ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION-DESIGN PROJECT

TABLE N°

ITALY

ROME

ITALY IS A COUNTRY IN SOUTHERN AND WESTERN EUROPE. LOCATED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA, IT CONSISTS OF A PENINSULA DELIMITED BY THE ALPS AND SURROUNDED

BY SEVERAL ISLANDS.

IT IS THE CAPITAL CITY OF ITALY. IT IS ALSO THE CAPITAL OF THE LAZIO REGION. ROME’S HISTORY SPANS 28 CENTURIES. WHILE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY DATES THE FOUNDING OF ROME AT AROUND 753 BC, THE SITE HAS BEEN INHABITED FOR MUCH LONGER, MAKING IT A MAJOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT FOR ALMOST THREE MILLENNIA AND ONE OF THE OLDEST CONTINUOUSLY OCCUPIED CITIES IN EUROPE.

IT IS THE TENTH-LARGEST COUNTRY BY LAND AREA IN THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT AND THE THIRD-MOST POPULOUS MEMBER STATE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. ITS CAPITAL AND LARGEST CITY IS ROME.

ROMAN CITY WALLS PORTA PRAETORIANA PORTA NOMENTANA

PORTA CLAUSA QUIRINAL HILL VIMINAL HILL ESQUILINE HILL

PORTA TIBURTINA

PORTA SETTIMIANA CAPITOLIUM HILL PROJECT HIGLIGHTED GATES

PORTA PRAENESTINA PALATINE HILL

PORTA AURELIA

CAELIAN HILL

HILLS MONUMENTS TIBER RIVER

PORTA ASINARIA

ROADS 1st REPUBLICAN WALL 2nd REPUBLICAN WALL

GREAT AVENTINE HILL PORTA PORTUENSIS

PORTA METRONIA

SMALL AVENTINE HILL

ROMULUS WALL URBAN VIII WALL LEO IV WALL PAUL IV WALL

PORTA OSTIENSE

PORTA LATINA

PAUL III WALL PORTA ARDEATINA

https://theculturetrip.com/europe/italy/articles/a-brief-history-of-romes-city-walls

Colosseum

Sant’Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana

THE AURELIAN WALLS: ARE DEFENSIVE STARTED TO BUILT AROUND THE CITY OF ROME, DURING THE REIGN OF THE ROMAN EMPEROR AURELIAN IN THE 3RD CENTURY AD.

Arcibasilica di San Giovanni in Laterano

Santa Maria in Domnica

THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE AURELIAN WALLS REPRESENT AN IMPORTANT MOMENT IN ROME’S HISTORY. THE CONSTRUCTION OF WALLS SYMBOLIZES THE EMPIRE’S EFFORTS TO PROTECT ITS CAPITAL AND PRESERVE ITS AMIDST THESE CHALLENGES. CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: THE AURELIAN WALLS REPRESENT THE RESILIENCE AND CREATIVITY OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE. THESE WALLS SERVED NOT ONLY AS A PHYSICAL BARRIER AGAINST EXTERNAL THREATS, ALSO AS A SYMBOL OF ROME’S POWER AND PRESTIGE.

• • • • •

DEFENSE TRADE AND COMMERCE SYMBOLIC SIGNIFICANCE CONTROL OF MOVEMENT ADMINISTRATIVE PURPOSES

THE BATHS OF CARACALLA: IS NOT IMMEDIATELY ADJACENT TO PORTA METRONIA, THE BATHS OF CARACALLA ARE CLOSE BY. THESE ANCIENT ROMAN BATHS WERE AMONG THE LARGEST IN ANCIENT ROME AND ARE AN IMPORTANT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE. THE PRESENCE OF PORTA METRONIA WOULD HAVE PROVIDED ACCESS TO AND FROM THE BATHS FOR RESIDENTS AND VISITORS TO ANCIENT ROME.

PORTA METRONIA

THE GATES ALONG THE AURELIAN WALLS: GATES ARE SERVED SEVERAL IMPORTANT ROLES, LIKE PRACTICAL AND SYMBOLIC. The Baths of Caracalla

Church of San Sisto Vecchio

VILLA WOLKONSKY: IS A HISTORIC VILLA THAT SERVED AS THE RESIDENCE OF THE BRITISH AMBASSADOR TO ITALY. WHILE NOT DIRECTLY RELATED TO ANCIENT ROMAN MONUMENTS, IT IS A NOTABLE LANDMARK IN THE AREA AND ADDS TO THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL FABRIC OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD.

Parrocchia della Natività di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo

CAELIAN HILL: IS ONE OF THE SEVEN HILLS OF ROME. IT IS HOME TO SEVERAL ANCIENT ROMAN SITES. PORTA METRONIA WOULD HAVE SERVED AS A GATEWAY FOR TRAVELERS ENTERING AND LEAVING CAELIAN HILL.

PORTA APPIA

http://roma.andreapollett.com/S4/walls.htm

http://roma.andreapollett.com/S4/walls.htm

https://www.vaticantour.com/blog/romes-city-walls-its-history-and-significance

AURELIAN WALL

https://colosseumrometickets.com/aurelian-walls/

https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/ c1zu1h/aurelian_walls_of_rome_italy/

https://rome.us/ancient-rome/the-aurelian-walls.html

https://colosseumrometickets.com/aurelian-walls/

AREA OF STRATEGIC PLANNING WALLS MONUMENT DATA MONUMENT: AURELIAN WALLS, MURA AURELIANE DATE: 3rd CENTURY, 271 AD INVENTOR: EMPEROR AURELIAN MATERIAL: BRICKS, TUFFA BLOCKS, MORTAR, CONCRETE TYPOLOGY: DEFENSIVE WALL, CITY WALL, FORTIFICATION LOCALIZATION: THE TRASTEVERE NEIGHBORHOOD IS LOCATED ON THE RIGHT BANK OF THE TIBER AND ENCOMPASSES ALL SEVEN HILLS OF ROME, AS WELL AS THE CAMPUS MARTIN CONSTRUCTION DATA ROUGH CIRCLE: 19 KM AROUND AN AREA OF 13.7 KM2 HEIGHT: 8M DURING EARLY CONSTRUCTION; PRESENTLY UP TO 16M THICKNESS: 3,5 M TOWERS: A SQUARE TOWER EVERY 29.6 M CONSTRUCTION METHOD: FREE-STANDING CONCRETE: OPUS CAEMENTICIUM WALL FACING: OPUS LATERICIA THE ANCIENT WALL CONSISTED: 383 TOWERS, 7020 MERLONS, 5 MINOR GATES, 116 TOILETS, 2066 GREAT WINDOWS, AND 18 MAIN GATES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Italy https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Rome https://rome.us/ancient-rome/the-aurelian-walls.html https://aviewoncities.com/rome/aurelian-wall https://madainproject.com/aurelian_walls#google_vignette http://www.urbanistica.comune.roma.it/prg-adottato/prg-adottato-elaborati-indicativi/prg-adottato-i6.html Official website of the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma “Aurelian and the Third Century” by Alaric Watson “The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271-855” by Hendrik W. Dey

Basillica di Santo Stefano Rotondo

BASILICA OF SAN GIOVANNI IN LATERANO: THIS BASILICA IS ONE OF THE OLDEST AND MOST IMPORTANT CHURCHES IN CHRISTIANITY, AND ITS PROXIMITY TO PORTA METRONIA UNDERSCORES THE GATE’S SIGNIFICANCE AS A POINT OF ACCESS TO THE RELIGIOUS HEART OF ROME.

1

DAL CASTRO LAURENZIANO A PORTA METRONIA THE ALMOST STRAIGHT STRETCH OF THE CITY WALLS IS URBANISTICALLY DOMINATED ON ONE SIDE BY THE LARGE INVASION OF THE TWO SQUARES OF SAN GIOVANNI AND THE LATERAN AND ON THE OTHER BY THE VAST INTERSECTION OF VIA CARLLO FELICE WITH VIA APPIA NUOVAI CROSSING THE NEW PORTA S. GIOVANNI NEXT TO THE LARGEST ANCIENT PORTA ASINARA. VISUALLY RELEVANT ARE THE BASILICA OF SANTA CROCE IN GERUSALEMME AND ITS CONVENT COMPLEX AS WELL AS THE FAÇADE OF SAN GIOVANNI AND THE SYSTEM OF THE LATERAN PALACES, WHICH CONNECT THIS SECTION OF THE WALLS DIRECTLY WITH TWO OF THE NODES OF THE SISTINE SYSTEM. FOR THE REST, THIS SECTION REQUIRES SEPARATE MANAGEMENT OF THE TWO SEGMENTS THAT COMPOSE IT. IN THE FIRST, FROM SANTA CROCE TO SAN GIOVANNI, THE EXISTENCE OF PUBLIC SPACES INSIDE POSES THE PROBLEM OF REFORMING THE EXTERNAL ONES PARTICULARLY AFFECTED BY THE MARKET IN VIA SANNIO, THE NEW METRO STATION IN PIAZZA SAN GIOVANNI AND THE CURRENT ARRIVAL OF THE ELEVATED RING ROAD. IN THE SECOND SEGMENT, FROM VIA SANNIO TO PORTA METRONIA, WHICH CANNOT BE USED INTERNALLY, RECONFIGURATION INTERVENTIONS MUST BE CARRIED OUT EXTERNALLY, GUARANTEEING THE ROUTE OF THE INTEGRATED LINEAR PARK, THROUGH REFORMS AND DOWNSIZING OF THE PREDOMINANTLY SPORTING FUNCTIONS WHICH THEY CURRENTLY OCCUPY THE INVASION OF THE CITY WALLS.

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

PORTA SALARIA

PORTA PINCIANA

COLOSSEUM: THE CONNECTION BETWEEN PORTA METRONIA AND THE COLOSSEUM WAS FACILITATED BY SEVERAL ANCIENT ROADS THAT PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE OF ANCIENT ROME, FACILITATING TRANSPORTATION, COMMERCE, COMMUNICATION, AND ACCESS TO IMPORTANT CULTURAL AND ENTERTAINMENT VENUES.

