cultural benefits such as: recognition of managed fire as an inherent First Nation land use technique; reduction of excessive fuel loads to lessen catastrophic wildfires; improved air quality by managing emissions through prescribed fire as opposed to emissions resulting from a wildfire potentially occurring during less favourable atmospheric conditions; improved long-term timber harvest values through spacing over-dense stands while also providing a potential bioenergy source; increased natural forage to sustain wildlife and livestock and their related industries; increased resilience of community watersheds to Portable ‘sloop’ allows the burning of debris maintain potable water supplies; and improved without damaging groundcover and scorching soil, recreational and aesthetic values. photo ©CCERSC Page 44

November, before restoration work

Grasslands restoration initial stage

Next July

above photos University of BC Alex Fraser Research Forest ©

A 2007 report found that forest encroachment on arid grasslands and open range in the CaribooChilcotin had become widespread because of intentional suppression and management of natural wildfires for public safety. As trees spread and their density increased, they reduced the abundance and diversity of understory grass species. With an eye to restoring historic grasslands, the Cariboo Chilcotin Ecosystems Restoration Steering Committee (CCERSC) has been working to identify and restore critical grasslands in the region since 2008.

What is the Cariboo Chilcotin Ecosystems Restoration Steering Committee?

Early in 2008 the CCERSC dedicated its initial efforts in the region to the Cariboo Chilcotin Grasslands Benchmark lands. These benchmark areas were identified in the Cariboo Chilcotin Land Use Plan Grasslands strategy (2001). Today, the CCERSC has widened its scope of ecosystem restoration to areas beyond the Benchmark lands to include community forests, mule-deer winter range sites and other sensitive habitats.

The CCERSC is a collaborative initiative between First Nations and various stakeholders in the region. The committee is made up of representatives of three Provincial Ministries (Forests, Range and Natural Resource Operations, Agriculture and Environment); three First Nations groups (Tsilhqot’in, Carrier Chilcotin and Northern Shuswap); the Department of National Defense; four cattlemen’s groups (Cariboo-Chilcotin, Clinton, Quesnel and South Cariboo); three non-profits (Grasslands Conservation Council of BC, Cariboo Chilcotin Conservation Society and BC Wildlife Federation), and the Fraser Basin Council, all of

whom use or promote ecosystem restoration as a land management tool.

What does the work of the Cariboo Chilcotin Ecosystems Restoration Steering Committee accomplish?

The restoration of grasslands and open forests contributes to the region’s rich biodiversity by providing habitat for a wealth of species, many of which are at risk because habitat has been lost or degraded. These plants provide forage and browse for domestic cattle, elk, deer and bighorn sheep Northern flicker nests in in the region. dead ‘wildlife’ tree, Restoration has photo ©Kris Andrews economic benefits for ranching, forestry, hunting, guide-outfitting, tourism, recreation and communities.

Through ecosystem restoration management, controlled burning in areas close to communities mitigates wildfire risks. All communities and First Nation governments are notified through the appropriate channels when burns are scheduled in their area or territory.

How is ecosystem restoration carried out in the Cariboo Chilcotin?

Ecosystem restoration in the Cariboo Chilcotin involves a combination of machine thinning and hand slashing as well as industrial logging Page 45

to remove excess trees from grassland and open forest sites. Sites are logged, machine thinned or hand slashed depending on the size, density and current commercial value of trees on site.

- Trees are sold as sawlogs, chipped for pulpwood, made into pellets, piled and burned, or left scattered on the ground as biomass.

- Tree removal is followed by prescribed burning to maintain grassland and open forest sites.

- The Wildfire Management Branch’s Fire Centre uses some prescribed burns as training activities. This “shared cost strategy” makes ecosystem restoration less costly, resulting in more sites being restored.

Cathy Koot of UBC Research forest monitors birds during restoration activities, photo ©UBC Alex Fraser Research Forest

sold as saw-logs to contribute to financing the project. Smaller stems and slash were collected by a variety of machinery and piled for grinding into hog-fuel for use in electricity production in Williams Lake. It was important to remove this material, as the vast quantities of it would have smothered the grassy groundcover and posed a significant fire hazard if left on site. If a portable burning bin or “sloop” on skids had been available at the time, another option would have been to burn the slash on site. Sloops are useful in priority areas to reduce the extent of soil scorching, caused by hot fires (see image Biodiversity of the Knife Creek site was taken into page 44). consideration during planning stages. A hectare of mature trembling aspen, valuable habitat To minimize soil disturbance, tree removal for cavity-nesting wildlife (eg many species of occurred during winter when the ground was birds) and a cold-air pooling site occupied by frozen and covered by snow. Contractors expertly spruce, add habitat elements to the site.. Widely avoided exposing any mineral soil with the aim of spaced stems of preventing establishment of invasive plants and old growth and encouraging recovery of existing native grasses. “future veteran” Reintroduction of ‘low intensity, low severity’ Douglas-fir were fire was considered in the spring. Since the retained, along combustion of moss and needles increases soil with trunks of and litter pH, and grassland soils tend to be downed trees to more alkaline than forest soils, it was decided provide habitat to do a light burn to assist with the conversion and ecosystems of the plant community. An ‘antiaggregation functions.

The pheromone’ for Doulas-fir beetle was attached to balance of the the residual Douglas-fir to prevent infestation by in-growth was bark beetles. Future efforts in this area will include cut and removed a controlled burn to kill seedling fir and encourage to a nearby native grasses to flourish. Annual monitoring landing. Stems for grass establishment, invasive plants and new Evening grosbeak, large enough to encroachment, will follow this restoration effort. photo ©Kris Andrews be milled were How is University of British Columbia Alex Fraser Research Forest participating in Ecosystem Restoration?

The Knife Creek Block of the University of British Columbia Alex Fraser Research Forest contains just over four hectares of the Grassland Benchmark that had experienced forest in-growth for many decades. In 2008 the UBC Research Forest completed a tree removal project to return it to its former open forest condition.

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American robin, photo ©Jeffrey Newman

Bird Monitoring: As a part of monitoring for changes in biodiversity after restoration activities have been undertaken in three sites in the Cariboo Chilcotin a songbird and woodpecker project was initiated in three sites in 2008. With over fifty point count stations in the three study areas, 40 species and 712 individual eligible song birds and woodpeckers were identified. The three areas included one west of Meldrum Creek Road, another at an Iron Wood Springs section west of Alexis Creek south of the confluence of the Chilcotin and Chilko Rivers and the third at Deer Creek, west of the Chilko River.

Each site had a mix of grasslands, aspen copses, and Douglas-fir forest edges. The surveys were in the breeding season, just prior to sunrise for up to five hours and all species seen and heard calling or singing, as well as nests and flyovers were recorded.

The most numerous species observed were chipping sparrow, yellow-rumped warbler, dark-eyed junco and American robin. Also in abundance were dusty flycatcher, vesper sparrow, mountain chickadee and brown headed cowbird.

Other bird species of open habitat encountered in these areas were brewers blackbird, mountain bluebird, western meadowlark, savannah sparrow, Lincoln’s sparrow, eastern kingbird, black-billed magpie, mourning dove, red tailed hawk, common nighthawk, killdeer and long-billed curlew. Forest nesting birds observed included hairy and downy

Robin’s nest amongst slash, photo ©Cathy Koot

woodpecker, red-naped sapsucker, Hammond’s flycatcher, Cassin’s finch, pine siskin, evening grosbeak, and white-winged crossbill.

Unlike the vesper sparrow that breeds only in open areas and grasslands, the robin, chipping sparrow and dark-eyed junco utilize a variety of habitats. Numerous dusky flycatchers had territories in the deciduous trees and shrubs, while the provided homes to many cavity nesters such as mountain bluebird, mountain chickadee, northern flicker, tree swallow and bufflehead (near wetlands). Aspen copses also were used by hermit thrush, least flycatcher, orange-crowned warbler, warbling vireo and western wood-pewee. Interestingly, territorial mountain bluebird and vesper and savannah sparrows were often utilizing live and dead conifer encroachment in and adjacent to the grassland for perching and singing. Being such hotspots for biodiversity, it was recommended that prescribed fire in restoration efforts be restricted from aspen copses as they could easily be lost. The timing of cutting and burning of encroachment trees in monitoring is a vital part of ecosystems restoration and contributes to adaptive management decisions.

For more information about ecosystem restoration or the CCERSC, please contact their office at 250-392-1400 or info@ccerc.net For more information about the UBC Research Forest, contact Cathy Koot, RPBio, at UBC Alex Fraser Research Forest at 250-392-2207 or cathy.koot@ubc.ca.

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Pinnacles

Provincial Park Day Use Area

Pinnacles, photo ©Chris Armstrong

Pinnacles Provincial Park features unique geological formations, walking trails, and panoramic views of Quesnel. The park is 128 hectares in size, forested by pine, spruce, fir and hardwoods. To view the pinnacle formations, walk along a pleasant trail for about a kilometre to the edge of a basaltic cliff. These pinnacles, or hoodoos, began their formation when molten lava flowed onto the earth’s surface 12 million years ago.

The lava cooled in flat basalt layers over older layers of ash and rock. The Ice Age followed,

and when the ice mass receded one of its melt-water streams was responsible for the formation of the valley below. The basalt was eroded away, revealing the more resistant ash layer. This process formed the pinnacles, and it continues to this day, as frost and rain erode the softer rocks. To reach Pinnacles Park, cross the bridge to West Quesnel, turn right onto Baker Drive and follow this road for 8 kilometres. For your safety, and to protect the hoodoos, please stay behind the fence.

Climbing is not permitted.

Male and female franklin grouse, photo ©Helen Rimmer Page 48

Puntchesakut Lake Provincial Park

Puntchesakut Lake, photo ŠBC Parks

This park is a 38 hectare day use area situated on the shore of Puntchesakut Lake, west of Quesnel. To reach the park, cross the Fraser River bridge to West Quesnel, taking the first turn right. Drive 0.5 kilometres, turn left on

Nazko Road, and travel 35 kilometres on a paved road. Puntchesakut Lake Park is an excellent place to fish, swim or have a picnic. It has a boat launch, picnic shelter and large parking lot, and is popular with local area residents.

Ruth Lake

Provincial Park - Day Use Area

Ruth Lake, photo ŠBC Parks

In 1959, Ruth Lake was designated as a Park for recreational opportunities in the South Cariboo. Since 2003, the day use area has been managed by the Forest Grove 94 Lions Club. The day use area is a grassy area with a small beach, picnic table, boat launch, bear proof garbage can and pit toilet.

A single-wide boat launch ramp provides access to Ruth Lake. There are no facilities for swimmers or lifeguards on duty at the Park.

Ruth Lake Park is located 30 kilometres northeast of 100 Mile House. Turn off Highway 97 just north of 100 Mile House, The day use area is popular with local drive towards Forest Grove. At Forest Grove residents for trout fishing and swimming. continue straight ahead to the Park.

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Ten Mile Lake Provincial Park

Beaver pond, Ten Mile Lake Provincial Park, photo ŠBC Parks

Ten Mile Lake Provincial Park is a 260 hectare park located 11 kilometres north of Quesnel on Highway 97. There are 141 campsites in two campgrounds. One campground, set in the forest, has some pull-through sites; the other is located near the lakeshore.

Ten Mile Lake was named for a milepost of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway in the early 1900’s. Following World War II, the railway engineers discovered a better grade in which to cross the Cottonwood River, and the original line was abandoned. Today there is still evidence of the abandoned railway line in the park.

The large swimming beaches and playground attract campers and locals, and the covered picnic shelter is popular for group events.

