Issuu

Figure 1: FOLDABLE PORTABLE STRUCTURES

Architectural research thesis on

FOLDABLE PORTABLE ARCHITECTURE & IT’S RESILIENCE IN DYNAMIC SITUATION. A THESIS PRESENTED BY,

BHUMI PATEL

Submitted to department of architecture, Shri Gijubhai Chhaganbhai Patel Institute Of Architecture, Interior design & Fine arts, Veer Narmad South Gujarat university, Surat.

B.ARCH-2020 / YEAR – V / SEMESTER - IX

| CONTENT |

1| ABSTRACT

| 2

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

| 2

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 |

INTRODUCTION AIM HYPOTHESIS OBJECTIVE SCOPE & LIMITATION BASIC FRAMEWORK

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3 5 5 5 5 6

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7 8 9 10 11 13

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14 15 15 16 16 17 18 19 21

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5. WHY WE NEED GROUND PROXIMITY AND DEPLIO-ABILITY?

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CONCLUSION

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BIBLIOGRAPHY IMAGE CREDITS TABLE CREDITS

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25 27 28 29 31 32 34 35 36

ABSTRACT Foldable portable architecture is a concept of transformable and transportable spaces for human habitation. They provide maximum scope of flexibility and adaptability of space, they are responsive against dynamic situation because of their ability to transform and transport. These structures can be folded to erect and shut on requirements of certain functions which are to be performed at different time and locations. The capability to transform allows for reduction in size which is feasible to transport and due to the very same ability they do not fall short against the functional requirements of spaces as well. This research thesis focuses on deployment of these structures and architectural thinking in envisaging the slums of today. So that we can provide better living conditions and economic upliftment with efficient utilisation of land as a resource.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to sincerely thank and express my gratitude towards my mentors and professors without whom this study would not have been possible. They have spent their valuable time and efforts for this thesis and I am grateful to them for that. All the professors, namely, Ar. Harsh Patel, Ar. Rajesh Mehta & Ar. Chintan Shah, have provided me with thorough guidance and mentorship at each and every stage of my thesis. This study has turned out be an opportunity to learn and explore in the field of foldable and portable architecture. It is all because of the wisdom from experiences of my mentors, which has informed me in my decision making and the conduct of this research.

1.1 | INTRODUCTION |

▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪

They are adaptive where they can adjust to different functions, users and climates, Transformable when they change shape, space, form or appearance, Movable when they can relocate from one place to another, and Interactive when they respond to user ' s requirement in automatic or intuitive ways. All these changes are done in a dynamic fashion to constantly changing environmental conditions in energy efficient ways.

1.1 | INTRODUCTION |

Foldable portable structure are prefabricated structure constructed with different type of material including steel , aluminum , plastic which are able to construct a durable structure and achieve design stability, serviceability sustainability with comfort of living being. ‘”Foldable” describe various folded connection between various component like floor, Roof, planner Connection which easily fold and unfold using movement connection and mechanism. The start force that generates the movement can be natural (human handed) or mechanical including hydraulic or rack and pinion mechanism. “Portable” includes structure which can transport from one place to another. According to literature review of various authors In 2007 Robert Kronenburg, says that Folded “includes changing design buildings, space, form and shape by physically altering its structure, interior or skin. It is an architecture that opens, closes, expands and contracts”. And portable “includes buildings that move from one place to another in order to better play its role: it is an architecture that rolls, floats or flies” (Kronenburg, 2007). Maziar Asefi, who publish in 2010 his research where he “describes a distinct class of structures consisting of rigid, or transformable elements, connected by moveable joints that can change their geometry reversibly and repeatedly and have the innate characteristic of controlled reconfiguration” (Asefi, 2010). Source: https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i3/IRJET-V6I3225.pdf

1.2 | AIM To have a better understanding of the design and possibilities of foldable portable architecture and it’s application in dynamic situation.

1.3 | HYPOTHESIS In dynamic situation of Dharavi Folded portable structures are able to satisfy the needs and requirements of people and provides them with better living conditions and economic upliftment.

1.4 | OBJECTIVE • • •

• •

To understand foldable portable architecture and their scope of resilience in dynamic situations. To understand different systems of kinetic operations used in world today. To analyse a prototype design of deployable structure by Ten Fold engineering. To analyse its scope and possibilities of application in the dynamic situation of Dharavi. To evaluate its nature against conventional methods in terms of aspects such as cost, time, flexibility of space and consumption of land resource.

1.5 | SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY The scope of this study lies in rethinking and envisaging the slums of today into a functional and organised layout of deployable components which can operate with complete flexibility in order to sustain in the environment of dynamic needs and operation of spaces. However, this study is also limited to analysis of a design prototype by Ten Fold engineering and its evaluation against the Asia's biggest slum, Dharavi. Also, it is evaluated against a conventional operation of space planning with the parameters of cost, time, flexibility of space and consumption of land resources.

1.6 | BASIC FRAMEWORK |

BACKGROUND

SIMILAR CONCEPTS SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION TRANSPORT METHODS AND CONSIDERATIONS

ANALYTICAL STUDY

TEN FOLD

DYNAMIC SITUATION OF DHARAVI

• WHAT IS TEN FOLD AND WHAT IT DOES.

• WHY DHARAVI

• EXISTING UNIT OF TEN FOLD.

• EXISTING GARMENT UNIT OF DHARAVI.

COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

BUILT UP/ OPEN LAND ANALYSIS

EASE OF CONSTRUCTION & COST ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION

2.1 | SIMILLAR CONCEPTS |

KINETIC ARCHITECTURE Structures or components with perceived or actual variable mobility, location, and/or geometry. Kinetic architecture is a concept through which buildings are designed to allow parts of the structure to move, without reducing overall structural integrity.