Basilica Saint Clement

Caelian Hill

PORTA FLAMINIA

AURELIAN WALL

PORTA METRONIA: IS ONE OF THE GATES ALONG THE AURELIAN WALLS, AND PORTA METRONIA ITSELF MAY NOT BE DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC MONUMENTS, BUT IT IS LOCATED NEAR TO SIGNIFICANT LANDMARKS.

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

IMPORTANT AXES AND LANDMARKS

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : INTRODUCTION OF THE CASE STUDY - 1

LOCATION ANALYSIS

TABLE N°

2

2- PORTA LATINA

1- PORTA METRONIA

3- PORTA ASINARIA

THE PORTA ASINARIA, PORTA METRONIA, AND PORTA LATINA WERE INTEGRAL PARTS OF THE AURELIAN WALLS, ASSURING ANCIENT ROME’S SECURITY AND EFFICIENCY. THEY FACILITATED TRADE, COMMUNICATION, AND MILITARY DEFENSE, CONTRIBUTING SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE CITY’S INFRASTRUCTURE AND CONTACTS WITH NEARBY TERRITORIES. THEY ALSO ACTED AS SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS OF ROME’S POWER AND AUTHORITY, WELCOME VISITORS AND RESTRICTING ACCESS TO THE ETERNAL CITY. PORTA METRONIA, LOCATED NEAR PORTA ASINARIA, WAS ANOTHER GATE ALONG THE AURELIAN WALLS. ITS SIGNIFICANCE WAS COMPARABLE TO PORTA ASINARIA, AS IT PROVIDED ACCESS TO AND FROM THE CITY, FACILITATED TRADE, AND ALLOWED MILITARY MOVEMENTS. THE PROXIMITY OF THESE GATES SUGGESTS THAT THEY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCESS CONTROL ALONG THIS PART OF THE AURELIAN WALL.

VISIBILTY OF PORTA

PORTA ASINARIA, ALSO KNOWN AS THE ASINARIAN PORTAL, WAS A PORTAL IN THE AURELIAN WALLS. IT CONNECTED THE CITY TO THE SOUTHEAST AND FUNCTIONED AS A POINT OF ENTRY AND EXIT FOR PASSENGERS, TRADERS, AND ARMIES. ITS LOCATION AIDED TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION BETWEEN ROME AND THE SOUTHEAST REGIONS, NOTABLY THE VITAL VIA APPIA. IT WAS STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT FOR MILITARY MANEUVERS AND CITY DEFENSE. PORTA LATINA, THIS GATE, LOCATED SOUTHWEST OF THE CITY, WAS ONE OF THE MAIN ENTRY WAYS INTO ROME. IT LINKED THE CITY TO THE LATIN COUNTRYSIDE, FACILITATING TRADE AND CONTACT WITH THE PROVINCES TO THE SOUTH. IT, LIKE THE OTHER GATES, WAS IMPORTANT FOR BOTH CIVIC AND MILITARY PURPOSES, ACTING AS A LINK BETWEEN ROME AND ITS SURROUNDING AREAS.

WALL SECTIONS •

PORTA METRONIA

PORTA METRONIA IS NOT VISIBLE DUE TO BEING COVERED BY TREES OR OTHER OBSTRUCTIONS, ADDRESSING THIS ISSUE IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR BOTH THE VISIBILITY AND APPRECIATION OF THE HISTORIC SITE. FROM BOTH SIDE (INTERIOR AND EXTERIER OF THE WALL) OF THE PORTA METRONIA IS NOT VERY VISIBLE BY RESIDENTS AND TOURISTS WHO PASS THROUGH FROM THERE. ONE OF THE MAIN PROBLEM THAT DETECTED BY PROJECT GROUP IS RECOGNIZEABILITY. PEOPLE THINK THAT PORTA METRONIA MIGHT BE ONE OF THE ARCHES OPENED AFTER THAT NOWADAYS CARS PASSING UNDER.

TRAFFIC CONGESTION PORTA METRONIA

PORTA METRONIA MONUMENT DATA

VIA DELLA NAVICELLA

M L’ DA L DE RA O AA G L. MB A IO

A

IP

ON

IA

VI

N PO

SO

ME TR P.L E

A

VI

U DR

B

VIA

GA

LLI

A

MONUMENT: PORTA METRONIA DATE: 3rd CENTURY, 271 AD INVENTOR: EMPEROR AURELIAN MATERIAL: BRICKS, TUFFA BLOCKS, MORTAR, CONCRETE TYPOLOGY: DEFENSIVE WALL, CITY GATE LOCALIZATION: NEAR THE BATHS OF CARACALLA, ALONG THE AURELIAN WALLS

•

HIGH TRAFFIC VOLUME: NEAR TO PROJECT AREA EXPERIENCES SIGNIFICANT TRAFFIC CONGESTION. THIS PROBLEM AND THE ANCIENT STRUCTURE’S PROXIMITY TO MODERN ROADS MIGHT CAUSE VIBRATION DAMAGE, POLLUTION AND POLLUTION RELATED DEGRADATION.

•

PEDESTRIAN SAFETY: BALANCING PEDESTRIAN ACCESS TO THE HISTORIC SITE WHILE MANAGING VEHICLE FLOW IS ONE THE PROBLEMS. AS WE CAN SEE, THE AREA NEEDS SAFE AND PLEASANT PEDESTRIAN PATHWAYS WITHOUT DISTRUPTING TRAFFIC.

CONSTRUCTION DATA

A VI

UNFAVORABLE AREAS

A

NI

NO

N PA

HEIGHT: ORIGINAL HEIGHT SIMILAR TO AURELIAN WALLS (AROUND 8M); MODIFICATIONS AND RESTORATIONS OVER CENTURIES THICKNESS: 3,5 M TOWERS: A SQUARE TOWER EVERY 29.6 M CONSTRUCTION METHOD: FREE-STANDING CONCRETE: OPUS CAEMENTICIUM WALL FACING: OPUS LATERICIA FEATURES: PART OF THE AURELIAN WALLS, SERVED AS A SECONDARY GATE PROVIDING ACCESS THROUGH THE WALLS

Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma “Rome: An Urban History from Antiquity to the Present” by Rabun Taylor, Katherine Rinne, and Spiro Kostof romanculture.org thehistoryblog.com

•

THE PORTA’S IDLENESS REDUCES THE PARTICIPATION OF LOCAL PEOPLE AND TOURISTS IN THE AREA. THE USELESSNESS OF THE GALLERIES, THE NEGLECT OF THE PORTA AREA, AND THE LACK OF EMPHASIS ON THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE COLLAPSED TOWER ARE SOME OF THE PROBLEMS ADDRESSED.

•

PROVIDING FUNCTIONAL SUGGESTIONS FOR MODERN USES WHILE PRESERVING THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE AREA IS IMPORTANT FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE PROJECT.

MASTERPLAN S:1/500

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

1

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

3

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : INTRODUCTION OF THE CASE STUDY - 2

2

CASE STUDY : PORTA METRONIA AND ITS SURROUNDING

TABLE N°

271 AC •

•

275 AC

AFTER SOME POSITIVE RESULTS IN BATTLES FOR EMPEROR AURELIANO, BEFORE

•

HONORIAN PHASE

306 - 312 AC

401 - 403 AC

282 AC

WITH THE DEATH OF EMPEROR THE

MAXENTIUS PHASE

LEAVING FOR THE EAST THAT YEAR FOR NEW CONQUESTS, HE DECIDED TO BUILD

AURELIANO,

A FORTIFICATION TO PROTECT THE CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE FROM OUTSIDE.

TION AND CONCLUSION OF THE

START THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WALL.

WALLS IS POSTPONED.

•

CONSTRUC-

CONCLUSION OF THE CONST-

•

RESTORATIONS MADE BY THE EM-

•

440 AC

EMPEROR HONORIUS STARED THE RESTORATION OF THE WALL WITH SOME

•

EMPEROR VALENTINIAN III STARTED

RUCTION OF THE WALLS BY THE

PEROR MAXENTIUS, IN ADDITION TO

CHANGES, NEW UPPER STORIES WERE ADDED TO THE TOWERS; SUBSTAN-

THE PREPARATIONS OF PROVISIONS

NEXT EMPEROR PROBUS.

THE CHANGE OF BRICKS BETWEEN

TIAL MODIFICATIONS OCCURRED AT MANY OF THE PRINCIPAL GATES; AND

FOR THE RESTORATION OF DAMA-

THE FIRST PHASE OF THE WALL.

SEVERAL SMALLER POSTERNS WERE PERMANENTLY BLOCKED, THE WALL

GED SECTIONS IN THE WALL.

ALMOST DOUBLED THE HEIGHT. DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

493 - 527 AC •

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

708 AC

535 - 554 AC

OSTROGOTHIC KING OF ITALY THEODERIC BEGAN

•

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

GOTHIC’S WAR THAT DAMAGED

•

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

715 - 741 AC

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

847 - 855 AC

772 - 795 AC

POPE SISINNIUS I ORDERED TO PREPA-

• POPE GREGORY II TRIES TO REPAIR THE WALL,

•

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

POPE HADRIAN I REBUILDS ENTIRE CURTAINS

•

POPE LEO IV HAVE REPLACED THE WOODEN GATES OF THE CITY, AND RE-

TO SHOW IMPORTANCE FOR THE RESTORATION OF

HARD THE WALL, NEEDING FOR

RE MORTAR FOR THE REPAIRS OF THE

BUT ADVERSE CIRCUMSTANCES AND VARIOUS

AND TOWERS DESTROYED TO THE FOUNDATIONS,

BUILT FIFTEEN TOWERS FROM THE GROUND UP, INCLUDING ONE ON EACH

PUBLIC BUILDINGS AS WELL AS SHOWING CONCERN

RESTORATIONS IN SOME PARTS

WALL, BUT UNFORTANELY HE PASSED

TUMULTS DELAYED DE RESTORATION. SO LATER

SEVERELY DAMAGED DURING THE LANGOBARD

BANK OF THE TIBER BY THE PORTA PORTUENSE.