The lake offers good rainbow trout fishing in early spring and in the summer evenings, and there are 10 kilometres of trails, including a trail leading to a beaver pond. In winter these trails are transformed into cross-country ski trails.

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Mallard & ducklings, photo ŠMarianne & Don Piller

Species at Risk

in the Cariboo Chilcotin region

Mountain caribou swim Quesnel Lake, photo ©Elysia Resort

The Cariboo Chilcotin has a broad range of contrasting ecosystems: from dry grasslands and prickly pear cactus to lush green valleys; from the wet cedar rainforests in the east to the dry Douglas fir forests along the Fraser and Chilcotin rivers; from Quesnel Lake, the deepest fjord lake in the world, to mountains complete with glaciers, pristine glacial lakes, and alpine meadows. With it, we have the abundant wildlife and plant species whose endurance of time and human inhabitation are showing some significant changes. We did not plan these changes, or wish them, however, we now know we have to counteract them or suffer further species fading into extinction. Species are ranked in BC by their risk of extinction: red-listed means the species is extirpated, endangered or threatened, and blue-listed is a species of concern due to characteristics that make them sensitive to human activities and/ or natural events.

Mountain Caribou The area known today as the Cariboo Region was named after the caribou that historically were much more abundant and widely distributed than at present. In an 1861 dispatch to the Duke of Newcastle, Governor Douglas mentioned “Cariboo country, in

speaking of which I have adopted the popular term and more convenient orthography of the word, though properly it should be written “Cariboeuf” or “Reindeer”, the country having been so called from its being the favourite haunt of that species of the deerkind.” In BC the mountain caribou population occurs from just north of Prince George to the U.S. border and occupies the area commonly known as the interior wet-belt. There are less than 1,700 mountain caribou in the world and about ninety-eight percent of these animals live in BC. Mountain caribou are a red-listed species in BC which means that they are declining and at risk of extinction if current trends continue.

Mountain caribou are also listed as threatened at the national level which will require the province to address conservation concerns under federal endangered species legislation. As a result, a provincial recovery strategy has been developed and a local Recovery Action Group established to implement recovery efforts.

Mountain caribou are an ecotype of the woodland caribou, living most of the year at higher elevations in sub-alpine areas. In winter, very deep snow prevents the caribou from digging for food thus they feed almost Page 51

exclusively on arboreal or tree lichens. Those lichens only become abundant in old-growth forests.

Mountain caribou live at low densities throughout the Cariboo Mountains. If you are lucky enough to spot a caribou check to see if it is wearing a radio collar around its neck, as a portion of the population is being monitored as part of the recovery program.

American Badger Shy by nature, this nocturnal mammal was widespread until the late 1800’s.

Now there are approximately 80 badgers in our region. Related to wolverines and otters, badgers are powerful animals. They dig incredibly quickly – up to a metre deep in a minute! Red-listed, the badger’s loss of habitat has been mostly from housing development and agriculture. Since badgers are the only carnivores (meat eater) in Canada that burrows to find and eat other burrowing animals such as ground squirrels, muskrat, marmots and pocket gophers, the badger is important in keeping the number of rodents in check. In the Cariboo Chilcotin, researchers are working to save the badger and if you see a badger or a den site, you can contact 1-888-BADGER6 to help with the research or go online to www.badgers.bc.ca.

American White Pelican BC has only one nesting colony of redlisted american white pelicans, located in White Pelican Provincial Park in the Chilcotin region, 70 kilometres west of Williams Lake.

Although they have only a single nesting site, they feed on fish in over 50 feeding lakes, sometimes hundreds of kilometres from their nests. Pelicans have a wingspan which makes them highly mobile and efficient fliers and they can often be seen catching thermal air currents. Pelicans forage singly or in multi-sized cooperative groups, moving in an arc and head dipping in unison. They are also known to forage at night. Pelicans may often be spotted feeding on Williams Lake, Alkali Lake, Chimney/Felker/Brunson Page 52

Female badger near den, photo ©Richard Klafki

Lakes, Anahim Lake and Loomis Lake (in Nazko Provincial Park). In recent years we have experienced varying degrees of nesting failure.

Exact reasons are not known although human induced disturbance is possible. There is an aircraft restriction over the colony and boats are prohibited during the breeding season (March 1st to August 31st). When frightened, pelicans may abandon their nests or in a panic crush eggs and knock over nestlings as they flee. Unattended eggs or nestlings are preyed on by gulls, ravens and crows, or may die from exposure to cold, rain or hot sun! With their large white wings spanning up to 3 metres and huge orange bills (with pouch), these birds are easy to spot. It is advised to keep a

American white pelican, photo ©Chris Swan

good distance away from feeding or resting pelicans. Report sightings of pelicans to Julie Steciw, Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations 250.398.4671.

Fisher The fisher is a forest animal and lives all across northern and central North America, as far north as the Yukon border in BC. They do not occur on any of the coastal islands, including Vancouver Island. Streams and rivers support important food (prey species) to fisher. Fisher are reluctant to cross wide open spaces and prefer forests with closed overhead cover.

Fisher use dens for resting and sleeping, sometimes taking over old squirrel and raptor nests. Natal dens, where the female raises her kits, may be found in large dead tree cavities over 10 metres above ground where the young will be safe from most predators.

Fisher are the primary predator of porcupine. Using their speed, they repeatedly attack the face of the porcupine, something that no other animal does.

Fishers are abundant in eastern provinces and states, but were upgraded in BC from the blue to the redlist in 2003. After further research, Fisher in 2005 were once again placed on the blue-list. Fisher depend on old growth forests, with large old trees and younger trees in the under story, lots of downed logs, snags and a closed canopy. When habitat disappear, so Great blue heron, do fisher. By limiting photo ©Kris Andrews the size of clearcuts, by cutting blocks in irregular shapes to increase the amount of edge, by not cutting trees in drainage bottoms and along ridgelines, fisher can survive better.

For den sites, fisher will benefit if old, mature stands and snags are preserved. They may not

A fisher from the Cariboo released in the Olympic Penninsula, photo ©PaulBannick.com

colonize if natal dens are not available. In the Cariboo Chilcotin Region, in 1996-1998, a three year translocation program moved fisher from their homes in the Cariboo Chilcotin to the East Kootenay where they were extirpated. Again in 2007-2010 fisher from our region replenished the Olympic Pennisula in Washingon, U.S.A. with fisher. Fishers are very plentiful in some areas of our region, allowing us to translocate and still maintain a healthy fisher population.

Great Blue Heron The heron with its large grey-blue body, white head with plumes, and black stripe above each eye, fly with its neck bent back. It is very sensitive to human disturbances, especially during nesting March through August. Herons prefer to nest in high trees, well away from predators, and build these huge nests with sticks. They nest in colonies called ‘heronry’.

They may often be seen perched on trees or objects above a marsh, or wading in the shallow waters in search of a meal of small fish, frogs, salamanders, snakes and large insects. Sensitive to human activity, heron may abandon their nests if disturbed. Their eggs and nest trees are protected by the BC Wildlife Act. Painted Turtles The blue-listed painted turtle resides within lakes, ponds and marshes. Painted turtles feed on aquatic plants and the abundant invertebrate life where freshwater shrimp and snails are plentiful. Turtles possess no teeth and rely on a sharp beak for chewing. They Page 53

Long-billed Curlew The flat, open, dry grasslands of the region are the breeding and nesting site for BC’s largest shore bird - the blue-listed long-billed curlew. With wingspans of up to a metre and bills on the female reaching as long as 19 centimetres, these birds require large areas of undisturbed grasslands. Curlew pairs will defend a territory of 15-24 hectares in size and dive-bomb intruders. Feeding on grasshoppers, toads, nestling birds and berries, the longbilled curlew migrate back to the beaches of California and Jamaica once their young are strong enough to begin the flight.

Painted turtle shedding cuticles, photo ©Kris Andrews

can stay submerged for long periods without breathing and in our region survive six months of hibernation in the mud at the bottom of lakes, ponds and marshes. Painted turtles dig their nests in June/July, in dry sandy soil where the eggs are deposited and remain in the ground until the hatchlings emerge the following June/July. Alteration or destruction of the painted turtles’ habitat is the main threat.

Watch for them on roadways at dawn and dusk where they are vulnerable to being run over.

In Williams Lake the painted turtle may be seen basking on logs at the Scout Island marsh.

Wolverine The wolverine, largest terrestrial member of the weasel family, lives mostly on scavenged dead animals but are also known to prey on caribou and small mammals such as marmots, beaver and snowshoe hares. Their large feet are ideal for walking in snow, enabling them to travel long distances over high mountain passes in winter. Males on average have home ranges of 1200 square kilometres and females 300 square kilometres. Human interaction has been determined as the greatest current threat to wolverine, who tend to thrive in areas of undeveloped mountainous landcapes.

Overharvesting, summer logging activities, and human encroachment into their habitat, particularly recreational use such as heli-skiing and backcountry skiing, cause wolverine to avoid habitat. For more on wolverine visit http://www.wolverinefoundation.org/

White Sturgeon In contrast to the small streams, where trout and salmon fry spend their first year of life, the deep waters of the Fraser River are home to the great white sturgeon. The largest freshwater fish in Canada, the white sturgeon reaches up to six metres in length, and 700 kilograms in weight. Living to over 100 years in age, it is believed these primitive fish appeared approximately 175 million years ago. With a diet of live fish and fish carcasses, the sturgeon’s survival is linked with that of other species, including salmon. In our area the sturgeon’s primary diet is sockeye salmon. White Sturgeon only reside in two watersheds in Canada, the Columbia and the Fraser. Due to habitat loss, over-fishing in the past and pollution, the white sturgeon is red-listed in BC and also listed under the federal Species at Risk Act as in 2006 as an Young white sturgeon, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films endangered species.

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California Bighorn Sheep Roaming the terraces and ravines of the grasslands of our region are the historic California bighorn sheep herds from which all other herds in North America were re-stocked! Sure footed, these bighorn sheep graze the dry grasslands and steep slopes along the Fraser and Chilcotin rivers. These sheep probably migrated north along the North American west coast when the glacial ice receded, inhabiting this area for over 10,000 years!

Predators of the bighorn sheep are cougar, coyotes and bald eagles (particularly preying on the lambs). Spring is lambing time and bighorn ewes (female sheep) travel in groups separate from the rams. In the fall the bighorn rams join the ewes and fight for dominance of the herd – often banging heads up to 40 times a day at combined speeds of 80 or more kilometres per hour!

Now blue-listed, the California bighorn sheep’s continued survival depends on our success at preserving the grasses that sustain them.