Figure 2: KINETIC ARCHITECTURE

RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE Buildings or social process of the built environment that answer to the social and/or environmental simulation of a specific place during the design phase of a project.

Kinetic systems and mechanisms for motion or movements are the base for the existence of dynamism in architecture. By dynamism in architecture we mean foldable portable architecture which allows for adaptability, responsiveness and transformability. So with this, we can understand that these kinetic systems can provide us with spaces of varying scale of dynamism. Even a use of hinge for doors and windows adds to the dynamics of a space. It is just about how well we equip our architectural elements in order to fulfil the desired outcomes of resilience in dynamic situation.

Figure 3: RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE

TRANSFORMABLE ARCHITECTURE Structures that are able to rapidly take on new shapes, forms, functions, or character in a controlled manner through changes in structure, skin and/or internal surfaces connected by articulated joints.

Figure 4: TRANSFORMABLE ARCHITECTURE

ADAPTIVE ARCHITECTURE

Buildings planned to be easily altered or modified to fit changing social functions before and after occupancy.

Figure 5: ADAPTIVE ARCHITECTURE

2.2 | SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION |

Lets discuss the already existing systems that we have for foldable portable architecture. To understand better these systems are classified into three main categories which are as follows. Source: https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099.1/20359?locale-attribute=en

FLAT PACKED Pre-hinged construction systems, are usually complemented with a kit form of auxiliary parts. Folding mechanism is commonly used in this system.

FOLDABLE

Figure 6: FLAT PACKED

PODS AND CAPSULES Pods are essentially skin supports used as transportation and static structure. Commonly in a container volume and shape, it’s the most used in the construction field. Besides the basic movement elements rotation and translation, it is used as a hybrid, where it integrates the exterior skin with another of the transformable system.

Figure 7: FLAT PACKED

INFLATABLE

PNEUMATICS Membrane inflate or air-supported buildings.

Figure 8: PNEUMATICS

PANTOGRAPH Sophisticated hinged systems usually use means of scissors mechanisms as a deployable structure.

COLLAPSABLE Figure 9: PANTOGRAPH

MEMBRANE SYSTEM A combination of pre-stress membrane with structure (movable or stationary) that can change its geometry or shape in a deployment movement by modifying the apply tension.

Figure 10: MEMBRANE SYSTEM

2.2.1 | FOLDABLE SYSTEMS |

PODS AND CAPSULES

The static structure is a tridimensional frame, with load distributions on post and beams, normally in steel and with little variation in its rectangular form. It can be incorporate in the final building design and need to foresee the lifting point or hull positions for even load distribution during transport. The movable components are connected to the structure and the type and direction of movement have a direct influence in the structure that not only assumes the overall load, but also the forces as a result of movements and transformations. Figure 11: STATIC STRUCTURE

Kinetic Components are load bearing of at least its own weight, and in this case, of interaction with static structure frame, they are responsible for building transformations. Two main objectives can be observed in the transformations of a pod: the interaction with the exterior, where the internal space is a utility or storage of equipment, and the opening permits integration between interior and exterior, or it can promote the change of volume, in which case, the area of internal space is multiplied for occupancy. Schumacher says, in the book Move-2010, that “the openable surfaces of a building envelope relate directly through their size, direction, location and manner of opening to the function and usage of the space within”. Source: https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099.1/20359?locale-attribute=en

Figure 12 : KINETIC COMPONENTS

2.2.1/2.2.2 | FOLDABLE AND INFLATABLE SYSTEMS |

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Pre-hinged construction systems, usually with a kit form of auxiliary parts. Folding mechanism is commonly used in this system. A notable advantage is the little depth or thickness in transportation, being able to transport a larger quantity in a same vehicle. As the building is unfolded, the structure is also unfolded and within the envelope, it’s unstable and there is the need of auxiliary equipment. Once the unfolding process is completed, and the fixations and locks realized, the rigid elements have a load bearing capacity and are stable. The use of an auxiliary static structure is an option, but usually the dimension of this structure is limited to the load necessity and it is not used as a container for transportation. Source: https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099.1/20359?locale-attribute=en

Figure 13 : FLAT PACKED

FOLDABLE SYSTEM

In a system of pneumatic structures the structural stabilization is the result of pressure differences usually in air. When deflated, the membranes have flexible form that can be folded into very compact volume and light weighted, and can be transformed quickly into a three-dimensional object by inflating air under pressure. This way the membrane becomes a pneumatic stabilized membrane and acquires some structural rigidity, but, because of the lightweight, is unstable under wind loads and need the auxiliary of cables to hold structure in place. Inflatable buildings are built with two layers of membrane connected together forming a chamber that, pressurized with air, produces a rigid structural element which allows large span structure to be achieved. An airsupported building requires air-locks at all access points to prevent the air being lost when doors are opened, since the entire occupied space of the building is pressurized. Source: https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099.1/20359?locale-attribute=en

Figure 14: PNEUMATIC

INFLATABLE SYSTEM

11 |

2.2.3 | COLLAPSABLE SYSTEMS |

An important advantage to flexible materials (textiles and membranes) over rigid elements with hinges or pivots is that in the folded position they occupy less relative space and are extremely light and flexible in their application as surface cover. However, the structural capacity is limited and structural rigidity has to be achieved by an external influence: a separate structure, pneumatics or chemically changing the material once erected (Zuk and Clark, 1979). Figure 15: DEFORMABLE ELEMENTS