IN REPAIRING THE DAMAGED PARTS OF THE WALL.

OF IT.

AWAY AND COULDN’T FINISH THE WORK.

BETWEEN 730 AND 741 POPE GREGORY III WAS

SIEGE IN 756. HIS INTERVENTION WAS DIVIDED IN

THE ONE WHO REPAIRS BIG PARTS OF THE WALL.

TWO PARTS, ONE IN 776 AND OTHER IN 790.

•

THE WALL AROUND THE VATICAN WAS BUILT BY LEO IV, THE LEONINE WALL FUNCTIONED AS AN EXTENSION OF THE OLDER CIRCUIT.

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.]

Cambridge University Press, 2011.

1450

1140s •

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

THE CITY WALLS BECAME IMPORTANT

•

POPE NICHOLAS V REBUILT LARGE

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

1870

1551 •

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.]

Cambridge University Press, 2011.

ARCHITECT BUFALINI MADE A

•

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.]

Cambridge University Press, 2011.

1944

1888 - 1889

WHEN ROMAN EMPIRE WAS SET UN-

•

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

THE WALL IS DEMOLISHED IN A SECTION WEST OF THE

•

2000

AN AMERICAN BOMB FALLS IN

•

2008

THE WALL RECEIVED FI-

AGAIN THANKS TO THE RENOVATIO

CHUNKS OF THE WALL CIRCUIT;

PRECISELY DELINEATED AND

DER SIEGE FOR THE LAST TIME BY

PYRAMID AND THE WEST GATE DUE TO THE PLANNED

TODAY’S VIA PERSICHETTI, DEST-

NANCIAL SUPPORT FOR

SENATUS (WAS A CIVIC ORGANIZATI-

THE 1450 JUBILEE WAS THE OCCA-

MEASURE PLAN OF THE WALL.

THE ITALIAN ARMY OF KING VICTOR

EXTENSION OF THE VIA MARMORATA, WHICH REMA-

ROYING IT THE CORRESPONDING

RENOVATIONS

BY

ON INSPIRED TO THE GLORIOUS RO-

SION TO REAFFIRM THE PONTIFI-

EMMANUEL II.

INED UNFINISHED. AFTERWARDS, THEY ALSO DEMO-

STRETCH OF WALLS, DEFINITI-

GOVERNMENT

BECAUSE

MAN SENATUS)

CAL SUPREMACY IN ROME.

LISHED THE WALLS EAST OF PORTA SAN PAOLO.

VELY ISOLATING THE BRINGS.

OF THE JUBILEE.

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.]

Cambridge University Press, 2011.

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

http://roma.andreapollett.com/S4/walls.htm#hist

•

MASTER PLAN OF THE CITY PLANNED THE STRATEGIC AREA – GREEN AREA SERVING THE NEIGH-

THE

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

BORHOODS OVERLOOKING THE FOOT OF THE WALLS. DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

PORTA METRONIA’S TIMELINE 271 AC

1122s

• CONSTRUCTION OF PORTA METRONIA, IT WAS BUILT, IN A UNIQUE CASE, INSIDE A

•

1157

PORTA METRONIA WAS CLOSE, AND

•

1179

RESTORATION IN THE PORTA CAR-

•

1600s

1578 - 1579

THE WALL RECEIVED ANOTHER

•

ANOTHER RESTORATION TOOK PLA-

TOWER THAT PROTRUDED TOWARDS THE INTERIOR OF THE CITY, HIDING ITS PRESEN-

THE ENTRANCE BLOCKED BY BRICKS

RIED BY SENATO ROMANO BECA-

NAME BECAUSE STAGNANT WA-

CE FINANCED BY THE FAMILY MAN-

CE AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE: TODAY ONLY PART OF THE ARCH IS VISIBLE, BECAUSE THE

BY POPE CALLISTUS II PRECISELY TO

USE THE WALL HAD COLLAPSED

TERS FORMING IN FRONT OF HER:

NETTO.

STREET LEVEL IS SEVERAL METERS HIGHER THAN IN ANCIENT TIMES. IT IS CALLED

DEDICATE IT TO THE PASSAGE OF THE

DUE TO OLD AGE.

PORTA METROMII IN PANTANO.

“METRONIA” BY A CERTAIN METROBIUS WHO HAD LARGE POSSESSIONS IN THE AREA.

“ACQUA MARIANA” ESPOSITO, D. et al. Le Mura Aureliane nella storia di Roma 1. Da Aureliano a Onorio. [s.l.] Roma TrE-Press, 2017.

ESPOSITO, D. et al. Le Mura Aureliane nella storia di Roma - 1. Da Aureliano a Onorio. [s.l.] Roma TrE-Press, 2017.

ESPOSITO, D. et al. Le Mura Aureliane nella storia di Roma - 1.

Da Aureliano a Onorio. [s.l.] Roma TrE-Press, 2017.

FESTUCCIA, F. I restauri delle porte di Roma dal pontificato di Clemente 12. (1730-1740) all’unita d’Italia. [s.l: s.n.].

•

THE PORTA WAS STILL CLOSED.

1922 •

OPENING OF OTHER TWO ARCHES LOCATED ON BOTH SIDES OF THE GATE TO FACILITATE THE TRAFFIC.

FESTUCCIA, F. I restauri delle porte di Roma dal pontificato di Clemente 12. (1730-1740) all’unita d’Italia. [s.l: s.n.].

FESTUCCIA, F. I restauri delle porte di Roma dal pontificato di Clemente 12. (1730-1740) all’unita d’Italia. [s.l: s.n.].

DEY, H. W. The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

AURELIAN PHASE

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

3

AURELIAN’S WALL TIMELINE

1551

1577

1552

1781

1697

1739 •

18TH CENTURY GRADE ENG-

•

ON PIRRO LIGORIO’S MAP, THE

•

ON DU PÉRAC’S MAP, THE

•

IN THIS NEW MAP OF ROME, IT’S VI-

•

GATE CAN BE IDENTIFIED AC-

GATE STILL CONTAINS THE

SIBLE THE GATE WITH THE BODY OF

THAT THE BODY OF WATER IS NO

CONTAINING THE BODY OF WATER

CORDING TO THE BODY OF WA-

BODY OF WATER PASSING

WATER

LONGER VISIBLE PASSING THROUGH

THAT PASSED THROUGH THE PORTA.

TER PASSING THROUGH IT.

THROUGH IT.

IMAGE EXTRACTED FROM LEONARDO BUFALINI’S PLAN OF 1551.

IMAGE EXTRACTED FROM PIRO LIGORIO’S PLAN OF 1552.

IMAGE EXTRACTED FROM DU PÉRAC’S PLAN OF 1577.

UNKNOWN •

A NOTICEABLE ABANDONMENT OF THE WALL AND

UNDERGROUND

POR-

PA D’EPOCA RAFFIGURAN-

TA

AND

TE LA TRASFORMAZIONE DI

WHERE

PORTA METRONIA DA LUOGO

MARANA AND THE AN-

DI TRANSITO DEL TRAFFICO A

CIENT CRABRA WATER

FORNICE FERRATO DI SFOGO

PASSES.

MARIANA

DA

THE GATE IMAGE EXTRACTED FROM ANTONIO BARBEY’S PLAN OF 1697.

IMAGE EXTRACTED FROM VASI’S PLAN OF 1781.

1946

Motta R. (1986). Il Trionfo dell’Acqua. Acque e Acquedotti di Roma – IV sec. A.C. – XX sec. D.C.

2024 •

OPENING OF 4 ARCHES FOR THE

THE EMBANKMENT OF THE WATER BODY, IN ADDITI-

PASSAGE OF CARS AS WELL AS OPE-

ON TO THE CLOSURE OF THE METRONIA GATE.

NING OF 2 PASSAGES FOR PEOPLE.

https://www.info.roma.it/monumenti_dettaglio.asp?ID_schede=1606

VIEW OF THE ANCIENT

CUI IL NOME DI FERRATELLA.

ON THE 1700S MAP, IT CAN BE SEEN

RONIA APPEARS WITH ITS REALITY,

•

RAVING ROMA, ITALY. STAM-

DELL’ACQUA • THE FIRST PLAN IN WHICH PORTA MET-

1829

https://www.info.roma.it/monumenti_dettaglio.asp?ID_schede=1606

ROSSINI LUIGI, ROMA 1830

https://www.info.roma.it/roma_sparita_dettaglio.asp?ID_stampa=1289

METRONIS, TODAY

THE

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

PORTA METRONIA’S ICONOGRAPHY

TABLE N°

4

S19

535cm

8 S20

797cm

381cm

338cm

S23

S18

952cm

635cm

812cm 865cm 768cm

1349cm

535cm

1264cm

1034cm

S17

1031cm 1179cm

1168cm

1209cm

1045cm 861cm

1054cm 1058cm

979cm

1198cm

1153cm

1092cm

909cm

1114cm

1207cm

1254cm

1390cm

1128cm 1362cm

829cm 572cm 509cm 612cm

P37

1184cm 1160cm

994cm

1268cm

P36

561cm

1513cm

S16

678cm

1414cm P38 P39 S01

P01

577cm

P41

P49

P48 169cm

206cm

P05

P32

P33

505cm

P47 P46

P31

P40

520cm 601cm

501cm P45 P44

500cm

739cm

S15

577cm 521cm

418cm

474cm 496cm

P08 P09

P43

P13

P42

P14

551cm

178cm

P15

P10

P16

578cm

444cm

P28

P03

544cm

991cm 910cm

1023cm

842cm

879cm 1077cm

1236cm 850cm

838cm

1118cm

988cm

P26

1171cm

929cm 815cm 861cm

1067cm

912cm

879cm

393cm

1034cm

370cm 2

1162cm

1101cm

1144cm

1263cm

826cm

584cm S03

P27

P17

756cm 509cm

S02

685cm

385cm

P02

922cm

1152cm

1153cm

1217cm 924cm

S04

118cm

693cm 446cm 606cm

330cm 311cm323cm

P25 215cm 293cm 392cm P18 165cm 189cm 160cm P20 P21 P19 1331cm

868cm

686cm

S14

201cm

5

552cm

1095cm

418cm

157cm

P29

P12

P11

6

351cm

P30

501cm

1

516cm

993cm

715cm

P06 P07

165cm

P04

623cm

P34

P35

P23 P22 P24

818cm 673cm

536cm S05

411cm

893cm 478cm

S06

S07

716cm

435cm S08

817cm S09

4

359cm S10

439cm S11

314cm 218cm

296cm S12

206cm 3

142cm S13

PLAN S:1/100

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

512cm

S22

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : GEOMETRICAL SURVEY OF PLAN

