Strategic Plan for Parramatta CBD

PA R R A M AT TA 2051

COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE PARRAMATTA CBD

i

Acknowledgement of Country

We acknowledge the Traditional Owners of the land, the Darug people, who have cared for and nurtured the habitat, land, waters in Parramatta and its surrounding areas for thousands for generations.

We seek to reflect and embrace the rich culture and heritage of the Darug people and their deep connection to the River in our strategic directions for the expansive development of the Parramatta CBD. We pay our respects to the Elders of the past, present and future and acknowledge their spiritual connection to Country.

ii

Executive Summary

This report is a comprehensive strategic plan for the Central River City based on the overall assessment of the Parramatta CBD and the existing Eastern Harbour CBD. A Metropolis of Three Cities, Greater Sydney’s Region Plan identifies ten directions, planning priorities and actions for implementation by various levels of the government, the private sector and wider community. This strategic plan for the Central River city aims to ameliorate the existing business as usual models highlighted within the Metropolis of Three Cities, Western City District Plan and the Westmead place strategy, but at the same time aligning with the visions, planning priorities and actions of the overarching documents.

Based on the directions, planning priorities and actions outlined in the overarching documents, five themes have been identified. Sustain, live, prosper, include and connect addresses the requirements of the future Central River City in a comprehensive manner. Directions and actions are identified based on the opportunities and constraints within the area.

A polycentric strategic plan for the region is adopted after exploring various strategic planning options based on the opportunities, constraints, directions and actions. In order to attain a polycentric CBD, various phases of growth are outlined over a period of 30 years.

The chosen priority areas highlight the cohesive integrated development of the Central River City based on the identified opportunities, constraints, directions and actions.

“The River City will be a destination for the next generation living and

working. It will celebrate its rich culture, diversity, heritage and environment, thereby creating a sense of belonging for its people, now and for the generations to follow.”

iii

the Team

Bhavika Khot Prosper

Karen D’mello Live

Shruti Nair Connect

SID 490523841

SID 490520806

SID 490589179

Mohammed Nihal Include

Ranganathan Ravi Sustain

SID 490553734

SID 490573466

We take this opportunity to express sincerest gratitude to our guides, Associate Prof Tooran Alizadeh and tutor Jamie Van Geldermalsen.Their dedication towards this task, timely recommendations, meticulous scrutiny & scholarly advice has helped us immensly in the successful completion of this task.

We would also like to thank fellow students for their valuable feedback that has helped us refine our report to a great extent.

iv

Contents

Acknowledgement of Country

2

Executive Summary

4

the Team

6

Site

10

SWOT Analysis

22

swot summary

54

Directions & Actions

58

Strategic Pathways

84

the River CBD

86

the Street CBD

87

a Comparative Analysis

88

Strategic Plan

91

the Final Strategic Plan

92

the Phases of Growth

94

Development Sizes

98

Metropolitan Context in 2051

100

the Priority Areas

102

the Priority Projects

104

the Adopted Principles

106

Focus Areas

109

References

135

Appendix

139

Foreword Chapter 1

Site

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

01

Source : Author 10 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Context

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Chapter 5

Blacktown LGA

Parramatta LGA Ryde LGA Site

Chapter 6

Cumberland LGA

Canada Bay LGA

Fairfield LGA Strathfield LGA

Base map from Mosaic Maps by Mecone 1000

3000m

Site

References

0

CBD

The site has a central location within Sydney and has a potential for being the central CBD of Sydney.The harbour CBD is just 30 minutes away by public transport, hence the site has quick access by a variety of transportation methods. The site consists of world heritage-listed items such as the Parramatta Park and the Old government House; state heritage listed items such as the Cumberland Hospital and significant aborginal listings.

The Westmead place strategy indicates various housing options to the south of the site, which is located in the Cumberland LGA. There are various ecological hotspots around the site. The site, owing to its central location and its proximity to other major cities like the Eastern Harbour CBD and the Western Parkland city, holds significant potential to be developed as the new CBD that provides for the growing population.

Appendix

The site is located within the Parramatta Local Government Area within New South Wales, Australia. Some of the neighbouring Local Government Areas includes Cumberland LGA to its South, The Hills Shire LGA to its North, Blacktown LGA to the North West. Ryde LGA and Canada Bay LGA are located to the East of the Site.

Foreword Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Demographics Our Site

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Chapter 5

Harbour CBD

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Historical data retrieved from City of Parramatta’s history and heritage.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Historical Growth

Fig. 1: Image showing western view of Toongabbie. Image source: City of Parramatta 16 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Fig. 2:Image showing the first female factory, c.1803. Image Source: City of Parramatta.

Fig. 3: Second female factory, c.1818 Image Source: City of Parramatta.

Chapter 5 Chapter 6

Fig. 7:Image showing Westfields in 1975. Image source: City of Parramatta

References Appendix

Fig. 4: Toongabbie railway station , c1885 Image source: City of Parramatta.

Fig. 5: Image showing Parramatta town map. c.1904. Image source: City of Parramatta

Fig. 6: Arial view of Northern gardens, Cumberland Hospital, c. 1943, Image source: City of Parramatta.

Foreword

Policy Discourse

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

STATE LEVEL POLICIES

Greater Sydney is one of the global cities in Australia.

With a current population of 4.7 million, it holds a major economic clout across all industries and commerce. It is also endowed with several natural features such as the natural Harbour, long coastal beaches, bushlands, the Blue Mountains. This Greater Sydney Regional Plan (GSRP) is built of a vision where people of Greater Sydney live within a 30-minute radius from their jobs, education, and health facilities.

Formulated by the Greater Sydney Commission (GSC), the plan aims to transform the Greater Sydney region in the next 40 years into a metropolis of 3 cities, namely, the Western Parkland City, Central River City, and the Eastern Harbour City. The development is anchored around four major themes, namely, “Productivity”, “Liveability”, “Connectivity” and “Sustainability”. The implementation of the vision is to be carried out by collaborations between all tiers of the government and key stakeholders such as the community, business organizations, non-governmental organizations. The plans for the four broad themes are further segregated ten different directions that forms the basis for the formulation of district plans which further act as guides for the local government to adopt and implement the local strategic planning (Greater Sydney Commission, 2016).

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The Central City District Plan by the GSC is the bridging document between the GSRP and the local governing bodies, that sets out planning priorities and actions for improving the quality of life for its residents across the district. In giving effect to the directions set out under the GSRP, the Central District Plan broadly lists out its priorities and actions across four main themes, “Infrastructure & Collaboration”, “Liveability”, “Productivity” and “Sustainability”. It covers the local government areas of Blacktown, Cumberland, Parramatta and the Hills (Greater Sydney Commission, 2018) .

It is estimated that the Central City District will grow substantially in the next 20 years. Greater Parramatta & Olympic Peninsula has been identified as the metropolitan core of the district due to its central geographic location. With strong support from the Westmead Health & Education Precinct, technology, and urban services from Camelia, Rydalmere, Silverwater and Auburn, the economic strength is further enhanced by the introduction of the Parramatta Light Rail Network and the Sydney Metro West.

Chapter 5

LOCAL LEVEL POLICIES

Chapter 6

The priorities and the actions are to be implemented through four major themes, “Local Planning”, “Liveability”, Productivity” and “Sustainability”.

Themes such as transport, housing, community infrastructure, local character, diversity in housing, culture and heritage are broadly covered under the first two themes while the third theme broadly covers the plans and priorities for economic growth across the LGA in areas such as the Silverwater Precinct, North Parramatta, along Victoria Road and the Rydalmere Precinct.

Appendix

The mobility, in both regional and outer metropolitan NSW and Greater Sydney, is customer focused, data enabled and dynamic, allowing the network and services to effectively respond to rapidly evolving customer needs and preferences. Customers’ end-to-end journey experience will be seamlessly integrated across different transport modes, including information, payment and transfers between modes.

The Parramatta Local Strategic Planning Statement by the City of Parramatta Council provides a strategic direction for development across the Parramatta LGA in the next 20 years. This document envisions the Parramatta CBD as the core of economic development that will spur growth in the Greater Parramatta Region. In giving effect to the GSC’s “ A metropolis of 3 cities” and the “Central River District Plan”, the Parramatta LSPS contains priorities and actions that will help in achieving the vision and objectives of the above-mentioned documents. The LSPS is also strategically aligned with the objectives of the GPOP.

References

Future Transport 2056 sets the 40-year vision, directions and principles for customer mobility in NSW, guiding transport investment over the longer term. It presents a glimpse of the large economic and societal shifts we will see in the future and places the customer at the centre of everything we do, to ensure we harness rapid advances in technology and innovation to create and maintain a world-class, safe, efficient and reliable transport system. It outlines six state-wide principles to guide planning and investment.

These are aimed at harnessing rapid change and developing new technologies and innovation to support a modern, innovative and resilient transport network. The principles are Customer focused, Successful places, A strong economy, Safety and performance, Accessible services and Sustainable.

City of Parramatta has 165,296 jobs in 2016.

According to this plan the target was to achieve more 20,000 jobs by 2021. The key industries highlighted are Health, Finance, Government Services, Education and Technology. The document also highlights the economic strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and threats of Parramatta. The purpose of the Economic Development Plan (EDP) is to grow the number of jobs in the City of Parramatta Local Government Area.

Along with this, the EDP provides specific action plans to fulfil the objectives. The five major directions are ‘Urban transformation and Sustainability’, ‘Small businesses and employment’, ‘Marketing and Investment Attraction’, ‘Education and Training’, and ‘Visitor and Cultural Economy’. The EDP includes all the stakeholders and provides and implementation strategy across different phases of development of the given directions and actions.

Foreword Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

LOCAL LEVEL POLICIES

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The Local Housing Strategy (City of Parramatta Council, 2020) is a strategic document that aims to ensure that the housing growth in Parramatta is in tandem with the future infrastructural developments prescribed under the overarching State and Regional Plans mentioned earlier in this Chapter.Therefore, the main objective of this Strategy is to make provisions for appropriate living options to develop in the right locations while adopting suitable construction methods to respect the existing character. This strategy utilises existing housing demographics and corresponding socio-economic trends to derive housing projections for the period between 20162036. Some of the key findings of the strategy is that there is a shortage of housing diversity, there are sufficient provisions for high density housing however, there is a need to address the ‘missing middle’ through medium density housing options.

Chapter 5

THEME BASED LEVEL POLICIES

Chapter 6 Appendix

‘Culture and Our City’ document by the City of Parramatta responds to the communities, cultures and new opportunities within the City of Parramatta.

The document addresses the cultural direction for the City Of Parramatta, which include four strategic goals. The first goal emphasises the preservation of the City of Parramatta into a place of gathering. The second goal emphasises the importance of diversity within the community. The third goal emphasises the importance of imagination and ideas for the progress of the City of Parramatta. Finally, the document highlights the importance of design and its influence in transforming the City of Parramatta into a hub of creativity and knowledge. The document also highlights various ways by which progress and the benefits of the plan is measured.

References

The Environmental Sustainability Strategy was formulated by the City of Parramatta Council to ensure that, along with the economic and social development of the city, the natural environment improves with it. It outlines key environmental sustainability directions and priorities. The strategy is an answer to preserve the existing natural systems facing an increase of over 60% in the population in the next 20 years. Based on the feedback form the community, the four major themes, “A City in Nature, Built for the Future, Connected & Resilient, Leading

by Examples”. Each theme covers priorities as shown in Figure 8. It also outlines the existing framework that support the strategies and upcoming projects to enforce the successful implementation of the strategies.

Foreword Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 4

Chapter 3

02

SWOT Analysis

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Chapter 6

include

References

Appendix

connect

Chapter 5

sustain

prosper

live

Foreword

the growth..

Vast areas of wide-open spaces and waterway such as the Cumberland plains, Hawkesbury River, large tracts of bushland, Parramatta River in the central area and the Duck river in the south encircle much of the Central City Districts neighbourhoods. These areas provide for a rich habitat for the wildlife and sites for biodiversity to flourish(Greater Sydney Commission, 2018) . The district is much hotter and drier than the coastal regions of the metropolis Sydney.

Maintaining and improving the health of these natural systems contribute to the cooling effect of the region (Greater Sydney Commission, 2018). The development of areas bound within the Parramatta LGA has further exacerbated these hazards.

The city distant proximity to the coast leaves it hanging by a thread for natural cooling of the urban areas. Furthermore, extensive concreting of urban surfaces combined with a reduced urban forestry, absorb more heat and radiate it during the night causing a phenomenon known as Urban Heat Island effect (City of Parramatta Council , 2020).

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

sustain

33% Parramatta

15.5% City of Sydney

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

the City in Numbers

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19% City of Melbourne

18% London CBD

27% Manhattan, NY

Chapter 5 Chapter 6 References

65 km Waterways

33 %

Bushlands, Parks, Playgrounds

Tree Canopy

16 days per yr > 35deg Heat

Over 800 species Wildlife Appendix

Source : Author

814 ha

Foreword

sustain 1

3 2

0

Strength

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1. The Parramatta Lake Catchment Area 3. The Parramatta Park acts as lifeline for the CBD. contributes significantly to the Ecological balance in Toongabie Creek is considered an ecological hotspot. the area.

4. The parks are evenly distributed across the 2. The Parramatta River coursing through the site site. Over 90% of the neighbourhood is within a 400m provides for much relief to the residents surrounded walking radius of an open space. by concreted buildings.

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

4

Fig. 10: Parramatta Park, Source: Author

Chapter 4

Fig. 8: Upper Parramatta River, Source: Author

Fig. 9: Riverfront, Source: Author 26 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Fig. 11: Smaller Open spaces, Source: Author

Chapter 5 Chapter 6

2

3

1

Weakness 1. Lack of Vegetation | Across the main spine of Parramatta, like Church St, Macquarie St have led to increase dependence on vehicular traffic leading to pollution. This has impacted the walkability of the place.

2. High Heat | the distant proximity combined with the lack of vegetation along edges of streets has

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1200m

contributed to a increase in the surface temperature as observed from the map above.

References

0

3. Disconnect | There is a disconnect between the different open spaces that exist within the site boundary which can be utilised more in connecting the greens within the site, LGA and the Sydney Green Grid.

