SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PRACTICES

INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PRACTICES ADVANCED LANDSCAPE DESIGN BHAKTI NITIN SHET ELECTIVES – II 2020-2021

.

sustainable landscape practices|

ABSTRACT This paper will concentrate on the result of a research based on comparative study between two sites of different climates the research method adopted in this paper consists of descriptive-analytic By the analysis of sustainable and climatic features and characteristics of these both cases , the main goal is to identify the parameters of creating green space for present and future sustainable landscaping with similar climates. Results confirm that the similarities and differences between these two gardens are because of the different climatic regions they are located in. At the conclusion part, the main characteristics of both gardens from sustainability view will be classified and recommendations for sustainable landscape design will be presented.

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

2

sustainable landscape practices|

CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ 2 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 4 AIM .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................................... 6 METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................................... 7 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 8 CASE STUDY ........................................................................................................................................... 14 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STUDY / EVALUATION / ANALYSIS ............................................................. 22 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 24 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 25 DATA COLLECTION................................................................................................................................. 26

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

3

sustainable landscape practices|

INTRODUCTION sustainable landscape encompasses a variety of practices that have developed in response to environmental issues. It is part of glowing global effort in the landscaping industry to create aesthetically pleasing landscapes. While improving and conserving the environment and saving money. It is that conforms surrounding it, requiring only inputs ex-water fertilizer that are naturally available with little or no additional support, it is self-sustaining over long period of time. Sustainable landscape initiatives aim to protect forests and other ecosystems which provide important services, while providing social and financial benefits. Following are components of sustainable landscape practices water- rainwater reduces flooding and erosion. Reduces water bills and demand on ground water. Grey water reuse - saving fresh water. Reducing the amount of wastewater entering sewers or onsite treatment systems. Soil-healthy soil is an important foundation for every landscape different soil have varying water needs. Plants- use of native plants benefits of using native plants include to local climates, less watering and maintenance. This paper aims to conduct survey for parameters of designing green spaces for sustainable landscape practices. To answer the research query comparative analysis of two sites will be done .one site is public garden of New York city and another site high point residential Grey field development. Both sites are of different climate. definition of sustainable landscape- definition of sustainable landscape is not straightforward, not least because of the differing contexts in which it is framed. In relation to large scale exurban landscapes, an exaggerated, but not groundless, caricature is to contrast a “New World” view of something relatively pristine that sometimes needs ecosystem management with an “Old World” view of a palimpsest that requires the maintenance of traditional land-management practices to sustain subtle character distinctions. In relation to landscape architecture and planning, there is a professional subculture that interprets sustainability in terms of low impact, but physically and socially pertinent, design (Dunnett & Clayden , 2007) and a scenic planning subculture that designates and safeguards rural areas on the basis of “natural” aesthetic value (Brown et al.2005).

The discourses of these traditions are often quite distinct and lead to varied interpretations of sustainability. They also differ in the degree to which landscape sustainability is anthropocentrically defined (as a resource underpinning human well being) or eco centrically defined (as a selfregenerative dynamic system). This essay analyzes what sustainable landscape might mean in practice, proposing some principles potentially relevant to a spectrum of traditions and geographical contexts. The author is grounded in the European context and acknowledges this bias; however, as Phillips (2002) has noted in relation to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Protected Landscape Category V, such cultural landscapes/seascapes are by no means exclusive to Europe or, indeed, the “Old World.”

Dimensions of sustainable landscapes: environment, economics, society, governance, aesthetics Sustainable development is generally considered to be at the intersection of environment, economy, and society, although these terms are now often expanded into phrases reflecting ecosystem services and limits, fair and durable prosperity, and health and social justice. Many authors also draw attention to a Selman: Sustainable Landscape fourth dimension of “political sustainability,” referring to governance mechanisms that continuously deliver sustainable development through the use of responsible science and economics. In the case of landscape, it is also uniquely important to

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

4

sustainable landscape practices|

consider what might be described as “aesthetic sustainability.” Much of the justification for landscape’s importance has been its visual appeal, coupled with intuitive (and perhaps demonstrable) associations between visual harmony, ecological integrity, human well being, and place identity. The remainder of this essay reflects on how these five dimensions might relate to sustainable landscape.