California bighorn sheep, photo ©Don Olesiuk

now seen on less than 10% of their original grassland range. In flight the sharp-tailed grouse’s pointed tail is accented by the white markings on either side of the tip. In spring the coos and stomps of the male sharp-tail announce a lek (breeding ground) where, if observed in their dance, these grouse display bright purple air sacs and yellow eyecombs to attract a mate. In 2002, the Provincial government along with the Upland Birds Grizzly Bear Society and other organizations initiated a A solitary bear that lives in sub alpine mountain five-year project to attempt to recover sharpforests and alpine tundra, the grizzly is blue- tailed grouse populations in grassland habitats. listed. The main portion of their diet consists of roots, sedges, horsetails, grasses and berries! Bats Insects, carrion (dead animals), fish and small Of the 15 species of bats found in our region mammals (eg marmot) make up the lesser several are ‘at risk’. The red-listed Pallid bat, portion of their diet. Cubs (usually 2 per a large big-eared bat mom), remain with the mother for two years. with pale fur, hunts Once well distributed across Eurasia, North for grasshoppers America and North Africa, the grizzly bear and crickets on open has been extirpated from most of its range. fields. The smallest Now, there are only populations of grizzlies bat in BC, the in north west North America and Russia! western small-footed Any human based activities should be done in myotis, weighing in such a way as to avoid displacing bears from their at less than a nickel, habitat to ensure this bear’s continued survival. also resides here and is blue-listed, along Sharp-tailed Grouse with the townsend Long-billed curlew, Another bird of the grasslands is the Columbian big-eared bat and photo ©Kris Andrews sharp-tailed grouse. Blue-listed, these birds are fringed myotis. The Page 55

Two sub-adult grizzly bears, photo ©Ryan Simmonds

Cariboo is home to the largest bat in Canada, the spotted bat, which is blue-listed. With ears approximately 4 centimetres in length, and a wingspan of around 35 centimetres, the black body of the spotted bat is marked by three large white spots. Unlike most bats, the spotted bat’s call may be heard by humans. The Spotted bat hunts moths and other insects flying over tree tops. Other species of bats hunt insects

Sharp-tailed grouse, photo ©Ernest Leupin Page 56

from dusk until dawn over lakes, grasslands, and some (including the townsend bigeared bat) even glean insects, including the mountain pine beetle, right off the branches of conifers! All bats play an important role in our ecosystem and need to be appreciated.

Great Basin Gopher Snake (subspecies Pituophis c.Deserticola) This subspecies of gopher snake occurs in a limited area Townsend big-eared bat, within the region, and photo ©Anna Roberts are at their northern limit in our region. Degradation or loss of habitat through urbanization and cultivation are two major factors causing their decline.

Blue-listed in BC, these snakes are vulnerable to destruction of den sites and fragmentation of grassland habitat. Once emerged from their winter hibernacula (den), these snakes feed on mammals. Eggs are laid in rodent burrows or talus slopes in early July and in early

fall the hatchlings emerge from the nest sites. By accidentally running over them on roadways or purposefully killing the snakes due to their large size or simply due to a dislike for snakes, humans are also a threat to these snakes. The Gopher snake plays an important role in controlling crop pests and are known to remove large proportions of the small mammals (rodents) in an area where they reside.

Great Basin Spadefoot The great basin spadefoot is a small rotund, brownish grey amphibian with dark spots, often with orange centres, and is provincially blue-listed. A distinguishing feature of this amphibian is the dark sharpedged ridge on the inner side of each hind foot that is used for burrowing. The spadefoot lives in the Fraser watershed in mid elevation shrub-steppe and open forest, laying its eggs in wetlands in the spring. Once the young evolve Gopher snake, from tadpoles Š photo Karl Larsen to juveniles they move to the land burrowing underground in sandy soils where they live off invertebrates throughout the winter. Since 2001 they have been COSEWIC-listed (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada) as threatened due to habitat loss contributed to by housing development, roads, and crop production.

They have also been negatively effected by

Great basin spadefoot, photo ŠKarl Larsen

non-native fish and bullfrogs (an invasive species), as well as reduced reproduction due to pesticide pollution. Along with this, disease and climate change effects are being researched as emerging issues. Spadefoots are found in the Meadow and Alberta Lakes area in the south Cariboo.

Good News for the Sandhill Cranes Status DOWNLISTED! Previously blue-listed, the Sandhill Cranes have been downlisted to the yellow list!

Sandhill cranes, a very secretive bird, nest in open areas in the fens, bogs and marshes but unlike the heron they never perch on trees.

Their nests are made of grasses, rushes, and moss, and either are anchored in shallow water or lay directly on the ground. Their long legs and non-webbed feet are built for walking on the ground and in water. The bare red skin over the forehead, upper face and white cheeks, stands out against the sandhill cranes grey neck, body and wings. Cranes have a courtship ritual that has evolved over thousands of

Clean your gear before

entering & leaving recreational areas Help stop the spread of invasive species.

Learn more at bcinvasives.ca Page 57

Sandhill cranes, photo ©Ryan Simmonds

years and includes a ‘rattle like’ call. The red markings on its head and straight neck in flight distinguishes it from the heron. Threats to their nesting habitat and small populations caused

these cranes to be at risk initially. Continued management for these birds is essential to keep them from returning to their previous ‘at risk’ status.

Water Wise

Water conversation awareness for travel

Summer in the cool, clear waters of Horsefly Lake, photo ©Don Evans

By necessity campers tend to manage with less water than they are used to. It is a great way to discover how little water we actually need, compared to what we tend to use and waste daily back at home. It is important to remember that everything put on the land will eventually reach water and in turn is carried further down the watershed.

Here are some tips to help minimize your water ‘footprint’ while traveling: • Purchase biodegradable soaps, shampoo and toothpaste Page 58

• Plan ahead to avoid toxic spills such as oil leaks or harmful cleaning products • Avoid driving through lakes and streams, as you will stir up sediment that damages fish and other aquatic organisms downstream • Use only what you need, as often the supply of safe drinking water is limited.

Remember, Water is Life: Use Responsibly. For more on Water Wise in the Cariboo Chilcotin visit our Water Wise pages at www.ccconserv. org or email waterwise@ccconserv.org

Tweedsmuir Provincial Park

Tweedsmuir Provincial Park, Coastal Mountains, photo ©Chris Armstrong

Tweedsmuir Park was designated a park back in 1938. At 981,000 hectares, it is the largest provincial park in British Columbia. The park was named for the 15th Governor General of Canada, Baron Tweedsmuir, (also known as John Buchan, author of The Thirty-nine Steps), who travelled extensively in the park in 1936.

His comment: “I have now travelled over most of Canada and have seen many wonderful things, but I have seen nothing more beautiful and more wonderful than the great park which British Columbia has done me the honour to call by my name.”

hiking. The park is located on Highway 20, approximately 400 kilometres west of Williams Lake, between Anahim Lake and Bella Coola. It can also be reached by way of the Port Hardy ferry from Vancouver Island to Bella Coola.

Brochures describing the different aspects of the park are available on the BC Parks website.

Two campgrounds are situated along Highway 20 in the Bella Coola Valley. Atnarko campground, located at the bottom of “the Hill”, has 28 sites and a small day use area situated in a grove of old growth Douglas Fir. Located near Stuie, Fisheries Pool Campground is popular with anglers. There are 14 high density sites, a small day use area and covered picnic shelter. Short hiking trails, car-top boat launches and picnic areas are located along the highway corridor.

Due to the park’s size and geographical differences, it has been separated into two sections for management. North Tweedsmuir is managed by BC Parks’ Skeena Region out of Smithers, whereas South Tweedsmuir is managed by the Cariboo Region.

Fishing for rainbow and cutthroat trout and Dolly Varden is popular in the park’s numerous Tweedsmuir (South) Park has something for lakes and streams. If you’re after salmon, everyone, offering excellent fishing, vehicle- head to the Atnarko or Bella Coola Rivers, access campgrounds, horseback riding, which provide world class fishing for chinook, backcountry camping, wilderness canoeing and coho, pink, and chum (both these rivers were Page 59

Feeding grizzly sow and cubs, photo ŠChris Armstrong

designated BC Heritage Rivers in 1997). If fly fishing is your style, try the Dean River. Licensed guides in the Nimpo Lake area can fly anglers into any number of remote lakes. Different restrictions apply in the various lakes and rivers. Please consult the BC Freshwater Fishing Regulations.

The Rainbow Range north of Highway 20 offers a network of excellent backpacking and horsepacking trails and wilderness campsites. There are incredible views of the surrounding Coast Range mountains from the open, sub-alpine meadows. This range of extinct volcanoes is home to grizzly bear, black bear, mountain goat, caribou, wolf, moose, and mule deer.

For a 3 to 4 day trip through spectacular mountain scenery, try the Turner Lake Canoe Chain. Access it by hiking up the 16 kilometre Hunlen Falls Trail to Turner Lake, or by chartering a floatplane from Nimpo Lake. Canoe rentals and a campsite are available at Turner Lake.

From this lake a short trail leads to a view of Hunlen Falls, the third highest in British Columbia, which plunge 260 metres into the Atnarko River. Also starting from Turner Lake you can enjoy alpine rambles up to Ptarmigan Lake and the Panorama Lake loop.

Ptarmigan Lake, photo ŠRosemary Neads Page 60

Due to the large population of grizzly bears in the park, visitors should use caution while camping, hiking and fishing, particularly during the salmon spawning season. Information on bears and how to avoid encounters is available on the BC Parks website www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks

Ts’il?os

Provincial Park

Tchaikazan Valley, photo ©BC Parks

Ts’il?os Provincial Park encompasses 233,240 hectares in the central Chilcotin. It is bounded by the rugged peaks of the Coast Mountains to the west and the dry Interior Plateau to the east. The park was established in 1994 to protect the area’s rare and endangered wildlife and outstanding wilderness recreation opportunities. The park is managed through a cooperative relationship between BC Parks, the Tsilhqot’inPeople of Xeni (http://www.xeni. ca/). Traditional uses permitted in the park include hunting, trapping, and cattle grazing.

Ts’il?os Provincial Park (pronounced sigh-loss) is part of the traditional territory of the Xeni Gwet’in and offers visitors an opportunity to appreciate their cultural history. Ts’il?os, the namesake of the park, is the imposing summit also known as Mt. Tatlow. It is spiritually significant to the Xeni Gwet’in. To them, Ts’il?os is a place of respect. Ts’il?os keeps watch over the Xeni and their territory.

Nu Chugh Beniz campground, reached via Hanceville, with 16 defined sites, and Gwa Da Ts’ih campground (via Tatla Lake) with 8 rustic sites. Facilities at both campgrounds include water pumps, tables, fire rings, pit toilets, and limited firewood. NOTE: Due to bear hazards, Gwa Da Ts’ih campground may be closed during salmon spawning season (mid-August to mid-October).

Roads to the park are rough, washboard gravel roads: be prepared to spend 4 to 6 hours from Williams Lake on either route. High clearance 4x4 vehicles are recommended. Additional park information and a map is available on the BC Parks web site www.env.gov.bc.ca/ bcparks .

Chilko Lake dominates the park. It is the largest, natural, high-elevation, freshwater lake in Canada, and it is stunningly beautiful, with blue-green hues and dramatic mountain backdrops. Motor boating and sea kayaking There are two developed campgrounds are both popular. CAUTION: Chilko Lake should located in the northern half of the park: only be navigated by experienced boaters.

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Chilko Lake, photo ©Don Evans

Canoeing is not recommended. Due to its protects ecologically sensitive populations such length, unpredictable winds, and mountainous as California bighorn sheep, peregrine falcon, shores, dangerous waves often form on the grizzly bear, fisher, and wolverine. lake.

Tsilhqot’in Nation Aboriginal Title Chilko Lake supports rainbow trout, bull trout, On June 26, 2014, the Supreme Court of and productive spawning areas for chinook Canada (SCC) granted the Tsilhqot’in Nation and sockeye salmon. BC Parks is taking a a declaration of aboriginal title. Aboriginal conservative approach to managing fish stocks title includes the right to exclusive use and in the park. Respect gear restrictions and occupation of the land, as well as the ability lowered catch limits on bull trout. Anglers are to determine the uses to which the land will encouraged to carefully release fish whenever be put. possible.

At the time this booklet was printed, the The backcountry of Ts’il?os Park is recommended Province was analyzing the SCC’s decision, and for experienced travellers equipped for route- was in dialogue with the Tsilhqot’in Nation finding, first aid, and survival situations. Hiking about access to Tsilhqot’in title land. routes are not maintained and there are no facilities.