7

543cm

S21

S24

336cm

307cm

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

B

A

5945cm

B

POINT

A

LEGEND STATION SECTION SURVEYED NOT SURVEYED TRILATERATION LINE POLYGONAL LINE BLOCKAGE LINE MEASUREMENT

5533cm

PLAN S:1/200

TABLE N°

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : GEOMETRICAL SURVEY OF INTERNAL FACADE

5

ORTHOPHOTO S:1/100 115cm

106cm 243cm 33cm 40cm

11 m

40cm 39cm 94cm

87cm 129cm 113cm

10 m

83cm

120cm

70cm

41cm

44cm

9m

107cm

104cm

161cm

142cm

123cm

173cm 246cm

65cm

58cm

44cm

38cm

134cm

322cm

71cm64cm

54cm

77cm

48cm

259cm

45cm

41cm

258cm 149cm

79cm

159cm

7m

71cm

53cm

363cm 143cm

244cm

370cm

60cm 818cm

562cm

5m

481cm

419cm

476cm

476cm

485cm

417cm

477cm

476cm

57cm

70cm 77cm

77cm

84cm

71cm

64cm64cm

70cm

70cm

70cm

51cm

606cm

54cm 52cm 54cm 35cm

803cm 835cm 802cm

746cm

131cm 57cm 60cm

620cm

581cm

299cm

150cm

69cm 35cm

454cm

441cm

128cm 182cm

178cm

71cm

83cm

40cm 71cm

97cm

99cm

104cm

86cm

84cm

86cm

99cm

78cm

55cm

105cm

104cm

290cm

228cm

194cm

188cm

33cm 39cm 567cm 143cm

437cm

260cm

263cm

91cm 50cm

311cm

163cm

587cm

151cm

3m

41cm

54cm

65cm 65cm

485cm

561cm 558cm

208cm

2m

142cm

313cm 481cm

38cm 43cm45cm

143cm

597cm

724cm

666cm

4m

301cm 133cm

155cm 142cm

487cm

372cm

322cm 6m

143cm

651cm

304cm

369cm

42cm

57cm

890cm

310cm

72cm

322cm

157cm

8m

68cm

59cm

512cm

+ 0.00

257cm 97cm

113cm 107cm

82cm

95cm

57cm

1m

0

0

5m

10 m

15 m

20 m

25 m

30 m

35 m

40 m

45 m

50 m

55 m

60 m

65 m

70 m

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

12 m

204cm

204cm

237cm

B

LEGEND

A

52cm 9cm 296cm

382cm

REFERENCE AXIS

392cm

SURVEYED ELEVATION / SECTION

865cm

834cm

MEASUREMENTS

569cm

A

SECTION

648cm

B

412cm

NOT SURVEYED

360cm

+ 0.00

SURVEYED PLAN GROUND LEVEL

94cm

111cm

88cm

79cm

136cm

73cm

SURROUNDINGS

PLAN S:1/200

GEOMETRICAL SECTION - AA S:1/100

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

GEOMETRICAL ELEVATION S:1/100

TABLE N°

ORTHOPHOTO S:1/100

15 m

15 m

14 m

14 m 14 m

13 m

13 m 13 m

39cm

12 m

12 m

192cm 161cm 73cm 39cm

203cm

12 m

192cm

11 m 203cm

11 m 11 m

125cm 27cm

70cm

10 m

5cm

5cm 125cm 193cm

70cm

27cm

10 m

10 m

161cm

73cm

70cm 193cm

70cm 123cm

123cm

87cm

66cm

282cm

66cm

282cm 284cm 150cm 142cm 131cm 284cm

9m

9m 9m

8m

8m

745cm

8m

7m

760cm 760cm 768cm 745cm

6 m 745cm

6m 6m

4m

3m 3m

3m

2m 2m

2m

1m 1m

1m

0

756cm

752cm 675cm 752cm

673cm 756cm 675cm

673cm

0

552cm

0

5m 5m

5m

71cm 78cm

318cm

762cm

545cm

126cm

392cm 392cm

396cm

169cm 169cm

78cm 89cm

10 m 10 m

69cm

258cm

125cm 133cm 128cm 125cm 133cm 128cm

69cm

258cm

89cm 94cm 97cm100cm 103cm 100cm 103cm 94cm 97cm100cm 103cm 100cm 103cm

10 m

15 m 15 m

15 m

20 m

96cm

20 m

96cm

98cm

20 m

98cm

25 m

25 m

44cm 44cm 210cm 166cm 210cm 166cm

41cm 41cm 86cm 90cm 86cm 90cm

25 m

30 m

30 m 30 m

307cm

312cm

317cm

307cm

317cm 617cm

132cm 762cm 132cm 762cm

85cm 85cm

55cm

331cm 331cm 79cm 79cm

35 m

99cm 99cm

35 m 35 m

623cm

55cm

626cm

336cm 336cm

88cm 91cm 88cm 91cm

623cm

617cm

626cm

396cm

312cm

762cm

282cm

126cm 146cm

63cm 71cm

545cm

318cm

282cm

48cm

48cm 49cm 53cm 58cm 48cm 49cm 53cm 58cm 63cm

552cm

48cm

730cm

729cm

132cm 135cm

287cm 287cm

132cm 135cm

48cm

730cm 48cm

729cm

146cm

0

138cm 133cm

48cm

536cm 535cm

48cm

4m 4m

0

768cm

5m

5m 5m

138cm

131cm

536cm 535cm

745cm 7m

7m

0

150cm 142cm

540cm

273cm

138cm 138cm 133cm

87cm

540cm

273cm

110cm 110cm

132cm 132cm

40 m

40 m 40 m

305cm

311cm 311cm

314cm 314cm

305cm

48cm 121cm 48cm 121cm 118cm

72cm 72cm

74cm 74cm

80cm 45cm 80cm 45cm

145cm 145cm

145cm 145cm

133cm 143cm 140cm 133cm 143cm 140cm

45 m

45 m 45 m

50 m

50 m 50 m

+ 0.00 + 0.00

118cm

55 m

55 m

60 m

60 m

55 m

60 m

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

15 m

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : GEOMETRICAL SURVEY OF EXTERNAL FACADE

6

159cm 159cm 361cm361cm

REFERENCE AXIS REFERENCE AXIS

694cm 694cm

SURVEYED ELEVATION / SECTION SURVEYED ELEVATION / SECTION

697cm 697cm

MEASUREMENTS MEASUREMENTS

A

A

226cm226cm

265cm 265cm

0.00 ++0.00

SURVEYED PLAN SURVEYED PLAN

111cm 111cm 111cm 111cm

GROUND LEVEL GROUND LEVEL

953cm 953cm 872cm872cm

641cm 641cm

B

NOT SURVEYED NOT SURVEYED

B

SECTION SECTION

812cm 812cm

342cm 342cm

112cm 112cm

177cm177cm

114cm 114cm

269cm 269cm

179cm 179cm

83cm

83cm

SURROUNDINGS SURROUNDINGS

PLAN S:1/200

GEOMETRICAL SECTION - AA S:1/100

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

A

B

LEGEND

B

A

GEOMETRICAL ELEVATION S:1/100

TABLE N°

7

14 m

13 14 mm

13 m

12 13 mm

12 m

11 m 12 m

11 m

10 m 11 m

10 m

9m 10 m

9m

8m 9m

8m

7m 8m

7m

6m 7m

6m

5m 6m

5m

4m 5m

4m

3m 4m

+ 0.00

2m

3m

+ 0.00 + 0.00

3m 1m

2m

2m

1m

0 0 1m

0

0

0

5m

0

5m

10 m

10 m

5m

15 m

15 m

10 m

20 m

20 m

15 m

25 m

25 m

20 m

30 m

30 m

25 m

35 m

35 m

30 m

40 m

40 m

35 m

45 m

45 m

40 m

50 m

50 m

45 m

55 m

55 m

50 m

60 m

60 m

55 m

65 m

65 m

60 m

70 m

65 m

INTERNAL ELEVATION S:1/100

15 m 15 m 14 m 14 m 13 m 15 m

15 m

13 m 12 m 14 m 12 m 11 m 13 m 11 m 10 m 12 m 10 m

14 m

13 m

12 m

11 m

9m 11 m 9m

10 m

8m 10 m 8m

9m

7m 9m 7m

8m

6m 8m 6m

7m

5m 7m 5m

6m

4m 6m 4m

5m

3m 5m 3m

4m

2m 24mm

3m

1m 13mm

2m

0 2m 00

1m

0

0

70 m

+ 0.00

+ 0.00 + 0.00

5m 5m

0

10 m

15 m 10 m

20 m 15 m

25 m 20 m

30 m 25 m

35 m 30 m

40 m 35 m

45 m 40 m

50 m 45 m

55 m 50 m

60 m 55 m

60 m

1m

0

70 m

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

14 15 mm

0

SURVEYED ELEVATION

LEGEND ELEVATION

NOT SURVEYED SURVEYED SURVEYED ELEVATION ELEVATION SECTION ELEVATION ELEVATION

NOT PLASTER SURVEYED NOT SURVEYED REFERENCE AXIS SECTION SECTION GROUND PLASTER PLASTER LEVEL MASONRY DRAWING REFERENCE AXIS AXIS REFERENCE