First, the environmental sustainability of landscapes has been strongly influenced by landscape ecology which is concerned with spatial patterns and processes (e.g., Farina, 2006). In the ecological perspective, a sustainable landscape would be one in which the green infrastructure—i.e., bio diverse network of habitat patches and corridors—is of sufficient size, quality, and connectedness to facilitate species’ life cycles, maintaining healthy and viable populations. The concept of sustainable landscape has developed largely in response to habitat fragmentation through land intensification; in places, it also reflects a reaction against wholesale land destruction through mining and industry where large semi natural areas are alleged to act as “stabilizers” (Hawkins & Selman, 2002). The relative importance of patch (habitat) size, the permeability of the fragmented landscape matrix, and the extent to which connected linear features improve connectivity for species movement have been much debated. In addition to the biotic realm, landscape sustainability has also been related to other natural environmental factors, notably the conservation of soil moisture and nutrient status, the integrity of water quality and quantity in surface and subsurface hydrological systems, and the influence of vegetation on the equability of microclimate and atmospheric carbon levels.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY: sustainable landscape and gardens are designed to reduce negative impacts on environment by removing carbon, cleaning air and water, sustainable landscape reduce consumption of nonrenewable sources and waste they also increase energy efficiency and restore habitats and have significant economic, social and environmental benefits. Main objective is to improve livelihoods or improved ecosystem services. Sufficient delivery of food and non-food products efficient use of resources. it requires less maintenance. Long lasting cost- effective.

Sustainable landscapes are self-sustaining. Less watering required. It reduces water usage and no water run off or puddles. Use of green waste. Conservation of energy and resources. Use of fewer pesticides -by using native plants and trees with their own defenses against pests, sustainable landscapes don’t need harsh pesticides to survive.

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

5

sustainable landscape practices|

AIM To identify parameters for creating or green spaces for present and future sustainable landscaping with similar climates, location or issues.

OBJECTIVE 1. the main goal is to identify parameters and new technologies of creating green spaces(sustainable landscape strategies)for future use.

2. analyze sustainable landscape strategies of different sites from different locations 3. analyze region of particular site- location and applied climatic sustainable landscape features.

4. study characteristics of different sites in different locations as per issues occurring in particular site.

5. collected data will help designing for present and future sustainable landscape practices with similar climates, location or issues occurring on site.

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

6

sustainable landscape practices|

METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY: The methodology of this paper is descriptive-analytic, and deductive, based on already documented sources and Data collections of these selected gardens are conducted by use of studies and analysis of document (the case for sustainable landscapes) the research framework of this paper includes: descriptions of john Burroughs school bio retention system (green field development) and high point restoring habitat in an urban neighborhood as selected case studies for this research .the analysis if climatic conditions of locations of selected cases with method use of data temperature, amount of rainfall humidity also the analysis of natural and built elements, issues/constrains of site, construction cost and applicable sustainable landscape practice. A comparative study on selected sites as case studies and their analysis from sustainability view. Through use of comparative method for analysis, the ability to distinguish the similarities and differences between selected gardens will be conceived.

sustainable landscape comparative study of two gardens . sustainable landscape strategies

climatic study

similarities and differences (sustainable landscape practices of two sites)

1.the queens botanical garden

2.High point

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

7

sustainable landscape practices|

LITERATURE REVIEW BOOK REVIEW A Review of Sustainable Landscaping: Principles and Practices Article in Journal of Agricultural & Food Information · October 2015 -This article includes review of book sustainable landscaping: principles and practices by Marietta Loehrlein .This title provides a thorough overview of landscaping with sustainability as the emphasis. The first chapter of book sets the context, defining sustainability, giving a short history of the sustainability movement, and mentioning key scholars as well as first principles; as with medicine, the core concept is “do no harm”; second principle is conservation, reservation and regeneration. Also, there is information about soil, carbon, fertilization and building up organic matter creating and using compost phytoremediation , use of and precautions with pesticides and the like.

Also, there are Tables of beneficial and invasive trees, flowers and shrubs, and several lists of native species for specific purposes, such as attracting butterflies, are a useful inclusion also there is one chapter which includes the water conservation and brief case studies from Colorado, Arizona, and California and the use of gray water for irrigation; students of architecture and horticulture can use this book as textbook as this book language is not highly technical and most of the terms are defined.

Article: review 1 What do we mean by sustainable landscape?

Dimensions of sustainable landscape: environment, economics, society, governance, sustainable development is generally considered to at intersection of environment economy and society, although these terms are now often expanded into phrases reflecting eco system services and limits.

Many authors also draw attention to fourth dimension of political sustainability referring tom the governance's mechanisms that continuously deliver sustainable development through the use of responsible science and economics. the millennium ecosystem assessment (2005) has popularized the notion of ecosystem services underpinning human wellbeing notably provisioning services such as flood, water, timber and fiber. regulating services that affect climate, floods, disease, waste and water quality supporting services such as formation, photosynthesis and nutrient cycling.