Textile membranes provide structural function when stretched over a framework depending on the material specifications. An auxiliary structure of rigid materials can be within the membrane, and the combination of both in deployment is what conforms the building. It’s only stable once fully stretched and with the relation of structure (bars), membrane (cover) and auxiliary cables (auxiliary tension) with full tension. Textiles and membranes can be used as cover skin in preview structures. Source: https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099.1/20359?locale-attribute=en

Figure 16: MEMBRANE SYSTEMS

2.2.3 | COLLAPSABLE SYSTEMS |

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A deployable structure is a structure that can change shape so as to significantly change its size. Examples of deployable structures are umbrellas, some tensegrity structures, bistable structures, some Origami shapes and scissor-like structures. Deployable structures are also used on spacecraft for deploying solar panels and solar sails. Space-based deployable structures can be categorized into three primary classes: the first is the articulated structure class wherein rigid members contain sliding contact joints or are folded at hinge points and pivot to deploy, often locking into place. The second class consists of on-orbit assembly where a device is fabricated and/or mechanically joined in space to form the structure. The final class is high strain structures (often composed of High strain composites) wherein the device is dramatically flexed from one configuration to another during deployment. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployable_structure#:~:text=A%20deployable%20structure%20is%20a,shapes%20and%20scissor %2Dlike%20structures.

Figure 17: DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURE

EXAMPLE OF POST DISASTER DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURE pop-up home to rebuild Nepalese lives by barberio Colella arc designs

THIS RESEARCH PAPER WILL PRIMARILY

FOCUSING

DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURE. Figure 18: POP UP HOME

2.3 | COMPARISON CHART OF TRANSPORTS METHODS AND CONSIDERATIONS |

13 |

The degree of compactness in fully folded configuration. The ability to be applied to portable architecture. MODE

ROAD

RAIL

SEA

AIR

RELATIVE SPEED

Moderate

Slow

Very high

RELIABILITY

Good

Limited

Very good

COST PER TONN/KM

Medium

Low/medium

Low/very low

High

FLEXIBILITY

High

Low

Medium

Extensive network

Limited and fixed infrastructure

Restricted network

Limited network

Short and medium distance e.g. Europe/middle east. From a neighbouring country to operation site internal transport, short/medium distance

Large consignments. From port of discharge to inland operation site. Ecological

Large quantities, less urgent, pre positioning phase, long distance with no time constraint.

Emergency phase, expensive goods, fragile or perishable goods, cold chain, no alternative option, small shipments, e.g. Diplomatic pouch, long distance with time constraint.

ADVANTAGES

Relatively fast, no transhipment, direct delivery, flexible, cost.

Economical, large loading capacity, range of speed.(In most countries).

Economical, large loading capacity, no restriction on loading capacity, cheap.

Fast, reliable, limited losses, direct, easy tracking and tracing.

DISADVANTAGES

Roads may be dangerous(land mines) or blocked(rainy season), sometimes, driver’s nationality or vehicle registration not acceptable.

Difficulty finding freight cars, delays, transhipment, inflexible, tracking.

Slow, transhipments at ports, use as a second means of transport for large volumes, higher theft risk in the port, not flexible.

Expensive, restricted to journeys between airports, restricted loading capacity(dangerous goods, size of shipment, weight, fuel, size of packages, etc.)

CRITERIA

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

Table 1: COMPARISION CHART OF TRANSPORT METHODS OF FOLDABLE PORTABLE STRUCTURE

3.1 | TEN FOLD ENFENIEERING | ANALYTICAL STUDY |

Figure 19: TEN FOLD PROTOTYPES

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TEN FOLD ENGENIEERING • Ten Fold's technology transforms the utility of everyday things. • Eight minutes. That is the length of time UK-based company Ten Fold Engineering’s self-deploying structures can transform itself from a portable rectangular container into a fully habitable space that can be used for either the residential or service sector. Transported by truck, the company offers a shelter that is energy efficient, eliminates labor costs, and is highly customizable in an effort to revolutionize the possibilities of prefabrication and construction. System

Pantograph hybrid

Structure

Dynamically self-erecting

Architect

David Martyn

Company

Ten Fold Engineering

Patent Year

2012

Location

United Kingdom

• This technology allows people and the things they work with to be where they are needed.

• The structures have the ability to be equipped with clean energy technologies such as solar power, batteries, water storage and water treatment in the units or via bolt-on power system pods. With this capability, the structures can go off-grid, which is beneficial for remote and extreme climates. The long-lasting steel design is constructed to meet BREAM and LEED standards according to ten fold. • Not only does the portable structure represent a rethinking of residential design, but also an easily implemented solution to help communities in need. The shelters have the potential to provide services such as mobile clinics or grocery stores, etc. Source: https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i3/IRJET-V6I3225.pdf

15 |

3.1.1/ 3.1.2 | EASE OF INSTALLATION/ OFF GRID SYSTEM | ANALYTICAL STUDY |

There are no geographical limits to where these units can be installed. They do not need foundations and can be installed on sloping or uneven ground. The folding system is very efficient, so you can make more space, more quickly and more easily with fewer trucks and no plant or labour. Deployment takes only a few minutes and is fully reversible with equal ease and speed. Source: https://www.tenfoldengineering.com/#section-what-we-do

Figure 20: EASE OF INSTALLATION

OFF GRID SYSTEM

Figure 21: TEN FOLD PROTOTYPE WITH OFF GRID SYSTEM ( OPENING PROCESS)

There is space in the unit and in bolt-on modular pods for power systems, batteries, water storage, water treatment, air-handling systems, materials and equipment to suit every application. Source: https://www.tenfoldengineering.com/#section-what-we-do

