ITALY
ITALY IS A COUNTRY IN SOUTHERN AND WESTERN EUROPE. LOCATED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA, IT CONSISTS OF A PENINSULA DELIMITED BY THE ALPS AND SURROUNDED BY SEVERAL ISLANDS.
IT IS THE TENTH-LARGEST COUNTRY BY LAND AREA IN THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT AND THE THIRD-MOST POPULOUS MEMBER STATE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. ITS CAPITAL AND LARGEST CITY IS ROME.
https://theculturetrip.com/europe/italy/articles/a-brief-history-of-romes-city-walls
http://roma.andreapollett.com/S4/walls.htm
ROME
IT IS THE CAPITAL CITY OF ITALY. IT IS ALSO THE CAPITAL OF THE LAZIO REGION.
ROME’S HISTORY SPANS 28 CENTURIES. WHILE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY DATES THE FOUNDING OF ROME AT AROUND 753 BC, THE SITE HAS BEEN INHABITED FOR MUCH LONGER, MAKING IT A MAJOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT FOR ALMOST THREE MILLENNIA AND ONE OF THE OLDEST CONTINUOUSLY OCCUPIED CITIES IN EUROPE.
THE AURELIAN WALLS: ARE DEFENSIVE STARTED TO BUILT AROUND THE CITY OF ROME, DURING THE REIGN OF THE ROMAN EMPEROR AURELIAN IN THE 3RD CENTURY AD.
THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE AURELIAN WALLS REPRESENT AN IMPORTANT MOMENT IN ROME’S HISTORY. THE CONSTRUCTION OF WALLS SYMBOLIZES THE EMPIRE’S EFFORTS TO PROTECT ITS CAPITAL AND PRESERVE ITS AMIDST THESE CHALLENGES.
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: THE AURELIAN WALLS REPRESENT THE RESILIENCE AND CREATIVITY OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE. THESE WALLS SERVED NOT ONLY AS A PHYSICAL BARRIER AGAINST EXTERNAL THREATS, ALSO AS A SYMBOL OF ROME’S POWER AND PRESTIGE.
THE GATES ALONG THE AURELIAN WALLS: GATES ARE SERVED SEVERAL IMPORTANT ROLES, LIKE PRACTICAL AND SYMBOLIC.
• DEFENSE • TRADE AND COMMERCE
• SYMBOLIC SIGNIFICANCE
• CONTROL OF MOVEMENT
• ADMINISTRATIVE PURPOSES
http://roma.andreapollett.com/S4/walls.htm
https://www.vaticantour.com/blog/romes-city-walls-its-history-and-significance
MONUMENT DATA
MONUMENT: AURELIAN WALLS, MURA AURELIANE
DATE: 3rd CENTURY, 271 AD
INVENTOR: EMPEROR AURELIAN
MATERIAL: BRICKS, TUFFA BLOCKS, MORTAR, CONCRETE
TYPOLOGY: DEFENSIVE WALL, CITY WALL, FORTIFICATION
LOCALIZATION: THE TRASTEVERE NEIGHBORHOOD IS LOCATED ON THE RI
GHT BANK OF THE TIBER AND ENCOMPASSES ALL SEVEN HILLS OF ROME, AS WELL AS THE CAMPUS MARTIN
CONSTRUCTION DATA
ROUGH CIRCLE: 19 KM AROUND AN AREA OF 13.7 KM
HEIGHT: 8M DURING EARLY CONSTRUCTION; PRESENTLY UP TO 16M
THICKNESS: 3,5 M
TOWERS: A SQUARE TOWER EVERY 29.6 M
CONSTRUCTION METHOD: FREE-STANDING
CONCRETE: OPUS CAEMENTICIUM WALL FACING OPUS LATERICIA
THE ANCIENT WALL CONSISTED: 383 TOWERS, 7020 MERLONS, 5 MINOR GATES, 116 TOILETS, 2066 GREAT WINDOWS, AND 18 MAIN GATES
PORTA METRONIA: IS ONE OF THE GATES ALONG THE AURELIAN WALLS, AND PORTA METRONIA ITSELF MAY NOT BE DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC MONUMENTS, BUT IT IS LOCATED NEAR TO SIGNIFICANT LANDMARKS.