Article: review 2 Importance of humane design for sustainable landscape sustainable landscape? -sustainable landscape architecture is architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, development spaces.

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

8

sustainable landscape practices|

hierarchy of sustainability

sustainable landscape architecture is category of sustainable design concerned with planning and design of outdoor space, this can include social economic and ecological aspects of sustainability. sustainable city: includes sustainable decision making, sustainable society, sustainable economy, sustainable environment.

Humane design for creation sustainable landscape.

Human design Sustainable environment Sustainable economy

life cycle natural resources

Research paper 1- Review Theories methods and strategies for sustainable landscape planning This paper discusses about theory methods and challenges to sustainable landscape planning. The four principle sectors of planning: 1) Physical / spatial 2) policy 3) social and economic the objective of this paper is to review briefly the theory of contemporary sustainable planning, to present a typology of landscape planning methods and apply the typology to several landscape planning methods Typology to classify sustainable landscape planning methods for operational purpose it is useful to organize number of approaches framework and methods that are currently available. The following typology is offered on basis for this organization: it includes fire subcategories 1) Theoretical orientation: there are two fundamental types of theory in landscape planning: sustentive and procedural. 2) resource or goal orientation 3) in disciplinary and transdisciplinary4) strategic orientation 5) spatial concepts.

Selected landscape planning methods: three planning methods are briefly discussed 1) ecological planning method.

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

9

sustainable landscape practices|

Research paper 2- Review Sustainable landscape architecture Implications of the Chinese philosophy “unity of man with nature” and beyond Abstract: as the world population continues to grow and as global organization continues to unfold our ecosystem and landscape will be increasingly domesticated and designed. In this paper there is argue about “unity of man with nature “(Chinese philosophy) and its associated design principles can provide useful guidelines for this integration as well as development of sustainable landscape practices. traditions and perspective of Chinese landscape architecture. The ‘‘unity of man with nature’’ philosophy-The ideals and practices of Chinese landscape architecture have been profoundly influenced by ancient Chinese philosophies and cultural traditions. The unifying theme of ancient Chinese philosophies and cultural traditions is ‘‘unity of man with nature’’ or ‘‘harmony between man and nature’’. This theme is consistent with the central tenet of Taoism, a celebrated Chinese philosophy developed by Lao Zi, which asserts that humans should harmonize with the rhythms of nature.

Yin- yang theory –the fire element guided by the yin yang principle, claims that the material world composed of fire kinds of elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth) all are related to each other by either a creating – being created relationship 2) framework method for sustainable landscape ecological planning. Feng– shui theory- Feng–Shui theory, or the theory of Feng (wind) and Shui (water), consists of a set of empirical principles that integrate biophysical landscape features with cultural traditions and religious beliefs to guide the practice of selecting and designing dwelling and burial spaces. Feng–Shui theory stems from the

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

10

sustainable landscape practices|

Taoist Yin–Yang dualism, the Five Element theory and the Eight-Trigram theory. Yin–Yang dualism is the conceptual basis for both the Five Element and Eight-Trigrams theory. Yin– Yang dualism emphasizes balancing opposing natural, as well as anthropogenic, forces and organizing evolving parts to achieve the harmony and eternity of the whole. The Five-Element theory further articulates how the five essential elements comprising the world are related to each other and how they can be arranged properly to achieve sustainability. Related to the Five-Element theory is the theory of Eight Trigrams, which deals with more components that make up the world and has been commonly used as a tool in Feng–Shui practice

Document review 1- The sustainable site initiative (American society of landscape architects) This document provides background on the sustainable site initiative a set of augments, economic, environmental and social for the adoption of sustainable landscape practices this document includes information about 1) purpose and principles of sustainable site initiative 2) the economics of sustainable landscape 3) an introduction to ecosystem services 4) case studies Purpose and principles: socially equitable, environmentally sound, economically feasible are 3 components of sustainability the primary focus for the sustainable site initiative is the environment including those aspects of economic feasibility and social equity that intersect with environment. The benefits of sustainable practices: The elements in a functioning ecosystem are so highly interconnected that unsustainable approaches to land development and management practices can have a devastating ripple effect throughout the system. The following examples of sustainable approaches demonstrate how thoughtful design, construction, operations, and maintenance can enhance and restore ecosystem services that would otherwise be lost.

Valuing soils: the undervaluation of soils is one of the most significant failings of the conventional development approach. For example, a frequent consequence of standard construction practices is compaction of the soil, which seriously damages soil structure by shrinking the spaces between soil particles available for air and water. If not restored, compacted soil can start a spiral of degradation.