GROUND LEVELLEVEL GROUND MASONRY DRAWING MASONRY DRAWING

5m

5m

10 m

10 m

15 m

15 m

20 m

20 m

25 m

25 m

30 m

30 m

35 m

35 m

40 m

40 m

45 m

45 m

50 m

50 m

EXTERNAL ELEVATION S:1/100 55 m

55 m

60 m

60 m

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

15 m

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : ARCHITECTONICAL SURVEY

15 m

7m

6m

5m

4m

+ 0.00

3m

2m

TABLE N°

1m

0

5m

15 m

15 m

15 m

14 m

15 m 14 m

14 m

13 m

14 m 13 m

13 m

12 m

13 m 12 m

12 m

11 m

12 m 11 m

11 m

10 m

11 m 10 m

10 m

9m

9m

15 m

14 m

13 m

12 m

11 m

10 m

15 m

20 m

25 m

30 m

35 m

40 m

45 m

50 m

55 m

60 m

65 m

10 m

9m

7m

9m

9m

6

6

8m

8m

8m

8m

8m

7m

7m

7m

7m

6m

6m

5m

5m

6m

6m

6m

5m 4m

4m

1

1

3m

3m

2

2

2m

7

7 3

2m

3

5

5

1m

5m

4m

4m

+ 0.00

+ 0.00

10

10

5m

4m

9

9

3m

3m

3m

2m

4

4

8

8

+ 0.00

+ 0.00

2m

2m

1m

1m

1m

1m 0

0

10 m

0 0

0

5m

5m

10 m

10 m

15 m

15 m

20 m

20 m

25 m

25 m

30 m

30 m

35 m

35 m

40 m

40 m

45 m

45 m

50 m

50 m

55 m

55 m

60 m

60 m

65 m

65 m

70 m

70 m

INTERNAL ELEVATION S:1/200

00

0 0

05 m 5m

10 m 5m

10 15 m m

10 m

1520 mm

15 m

2025 mm

20 m

25 30 m m

25 m

30 m

35 40 mm

35 m

40 m

40 45 mm

45 50 m m

45 m

50 55 m m

50 m

55 60 mm

55 m

60 m

EXTERNAL ELEVATION S:1/200

SURVEYED ELEVATION ELEVATION

15 m

30 35 mm

NOT SURVEYED

14 m

SECTION

13 m

PLASTER

12 m

REFERENCE AXIS

11 m

GROUND LEVEL

10 m

MASONRY DRAWING

9m

0

10

20

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100cm

0

10

20

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100cm

0

10

20

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100cm

0

10

20

30 40 50 60

70 80 90 100cm

0

10

20

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100cm

0

10

20

30 40 50 60

70 80 90 100cm

0

10

20

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100cm

0

10

20

30 40 50 60

70 80 90 100cm

0

10

20

30 40 50 60

70 80 90 100cm

0

10

20

30 40 50 60

70 80 90 100cm

8m

7m

6m

5m

4m

+ 0.00

3m

60 m

70 m

8

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : MASONRY ANALYSIS

0

2m

1m

5m

1m

10 m

15 m

1m

20 m

25 m

30 m

1m

Scale : 1/20

40 m

45 m

1m

Scale : 1/20

SURVEYED ELEVATION

35 m

50 m

55 m

60 m

1m

Scale : 1/20

1m

Scale : 1/20

1m

Scale : 1/20

1m

1m

Scale : 1/20

Scale : 1/20

1m

Scale : 1/20

Scale : 1/20

Scale : 1/20

ELEVATION

SAMPLE CODE

SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION NOT SURVEYED

DATE

STATIC FUNCTION

SAMPLE CODE

SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION

DATE

STATIC FUNCTION

SAMPLE CODE

SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION

DATE

STATIC FUNCTION

SAMPLE CODE

SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION

DATE

STATIC FUNCTION

B SAMPLE CODE

SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION

DATE

STATIC FUNCTION

Code 1

Opus Vittatum

Honorious/ Rest.

Elevation

Code 2

Opus Latericium

1922s

Elevation

Code 3

Opus Latericium

1122s

Arch of the Porta

Code 4

Opus Latericium

Modern

Near the ground

Code 5

Opus Latericium

20th Cent

Near

INSTALLATION

STRATIGRAPHICPLASTER RELATIONSHIP

LOCATION

STATE OF CONSERVATION

INSTALLATION

STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIP

LOCATION

STATE OF CONSERVATION

INSTALLATION

STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIP

LOCATION

STATE OF CONSERVATION

INSTALLATION

STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIP

LOCATION

STATE OF CONSERVATION

INSTALLATION

STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIP

Horizontal course

On pillar/ column REFERENCE AXIS

Internal Facade

Discreet

Horizontal course

Between arches

Internal Facade

Discreet

Mixed

On the Porta

Internal Facade

Mediocre

Horizontal course

Tower

Exterior Facade

Bad

Horizontal course

BRICK STONE MORTAR

SECTION

ORIGIN

SHAPE GROUND LEVEL

Reuse

Rectangular MASONRY DRAWING Orange

2,3 < L < 23,2

TYPE

SHAPE

COLOUR

DIMENSION

Quarry

Tufaceous

Ashlar

Ocher

8,3 < H < 11,5

BINDER

CONSISTENCE AGGREGATE

COLOUR

GRANULOMETRY

JOINTS

Lime

Tenacious

Gray

Medium

Thick

Pozzolana

20

9,7 < L < 29,1

A

BRICK MORTAR

ORIGIN

SHAPE

COLOUR

DIMENSION

Reuse

Rectangular

Orange

3,2 < H < 4,3

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100cm

1m

6,1 < L < 29

BINDER

CONSISTENCE AGGREGATE

COLOUR

GRANULOMETRY

JOINTS

Lime

Tenacious

Gray

Medium

Thick

Pozzolana

Regular sub-horizontal rows. Reused MASONRY DISPOSITION bricks were installed, which have heterogeneous dimensions. With thick mortar between the roman bricks.

B

BRICK MORTAR STONE

ORIGIN

SHAPE

COLOUR

DIMENSION

Reuse

Wedge-Shaped

Orange/Green

3,4 < H < 4,7 6,5 < L < 47,3

CONSISTENCE

AGGREGATE

COLOUR

GRANULOMETRY

JOINTS

Lime

Tenacious

Pozzolana

Gray

Medium Gravel

Thick

ORIGIN

TYPE

SHAPE

COLOUR

DIMENSION

Reuse

Tuff

Block

Light Gray

6,3 < H < 10,7 13,4 < L < 22,3

MASONRY DISPOSITION

10

20

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100cm

1m

0

10

20

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100cm

1m

Scale : 1/20

SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION

DATE

STATIC FUNCTION

10

20

30 40 50 60

70 80 90 100cm

1m

Scale : 1/20

SAMPLE CODE

0

0

10

20

Bricks of different sizes and colors arranged in a slanted row.

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100cm

1m

Scale : 1/20

SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION

DATE

STATIC FUNCTION

TYPE

SHAPE

COLOUR

DIMENSION

-

Rectangular

Orange

2,7 < H < 4,0

BINDER

CONSISTENCE AGGREGATE

Lime

Average

Pozzolana

MASONRY DISPOSITION Regular horizontal rows.

COLOUR

GRANULOMETRY

JOINTS

Gray

Medium gravel

2,0-4,0

B

0

10

20

30 40 50 60

70 80 90 100cm

SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION

10

20

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100cm

Scale : 1/20

DATE

STATIC FUNCTION

10

20

30 40 50 60

70 80 90 100cm

SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION

SHAPE

COLOUR

DIMENSION

Orange

2,4 < H < 4,4 5,3 < L < 31,4

CONSISTENCE

AGGREGATE

COLOUR

GRANULOMETRY

JOINTS

Lime

Friable

Pozzolana

Gray

Medium Gravel

Thick

10

20

DATE

30 40 50 60

70 80 90 100cm

1m

STATIC FUNCTION

B

Regional restoration has been made.

Cut brick is visible. The masonry in these areas is in good condition, but in the majority of the remaining area there are pieces of bricks missing.

0

10

20

30 40 50 60

70 80 90 100cm

1m

1/10 Scale : 1/20

ScaleScale : 1/10: 1/20

SAMPLE CODE

0

STATE OF CONSERVATION Bad

BINDER

OBSERVATIONS

0

LOCATION Internal Facade

Rectangular

MASONRY DISPOSITION Lower horizontal rows. New bricks with heterogeneous dimensions were placed. Mortar is in good condition.

1m

1m

Scale : 1/20

SAMPLE CODE

0

TYPE

New

MORTAR

Brocken pieces in bicks are observed. Mortar crumbles.

OBSERVATIONS

ORIGIN

BRICK

4,7 < L < 28,9

B

1m

Scale : 1/20

SAMPLE CODE

MORTAR

ORIGIN Reuse

Bricks in generally good condition.

There are spills on some bricks.

Variable use of mortar between bricks. Mortar is in good condition.

OBSERVATIONS

0

BRICK

BINDER

Crumbles in the mortar. Pieces broken in areas of the brick are observed.

OBSERVATIONS

Bricks and tuff ashlars are in a good conditions. Use of uniform mortar between bricks and tuff ashlars.

Mortar is in a good condition. Probably the area was damaged, and then restored.

OBSERVATIONS

10

DIMENSION 1,9 < H < 3,8

ORIGIN

Regular sub-horizontal rows. Bricks MASONRY DISPOSITION and tuff ashlars were installed as it was during Honorious period. With thick mortar between the roman bricks.

0

COLOUR

Near the Porta

the ground

ScaleScale : 1/10: 1/20

ScaleScale : 1/10: 1/20

SAMPLE CODE

SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION

DATE

STATIC FUNCTION

Code 6

Opus Caementicium

Honorious

Top part

Code 7

Opus Vittatum

Maxentius

Wall

Code 8

Opus Incertum

1122

Porta

Code 9

Opus Latericium

20th Cent.