Appendix

Fig. 12: Heat Glares, Source: Author

Fig. 14: Lack of Vegetation, Source: Author

Fig. 13: Under-utilised Riverfronts, Source: Author

Fig. 15: Disconnected Parks, Source: Author

Foreword

3

1

0

Threat

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1200m

1. Floods | The natural topography of the region has 3. Expansion | The CBD planning proposal which made the City of Parramatta extremely vulnerable to extends northwards with Church Street as the spine floods. could potentially lead to large-scale changes to the natural environment if sustainable measures are not 2. Flood Zones | Lack of Catchment areas for Medium put in place. and Low Risk floodplains.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

2

Fig. 16: Extended CBD, Source: Author

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Fig. 17: Powerhouse Museum Site flooded in 2020, Source: Sydney Morning Herald, 2020

Fig. 18: Powerhouse Museum Site flooded in 2021, Source: Sydney Morning Herald, 2021

Chapter 5

4

3

Chapter 6

1

2

Opportunities 1. Green Grids | Connecting the existing open spaces along transport spines through urban greening.

Establishing green corridors within the site boundary, which will later be integrated with the Sydney Green Grid - West Central District.

2. Blue Grids | Water-sensitive urban design

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opportunities to improve river catchment areas.

References

0

3. EcoZones | Creating eco-recreational hotspots within the site boundary.

4. Green Cover | Increasing tree canopy along the the transport spines.

Appendix

Fig. 21: Connecting the commons, Source: Author Fig. 19: Reinforcing the Wetlands, Source: Author Fig. 20: Reinteprating the Riverfronts, Source: Author

Fig. 22: Shading the streets, Source: Author

a city for all..

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

include

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Source : Author

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Chapter 1

Foreword

include

Chapter 2

0

Chapter 3

1200m

Strength 1. Large number of heritage conservation sites | There are a large number of heritage conservation items located within Westmead and the Site.

2. Presence of two major conservation areas | There are two major conservation areas within the site; namely North Parramatta conservation area and Sorrel street conservation area.

Chapter 4

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3. Cultural and civic hub | The cultural and civic

Fig. 23: Old Government House, Source: Author 32 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

hubs have close proximity to the culturally significant areas and the area consists of various culinary spots.

4. Aboriginal History | The site contains major aboriginal sites 5. Diversity | The diversity among people within Paramatta suburb is higher than immediate neighboring suburbs (except Blacktown).

Fig. 24: Boer War Memorial, Source: Author

Fig. 25: Parramatta Observatory Site, Source: Author

Chapter 5 Chapter 6

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1200m

1. More focus on colonial heritage rather than indigenous culture and heritage | More focus is on colonial spaces and history, there is an obvious lack of Aboriginal history and spaces.

sidewalks and poor crossings, risking pedestrian safety.

2. Lack of public-recreational amenities | Most of the park lacks recreational amenities and street infrastructure which activates the location and makes it accessible at night times.

5. The government policy documents majorly focus just on the development of the heath care in the area, there are more opportunities to develop aboriginal culture and heritage.

References

Weakness 4. Although there are many heritage related sites, there is a lack of celebration of the space.

3. Poor Pedestrian access and crossings | The site has a large number of cul-de-sacs, disconnected

Fig. 26:Image showing the site with a lack of infrastructure and minimal celebration of the heritage sites, Source: Author

Appendix

Active frontages

Fig. 27:Image showing heritage structures adjacent to new developments, Source: Author

Fig. 28: Open spaces without public infrastrcture. Source: Author., Source: Author

Foreword Chapter 1 Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

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Threats 1.Obstruction of Sight | With the upcoming tall and slender buildings in CBD, the views to the heritage sites could be obstructed. The mixed use and the infrastructure developments could overpower the heritage sites.

2. Close proximity to Heritage | The proposed development areas have close proximity to the heritage sites and could cause distruption of

Fig. 29: Images showing the surrounding trains and train stations, Source: Author

the heritage signifcant areas. One such example of distruption is the relocation of Willow Grove to the Parramatta North sub-precinct.

3. Light rail through the heritage sites | The light rail construction could threaten the heritage sites.

Although this is a threat, it could also manifest as an opportunity as it increases the number of people visiting the heritage significant sites.

Fig. 30: Heritage sites which could be impacted due to the new developments, Source: Author

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Fig. 31: Potential impact on the park and heritage significant sites, Source: Author

Chapter 5 Chapter 6

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1. Celebration of Aboriginal heritage | More opportunities for the recognition and celebration of aboriginal heritage along with colonial heritage by the creation of story-telling spaces.

amenities and street infrastructures | Many of the spaces along the parks could be enhanced by the addition of street furniture and infrastructure; also creating high quality public domains at the same time.

2. Adaptive reuse | Adaptive reuse of the current sites/ buildings, with better functionality.

4. Creation of a Multi-cultural Centre | Due to the large number of people from different ethinicity, there is a potential opportunity to celebrate the diversity by the creation of a multi-cultural centre.

3.

Opportunity

for

public

recreational

References

Opportunity

Appendix

Fig. 32: Images showing the Westmead station and the trains to and from the station, Source: Author

Fig. 33: Images showing potential areas for intervention, Source: Author

Fig. 34: Image showing potential areas for public infrastructure, Source: Author

Foreword Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

prosper

Source : Author 36 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Foreword

prosper

5

Chapter 1

3

4

0

300

1200m

Strengths

3. Westmead Health and education precinct | comprising of Westmead Hospital, Cumberland Hospital and Western Sydney University, are the highest contributor of economy.

1. Centrality | The Centrality of the site draws economic ooprtunities from neighbouring areas which are undergoing econmic tranformation as well.

4. Light rail | The upcoming light-rail is under construction and provides access to the Medical precinct and CBD core.

2. Economic Corridor | The site falls under the economic corridor of the Central District (CDP, 2018) which indicates more amount of land to be allocated for economic activities.

5. PNUT | North Parramatta is coined as the growth precinct under the PNUT (Parramatta North Urban Transformation).

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

2

Fig. 35: Parramatta CBD, Source: Author 38 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Fig. 36: Health Precinct, Source: Author

Fig. 37: Upcoming Light Rail, Source: Author

Chapter 5

4 2 Chapter 6

3

1

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Weaknesses 1. Powerful Harbour CBD | Despite Parramatta being the upcoming CBD, the Sydney Harbour CBD remain stronger and more competitive (Greater Sydney Commission, 2021).

3. Zoning | The economic core separated from its residential areas creates unsafe situations at night. The sites completely marked for residential zones also question the expansion of CBD, leading to the problem of gentrification.

2. Accessibility | The lack of north south connection within the site and public transport during the night makes the CBD less accessible, also hampering nigh time economy.

4. Job Diversity | Despite creating a huge CBD, the health care remains the highest provider of jobs which creates less diversity of jobs and hence less opportunities for other field of proffessionals.

References

0

Appendix

Fig. 38: Competitive Harbour CBD, Source: Author

Fig. 39: Vehicular Dependency, Source: Daily Telegraph

Fig. 40: Residential Suburbs, Source: Author

Foreword

1

Chapter 1

5

3 4

Chapter 2

2

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1. Inequitable Growth | The upcoming CBD, will cause economic gentrification and increase in value of land, houses and rentals

3. Competition | Harbour CBD has more advantages in terms of locations, infrastructure and amenities: and will always overpower the Central District CBD.

2. Pressure on Infrastructure | The increase in population and attraction of people towards the central CBD will put a load on the housing and existing infrastructure, thus, demanding more supply

4. Floods | The Floods pose a threat for many current and upcoming businesses, as they cause many economic losses.

5. Heritage | The site houses a numerous amount of heritage structure right in its economic zones thus reducing the value of land in terms of development.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Threats

Fig. 41: Floods, Source: Kidd, 2014 40 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Fig. 42: Heritage, Source: Author

Fig. 43: Infrastructure, Source: Author

Chapter 5

2 5 3

Chapter 6

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4

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Opportunities 1. Expand | The existing Paramatta CBD can be extended towards the north through mixed use development around its core.

2. Employment Strategies | The Parramatta employment Lands Strategy identifies the light industrial and enterprise corridors, located in the north, that can accomodate manufacturing, trade, logistics and idustrial uses.

References

0

3. Collaborate | Collaboration of health and education precinct will promote innovation, research, startups, and more professional opportunities.

4. River | Parramatta river also provides opportunity of connectivity through ferry. It also attracts tourism and river front development.

5. Infrastructure | The Western Sydney Airport will attract future investment and economic growth.

Appendix

Fig. 44: Light Industrial Source: Google Earth

Fig. 45: Active Frontages, Source: Author

Fig. 46: Local Businesses, Source: Author

Housing Today

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

live

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Foreword

live

1

Chapter 1

3

400m

800m 400m

800m

2

5

Active Frontages Railway Stations Site Boundary

Chapter 2

Parks

Aged Care facilities

Education Institutes Healthcare facilities

Site

Single-owner land

Child Care facilities Heritage Items

Commercial core

0

2. Walkability | Pedestrian walkability is facilitated from the main transit nodes to the internal blocks and is further enhanced owing to the fine grain nature of the blocks.

Chapter 3

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Strengths 1. Existing Heritage | The source of socio-cultural identity which holds the potential to be great places.

Chapter 4

800m

Shopping Centres

Waterways

Site Context

400m

Pedestrian walking radius

3. Health, Education and Shopping Centers | The presence of various amenities including public healthcare and education facilities support the growing population.

Fig. 47: Community space outside St John’s Anglican Cathedral Church, Source: Author

4. Active Frontages | Currently, the streets fronting the Railway station and on either side of Church Street establish a dynamic pedestrian network activated by food and retail outlets.

5. Local Centres | Parramatta Square is a local hub where several community facilities are located in close proximity to major transport node.

Fig. 48: Westmead Health Precinct, Source: (Author)

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Fig. 49: Active frontages near the railway station, Source: (Author)

Chapter 5

5

4

Chapter 6

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Railway Stations

Inactive Frontages

Site Boundary

Cycling Lane

Parks

Poor pedestrian access/crossings

Waterways

Poorly linked open spaces

Site

Underdeveloped Centre Single-owner land

0

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Weaknesses

References

Site Context

6

1. Inactive Frontages | Street frontages along 4. Poor green links | The green open spaces are Hawkesbury Road and the North section of Church fragmented and lack well-defined connections.

Street lack character.

5. Large Block Compositions | Westmead Health 2. Disconnected Cycling tracks | Cycling is greatly Precinct includes large blocks which are impermeable discouraged due to instances of designated one way and seclude it from the rest of the precincts. and disconnected cycling tracks.

6. Underdeveloped Town Centre | The Westmead 3. Poor Pedestrian access and crossings | The Town Centre is not developed to its full potential and site has a large number of cul-de-sacs, disconnected falls short in serving as a dynamic town centre. sidewalks and poor crossings, risking pedestrian safety.

Fig. 50: High number of active streets in Harbour CBD, Source: City of Sydney, adapted by Author

Appendix

Active frontages

Fig. 51: Building Services create Inactive frontages, Source: (Author)

Fig. 52: Lack of designated cycling tracks. Source: (Author)

Foreword

4

3

Chapter 1

1 2

Railway Stations

Parramatta CBD Extent

Site Boundary

ty Possible effects on Housing Affordability

Parks

Single owner land

Waterways

Chapter 2

Site Site Context

0

Chapter 3

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Threats 1. The Growing CBD | The expanding CBD will pose a threat on land prices which will significantly affect housing affordability.

Chapter 4

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2. The nature of new constructions | The tall new buildings create a visual barrier to the heritage buildings. Moreover, their massive scale and design features disregard pedestrian interface and discourage walking.

Fig. 53: The daunting new constructions pose a threat to the heritage structures, Source: Author

3. Displacement | Gentrification, as a result of a growing market-driven economy might lead to the displacement of existing residents away from their current location.

4. Ownership limitations | Strata ownership can restrict control over the nature of developments.

Fig. 54:The scale and building envelope of such new buildings with large empty portals and no sidewalk awnings discourage pedestrian movement along their edges. Source: (Author)

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Chapter 5

4 1

Chapter 6

2

3 1

5 Waterfront development Railway Stations Site Boundary Parks Waterways

Upcoming Light rail route Possible site for a school Healthcare Precinct High-density residential zone Medium-density residential zone Mixed-use zone

Education Institutes

Site Context

Potential Street Activation

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Opportunities 1. Social Infrastructure | To develop Parramatta CBD as a destination with Community facilities and Public infrastructure.

References

Site

4. Activating Street Frontages | Major transport interchanges containing Light rail and Metro developments can offer opportunities for transitoriented development.

2. Housing Options | To provide a range medium and high density housing options and include more housing diversity.

5. Waterfront Development | To develop recreational amenities along the waterfront.

3. Build on local identity | To integrate the Heritage Character into the urban fabric.

6. Connectivity | To introduce better pedestrian connectivity and providing safe crossings.

Appendix

Fig. 55:Retain the character of iconic buildings, Source: (Author)

Fig. 56: Revitalise the waterfront by offering public amenities. Source: (Author)

Fig. 57: Introduce safe pedestrian crossings, specially near roundabouts. Source: (Author)

Foreword Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

connect

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Source : Author

Foreword

connect Take original image of big sheet SCALE TO 55 AND ALLIGN LEFT Crop the rest

3 6

Chapter 1

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2

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3

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Chapter 2

1

Strengths 1. Parramatta Transit Hub | Train Station, Metro Station, Light Rail Station, Bus Stand & Ferry Stop within 1 kms radius make the CBD well transit connected.

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1200m

4. Light Rail | Along with other mode of connectivity, light rail encourages both inner & outer connectivity around Parramatta CBD.

2. Railway Connectivity | Parramatta is well connected to the harbour city and centres by T1 western, T5 Cumberland and Blue Mountain lines.

5. Ferry Service | Parramatta not only have land connectivity but also Water connectivity from Harbour City adding on more option for the commuters to commute.

3. Outer Highway | The A40 & A28 highway along the fringe of site connects with the north-south & east-west corridor.

6. Bus Service | Bus enhance the connectivity to other major nearby centres around Parramatta like Epping, Ryde, Northwest, Liverpool, etc.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

0

Fig. 58: Upcoming Light Rail, Fig. 59: Ferry Station, Source: Source: Author Author 50 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Fig. 60: Parramatta Railway Station & Bus Stand, Source: Author

Chapter 5

3 1

2

Chapter 6

3

4 4 5

0

300

1200m

1. Fragmented Active Transport | The cycle and pedestrian connectivity in the site is weak. Lack of proper crossing and dedicated active transport lane makes the site less pedestrian & cyclist friendly.

References

Weaknesses

3

1

2. North-South Connection | The connectivity from the site is majorly focused on East-West direction. The North South connectivity is mostly connected through Bus service.

3. Car Dominance | Due to less frequency of given public transport facilities in the site the dependency on private vehicle is more.

4. CBD Connectivity | Due to weak & less frequent connectivity Health precinct and residential area seems disconnected from the CBD.