Damage to vegetation: Compacted soil particles restrict a plant’s root growth and its access to nutrients. If soil compaction continues, vegetation eventually dies and soils become vulnerable to erosion.

Reduced infiltration: Compacted soils are less able to absorb water, which reduces the recharge of groundwater and aquifers.

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

11

sustainable landscape practices|

Excess runoff: Reduced infiltration leads to increases in the volume of runoff and the probability of flooding.

On developed sites where there is widespread use of impervious material such as concrete and asphalt, even more runoff is likely.

Runoff curve numbers for different site types. The runoff curve number is product of empirical data from many depressions, and infiltrated. Any rainfall not retained on site becomes runoff. All sites in illustration above are assumed to have similar slopes and similar soils. However, as development increases from woods to row crop agriculture to residential and urban landscape - so does soil compaction and increasing amounts of impervious area result in less water retained on site and more of it running off, thus raising a sites curve number. A Higher curve number, it run corresponds to a greater predicted runoff volume.

Treating water as resource –wasteful irrigation undervaluing rain: Rather than getting rid of storm water runoff as quickly as possible, a sustainable approach to storm water management would find ways to capture it on site and use it for irrigation, ornamental water features, drinking water, and groundwater recharge.

The waste hierarchy:

The bounty of ecosystem. No one type of ecosystems has a monopoly on the goods and services it can provide, and the services listed here represent only a few of the many services available from each type. With sustainable practices, built landscapes can provide many of these same natural services. Illustration adapted from the Milennium ecosystem assessment.

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

12

sustainable landscape practices|

Document review 2- Guidance for Federal Agencies on Sustainable Practices for Designed Landscapes This document includes nice sections based on process of site development agencies are strongly encouraged to develop sustainable landscape plan that encompasses following elements: site selection and planning, soils water vegetation, materials selection human health and wellbeing and exiting / historic facilities and cultural landscapes constrictions, operations and managements.

Background -The best practices and performance goals for the design, construction, and maintenance of sustainable landscapes described in this document were drawn from Federal agency subject matter experts and from the 2009 Sustainable Sites Initiative or (SITES™). The following principles served as a foundation for the recommendations in this guidance.

Do no harm: Avoid changes to the site that will degrade the natural environment and promote reuse and improvement of sites with previous disturbance or development.

Precautionary principle: Do not create risk to human and environmental health. Examine a full range of alternatives—including no action.

Design with nature and culture: Create and implement designs that are responsive to economic, environmental, and cultural conditions at local and regional levels.

Use a decision-making hierarchy of preservation, conservation, and regeneration: Maximize and mimic the benefits of ecosystem services by preserving existing environmental features, conserving resources in a sustainable manner, and regenerating lost or damaged ecosystem services.

Use a system thinking approach: Understand and value the relationships in an ecosystem and sustain ecosystem services; strive to re-establish the integral and essential relationship between regenerative systems (natural processes) and human activity.

Provide regenerative systems: Provide future generations with a sustainable environment supported by regenerative systems and resources. Also, this document includes nine sections based on the process of site development and guide an integrated team through the project phases. Agencies are strongly encouraged to develop and maintain a comprehensive sustainable landscape plan that encompasses the following elements.

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

13

sustainable landscape practices|

1.Site Selection and Planning 2. Soils 3. Water 4. Vegetation 5. Materials Selection 6. Human Health and WellBeing 7. Existing/Historic Facilities and Cultural Landscapes 8. Construction 9. Operations and Management.

CASE STUDY CASE STUDY 1- CLINTON BEACH PARK A SUSTAINABLE PARK FOR A WATERFRONT COMMUNITY Responding to community calls for public access to Puget Sound, the Port District of South Whidbey Island transformed a Greyfield site next to the Clinton ferry terminal into a new beach park that promotes ecological awareness, resource efficiency, and stormwater management.

The park accommodates the needs of diverse visitors with improved accessibility to the Port’s Fishing Pier and small boat dock.

Much of the project included salvaged wood milled from tree stumps left over from old logging sites as well as cast-in-place concrete containing fly ash.

The team removed all existing invasive plants and re-vegetated the area with drought-tolerant native and adapted species.

SIZE/TYPE OF PROJECT 0.68 acre/Greyfield redevelopment SITE CONTEXT The site is adjacent to a busy commercial ferry terminal on Whidbey Island, Washington, 30 miles north of Seattle, at the northern boundary of Puget Sound. The island is partially in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains and has a variety of climate zones. The climate of the greater Seattle area is classified as marine west coast, with dry summers and cool wet weather during the rest of the year. A restaurant and parking lot were on the site when it was acquired.