Tower I

Code 10

Opus Latericium

1922s

Wall

INSTALLATION

STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIP

LOCATION

STATE OF CONSERVATION

INSTALLATION

STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIP

LOCATION

STATE OF CONSERVATION

INSTALLATION

STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIP

LOCATION

STATE OF CONSERVATION

INSTALLATION

STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIP

LOCATION

STATE OF CONSERVATION

INSTALLATION

STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIP

LOCATION

STATE OF CONSERVATION

Mixed

Between two towers

Internal Facade

Mediocre

Horizontal course

Tower

Internal Facade

Discreet

Horizontal course

Porta

Exterior Facade

Discreet

Mixed

Horizontal course

Near to ground

Internal Facade

Good

ORIGIN

TYPE

SHAPE

COLOUR

DIMENSION

COLOUR

DIMENSION

Reused

Tufa

Random Rubble

Brownish

4 < H < 9 5 < L < 11

SHAPE

COLOUR

DIMENSION

Orange/White

2 < H < 3 5 < L < 14

STONE BRICKS MORTAR

ORIGIN

BRICK STONE

Reused

Rectangular

BINDER

CONSISTENCE AGGREGATE

COLOUR

GRANULOMETRY

JOINTS

Lime

Average

Grayish

Medium

Thin

Pozzolona

MASONRY DISPOSITION insertion of tiles between stones with irregular texture

OBSERVATIONS

C

Presents putlog holes, is not a continuos area, but in general it looks conservate in a good state.

SAMPLE A : OPUS VITTATUM SAMPLE B : OPUS LATERICIUM SAMPLE C : OPUS CAEMENTICIUM SAMPLE D : OPUS INCERTUM

MORTAR

ORIGIN

SHAPE

COLOUR

DIMENSION

Reuse

Rectangular

Orange

1,7 < H < 4,3 DIMENSION

ORIGIN

TYPE

SHAPE

COLOUR

Random rubble

4,0 < L < 31,6

Reuse

Tuff

Gray

5,2 < H < 14,1 6,5 < L < 21,8

BINDER

CONSISTENCE AGGREGATE

COLOUR

GRANULOMETRY

JOINTS

Lime

Tenacious

Gray

Medium gravel

Thick

Pozzolana

MASONRY DISPOSITION Regular sub-horizontal rows. Reused bricks and tuff ashlars were installed, which have heterogeneous dimensions. With thick mortar between the roman bricks.

OBSERVATIONS

Shards in the tuff blocks. Presence of putlog holes.

A

BRICK STONE MORTAR

ORIGIN

SHAPE

COLOUR

DIMENSION

Reuse

Rectangular

Orange

2,9< H < 5,2 DIMENSION

ORIGIN

TYPE

SHAPE

COLOUR

Random rubble

9,3 < L < 16,5

Reuse

Tuff

Gray

6,3 < H < 25,0 7,4 < L < 33,9

BINDER

CONSISTENCE AGGREGATE

COLOUR

GRANULOMETRY

JOINTS

Lime

Average

Gray

Medium gravel

Thick

Pozzolana

MASONRY DISPOSITION Polygonal masonry. Reused bricks and tuff blocks were installed, which have heterogeneous dimensions.

OBSERVATIONS

Shards in the tuff blocks. It is assumed that the sample studied belongs to the period 1122 (gate closing date)

BRICK MORTAR

Near to ground ORIGIN

TYPE

Reuse

Near to ground

Mediocre

SHAPE

COLOUR

DIMENSION

Rectangular

Orange/Green

3,2 < H < 4,7 15,7 < L < 27,3

BRICK

BINDER

CONSISTENCE

AGGREGATE

COLOUR

GRANULOMETRY

JOINTS

Lime

Friable

Pozzolana

Gray

Coarse gravel

Thick

MASONRY DISPOSITION

Bricks of different sizes and colors arranged in an aligned row.

OBSERVATIONS

There are abrasions, especially on the surface of the bricks. The integrity of some bricks has been compromised. There is a serious lack of mortar.

D

B

MORTAR

ORIGIN

SHAPE

New

Bipedales

Orange

Height: 20 - 30cm Width: 20 - 30cm

BINDER

CONSISTENCE AGGREGATE

COLOUR

GRANULOMETRY

JOINTS

Lime

Tenacious

Dark gray

Medium

10 - 20cm

Pozzolona

MASONRY DISPOSITION Regular brick masonry with homogeneous distribution, usually very thick sections OBSERVATIONS

Some bricks presents broken pieces and also some paint on top.

B

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

0

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

0

TABLE N° HADRIAN'S WALL

AURELIAN WALL

LONDON WALL

AVILA WALL

9

LUCCA WALL

PROVINS WALL

https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/WALL2.htmq

https://artvee.com/dl/walls-of-rome-the-aurelian-wall-wit- h-the-pyramid-of-cestius/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_%C3%81vila

https://pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:City_ walls_Pro- vins.jpg

https://www.turismo.lucca.it/en/capital-lucca

DATE

Begun in 122 AD (2nd century)

2nd - 3rd century

Begun in 271 AD (3rd century)

11th century

11th and 13th centuries

Begun in 1504 (16th century)

LOCATION

Northern England

Central London, England

Rome, Italy

Ávila, Spain

Provins, France

Lucca, Italy

INFORMATION

A stone wall with large moats at the front and rear, stretching the entire width of the island, soldiers were garrisoned along the line of the wall in large forts, small castles and intermediate towers.

Roman London was protected by a large fort, with a large garrison, that stood to its north-western side.

The walls enclosed all the seven hills of Rome plus the Campus Martius and, on the right bank of the Tiber, the Trastevere district.

It´s the only Christian military building in Europe that remains exactly as it was built.

Provins preserves its architectural complex and urban layout to a high degree. These characteristics have earned the city the title of UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2001.

Are among the best preserved Renaissance fortifications in Europe also the second largest intact example of a fully walled Renaissance city.

MATERIAL AND STRUCTURE

As first planned, most of the Wall was in stone, but the eastern 48 meters of the section was in turf. In front of both was a substantial ditch, except where crags or rivers made this unnecessary. At each mile a gate was protected by a small guard post called a milecastle.

It was constructed with a core of rubble bound in a hard mortar and faced on either side by roughly squared stone blocks. Every fifth or sixth course was a horizontal band of red tiles, intended to bond the core to the facing stones.An estimated 35,000 cubic meters of Kent region was quarried 112 meters away, near Maidstone, and then shipped via the Medway and Thames to London.

The walls themselves were made of bricks, the Romans also employed a technique known as opus mixtum, a combination of brick and stone layers, to give the walls additional strength.

Built on rock foundations, the walls are made of granite masonry, filled with stone orange-coloured granite and the wide joints between them are filled with wedges of a smaller size and mortar. The east side has a large amount of reused Roman materials thought to come from the dismantling of an early Roman necropolis that was once located in the area. In general and especially on the eastern face, the base is mainly made up of gray granite ashlars. They are set in rows but neither their positions nor sizes coincide.

There is no further information about the material used but from the images it consists of stones.

The structure was based on a large mass of pressed and beaten earth together with dried plant materials, enclosed inside by a brick and stone outer layer.

The system used living vegetation as earthworks and trees as a building material, in combination with man-made materials and dead organic materials.

https://newcastlegateshead.com/business-directory/things- todo/unesco-hadrians-wall

https://londontopia.net/guides/londinium-see-roman-lon- don-today/

MANDATOR

Emperor Hadrian

Romans, Alfred the Great

Emperor Aurelian

Alfonso VI de Castela

TYPE

Defensive Wall

Defensive Wall

Defensive Wall

Defensive Wall

Defensive Wall

Defensive Wall

AIM

There were several rebellions forming in Roman Britain, which influenced the emperor to wish the empire was protected with a barrier.

To protect the city from invasions.

To protect the city of Rome against Germans.

Repopulate and fortify the cities of Segovia, Ávila and Salamanca.

Unique protective belt for all its inhabitants.

To slow down the expansion of the Republic of Florence.

DIMENSION

https://w.castillosnet.org/fortificacion.php?r=AV-CAS-019-MAR&n=Puerta+del+Mariscal&al- bum=&fc=1416&fn=Miguel+%C3%81ngel+Cebri%C3%A1n+Mart%C3%ADnez&p=1

2/2,6m

3/6m

4,60m

6m

https://italy-sights.info/lucca_wall/

Republic of Lucca

3m

3,5m 2,5km

4km

1,48km

https://www.sortiraparis.com/pt/noticias/natal-e-ano-novo/articles/45903-o-mercado-medieval-de-natal-de-2023-em-provins-baile-banquete-e-animacao-magica-no-programa

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

https://italiastoria.com/2022/01/31/il-vallo-di-adriano-storia-ditalia-extra-dal-podcast-bar-storia/

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

PICTURE

12m

25m

4km

5km

6/12m

12m

19km

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_ Wall https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Wall

CURRENT SITUATION

CURRENT FUNCTION

Ruins, not even half the actual height of the wall remains.

Nowadays it is open to the public without any protection, in 1987 it was declared a world heritage site.

Parts of the walls were demolished but some were incorporated into buildings.

Exhibition of some parts of the wall in museums or in the open air.

The wall and it's doors are presarved some parts more than others, but with average conservation.

Currently, the old part, the wall and the churches located outside the walls are world heritage sites.

Restored in some parts to good condition, but others just ruins.

Nowdays most of the doors are closed but some are used for museums, the wall has been incorporated into everyday life in buildings and constructions.

The wall is open for visitors, not all the towers are open but those that are are more than enough to enjoy the views.

Open to the public to visit some towers and to walk on top, in addition to being used for presentations promoted by the city.