Appendix

Fig. 61: Lack of Pedestrian crossings, Source: Author

Fig. 62: Least favorable mode of transport, Source: Author

Foreword

1

Chapter 1

1

3

1

Chapter 2

2

Threats

0

300

1200m

1. Car Dominance | Due to large block size the chances of usage of private vehicles will be more.

2. Flooding | Due to natural flooding problem the transportation in the site will be effected to a great extend.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

3. Congestion | With increase in travel demand the congestion in Parramatta CBD would also increase hence, degrading the connectivity.

Fig. 63: Floods, Source: Author

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Fig. 64: Car dominated suburbs, Source: Author

Chapter 5

5

2 3

1 3

1

2

3

4

Chapter 6

5

3

1

300

1200m

Opportunities 1. North-south connection | Most of the major transit falls on east west direction. This transits could be soread along north south equally to make better connection from the Central city.

4. Western Sydney Airport | Frequent transit connection towards the upcoming Western Sydney Airport/ Aerotropolice could make Parramatta city better in many ways.

2. Active Transport | Fragmented cycle/ pedestrian ways could be connected properly to initiat active transport within the site.

5. Outer Highway | The outer road along the site could help distribute the traffic away from the city.

References

0

3. Bus Service | Increasing bus serviice and its frequency could make the city more efficient and well connected.

Appendix

Fig. 65: Cycle / Pedestrian ways to initiate active transport Source: Author

Fig. 66:Railway & Bus Connectivity, Source: Author

Fig. 67: Crossings for Active Transport, Source: Author

opportunities

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

swot summary

One of the major opportunities across the site is to establish a north south connection and enhance the bus infrastructure within the site. Providing soft protect strategies across the site can potentially increase the green cover, decrease the impact of floods, increase connection to the country and decrease heat island effects. There is an opportunity to improve active transport infrastructure across the site, by providing better pedestrian connectivity and safe crossings. There is an opportunity to further develop the CBD along with the existing heritage items by adaptive reuse. Furthermore, attracting population through diverse and multiple-housing choices close to the CBD will fulfil the ’30-minute city’ agenda. Finally, the existing job agglomerations like health and education precinct, public administration, retail etc. offers immense scope for economic development of the upcoming CBD.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

opportunities

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Chapter 5

constraints

Chapter 6 References

constraints

Appendix

Flood is a major issue across all themes that could disrupt the functioning of the future central river city.The lack of north-south connection is a major weakness across all the themes as identified in the SWOT. The expansion of the CBD could cause problems which includes gentrification, decrease in green cover and threats to the existing heritage sites. The bus connectivity within the Parramatta CBD is poor, which could potentially disrupt the functioning of the entire city. Despite the aboriginal ownership of the land, there is a lack of celebration of aboriginal history and cultural diversity across the site.

Foreword Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Vision

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Foreword Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

03

Directions & Actions

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Foreword

the Priority Areas

Chapter 1

Sustain

Chapter 2

Include

Chapter 3

Live

Prosper

Chapter 4

Connect

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Chapter 5 Chapter 6 References

Complementary Priority Areas

Include

Conflicting Priority Areas Protection and enhancing of the cultural setting to cater to diverse inhabitants.

Live

Live Connect

Prosper

Appendix

Church Street Spine has been identified as a key priority to grow local businesses as well as to provide housing.

Sustain

Sustain

Improving accessibility to the new job destinations

The success of mitigating floods depends on the adaptive reuse of Parramatta River Banks which has been identified for High economic growth.

Foreword

Sustain

Chapter 1

Fig. 68: Pipeline Trail Masterplan, Source: (City of Hamilton, 2015)

Chapter 2

Fig. 69: Rose Kennedy Greenway Project, Source: (HR&A ADVISORS, INC., 2010)

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Fig. 70: Cheong Gye Cheon Restoration Project, Source: (Lee, 2006)

Fig. 71: Bethemplein Water Square (De Urbanisten Water Square Benthemplein , 2013)

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Chapter 5

Fig. 72: Comox Helmcken Greenway, Source: (Ngo, 2018)

Chapter 6

Fig. 73: Wuhan Sponge City, Source: (Jing, 2019)

References

Fig. 75: Market Square, Source: (City of Guelph, 2020)

Appendix

Fig. 74: Electric car Charging Stations, Source: (Gemetee Amsterdam , 2019)

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Sustain

Action Plan

As identified in our SWOT, the most threatening issue is flooding and heat island effect. To cater to this problem, a buffer zone is created (20m-30m) from the banks of the river between Marsden St and Macarthur Street. The existing wetlands and parks are upgraded to improve the flood resilience.

Wetlands such as Baludarri Wetlands on the east edge (Marked under Action 2.4). The buffer zone is divided into pockets for different public use such as providing space for a multicultural centre, water sensitive urban spaces, cultural arts centres and water retention urban design strategies. Parks such as Doyle Playground could potentially be redesigned to serve a dual purpose of holding off water during rains and also to control the flow of the water across the entire area. Several such pockets of water catchment have been identified in the low-lying areas of the site to make use of the redundant open spaces. Moreover, the provisioning of water bodies across the site will help in the reduction of absorbant heat as well. The Female Factory precinct is proposed to be the anchor for both the strategic options. The integration between the eastern and western edge of the cultural anchor will serve as a direct link through linear park strategies.

The existing parks are further upgraded with more amenities such as communal gathering spaces and certain edges are activated to ensure it serves as a link between different parks. The streets to be redesigned are also intended to serve a dual purpose of improving the walkablity as well reducing the heat island effect. Additionally, the water ducts can be developed along the main spines of environmental development. ​

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Chapter 1

Foreword

Include

Chapter 2

Fig. 76:The form of the Cultural centre is inspired from Oslo Opera House due to its close proximity to water body, Source: Scandification

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Fig. 77: In order to revitalise the streets, some cultural elements and streets could be developed like in the example of Afghan Bazaar in Melbourne, Australia, Source: ​ Landscape Australla

Fig. 78:A gathering and performace space for aboriginal people, Source: aasarchitecture

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Chapter 5

Fig. 79: Walkways developed could be similar to the Providence pedestrian bridge in the United states.

Source : dezeen

Chapter 6

Fig. 80:Adaptive re-use developments could be adopted similar to Joynton Avenue Precinct.

Source: Architecture AU References

Fig. 81:Riverfront development similar to Yangpu Riverfront Section Phase II can be developed during Central river city redevelopment.

Source: Xiaohui Jin

Appendix

Fig. 82: Adaptive re-use developments could be adopted similar to the Union of Architects building in Bucharest, Romania. Source: Bigstock

Action Plan

Currently, for the City of Parramatta some of the major documents for protection of heritage includes Conservation agreements based on the Conservation Act 1999 and a technical report highlighting development in Parramatta City and the impact on Old Government house and national heritage listed values. Burra charter is also considered while developing the heritage items. According to the Burra charter, the cultural significance is the sum of qualities or values that a place has, which includes the five values – aesthetic, historic, scientific, social and spiritual. In order to develop policies for heritage related sites, we need to employ The Burra Charter Process, which includes understanding the place, assessing the cultural significance, identifying all the factors and issues, developing policies, preparing a management plan, implementing the management plan and monitoring the results and finally, reviewing the plan. ​ Due to the importance of the Burra charter process for developing policies, there is a need for developing management strategies for all the heritage listed items. Similarly, the North Parramatta and Sorrel Conservation sites requires adaptive reuse strategies. According to the Burra charter, heritage can include both tangible and intangible aspects, hence there is also a need to develop management strategies for aboriginal heritage. In order to Reclaim land and celebrate Westhead’s rich indigenous and colonial heritage, gathering ground will be proposed in the Parramatta Park. There are a wide range of dances, songs, music, body ornamentation as part of the aboriginal celebrations, many of these traditions are quite prevalent in the Arnhem lands and central Australia. The Darug people has a strong cultural attachment to the ‘Blacks Town” (currently, modern suburb of Colebee) in Blacktown LGA. Many of the Darug people’s traditions are similar to the Aboriginal cultures in Arnhem land and Central Australia, with a strong emphasis on the river for food. ​

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Include

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

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Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Include Chapter 5 Chapter 6

Along the river, there are soft protect strategies introduced along with walkways, the walkways developed could be similar to the Providence pedestrian bridge in the United states or the entire area could be developed similar to the Yanpu Riverfront South Section Phase II in China. ​

References

The cultural centre has to be resilient during floods, hence the built form should be viable near rivers and flood prone areas. Some of the examples of buildings built near the river or water bodies include the Oslo Opera House, Zhuhai Jinwan Civic Art Centre in China, Yunyang Riverfront visitor centre in Chongqing and Astrup Fearnly Museet in Oslo. In order to revitalise the streets, some cultural elements can be introduced in the streets for wayfinding and demarcation of space like in the example of Afghan Bazaar in Melbourne, Australia (Please see appendix). ​

All the actions are based on four priorities. Three of the priorities are spatial in nature, while the fourth priority is policy based. Due to the high concentration of people born outside Australia within the site (please refer to the appendix), one of the major actions is to propose a multicultural center. There are other cultural related developments such as the development of streets based on cultural elements (please refer to the appendix ) like in the example of Afghan Bazaar in Melbourne. The cultural centre will be situated at a strategic location, there will be streets developed from the light rail station and the railway station towards the cultural center. Moreover, due to the development of the ferry system, connectivity via the ferry system is of prime importance. Plazas and walkways are developed along the riverfront to provide ease of access and connectivity.​

​ he site consists of various heritage conservation areas like the North Parramatta and Sorrell Street.

T In order to develop these areas and other heritage related items, there is a requirement of developing adaptive reuse strategies and conservation management strategies. There is also a requirement for developing various interpretation strategies based on the existing city of Parramatta’s conservation agreements (Please refer to the notes in the Action Plans).​

Appendix

​ boriginal people have strong connection to the country, both land and water(sea-country). During the A development phases, there will be a strong focus of development of the river with soft protect strategies and reclamation of land to enhance the connection to the country.Traditions and Ceremonies form the foundation of Aboriginal cultures, in order to recognise their cultures and traditions, a gathering ground has been proposed at the Park, which is based on the Gathering circle at sprit garden, Canada.​

Foreword

Prosper

Chapter 1

Fig. 83: Chicago Loop: Increasing ecnomic growth along transport corridors, Source: Brittanica (2021)

Chapter 2

Fig. 84:Canary Wharf Strategies - Collectivise the Private Sector, -Rebalance the Economy, - Prioritise Digital Skills, - Embrace Financial Inclusion, - Take Action on Diversity, Integrate Innovation, - Compete Internationally, Source: (Londonist,2021)

Chapter 3

Fig. 85:Redevelopment of riverfront sitesensures that the river and its edges remain at the heart of Brisbane’s economy. Source: (Brisbane City, 2013)

Chapter 4

Fig. 86: City of Melbourne Tourisn Action Plan- Destination Management Plan Source: (City of Melbourne)

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Chapter 5 Chapter 6 References

Fig. 87:Rotterdam Innovation Precinct: Rotterdam Innovation District is an international precinct, west of the city centre and designated it along with Rotterdam Central Distric, Source: (Stadhavens Rotterdam,2015)

Fig. 88:Economic Development Plan, 2017 Leveraging growing global connections, Source: (City Of Parramatta).

Appendix

Fig. 89:The Global Silicon Valley- Growing Start-up culture connecting to major cities of U.S, Source: (Moe 2017)

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Prosper Action Plan

Some of the established as well as upcoming CBDs have been taken into consideration for benchmarking.

Harbour CBD and Brisbane CBD provide essential information in terms of Australian context, numbers and leading job industries. International Case studies like Chicago and Vancouver help in understanding the expansion of CBD especially around Transport corridors. ​ Canary wharf being the second CBD is an important example to understand the strategic directions for a competitive, new economic district.

The strategies for growth of retail, entertainment and tourist economy have been borrowed from the Brisbane and Melbourne city plans. Rotterdam and Silicon-valley provide best practices for establishment and growth of Innovation precincts.

The Action plans are laid out for the four major priorities. The first and main priority is to build a stronger and bigger economic core and increase overall productivity of the site. In order to achieve that, the existing core is proposed to expand along the major transport corridors and church street spine.

The areas around Westmead health and education precinct will be developed into an innovation corridor that provides opportunities for research, startups and technological businesses. New Infotech park has been proposed on the Victoria road corridor. The creative industries have been placed close to river and parks for inspiration. The professional, financial and retail is majorly distributed in the commercial core and Church street corridor for high accessibility, as they form part of high employment industries.The freight and logistics jobs are located near the A28 and A40 highways along with the new Biotech Park. ​ As tourism sector is a high contributor of economy in Australia, the Parramatta CBD will focus on becoming a destination not just for working and living but also tourism. The Night-Time DCP and Destination Management plan will ensure more people to visit Parramatta and spend more money. This will also make sure that Paramatta will be taken seriously by the local and global market and attract more investment and development. ​The growth of CBD has been proposed to expand in the directions of major upcoming strategic centres like Epping, Castle hill, Rhodes and the GPOP corridor. The ethnic diversity of Parramatta open gates to many emerging International Markets, especially in India and China. ​ 74 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Directions & Actions

Chapter 1

Foreword

Live

Chapter 2

Fig. 90: Keyworkers accommodation at 60 Richmond Street, Toronto. Incorporates affordable housing in proximity to the workplace and innovative design, Source: (Photography)

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Fig. 91: Nightingale Housing, Melbourne exemplifies affordable community housing with a sustainable living approach, Source: (Clarke)

Fig. 92: A co-housing in Jernstoberiet, Denmark depicts the social perks of having shared spaces., Source: (Alvin) 76 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Chapter 5

Fig. 93: Affordable Housing Project in Copenhagen exemplifies an economic and innovative approach to affordability, Source: (Hjortshøj)

Chapter 6

Fig. 94: Affordable Housing Schemes in London make provision for 50% of all new dwellings to be affordable housing, Source: (Walker) References

Fig. 95: Bella Vista Public School, Source: (NSW Department of Education- School Infrastructure, 2019)

Appendix

Fig. 96: Active street edges along the tramlines on Bourke Street Melbourne, Source: (TheInvisibleTourist)

Action Plan

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Live

The evolution of the Actions stem from certain exemplary models and approaches. Firstly, the case of 60 Richmond Housing Cooperative, Toronto showcases a model that encompassed 85 affordable housing units for people from the hospitality industry. It is a mixed-use building that has a restaurant that employs most of its residents.