3.1.3/3.1.4 | INBUILT SERVICES/ POSSIBILITIES WITH TEN FOLD | ANALYTICAL STUDY |

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Every element can be added, upgraded or replaced with ease, making Ten Fold units Future Proof. Source: https://www.tenfoldengineering.com/#sectionwhat-we-do

Figure 22: TEN FOLD PROTOTYPE WITH INBUILT SERVICES

POSSIBILITIES WITH TEN FOLD UNITS

Figure 23: TEN FOLD PROTOTYPE WITH OFF GRID SYSTEM ( OPENING PROCESS)

The units can be stacked and interlinked in almost any way to provide accommodation at any scale. Source: https://www.tenfoldengineering.com/#section-what-we-do

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3.1.5 | EXISTING U BOX PROTOTYPE OF TEN FOLD | ANALYTICAL STUDY | TEN FOLD STRUCTURE COMPONENTS • MOVEMENT MECHANISMS

Self Deployment in 8 minute pin-jointed linkage of lever arm(Scissor) with walls that perform specific useful moment repeatedly, precisely and reversibly in such a way that they can fold up, including folded roof and floor with each element counterbalancing the other so that very little power is needed to drive them. •

LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE

It uses a double single scissor {Lever Arm} All the linkage can be driven by almost any one of the individual bars of the linkage by using hydraulic or rack and pinion mechanism. This gives them extreme versatility and flexibility in all application are obviates the need for complex locking and feedback system. •

PLANAR SURFACE COMPONENTS

75-120mm free finished composite panels.

UBOX The uBox measures to about 645 square feet (60 square meters) once unfolded and 112 square feet of storage space when closed. The portable building can assemble itself automatically, without the need for foundations or heavy machinery. Each portable home uses a patented lever system that enables different parts of the structure to move simultaneously as the building unfolds. Like shipping containers, the houses can be stacked on top of one another for storage or transport. 'Can you actually get something that is big enough to be useful, to work in and to carry the things you need?'" Martyn said. "We tried to develop something that could be transported using traditional systems like trucks; that could unload without cranes or workmen; and that could be done in minutes, so you didn't lose any time." Source: https://thespaces.com/prefab-home-builds-10-minutes/, https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i3/IRJET-V6I3225.pdf

Figure 24: TEN FOLD’S U BOX ( OPENING PROCESS AND ONE INTERIOR OPTION)

3.1.6 | EXISTING TEN FOLD PORTABLE STRUCTURE | ANALYTICAL STUDY |

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TRANSFORMABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES DESIGN Expansion and Flexibility

Expanded counterbalance mechanism from two side due to hydraulic mechanism and lever arm reliably

Compactability and Transportability

63m2 of flexible, ready-to-use space delivered in 8 minutes from a standard truck The Module expands upwards and outwards simultaneously providing 32m2 of additional floor space.

Structural Stability and Deformability

Stable at all times

Architectural Obstruction

The interior is used for storage of movable components Moveable internal walls and Exchangeable pods.

Operating System

Automatic using hydraulic mechanism.

CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS

Reliability and Safety

The units are easily customized and readily adaptable to user and site Specifics. All units and their related Pods are modular, interconnect able and interchangeable and provide high quality, flexible space and facilities for living and working to suit user and site specifics in almost any environment or working sector.

Manufacture and Shipment

Industrial constructions under prefabrication premises.

Life-Expectancy

TEN FOLD units are robust and resilient, long-life, well-insulated buildings designed to be moved and moved again but with the designed performance characteristics expected of a solid building. The units can be built to international standards and designed to comply with the broadest ranges of local construction codes

DESIGN PRINCIPAL OF SUSTAINABILITY Optimization of resources (natural and artificial)

Tenfold Structure use durable, reclaimed and re-usable materials and resources and designed as a prefabricated structure.

Reduction of energy consumption

Tenfold is designed as a prefabricated structure constructed in factory so reduce and minimized construction waste and reduce transportation cost and save land as foundation are not stuck to ground.

Reduction of waste and emissions

Conventional building contributes to CO2 emission prefabricated structure with composite material panel reduce Contribution to emission and help to maintain ecological parameter balance.

Improving people’s health and wellbeing

Tenfold structure provide comfort, luxurious life to the people by designing are able to done with peoples requirement and have ability to maintain people healthy.

Reduction of building costs and maintenance

Cost of structure is high with low maintenance cost.

Table 2: TRANSFORMABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES OF TEN FOLD

3.2 | DHARAVI, MUMBAI |

19 |

Figure 25: DHARAVI,MUMBAI MAP

Figure 29: SATELLITE MAP OF DHARAVI

Figure 26: DORMITORY CONDITION IN DHARAVI

Figure 27: DORMITORY CONDITION IN DHARAVI

Figure 28: LIVING CONDITION INSIDE DHARAVI

INNER LIVING CONDITION IN DHARAVI

Figure 30: DHARAVI, MUMBAI

A BRODER PRESPECTIVE

3.2 | DHARAVI, MUMBAI |

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Figure 31: SECTION SHOWING SPACES OF UNITS IN DHARAVI.

Dharavi is a locality in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, considered to be one of Asia's largest slums. Dharavi has an area of just over 2.1 square kilometers (0.81 sq. m 520 acres)and a population of about 1,000,000. With a population density of over 277,136/km2 (717, 780/sq. mi), Dharavi is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Dharavi has an active informal economy in which numerous household enterprises employ many of the slum residents-leather, textiles and pottery products are among the goods made inside Dharavi. The total annual turnover has been estimated at over US$1 billion. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharavi

3.2.1 | ANALYTICAL STUDY | WHY DHARAVI |

21 |

WHY DHARAVI?