ISSUES/CONSTRAINTS OF THE SITE No construction activities were permitted on the protected beach adjacent to the project.

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

14

sustainable landscape practices|

FEATURED SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES Materials reuse: Existing footings and substructure were reused. Salvaged or recycled materials were used throughout the project, including salvaged wood from old logging sites, recycled plastic lumber, and concrete containing fly ash. Wood from deconstruction of the prior structure was sold to a local materials outlet to reduce landfill waste.

CASE STUDY 2- JOHN BURROUGHS SCHOOL BIORETENTION SYSTEM A COMMITMENT TO WATER QUALITY John Burroughs School (JBS), a private college preparatory day school in Ladue, Missouri, is currently implementing a facilities master plan. As a result of the construction of a parking lot, theater, and a field hockey field, additional detention was required by the local agency. At the time of construction, water quality standards were not required and an existing small pond (0.38 acre) was to be used for the additional retention. As a direct result of an educational seminar on water quality, the school made a commitment to protect the pond and contribute to downstream flood protection. A three-cell bioretention system was designed and installed. The bioretention project successfully protected the pond, improved flood protection, and met new water quality requirements. As part of the science curriculum, students are participating in all aspects of the bio retention system—from selecting the appropriate plants to ongoing monitoring and maintenance.

The integration of the facilities into the science curriculum provides hands-on learning opportunities for the students and the community.

SIZE/TYPE OF PROJECT 10,156 square feet/school/Greyfield and greenfield development SITE CONTEXT The City of Ladue is a residential community located minutes from St. Louis, in the Interior River Valleys and Hills eco region, just north of the Ozark Highlands. The biome of the area is primarily midlatitude deciduous forest with rolling hills topography. The average annual precipitation of the St. Louis region is 39 inches per year and the average high temperature is 77.5° F while the average low temperature is 33.6° F

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

15

sustainable landscape practices|

ISSUES/CONSTRAINTS OF THE SITE An established construction budget and schedule were substantial obstacles to this water-quality initiative, which arose late in the schedule. The project was accomplished thanks to the conviction of the client, who showed that it is never too late to do the right thing. • Space constraints are not unique to many projects. However, a client with a landlocked campus needs to make careful choices about the allocation of land. John Burroughs School chose to allocate this land to a sustainable strategy instead of parking.

FEATURED SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES The bio retention system is primarily a plant- and soil-based filtration facility for parking lot storm water runoff. Storm water runoff flows downhill from the driveway and south parking lot into the highest cell of the three cells, from which it slowly progresses into two lower cells until finally ending up in the pond. Before reaching the first cell, much of the water passes first through an underground vortex filter that spins under the power of the falling water. Debris and impurities removed from the water collect at the bottom of the filter and are pumped out once a year for disposal. Each cell of the bio retention basin has its own underground water holding chamber as well as aboveground plants and soil. Stands of native grasses and wildflowers in each cell help prevent evapotranspiration by shading the water, enhance soil composition, encourage biological activity, and promote the removal of pollutants before storm water enters the pond.

CASE STUDY 3- FLORIDA AQUARIUM PARKING LOT AND QUEUING GARDEN A Demonstration in Sustainable Storm water Management

The Florida Aquarium in midtown Tampa partnered with the Southwest Florida Water Management District to build a storm water research and demonstration area to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative low-impact parking lot design.

The goal was to reduce runoff and improve the quality of water flowing into Tampa Bay, an Estuary of National Significance included in the National Estuary Program.

This partnership was significant, given that all parties were aware from the outset that approximately one-third of the parking lot area would be eventually removed and redeveloped for a cruise ship terminal.

The fundamental goal of the project was to extend the environmental education objectives of the Aquarium to the parking lot and the Aquarium’s shaded Queuing Garden near the entrance.

The Aquarium uses its entire site to tell Florida’s unique water story by following a drop of water from its underground source to the open sea.

SIZE/TYPE OF PROJECT 11.25 acres/urban Grey field redevelopment SITE CONTEXT Tampa sits in the Southwestern Coastal Plain (Southwestern Florida Flatwoods) eco region. In this humid subtropical climate, Tampa receives an annual precipitation of 46.3 inches, occurring primarily during the summer rainy season. The average high temperature is 82o F and the average low temperature is 65o F.