COLOSSEUM: THE CONNECTION BETWEEN PORTA METRONIA AND THE COLOSSEUM WAS FACILITATED BY SEVERAL ANCIENT ROADS THAT PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE OF ANCIENT ROME, FACILITATING TRANSPORTATION, COMMERCE, COMMUNICATION, AND ACCESS TO IMPORTANT CULTURAL AND ENTERTAINMENT VENUES.
BASILICA OF SAN GIOVANNI IN LATERANO: THIS BASILICA IS ONE OF THE OLDEST AND MOST IMPORTANT CHURCHES IN CHRISTIANITY, AND ITS PROXIMITY TO PORTA METRONIA UNDERSCORES THE GATE’S SIGNIFICANCE AS A POINT OF ACCESS TO THE RELIGIOUS HEART OF ROME.
VILLA WOLKONSKY: IS A HISTORIC VILLA THAT SERVED AS THE RESIDENCE OF THE BRITISH AMBASSADOR TO ITALY. WHILE NOT DIRECTLY RELATED TO ANCIENT ROMAN MONUMENTS, IT IS A NOTABLE LANDMARK IN THE AREA AND ADDS TO THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL FABRIC OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD.
THE BATHS OF CARACALLA: IS NOT IMMEDIATELY ADJACENT TO PORTA METRONIA, THE BATHS OF CARACALLA ARE CLOSE BY. THESE ANCIENT ROMAN BATHS WERE AMONG THE LARGEST IN ANCIENT ROME AND ARE AN IMPORTANT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE. THE PRESENCE OF PORTA METRONIA WOULD HAVE PROVIDED ACCESS TO AND FROM THE BATHS FOR RESIDENTS AND VISITORS TO ANCIENT ROME.
CAELIAN HILL: IS ONE OF THE SEVEN HILLS OF ROME. IT IS HOME TO SEVERAL ANCIENT ROMAN SITES. PORTA METRONIA WOULD HAVE SERVED AS A GATEWAY FOR TRAVELERS ENTERING AND LEAVING CAELIAN HILL.
https://colosseumrometickets.com/aurelian-walls/
https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/ c1zu1h/aurelian_walls_of_rome_italy/
https://rome.us/ancient-rome/the-aurelian-walls.html
THE PORTA ASINARIA, PORTA METRONIA, AND PORTA LATINA WERE INTEGRAL PARTS OF THE AURELIAN WALLS, ASSURING ANCIENT ROME’S SECURITY AND EFFICIENCY. THEY FACILITATED TRADE, COMMUNICATION, AND MILITARY DEFENSE, CONTRIBUTING SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE CITY’S INFRASTRUCTURE AND CONTACTS WITH NEARBY TERRITORIES. THEY ALSO ACTED AS SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS OF ROME’S POWER AND AUTHORITY, WELCOME VISITORS AND RESTRICTING ACCESS TO THE ETERNAL CITY.
PORTA METRONIA, LOCATED NEAR PORTA ASINARIA, WAS ANOTHER GATE ALONG THE AURELIAN WALLS. ITS SIGNIFICANCE WAS COMPARABLE TO PORTA ASINARIA, AS IT PROVIDED ACCESS TO AND FROM THE CITY, FACILITATED TRADE, AND ALLOWED MILITARY MOVEMENTS. THE PROXIMITY OF THESE GATES SUGGESTS THAT THEY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCESS CONTROL ALONG THIS PART OF THE AURELIAN WALL.
PORTA ASINARIA ALSO KNOWN AS THE ASINARIAN PORTAL, WAS A PORTAL IN THE AURELIAN WALLS. IT CONNECTED THE CITY TO THE SOUTHEAST AND FUNCTIONED AS A POINT OF ENTRY AND EXIT FOR PASSENGERS, TRADERS, AND ARMIES. ITS LOCATION AIDED TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION BETWEEN ROME AND THE SOUTHEAST REGIONS, NOTABLY THE VITAL VIA APPIA. IT WAS STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT FOR MILITARY MANEUVERS AND CITY DEFENSE.