Furthermore, its climate-sensitive design optimises thermal conditions and is therefore a portrayal of an innovative, ecological, and economic way of addressing the crisis of affordability. Secondly, Denmark’s initiatives on providing cohousing models for aged inhabitants was studied to understand what type of housing facilities would enhance their social experiences and facilitate a healthy lifestyle while also providing a sense of belonging. Thirdly, London’s current Affordability strategy was used as an exemplary benchmark for affordable housing practise as the current percentage of this category of housing stock is as high as 45% with recent provision of 50% of all new developments to be for affordable housing.This is a skyrocketing difference from the existing planning provisions under the GSRP’s norm of only 5-10% and the proposed spike of 15-30% aims to achieve a more holistic housing growth that stands at par with other metropolitan cities like London. Besides these, some other actions include providing for increased inter-block accessibility to improve walkability and providing for a new public school in North-Parramatta to carter to the surplus of population that will reside there. ​

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

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Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Live

Appendix

Moreover, the active edges can be extended beyond existing main roads and can be amplified along the edges fronting the upcoming light-rail development. Together, these identified priorities and the subsequent actions align with the Liveability goals listed under the GSC’s Central District Plan.​

References

Additionally, the strategic location and proximity to the health precinct displays great potential to support cohousing models for the Aged and dependent population. Furthermore, providing student accommodation in proximity to major educational institutes will prove beneficial for students. Since the last of the four priority focuses on the enhancement of urban living conditions, the actions under this priority focus on tackling the imbalances between housing growth and supporting amenities and the creation of a strong visual character. It is proposed that local centres should be developed that would entail easily accessible shopping and recreational activities that will perform the dual function of providing easy accessibility to daily amenities and of signifying local destinations for the residents.

Chapter 6

With an overarching objective to increase housing diversity and secure more public amenities, four main directions were outlined.While the first three directions focused on managing housing supply, diversity, density mix and affordability, the last one aims at incorporating social infrastructure and improving the spatial quality of the urban fabric.

Some of the key actions include the provision of keyworkers housing and increase the number of smaller size units to accommodate students and young employees. Another action is to provide a higher percentage of affordable housing and social housing.

Chapter 5

Action Plan

Chapter 1

Foreword

Connect

Chapter 2

Fig. 97: A study in Perth, Australia, graphically illustrates how street layout can facilitate or militate against access to the local railway station.The theoretical pedestrian catchment area of Warwick railway station is shown on the maps as a circular 800m ‘ped-shed’ representing easy walking distance, Source: (Sloman, 2011)

Chapter 3

Fig. 98: Boqueirao busway in Curitiba integrated system after capacity expansion in 2010, Source: (Hidalgo, 2016)

Chapter 4

Fig. 99: Melbourne has the second highest ratio of public transport usage among Australian capital cities due to its complete transport system 82 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

integrating train, tram and bus services that all combined, offer a 24 hours public transport service to its citizens. Source: (Melbourne, 2021)

Chapter 6

Fig. 101: Mexico City’s citywide bike sharing program, Source: (Carey, 2016)

Chapter 5

Fig. 100: Separate bicycle lane and sidewalks, Vancouver, Source: (Krueger, 2016)

References

Fig. 102: Bicycle bridge in Copenhagen, Source: (Xie, 2019)

Appendix

Fig. 103:Venice is the largest car-free city in Europe.The traditional, rowing boat called Gondola is the main mode of transportation in Venice, Source: (Venice, 2019)

Chapter 1

Foreword

Connect Action Plan

To support the given actions few precedents are taken as a benchmark such as Vancouver’s Bicycle lane which was brought after removing a car lane and adding bicycle line on it by then Mayor. Bus Rapid Transits that helped Bagota in reducing its traffic. The impact of the project is that it reduced transport times, along with increased safety, reliability and comfort attract many car and taxi drivers to the new system, which in turn leads to an improved traffic flow in the city. Cheonggyecheon Stream in Seoul which was major success restoration project initiated the pedestrian walk that connected two side of the city. Due to the uniqueness of the place people tend to walk along the stream.​

The actions are decided according to the four priorities given under the objective identified for Connectivity.

Priority 1 is based on land use and transport integration the goal of the priority is to achieve all form of transits and connectivity with the land use to maximize the transport choice and managing travel demand. To increase the catchment area in the site interchanges are provided by integrating transit networks with transit hub. Due to lack of frequency and north-south accessibility in priority 2 the goal is to extend the light rail and propose bus routes to the nearby strategic centers with high frequency. The main roads such as Church street and Victoria roads will be widened to include Bus Rapid Transit and light rail that will cater to unhindered flow of transit. Priority 3 is mainly about enhancing active transport with in the study area to give a sustainable and safe metropolitan. To increase the use of active transport bicycle parking is proposed.

The last priority is to revitalize the river by increasing the frequency of the ferries and proposing local ferry stop to enhance the use of local transit through water.

New bridges are added to connect the both side. Lastly enhancing the Toongabie creek by enhancing cycling and walkability along the creek.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

The analysis from SWOT and the benchmarking have provided the basis for the proposed priorities and actions. ​

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Foreword Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

04

Strategic Pathways

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

the River CBD

References

Appendix

the Street CBD

463,500

65,900​

444 (AM)

In the first option, the commercial core has been expanded across the river to engulf a larger Metropolitan economic area. This commercial core is surrounded by a mixed-use zone that compliments the growth of the CBD. The railway and Metro are key anchors of this development as most of the growth has been proposed around these transport hubs. A new metro station has been proposed on Victoria road, close to the Universities.

The light rail extend further to the north for better connectivity for the residential and industrial suburbs of North Parramatta. High density housing is provided on the fringes of economic core and mixed use zones. The blue and green network along with heritage intervention ties the overall scheme by making Parramatta more resilient and Cultural destination filled with activities and liveliness.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

the River CBD

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the Street CBD Chapter 5 Chapter 6

72,500

387 (AM)

In the second strategic option, the expansion of the commercial core was directed northwards along the Church Street spine.Thus, a strong economic corridor will be established that will unravel a plethora of new job opportunities and will create a distinctive urban character dominated by high density, tall buildings like those in the Central CBD. An extension to the current light-rail network is proposed to strengthen the connectivity of the Central CBD to other economic centres like Epping, Macquarie, etc.The economic growth coupled with the provision of new metro stops within the site will provide improved north-south access that is currently missing.

Subsequently, the housing growth will be directed on either side of the economic corridor and will spread along the river bank. This has the potential to serve as the sites for affordable housing schemes that provide the traditional owners of the land to whom the Parramatta River, the area around the Parramatta Square, the Parramatta Park, etc. hold tremendous cultural significance. ​

References

403,000

Appendix

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

a Comparative Analysis in Numbers River CBD

jobs

dwellings

affordable housing

transport parks & open frequency spaces

463,500

65,900

10,000

444 (AM)

149 ha

403,000

72,500

11,000

387 (AM)

160ha

201,150

58,500

2100

130 (AM)

129ha

street CBD

BAU

Evaluation of the Two Strategic Options Conceptualisation of the two strategic options

After considering the priority areas of each theme and integrating their respective objectives, two strategic options were created. Both strategic options are planned and named after the economic developments proposed along two different axes. Strategic Option 1 is the River CBD, where economic development is proposed along the banks of the river, expanding the existing CBD horizontally, and parallel to the railway line.The second option facilitates economic growth northwards along Church Street. Individually, both options aimed to create unique economic centres for the Central CBD that supported local businesses, provided for new ones and thereby, tried to achieve the creation of a bold Metropolitan CBD. The performance of each theme is compared between the Strategic options, the BAU model and Harbour CBD to gauge the success rate of each theme in the respective areas until 2051. It was observed that the highest job targets would be achieved through option 1 and dwelling targets would be significantly higher through the Church Street CBD plan.

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Evaluation of the strategic option against the five themes Chapter 5

The strategic options were assessed by marking the level to which each strategic action under the respective themes were addressed (assessed out of 5 points). The evaluation further confirmed that the thematic objectives of environment, liveability and culture were met strongly in the Church Street CBD while economic objectives exceeded in the River CBD Plan.

Appendix

the Polycentric CBD

the Street CBD

References

The process of evaluation guided the inception of the final Strategic Plan.The River CBD plan leveraged the creation of multiple centres along the east-west axis, using the existing CBD and railway network as an expediter. The Church Street CBD plan too had a strong economic spine and achieved better outcomes for the CBD. However, it was observed that an opportunity to use the river to the CBD’s advantage was not entirely achieved in Option 2.

Hence, the final plan was derived by amalgamating the ideas behind both the option to create a CBD that has multiple centres along the two axes. This would ensure that the vision for a well-connected CBD that has an array of vibrant destinations for socio-cultural and economic growth is materialised.

the River CBD

Chapter 6

Deriving the Final Option

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

a Comparative Analysis

We set targets based on the ERP growth and FSR calculations with Harbour CBD as a benchmark. The low target for jobs is 400000 and high target is 500000. Strategic option 1 currently falls at 460000 and by increasing the FSR, it can reach the high target. The second option has achieved the low target and with increase in FSR show potential to par with the 1st Option. In terms of housing, Option 1 provides 65900 dwellings while option two provides for 72418. While both options reach the projected targets for the population, it exceeds the lower goal by 5000 dwellings. This is because of a substantially higher percentage of land being assigned for housing in option 2.​

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

The spider chart diagram was used as a method of evaluation of both options. Key indicators across all five themes were evaluated. According to the output, option 1 stands stronger than option 2. However, each option has some advantages and disadvantages. A further critical analysis will be used to either finalize one option or integrate both.

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Chapter 5

05 Strategic Plan

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

the Final Strategic Plan the Polycentric CBD

The polycentric development of the Parramatta CBD evolved out of a need for decentralizing growth along different corridors. The growth of the CBD is directed along Church Street with the second major commercial core in North Parramatta precinct. The two major commercial core is linked by the establishment of the business corridor along Church St. Furthermore, the businesses along Church St is supported by the establishment of mixed-use development along Victoria Rd. The presence of the Western Sydney University on Victoria Road, is well supported by the creation of several mixed use neighbourhoods, leading to a vibrant mix of interactive spaces for the students to collaborate with practitioners from the industry. To take advantage of the existing railway connecting Parramatta CBD to Westmead and Wentworthville, a 200m radius surrounding the railway station are converted into highly active mixed-use zones. This will encourage the growth of several population serving businesses across each station rather than being concentrated only within the Parramatta Station catchment areas.

The blocks surrounding the Westmead Station will cater to the growing influence of the Westmead Health and Education Precinct. The Church St spine and the Westmead Redevelopment is already linked by the under-construction light rail. This will be accentuated further by the development of strong pedestrian corridors across the proposed education precinct in the North Parramatta Heritage Core Area.

The redevelopment of the Parramatta Riverfront will incorporate the ideation of water squares along and reclaim a 20m buffer on either side to mitigate floods. The frameworks set forth for the creation of water squares will be implement across the natural creek lines in the site to combat floods. The housing growth is strategically zoned to deliver high quality residential neighbourhoods that live close to work. It is anticipated that the demands of the growing CBD, and the expanding health and knowledge precincts will be achieved by including, student accommodation, co-living options for keyworkers as well as the aged population. The provision of mixed-use towers around the prime economic cores, with sustainable features will help establish a place where people can live, work and play.

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

480 (AM)

62,775

414,000

Phase 01 (2021-2031)

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

the Phases of Growth

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

161,000

22,625

331 (AM)

In the first 10 years of delivering the plan, Parramatta will focus on attracting investment, talent, and diverse crowd.

The establishment of Multicultural Centre will be initiated, which will give Parramatta an identity, prominent landmark, and generate a seriousness at local and global platforms. To accommodate the growing economy, the existing commercial core will be strengthened and partially expanding onto a key spine, the Church street. In this phase approximately 161676 jobs will be accommodated, out of which roughly 60000 are the existing jobs within the site. Church street being an important node of development and a lively- food and entertainment precinct, a pilot project for uplifting its night economy will be initiated. This project involves converting a part of the street (Victoria road- Factory street) into pedestrian only boulevard. Along with these, a mixed use zone will be established adjacent to the Westmead and Wentworthville stations.These zones will accommodate more population serving jobs and medical related services. The construction of light rail and its extension will ensure improved local connectivity.The East-West metro line will also be initiated in the 1st phase.Active transportation will be enhanced by new cycle lanes, walkable footpaths and pedestrian crossings. The water quares along the riverfront will be developed and evaluated over the first phase as a strategy to mitigate floods.

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Chapter 5

Phase 02 (2031-2041)

Chapter 6 References

333,000

41,375

399 (AM)

Appendix

After measuring and reviewing the development of Phase 1, the plane will undergo required improvements before the initiation of phase 2. The Phase 2 majorly focus on developing North Parramatta economically as well as creating more housing options and livable neighborhoods. In this phase more mixed use and office space is created to accommodate approximately 170000 jobs with a key focus on knowledge intensive and creative jobs. Roughly 16000 new dwellings are built to meet the future demands. Neighborhood center will be established to support the growing residential and working population.To ensure good accessibility to these new developments, the North Paramatta metro station and Western university metro station (Victoria road) will also be under construction. The remaining riverfront development and water square will be completed in this phase, based on the performance of Phase 1.With the onset of metro, the complimenting development of Victoria road mixed use and high density housing will be initiated in this Phase. With access to metro, light-rail and riverfront, a site identified for IT and Business parks will be developed to attract these key industries and talented crowd.

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Phase 03 (2041-2051)

Chapter 3

414,000

62,775

480 (AM)

After the evaluation, monitoring and review of the 2nd phase, a report will be generated to keep a track of targets, numbers and the functioning o the CBD. The shortcomings will be resolved and more contemporary ideas will be incorporated within the plan to suit the context of 2051. The last phase is for final and remaining mixed used developments and housing upgradation in North Parramatta. An additional 80000 jobs will be accommodated in this phase. More spaces will be created for creative jobs around the Westmead health and education corridor.

The Riverfront will be completed and with application of flood mitigation strategies. Constant monitoring will ensure a successful delivery of the 30 year Plan set out for the upcoming CBD.

Chapter 4

Phasing Timeline

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Phasing Snapshot Chapter 5

333,000

414,000

18,900

35,750

62,800

331 (AM)

399 (AM)

480 (AM)

Chapter 6

161,000

In order to implement the plan, the development of the site is spread across three equal phases. Due to Covid-19, the development of 1st phase is slightly impacted and an additional 100,000 jobs will be accommodated within the 1st phase. The key infrastructure projects are Light-rail construction.

Parramatta Metro construction and the Multi-cultural Centre. In order to support the growing population, additional 18,000 dwellings will be constructed to across the high-density and mixed-use developments of phase one.