Preserved intact.

https://www.diariodoviajante.pt/europa/espanha/o-que-esconde-a-muralha-de-avila/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Lucca https://provins.net/en/discover-visit/ the-medieval-town-of-provins/monuments-and-pass-provins/the-ramparts-of-provins/

The structure was converted into a pedestrian promenade and public park in the 1820s under the rule of Maria Luisa de Borbón of Spain.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Wall https://newcastlegateshead.com/busi ness-directory/thingsto-do/unesco-hadrians-wall https://londontopia.net/guides/londinium-see-roman-lon- don-today/ https://w.castillosnet.org/fortificacion. php?r=AV-CAS-019-MAR&n=Puerta+del+Mariscal&album=&fc=1416&fn=Miguel+%C3%81ngel+Cebri%C3%A1n+Mart%C3%ADnez&p=1

CURRENT SITUATION

https://www.sortiraparis.com/pt/noticias/ natal-e-ano-novo/articles/45903-o-mercado-medieval-de-natal-de-2023-em-provins-baile-banquete-e-animacao-magica-no-programa https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/hadri- ans-wall/ hadrians-wall-history-and-stories/history/

https://www.thecityofldn.com/article/roman-ruins-city-of-london/

https://italoamericano.org/aurelian-walls/

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_vecchia_di_Avila_con_le_sue_ chiese_fuo- ri_le_mura

https://www.istockphoto.com/it/foto/mura-della-citt%le-gm94331636-4234615

C3%A0-medieva-

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mura_di_Lucca

https://www.lanazione.it/lucca/cronaca/piu-sicurezza-sulle-mura-via-al- linstallazione-delle-nuove-barriere-168a2fcb?live

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

NAME

TABLE N°

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : METROLOGICAL ANALYSIS

10

1 Roman Feet 1 Roman Feet 5 Roman Feet 5 Roman Feet

LEGEND

EXTERNAL ELEVATION S:1/100

SURVEYED ELEVATION

SURVEYED ELEVATION ELEVATION ELEVATION NOT SURVEYED NOT SURVEYED ROMAN FEET ROMAN FEET GROUND LEVEL GROUND LEVEL 10 Roman Feet

10 Roman Feet

10 Roman Feet = 2.96m 5 Roman Feet =Feet 1.48m 10 Roman = 2.96m 1 Roman Feet = 0.296m 5 Roman Feet = 1.48m

1 Roman Feet = 0.296m

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

INTERNAL ELEVATION S:1/100

271-273 D.C. (AURELIANUS) AURELIANUS CONSTRUCTION

401-403 D.C. (HONORIUS)

HONORIUS CONSTRUCTION (THE WALL DOUBLED)

18TH CENTURY

PORTA METRONIA WAS CLOSE. THE RIVER FLOWED UNDERGROUND.

EARLY 20TH CENTURY

20TH CENTURY ( NOWADAYS

OPENING 3 MTR ARCHES FOT THE TRAFFIC.

EXTENTION OF THE EXISTING ARCHES, ADDING PEDESTRIAN ROADS.

ADDING BUTTRESSES FOR THE PORTA.

ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS IN THE RIGHT TOWER.

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

INTERNAL FACADE

PORTA STAY CLOSE, GROUND LEVEL RISE.

EXTERNAL FACADE

11

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

EXTERNAL FACADE AXONOMETRIC VIEWS

19TH CENTURY

AXONOMETRIC VIEWS

TABLE N°

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : RECAP TABLE

INTERNAL FACADE

OPENING AN ARCH FOR THE TRAFFIC.

EVOLUTION

TABLE N°

F9

DD13

B6

DD13

B6

D5

F8

F9

F9

F8

B6

DD2

DD12 F9

DD1

F8

DD13

B1

F8 DD12

DD12

D5

F8

DD12

DD1

F9

B6

DD12

B6 F9

D5

F8

DD12

B1

DD13

F9

DD2

D1

DD2

F8 F9

F7

F8

F9

F8 F9

DD13 DD2

F9

DD8

DD2

DD13 B6

B6 B6

F9 F8

F8

F9 F9

F8 DD1

B6

F9

F9 F9

F8

F9

B1

F8

F9

F7

INTERNAL ELEVATION S:1/100 CRACK & DEFORMATION C1. TOWER COLLAPSE C2. CRACK C3. DEFORMATION

DETACHMENT D1. BLISTERING D2. BURSTING D3. DELAMINATION D4. DISINTEGRATION D5. FRAGMENTATION D6. PEELING D7. SCALING

FEATURES INDUCED BY MATERIAL LOSS

DISCOLORATION & DEPOSIT DD1. EFFLORESCENCE DD2. DEPOSIT DD3. DISCOLOURATION DD4. EFFLORESCENCE DD5. ENCRUSTATION DD6. FILM DD7. GLOSSY ASPECT DD8. GRAFFITI DD.9 PATINA DD10.SOILING DD11.SUBFLORESCENCE DD12.STAINING DD13.MOIST AREA

F1. ALVEOLIZATION F2. EROSION F3. MECHANICAL DAMAGE F4. MICROKARST F5. MISSING PART F6. PERFORATION F7. PITTING F8. LACUNA F9. LOST OF MORTAR

BIOLOGICAL COLONIZATION B1. BIOLOGICAL PATINA B2. ALGA B3. LICHEN B4. MOSS B5. MOULD B6. PLANT

D1 (BLISTERING)

DD1 (EFFLORESCENCE)

DD12 (STAINING)

DD2 (DEPOSIT)

Separated, air-filled, raised hemispherical elevations on the face of stone resulting from the detachment of an outer stone.

Generally whitish, powdery or whisker-like crystals on the surface.

Efflorescences are generally poorly cohesive and commonly made of soluble salt crystals.

Kind of discolouration of limited extent and generally of unattractive appearance.

Accumulation of exogenic material of variable thickness. Such as: splashes of paintor mortar, sea salt aerosols etc.

Observations Missing parts are observed between the stones.

Observations There are white clustered surfaces that can be observed along the bricks.

Observations There are some mortars on surfaces that can be observed along the bricks.

Testing Visual observation

Testing Visual observation

Observations At the bottom of the tie-rod application a vertically observable green surface discoloration appears.

F2 (EROSION)

F7 (PITTING)

B1 (BIOLOGICAL PATINA)

DD13 (MOIST AREA)

Loss of original surface, leading to smoothed shapes. Rounding : Preferential erosion of originally angular stone edges leading to a distinctly rounded profile.

Point-like millimetric or submillimetric shallow cavities.The pits have a cylindrical or conical shape and are not interconnected.

Small, soft and green vegetative organism. It's a centimeter-sized layering that appears in clusters along the surface.

Corresponds to the darkening of surface due to dampness. The denomination moist area is preferred to moist spot or zone.

Observations There are irregularities and missing pieces in some parts of the bricks.

Erosion in different forms is observed throughout the entire facedes.

Observations There are millimetric, scattered holes on the stone surface.

Observations There are green clustered surfaces that can be observed along the bricks.

Testing Visual observation

Testing Visual observation

Observations In this area, which is poor of sunlight, dark discolorations appear along the brick surfaces.

F8 (LACUNA)

F9 (LOST OF MORTAR)

B6 (PLANT)

D5 (FRAGMENTATION)

Empty space, obviously located in the place of some formerly existing stone part.

Mortar, which is the binding material, is reduced or completely invisible between stones and bricks due to physical effects.

Vegetal living being, having, when complete, root, stem, and leaves, though consisting sometimes only of a single leafy expansion

The complete or partial breaking up of a stone, into portions of variable dimensions that are irregular in form, thickness and volume.

Observations Missing parts are observed between the stones.

Observations A lack of mortar is observed between the stones.

Observations The presence of plants is observed among the bricks and stones.

Testing Visual observation

Testing Visual observation

Testing Visual observation

Observations Missing parts are observed on the stone surfaces without the lack of mortar being felt excessively.

Testing Visual observation

Testing Visual observation

Testing Visual observation

Testing Visual observation

Testing Visual observation

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

B6

B6

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : DETERIORATION ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FACADE

DD1

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

D5

B6 B6

12

TABLE N°

B6 DD2

B6

B6

B6

B6

B6

DD2

DD2 DD2

B6

DD13

DD2

DD2

C3

F9

DD2

DD2

DD2 F9

DD12

DD2

F9

DD2

DD12

DD12

DD2

DD2

DD2

DD2

DD13

DD2 DD2

F9

DD2

F9

F9

DD2

DD2

F8

F9

F9

DD2 F8

F9

DD8

DD2

F9 DD2

DD2

DD2

F8

EXTERNAL ELEVATION S:1/100

DETACHMENT

CRACK & DEFORMATION C1. TOWER COLLAPSE C2. CRACK C3. DEFORMATION

D1. BLISTERING D2. BURSTING D3. DELAMINATION D4. DISINTEGRATION D5. FRAGMENTATION D6. PEELING D7. SCALING

FEATURES INDUCED BY MATERIAL LOSS F1. ALVEOLIZATION F2. EROSION F3. MECHANICAL DAMAGE F4. MICROKARST F5. MISSING PART F6. PERFORATION F7. PITTING F8. LACUNA F9. LOST OF MORTAR

DISCOLORATION & DEPOSIT DD1. CRUST DD2. DEPOSIT DD3. DISCOLOURATION DD4. EFFLORESCENCE DD5. ENCRUSTATION DD6. FILM DD7. GLOSSY ASPECT DD8. GRAFFITI DD.9 PATINA DD10. SOILING DD11. SUBFLORESCENCE DD12. STAINING DD13. MOIST AREA

C3 (DEFORMATION)

F8 (LACUNA)

F9 (LOST OF MORTAR)

Change in shape without loosing integrity, leading to bending, buckling or twisting of a stone block.

Empty space, obviously located in the place of some formerly existing stone part.

Empty space, obviously located in the place of some formerly existing mortar part, but still with stones around.

Observations The break in the line of continuity of the mortar and bricks

Observations A lack of parts of the wall is observed.

Observations A lack of mortar is observed between the stones.

Testing Visual observation

Testing Visual observation

Testing Visual observation

DD8 (GRAFFITI)

DD13 (MOIST AREA)

B6 (PLANT)

Engraving, scratching, cutting or application of paint, ink or similar matter on the stone surface.

Corresponds to the darkening (lower hue) of a surface due to dampness.

The denomination moist area is preferred to moist spot, moist zone or visible damp area.

Vegetal living being, having, when complete, root, stem, and leaves, though consisting sometimes only of a single leafy expansion.

Observations In this area, which is poor of sunlight, dark discolorations appear along the brick surfaces.

Observations The presence of plants is observed among the bricks and stones.