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

16

sustainable landscape practices|

ISSUES/CONSTRAINTS OF THE SITE • The site contained two pre-existing ponds that met state storm water regulations. Criteria to meet regulations do not account for the source of the runoff, which in this case, traveled from surrounding roadways and the Aquarium building rooftop, causing extremely high pollutant loadings. The project team had to retrofit these ponds in order to manage runoff and cleanse water properly. • The site consisted of urban soils of poor quality. The lack of organics and the high pH of the soil Experiments with vegetated swales and pervious pavement in the parking lot (left) significantly reduced runoff and protected water quality. Runoff from the queuing garden was directed to a small pond (above). dictated the use of species native to coastal areas and those with a successful history of dealing with difficult sites. Soil conditions have improved with the growth of roots and the trapping of detritus in landscape areas.

FEATURED SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES Stormwater treatment: The 11.25-acre parking lot was the study site for the low-impact stormwater treatment system.

The research was designed to determine pollutant load reductions measured from three elements in the treatment train: different treatment types in the parking lot, a planted strand with native wetland trees, and a small pond used for final treatment.

CASE STUDY COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Name

CLINTON BEACH PARK A Sustainable Park for a Waterfront Community

John Burroughs school bio retention system a commitment to water quality

FLORIDA AQUARIUM PARKING LOT AND QUEUING GARDEN

Size/type of project

0.68 acre/Grey field redevelopment

10,156 square feet/school/Greyfield and green field development

11.25 acres/urban Grey field redevelopment

Location

Whidbey Island, Washington.

Ozark, united states

Tampa sits in the Southwestern Coastal Plain the Gulf of Mexico US

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

17

sustainable landscape practices|

Climate

dry summers and cool wet weather during the rest of the year.

Issues/constr aints of the site

1.No construction activities were permitted on the protected beach adjacent to the project.

Featured sustainable practices

1.Existing footings and substructure were reused 2. Salvaged or recycled materials were used throughout the project, including salvaged wood from old logging sites, recycled plastic lumber, and concrete containing fly ash.

18

summers are hot and muggy, the winters are very cold and wet, and it is partly cloudy year round. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 31°F to 93°F and is rarely below 18°F or above 100°F. 1.An established construction budget and schedule were substantial obstacles to this water-quality initiative, which arose late in the schedule Space constraints are not unique to many projects.

However, a client with a landlocked campus needs to make careful choices about the allocation of land.

humid subtropical climate

Manage and cleanse storm water: 1. The bio retention system is primarily a plant- and soil-based filtration facility for parking lot storm water runoff.

2.Stormwater runoff flows downhill from the driveway and south parking lot into the highest cell of the three cells, from which it slowly progresses into two lower cells until finally ending up in the pond 3. Debris and impurities removed from the water collect at the bottom of the filter and are pumped out once a year for disposal. Each cell of the bio retention basin has its own underground water holding chamber as well as aboveground plants and soil.

Stands of native grasses and wildflowers in each cell help prevent evapotranspiration by shading the water, enhance soil composition, encourage biological activity, and promote the removal of pollutants before storm water enters the pond.

Storm water treatment: The 11.25-acre parking lot was the study site for the low-impact storm water treatment system.

1.Retrofitting of ponds in order to manage runoff and cleanse water properly 2. Also, the site consisted of urban soils of poor quality 3. The high PH of soil experiments with vegetated swales and pervious pavement in parking lot reduced runoff and protected water quality.

The research was designed to determine pollutant load reductions measured from three elements in the treatment train: different treatment types in the parking lot, a planted strand with native wetland trees, and a small pond used for final treatment.

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

sustainable landscape practices|

19

DATA FINDINGS For fulfilling the research objective comparative study of both sites is done based on parameters1.size and type o project 2.location and site context 3.issues and constraints of the site 4. similar and different applied sustainable strategies .5.architectural and climatic elements used as per different locations and regions. 6.observations and lessons learned during construction The sustainable strategies and architectural elements used in botanical garden and high point, mentioned in this paper, could be a contribution to the future of the profession of landscape architects and an appropriate solution for environmental problems of similar climate and issues faced. common sustainable strategies are listed below and how the common strategies can be implemented as per varying parameters is analyzed so collected data will be easy to use for future sustainable designs.

1. The Queens Botanical Garden in New York City wanted its Visitor and Administration Center to be

a highly visible model of sustainable solutions that are effective, practical, and attractive. The completed project harvests gray water and rainfall to virtually eliminate storm water outflow and to minimize the demand for potable water throughout the facility.

2. HIGH POINT Restoring Habitat in an Urban Neighborhood - Seattle’s High Point project combines ecological

and social goals to transform an isolated and distressed 34-block residential neighborhood into a vibrant, sustainable community. The redevelopment is in the Longfellow Creek watershed, one of four urban salmonbearing streams remaining in the city. Seattle Public Utilities realized that the redevelopment of the 1940s-era site provided the potential to mitigate a significant area of contaminated urban runoff.