Until further notice, persons interested in access to the Title area for camping and associated The park provides habitat for species such recreational activities are encouraged to as black bear, mule deer, moose, mountain contact the Tsilhqot’in National Government goat, cougar, and bald eagle. The park also at 250-392-3918.

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Wetlands

of the Cariboo Chilcotin

Kibbee Lake, Bowron Lake Chain, photo ©Chris Swan

Thousands of ponds, marshes, bogs, fens and meadows dampened by flood waters and precipitation dot our region. They appear within the grasslands, forests and alpine meadows of the Cariboo Chilcotin. Crucial for water storage, and providing valuable nutrient exchange and habitat for wildlife and fish, the wetlands play a vital role in the ecological balance. Smoothed and flattened by the glacier’s massive weight, the plateaus and valley pockets of the Cariboo

Garter snake, photo ©Don Olesiuk

Chilcotin became dotted with many lakes and wetlands as the Cordilleran Ice sheet receded.

Ponds and marshes appeared as the lowland began to drain off the excess melting waters.

Pied-billed grebe & chick, photo ©Kris Andrews

Moistened by mineral-enriched ground water, the deep peat soils of fens that dominate our wetlands are ideal for sedge, moss and willows. Bogs receive their water only from rain and snow, so their acidic, nutrient-poor Page 63

Female red-winged blackbird, photo ©Don Olesiuk

soils suit the black spruce, Labrador tea and types of birds and amphibians. Freshwater sphagnum moss that grow there. Wet meadows shrimp and snails are plentiful. Amphibians salamanders, frogs, toads, reptiles, snakes and the blue-listed painted turtle abound in ponds, marshes and other wetlands.

Beaver, the largest rodent in North America, dam creeks creating ponds and marshes - sites for nesting flocks of migrating water birds.

Once abandoned, beaver dams deteriorate and the marshes drain allowing new vegetation to flourish. Another rodent of the wetlands, the muskrat, feeds on the plentiful supply of cattails around marshes. The homes of the beaver and

Male barrow’s goldeneye, photo ©Kris Andrews

contribute to nearby streams and marshes that rise and fall with snow melt and rainstorms.

These meadows, effective for storing water and cycling minerals, provide for lush plant life that soaks up excess water which would otherwise cause erosion.

An abundance of invertebrate life is found in wet meadows and marshes and feeds numerous Page 64

Beaver, photo ©Jennifer Stone

muskrat are especially visible when the ponds freeze. The moose, largest of the deer family, frequents marshes where they may consume up to 14 kilograms (30 pounds) of willows per day. Travelling over the soft ground is made easy for moose by their long legs and cloven hooves.

Their hair is hollow, allowing for more efficiency when swimming and drying out after. As well, the black bear, considered 75% vegetarian, feeds on the herbs and lush greens of wetlands.

The importance of wetlands with their systems of water purification, soil enrichment and plant and wildlife habitat, is significant to maintaining a healthy balance in all the ecosystems of the Cariboo Chilcotin.

Water logged bog fungi, photo ©Chris Czajkowski

Long-toed salamander, photo ©Chris Czajkowski Painted turtle, photo ©Kris Andrews

Young duckling takes first swim, photo ©Don Piller

Western toad, photo ©Steve Monk Page 65

Ducks Unlimited Wetlands They’re for the birds!

Chilanko Marsh, photo ©Ducks Unlimited Canada

The Cariboo Chilcotin landscape offers a diverse range of opportunities for recreational enthusiasts to observe its natural wonders.

Some of the most awe-inspiring are marshes and other wetlands which, in addition to their recreational appeal, play an important role in preserving wildlife habitat, preventing soil erosion, improving water quality and also have

Columbia spotted frog, photo ©Ducks Unlimited Canada Page 66

the potential to remove and store greenhouse gases from the Earth’s atmosphere.

As Canada’s leading conservation organization, Ducks Unlimited Canada (DUC) has worked to restore and manage wetland habitats in the Cariboo Chilcotin for over 40 years. DUC currently has 102 conservation projects and a total of 320 wetlands in the region. While impossible to showcase them all, we shine a spotlight on two wetlands that are well worth visiting, whether you’re a long-time resident or new to the area!

100 Mile Marsh Nestled right in the heart of downtown 100 Mile House lies beautiful 100 Mile Marsh. Situated on property owned by The Nature Trust of BC, and home to a myriad of wildlife species, this marsh truly is the town’s crown jewel. On your next road trip, stop for some fresh air and stretch your legs on the short walking trail that encircles the marsh. Or bring your binoculars and a bird book and try your hand at bird-watching. Bird species commonly observed include 17 species of ducks, as well as geese, swans, grebes, coots, rails, blackbirds, marsh wrens and herons.

In 2007, a storm water settling pond was

Tundra swan and pair of redhead ducks, photo ©Ducks Unlimited

constructed on the east side to improve the quality of water entering the marsh from the surrounding urban area. On the west side, near the footbridge that crosses the outlet stream, visitors can see the water control that maintains the marsh. This water control – a concrete weir with stop logs which allow adjustment of the water level – was rebuilt in 2004.

Access to the marsh is very easy as it is located right on Highway 97 – just turn off the highway and park at the giant crosscountry skis!

Chilanko Marsh Out in the Chilcotin region to the west of Williams Lake is the amazing Chilanko Marsh.

Over 265 hectares (654 acres) in size (the equivalent of 503 football fields), the marsh features three separate wetland basins, including a small salt marsh. The diverse surrounding habitats include scenic Chilcotin grasslands, tall willows, aspen stands and dry conifer forests. As a conservation project in partnership with the BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, and The Nature Trust of BC, the marsh and surrounding area provide habitat for waterfowl, moose, furbearers, sharp-tailed grouse and other wildlife species. Mule deer and coyotes can also be regularly seen, and since 1984, members of the Williams Lake Field Naturalists have recorded an incredible 139 bird species!

This marsh also offers something for the history buff. Situated at the western end is a historic home site that served as ranch headquarters from the late 1800s or early 1900s to the Nygaards of Bella Coola.

Access the marsh via the graveled Puntzi Airport Road. From Highway 20, turn north at Chilanko Forks, then west onto Puntzi Airport Road. From here, two separate trails head south to the marsh; these are suitable for two-wheel drive vehicles in dry weather only.

Alternately, visitors with cars can park on the Puntzi Airport Road and walk in to the marsh or view it from the road. There are few signs marking the area so it’s advisable to have a good map or air photo in hand, or ask for directions beforehand.

With wetlands like Chilanko Marsh and 100 Mile Marsh in need of funding to pay for repair of the water control structures and on-going maintenance, your support of DUC is more important than ever. As a registered charitable organization, DUC depends on contributions from donors and volunteers to help achieve our conservation vision for the benefit of waterfowl, wildlife and people.

There are many more beautiful wetlands in the Cariboo-Chilcotin to visit. For more information call the Williams Lake office of Ducks Unlimited Canada at 250-398-7028. www.ducks.ca/places/british-columbia/ Facebook: ducbc Twitter: @DUCinBC Page 67

Williams Lake River Valley Trail Extending from Williams Lake to the mighty Fraser River, the River Valley Trail Recreation Site, managed by RSTBC in cooperation with the City of Williams Lake, meanders with the creek for 12 kilometres, through forest and grassland beneath the magnificent cliffs and vistas of the valley walls.

Visitors can hike, cycle, or horseback ride this dynamic trail, either in part or along its entire length. Benches and toilets are located at various points along the trail and interpretive signs provide visitors with information on the natural and cultural history of the River Valley. The area is traditional territory of the Williams Lake Indian Band, and the mouth of the creek at the Fraser River is federal First Nations Reserve land.

The Ashtray, River Valley Trail, photo © Brian Carruthers

Access to the trail can be gained at the main trailhead located on Mackenzie Avenue across from Comer Street.

The lower part of the trail after the last parking lot begins at an interesting marsh fed by freshwater springs. This is a great bird watching site. The marsh was recently fenced (by the Williams Lake Field Naturalists) to allow for the riparian edge to grow offering more extensive habitat to wildlife.

You can read about the great natural history on the Williams Lake River Trail in “Stepping Into Nature, a Guide to the Williams Lake River Valley” (Steen and Roberts), available at the Scout Island Nature Centre 250-398-8532.

Bikes on the River Valley Trail, photo ©Verena Berger Page 68

Conservation in the Cariboo Chilcotin: Keeping the Region’s Landscapes and Communities free of Invasive Species

Spotted knapweed, photo ©Rob Routledge

The Cariboo Chilcotin region is one of the most beautiful and diverse regions in the province, consisting of remote coastal inlets, the dry grassland expanse of the Chilcotin Plateau, volcanic mountains, and the interior rainforest of the Cariboo Mountains. This remarkable landscape provides homes for a huge variety of plants and animals: wildlife viewing is spectacular, including moose, woodland caribou, ospreys, spawning salmon, the Spirit bear, whales and mountain goats. The region’s

plant life ranges from towering Douglas fir forests to delicate and endangered grassland plants. Invasive species can threaten all of these invaluable elements.

Why Care?

Invasive species, next to habitat loss, are the second greatest threat to BC’s biodiversity.

Invasive species are harmful non-native species that threaten the environment, the economy, and society, including human health. Healthy landscapes and communities are critical to not only native flora and fauna, but also to all British Columbians.

How Can You Help?

People often unknowingly spread invasive species. With a few simple actions, you can help stop their introduction and spread:

Flowering rush, photo ©L Mehrhoff

• Clean Drain Dry - all watercrafts, including boats and kayaks, and recreational gear to ensure they do not hold “unwanted hitchhikers”.

• Don’t Let It Loose! - Don’t let your unwanted pets, including goldfish or turtles, loose into the wild. It’s unkind to your pet and illegal in British Columbia.

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Orange hawkweed, photo ©M. Hafke

Orange hawkweed, photo ©L. Scott

•

PlantWise - Plant only non-invasive plants in your garden and promote healthy, noninvasive gardens with your friends and family. Never compost invasive plants and never dispose of them in the wild.

• Play Clean Go - Clean all boots, bikes, gear, horses and ATV’s before leaving a recreational area. Many invasive species are talented ‘hitchhikers’ and have the ability to grab onto passersby’s - don’t give them an easy ride to a new area!

• Buy It Where You Burn It - Whether you use firewood to heat your home or light a campfire, it is important to buy it locally and burn it on site. Avoid moving firewood long distances to prevent the spread of invasive insects and diseases that harm BC’s forests.

Invasive Plants: Many invasive plants have been introduced in BC as ornamental species, seed mixes, transported goods, and by recreationalists.

Invasive plants easily establish themselves Page 70

and spread quickly by substantial seed production and extensive root growth.

Invasive plants harm the environment and can disrupt valuable social aspects of the Cariboo Chilcotin including traditional uses of native plants, recreation and health. They also cost the economy billions of dollars a year through associated loss of production and cost of control in the agricultural, forestry and fisheries sectors. Below are some invasive plants found in the region: Hoary Alyssum (Berteroa incana) thrives in disturbed dry sandy and gravelly areas. It has small white flowers supported on slender stalks growing in maximum height to 0.7 meters. Hoary alyssum is covered in small star-shaped hairs that give it a rough texture similar to sandpaper.

It is a concern to recreationalists and ranchers in the Cariboo Chilcotin as it is toxic to horses and can cause Hoary alyssum, fever, edema and photo ©B. Stewart laminitis.

Spotted and Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinii and diffusa) are capable of producing thousands of seeds per plant that can survive in the soil for over twenty years.

Spotted knapweed is multi-stemmed with purple flowers with black tipped bracts; while diffuse knapweed is typically single stemmed with white flowers with sharp-ridged spines on the bracts. Both species can out compete desirable forage for livestock and wildlife by releasing inhibiting growth chemicals into the soil.