References

In the second phase, a rigorous growth in jobs and dwellings is seen, as the infrastructure is set in place.

This phase experiences a major transformation of North Parramatta establishing the second economic core of the site. To support this development, new metro stations on Church street and Victoria road will be under construction. With a stronghold of Westmead Hospital and University, the innovation precinct will be established in Westmead. Consequently, water squares and green infrastructure will be also established across first two phases.

The last phase is comparatively less intense and rather focuses on completion of the development and revising and improvising the strategies based on the reviews of 1st two phases. Since this phase in between 2041-2051, the change in context, technology and trends will also lead to improvisation of the strategic actions and plans.

Appendix

Foreword

Development Sizes the Growth of Businesses The proposed development sizes are determined by the sheer capacity of businesses and transport corridors.

The existing core, that lies south of the river will accommodate approximately 34.5% of all businesses in the strategic plan. The church street core strategically located at the intersection of Church St and Victoria Road will cater to approximately 20% of the all businesses in the site.These are further supported by mixed business zones along Victoria Road. The next largest commercial core is the North Parramatta Core which caters to around 15% of all businesses in the site. The Westmead mixed use precinct will support the growth of the Westmead Health and Education Precinct.

Similarly, the Parramatta Zone contributes to the highest delivery of housing numbers (approximately 35% of all new dwellings) across the site. Contrastingly, the other zones such as North Parramatta,Wentworthville,Westmead, Cumberland all contribute similar percentages of housing growth.

As stated previously, the development sizes for housing is yet again defined by the immediate surrounding uses and functions.

The development of high-rise towers next to the Western Sydney University is to cater to the growing number of students in the region, notwithstanding the provision of student accommodation, the other land parcels will have the opportunity to redevelop their lands into high rise towers catering the growing demand of single or two bedroom units that will correspond to the changing trends in the demographics as well.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

the Growth of Housing

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Yield Tables

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

In 2051, the central CBD will be well connected radially to the strategic centres via Train, Metro, Light rail and Bus services. This will make the transition between the towns and centre easy and quick. Major metropolitan centres like Greater Penrith, Western Sydney Airport, Liverpool and Campbelltown will be provided with fast and frequent services for a large number of commuters which will enable more efficient access to workplaces, services and community facilities. The existing heavy rail frequency will be increased specially to the regional centres which will enhance the local centres for the residents. The existing transit links will be connected with the new so that everyone could get access to their work, amenity and services.

According to Sarkar, Wu & Levinson (2019), Sydney currently is a Monocentric city with a major dependence on central station for connectivity between the western and Northern train networks. According to Transport For New South Wales Future transport 2056, there are various connections established from the future central CBD to various train station in North Sydney such as Chatswood (via Epping), the establishments of these connections moves Sydney closer to a Polycentric model. Therefore, the development of central CBD further enhances Greater Sydney Commision's Vision of a Metropolis of Three cities, thus moving towards a true polycentric city.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Metropolitan Context in 2051

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

the Priority Projects

The selection of priority areas was initiated based on how they integrated the principles in each theme. Firstly, as the plan is laid with the Church Street as the spine, three subareas have been prioritised within this project that best define the changing character along the street while creating unique destinations. The second priority area was the Riverfront. Riverfront CBDs display a unique and an iconic feature to major cities worldwide (eg. Singapore, Canary Wharf). Similarly, the Polycentric CBD identifies this distinctive attribute which has enormous cultural significance and in this process, aims to create a landmark for Parramatta in the form of a culturally vibrant riverfront design.

The third Priority project was identified as the mixed use area and a portion of the Westmead Hospital parking lot area. It serves as a key project of giving a space back to the community and infusing the dull health precinct with new fervour through active frontages.

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Foreword

the Adopted Principles

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Efficient Connectivity and Multiple Mode options

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

High Value Economic Growth (Knowledge Based Jobs)

Green Grid

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Chapter 5 Chapter 6

Talent Attraction

References

Landmarks & Destinations

Appendix

Night Economy

Foreword Chapter 1

1

Chapter 2

2

3

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

4

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Chapter 5

Focus Areas

06

Chapter 6

Priority Projects

References

5

North Parramatta Square

2

Church St Transport Plaza

3

Westmead Promenade

4

River Core Project

5

Cultural Core Precinct

Appendix

1

The following best practices have been extensively analysed (Refer Appendix). The learnings from the analysis have informed the design solutions and policies for the chosen focus areas along Church Street and Westmead.

Chapter 1

Foreword

Church St Spine & Westmead Health Precinct Best Practices

Fig. 104: NC Cube Canal Walk Mall, Songdo Korea, Source:

• Seamless​ interfaces • Sustainable initiatives​ • Connection with exterior landscapes Fig. 105: Sindhorn Village, Bangkok. Source: (A49 | Projects, n.d.)​

• Built and Un-built community spaces​ • Vistas and Plazas​ • Respecting the surrounding character.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

• Landmark terminal providing public space.

• Urban texture, mixture of living and working- improve the quality of life and the environment of the station area.

Fig. 106: City centre Shopping Mall Kolkata​ 110 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Chapter 5

• • • •

Greenways Increased Walkability Reduced CO2 emissions Connections established

Chapter 6

• Green corridor- reduces noise by 30-40% • Sustainable transport​

Fig. 107: Vauban Light Rail- Germany, Source: ( Zweisystem, 2016)​ References

• Landmark terminal providing public space • Urban texture, mixture of living and working- improve the quality of life and the environment of the station area​.

Fig. 108: Rotterdam Centraal- Transit Terminal, Source: (Johan, 2018)

Appendix

• Traffic control​ • Increase in use of Public transport​ • Connecting major employment and residential area. ​

Fig. 109: Bagota Bus Rapid Transport, Source:(anonymous, 2018)

Foreword Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Church St Spine 01 North Parramatta Square

Chapter 4

Image showing a view of the creek

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Chapter 5

This centre will accommodate a shopping centre, public plaza, community centre and Library. Its strategic location in North Parramatta will support the residential population as well as cater to working population. The public Plaza will attract events, festivals, open screenings, exhibitions and other public activities. The Library is located across the creek along with the community centre creating a barrier from the noise. It will be vibrant centre with excellent sustainable and climate sensitive design feature. ​ The Brisbane city Plan has been benchmarked to demonstrate the requirements and implementation of the Neighbourhood centre. The following precedents explain the character of the built space and it connection to the open spaces within the project.​ 1. The Precedents inspire the character, built form and public open space of the centre. The example of Songdo reflects the modern architecture and sustainable ideas. The shopping centre is located in a mixed use area close to residential and office buildings. The natural Canal forms the centre focus of the project, which can be seen in Parramatta as well. The shop fronts, cafes and restaurants make it a happening space. ​

Chapter 6

2. The Sindhorn village is the most celebrated example of a sustainable mixed use building. It is many green landscapes within the building itself.There is and interesting fusion between the built and the natural environment.

It is a very futuristic building.​ 3. The City Centre in Kolkata is a part of a residential township in India. The built form incorporates a series of shaded courtyards and a transition between built and unbuilt. This design is climate responsive. ​ Thus, taking inspiration from other Urban projects and the Brisbane strategic Plan, the neighbourhood centre is envisioned to to be a modern, sustainable climate responsive building.

Neighbourhood Centre, Community Centre and Library

Urban Renewal (Logistic Jobs, Start-up work)

References

es

Jam

se Ru

Hub for Knowledge Intensive Jobs (Creative, scale-up technology)

Dr

sR

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A

N.

Ro ck

A

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Light Rail Stop BRT Light Rail Line

R ry

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d un

Bo

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Metro Line

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Foreword

The Neighbourhood Centre in well connected to Parramatta station and Metro stations via light-rail and buses with high frequency.

Chapter 1

The development of North Parramatta Square leads to revitalization of the Creek and efficient use of water -fronts in an Urban fabric.

The New centre promotes high value economic growth as well as providing opportunities for local and small businesses. It serves the new economic core as well as the neighbouring residential development.

The provision of collaborative spaces within close proximity to University and Innovation precinct will attract talent.

Image showing a view of the neighbourhood centre wihin the square

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

The Neighbourhood centre by itself is a major node in the Urban fabric which showcases best sustainable and architectural practices, thereby creating a destination for shopping and entertainment.

Widened Footpaths

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BRT Church Street

Integrated Light Rail Netwrok

SECTIO

The neighbourhood centre (Benchmarked against Brisbane)​ Neighbourhood centres are located at nodal points within residential neighbourhoods and function as community destinations, providing localised access to goods and services, including retail, community facilities and low impact industry and localised employment.​

Chapter 5

- Have a frontage predominantly to a major road;​ - Have vehicle site access from a suburban road, a district road or a neighbourhood road;​ - Be 400m or less walking distance from a dedicated public pedestrian access point of a public transport stop or station with a service frequency of 3 or more services per hour in peak periods;​ - Be more than 400m from an existing retail based centre;​ - Manage the impact on the amenity and character of adjacent uses and the locality consistent with the overall outcomes for the zone, zone precinct and neighbourhood plan for the surrounding uses and locality.​

Chapter 6

- Height as per mixed use development.

References Appendix

ON AA

Guidelines for Neighbourhood centre​

Neighbourhood Shopping Centre

Foreword

Church St Spine Church Street Civic Plaza Church Street is the major spine of the study area that connects north-south directly. The street attracts investments, growth and development which could be a positive aspect for the site.

Key Plan

The St Patricks cemetery that falls between Church street and Pennant hill road is a heritage listed site and carries sentimental values which will be kept intact. The streets alongside will be planted with ornamental trees to give enjoyable walk around the area.The site next to cemetery will be proposed as plaza with active frontage, commercial building and metro station.

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

The design principles of Church street will mainly showcase the pedestrian friendly streets, transit interchanges, economic corridor, recreational areas, night life which will contribute to a safe and vibrant place for all.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Image showing the view of the metro station in the civic hub.

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Chapter 5

The proposed transit interchange consists of light rail station, metro station and bus terminal. The light rail coming to Church street from Westmead will run along both north and south directions. The tracks will be grassed to enhance sustainability which will also be a green grid connecting the open spaces. Light rail station is proposed near the metro station which will help in quick and easy interchange between the transits. The proposed bus terminal in the opposite side of Metro station which opens on both Church street and O’Connell street will have services to the regional and strategic centers. The O’Connell street will have BRT lane which will further connect to the Church street to run along light rail. At night the area will be converted into only pedestrian by diverting the car through other sites to encourage night economy. This will also make the site vibrant and safe.

Chapter 6

BRT interchange Hub

Mixed-use with population serving jobs at ground level

North Parramatta Metro station entrance

North ParramattaSchool and Urban Square.

References

B

BRT

Appendix

Metro Station

B

Light Rail Stop BRT Light Rail Line Metro Line

m 0

150

300

Foreword

Proposed interchanging hub consisting of metro station, light rail stop and bus terminal will enable an easy and quick mode transfer.

The green line running along the light rail and the plantation along the street will connect to the open space and parks.

Chapter 1

The proposed transit service on Church street will enhance the commercial core of the area.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Night transit services and pedestrian friendly streets/roads will encourage the opening of commercials till late

Mixed Use Towers

Outdoor Dining

Church Street

Green Edge

Integrated L

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Chapter 6 References Appendix

ON BB

Chapter 5

Light Rail Network

Image showing the light rail hub on Church St

The following section depicts the nature of the proposed transit hub. The street front will be characterised vibrant retail and food outlets and have either commercial offices or apartments above. The vegetational cover is significantly increased to mitigate the Urban Heat Island effect, and to integrate an avenue character for Church Street. The Transit hub also aims create a junction from where users can switch to alternative modes of transport leading them to their destinations within the site. It is anticipated that it will have a dense footfall that will be using the space for longer periods of time. Hence, a public open space is also provided for people to socialize, eat and rest. Furthermore, a Pilot project has been proposed to pedestrianise a portion of Church Street after late hours to revive the night time economy with interesting installations, local night markets, community events, etc. The project will be monitored in the following phase and will be extended if proved successful. Therefore, Church street will meet the objective to improve connectivity, provide multiple mode of transport options, increase the tree canopy, facilitate economic growth and promote a night-time economy for the Polycentric CBD.

Public Plaza Integated with a Metro Station

Foreword

Westmead Health & Education Precinct 03 Westmead Parking Redevelopment Plan

Chapter 1

The Parking Lot at the Entrance of Westmead Hospital has been converted to a Park allowing Doctors and Visitors to relax. Drawing on the principle of Rose Kennedy Greenway linear park in Boston, the new pedestrian promenade will connect the Westmead Hospital to the Parramatta Park.

Key Plan

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Image showing the view of the redeveloped Westmead Parking Lot on Hawkesbury Road

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Chapter 6

The promenade intervention in a prominent Urban transformation area will therefore create a safe and lively neighborhood for all the workers and residents of the area.

Chapter 5

This creates better connectivity for pedestrians and cyclist. Being the Innovation precinct, the mixed Use buildings will include spaces for scale-up technology jobs, creative jobs and start-ups.

70% of the buildings space will accommodate residential population. While commercial spaces will majorly be occupied by knowledge intensive and creative jobs, a retail and services will also support the neighborhood. The Housing will have options for all with different types of dwelling types and rental options. ‘Marina one’ case study from Singapore provides guidelines for the nature of mixed-use buildings. A hybrid building creating private open spaces transitioning into public open spaces gives a contemporary change to the mixed-use typology of Zoning. It creates a distinguish between commercial and residential spaces yet creating a co-existing model.

References

C

C

Appendix

Metro Station BRT Light Rail Stop BRT Light Rail Line Metro Line

m 0

150

300

Along with the proposed light rail, the conversion of the parking lot provides ample opprtunities to improve the walkability and accessibility of the area.

The greenways proposed on the other side of the light rail track provides for much relief from the noxious greenhouse gas emission. It also contributes significantly to the establishment of the green grid The creation of innovation corridor in collaboration with the Westmead Health & Education Precinct.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Image showing the view of the redeveloped Linear Park

Mixed Use Towers

West

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- The ground floors are reserved for commercial office and co-working spaces. To ensure this, strict development controls to be applied. 30% of the building space to be reserved for commercial offices and /or retail.

- Flexible office layout with modifiable work-space ratio to be granted to provide efficient job environment in the innovation precinct.

- Offer low-rent incentives for start-ups and new technical businesses based on merit.

- From the 70% residential development, 30% should be reserved for affordable housing.

- 50% of the new redevelopment should consist of green open spaces contributing to the greenway initiative.The proposed development consists of more than 60% open space across the urban diaspora. Hence the target is achieved comfortably.

Chapter 6

- Dedicate pedestrian pathways must connect Westmead to Parramatta Park.