PORTA LATINA THIS GATE, LOCATED SOUTHWEST OF THE CITY, WAS ONE OF THE MAIN ENTRY WAYS INTO ROME. IT LINKED THE CITY TO THE LATIN COUNTRYSIDE, FACILITATING TRADE AND CONTACT WITH THE PROVINCES TO THE SOUTH. IT, LIKE THE OTHER GATES, WAS IMPORTANT FOR BOTH CIVIC AND MILITARY PURPOSES, ACTING AS A LINK BETWEEN ROME AND ITS SURROUNDING AREAS.
• PORTA METRONIA IS NOT VISIBLE DUE TO BEING COVERED BY TREES OR OTHER OBSTRUCTIONS, ADDRESSING THIS ISSUE IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR BOTH THE VISIBILITY AND APPRECIATION OF THE HISTORIC SITE. FROM BOTH SIDE (INTERIOR AND EXTERIER OF THE WALL) OF THE PORTA METRONIA IS NOT VERY VISIBLE BY RESIDENTS AND TOURISTS WHO PASS THROUGH FROM THERE. ONE OF THE MAIN PROBLEM THAT DETECTED BY PROJECT GROUP IS RECOGNIZEABILITY. PEOPLE THINK THAT PORTA METRONIA MIGHT BE ONE OF THE ARCHES OPENED AFTER THAT NOWADAYS CARS PASSING UNDER.
MONUMENT DATA
MONUMENT: PORTA METRONIA
DATE: 3rd CENTURY, 271 AD
INVENTOR: EMPEROR AURELIAN
MATERIAL: BRICKS, TUFFA BLOCKS, MORTAR, CONCRETE
TYPOLOGY: DEFENSIVE WALL, CITY GATE
LOCALIZATION: NEAR THE BATHS OF CARACALLA, ALONG THE AURELIAN WALLS
CONSTRUCTION DATA
HEIGHT: ORIGINAL HEIGHT SIMILAR TO AURELIAN WALLS (AROUND 8M); MODIFICATIONS AND RESTORATIONS OVER CENTURIES
THICKNESS: 3,5 M TOWERS: A SQUARE TOWER EVERY 29.6
M
CONSTRUCTION METHOD: FREE-STANDING
CONCRETE: OPUS CAEMENTICIUM WALL FACING OPUS LATERICIA
FEATURES: PART OF THE AURELIAN WALLS, SERVED AS A SECONDARY GATE PROVIDING ACCESS THROUGH THE WALLS
• HIGH TRAFFIC VOLUME: NEAR TO PROJECT AREA EXPERIENCES SIGNIFICANT TRAFFIC CONGESTION. THIS PROBLEM AND THE ANCIENT STRUCTURE’S PROXIMITY TO MODERN ROADS MIGHT CAUSE VIBRATION DAMAGE, POLLUTION AND POLLUTION RELATED DEGRADATION.
• PEDESTRIAN SAFETY: BALANCING PEDESTRIAN ACCESS TO THE HISTORIC SITE WHILE MANAGING VEHICLE FLOW IS ONE THE PROBLEMS. AS WE CAN SEE, THE AREA NEEDS SAFE AND PLEASANT PEDESTRIAN PATHWAYS WITHOUT DISTRUPTING TRAFFIC.
• THE PORTA’S IDLENESS REDUCES THE PARTICIPATION OF LOCAL PEOPLE AND TOURISTS IN THE AREA. THE USELESSNESS OF THE GALLERIES, THE NEGLECT OF THE PORTA AREA, AND THE LACK OF EMPHASIS ON THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE COLLAPSED TOWER ARE SOME OF THE PROBLEMS ADDRESSED.
• PROVIDING FUNCTIONAL SUGGESTIONS FOR MODERN USES WHILE PRESERVING THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE AREA IS IMPORTANT FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE PROJECT.
306 - 312 AC
401 - 403 AC
• AFTER SOME POSITIVE RESULTS IN BATTLES FOR EMPEROR AURELIANO, BEFORE LEAVING FOR THE EAST THAT YEAR FOR NEW CONQUESTS, HE DECIDED TO BUILD A FORTIFICATION TO PROTECT THE CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE FROM OUTSIDE.
• START THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WALL. 271 AC
1140s
• THE CITY WALLS BECAME IMPORTANT AGAIN THANKS TO THE RENOVATIO SENATUS (WAS A CIVIC ORGANIZATION INSPIRED TO THE GLORIOUS ROMAN SENATUS)
1450
• POPE NICHOLAS V REBUILT LARGE CHUNKS OF THE WALL CIRCUIT; THE 1450 JUBILEE WAS THE OCCASION TO REAFFIRM THE PONTIFICAL SUPREMACY IN ROME.