Common Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is an attractive plant with fern-like vegetation topped by clusters of yellow button-like flowers. Each plant reproduces by dense mats of roots and thousands of seeds that can last up to 25 years in the environment. Common tansy can thrive in a variety of environments and is toxic to livestock and humans if consumed in large quantities.

Common Burdock (Arctium minus) was introduced for its medicinal properties and use in making paper and coffee. Burdock can grow up to 2 meters tall, with coarse stems and large heart-shaped leaves resembling rhubarb. Individual plants produce up to 16,000 seeds that spread easily Common tansy, by spiny-hooked © photo B. Stewart

Common burdock, photo ©Mary Ellen Harte

Common burdock, photo ©John M. Randall

burs that adhere and tangle in the fur of wildlife and livestock. The burs are so successful at attaching they were the inspiration for Velcro!

Orange Hawkweed (Hieracium auantiacum) is a hardy perennial with striking orange dandelion-like flowers. It is an attractive invasive species that was introduced as an ornamental but spreads rapidly in a variety of environments through runners, roots, seeds

Choose non-invasive plants for your garden Help stop the spread of invasive species.

Learn more at bcinvasives.ca Page 71

sight along highways and backroads in the Cariboo and can be mistaken for wildflowers.

Don’t contribute to their spread by planting them in your own garden or transporting seeds or plant fragments to a new area.

Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) was introduced for its abilities to attract butterflies with its clover-like flowers. It exhibits long slender stems with elongated feather-like leaves concentrated near the base of the plant. Field scabious thrives in established grasslands, is difficult to eradicate, and poses a threat to agriculturalists of the Cariboo Chilcotin.

Field scabious, photo ©NWIPC

and root buds to form dense mats that prevent other plants from growing. They are a common

Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) is often grown as an ornamental plant for its attractive pink to white, orchid-like flowers.

It grows rapidly and can reach over 2 metres in height crowding out local vegetation along riparian areas and causing erosion. Also known as Policeman’s Helmet, Himalayan balsam spreads easily by producing unique seed heads that explode when they mature to send seeds hurtling over 3 metres away.

Knotweeds (Polygonum spp.) form dense stands of bamboo-like stems that grow up to 2 to 6 meters in height and thrive along riparian areas. There are 4 knotweed species present in BC: Japanese knotweed, Bohemian knotweed, giant knotweed, and Himalayan knotweed.

Each species has hollow reddish stems, broad leaves and creeping roots that can produce new plants; making them difficult to distinguish in

Himalayan balsam, photo ©J. Leekie Page 72

Himalayan balsam, photo ©R. Mueller

Mountain bluet, photo ©J. Leekie

Knotweeds, photo ©Robert Vidéki

the field. The large leaves outcompete other plants and the dense root systems cause soil erosion, reduce access to recreational water bodies, and cause extensive damage to property and infrastructural foundations.

Mountain Bluet (Centaurea montana) has vivid blueish purple flowers and its foliage is covered in wooly gray hairs. It is an attractive plant that is unfortunately planted in flowering beds and gardens in the Cariboo Chilcotin. Mountain bluet is a close relative of knapweed, and uses its aggressive root growth and seed production to rapidly disperse from a garden to be found thriving in fields, forests, and roadsides.

Leafy spurge, photo ©MAL

Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) has clusters of petite, electric green flowers supported by heart-shaped leaves. It establishes itself through an extensive creeping root system that can grow up to 9 metres horizontally, with each root containing hundreds of buds that are

capable of growing a new plant. When broken, the stems exude a milky latex residue which can cause skin irritation, swelling and blisters on humans and livestock.

Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus) is an aquatic plant first introduced as an ornamental that escaped waterbeds to become an aquatic invasive species in the region. Flowering rush has an umbrella shaped array of pinkish white flowers and resembles a large sedge. It reproduces by rhizome fragments and buds which can easily be dispersed by attaching to watercraft and aquatic equipment.

Flowering rush, photo ©B. Legler Page 73

Invasive Fish: Did you know that moving aquatic invasive species, intentionally or unintentionally, is illegal in BC? Moving fish for sport fishing purposes, dumping live bait or releasing your unwanted aquarium pets into BC waterbodies can be devastating to BC aquatic ecosystems. Introducing invasive fish species to our beloved lakes, ponds and streams can result in the introduction of new diseases and increased predation and competition for habitat and food with native fish species. Below are some invasive fish species found in the region: Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu) were illegally introduced in the Beaver Lake Chains in 2003 and have since moved downstream in Beaver Creek to the confluence with the Quesnel River. These popular sportfish are aggressive, predatory and often outcompete natural and stocked species such as rainbow trout and salmon. Prey species can be as large as 50% of a bass’s body weight and include fish eggs, insects, small amphibians and reptiles, small aquatic birds, minnows and other juvenile fish.

Smallmouth bass, photo ŠE. Engbretson Page 74

Goldfish, photo ŠU.S. Geological Survey

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) compete for food with native fish or directly prey upon them, and can change spawning or protective habitats by stirring up dirt in the water and depleting vegetation. Their bodies can reach 20 centimetres in length and have a large coating of scales that are absent from the head. They range in colour from gold to olivegreen to white and can invade freshwater ecosystems if they are released. Goldfish are now an established population in Dragon Lake near Quesnel; a popular lake for recreational fishing and a primary producer of rainbow trout for the provincial stocking program.

Alert Species: It is important to consider other invasive species including mammals, reptiles, amphibians and insects that pose a huge risk to the Cariboo Chilcotin. Below are a few examples of alert species for the region: Balsam Woody Adelgid (Adelges piceae) is an aphid-like insects that resemble a white hairy 1 millimetre long mass. They are of huge concern to the Cariboo Chilcotin region as they kill true firs (Abies species) by injecting their toxic saliva into the host as they feed.

The saliva causes premature needle death and swelling and deformation of new tree growth. There are strict guidelines limiting fir transportation for lumber, burning and even Christmas tree use to prevent the balsam

woody adelgid from being introduced to the interior of BC.

Report Invasives Phone APP: www.gov.bc.ca/invasive-species Online: www.gov.bc.ca/invasive-species Cariboo Regional District: 1-800-665-1636 Invasive Species Council of BC: 1-888-933-3722 B.C’s Conservation Officer Services: 1-877-952-7277 for invasive wildlife, including quagga and zebra mussels.

For more information on invasive species in the Cariboo Chilcotin region, visit:

Balsam woody adlegid, photo ©U.S.D.A. Forest Service

Feral Pigs (Sus scrofa) are invasive animals that are the result of domesticated pigs or boars that have escaped farms and established themselves in the wild. They can grow to over 200 kilograms and have litters of six piglets or more two to three times a year. Pigs are omnivores and can cause extensive damage to crops, fields, wetlands, to ground nesting birds and can also be a source of disease.

They can also be extremely aggressive. In an attempt to control populations before they become established, the BC government has legalized the harvesting of feral pigs in BC. Report All Sightings!

By recognizing and reporting invasive species, you can do a great deal to help protect the natural biodiversity of the Cariboo Chilcotin region. Report all invasive species sightings by:

Cariboo Regional District: www.cariboord.bc.ca Invasive Species Council of BC: www.bcinvasives.ca Cariboo Chilcotin Coast Invasive Plant Committee: www.cccipc.ca

Feral pig, photo ©Rebekah D. Wallace

Never release your plants and animals into the wild

Help stop the spread of invasive species.

Learn more at bcinvasives.ca Page 75

Bears & Cougars

Grizzly bear, Tweedsmuir Provincial Park, photo ©Joanne McLeod

Bears and cougars are wild animals and as such are often unpredictable. Normally they are wary of people but can become habituated and food conditioned in a very short period.

Even though there are numerous bear – human encounters each year those that result in injury are very few. Sightings or human contact with cougars are very rare, but do occur.

Once bears associate food with people they become increasingly aggressive towards humans in their search for food. It is almost impossible to reverse these habits.

• Always keep children close and in sight • If you encounter a bear or cougar - DO NOT RUN or CRY OUT, stay calm, retreat slowly, talk softly and avoid eye contact.

When selecting a camp site: • Choose an open site off a trail, not along a running creek, a game trail, ridge or near a berry patch.

• Do not sleep in the open (without a tent) • Store food and garbage at least 100-200 meters from the sleeping area in bear proof containers or suspend high between two trees.

• Keep your camp clean, burn all combustibles, pack out your garbage.

• Never cook or store food, utensils, toilet articles or cosmetics in your tent or tent trailer.

• Eliminate or reduce food odours. Avoid cooking greasy foods and foods with strong smells. Freeze-dried foods are relatively odour free. Keep yourself and gear free of food smells.

There are many things that you can do on the trail to prevent bear or cougar encounters: • Make enough noise so as not to surprise a wild animal at close quarters.

• Be aware of tracks, droppings, digging, torn stumps or carcasses.

• Avoid thick brush and stay in the open.

• Avoid concentrations of natural food stuff, i.e. berries when ripe.

• Keep your dog under control, on a leash, or leave at home.

• Avoid walking in twilight hours or dark as Additional information and precautions: bears and cougars are more active during • Never approach a young bear or cougar; females will defend their young very vigorously. twilight and dark.

Page 76

• Bears will often stand on their hind legs to better identify you and may move closer to identify what they are smelling or have seen. If a bear comes at you with its head high it will most likely not charge.

However, if it moves towards you in the low crouch position it will likely attack.

Bears will likely make a series of woofs and pop their teeth as a warning that they do not want you around.

Rather than risking confrontation, it is better to back track or re-route.

Cougar kitten, photo ©M.Evans

Three grizzlies, photo ©R. Simmonds Page 77

Wildlife Viewing

Red fox, photo ©Chris Armstrong

Catching a glimpse of wild animals in their • View or photograph from a distance, use natural habitat is a real thrill for many people. binoculars and telephoto lenses.

But remember, you are a visitor in the animal’s • Avoid noises or actions that might cause home – please respect the needs of wild animals to flee, wasting unnecessary energy. animals for space, and their natural food and • Respect den sites and nesting areas. Nesting shelter. To avoid stressing wildlife, please: birds are very sensitive to disturbances, birds who molt (lose their flight feathers) after nesting, must grow new feathers

Badger kits, photo ©Richard Klafki Page 78

Bull moose, photo ©Paul Welch

before they can fly again. Roosting and hibernating bats are very sensitive to being disturbed.

• Wild animals may be dangerous if they feel threatened or have young. If you find a wild young animal leave it, the mother is near by.

• Feeding wildlife is illegal and unsafe.

Feeding often leads to unnatural food dependency, habituation to humans, disease or even death.

River otter with shellfish, photo ©Kris Andrews

Mountain goat, photo ©Mary Forbes

Swallowtail, photo ©Marianne & Don Piller

Yellow-bellied marmot, photo ©Kris Andrews Page 79

RESPECT private property and other viewer’s need for space. Keep the area clean! Take your garbage out with you.

REPORT any abuse of the environment and its wildlife to the nearest conservation officer.

Ensuring that species habitat needs take precedence over human use helps protect threatened, endangered and vulnerable wildlife. Many groups and organizations contribute to conservation projects and public awareness in our region. Be sure you are doing your part to preserve healthy, functioning ecosystems.

In the Cariboo Chilcotin region there are several designated wildlife viewing sites.

To mention a few - 100 Mile Marsh, the Chilcotin grasslands, Riedmann Wildlife Sanctuary on Alkali Lake, and the beaver pond trail at 10 Mile Lake Provincial Park.

