Coping with Urban Climates

Santiago de Chile

Table of Contents

Preface 23 Sascha Roesler Coping with Urban Climates An Introduction Sascha Roesler

I

25

Urban Climates

Geneva (Switzerland): 43 The Architecturalization of Water Ecologies On the Integration of Energy Transition and Climate Adaptation Lorenzo Stieger Santiago de Chile: 71 The Standardization of Indoor–Outdoor Transitions On the Dynamics between Public Spaces and Climate Control Lionel Epiney Chongqing (People’s Republic of China): 97 The Electrification of the Urban Fabric On Governing the Built Environment’s Seasonality Madlen Kobi Cairo (Egypt): 119 The Domestication of Urban Heat On the Everyday Production of Microclimates Dalila Ghodbane

II

Thermal Governance

Architecture and Thermal Governance 147 Six Components Sascha Roesler, Madlen Kobi, Lorenzo Stieger Urban Climate Protocols 161 Visualizing Socio-climatic Differences Sascha Roesler, Madlen Kobi, Lorenzo Stieger, Chandrasekhar Ramakrishnan, Adrian Ehrat ; with the support of Lionel Epiney and Dalila Ghodbane

Appendices Endnotes 211 References 219 Index 227 About the Authors 230 Acknowledgments 233 Illustration Credits 234

21 General expansion plan for the city of Geneva on both banks of the Rhône from the year 1858.

22 Panorama showing people strolling along the Quai du MontBlanc promenade on a sunny summer day in the 1890s.

Urban Climates

60

23 Crowded men’s section of Les Bains des Pâquis and many recreational activities at the lake in July 1932.

24 Genève-Plage and its “do your business in the lake” type of toilets, around 1932.

25 The mushroom-shaped showers embody the architectural identity of Genève-Plage in August 1933.

Geneva

61

35 The industrial building of the former Feldschlösschen brewery was converted to mixed use and now also has partly residential space.

36 The adaptable element of the folding door serves as architectural tool of thermal control. View of the kitchen area with its sky window.

37 The two fireplaces in the common and the private area are fired with wood bought at the local wholesale Landi store.

38 The insulation curtains—together with the adaptable green folding wall—permit the design of distinct thermal environments in an otherwise continuous indoor space.

39 Thermal diversity in the studio apartment thanks to curtains and a folding wall.

40 The common room with the fireplace, plants, and a meeting table is used for various occasions in both the summer and winter months.

Geneva

69

42 Aerial view of Santiago de Chile, taken in October 1973 a few weeks after the coup d’état, when the sky was still clear (in contrast to nowadays) and the Moneda presidential palace was still smoking due to its bombing (in the ­bottom-right corner).

77

70 “The Mountain and Water City Chongqing. / 山水重庆.”

Chinese stamp depicting Chongqing at the confluence of the Yangtze and Jialing Rivers. China Post, 2014.

71 Washing clothes in Yangtze River near Wanxian (neighbouring town of Chongqing), 1980s.

72 Drying clothes outside ­ of windows, 1988. These buildings with single-­ glazed windows are ­characteristic of the socialist period.

Urban Climates

98

73 Chongqing Nanshan Thermal Springs in the 1980s.

74 The Three Gorges Dam started to operate in 2012 as the largest hydroelectric power station in the world.

86 Jinyu Tianyi residential compound, cooled entrance hall of a high-rise building.

88 Qiushui Changtian ­residential ­compound located on the shore of the Jialing River.

89 Jinyu Tianyi ­residential ­compound, ­compound greening seen from Wang Tong’s apartment.

87 Jinyu Tianyi residential compound, ventilation shaft where split air-conditioning units emit hot air to the urban atmosphere.

110

90 Jinyu Tianyi residential compound, the mostly unused swimming pool in the communal area.

105 Insulating the rooftop of Umm Rania’s apartment.

Urban Climates

132

Cairo

133

106–107 Maryam’s apartment. The openings are carefully controlled and shutters are closed.

108 The only source of natural light in Maryam’s apartment is the blurred glass of the bow window in the main living room.

Urban Climates

136

110 The built-in fan (shaffāt) in Magda’s kitchen.

111 The “greenhouse” in Magda’s apartment. The sun hitting the steel roof heats the room in the background nicely in winter, but is more constraining in summer.

109 Dr. Hisham’s living room. Considering to its surface area, the apartment has few windows.

Cairo

137

119 Surface Temperature

10 km

Cairo* Chongqing*

middle 40 %

lower 11 % lowest 4% highest 7%

higher 38 %

10km lower 25 %

middle 24 %

lowest 28 %

highest 13 % higher 11 %

10 km

Geneva Santiago de Chile

Thermal Governance

168

10 km middle 40 %

lower 8% lowest 12 %

10km

highest 7% higher 32 %

middle 46 %

lower 20 %

lowest 6% highest 3%

10 km

* incomplete data set

higher 24 %

10km New Urban Climate Protocols

169

141 Santiago de Chile

lowest

lower

lowest

lower

Surface Temperature

Income Distribution

Real-estate Prices

10 km

Topography

Thermal Governance

196

middle

middle

higher

higher New Urban Climate Protocols

highest

10km

10km

10km

10km

10km

10km

highest 10km

197

10km

145 Map of the integrated Water Ecologies of Geneva, highlighting the amalgamation of water-related infrastructures for both the ­production and conservation of energy and urban microclimates.

Integrated Water Ecologies of Geneva Lake Geneva

Fountain

Other water body

Waterfront iconic architecture

Water protected zone

Waterfront promenade

Permanent acquifer

Main river or stream National border Ferry terminal or jetty Ferry connection

Blue and green landscape corridors

Public beach or park

Groundwater well

Sport field

Hydrodam or hydropower station

Promenade Sentier du Rhône

Main electricity network

Agriculture Forest

Potential hydrothermal zones, GeniLac projects: 1) Genève Lac Nations, 2) Versoix Lac, 3) Genève Lac Aéroport, 4) Pâquis, 5) City Center, 6) Gare Chêne + Rolex, 7) University Hospital Geneva, 8) Jonction, 9) La Praille Acacias Vernets, 10) ZIPLO, 11) Meyrin Les Vergers, 12) Zimeysa GeniLac hydrothermal network GeniLac planned hydrothermal network

Thermal Governance