271 AC
• WITH THE DEATH OF EMPEROR AURELIANO, THE CONSTRUCTION AND CONCLUSION OF THE WALLS IS POSTPONED.
• CONCLUSION OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WALLS BY THE NEXT EMPEROR PROBUS.
• RESTORATIONS MADE BY THE EMPEROR MAXENTIUS, IN ADDITION TO THE CHANGE OF BRICKS BETWEEN THE FIRST PHASE OF THE WALL.
• EMPEROR HONORIUS STARED THE RESTORATION OF THE WALL WITH SOME CHANGES, NEW UPPER STORIES WERE ADDED TO THE TOWERS; SUBSTANTIAL MODIFICATIONS OCCURRED AT MANY OF THE PRINCIPAL GATES; AND SEVERAL SMALLER POSTERNS WERE PERMANENTLY BLOCKED, THE WALL ALMOST DOUBLED THE HEIGHT.
• POPE GREGORY II TRIES TO REPAIR THE WALL, BUT ADVERSE CIRCUMSTANCES AND VARIOUS TUMULTS DELAYED DE RESTORATION. SO LATER BETWEEN 730 AND 741 POPE GREGORY III WAS THE ONE WHO REPAIRS BIG PARTS OF THE WALL.
1551
• ARCHITECT BUFALINI MADE A PRECISELY DELINEATED AND MEASURE PLAN OF THE WALL.
• CONSTRUCTION OF PORTA METRONIA, IT WAS BUILT, IN A UNIQUE CASE, INSIDE A TOWER THAT PROTRUDED TOWARDS THE INTERIOR OF THE CITY, HIDING ITS PRESENCE AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE: TODAY ONLY PART OF THE ARCH IS VISIBLE, BECAUSE THE STREET LEVEL IS SEVERAL METERS HIGHER THAN IN ANCIENT TIMES. IT IS CALLED “METRONIA” BY A CERTAIN METROBIUS WHO HAD LARGE POSSESSIONS IN THE AREA.
• ON PIRRO LIGORIO’S
THE GATE
BE
ACCORDING TO THE BODY OF WATER PASSING THROUGH IT.
• POPE HADRIAN I REBUILDS ENTIRE CURTAINS AND TOWERS DESTROYED TO THE FOUNDATIONS, SEVERELY DAMAGED DURING THE LANGOBARD SIEGE IN 756. HIS INTERVENTION WAS DIVIDED IN TWO PARTS, ONE IN 776 AND OTHER IN 790.
1888 - 1889 1870
• WHEN ROMAN EMPIRE WAS SET UNDER SIEGE FOR THE LAST TIME BY THE ITALIAN ARMY OF KING VICTOR EMMANUEL II.
• THE WALL IS DEMOLISHED IN A SECTION WEST OF THE PYRAMID AND THE WEST GATE DUE TO THE PLANNED EXTENSION OF THE VIA MARMORATA, WHICH REMAINED UNFINISHED. AFTERWARDS, THEY ALSO DEMOLISHED THE WALLS EAST OF PORTA SAN PAOLO.
1122s
• PORTA METRONIA WAS CLOSE, AND THE ENTRANCE BLOCKED BY BRICKS BY POPE CALLISTUS II PRECISELY TO DEDICATE IT TO THE PASSAGE OF THE “ACQUA MARIANA”
• ON DU PÉRAC’S MAP, THE GATE STILL CONTAINS THE BODY OF WATER PASSING THROUGH IT.
440
• EMPEROR VALENTINIAN III STARTED THE PREPARATIONS OF PROVISIONS FOR THE RESTORATION OF DAMAGED SECTIONS IN THE WALL.
• POPE LEO IV HAVE REPLACED THE WOODEN GATES OF THE CITY, AND REBUILT FIFTEEN TOWERS FROM THE GROUND UP, INCLUDING ONE ON EACH BANK OF THE TIBER BY THE PORTA PORTUENSE.
• THE WALL AROUND THE
1944
• AN AMERICAN BOMB FALLS IN TODAY’S VIA PERSICHETTI, DESTROYING IT THE CORRESPONDING STRETCH OF WALLS, DEFINITIVELY ISOLATING THE BRINGS.