Bald eagle, photo ©Marianne & Don Piller

• Keep pets under control, they may chase or injure wildlife.

• Avoid trampling or damaging vegetation – it’s part of the wildlife’s ecosystem.

Twin fawns, photo ©Kris Andrews Page 80

Lynx, photo ©Lara Roorda

Bobcat, photo ©Chris Schmid Mule deer bucks, photo ©Marianne & Don Piller

Porcupine, photo ©Julie Steciw

Weasel in summer coat, photo ©Chris Schmid

Waste Wise & Wildlife When traveling in the Cariboo Chilcotin it is important to consider how you will transport your garbage back to a refuse bin. Wildlife is susceptible to harm, especially when things such as glass bottles, or sharp cans and plastic can holders are left in their habitat. They may become cut or entangled in the garbage, and then left vulnerable to prey. Also, pouring

contaminates near or into streams endanger aquatic life.

For more on Waste Wise in the Cariboo visit the Waste Wise pages online at www.ccconserv.org or email wastewise@ccconserv.org

Page 81

Birds

of the Cariboo Chilcotin

Common yellowthroat, banded at the Tatlyoko Lake Bird Observatory, photo ©Steve Ogle

The Cariboo Chilcotin has as much diversity in its birds as in its landscapes. There are birds that prefer forests, rivers, lakes, high alpine, grasslands, wetlands and even those from

up of nesting boxes. The more knowledge gained on bird habits and habitat, the greater the tendency to design local gardens with native ‘bird friendly’ plants and avoid the use of unnecessary herbicides and pesticides.

Several regional organizations work with volunteers and private land owners on habitat restoration and bird banding and research.

Located in the remote and beautiful Tatlayoko Valley, the Tatlayoko Lake Bird Observatory (TLBO) was established by the Nature Conservatory of Canada (NCC) in 2006 to monitor migratory bird populations in the valley. The banding station is active in August and September.

Rough-legged hawk, photo ©Kris Andrews

coastal waters that travel here to nest. Over 250 species occur here, from the smallest hummingbirds to the larger eagles and owls.

Birds feed, nest and fill the air with their unforgettable songs throughout the year. The people of this region are fascinated by our birds and many households provide birds with much needed winter feed, allowing them to survive harsh temperatures and late springs. As people enjoy observing birds, many have joined in seasonal bird counts and assist in the setting Page 82

Bird banding station, photo ©Peter Shaughnessy

Cedar waxwing, photo ©Kris Andrews

Volunteers come from across Canada and around the world to join NCC biologists as they observe and track the thousands of birds that pass through this key migration corridor. Since 2006 TLBO has banded more than 16,000 birds and catalogued 189 species in the valley. In addition to the fall banding, volunteers also come for ten days in the spring to band the multitude of tiny hummingbirds on their northward migration. TLBO contributes its data to the Canadian Migratory Monitoring Network, part of a world-wide database that monitors bird population Northern flicker at feeder, trends and © photo Don Olesiuk s u p p o r t s efforts by scientists and conservationists to overcome threats to bird biodiversity. Visit: http://www.natureconservancy.ca/en/where-

we-work/b r it is h columbia/featuredprojects/tlbo/ for information on how to participate, or follow the daily adventures from afar through the TLBO blog at https:// tatlayokobirds. wordpress.com/.

Many birds make their homes along the thousands of kilometres of lakeshore and Steller’s jay, rivers, and in photo ©Don Olesiuk banks along streams as the belted kingfisher specifically does, where it nests in burrows and hunts from bushes overhanging the water’s edge. Flocks of American white pelicans can be observed ‘herding’ Male rufous hummingbird, fish as they feed photo ©Kris Andrews Page 83

broken wing to distract intruders from its young. The long-billed curlew, whose distinct shorebird call haunts the grasslands in spring, makes its way from Mexico and California to nest here and care for its young. Take caution when viewing nesting birds, as some birds molt or lose their flight feathers after nesting and are very vulnerable. Others may be flushed from their nests leaving eggs or young unprotected.

Black-billed magpie, photo ©Mary Forbes

Red-winged blackbird, photo ©Don Olesiuk

on these and other aquatic life. The killdeer, although a shorebird, prefers open areas away from water for nesting.

Often nesting amongst stones where its black and white stripes work as camouflage, if flushed from its nest it will feign a

Eastern kingbird, photo ©Kris Andrews Page 84

Nesting water birds flock to the marshes, lakes and rivers in the region each spring, Canada geese, grebes, coots, lesser scaup, mallards, harlequin, cinnamon and blue-winged teal, and canvasback are a few. Some ducks feed on the bottom of ponds and are called divers. Divers include goldeneye, ringnecked duck, ruddy duck and lesser scaup that usually nest in vegetation directly over the water. Their webbed feet are used to help them take off, pattering over the surface for some distance before they lift off. Ducks often Warbling vireo, dive underwater from photo ©Kris Andrews one to two metres, though scaup and goldeneye may go down to fifteen metres!

Other ducks called dabblers are shallow water feeders, tipping their heads up to sift vegetation. Dabblers such as mallards, green and blue-winged teal takeoff directly from the water and generally have a larger wing span than divers.

The Canada goose, the most visibly abundant Yellow-headed of large waterfowl, blackbird, photo Marianne & Don Piller

©

Male cinnamon teal, photo ©Kris Andrews Barn swallow, photo ©Kris Andrews

can be found nesting in marshes and along lakesides. Its wild honking often heralds spring and again marks the coming of winter as flocks travel by the hundreds in a V-formation, landing to feed. Also migrating through our region are the exotic trumpeter swans, the largest species of waterfowl with a two metre wingspan, and tundra swans. Trumpeter swan populations had dropped dangerously low in the 1930’s and are now, owing to protection, recovering well. Ducks Unlimited Canada (DUC) has recently been involved in

American white pelican & great egret, photo ©Kris Andrews

surveying Trumpeters in Northeastern B.C., in cooperation with the Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS). DUC also performs annual waterfowl surveys with CWS, and partners in research projects that will lead to better understanding of waterfowl populations and habitats (from more info visit www.ducks.ca or call 250.398.7028).

Red-winged and yellow-headed blackbirds, spotted sandpipers, marsh wrens, song sparrows, and barn swallows feed in and over the marshes, perching on bulrushes and tree branches as they fill the air with their songs. The largest birds in North America that

Raven, photo ©Don Olesiuk Page 85

frequent our region are the great blue heron and sandhill crane, both reach over one metre in height. Tundra swan, lesser yellowlegs, Wilson’s phalarope, herring, ring-billed and mew gulls frequent the wetlands during migration period. In the canyon lands the whitethroated swifts, violet-green swallows and rock wren find shelter in the high rock and limestone cliffs.

Soaring above these canyons or perched on craggy tree tops, are bald and golden eagles. Northern harriers and red-tailed hawks glide over the grasslands in search of small rodents. Meadowlarks use fence posts as singing posts and mountain bluebirds nest in boxes along highway fence lines.

Ruffed grouse, photo ©Ken MacKenzie

snow surface. Ptarmigan winter plumage is almost entirely white to help this bird blend into the snowy surroundings and thereby avoid predators. The familiar drumming sound in aspen and mixed forests in the spring are male ruffed grouse marking their territories and trying to attract mates. Ruffed grouse feed primarily on the buds of aspen and shrubs for most of the year and will burrow into soft snow for shelter in the winter. Spruce grouse snap their wings and have elaborate displays to attract their mates in wetter spruce and fir forests. These grouse are well camouflaged and will often remain motionlessly “hiding” which allows observers to approach closely, a habit that has led to their nickname of “fool hen”.

Greater yellowlegs , photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films

Living in habitats with the harshest climate, the three ptarmigan species in the CaribooChilcotin; willow, white-tailed and rock ptarmigan spend most of the year in windswept alpine areas above tree-line in the mountains in the Eastern and Western edges of the region.

Ptarmigan have feathered feet for insulation and to serve as snowshoes for walking on the Page 86

Male blue grouse displaying, photo ©Ken MacKenzie

White-tailed ptarmigan, photo ©Ken MacKenzie

In spring and summer, blue grouse (now called dusky grouse) are found in habitats where forests and grasslands meet. The dry douglasfir forests along the Fraser and Chilcotin Rivers are a prime area to see these grouse, but they are also common in the mountains near the tree line, where the trees begin to thin out into alpine areas. The only true grassland grouse native to British Columbia is the sharp-tailed grouse.

Among the birds of prey in our region are hawks, eagles, harriers, ospreys and owls. Of the larger raptors, the bald eagle may be seen perched in snags by rivers with spawning fish or along lakeshores. The eagles swoop down

Male spruce grouse, photo ©Ken MacKenzie

to catch fish at the water’s surface or may steal from the smaller osprey whose sole diet is fish. The eagle also feed on dead fish and carrion. A sure indicator of available carrion is viewing a cluster of eagles, ravens, crows, Canada jays and the flashy black and white black-billed magpies circling around above.

The northern goshawk, our largest forest hawk, has a fierce reputation for defending its nesting and hunting grounds, feeding on birds, squirrels and even rabbit. Other species of hawk present are the smaller Cooper’s and sharp-shinned hawk. The red-tailed hawk resides in forest along the edges of open fields and grasslands, feeding on voles, mice, amphibians and reptiles. The smallest of the falcons, the American kestrel, although not

Female spruce grouse, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films Page 87

Pine grosbeak, photo ©Mauren Byman Western tanager, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films

much larger than a robin is a fierce predator.

Often seen perched on poles or lines, it feeds in open fields and grasslands mostly on insects and rodents. A rare treat is to view a peregrine falcon, a superior hunter and one of the fastest birds, reaching speeds of 300 kilometres per hour as it swoops down to strike its prey, often waterfowl.

A night hunter, the owl is a bird with exceptionally sensitive ears, often locating its prey by hearing their movements in the grasses.

Owls see with ‘binocular’ vision – both eyes face forward, allowing for accurate judging of distance, but impaired all around vision. For this reason, owls rotate their heads in a circle up to 270 degrees! Raptors’ Pair of pileated eyes are much woodpeckers, photo © larger in proportion Marianne & Don Piller than humans, allowing twice as much light to enter and giving them superb night vision. Owls that are known to occur in the region are great horned, Page 88

great grey, barred, long and short eared owl, and northern saw-whet owl. Search the ground for the fuzzy pellets found below their nests.

These are regurgitated undigested parts of their food. Due to a poor sense of smell, great horned owls are the only regular predator of skunks. Winter is the time to occasionally see snowy owls which feed largely on lemmings in their Arctic breeding habitat whose numbers drop drastically every four years. During these periods snowy owls are more likely to be found in this area. The northern pygmy owl is our smallest and guards its back with ‘false’ eyes on the back of its head. During our cold winters some owls stockpile food (small mammals and birds) thawing them to eat by sitting on them.

Of the ten species of woodpecker you may spot in your travels, the sounds of the largest, the pileated woodpecker, with its unique red crest, may be found in our woodlands yearround, tapping for grubs and carpenter ants.

Redpolls, photo ©Jeffrey Newman

Great grey owl, photo ©Don Olesiuk

Backside of northern pygmy owl, photo ©Kris Andrews

Singing white-crowned sparrow, photo ©Don Olesiuk

A breeding pair needs more than 100 acres of forest to settle.

The northern flicker feeds on ants and other land insects in fields, meadows and forest edges from the foothills to the subalpine.

Flickers often bathe in dust to absorb harmful bacteria and oils from their feathers.

They clean themselves with crushed ants, high in formic acid, to kill small parasites on their skin.