THE TOOL HOUSE

USED AT NIGHT TIME

USED AT DAY TIME USED AT NIGHT TIME

USED AT NIGHT TIME USED AT DAY TIME

Figure 32: THE TOOL HOUSE, DHARAVI.

TIME BOUND ACTIVITIES IN TOOL HOUSE DAY TIME

NIGHT TIME

25%

ALL TIME

• Dharavi is a home to approximately 20,000 factories and small businesses, while being home to more than 8,50,000 residents. It is a hyper-mixed use settlement, with a hyper-linked network of economic and production chains. The concept of a tool house embodies the smallest unit of this system, a house as a space for residency as well as economic activity. In dharavi, the tool house exists within a network of thousands of tool houses which amass a scale of production that satisfies the basic tenets of business economics and profitability, while fostering a sense of kinship and locality. • Thus the tool-house is an embodiment of a mixed use settlement. It is a character so intrinsic to the built fabric of dharavi, and allows for an economically viable way for small production houses to sustain amidst the rising urban costs.

A POTTER IN DHARAVI Abbasbhai who belongs to kumbharwada, began his workshop on the ground floor and home on the first floor. As his family expanded and needed more space, abbasbhai moved his workshop next door. Most of his employees live in kumbhaewada or in dharavi. “in a pottery business, people are hired based on specific jobs, following a specific sequence of activities. Workers are needed at specific times, and living in the very next lane allow that,” says Ashwin wadhar, who has resumed work at abbasbhai’s workshop and is producing stock for the upcoming festival of Diwali. Source: https://urbz.net/articles/dharavi-fortnightly-02toolhouse-story

AT DAY TIME 50% OF SPACE IS DEAD SPACE.

50%

AT NIGHT TIME 25% OF SPACE IS DEAD SPACE

DO THESE TIME BOUND ACTIVITIES AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF DHARAVI HAVE POTENTIAL TO BE BETTER RESOLVED, PLANNED AND MANAGED WITH THE FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY OF DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURES?

3.2.2 | ANALYTICAL STUDY | IMPORTANCE OF SPATIAL PROXIMITY | Most economically-productive and affordable spaces for many in dharavi, the tool-house also meets concerns regarding the family setup interfering with productivity or vice versa, compromises with living conditions and lifestyle, or having to live away from family in certain cases. However, most of the respondents with such concerns had either acclimatized to such conditions or took to this setup as a transit situation.

Habib tepu, a fabrication business owner, chose to open his business next door as he wanted to capitalise on the social capital built here since childhood to aid in his business. Such robust systems of close-knit economic networks and social capital tends to be a preference for most people in dharavi, whether they be business owner, self-employed individuals or employees. Tool-house, where economic and social transactions overlap constitute a greater resilience than standalone economic and social ecosystems. This form of resilience stems from individual mettle, community ties and economic network to achieve a level of local self-sufficiency.

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SPATIAL PROXIMITY AIDS WORK FLEXIBILITY. Vidya mane occupies a clerical position at a school close to her house. The proximity of her house and school has allowed her to focus on her social work ventures, an NGO called bhoomi swachata foundation and a bachat gat (woman’s self help group). The school’s proximity to her house opened up more time and flexible working hours, which she diligently spent on her social ventures. She operates these ventures from her house, where they live on the top floor and has given the ground floor on rent. She is currently planning to turn the ground floor into an office for the NGO. She feels that such an arrangement has helped her balance her work at school and NGO and her family relations have been stronger as her husband and kids support her in what she does. Source: https://urbz.net/articles/dharavi-fortnightly-02-toolhouse-story

Source: https://urbz.net/articles/dharavi-fortnightly-02-toolhouse-story

IF DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURES ALLOW DYNAMIC FUNCTIONALITY IN DHARAVI, WOULD IT BE BENEFICIAL FOR THE ECONOMICAL UPLIFTMENT AND LIFESTYLE OF THE PEOPLE?

Figure 33: PROXIMITY OF HOME TO WORK TOOLHOUSE

3.2.3 | ANALYTICAL STUDY | STREET ANALYSIS |

23 |

STREET ANALYSIS OF SANGAM GULLY, DHARAVI

Figure 34: SANGAM GULLY, DHARAVI

WORKING AND LIVING SPACES SHOULD CO EXIST IN ORDER TO PROVIDE FEASIBILITY IN THE DAILY ROUTINE OF PEOPLE AT DHARAVI.

3% 23%

AND IF WE OBSERVE THE CURRENT SITUSTION FROM THR FIGURE ABOVE, IT IS CLEAR THAT THE SPACES ARE DEAD IF THE FUNCTIONS ARE ANALYSED IN REFERENCE TO TIME.

74%

AT DAY TIME 23% SPACE IS DEAD SPACE.

DAY TIME

NIGHT TIME

ALL TIME

AT NIGHT TIME 74% SPACE IS DEAD SPACE.

3.2.4 | ANALYTICAL STUDY | LOCATION OF EXISTING UNIT OF DHARAVI | Figure 35: MAP OF DHARAVI

GARMENT UNIT OF DHARAVI, MUMBAI

Figure 36: LOCATION OF GARMENT UNIT IN 13 COMPOUND, DHARAVI.

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25 |

4.1 | COMPARITIVE

ANALYSIS |

SPATIAL ANALYSIS | GARMENT UNIT OF DHARAVI

Taking one existing garment unit of dharavi where the garment industry is more flexible in terms of social structure and employs a larger proportion of new migrant labourers, it is also an industry that employs workers from outside dharavi. AREA 69 SQ.M.