2000
• THE WALL RECEIVED FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR RENOVATIONS BY THE GOVERNMENT BECAUSE OF THE JUBILEE.
BY
2008
• MASTER PLAN OF THE CITY PLANNED THE STRATEGIC AREA – GREEN AREA SERVING THE NEIGHBORHOODS OVERLOOKING THE FOOT OF THE WALLS.
1157
• RESTORATION IN THE PORTA CARRIED BY SENATO ROMANO BECAUSE THE WALL HAD COLLAPSED DUE TO OLD AGE.
• IN THIS NEW MAP OF ROME, IT’S VISIBLE THE GATE WITH THE BODY OF WATER
1179
• THE WALL RECEIVED ANOTHER NAME BECAUSE STAGNANT WATERS FORMING IN FRONT OF HER: PORTA METROMII IN PANTANO.
• ON THE 1700S MAP, IT CAN BE SEEN THAT THE BODY OF WATER IS NO LONGER VISIBLE PASSING THROUGH THE GATE
1578 - 1579
• ANOTHER RESTORATION TOOK PLACE FINANCED BY THE FAMILY MANNETTO.
1600s
• THE PORTA WAS STILL CLOSED.
1922
• OPENING OF OTHER TWO ARCHES LOCATED ON BOTH SIDES OF THE GATE TO FACILITATE THE TRAFFIC.
• 18 TH CENTURY GRADE ENGRAVING ROMA, ITALY. STAMPA D’EPOCA RAFFIGURANTE LA TRASFORMAZIONE DI PORTA METRONIA DA LUOGO DI TRANSITO DEL TRAFFICO A FORNICE FERRATO DI SFOGO DELL’ACQUA MARIANA DA CUI IL NOME DI FERRATELLA.
• A NOTICEABLE ABANDONMENT OF THE WALL AND THE EMBANKMENT OF THE WATER BODY, IN ADDITION TO THE CLOSURE OF THE METRONIA GATE.
ORTHOPHOTO S:1/100
GEOMETRICAL
ORTHOPHOTO S:1/100
https://italiastoria.com/2022/01/31/il-vallo-di-adriano-storia-ditalia-extra-dal-podcast-bar-storia/
MATERIAL AND STRUCTURE As first planned, most of the Wall was in stone, but the eastern 48 meters of the section was in turf. In front of both was a substantial ditch, except where crags or rivers made this unnecessary. At each mile a gate was protected by a small guard post called a milecastle.
https://newcastlegateshead.com/business-directory/things- todo/unesco-hadrians-wall
https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/hadri- ans-wall/ hadrians-wall-history-and-stories/history/
https://artvee.com/dl/walls-of-rome-the-aurelian-wall-wit- h-the-pyramid-of-cestius/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_%C3%81vila
https://pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:City_ walls_Pro- vins.jpg
It was constructed with a core of rubble bound in a hard mortar and faced on either side by roughly squared stone blocks. Every fifth or sixth course was a horizontal band of red tiles, intended to bond the core to the facing stones.An estimated 35,000 cubic meters of Kent region was quarried 112 meters away, near Maidstone, and then shipped via the Medway and Thames to London.
https://londontopia.net/guides/londinium-see-roman-lon- don-today/ https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/WALL2.htmq
The walls themselves were made of bricks, the Romans also employed a technique known as opus mixtum, a combination of brick and stone layers, to give the walls additional strength.
Built on rock foundations, the walls are made of granite masonry, filled with stone orange-coloured granite and the wide joints between them are filled with wedges of a smaller size and mortar. The east side has a large amount of reused Roman materials thought to come from the dismantling of an early Roman necropolis that was once located in the area. In general and especially on the eastern face, the base is mainly made up of gray granite ashlars. They are set in rows but neither their positions nor sizes coincide.
https://w.castillosnet.org/fortificacion.php?r=AV-CAS-019-MAR&n=Puerta+del+Mariscal&al- bum=&fc=1416&fn=Miguel+%C3%81ngel+Cebri%C3%A1n+Mart%C3%ADnez&p=1
https://www.thecityofldn.com/article/roman-ruins-city-of-london/ https://italoamericano.org/aurelian-walls/
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_vecchia_di_Avila_con_le_sue_ chiese_fuo- ri_le_mura
There is no further information about the material used but from the images it consists of stones. The structure was based on a large mass of pressed and beaten earth together with dried plant materials, enclosed inside by a brick and stone outer layer. The system used living vegetation as earthworks and trees as a building material, in combination with man-made materials and dead organic materials.