References Appendix

tmead-Parramatta Park Greenway

ON CC

Chapter 5

The section shows the relation between the built environment and the pedestrian promenade.

The hybrid buildings with maximum height on Hawkesbury Rd gradually reducing towards Park ave, in order to capture maximum views of the Park.

Mixed Use Towers

Foreword

Riverfront 04 the Riverfront CBD

Chapter 1

Key Plan

Chapter 2

The renaturalization of water bodies leads to an increased resilience to flood calamities.

Fig. 110: Cheong Gye Cheon Restoration Project, Source: Ngo, 2018)

Increases the multi-functionality of existing open spaces.

Chapter 3

Doubles up as a water retention pond

Fig. 111: Benthemplein Water Square, Source: Mariono & Marino (2020)

The presence of bioswales combined with active modes of transport will mitigate the risks of climatic stresses.

Chapter 4

Permeable Paving throughout the high risk zones will help in the percolation of rainwater.

Fig. 112:Raingardens, SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry, New York 124 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Equity Precinct accomodating all government offices

Redeveloped Riverside theatre making provisions for wider Riverfront areas

Exisiting Tall Rise Developments to be upgraded with sustainable features

Water Squares

Exhibition Precinct Local Markets Re-naturalization of Flood Channels

References

Public School Playground converted into a Water Square

Integrated Civic Plaza with thriving night time businesses

Chapter 6

Furthermore, a green building design code is to be established to address the concerns of sustainability such as the overall carbon footprint, consumption and waste, rainwater harvesting techniques, water retention ponds within the site and reuse of greywater.

Chapter 5

Flooding and extreme heat conditions in Parramatta was identified as two major threats in Parramatta. To address both these issues while also keeping the Metropolitan Context in mind, the Riverfront Reclamation is chosen as the major priority area to address flooding and offset the heat island effect to an extent. Firstly, a 20m recreational zone is established along the edge of the river. Secondly, the functions and uses along the river is defined by the existing uses as well as the uses surrounding the perimeter blocks.The water squares are created in the high-risk flood zones to mitigate floods. The Riverside Theatre is redesigned which will be more adaptive to flood risks. The establishment of a Civic Plaza (Number 6) will invigorate local businesses surrounded by a commercial core. The proposed Powerhouse museum is well complemented by the establishment of smaller galleries to support the local creative industries. The widening of the flood water retention channels is the first step in the establishment of large-scale blue grid infrastructure as observed in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Similarly, the establishment of Raingardens along the economic corridor of the strategic plan will help in the creation of a green grid within the site. The creation of both the blue & green grid infrastructure. Additionally, this will help in the reduction of the the Urban Heat Island Effect.

D

Appendix

D Bus Stop Light Rail Stop BRT Light Rail Line Metro Line

m 0

150

300

Foreword Chapter 1

20m Riparian Buffer

Parramatta River

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

River Shoreline

SECTIO

The creation of boardwalks extends into the Parramatta Park, thereby creating a direct connection between the riverfront and the park. The existing weirs are converted into a low-plane walkway connecting both sides of the banks.

The riverfront plaza has the potential to host several iconic landmarks such as the proposed Powerhouse Museum, a redesigned Riverside Theatre, the Southern Towers on the opposite bank, the civic plaza.

The riverfront plaza has the potential to host several iconic landmarks such as the proposed Powerhouse Museum, a redesigned Riverside Theatre, the Southern Towers on the opposite bank, the civic plaza.

View of the Creek Re-Naturalization

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Chapter 5 Chapter 6

Multi-functional Public Space

ON DD

Water Square

River Shoreline

References

The section above demonstrates the transition of spaces across the river. This section demonstrates the land reclaimed on either side of the banks are utilised to mitigate floods by the planting of saltwater seaweed and mangroves that are native to Parramatta.

View of the Water Square in the Riverfront

Appendix

Foreword Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Riverfront 05 the Cultural Core

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Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Appendix

Ferry Stop Bus Stop Light Rail Stop BRT Light Rail Line Metro Line

References

E’

E

Foreword Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Section EE’

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Foreword Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 132 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

07 References

Appendix

Foreword

Alexe,A. (2017). Curitiba, Brazil: the world’s first sustainable city. Retrieved from Urbanizehub: https://urbanizehub. com/curitiba-brazil-worlds-first-sustainable-city/ Arcdaily. 2015. Afghan Bazaar Cultural Precinct / HASSELL. [online]. Available at: https://www.archdaily. com/637568/afghan-bazaar-cultural-precinct-hassell?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all Australia ICOMOS. 2013. The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance 2013 Australia ICOMOS Incorporated International Council on Monuments and Sites. [online]. Available at: https://australia. icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Burra-Charter-2013-Adopted-31.10.2013.pdf.

Chapter 1

BrisbaneCityCouncil. (2013). Brisbane’s inner-city river. Brisbane City Council. Retrieved from https://www. brisbane.qld.gov.au/planning-and-building/planning-guidelines-and-tools/neighbourhood-planning-and-urbanrenewal/neighbourhood-plans-and-other-local-planning-projects/river-access-network/rivers-edge-strategy Britannica. (2021). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/place/the-Loop Bucharest Apartments (n.d.). The Union of Romanian Architects - a Unique Design Concept | Bucharest Apartments. [online]. Available at: https://bucharestapartment.net/the-union-of-romanian-architects-a-uniquedesign-concept/.

Chapter 2

Canadian Institute of Planners. 2012. The Spirit Garden [online]. Available at: https://www.cip-icu.ca/Files/ Awards/Planning-Excellence/CIP2012-Awards-_-Spirit-Garden-Submission.aspx#:~:text=The%20Gathering%20 Circle%20is%20an CAREY, L. (2016). RENTING A BIKE IN MEXICO CITY. Retrieved from Mexico City Streets: http:// mexicocitystreets. com/2016/11/16/renting-bike-mexico-city/ City of Guelph. (2020, December 17). Retrieved from City of Guelph : https://guelph.ca/living/arts-and-culture/ market-square-2/ City of Hamilton. (2015). Pipeline Trail Master Plan. Hamilton: City of Hamilton.

City of Parramatta. (2017). Parramatta Ways. Parramatta.

Chapter 3

City of Parramatta Council. (2020). Local Housing Strategy. Parramatta.

City Of Parramatta. 2021. Celebrating 230 years: Old Government Farm | Parramatta History and Heritage. [online] Available at: http://historyandheritage.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/blog/2015/06/05/oaks-reserve-oldtoongabbie CityOfMelbourne. (2016-2019). City of MelbourneTourim Action Plan. Melbourne: melbourne.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2021, from https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/tourism-action-plan-2016-2019.pdf CityOfParramatta. (2017). Economic Development Plan 2017-2021. Parramatta: City Of Parramatta.

Chapter 4

Clarke, P. (n.d.). Nightingale, not-for-profit. Nightingale Housing 2021. Melbourne. Retrieved from https:// nightingalehousing.org/ De Urbanisten Water Square Benthemplein . (2013). Retrieved from De Urbanisten : http://www.urbanisten.nl/ wp/?portfolio=waterplein-benthemplein Dictionary of Sydney. 2010. OldToongabbie andToongabbie |The Dictionary of Sydney. [online] Dictionaryofsydney. org. Available at: https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie.

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Gemetee Amsterdam . (2019). Amsterdam Climate Neutral 2050 Roadmap. Amsterdam : City of Amsterdam .

Chapter 5

Government Architect New South Wales (GANSW). 2020. Connecting with Country. [online] www. governmentarchitect.nsw.gov.au. Available at: https://www.governmentarchitect.nsw.gov.au/projects/designingwith-country.

Greater Sydney Commission. (2017). A Liveability Framework for Sydney. Sydney: NSW Department of Planning and Environment.

Greater Sydney Commission. (2018). Greater Sydney Regional Plan. NSW Government.

Hidalgo, D. (2016). Bus Rapid Transit: Worldwide History of Development, Key Systems and Policy Issues. New York: Springer. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5844-9_668 Hjortshøj, R. (n.d.). Homes for All - Dortheavej Residence / Bjarke Ingels Group. Copenhagen.

HR&A ADVISORS, INC. (2010). Rose Kennedy Greenway: Creating Long Term Value. Boston: March.

Chapter 6

Horte, O. S., & Eisenman, T. S. (2019). Urban Greenways: A Systematic Review Review. Land : MDPI, 1-22.

Jaffe, E. (2014). After a Series of Failures, This Is How Vancouver Finally Built a Controversial Bike Lane. Retrieved from CityLab: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-01/after-a-series-of-failures-this-is-how-vancouver-finally-built-a-controversialbike-lane Jing, L. (2019, January 19). The Guardian . Retrieved from Inside Chinas Leading Sponge City : Wuhans War with Water : https://www. theguardian.com/cities/2019/jan/23/inside-chinas-leading-sponge-city-wuhans-war-with-water Kleinfelder Northeast, Inc. (2020). The Rose Kennedy Greenway Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment & Asset Management Plan.

Boston : Kleinfelder.

Lee, D. I.-K. (2006). Cheong Gye Cheon Restoration Project . Seoul: Seoul Metropolitan Government . Retrieved from https://www. landscapeperformance.org/case-study-briefs/cheonggyecheon-stream-restoration

References

Krueger, P. (2016). Metro Vancouver’s 10-year plan for transit improvements approved, with big benefits for local cyclists. Retrieved from Canadian Cycling Magazine: https://cyclingmagazine.ca/advocacy/metro-vancouvers-10-year-plan-transit-improvements-approved-big-benefits-local-cyclists/

Lee, M., & Jung, I. (2016). Assessment of an Urban Stream Restoration Project by Cost-Benefit Analysis: the Case of Cheonggyecheon Stream in Seoul, South Korea. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 152-162.

Londonist. (2021). Londonist. Retrieved 2021, from https://londonist.com/2011/05/work-resumes-on-canary-wharfs-tallest-building Mariano, C., & Marino, M. (2020). Sustainable urban Project : The role of public spaces in adapting cities to the effects of climate change. SIIU, 15-33.

Melbourne. (2021).Visit Victoria. Retrieved from Melbourne: https://www.visitmelbourne.com/Regions/Melbourne/Travel-information/ Getting-around Merton, M. (2018). Sydney Images. Retrieved 2021, from https://www.sydneyimages.com.au/media/9924e398-05b8-4b48-b85914c4fa70dfab-darling-harbour-and-sydney-cbd

NSW Department of Education- School Infrastructure. (2019, January). Bella Vista Public School completed project. Retrieved from education.NSW: https://www.schoolinfrastructure.nsw.gov.au/projects/b/bella-vista-new-primary-school.html Parramatta City Council. 2012. Development in parramatta city and the impact on old government house and domain’s world and national heritage listed values technical report. [Online]. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/0cc9a5b37c0e-4c26-8ce3-724c8bcba4e9/files/parramatta-report.pdf Photography, T. F. (n.d.). Bella Vista Public School. 2020 Learning Environments Australasia Awards . Creative Force Ltd 2021.

Rembeza, M. (2017). Integrating Art into Places in Transition - Rose Kennedy Greenway in Boston as a Case Study. Paper : Open

Appendix

Ngo,V. (2018, August 13). Spacing Vancouver . Retrieved from Spacing : http://spacing.ca/vancouver/2018/08/13/urban-greenways-can-reduce-neighbourhood-carbon-emissions/

Foreword

Spaces, 1-8.

Scandification. 2020. Why You Need To Visit The Iconic Oslo Opera House. [online] Available at: https://scandification.com/oslo-opera-house/.

Sloman, D. I. (2011). Thriving Cities: Integrated land use & transport planning. Transport for Quality of Life Ltd. Souza, E. (2021). What is Co-Living? ArchDaily.

Tolkoff, D. P. (2016). Lessons for Diridon: Rebuilding Rotterdam Centraal Station.

University of East London. (2016, February 16). Introduction to Co-housing in Denmark. Retrieved from Wordpress.com: https:// newspitalfields.wordpress.com/2016/02/10/introduction-to-co-housing-in-denmark/

Chapter 1

Urban Coliving Movement | SPX Lab. (n.d.). Retrieved from Spatialexperience.com: https://www.spatial-experience.com/spx-lab-article/urban-coliving-movement-tracing-origins-generational-influences-and-the-future-of-coliving Venice, A. (2019).Venice, five romantic experiences to live in the city of love. Retrieved from Venice Box: https://venice-box.com/en/ venice-five-romantic-experiences/ Walker, A. (n.d.). Mayor’s new planning rules to boost affordable housing in London. Infrastructure Intelligence. London.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Xie, L. (2019). The 20 Most Bike-Friendly Cities on the Planet, Ranked. Retrieved from Wired: https://www.wired.com/story/ most-bike-friendly-cities-2019-copenhagenize-design-index/

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

08 Appendix

Appendix

Foreword

sustain

precedents Greenways Case Study 01 Comox-Helmcken Greenway

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

The Comox-Helmcken Greenway in Vancouver is an important east-west connection in the downtown areas of the city from False Creek to Stanley Park in West End, for pedestrians and cyclists. The Greenway offers several benefits for the West End area. It provides a direct alternative route to the major economic hotspot in the downtown area. It connects several social hotspots such as schools, neighbourhood parks, mini-parks, hospital, shopping centres. The main features of the greenway included updated traffic signals, new pedestrian crossings, new street paving, catch basins, raised sidewalks, tree plantings and dedicated tracks for cyclists and other public realm amenities (Ngo, 2018).

Fig. 114: Section across Comox St, Source: Ngo, 2018)

Fig. 115: Comox St Source: Ngo, 2018)

Case Study 02 Rose Kennedy Similarly, the Rose Kennedy Greenway project in Boston is a 1.5 mile long urban park bustling through one of the most densely populated urban fabrics in Boston (Kleinfelder Northeast, Inc., 2020). It consists of several programs integrated into the public realm such as public art spaces, event spaces, landscaping, fountains, and one-ofa-kind carousels. The project was built and designed as a liner park. It involved the conversion of one of the arterial roads (I-93) into a greenway. It was a major transformation of a transport corridor into a civic infrastructure. The intention of the project was to create connections between disconnected neighbourhoods and increase the local and Fig. 113: Rose Kennedy Greenway Project, Source: (HR&A ADVISORS, INC., 2010) regional value (Rembeza, 2017).

Chapter 4

Inference A unifying theme across the two cases is the redesign of existing streets and roads to accommodate cyclists, pedestrian, and other social institutions for the public. It involved the adaptive reuse of existing urban landscape for new public purposes (Horte & Eisenman, 2019).These projects highlight the shift from the original conception of greenways, where green is unanimously associated with nature. In an urban backdrop, the term “green” linked with “ways” signify a broader sustainability and liveability agenda.