Name

Queens botanical garden

HIGH POINT

Size/type of project

Approximately 4 acres of a 35-acre public botanical garden

120 acres/residential Grey field redevelopment

Location and Site context

Location - downtown Flushing in Queens, the second most densely populated borough in New York City. Saltwater marshes, freshwater wetlands, prairie, and upland pine woodlands once thrived within a very short distance of the site.

Climate - humid subtropical climate Temperatures are generally mild, and average rainfall of about 46 inches is well distributed throughout the year. Contaminated portions of the site were remediated, qualifying the area as a brown field site.

Location -Seattle is in the Central Puget Lowland (or Puget trough) eco region.

Climate -Mediterranean-like climate Its mild climate is classified as marine west coast, with dry summers and cool wet weather the rest of the year.

Issues/const raints of the site

1.Public access and facility operations had to be maintained throughout the entire period of construction.

1.The site topography slopes to the northeast with an elevation change of more than 170 feet in approximately 1 mile. The developed area drains to a single discharge point that is piped to Longfellow Creek 2. Residents did not want the stigma of “public housing” to continue in the new development.

Connectivity to surrounding

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

sustainable landscape practices|

20

neighborhood was important.

Storm water managemen t

Rainwater (storm water) treatment and reuse: 1. Half of the roof is covered by a lightweight green roof 2. All other roof surfaces feed the site’s rainwater harvest system 3. Harvested rainwater is cooled and cleansed with vegetation and a gravel substrate that is part of the landscape 4.

Processed rainwater is stored in a cistern as the water source for the many ornamental water features 5. Overflow water is directed to a large rain garden.

Gray water reuse: Water from sinks, dishwashers, and showers is processed through a constructed wetland, where bacterial activity by selected plants treats the water naturally. It is then used for toilet flushing.

Storm water management and protection of watershed and habitat: The project team focused on restoring and protecting the salmon habitat with systems to preserve and clean the watershed. Although the site is a Grey field developed in the 1940s, the design should allow the site to process storm water as effectively as the pastures presumed to exist prior to the original development 12.

Overflow from the system during extraordinary storm events is piped to a single storm water pond for detention.

Featured sustainable practices

Native and adapted vegetation: Species native to New York or closely related cultivars make up the majority of plants; mature trees were preserved and integrated into the design.

Soil restoration: Nothing remains of the site’s original soil structure; it is now comprised entirely of fill material (construction debris, fly ash, and other materials brought to the site over a period of about 80 years) covered with about 6 feet of imported soil. Specific soil mixes were prepared for all planted areas, and porous substrates were installed to support the efficiency of the rain garden and rain-filtering elements.

Native and adapted vegetation: Plantation of native plants Native and adapted plants were used to reflect the local ecosystem and to minimize maintenance needs. More than 80,000 ground covers are planted in the streetscape, and the addition of more than 3,000 trees effectively tripled the number of trees on the site. Swale plantings vary to create an interesting year-round experience for residents.

Irrigation efficiency: Native, droughttolerant, and site-suitable plants were used to minimize the need for irrigation and pesticides. Amended soils improve water retention, while a computerized irrigation management system adjusts water supply based on plant needs, solar orientation, and local weather information.

Architectural elements

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

sustainable landscape practices|

The primary theme of the site design is the visible expression of water. A meandering water feature and fountain are kept full with cleansed rainwater that has been harvested from the site; no potable water is used, and any surplus rainwater or storm water is absorbed in rain gardens and bio swales.

Lessons learned

A water channel, fed by rainwater that cascades off the roof canopy, weaves around the building and through the gardens. The process mimics the natural hydrology of the site, which originally contained low-lying streambeds that were tributaries of the Flushing River.

1.The procurement and management process required multiple and independent contracts issued to each trade specialty. Substantial project team effort was required to outline the responsibility of each trade and to ensure cooperation among the different disciplines involved. 2.Because many techniques were new to the area, some costs escalated; the permit process required long lead times and regular dialogue with authorities.

21

High Point's natural drainage system provides clean water for 8 percent of the salmon-bearing Longfellow Creek Watershed, a mile-long urban creek system running through the heart of West Seattle. Overflow during extraordinary storm events is piped to an attractive detention pond (above).

A vegetated median strip (right) collects and absorbs rainwater from the street, keeping it out of city storm sewers

The High Point development team listened to the community’s desire for a number of small pocket parks (above) rather than one large park.