https://www.sortiraparis.com/pt/noticias/natal-e-ano-novo/articles/45903-o-mercado-medieval-de-natal-de-2023-em-provins-baile-banquete-e-animacao-magica-no-programa
walk on top, in addition to being used for presentations promoted by the city.
https://www.istockphoto.com/it/foto/mura-della-citt%-
https://italy-sights.info/lucca_wall/ https://www.turismo.lucca.it/en/capital-lucca
The structure was converted into a pedestrian promenade and public park in the 1820s under the rule of Maria Luisa de Borbón of Spain.
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mura_di_Lucca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_ Wall
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Wall
https://www.diariodoviajante.pt/europa/espanha/o-que-esconde-a-muralha-de-avila/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Lucca https://provins.net/en/discover-visit/ the-medieval-town-of-provins/monuments-and-pass-provins/the-ramparts-of-provins/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Wall
https://newcastlegateshead.com/business-directory/things- to-do/unesco-hadrians-wall
https://londontopia.net/guides/londinium-see-roman-lon- don-today/ https://w.castillosnet.org/fortificacion. php?r=AV-CAS-019-MAR&n=Puerta+del+Mariscal&al- bum=&fc=1416&fn=Miguel+%C3%81ngel+Cebri%C3%A1n+Mart%C3%ADnez&p=1
https://www.sortiraparis.com/pt/noticias/ natal-e-ano-novo/articles/45903-o-mercado-me- dieval-de-natal-de-2023-em-provins-baile-banquete-e-animacao-magica-no-programa
https://www.lanazione.it/lucca/cronaca/piu-sicurezza-sulle-mura-via-al- linstallazione-delle-nuove-barriere-168a2fcb?live
EXTENTION OF THE EXISTING ARCHES, ADDING PEDESTRIAN ROADS. ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS IN
CRACK & DEFORMATION
C1. TOWER COLLAPSE
C2. CRACK
C3. DEFORMATION
D1 (BLISTERING)
D1. BLISTERING
D2. BURSTING
D3. DELAMINATION
D4. DISINTEGRATION
D5. FRAGMENTATION
D6. PEELING
D7. SCALING
Separated, air-filled, raised hemispherical elevations on the face of stone resulting from the detachment of an outer stone.
Observations
Missing parts are observed between the
Testing
Loss of original surface, leading to smoothed shapes. Rounding Preferential erosion of originally angular stone edges leading to a distinctly rounded profile.
Observations There are irregularities and missing pieces in some parts of the
in different forms is observed throughout the
Testing
DD1 (EFFLORESCENCE)
F1. ALVEOLIZATION
F2. EROSION
F3. MECHANICAL DAMAGE
F4. MICROKARST
F5. MISSING PART
F6. PERFORATION
F7. PITTING
F8. LACUNA
F9. LOST OF MORTAR
Generally whitish, powdery or whisker-like crystals on the surface. Efflorescences are generally poorly cohesive and commonly made of soluble salt crystals.
Observations
There are white clustered surfaces that can be observed along the bricks.
Testing
Visual observation
DD12 (STAINING)
DD1. EFFLORESCENCE
DD2. DEPOSIT
DD3. DISCOLOURATION
DD4. EFFLORESCENCE
DD5. ENCRUSTATION
DD6. FILM
DD7. GLOSSY ASPECT
DD8. GRAFFITI
DD.9 PATINA
DD10.SOILING
DD11.SUBFLORESCENCE
DD12.STAINING
DD13.MOIST AREA
Kind of discolouration of limited extent and generally of unattractive appearance.
Observations
At the bottom of the tie-rod application a vertically observable green surface discoloration appears.
Testing
Visual observation
B1 (BIOLOGICAL PATINA)
which is the binding material, is reduced or completely
Small, soft and green vegetative organism. It's a centimeter-sized layering that appears in clusters along the surface.
Observations
There are green clustered surfaces that can be observed along the bricks.