This type of development can be envisaged as a benchmark for developing the greenways in the site with a focus on improving the peripheral connections of the existing parks and nature reserves with the surrounding residential neighbourhoods.

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Renaturalization Chapter 5

Case Study 03 Cheong Gye Cheon Restoration Project The Cheonggyecheon was once a naturally running stream through Seoul. Post the second world war, the river and its surrounding environs became a large slum filled with dirty water, large sediments. As Seoul grew the stream was paved over to accommodate the Cheoggye Elevated highway in the 1960’s. (Lee & Jung, 2016). In 2003, as Seoul grew towards adopting sustainable practices across the planning diaspora, the Cheonggyecheon stream restoration project was initiated to remove the elevated highway and restore the creek. The goal of the project was to reclaim the lost stream, history, and culture of the region through effective water sensitive urban design place making strategies. Several businesses, organisations were against the proposal, however, a broader consensus was reached, and environmental development was prioritised over economic gains. Furthermore, the restoration of the stream has turned out to become one of the major tourist spots in Seoul generating economic gains through tourism.

Chapter 6

Fig. 116: Before & After Images of the project, Source: Ngo, 2018)

The restoration of natural streams and creeks play a major role in the re-naturalization of urban ecology in a city. As demonstrated by the Comox-Helmcken, Rose Kennedy Greenway projects and the Cheongyecheon restoration project, there has an increased improvement in the walkability and overall reduction in greenhouse gas emission across the area in which they are located. The re-naturalization of creeks will also play a significant role in the management of floods across the site. Moreover, the re-naturalization of the flood drains in the site will effectively setup the initial blue corridor network across the site.

References

Inference

Water Squares

Case Study 04 Benthemplein Water Square The water square in Benthemplein, Rotterdam provides for an exemplary precedent for adopting similar strategies and techniques across major flood-prone cities in the world. The concept of the square in Benthemplein is a simple yet sophisticated, large coloured square in the middle of a piazza with a dual function of serving as urban public space and a reservoir of harvested water during torrential rains. The water from the surrounding

Appendix

area is channelled into the square through water ducts across the site.

The storage of excessive rainwater reduces the stress on the existing stormwater capacity of the sewage system in the area. When the weather is favourable, the square becomes a recreational hub for the general public to celebrate and enjoy (Mariano & Marino, 2020). Fig. 117: Benthemplein Water Square, Source: Mariono & Marino (2020)

precedents

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

include

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Foreword Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 144 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Foreword Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 146 | ARCH 9093 | Integrated Urbanism Studio

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Calculations for Jobs and Office space

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

prosper

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix

Foreword

Considerations calculation

for

Job

The four broad categories i.e. knowledge intensive, Health and education, population serving and Industrial, are considered to decide job agglomerations on site.

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

ANZSIC Division code

Work space ratio as per ANZSIC Specifications. These ratios are considered to calculate number of jobs. While the base ratio for an office space is 12-14sqm per person, these ratios provide for much efficient and flexible spaces. They also take into consideration, the proximity from transport hubs.

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Case Study 01 Chapter 5

Canary Wharf

IMPORTANT STRATEGIES.

Reimagine Mobility A renewed and progressive regulatory environment to keep pace with the future of mobility and the advent of Autonomous Vehicles.

Invest in Connectivity A step change in infrastructure investment to provide all Londoners with advanced mobile connectivity whilst prioritising security and privacy.

Integrate Innovation New technologies, ideas and digital infrastructure integrated across all 33 boroughs – from 5G to fibre and data usage throughout the capital’s public services.

Compete Internationally Businesses based in the capital remain outward facing and at the centre of global decision-making Creat a scale-up Ecosystem To realise the potential of AI, Fintech and Tech for Good in London the conditions to scale is cemented – with the availability of funding and talent to take firms into maturity.

Unlock Capital New forms of patient capital unlocked to back the innovation industries in London and produce growth in the long-term.

Rebalance the Economy Government and business will need to dramatically accelerate action to shift the weight of the economy to favour low-carbon projects, capital investments and sustainable growth.

References

Collectivise the Private Sector Companies throughout the supply chain work with policymakers to collectively take on the climate goals.

Activate Carbon Reduction Citizens, businesses and Government must embrace the circular economy and act to reduce energy usage.

Chapter 6

Embrace Financial Inclusion Business must act as a force for good in society with the tech sector working- ultimately creating a more equitable future.

Take Action on Diversity The digital economy represent London’s diverse population by increasing inclusivity.

Prioritise Digital Skills The public and private sectors realign to meet the skill demands of the modern economy in the face of unprecedented change throughout the workplace.

Appendix

Canary Whar Source: (Watson,2020)

Flexible and innovative office designs for New Knowledge intensive industries and creative jobs.

Increasing the qauality of office space to attract more knowledge intensive and creative jobs. Make provisions to accommodate flexible work space. Incentives for best designs and sustainable practices.

Chapter 1

Foreword

Case Study 02

Google headquarters, California

Google headquarters, California

Unilever Office Campus, Switzerland

Unilever Office Campus, Switzerland

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Case Study 03 Night time Economy-City of Melbourne Tourism Action Plan Conserve and enhance Melbourne’s streetscape and built form.

Provide information and services to increase visitor curiosity and encourage them to explore the municipality.

- Support investment in visitor transport, accommodation and infrastructure.

- Encourage tourism and accommodation investment in the municipality.

- Improve visitor transport, infrastructure and facilities required to meet the forecast growth in visitor numbers.

- Encourage a good quality, legally compliant short-term accommodation sector in the municipality.

- Improve governance, activation and promotion of the Yarra River and the city’s waterways.

- Encourage reliable, good quality water transport on the city’s waterways.

- Improve and encourage waterfront/maritime heritage recognition. (L) - Make it easy to explore Melbourne and Victoria.

- Contribute to improving the industry’s customer service standards - Facilitate business development that makes it easy for visitors to engage with the city.

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Source: (City of Melbourne 2016)

Case Study 04

Chapter 6

- Riverside eating and drinking precincts - Network of nonmotorised watercraft launch and short-term mooring sites.

- Network of shortterm mooring sites for recreational vessels.

- RiverStop places for public access to and enjoyment of the river.

- Lighting of major riverside parks and paths.

- RiverHub - consolidated public marina and tourist boat terminal.

- World-class sporting event.

- RiverWalk pedestrian and cycle network.

- Comprehensive information and mapping https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/planning-and-building/ planning-guidelines-and-tools/neighbourhood-plan- Review regulatory framework

Chapter 5

Brisbane River Edge Strategy

ning-and-urban-renewal/neighbourhood-plans-and-other-local-planning-projects/river-access-network/rivers-edge-strategy

Case Study 04 Rotterdam Makers District

References

- It offers companies, start-ups and scale-ups room for experimentation and production. Additionally, it offers talented workers an attractive place to live, learn and work.

The district is rapidly growing into a full-fledged innovation ecosystem by bringing together entrepreneurs, investors, schooling and research institutions as well as policy makers such as the European initiative Mobility City Campus.

- The emergence of the new economy goes hand in hand with three types of key technology: Additive manufacturing, Robotisation and Material Science digitisation and circularity possible. These technologies are mutually reinforcing. They make it possible to manufacture in a highly specialised and cost-efficient manner.

- SUPPORT FOR START-UPS COOPERATION WITH KNOWLEDGE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.

AND

One of the big takeaways looking at economic development models domestically in the US, is how the public sector is an important part in that process – the public sector at every level of government, particularly where land use is regulated, where decisions around strategic industrial assets are made, where workforce development programming is deployed. So there’s something organic happening, and the power of local government to harness that organic shift in the manufacturing sector and the way resources are being deployed effectively.

Appendix

-A testing ground and showcase for the circular economy of city and port

Industrial Dock converted to Office Space ensuring Circular Economy Source: (M4H Rotterdam, 2021)

Chicago Loop

Chapter 1

Foreword

CBD Growth Patterns

Manhattan

Manhattan CBD

Chapter 2

Manhattan City

Greater Mumbai

Los CBD LosAngeles Angeles Manhattan

Chapter 3

Santa Monica

Los Angeles

Chapter 4

Santa Monica

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live

Chapter 5

City of Parramatta Population Growth Trends

To determine a baseline for the number of dwellings required to provide for future growth the population growth trends were studied from the year 2006 until 2021. Based on this, average growth rates were calculated for the highest, mid-range and lowest population growth trends setting a minimum target for the future dwelling capacity.

References

Dwelling Projections based on Estimated Resident Population

Chapter 6

Top 5 performing growth rates.

Appendix

Housing Calculations: Phase 01 Phase

Chapter 2

Ground Area(in sq.m) Total Built Ground Coverage Up Area

Existing FSR Existing Land use Resident Efficiency ial area Residential in Mixed 72940 use 54705 0.5 Low-density residential

W8

36470

18235

W9

105570

52785

316710

237532.5

0.5 High-density residential

W10

19870

9935

59610

44707.5

0.8 High-density residential

W11

25270

12635

75810

56857.5

0.8 High-density residential

W12

13000

6500

32500

22750

24375

0.8 High-density residential

W13

10900

5450

27250

19075

20437.5

0.8 High-density residential

135609.45 94926.6

101707.088

1.7 High-density residential

14738.5

58954 41267.8

44215.5

WM22

18117.85 15400.17

61600.69 43120.5

32340.3623

1.5 Mixed-use

WM23

18931.1 16091.44

64365.74

45056

33792.0135

1.7 High-density residential

WM24

17412.62 14800.73

59202.908

41442

31081.5267

1.7 High-density residential

WM25

17216.14 14633.72

58534.876 40974.4

30730.8099

1.7 High-density residential

W17

1

54243.78 27121.89 29477

1.7 Medium-density residential

N1

5600

2800

11200

8400

0.5 Low, Medium and High densi

N2

37313.59

18656.8

74627.18

55970.385

0.6 Low, Medium and High densi

N3

34500

17250

69000

51750

0.5 Low, Medium and High densi

24237.17 12118.59

48474.34

36355.755

0.8 Low, Medium and High densi

N12 P27

10770

5385

21540

15078

16155

Medium-density residential

P28

19920

9960

39840

27888

29880

Medium-density residential

P29

6311

3155.5

18933 13253.1

14199.75

P30 P31

7436 16710

3718 8355

22308 15615.6 50130 35091

16731 37597.5

P32

18720

9360

56160

39312

42120

27920 13960 39600 33660 44300 37655 23500 11750 51841.99 25921 37091.35 18545.68 21707.51 10853.76 28165.39 14082.7

83760 201960 188275 70500 155525.97 111274.05 65122.53 84496.17

58632 141372

62820 106029 141206.25 52875 116644.478 83455.5375 48841.8975 63372.1275

P33 P7 P10 P13 P15 P16 P17 P18

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Zone

W22

Chapter 1

Foreword

live

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General Industrial Low-density residential Low-density residential General Industrial 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8 3.3 1.1 1.1

General Industrial Medium and High-density res Low-density residential Medium and High-density res High-density residential High-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential

Proposed Land use

No. of Dwellings Zone

4 High-density residential 6 Mixed-use residential

729 3167 596

6 High-density residential

758

5 Mixed-use residential

325

5 Mixed-use residential

273

5 Mixed-use residential

1356

4 Medium-density residential

590 Wentworthville

4 Mixed-use residential

431

4 Mixed-use residential

451

4 Mixed-use residential

414

4 Mixed-use residential 4 Medium-density residential

410

ity residential

ity residential

4 Medium-density residential

485

4 Mixed-use residential

215

4 Mixed-use residential

398

6 Mixed-use residential

189

6 Mixed-use residential 6 Mixed-use residential

223 501

6 Mixed-use residential

562

sidential

690

838 1414 1883 705 1555 1113 651 845 22625

Northmead

References

sidential

Mixed-use residential Mixed-use residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential

Westmead

112 746

6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6

Chapter 6

6 High-density residential

4 Medium-density residential 4 Medium-density residential

ity residential

Chapter 5

ity residential

Proposed FSR

Parramatta Appendix

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Housing Calculations: Phase 02

2

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 WM17 WM18 WM19 WM20 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 NP53 NP54 NP80 NP18 NP19 NP24 NP25 NP69 NP78 NP61 NP34 NP35 NP36 NP84 NP42 NP85 P43 P34 P35 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

50700 27470 25170 18270 21870 21770 49770 29477 28396 32338 35635 24200 7100 13700 6700 13300 21300 16500 46312.45 29500 43063.64 27000 30800 23800 25800 19835.7 18061.7 4900 27500 24000 20600 20343.14 19200 12903.44 13900 7300 7300 44300 20700 44300 36500 31300 20400 6900 4900 3700 2900

25350 13735 12585 9135 10935 10885 24885 25055.45 24136.6 27487.3 30289.75 12100 3550 6850 3350 6650 10650 8250 23156.23 14750 21531.82 13500 15400 11900 12900 16860.35 15352.45 2450 13750 12000 10300 10171.57 9600 6451.72 6950 3650 3650 22150 10350 22150 18250 15650 10200 3450 2450 1850 1450

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38025 20602.5 18877.5 13702.5 16402.5 32655 74655 100221.8 96546.4 109949.2 121159 36300 10650 20550 10050 19950 31950 24750 69468.675 44250 64595.46 40500 46200 35700 38700 67441.38 61409.78 7350 41250 36000 30900 40686.28 38400 25806.88 27800 14600 14600 88600 51750 110750 91250 78250 40800 13800 9800 7400 5800

70155.3 67582.5 76964.4 84811.3

47209 42986.8

62020 36225 77525 63875 54775 28560 9660 6860 5180 4060

28518.75 15451.875 14158.125 10276.875 12301.875 24491.25 55991.25 52616.445 50686.86 57723.33 63608.475 27225 7987.5 15412.5 7537.5 14962.5 23962.5 18562.5 52101.5063 33187.5 48446.595 30375 34650 26775 29025 35406.7245 32240.1345 5512.5 30937.5 27000 23175 30514.71 28800 19355.16 20850 10950 10950 66450 38812.5 83062.5 68437.5 58687.5 30600 10350 7350 5550 4350