The soft tapping

Long-eared owl, peeking from tree, photo ©Kris Andrews

of the downy, the smallest and most common of the woodpeckers is often heard in the aspen forests. The blue-listed Lewis’ woodpecker, however, captures most of its meals in flight.

The corvid family consisting of crows, ravens, magpies and jays are thought to be the most intelligent birds and are capable of mimicking other animals and often tricking to steal continued on page 92 Page 89

Chestnut-backed chickadee, photo ©Kris Andrews

White-crowned sparrow, photo ©Jeffrey Newman

Kildeer, photo ©Marianne & Don Piller Page 90

Belted kingfisher, photo ©Marianne & Don Piller

Mallard ducklings, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films

Common merganser pair, photo ©Kris Andrews

Bohemian waxwing, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films

Common redpoll, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films

Pine siskin, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films Common loon, photo ©Chris Armstrong

Semipalmated plovers, photo ©Kris Andrews

Canada jay, photo ©Jeffrey Newman Page 91

continued from page 89

their food. The range in size of song birds varies from the smaller sparrows, kinglets and warblers, to the large raven. Some might migrate while others, such as chickadees, jays, crows and ravens make their home here year-round. Those that do migrate use natural sources- tanagers, warblers, sparrows, vireos and orioles fly by night using the stars, while robins, swallows and blackbirds use the sun to find their way. The regal Steller’s jay, the official bird of BC, has a raucous call and lofty black plume. It likes to stash seeds in caches in the forest trees. The official harbinger of spring, the American robin, feed on the juniper berries in spring before the ground thaws.

Traveling often with the robins are flocks of bohemian waxwings, feeding on insects, fruit and berries. Cedar waxwing’s courtship involves prospective mates passing a berry back and forth to each other. If receptive, the female will eventually eat it. The spectacular flash of colour - red crown, yellow and black wings and tail - of the Western Tanager may be seen in Douglas-fir stands. In the marshes, the spring often is heralded by the arrival of redwinged and yellow-headed blackbirds. Nesting amongst the cattails and shoreline rushes, they weave cattail leaves and grass for nests, and young birds learn to swim early, often after falling out of nests in their first week.

Learn more on birds of the area in this guide (Species at Risk, Ducks Unlimited article, Ecosystems Restoration: Song Bird Monitoring) or check in at the 100 Mile House Tourist Info Centre, Scout Island Nature Centre in Williams Lake or Baker Creek Education Centre in Quesnel.

Canada goose goslings, photo ©Robert E. Moberg Films Page 92

Turkey vulture, photo ©Don Olesiuk

Male American kestrel with meadow vole, photo ©Kris Andrews

Horned lark, photo ©Kris Andrews

Marine Ethics

Orca, photo ©Don Evans

Trash is the most visible pollution in our ocean.

There is an amazing range of litter on our shorelines – plastics, discarded nets, styrofoam, cans, garbage bags, bottles, oils, detergents, sewage and other potentially harmful products carelessly discharged into the water. Fish, seabirds, shellfish and other forms of aquatic life require a balance of nutrients, oxygen and clean water to survive. Here are some suggestions for preventing the kind of pollution that often ends up in the water:

• DRAIN

U

BO

In undeveloped areas, plan to pack out your waste. Practice no-trace camping.

Ocean kayaking, photo ©Chris Armstrong

Clean, Drain, Dry

your boat and gear

Help stop the spread of invasive species.

E

AR

RY

YO

R

N

•D

CLE A

• Don’t dump garbage or discharge pollutants in our waters.

• Dispose of trash in port or take it home.

• Don’t pump your sewage overboard in anchorages, marinas or swimming areas.

• Use bilge cloths or pillows to collect engine oil, fuel, transmission fluid and other pollutants.

• Never fill portable fuel tanks on board.

• Consider not using anti-fouling paints.

• Don’t burn driftwood from salt water as this produces toxic air emissions.

• Do not go onto bird rookeries.

• Observe seals, otters, whales and sea lions from a distance.

• Kayakers please use toilet facilities where available.

AT A N D

G

Learn more at bcinvasives.ca Page 93

Marine Parks

Goose Island off coast, photo ŠChris Armstrong

BC Parks manages over fifty marine parks, from Discovery Island near the southern-most point of British Columbia north through the Inside Passage to Prince Rupert. The Central Coast area offers these gems: CODVILLE LAGOON MARINE PARK

OLIVER COVE MARINE PARK Oliver Cove is at the south end of Don Peninsula near the junction of Milbanke Sound and Mathieson Channel. It offers a good anchorage for small boats.

Codville Lagoon is a small marine park located on King Island in Fitz Hugh Sound, 80 kilometres west of Bella Coola. Codville Lagoon offers an excellent and scenic all weather anchorage. A rustic trail leads to Sagar Lake, which is noted for its red sand beach and warm water.

GREEN INLET MARINE PARK Green Inlet is on the east side of Tolmie Channel across from Princess Royal Island, just west of Fiordland Recreation Area. It offers a sheltered anchorage set in a scenic fiord with tidal lagoon, reversing rapids and estuary.

JACKSON NARROWS MARINE PARK Jackson Narrows is at the northeast tip of Susan Island where Jackson Passage joins Mathieson Channel, northwest of Bella Coola. It offers an anchorage, fishing, and diving, in an attractive little bay suitable for small boats.

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Bella Coola petroglyph, photo ŠCatherine Roland

Coastal shoreline, Goose Island, photo ©Chris Armstrong

PENROSE ISLAND MARINE PARK

SIR ALEXANDER MACKENZIE PARK

Penrose Island is between Fitz Hugh Sound and the entrance to Rivers Inlet. Enter from Klaquek Channel into sheltered anchorages on the east side of the island. There is a network of narrow channels, with beaches along the southwest shoreline. Scuba diving, kayaking, and fishing are popular.

This small historic park is near Elcho Harbour on Dean Channel. It is located at the westernmost point in the journey of Sir Alexander Mackenzie where, in reddish paint made of vermilion and bear grease, he wrote on a rock: “Alex Mackenzie from Canada by land 22nd July 1793”.

oOotsa Lake

Wistaria

Little Andrews Bay Marine

Crab Lake

Tahtsa Lake

Nechako Canyon

Whitesail Tweedsmuir Lake

North

Huchsduwachsdu Nuyem Jees/ Green Kitlope Heritage Inlet Marine

Eutsuk Lake

Entiako

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Dean River Tweedsmuir CascadeSouth Sutslem Jackson Narrows Sir Alexander Marine Mackenzie Bella Coola Marine

Fiordland

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Oliver Cove Marine

Itcha Ilgachuz Anahim Lake

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Codville

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DzawadiUpper Klinaklini River 50

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Klinaklini Riv

Kitasoo Spirit Bear

HOMATHKO RIVER -TATLAYOKO PROTECTED AREA

Sea lion, photo ©Al Hobler Page 95

Salmonids

of the Cariboo Chilcotin

Sockeye salmon spawning in Horsefly River, photo ŠMark Conlin

Throughout the rivers, streams and lakes of the Cariboo Chilcotin, salmonids (salmon, steelhead, char and trout) play a vital role in the health of our ecosystems. Salmon are of great biological, social, cultural, and economic significance for the people and environment of British Columbia. They have provided food for First Nation’s peoples of British Columbia for thousands of years and, since the late 1800s, have supported an active commercial fishing industry, which was vital to the establishment and well-being of many coastal communities.

Salmon from the Pacific Ocean are close to ten times more abundant than those found in the Atlantic Ocean. Chances are if you hike along a

river bed late in the summer/fall or winter, you will see a flash of red from the bright coloured spawning salmonids. In our region sockeye, chinook, pink, interior fraser coho, kokanee and rainbow trout are frequently visible.

From the land locked kokanee and trout (including whitefish, rainbow trout and blue listed bull trout) to the anadromous salmonids (those that hatch in freshwater, migrate to the sea and when mature return to freshwater to lay their eggs) all are an important food source for wildlife and humans alike. One feature that distinguishes salmonids from other fish is the presence of an adipose fin (located along their back between their dorsal and caudal or tail fin). Their strong caudal fin propels the salmon forward through rough water, strong currents and waterfalls, in order to travel from the ocean to their hatching grounds where they release eggs and sperm.

Female salmonids use their tails to dig the redd (hollow) where they lay their eggs. She may build several redds and once her eggs are fertilized, she covers the nest with gravel. Shortly after spawning the adult salmon will die and fill the water with nutrients

Salmon redds as viewed along Chilko River, photo ŠLisa Christie Page 96

First Nations dipnetting on Chilcotin River, photo ©Don Olesiuk

used by other fish, birds, and numerous other Each species of salmon have different spawning wildlife species. habits and are unique in appearance. With the exception of steelhead, spawning occurs in late Over the winter the young salmon begin to summer and through the fall. The sockeye grow inside the eggs in their den of gravel. salmon, whose name is believed to be derived Only one in ten will survive. If the water gets from the First Nations name “sukkai”, spawn in too hot or cold, stops running (providing the streams that drain into lakes. They remain in egg with air absorbed through the egg wall) fresh water for up to two years before heading to or dirt smothers the egg, it dies. In spring the the ocean, where they spend two to three years fry (young fish) emerge, feed and grow in the at sea. As they travel home to spawn, the sockeye stream, river or lake of their birth for up to two turn a brilliant scarlet red with pale green heads. years. They are preyed on by ducks, herons and The males develop hooked jaws with large teeth. other fish predators. Those that survive will The sockeye’s average age is four to five years find their way back to the ocean where they and average weight is two to seven kilograms. will feed on abundant plankton, shrimp, crab, Sockeye are unique from other the salmon and small fish. Depending on their species, species in that they are almost always associated the salmonids spend from one to seven years with lakes. The juveniles are dependent on lake at sea, feeding and growing. Once they return ecosystems to feed on zooplankton for the first to freshwater, journeying back to their native two years of their lives before migrating to the spawning grounds, they do not eat. Living off ocean. Chilko and Quesnel Lakes represent the stored body fat, these salmon battle their way most significant nursery lakes in the region, home, arriving torn and scarred, most of their where millions of juveniles from a variety of energy spent. rivers such as the Mitchell, Horsefly, and Chilko

’

Page 97

Grizzly bear feed on salmon in the Atnarko River, photo ©Wayne Levesque

are reared annually. These lakes also support large numbers of beach spawners that utilize a variety of habitats from shallow shoals to deep water bench spawning to depths exceeding 45 metres. Time of spawning for these stocks usually takes place between mid-September and early October and slightly earlier for the Upper Bowron River and Taseko Lake stocks. Unlike Chilko, Quesnel system stocks exhibit a four year pattern of production characterized by one strong year followed by a moderately abundant year, then two relatively weak years. This pattern is referred to as cyclic dominance and is maintained by the high proportion of sockeye maturing at age four.

combination of gravel and cobble located within a riffle or run is preferred. Time of spawning varies greatly among the different stocks of the Fraser River with the mid-river stocks, such as Quesnel and Chilcotin Rivers, spawning from early September to early October, while some of the upper river stocks, such as the Westroad and Bowron River, spawn from mid-July to late August. Many river systems have more than one stock of chinook. These rivers can have spring, fall and winter runs. Chinook are a unique salmon species because the flesh of adults can range in colour from white through pink to deep red. When spawning the Chinook becomes very dark in colour, some almost black.

Chinook salmon are the largest of the salmon, averaging between seven and nine kilograms.