Ground storey 49sq.m. Upper storey 20sq.m. (used as dormitory)

GARMENT UNIT OF DHARAVI

Source: https://issuu.com/robertorocco /docs/p4_report_high_resolution_kritika_s

TEN FOLD PROTOTYPE

The uBox measures to about 645 square feet (63 square meters) once unfolded and 112 square feet (10 square meter) of storage space when closed. It can change its interior layouts as per the people needs and requirements.

AREA 63 SQ.M.

TEN FOLD PROTOTYPE

Source: https://thespaces.com/prefab-home-builds10-minutes/

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In this spatial analysis, the considered garment unit of dharavi analysed in terms of their usage according to day and night time. The data is then quantified in percentage to have a clear idea about how much is dead and utilised for both the cases of day and night. Also, the areas occupied for different functions in the garment unit are calculated, which is then used to have a quantified data about how much space is required for static spaces and how much for the areas which can be flexible according to the people’s function and usage. After that, the possibility of minimising the dead spaces in reference to time is checked for the prototypical design by Ten Fold engineering. And the quantified data of areas required for different functions is considered while preparing layouts for different possibilities and alternatives. Furthermore, the spaces consumed by walls in the garment unit of dharavi is calculated and checked against the flexible partition elements of prototype.

4.1.1 | COMPARITIVE

27 |

ANALYSIS |

SPATIAL ANALYSIS |

EXISTING GARMENT UNIT OF DHARAVI

Ground Floor

First Floor

44%

ACTIVE SPACE

56% DEAD SPACE

Right now as a existing garment shop 22 sq.m. area can be engaged with storage and services and other space can be flexible

TEN FOLD PROTOTYPE

HOME

SHOP SHOP SHOP

Option1

SHOP

Option2 Figure 37: ISOMETRIC VIEW OF TEN FOLD UNIT

DAY TIME

4.1.2 | COMPARITIVE

ANALYSIS |

SPATIAL ANALYSIS |

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EXISTING GARMENT UNIT OF DHARAVI

Ground Floor

First Floor

56% ACTIVE SPACE

44%

DEAD SPACE

Right now as a existing garment shop 22 sq.m. area can be engaged with storage and services and other space can be flexible

TEN FOLD PROTOTYPE

HOME

SHOP STORAGE

RENTED SPACE

Option1

Option2 Figure 38: ISOMETRIC VIEW OF TEN FOLD UNIT

NIGHT TIME

4.1.3 | COMPARITIVE

29 |

ANALYSIS |

SPATIAL ANALYSIS |

EXISTING GARMENT UNIT OF DHARAVI

TEN FOLD PROTOTYPE

HOME

RENTED SPACE

SHOP

RENTED SPACE

HOME

SHOP

Figure 39: ISOMETRIC VIEW OF TEN FOLD UNIT

ALTERNATE INTERIOR LAYOUT POSSIBILITIES

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In the movement area analysis, a significant area of dharavi is considered and then the ratio between the total area considered area and movement area is calculated. This ratio is then used for finding the required movement area in the supposed organisational layout of prototypical components from tenfold. This analysis helps us to attain clear idea about how much building footprint is required by both the alternatives, the existing scenario of dharavi and the envisaged layout of deployable components. In the existing situation of dharavi, different functions occupy different floor space. For example, the rental space is on the second floor while the shop is on the ground. But with our envisaged redevelopment, habitats can be dynamic to sustain different functions. So, a comparative analysis between both the situations is done in order to know about the consumption of land resource. For this analysis, three storey unit is considered and checked against the three prototypical units stacked on top of the other. Also, the above mentioned movement area is considered to have a practical approach.

4.2 | COMPARITIVE

31 |

ANALYSIS |

MOVEMENT AREA ANALYSIS |

MOVEMENT AREA RATIO IN DHARAVI Figure 40: MOVEMENT AREA ANALYSYS DRAWING

13 COMPOUND

MOVEMENT

BUILT UP

30%

70%

AREA 5404SQ.M. EXISTING GARMENT UNIT

MOVEMENT AREA FOR TEN FOLD PROTOTYPE

MOVEMENT AREA FOR SINGLE UNIT

20SQ.M.

VERTICAL MOVEMENT AREA

25SQ.M.

(CONSIDERING STANDERED LAYOUT)

12419SQ.M.

4.3 | COMPARITIVE

ANALYSIS |

BUILT UP /OPEN AREA ANALYSIS |

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33 |

4.3 | COMPARITIVE

ANALYSIS |

BUILT UP /OPEN AREA ANALYSIS |

EXISTING UNITS IN DHARAVI

0% 30%

70%

BUILT UP AREA

MOVEMENT AREA

OPEN AREA

TEN FOLD UNITS

12% 30%

58%

BUILT UP AREA

OPEN AREA

MOVEMENT AREA

4.4 | OPPORTUNITIES WITH TEN FOLD STRUCTURE | ANALYTICAL STUDY |

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Figure 41: OPPORTUNITIES WITH TEN FOLD

IDEA FOR THE BUSINESS

Figure 42: OPPORTUNITY OF PORTABILITY WITH TEN FOLD UNIT

RESILIENCE OF FOLDABLE PORTABLE STRUCTURE AT A PLACE LIKE DHARAVI WHERE PORTABILITY ALSO MATTERS.