1.Working with permitting agencies, interdisciplinary planning, collaboration, contractor education, public communication, and community celebrations were key to the project’s success 2. Protection of natural drainage system during construction needs to be emphasized for the contractor, as the whole system needs to be functioning successfully prior to issuance of the certificate of occupancy. This requirement has schedule implications for the contractor who must plan ahead.

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

sustainable landscape practices|

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STUDY / EVALUATION / ANALYSIS

solutions applied grass pavers

permeable pavers

lawn

turf pavers

native plant adaption

spruce (picea)

flowering dogwood pine(preserved)

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

22

sustainable landscape practices|

IDEOLIGY

COMMON SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES NATIVE PLANT ADAPTION STORM WATER MANAGEMENT SOIL RESTORATION CLIMATIC SUSTAINBLE STRATEGIES SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES (AS PER DIFFERENT PARAMETERS)CAN BE USED IN FUTURE DESIGN

Preservation of native plants

Soil restoration

Plantation of native plants

Irrigation efficiency

reuse-rainwater harvesting .

preservation and cleaning of watershed.

green roof used and rainwater is directed to rain garden .

Roof runoff is directed to splash blocks that drain to furrows, dispersion trenches, rain gardens,

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

23

sustainable landscape practices|

CONCLUSION further landscape sustainable strategies can be used for design solution 1. native plant use common sustainable strategies that can be used are native plant adaption preservation of native plants or plantation as per soil conditions 2. storm water management can be done in two ways reusing the rainwater or preservation of watershed.

3. Gray water reuse: Water from sinks, dishwashers, and showers can be process through a constructed wetland, where bacterial activity by selected plants can treat the water naturally.

It is then used for toilet flushing.

4. soil restoration Specific soil mixes are prepared for all planted areas, and porous substrates were installed to support the efficiency of the rain garden and rain-filtering elements.

5. Irrigation efficiency: Native, drought-tolerant, and site-suitable plants are used to minimize the need for irrigation and pesticides. Amended soils improve water retention, while a computerized irrigation management system adjusts water supply based on plant needs, solar orientation, and local weather information.

6. cleaning of water naturally :Harvested rainwater can be cooled and cleansed with vegetation and a gravel substrate that is part of the landscape . Processed rainwater is stored in a cistern as the water source for the many ornamental water features 5. Overflow water is directed to a large rain garden.

7. This paper shows that both sites I.e. The queens botanical garden (public garden) and high point (residential Grey field development both are from united states but are of different climates I.e. humid subtropical and Mediterranean climate respectively.

Issues faced on both sites were the same also some of the featured sustainable strategies used were same and some were different as per climate and site area in queens botanical garden for applying storm water treatment and management roofs covered by lightweight green roof because of climate of downtown is humid also harvested rainwater is cooled and cleansed with vegetation and gravel substrate this landscape elements were used to keep water clean.

8. The sustainable strategies used in both botanical garden and high point. mentioned in this paper ,could be a contribution to landscape architects for future sustainable landscape designs and solution for environmental problems o similar climates and issues faced.

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

24

sustainable landscape practices|

REFERENCES (http://www.sustainablesites.org/cases/). www.naccho.org www.hennepin.us/activeliving www.usbg.gov http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496505.2015.1074468 https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2008.11908019 https://etowahgroup.com/sustainable-gardens/ https://www.asla.org/sustainablelandscapes/videos.html https://dirt.asla.org/2015/12/11/new-case-studies-on-sustainable-landscape-design/ https://www.slideshare.net/swathiswathimahaling/sustainable-landscaping-43400304 https://www.slideshare.net/swathiswathimahaling/sustainable-landscaping-43400304 https://dyckarboretum.org/principles-sustainable-landscape-design/

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

25

sustainable landscape practices|

DATA COLLECTION

DATA COLLECTION DOCUMENTS

RESEARCH PAPERS

BOOKS

ARTICLES

Document -Guidance for Federal Agencies on Sustainable Practices for Designed Landscapes

plants.usda.gov/pollinators/Native_Pollinators.pdf Book -THE CASE FOR SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES-American Society of Landscape Architects Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at The University of Texas at Austin United States Botanic Garden(http://www.sustainablesites.org/cases/).

Article -Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy -http://ejournal.nbii.org Paul Selman Department of Landscape, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK (email: p.selman@shef.ac.uk) Landscape for Life. landscapeforlife.org Monarch Fueling Project. www.pollinator.org/monarchs.htm#fueling Monarchs in the Classroom (University of Minnesota) www.monarchlab.org/mitc/

BHAKTI NITIN SHET | INDIRA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN | FOURTH YEAR B. Arch. | 2018-19

26