Occasionally, a ‘tyee’ or ‘king’ is found, some reaching over 50 kilograms! Chinook are also called spring salmon because some populations or “stocks” return to their natal streams in the spring. Most of the chinook in the Cariboo Chilcotin area display “streamtype” behaviour and over-winter in their natal stream feeding on insect larvae before migrating to the ocean as smolts in the second spring of their life. Chinook spawn in large rivers and are found as fry in many of the smaller tributaries of the Fraser River in our region. After spending up to a year in fresh water, they head for the ocean where they spend three to five years before returning to their spawning grounds. Spawning habitat ranges from small streams such as McKinley Creek to larger rivers such as Chilko where a

Pink salmon, the smallest of the salmon species ranging in size from one and a half to three kilograms, have a short two year life span. Soon after they emerge from the gravel spawning

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Red and white chinook salmon from Quesnel River, spawning at the Quesnel River Research Centre, photo ©Sarah Lehnert

beds, the young pinks migrate to the sea. Some eighteen months later, they return to spawn and die. Due to this short life cycle, there is no overlap between pink ‘stocks’ from one year to the next. Two very unique stocks of pink salmon may use the same stream for breeding.

Spawning habitat ranges from small tributaries of the Fraser Mainstem, such as Churn and Williams Lake Creek, to larger rivers such as the Quesnel and Chilcotin and the mainstem Fraser. In the Fraser River, there is a predominately larger run of pinks in odd years.

The mature males are known as ‘humpies’ due to the large hump they develop on their backs during spawning.

Our region is home to one of five interior Fraser coho salmon populations identified by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) designated as a unit.

COSEWIC’s concern is that the Interior Fraser Coho distribution has become too fragmented and that the genetic exchange within the populations will not be sufficient for their longterm survival. Interior coho have a three year cycle, and average between two and fourteen

Sockeye travel to spawning grounds, photo ©Paul Welch

Dead salmon - Churn Creek, photo ©Don Olesiuk

kilograms. Spawning in the streams emptying into the Fraser, the young Coho then spend the following year of their lives feeding and growing, preferring cool water (15c or less), and heavy vegetation provided in these streams. Small stocks exist in some of the tributaries of the Quesnel system, as well as the Chilcotin system.

Juveniles emerge in spring and over-winter in small tributaries, backwater channels, ponds, and along lake margins associated with the natal stream. A unique aspect of juvenile coho is that they are very territorial, and consequently, their abundance and growth potential is limited by the available rearing territory and food supply.

Spawning habitat is very diverse, ranging from small back channels and streams such as Wasko creek to larger rivers such as Chilko. Time of spawning for coho is quite late compared to other salmon species and usually occurs from late October to mid-January. Maintaining healthy stream habitat is vital for the Interior coho’s survival.

Annual estimates of the number of Pacific salmon that return to spawn in the streams and rivers of the Fraser River watershed are the responsibility of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO). Approximately 80 adult sockeye stocks, 12 adult Coho stocks and 14 adult Chinook stocks are visually enumerated each fall throughout the Quesnel and Chilcotin watersheds. Stock assessment is done through various methods: visual surveys, fences/weirs, and mark-recapture studies. Visual surveys are done by direct observation, and counts of Page 99

observe associated habitat requirements and spawning distribution and densities.

Fish with transmitter, photo ŠDFO

spawners, redds and carcasses. Mark-recapture studies of sockeye are conducted annually on the Chilko River and three of every four years on the Horsefly and Mitchell rivers. A fence is constructed on McKinley Creek most years to estimate adult Coho and sockeye stocks. On the Chilko River a fence is used annually to estimate the total sockeye juveniles out migrating to the ocean.

Telemetry studies; radio transmitters attached to the fish, have allowed the movement of summer run sockeye to be tracked along the migratory route from the lower Fraser River to their spawning grounds in the Chilcotin and Quesnel systems. The information gathered from these studies provides invaluable insight into migratory behaviour of salmon. Persons finding a spawned salmon with one of these transmitters attached is asked to return it to the nearest DFO office.

To further improve our knowledge on the various biological and stock assessment issues, a small, portable sonar system that produces video-like images using sound has recently been used by DFO. The Dual Frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON) has the ability to confirm deep water lake spawning areas and Page 100

Steelhead trout are the anadromous form of rainbow trout. They are born in freshwater streams where they spend their first ont to three years of life, then migrate to the ocean where most of their growth occurs. After spending one to four growing years in the ocean, steelhead return to their native freshwater stream to spawn. Unlike Pacific salmon, steelhead do not necessarily die after spawning and are able to spawn more than once. Most steelhead spawn from December through April in small streams and tributaries where cool, well oxygenated water is available year round. Anadromous steelhead and resident rainbow trout did not arrive from two distinct evolutionary lines. Anadromous forms of trout can convert to resident populations when drought events or damming of rivers blocks their access to the ocean. Conversely, resident trout populations can become anadromous if ocean access becomes available. It is typical to have both life history patterns occurring in the same stream. In fact, resident and anadromous parents can produce offspring of both varieties.

It has been speculated that there is a food

Quesnel Lake rainbow trout, photo ŠMarg Evans

Kokanee spawners at Ten Mile Lake, photo ©Skip Rimmer

availability trigger which determines whether a particular fish emigrates to the ocean or remains in the stream. It may be that if there is abundant food in the stream and a fish is growing at a rapid rate, it will remain in the stream. If food is limited and growth is slow, the fish will have a tendency to emigrate.

Steelhead habitat requirements change as they go through different life phases. Adult steelhead need to have access to their natal stream. This means that streams must be free of barriers to migration, as the majority of spawning occurs in the upper reaches of tributaries. Adults also need access to spawning gravel in areas free of heavy sedimentation with adequate flow of cool, clear water. Escape

cover such as logs, undercut banks and deep pools for spawning adults is also important. For steelhead eggs and pre-emergent fry the most important consideration in terms of habitat is cool water with adequate dissolved oxygen.

Fine sediment will smother developing eggs, so the area must not have excessive fine silt or mud. Elevated water temperatures greater 18º celcius. can greatly impair growth rates of juvenile steelhead. Warmer water also holds less dissolved oxygen and increases a fish’s susceptibility to disease.

The rainbow trout, most widely distributed member of the trout family, is one of the top five sport fishes in North America. The rainbow has an elongated body, with an iridescent reddish band running along each side from head to tail. In the sea-run type, the back is dark blue, with sides and under parts silvery.

In the non-migratory type, the back is bluish to olive green shading to silvery green on the sides and white over the belly. The colour of the lateral stripe varies from light pink to a vivid red or reddish purple and is most pronounced in mature fish, especially Spawning sockeye salmon in the Horsefly River, photo ©Chris Swan breeding males. Sides, Page 101

tail and dorsal fins are profusely dotted with small, dark spots. In general, large rainbows are caught in large bodies of water and small ones in streams and ponds. Rainbows that have migrated to sea or a large inland lake may weigh six to seven kilograms. The rainbow trout is well adapted to both streams and lakes. While it prefers cold, clear, swift-flowing

Chilcotin River bull trout caught by angler, photo ©Ministry of Environment

water, it can tolerate warm water. For a lake population to be self-sustaining, there must be a gravelly river to which adults can migrate during the spawning season. Rainbow trout spawn in the spring. The usual spawning site chosen is a bed of fine gravel in a riffle above a pool. The eggs hatch in approximately four to seven weeks. The fry commence feeding about fifteen days after hatching and their diet consists mainly of zooplankton. Adult rainbow trout are predacious and feed on aquatic and terrestrial insects, mollusks, crustaceans, fish eggs, minnows and other small fishes.

Kokanee is a native word meaning “red fish”. Kokanee are a form of sockeye salmon that spends its life in fresh water. Because they never migrate out to the ocean to feed, kokanee are much smaller than sockeye, but other than their size have very similar identifying characteristics as sockeye. Most kokanee live in a lake for most of their lives and can usually be seen spawning near the edge of a lake or in a small tributary that feeds Page 102

into the lake. Spawning time is generally during the month of September in the CaribooChilcotin region. Average length for a kokanee is ten to eighteen inches. Kokanee are food for numerous fish and waterfowl species such as rainbow trout, lake trout, burbot, mergansers, and common loon. A good place to see spawning kokanee is where Highway 97 crosses Sheridan Creek at the northeast side on McLeese Lake, just north of the McLeese General Store.

The bull trout is a predator, and as an adult eats almost exclusively other fish. Threats to the bull trout include loss of habitat and habitat damage, competition with introduced species and illegal poaching either intentionally or unintentionally through misidentification. A latematuring species, the bull trout doesn’t spawn until after it’s sixth year. Bull trout require clean stream gravel and cold water temperature to survive. They are like “canaries in a coal mine”, serving as an early warning system for habitat changes such as stream siltation. Studies have shown that when the amount of fine sediment (particles less than a quarter of an inch) amount to more than 40% of the stream bottom, less than one quarter of the bull trout eggs will

Spawning sockeye salmon, photo ©Paul Welch

hatch and survive to viable fry. Many anglers have a difficult time distinguishing bull trout from other species, particularly the lake trout.

Both the bull trout and lake trout are chars: members of the trout family which generally have light spots on a dark background. The most reliable way of telling a lake trout from a bull trout is the tail. The lake trout’s tail is deeply forked; the bull trout’s tail fin is only slightly forked. The bull trout has a body that is snake-like and the head does not dominate the body. The names, bull trout and dolly varden, were used interchangeably until 1980 when the bull trout was genetically proven to be a separate species. There is no definitive way to identify bull trout from dolly varden in the field.

Whether you are watching grizzly, bald eagles, or black bear fishing spawning salmonids along the Atnarko River (Tweedsmuir Provincial Park), Quesnel Lake (Cariboo Mountain Provincial Park), the Bowron chain (Bowron Lakes Provincial Park), or Horsefly River or Lake (Horsefly Provincial Park), the enjoyment of seeing the life cycle of a salmonid in completion can not help but bring awe.

CCCS wishes to thank the Pacific Salmon Foundation for their contribution towards the publishing of this article.

Salmon Sensitive Habitat Alert Boating through or near sensitive shallow stream habitats can cause large wakes and bottom pressure. Surveys conducted in these rivers of the Cariboo have shown that juvenile fish are dying in large numbers from being washed-up and stranded in sandbars and mud flats.

Wakes

from boats The source of the disturbance has been found can cause to be the passage of large boats, including damage to jet boats. These boat wakes and bottom habitat, pressure increase stream bank erosion, disrupt photo spawning adults, strand juvenile fish and © Jet boat on the Mitchell River, BC Parks increase the mortality of incubating eggs. photo ©BC Parks Also, sediment resulting from a boat wake can smother incubating eggs and fish food The damage one large wake can cause in these sources, as well as harm fish by damaging their rivers is extensive. The deaths of large numbers gills. of fry and/or eggs in just one pass can result in extremely reduced future runs.

In the Cariboo Chilcotin, the Horsefly, Mitchell, Please, help assure we have great fishing for Chilco, Chilcotin and Quesnel Rivers and their future generations, stay off sensitive rivers with tributaries, provide critical spawning, rearing jet boats. and foraging habitat for many important freshwater and anadromous salmon species For more information contact the Cariboo including kokanee, sockeye, chinook and coho, Chilcotin Conservation Society at 250.398.7929 as well as large sized rainbow and bull trout. or sustain@ccconserv.org Page 103

The Cariboo Chilcotin Conservation Society working to maintain the integrity of

Parks & Protected Areas of the Cariboo Chilcotin Many of the province’s most beautiful places, most diverse habitats and most treasured ecosystems are now protected through land use planning by the citizens of British Columbia. The challenge for all of us is to ensure that we pass our natural legacy of parks and protected areas along to the next generation... just as beautiful, just as diverse, and just as undiminished!

www.ccconserv.org Sunrise on a Chilcotin lake, photo ŠChris Czajkowski