Observations Letters and drawings on the wall with spray paint.

Testing Visual observation

Testing Visual observation

DD2 (DEPOSIT)

DD12 (STAINING)

Accumulation of exogenic material of variable thickness.

Kind of discolouration of limited extent and generally of unattractive appearance.

Observations Expensive storage area above the arches and the highest exposure of the wall due to pollution and animals

Observations At the bottom of the tie-rod application, a vertically observable green surface discoloration appears.

Testing Visual observation

Testing Visual observation

Testing Visual observation

BIOLOGICAL COLONIZATION B1. BIOLOGICAL PATINA B2. ALGA B3. LICHEN B4. MOSS B5. MOULD B6. PLANT

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

DD2

B6

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : DETERIORATION ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL FACADE

B6

13

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

B6

TABLE N°

DD13 D5

B6

D5

F8

F9

F9

DD12

F9

B6

DD2

DD12

B6

F8

F9

F9

DD1

F8

B6

DD13

B1

F8

DD12

DD12

D5

F8

DD12

DD1

F8

DD12

B1

DD13

F9

DD2

D1

DD2

F8 F9

F7

F8

F9

F8 F9

DD13 DD2

F9

DD8

DD2

DD13 B6

F8

B6 B6

F9 F8

F9 F9

B6

F8

DD1

F9

F9 F9

F8

F9

B1

F8

F7

Replace the masonry with similar brick but it should be easly to be identified.

Interventions

Interventions

Cleaning with low pressure water spray.

Percolation : the movement and filtering of fluids though porous materials.

B1 (BIOLOGICAL PATINA)

DD12 (STAINING)

D1 (EFFLORESCENCE)

Interventions

Interventions

Interventions

Cleaning with low pressure water spray.

Cleaning with low pressure water spray.

Cleaning with soft brushes and after,operation of atomized water.

D5 (FRAGMENTATION)

D1 (BLISTERING)

D2 (DEPOSIT); DD3 (DISCOLOURATION)

Interventions

Interventions

Preserving the skyline image of the ruin through compacting mortar and controlling water flow.

Strengthening and re-adhering of plasters. Material is added during decay to strengthen the connection between the plaster and the stone or brick.

PRESENT

Rebuilt the joints for the new bricks.

PROPOSAL

Interventions

D:\2_SENE_SAPIENZA\CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO\ALL\WhatsApp Image 2024-06-08 at 04.21.18.jpeg

Section

Plan

Section

Plan

PRESENT

Interventions

PRESENT

F8 (LACUNA)

F2 (EROSION)

To separate the plants from the wall, the plants are cut down to their roots,chemicals are applied to the area where the roots are located.

PROPOSAL

Replace the missing mortar but it need be easly to be identified. Use of a special mortar added with herbicides or hydrorepellent materials.

DD8 (GRAFFITI)

Interventions

Cleaning with brushes and after operation of atomized water.

PROPOSAL

Interventions

EXTERNAL ELEVATION S:1/200

B6 (PLANT)

PROPOSAL

F9 (LOST OF MORTAR)

PRESENT

INTERNAL ELEVATION S:1/200

DD13 (MOIST AREA) Interventions

"Bioswale gardens" are recommended to prevent water from reaching the residues at the underground level and to control it in the long term.

NATIVE VEGATATION MULCH PLANTING SOIL FILTER FABRIC GRAVEL BASE

F9

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : INTERVENTION ON SURFACES

DD13

B6

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

B6

B6

F9

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

DD1

B6

14

D5

B6

TABLE N°

15

ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL

O NI

A

SO

A

VI

P.L EM

U

DR

I

ET RO NIA

VI

O PP

B

VIA

GA

LLI

A

M ’ LL DA E D RA O AA G L. MB A

INTERVENTION:

IO

OPENING OF GALLERIES FOR ACCESS CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE STRUCTURE WITH WALKWAY TO GALLERIES OBSERVATION POINT AT THE TOP OF THE STAIRS FOR A PANORAMIC VIEW COLLAPSED ARCH RE-DESIGN WITH STEEL STRUCTURE RE-DESIGN OF THE LANDSCAPING AROUND THE WALL NEW PATHS TO FOLLOW A FLOW THROUGH THE WALL EXCAVATION IN FRONT OF PORTA METRONIA TO REACH ORIGINAL LEVELS AND MAKE IT MORE VISIBLE FROM THE FRONT INSTALLATION OF METAL BARRIERS

A

VI

O

A

VI

N PO

IP

S RU

D

VIA

PRINCIPLE OF ONTERVENTION:

GA

B

A

A

NI

NO

N PA

A

NI

NO

N PA

A

A

THE INTERVENTIONS INTERFERE AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE WITH THE STRUCTURE OF THE WALL DUE TO THE RISK OF COLLAPSE USE OF MATERIALS THAT ARE VISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE BUT ALSO DO NOT INTERFERE WITH THE LANDSCAPE OF THE MONUMENT, BEING IN A SIMILAR COLOR TO THE WALL THE INTERVENTION IS REVERSIBLE AND CAN BE DISMANTLED WITHOUT CAUSING DAMAGE THE INTERVENTION BRINGS TO THE PRESENT THE SAME USE OF PAST FUNCTIONS TECHNICAL INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT FURTHER DAMAGE TO THE WALL AND PRESERVE THE CURRENT SITUATION INTERVENTIONS AROUND THE WALL AIMED AT COLLECTING WATER

LLI

VI

VI

MASTERPLAN S:1/500

VIA DELLA NAVICELLA

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

M L’ DA L DE RA O AA G L. MB A

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : CONSERVATION PROJECT

BRINGING A FLOW OF PEOPLE TO AN ISOLATED PART OF THE CITY. OPENING OF THE WALL FOR VISITORS REMEMBER THE OLD STRUCTURE WITH THE INSTALLATION CONTINUITY OF PATH THROUGH THE PARK GET A PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE MONUMENT AND THE SURROUNDING REGION REMEMBER HISTORY WITH ACCESS TO GALLERIES, AND MAKE A RELATION WITH STRATERGIC PLAN OF WALLS CULTURAL SPOT FOR TOURISTS

ET RO NIA

VIA DELLA NAVICELLA

DESIGN PROPOSAL

GOALS:

P.L EM

NOWADAYS

MASTERPLAN S:1/500

PLAN S: 1/500

INTERNAL ORTHOPHOTO S:1/200

INTERNAL ORTHOPHOTO S:1/200

CORTEN STEEL: THE REAL NAME IS WEATHERING STEEL, BUT THE MATERIAL BECAME KNOWN BY THE NAME OF THE BRAND THAT POPULARIZED IT IN THE USA. CORTEN STEEL IS A CATEGORY OF STEELS THAT CONTAIN COPPER, CHROMIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IN THEIR ALLOYS. CORTEN STEEL SHEETS CAN BE CUT AND MANIPULATED EASILY. THIS MATERIAL NATURALLY DEVELOPS UNDER CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AN OXIDE LAYER ON ITS SURFACE WHEN EXPOSED TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND CORROSIVE AGENTS, THIS REDDISH COLORED OXIDE LAYER PROTECTS THE METAL AGAINST ADDITIONAL CORROSION AND OXIDATION, CALLED PATINA, LEAVING ONLY THE METAL FINISH. OXIDATION ON THE SURFACE, WHICH MAKES THE MATERIAL THREE TIMES MORE RESISTANT THAN COMMON STEEL. CORTEN A IS THE MOST POPULAR TYPE OF WEATHERING STEEL. THANKS TO THE HIGH PHOSPHORUS CONTENT, CORTEN A OFFERS EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION.

11 m

10 m

9m

8m

7m

6m

5m

4m

CORTEN STEEL IS KNOWN FOR ITS HIGH DURABILITY EVEN WITH A THINNER MATERIAL THICKNESS, WHICH IS WHY IT IS RECOMMENDED FOR EXTERNAL STRUCTURES IN ADDITION TO PROVIDING A REDUCTION IN THE WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE, BETTER USE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND QUICK AND CLEAN CONSTRUCTION, HOWEVER, STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO LOADS HEAVY OR LOW TEMPERATURES, THERE IS AN INCREASED RISK OF FRACTURE AND WEAR. SINCE THE RUST ITSELF FORMS A BEAD THAT COVERS THE SURFACE AND FORMS A PROTECTIVE LAYER, IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO TREAT IT AND CERTAINLY NOT TO PAINT IT. PART OF THE PATINA, WASHED AWAY BY ATMOSPHERIC AGENTS, CAN FALL TO THE FLOOR AND STAIN MATERIALS IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH CORTEN.

3m

2m

1m

0

0

5m

10 m

15 m

20 m

25 m

30 m

35 m

40 m

45 m

50 m

55 m

60 m

65 m

INTERNAL ELEVATION S:1/200

Metalúrgica ZOL. (2020, July 16). Aço Corten: o que é, onde utilizar, quanto tempo dura e muito mais. Retrieved from https://www.metalurgicazol.com.br/zoldesign/2020/07/16/aco-corten-o-que-e-onde-utilizar-quanto-tempo-dura-e-muito-mais/. Access in: 10/06/24 Metálica. (n.d.). O que é Aço Corten? Retrieved from https://metalica.com.br/o-que-e-aco-corten-2/ . Access in: 10/06/24 Viva Decora. (n.d.). Descubra por que o aço corten é um dos materiais mais versáteis da arquitetura. Retrieved from https://www.vivadecora.com.br/pro/o-que-e-acocorten/ .Access in: 10/06/24

AXONOMETRIC VIEW

TOWER SECTION S:1/200

70 m

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

12 m

2047608 BEYZA DEMIR 2048664 MARYIA SIVETS 2052236 MARIA SILVIA SAMPAIO 2052473 SUZAN CEREN OZKUL

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 2023/24 CONSERVATION MASTER DEGREE

CONSERVATION DESIGN STUDIO AURELIAN WALLS AND PORTA METRONIA TUTOR : PROF. ROSSANA MANCINI TABLE TITLE : CONSERVATION PROJECT

16

TABLE N°