Testing
Visual observation
INTERNAL ELEVATION S:1/100
B1. BIOLOGICAL PATINA
B2. ALGA
B3. LICHEN
B4. MOSS
B5. MOULD
B6. PLANT
Observations
Observations
lack of mortar is observed between the stones.
Testing
observation
Observations
The presence of plants is observed among the bricks and stones.
Testing Visual observation
Accumulation of exogenic material of variable thickness. Such as: splashes of paintor mortar, sea salt aerosols etc.
Observations
There are some mortars on surfaces that can be observed along the bricks.
Testing Visual observation
(MOIST AREA)
Corresponds to the darkening of surface due to dampness. The denomination moist area is preferred to moist spot or zone.
Observations
In this area, which is poor of sunlight, dark discolorations appear along the brick surfaces.
Testing Visual observation
The complete or partial breaking up of a stone, into portions of variable dimensions that are irregular in form, thickness and volume.
Observations
Missing parts are observed on the stone surfaces without the lack of mortar being felt excessively.
Testing Visual observation
CRACK & DEFORMATION
C1. TOWER COLLAPSE
C2. CRACK
C3. DEFORMATION
EXTERNAL ELEVATION S:1/100
D1. BLISTERING
D2. BURSTING
D3. DELAMINATION
D4. DISINTEGRATION
D5. FRAGMENTATION
D6. PEELING
D7. SCALING
C3 (DEFORMATION)
Change in shape without loosing integrity, leading to bending, buckling or twisting of a stone block.
Observations
The break in the line of continuity of the mortar and bricks
Testing
Visual observation
DD8 (GRAFFITI)
F1. ALVEOLIZATION
F2. EROSION
F3. MECHANICAL DAMAGE
F4. MICROKARST
F5. MISSING PART
F6. PERFORATION
F7. PITTING
F8. LACUNA
F9. LOST OF MORTAR
DD1. CRUST
DD2. DEPOSIT
DD3. DISCOLOURATION
DD4. EFFLORESCENCE
DD5. ENCRUSTATION
DD6. FILM
DD7. GLOSSY ASPECT
DD8. GRAFFITI
DD.9 PATINA
DD10. SOILING
DD11. SUBFLORESCENCE
DD12. STAINING
DD13. MOIST AREA
Engraving, scratching, cutting or application of paint, ink or similar matter on the stone surface.
Observations
Letters and drawings on the wall with spray paint
Testing
Visual observation
DD2 (DEPOSIT)
Accumulation of exogenic material of variable thickness.
Observations
Expensive storage area above the arches and the highest exposure of the wall due to pollution and animals
Testing
Visual observation
Empty space, obviously located in the place of some formerly existing stone part.
Observations
A lack of parts of the wall is observed.
Testing Visual observation
(MOIST AREA)
due to dampness. The denomination moist area is preferred to moist spot, moist zone or visible damp area.
Observations
In this area, which is poor of sunlight, dark discolorations appear along the brick surfaces.
Testing Visual observation
DD12 (STAINING)
Kind of discolouration of limited extent and generally of unattractive appearance.
Observations
At the bottom of the tie-rod application, a vertically observable green surface discoloration appears.
Testing
Visual observation
Observations
A lack of mortar is observed between the stones.
Testing
Visual observation
B6 (PLANT)
Vegetal living being, having, when complete, root, stem, and leaves, though consisting sometimes only of a single leafy expansion
Observations
The presence of plants is observed among the bricks and stones.
Testing Visual observation
B1. BIOLOGICAL PATINA
B2. ALGA
B3. LICHEN
B4. MOSS
B5. MOULD
B6. PLANT
Interventions
Replace the missing mortar but it need be easly to be identified. Use of a special mortar added with herbicides or hydrorepellent materials.
Interventions
Replace the masonry with similar brick but it should be easly to be dentified.
Rebuilt the joints for the new bricks.
Interventions
"Bioswale
B6 (PLANT)
Interventions
To separate the plants from the wall, plants are cut down to roots,chemicals are applied to the where the roots are located.
B1 (BIOLOGICAL PATINA)
Interventions
Cleaning with low pressure water spray.
D5 (FRAGMENTATION)
Interventions
Preserving the skyline image of the ruin through compacting mortar and controlling water flow.