Gyaan Rao, a 22 year old resident of dharavi, wants to set up two business ventures with friends, a garment shop and a stationary shop. Noticing a lack of stationary shops in his locality, he wants to start one on his street, and source the products for sale from masjid Bandar, Gyaan wants to procure garments wholesale and sell at various weekly market around the city. On day without any market, he will be storing the goods at his home, and sell them locally. Source: https://urbz.net/articles/dharavi-fortnightly-02toolhouse-story

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4.5 | COMPARITIVE

ANALYSIS |

EASE OF CONSTRUCTION |

GARMENT UNIT OF DHARAVI

TEN FOLD PROTOTYPE

TOTAL AREA 69SQ.M.

63SQ.M.

CONSTRUCTION TIME 3 WEEKS

1 DAY

25 20 15 10 5 0 DHARAVI UNIT

TEN FOLD UNIT DAYS

NO. OF PEOPLE REQUIRE TO CONSTRUCT AND INSTALL 6

1 10

0 DHARAVI UNIT

TEN FOLD UNIT

NUMBER OF PEOPLE

TOOLS USED TO CONSTRUCT • Hand tools, such as screwdrivers, brushes, trowels, wrenches, knives, crimpers, clamps, hawk, mason’s square, plumb rule, spirit level, brick hammer • Power tools, which may be powered by electricity, compressed air, liquid fuel, hydraulic power, or powder-actuated and might include mixers, saws, cutters, drills, grinders, guns, breakers. • Machine tools, used for shaping materials into components by cutting, boring, grinding. Source: https://www.buildersmart.in/blogs/types-of-tools-used-in-brickworks

Hand-held battery drill Source: https://www.arch2o.com/ten-fold-engineering-portable-houses/

4.6 | COMPARITIVE

ANALYSIS |

CONSTRUCTION COST |

GARMENT UNIT OF DHARAVI

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TEN FOLD PROTOTYPE

CARPET AREA (for 117 units) TOTAL CARPET AREA [63SQ.M.*117] + [MOMENT AREA + 7 VERTICAL SHAFTS] [2340 + 175] = 9886SQ.M.

TOTAL CARPET AREA [69SQ.M. *117] = 8073SQ.M.

CONSTRUCTION COST FOR CARPET AREA 69SQ.M./1UNIT OF DHARAVI NEEDS 60,000 INR 8073SQ.M./117 UNITS NEEDS 7,200,00 RS.

63SQ.M./1 UNIT OF TEN FOLD NEEDS 42,500,00INR. 8326SQ.M./117 UNITS + MOVEMENT + VERTICAL MOVEMENT NEEDS 54.7CR.

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 DHARAVI UNIT

TEN FOLD UNIT

CARPET AREA COST

LAND COST (CONSIDERING COST/SQ.M. = 1,10,900 RS.) TOTAL COST [8190*1,10,900] = 90.8CR

TOTAL COST [ 3407*1,10,900] = 37.7CR.

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 DHARAVI UNITS

TEN FOLD UNITS

LAND COST Table 3: DIFFERENCE OF CONSTRUCTION COST BETWEEN EXISTING DHARAVI AND TEN FOLD PROTOTYPES

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5 | WHY WE NEED GROUND PROXIMITY & DEPLOY-ABILITY IN DHARAVI? |

Yes, we know, the redevelopment of Dharavi has been in the minds of the government and developers for almost a decade now. Many proposals are made for efficient land utilization and organization of functional layouts. And for us, as architects, the most ideal solution is to go up with the high rise buildings, so that we get free land space. But this design approach has a negative impact on the lives of the people in Dharavi, their employment source, their work routine, and on the several small scale household industries. People at Dharavi need spaces with ground proximity, this allows them to create co working and living environments, which in turn provides them with opportunities for their small businesses. Dharavi is a dynamic settlement, places encounter differential functions, and so, this dynamic environment cannot be accommodated within a static and rigid permanency. We need an environment which is supportive for the settlement, which allows for potential economic upliftment, which promotes these small scale industries. This brought me to an idea that why shouldn’t we deal these dynamic functions with dynamic environments, and there comes the idea of deployable components to rethink and redevelop Dharavi as never before.

6 | CONCLUSION |

• Initial cost would be higher if we are rethinking the settlement of dharavi as efficient functional layout of deployable components.

• Deployable structures offers a scope of efficient planning with minimum land acquisition and maximum functional output. • Deployable structures allows co existence of living and working environments which reduces the land acquisition for separate units. • This might help the people with economic upliftment and better living conditions as it promotes their work routine in an organized and efficient manner. • Also, envisaging further on this, the land resource of Mumbai may be used for other development plans if the slums are redeveloped as deployable components.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

39 |

Research article of Self Sustainable Portable Structure by Shweta O. Rathi, Ritesh J. Laddha, Shrikant R. Bhuskade , 2017. Maziar Asefi. Transformable and Kinetic Architectural Structures: Design, Evaluation and Application to Intelligent Architecture. German: VCM , 2010. Kronenburg ,R. 2003. Portable Architecture, Burlington: Elsevier

Kronenburg, Robert. Flexible. Architecture that Responds to Change .London: Art Blume, 2007. Kronenburg, R.: 1997, Transportable Environments: Papers from the International Conference on Portable Architecture, E & FN Spon, London. Zuk, William; Clark, Roger H. Kinetic Architecture. United States of America and Canada: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1970. Schumacher, Michael. Move, Architecture in motion. Birkhäuser Architecture; 1st Edition. edition (March 10, 2010).