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.5 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Medium and High-density re High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential Low, Medium and High dens Low, Medium and High dens Low, Medium and High dens Low, Medium and High dens Low, Medium and High dens Low, Medium and High dens Low, Medium and High dens Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Medium and High-density re Low and Medium density re Enterprise Corridor High-density residential Medium-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Medium and High-density re Medium and High-density re Medium and High-density re Medium and High-density re Medium and High-density re Medium and High-density re Medium and High-density re

l

l l l l l l

Appendix

esidential esidential esidential esidential esidential esidential esidential

References

esidential esidential

380 206 189 137 164 327 747 Wentworthville 702 676 770 848 Westmead 363 107 206 101 200 320 248 Northmead 695 443 646 405 462 357 387 472 430 74 413 360 309 407 384 258 278 North Parramatta 146 146 886 518 1108 913 783 408 138 98 74 58 Parramatta 18738

Chapter 6

sity residential sity residential sity residential sity residential sity residential sity residential sity residential

Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Mixed-use residential Mixed-use residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential Medium-density residential for Seniors Housing Medium-density residential for Seniors Housing Medium-density residential for keyworkers Medium-density residential for keyworkers Medium-density residential for keyworkers Medium-density residential for keyworkers Medium-density residential for keyworkers Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential

Chapter 5

esidential

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4

Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Housing Calculations: Phase 03

3

W14

47000

W15 W16 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 NP77 NP9

39800 19900 37000 18500 15900 7950 8500 4250 10100 5050 1700 850 1800 900 12057 10248.45 20300 17255

NP12 NP13 NP56 NP57 NP58 NP79 NP50 NP51 NP52 NP55 NP44 NP45 NP46 NP47 NP48 NP49 NP15 NP16 NP17 NP20 NP21 NP22 NP23 NP26 NP27 NP28 NP29 NP37 NP38 NP39 NP40 NP41 NP30 NP31 NP32 NP81 NP82 NP83 NP63 NP64 NP65 NP66 P19 P20-P21 P22 P24 P25 P26 P37 P38 P43

3800 2600 19800 6200 6201 14149.08 10300 20700 7300 19200 11700 13700 14300 19000 59100 6900 4700 3700 5100 4175 4700 4500 5300 5500 5500 5900 7200 22700 22800 22700 20900 21500 4800 13000 27900 23376.3 10094.15 10094.15 40000 27200 14400 32300 23550 49810 7300 7700 9600 7300 20182.46 17684.32 35216.79

23500

3230 2210 16830 5270 5270.85 12026.72 8755 10350 3650 9600 5850 6850 7150 9500 29550 3450 3995 3145 4335 3548.75 3995 3825 2650 4675 4675 5015 3600 19295 19380 19295 17765 18275 2400 6500 13950 11688.15 5047.075 5047.075 20000 13600 7200 16150 20017.5 42338.5 6205 6545 8160 6205 10091.23 8842.16 17608.4

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94000

70500

0.5 Low-density residential

79600 74000 31800 17000 20200 3400 3600 40993.8 28695.7 69020 48314

59700 55500 23850 12750 15150 2550 2700 21521.745 36235.5

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.5

Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential High-density residential High-density residential

12920 9044 8840 6188 67320 47124 15810 11067 15812.55 11068.8 36080.154 25256.1 26265 31050 10950 28800 17550 20550 21450 28500 88650 10350 15980 11186 12580 8806 17340 12138 14195 9936.5 15980 11186 15300 10710 10600 7420 18700 13090 18700 13090 20060 14042 14400 10080 77180 54026 77520 54264 77180 54026 71060 49742 73100 51170 9600 26000 55800 46752.6 20188.3 20188.3 120000 81600 43200 96900 80070 56049 169354 118548 24820 17374 26180 18326 32640 22848 24820 17374 40364.92 28255.4 35368.64 24758 105650.37

6783 4641 35343 8300.25 8301.58875 18942.0809 19698.75 23287.5 8212.5 21600 13162.5 15412.5 16087.5 21375 66487.5 7762.5 8389.5 6604.5 9103.5 7452.375 8389.5 8032.5 7950 9817.5 9817.5 10531.5 10800 40519.5 40698 40519.5 37306.5 38377.5 7200 19500 41850 35064.45 15141.225 15141.225 90000 61200 32400 72675 42036.75 88910.85 13030.5 13744.5 17136 13030.5 30273.69 26526.48 79237.7775

1.5 1.5 2.5 0.8 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.1

High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential Low-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential Low-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential Medium-density residential High-density residential Medium-density residential High-density residential High-density residential Medium-density residential Medium and High-density residen Low-density residential Low-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Low and Medium density resident Medium and Low-density resident High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential High-density residential General Industrial

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

796 740 Wentworthville 318 170 202 34 36 Cumberland 287 483

Appendix

90 62 471 111 111 253 263 311 110 288 176 206 215 285 887 104 112 88 121 99 112 107 106 131 131 140 144 540 543 540 497 512 96 260 558 468 202 202 1200 816 432 969 North Parramatta 560 1185 174 183 228 174 404 354 1057 Parramatta 21390 62754

References

Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Medium-density residential Mixed Use residential Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 3 Mixed Use residential 3 Mixed Use residential 3 Mixed Use residential 3 High-density residential 3 High-density residential 3 High-density residential 3 High-density residential 3 High-density residential 3 High-density residential 3 Medium-density residential 3 Medium-density residential 3 Medium-density residential 3 Medium-density residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Medium-density residential 4 Medium-density residential 4 Medium-density residential 4 Medium-density residential 4 Medium-density residential 4 Medium-density residential 6 High-density residential 6 High-density residential 6 High-density residential 6 High-density residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 4 Mixed Use residential 6 High-density residential

Chapter 6

tial tial

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Chapter 5

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4 Medium-density residential

Foreword

Precedents Case Study 1 (for Keyworkers housing )- 60 Richmond Housing Cooperative

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Architects: Teeple Architects Stakeholders: Local city councillor, the hospitality workers’ union, and Toronto Community Housing.

Area: 99565 ft² Inferences: This is an eleven-storey mixed use building, consisting of 85 units.

Its residents are predominantly those who have been affected by relocation due to a revitalization project in the neighbourhood.

It mostly provides shelter to those from the hospitality industry and consists of a restaurant within the complex to support the residents. This is a unique model that amalgamates affordable housing, sensitive design and jobs. Furthermore, the building incorporates sustainable methods of rainwater harvesting and climate sensitive design to optimise the effects of wind currents and sunlight. This type of developments can be incorporated to serve as accommodation for respective health and education workers in proximity to their workplaces.

60 Richmond Street, Toronto. Source: (Photography)

Chapter 3

Case Study 2A (for affordable housing )- London’s take on Affordable Housing

Chapter 4

Affordable Housing, London. Source: (Walker)

Current Social Rent Levels in London: 45% of the equivalent private sector dwellings About: The Homes for Londoners is an Affordable and Social housing scheme that uses strategies, partnerships, and government funding to create an influx in the number of affordable housing in London. The Strategy makes a provision for the creation of 50% of Affordable housing in all new housing projects. The London Living Rent Dwellings project was initiated that offered low renting options offering houses where the rent is 1/3rd of the wages. Additionally, 27 boroughs would be used to construct new social and affordable rental dwellings.

Inferences: The Planning system in London offers affordability a high position in the housing strategy. The exorbitant affordable and social housing provisions ensure that there is adequate dwelling for all. Though bringing about radical changes as high as 50% would be a difficult task in Parramatta due to a several housing constraints and market forces, yet the example of London’s Affordable and Social housing scheme exemplifies a successful and achievable goal and hence can be used for benchmarking the Central CBD to a Metropolitan City.

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About: A not-for-profit organisation initiative that seeks to create affordable and sustainable housing provisions in key urban locations in Melbourne. They ensure that the dwellings are handed down to residents and Community Housing Providers by preallocating a statutory 20% of the housing to the latter.

Chapter 5

Case Study 2B (for affordable housing )- Nightingale Housing

Chapter 6

Nightingale 1: Brunswick, 2017. Source: (Clarke)

Case Study 2C (for affordable housing )- Dortheavej Residence

References

Inferences: The principles and policies adopted focus on innovative design that is sustainable. Creating liveable spaces is at the heart of their designs with emphasis on communal spaces, accessibilty to public transport, active frontages and tactile pedestrian experiences. The key takeaways from this project would be to adopt policies that would ensure housing affordability in Central CBD while creating iconic and innovative buildings that promote co-living, simple yet enriching urban living.

Architects: Bjarke Ingels Group Stakeholders: Danish non-profit housing association Lejerbo.

Area: 6800 m²

Innovative design creating a solid-void pattern and the curved building making room for a plaza. Source: (Hjortshøj)

The voids on the lower level serve as entrance portals and passageways that makes the housing structure blend with the surrounding, providing experiential spaces for the residents to live, meet and interact.

In conclusion, this case study highlights the possibilities that a well-designed housing model could bring to the community and the urban setting around it. It emphasizes the strength of a mid-rise high density approach to housing to accommodate more residents without hampering the surrounding character.

Appendix

Inferences: This affordable housing project is a five-storey structure which created 66 new houses ranging between 60-115m2 in size. It utilizes prefabricated modules stacked in a chequered pattern which balances the use of materials and creates private balconies/ large fenestrations for the inhabitants. The use of prefabricated materials has brought about visual uniformity, added floor heights, and has enabled an economical outcome.

The height of the building is derived from the surrounding buildings to be in harmony with them. Moreover, the curved stacking made room for a plaza on one side and a private garden on the other which makes this project a dynamic urban form.

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Foreword

Case Study 3 (for Co-living)- Cohousing in Denmark About: This concept emerged in Denmark in the 1960s offering the inhabitants a sense of community, sustainability, and collaborative economy (Souza, 2021). The projects were initiated by the people who wanted to live together in a particular location. Consequently, what began as a cohousing for 5 families culminated into larger projects housing 27-33 families by the 1980s.

Inferences: Co-living began with a simple idea of living together as an extended family.

Its popularity today signifies the recognition of its benefits. Studies have also proven that coliving is an active model to combat loneliness which could be a common phenomenon owing to the busy urban lifestyle. It also promotes sustainable living since most amenities are shared amongst the residents.

When adopted as a scheme in Central CBD, it can accommodate people who share familiar interests, occupation, etc. to live together and experience better living within the CBD.

1. Scandinavian Seniors Co-living. Source: (Berger, 2018)

Case Study 4 (for Shared Public amenities)- Bella Vista Public School

Chapter 3

Architects: TKD Architects Stakeholders: Baulkham Hills, Hills Shire Council, NSW Department of Education About: The School’s synthetic football and the sports hall is open to the public after school hours.

Chapter 4

Bella Vista Public School. Source: (Photography T. F.)

Inferences: The introduction of shared spaces is an attempt at optimising the use of public owned land and activating streets during late hours. This case study highlights existing practices adopted by the NSW School Infrastructure, making it more realistic and achievable.The proposed School in North Parramatta can be built on similar lines to ensure that an asset like a School can go beyond in providing spaces for the youth and encourage an indulgence in sports and recreational activities.

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connect Case Study 1 (Bus Rapid Transit )- Boqueirao busway, Curitiba In Brazil, Curitiba is the capital of the state of Parana. There reside almost two million people. Since 1968, the city has had an urban map.

The Bus Rapid Transportation System (BRT) is part of the proposal.

Boqueirao busway (BRT), Curitiba. Source: (Alexe, 2017)

References

(Alexe, 2017)

Chapter 6

• It was the first city in Brazil to have dedicated bus lanes.

• A bus rapid transit system operates.This is cheaper to run than a tube system. Some employers subsidise their employees who use it.

• 80 per cent of travellers use the BRT. • The bus rapid transit system uses triple section bendy buses. It carries 2 million passengers a day.

• The bus fare is the same wherever you go.

• No one lives more than 400 metres from a bus stop.

• Urban growth is restricted to corridors of growth - along key transport routes. Tall buildings are allowed only along bus routes.

Chapter 5

Precedents

Case Study 2 (Bicycle Lane )- Vancouver

Bicycle Lane,Vancouver. Source: (Krueger, 2016)

The Greenest City Action Plan was initiated in Vancouver to build ‘compact, more dense communities for easy access to work, shopping and leisure,’ making it simpler to get rid of the automobile. The town incorporated natural elements along the road to make bikers enjoyable and appealing. For example, roads have been constructed with built-in rainwater systems for growing trees. Rain gardenses were built on 63rd Avenue and Yukon Street Plaza to collect run-off from adjacent streets.

A clear success was the 2009 bike lane test. In the first three months of the Burrard experiment, cycling trips rose by 26 percent (70,000 more). Pedestrians enjoyed a bike-free sidewalk. And according to Siemiatycki et al,“travel times for automobiles and buses have not altered,” a conclusion that corresponds to recent indications that motorcycle lanes must not hinder speed (Jaffe, 2014).

Appendix

Converted one vehicle lane to a bike lane and repurposed the sidewalks. Source: (Jaffe, 2014)

Melbourne CBD, Source: (Melbourne, 2021)

Chapter 2

Melbourne is worldwide recognized as one of the world’s most lively cities. The transportation system of Greater Melbourne has been underpinned by expansion and prosperity. The town is equipped with Melbourne airport and the port of Melbourne, the biggest road network and the biggest container port in the world, a rail and coach network, as well as international gateways for persons and freight. Melbourne has developed a successful metropolitan region with this system.

Melbourne provides residents and visitors a number of coaches and trains with the world’s largest tram network. For every miles traveled, public transport takes little over 5 minutes and costs around 18 cents a kilometer. Melbourne, like Perth, has a CBD Free Tram Zone.

Chapter 1

Foreword

Case Study 3 - Public Transport in Melbourne

With its full transport system that integrates trains, trams and bus services, all together provide its cities with a 24-hour public transport service, Melbourne has the second highest utilization ratio in the public transport sector between Australia’s capital (Melbourne, 2021).

Case Study 4 - Rotterdam Centraal Station, Netherlands

Chapter 3

The city core for mobility and connectivity is Rotterdam Centraal. Many of his similarities to Diridon Station in San Jose offer crucial lessons for the forthcoming development of Diridon.

Rotterdam Centraal is where trains, buses, the subway, light rail, taxis and bicycle infrastructure cometogether to serve Rotterdam and other parts of The Hague metropolitan region (Tolkoff, 2016).

Innovative design creating a solid-void pattern and the curved building making room for a plaza. Source: (Hjortshøj) Rotterdam Centraal Station, Netherlands, Source: (Tolkoff, 2016)

Chapter 4

- Pedestrian Plaza to keep a safe environment around the station - A destination where people can gather for socialor business purposes, as well as get from place to place.

- Urban texture, mixture of living and working- improve the quality of life and the environment of the station area (Tolkoff, 2016).

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

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Appendix

Foreword Chapter 4

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

Chapter 1

Connectivity Calculations as Per Phases

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Chapter 5

Chapter 6

References

Appendix