BRINGING A FLOW OF PEOPLE TO AN ISOLATED PART OF THE CITY. OPENING OF THE WALL FOR VISITORS REMEMBER THE OLD STRUCTURE WITH THE INSTALLATION CONTINUITY OF PATH THROUGH THE PARK GET A PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE MONUMENT AND THE SURROUNDING REGION
REMEMBER HISTORY WITH ACCESS TO GALLERIES, AND MAKE A RELATION WITH STRATERGIC PLAN OF WALLS
CULTURAL SPOT FOR TOURISTS
INTERVENTION:
OPENING OF GALLERIES FOR ACCESS CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE STRUCTURE WITH WALKWAY TO GALLERIES
OBSERVATION POINT AT THE TOP OF THE STAIRS FOR A PANORAMIC VIEW
COLLAPSED ARCH RE-DESIGN WITH STEEL STRUCTURE RE-DESIGN OF THE LANDSCAPING AROUND THE WALL NEW PATHS TO FOLLOW A FLOW THROUGH THE WALL EXCAVATION IN FRONT OF PORTA METRONIA TO REACH ORIGINAL LEVELS AND MAKE IT MORE VISIBLE FROM THE FRONT INSTALLATION OF METAL BARRIERS
PRINCIPLE OF ONTERVENTION:
THE INTERVENTIONS INTERFERE AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE WITH THE STRUCTURE OF THE WALL DUE TO THE RISK OF COLLAPSE USE OF MATERIALS THAT ARE VISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE BUT ALSO DO NOT INTERFERE WITH THE LANDSCAPE OF THE MONUMENT, BEING IN A SIMILAR COLOR TO THE WALL
THE INTERVENTION IS REVERSIBLE AND CAN BE DISMANTLED WITHOUT CAUSING DAMAGE
THE INTERVENTION BRINGS TO THE PRESENT THE SAME USE OF PAST FUNCTIONS
TECHNICAL INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT FURTHER DAMAGE TO THE WALL AND PRESERVE THE CURRENT SITUATION INTERVENTIONS AROUND THE WALL AIMED AT COLLECTING WATER
CORTEN STEEL:
THE REAL NAME IS WEATHERING STEEL, BUT THE MATERIAL BECAME KNOWN BY THE NAME OF THE BRAND THAT POPULARIZED IT IN THE USA. CORTEN STEEL IS A CATEGORY OF STEELS THAT CONTAIN COPPER, CHROMIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IN THEIR ALLOYS. CORTEN STEEL SHEETS CAN BE CUT AND MANIPULATED EASILY. THIS MATERIAL NATURALLY DEVELOPS UNDER CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AN OXIDE LAYER ON ITS SURFACE WHEN EXPOSED TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND CORROSIVE AGENTS, THIS REDDISH COLORED OXIDE LAYER PROTECTS THE METAL AGAINST ADDITIONAL CORROSION AND OXIDATION, CALLED PATINA, LEAVING ONLY THE METAL FINISH. OXIDATION ON THE SURFACE, WHICH MAKES THE MATERIAL THREE TIMES MORE RESISTANT THAN COMMON STEEL. CORTEN A IS THE MOST POPULAR TYPE OF WEATHERING STEEL. THANKS TO THE HIGH PHOSPHORUS CONTENT, CORTEN A OFFERS EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION.
CORTEN STEEL IS KNOWN FOR ITS HIGH DURABILITY EVEN WITH A THINNER MATERIAL THICKNESS, WHICH IS WHY IT IS RECOMMENDED FOR EXTERNAL STRUCTURES IN ADDITION TO PROVIDING A REDUCTION IN THE WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE, BETTER USE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND QUICK AND CLEAN CONSTRUCTION, HOWEVER, STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO LOADS HEAVY OR LOW TEMPERATURES, THERE IS AN INCREASED RISK OF FRACTURE AND WEAR. SINCE THE RUST ITSELF FORMS A BEAD THAT COVERS THE SURFACE AND FORMS A PROTECTIVE LAYER, IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO TREAT IT AND CERTAINLY NOT TO PAINT IT. PART OF THE PATINA, WASHED AWAY BY ATMOSPHERIC AGENTS, CAN FALL TO THE FLOOR AND STAIN MATERIALS IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH CORTEN.