Research paper of Transformable and transportable architecture: analysis of buildings components and strategies for project design,Barcelona, España. September, 2013. Research paper of folded portable structure, www.irjet.net. Google search: https://urbz.net/homegrown https://urbz.net/articles/dharavi-fortnightly-02-toolhouse-story http://www.urbz.net/about https://www.tenfoldengineering.com/#section-technology https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4696276/The-100-000-flat-packed-house-unfolds-10-minutes.html https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/ubox-prefab-home/index.html https://www.archdaily.com/775698/barberio-colella-arc-designs-pop-up-home-to-rebuild-nepalese-lives-in-just-aminute

Book references Portable Architecture Design and Technology , 2008 , by Robert Kronenburg , publicationBirkhäuser Basel. Mobile: The Art of Portable Architecture , 2002 , by Robert Kronenburg , publication-Princeton Architectural Press. Architecture in Motion: The history and development of portable building , 2013 , by Robert Kronenburg , publication- Routledge.

IMAGE CREDITS

Figure 1: https://www.google.com/search?q=DEPLOYABLE+STRUCTURES&sxsrf=ALeKk01empSfnK0Fs_xq3QojfCHxHq biMA:1606045445007&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDovjBiZbtAhVmzzgGHWGSDWsQ_AUo AXoECAYQAw&biw=1536&bih=763#imgrc=lFWCXWBNP0FIBM, https://www.google.com/search?q=DEPLOYABLE+STRUCTURES&sxsrf=ALeKk01empSfnK0Fs_xq3QojfCHxHq biMA:1606045445007&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDovjBiZbtAhVmzzgGHWGSDWsQ_AUo AXoECAYQAw&biw=1536&bih=763#imgrc=kGU8J8Q5YY4I9M&imgdii=i4baIEKow4bRiM Figure 2 to 16: https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099.1/20359?locale-attribute=en Figure 17: https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099.1/20359?locale-attribute=en Figure 18: https://www.archdaily.com/775698/barberio-colella-arc-designs-pop-up-home-to-rebuild-nepalese-lives-injust-a-minute Figure 19: https://www.tenfoldengineering.com/#section-applications Figure 20 to 23: https://www.tenfoldengineering.com/#section-what-we-do Figure 24: https://thespaces.com/prefab-home-builds-10-minutes/ Figure 25: https://www.google.com/search?q=dharavi+mumbai+map&sxsrf=ALeKk00v3pVSGa3GCG_FuVyg_XgVOk6NvQ:1 606047398882&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwipnc_lkJbtAhVtxDgGHR2SBa4Q_AUoAnoECAQQ BA&biw=1536&bih=763#imgrc=7Z7joLMh3-5j8M Figure 26 & 27: https://issuu.com/robertorocco/docs/p4_report_high_resolution_kritika_s Figure 28: https://www.google.com/search?q=living%20condition%20in%20dharavi&tbm=isch&tbs=rimg:CYlUNLSI1WoEYd Zz2aNsthGk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQuIIBahcKEwjQh_SFk5btAhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQCw&biw=1519&bih= 763#imgrc=FS9iTC5fPxxnIM Figure 29: https://www.google.com/search?q=dharavi+map&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjb1oCOk5btAhXsMLcAHRwVCvsQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=dharavi+map&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECCMQJzICCAAyBggAEAUQHjIGCAAQBRAeMgYI ABAFEB4yBggAEAgQHjIGCAAQCBAeMgYIABAIEB4yBggAEAgQHjIGCAAQCBAeOgQIABBDOgUIABCxA zoHCAAQsQMQQ1Cm6gZY3_wGYKb_BmgAcAB4AIABigGIAdMKkgEEMC4xMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXo taW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=FFm6X9v8Guzh3LUPnKqo2A8&bih=763&biw=1519&hl=en#imgrc=qnFE7qh6p5ng fM&imgdii=NwwA4avBb4_yoM Figure 30: https://www.google.com/search?q=dharavi+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj744rFk5btAhUTjEsFHYe4C7wQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=dharavi+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECCMQJzIECCMQJzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyBAgA EEMyAggAMgIIADICCABQnuIEWJ7iBGDM5ARoAHAAeACAAYIBiAGCAZIBAzAuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3c y13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=h1m6X7uEOpOYrtoPh_Gu4As&bih=763&biw=1519&hl=en#imgrc=DSshgc zQZ0mGMM&imgdii=r-KEcYhIRtbkDM Figure 31: https://issuu.com/robertorocco/docs/p4_report_high_resolution_kritika_s Figure 32 to 34 : Base drawing source : https://urbz.net/articles/dharavi-fortnightly-02-toolhouse-story

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41 |

IMAGE CREDITS

Figure 35 & 36 : Base drawing source : https://issuu.com/robertorocco/docs/p4_report_high_resolution_kritika_s

Figure 37 to 39: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqPFgKg94Ys Figure 40 : Base drawing source : https://issuu.com/robertorocco/docs/p4_report_high_resolution_kritika_s Figure 41: https://www.google.com/search?q=ten+fold+engineering+2020&sxsrf=ALeKk01uFQfeHAcs3aixxfRv6XSiQUMhrQ: 1606048722735&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia0fDclZbtAhW4zjgGHdnOD9IQ_AUoA3oECAQ QBQ&biw=1536&bih=763#imgrc=gcO7jbK8f7T2RM Figure 42: https://www.google.com/search?q=ten+fold+engineering+2020&sxsrf=ALeKk01uFQfeHAcs3aixxfRv6XSiQUMhrQ: 1606048722735&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia0fDclZbtAhW4zjgGHdnOD9IQ_AUoA3oECAQ QBQ&biw=1536&bih=763#imgrc=7nWZ_wQ_0qagEM

TABLE CREDITS

Table 1: https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099.1/20359?locale-attribute=en Table 2: https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i3/IRJET-V6I3225.pdf Table 3: *Land cost in Mumbai source

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BHUMI PATEL

bhumipatel0987.bp@gmail.com