The Sympathetic Waste Rehabilitation Centre ----
Beverly Su ---Year 2 Semester 1
The Sympathetic Waste Rehabilitation Centre
Sitting next to Semakau Landfill, “The Sympathetic Waste Rehabilitation Centre� responds to the waste problem we encounter in Singapore. With the gradual population of humans on earth, another by-product of human life has inadvertently been steadily increasing - the waste produced and rubbish discarded. With Semakau Landfill filling up fast, we desperately need a solution. Instead of treating waste production and discarding as a one-way street, the sympathetic starfish sees an opportunity. Why not take these unwanted goods, and turn them into useful products to sustain life? Humans produce waste, and the starfish consumes that, sorts it out, and breathes a new lease of life into it. Then it returns the recycled items back to the mainland for humans to use, driving on this succession, instead of just discarding trash as useless. Initial studies into the starfish uncovered their general symmetry, abiility to regenerate body parts, and unique method of locomotion. These aspects were neatly incorporated into the design as further studies revealed three besic systems - the controlling mouth, leg joints, and grasping and sucking feet. Next, the forms and systems were further studied for function. Why, how, where, and when does a starfish have such a form in its design? These studies then guided me eventually into the programme. The starfish has an important and active role in maintaining coral reef biodiversity and driving ecological succession. They are probably the most important predators in the shallow ecosystem, eating basically anything that they can come across. Their feeding activities control the whole ecosystem. The starfish is a selflessly selfish creature, which consumes all the waste on the sea floor to fulfill its basic needs. But as a result of all the consumption, the starfish returns to its surroundings a clean, livable and pollution - free habitat.
The starfish has an important and active role in maintaining coral reef biodiversity and driving ecological succession. They are probably the most important predators in the shallow ecosystem, eating basically anything that they can come across. Their feeding activities control the whole ecosystem. The starfish is a selflessly selfish creature, which consumes all the waste on the sea floor to fulfill its basic needs. But as a result of all the consumption, the starfish returns to its surroundings a clean, livable and pollution - free habitat. In that same way, the Sympathetic Waste Rehabilitation Centre takes all the waste from the landfill, biodegradable and non-biodegradable, sorts it, cleans it, and transforms it into sable products for humans, once again. By rehabilitating discards and damaged goods, the starfish revolutionizes our way of life, interjecting the trash we produce back into the cycle of life, leaving no extraneous heap of discards in its trail.
1. OBSERVE AND IDENTIFY
Form The body form of the starfish is fundamentally the same across all species - a central disk and radiating arms, and symmetrical.
Classification: Starfish are also referred to as sea stars because of their star-shaped appearance. They are a part of the phylum Echinodermata and are related to sand dollars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. Echinoderms are found in nearly all marine habitats and constitute a major proportion of the biomass. Starfish belong to the class Asteroidea, derived from the Greek words “aster” (a star) and “eidos“ (form, likeness, appearance). There are more than 1600 species of starfish alive today.
Function and Role in Nature The starfish has an important and active role in maintaining coral reef biodiversity and driving ecological succession. They are probably the most important predator in the shallow ecosystem, eating basically anything that they can come across. Their feeding activities control the whole ecosystem. If the starfish species is endangered or affected, it is going to have a disproportionately greater effect on the whole ecosystem because it would be removing a key component in the community structure of the ocean floor.
Condition of Living Environment They live in tropical intertidal zones and on the seafloors of colder climates. Habitats range from tropical coral reefs, rocky shores, tidal pools, mud, and sand to kelp forests, seagrass meadows and the deep-sea floor down to at least 6,000 m (20,000 ft). The greatest diversity of species occurs in coastal areas.
Anatomy Although the starfish is symmetrical on the outside, certain individual sections of its design is not.
2. FORMATION AND DISSECTION
Starfish Movement On their ventral side, starfish contain thousands of tube-like feet that contain cells that are specialized for adhesion. In a process that some scientists describe as �rapid gluing and ungluing,� starfish can use these tube feet to move across a surface. Each foot has two sets of secretory cells that secrete compounds that allow the foot to first attach then detach to a surface. The first set of cells releases an adhesive material that bonds the fuzzy coat (the outermost layer of the tube foot) to the surface (ocean floor). A different substance is released from a second type of secretory cells that enables the foot to release from the ocean floor or other surfaces.
Diagrammatic study of how the tube like feet brush across the sea floor
Side view of one ray of a walking starfish, with tube feet
The elastic elongation of movement
Time-lapse of Locomotion
Time-lapse of Eating
Stomach comes out of its shell
Stomach drawn back into its body
Time-lapse of Resting
Stomach drawn back into its body
Motion of Echinoderm Tube Leg
The under side of the sea star is a complex network
Extends to the end of the arm
Tubes, all connected to the middle
Water enters the individual tubes
In the middle is a singular hole
The water is stored in little muscular bulbs.
Sieve plate
Water is drawn into the sieve plate.
Water floods the five radial canals which run down the length of the arms.
Hydraulic system in the arms
When the bulb contracts, it forces water into the elastic tube.
The foot extends
The muscles in the foot swing it in the direction the sea star wants to move.
Swaying back and forth with the expansion and contraction.
Observing the Slight Movement of the Tiny Feet
Time - Lapse
Out of Water
Coordination of the thousands of tiny tube feet. Movement and change of form is graceful and dance-like.
Movement and Behaviour of the Mouth
Tube feet kick in the first, using hydraulic pressure to crack open any shell
Most unusual weapon, its stomach, which moves out of its body to digest its prey alive
Unusual Way of Eating A starfish feeds by first extending its stomach out of its mouth and over the digestible parts of its prey, such as mussels and clams. The prey tissue is partially digested externally before the soup-like "chowder" produced is drawn back into its 10 digestive glands.
00:00:01
00:05:40
Clam is near the starfish, ready to be eaten
Starfish begins to protrude its stomach
00:10:23
Inflating stomach
00:15:43
00:18:37
00:20:00
Whole body prepares to engulf
As stomach pushes out, the rest of the body caves
Clam being engulfed
00:22:31
Stomach succesfully sucks clam
00:29:18
Whole body becomes a ball as the clam is claimed
Starfish Skin Patterns
Reptition of the same form, and patterned close to each other, with small openings in between each one.
Textures of skins
3. SYSTEMIZATION AND ABSTRACTION
Scan to see gifs for all the process models.
The internal system of the starfish Basic system breakdown: 1. Tube Leg Joints and Joining 2. Grasping / Sucking Feet 3. Controlling Mouth
System 1: Leg Formations
Closer look at the basic form of the leg Top view in diagram:
gap segment
feet I noticed that the movement of the starfish legs is not not just one giant flexible piece of matter, but rather many small segments joined in a row, with tiny gaps in between. So, I decided to do a study on the segment vs. gap ratio. Ratio of number of segments to number of gaps (x: x-1), and its effect on the starfish’s movements All the basic up and down motion is pitched at 45 degrees. The variation of the basic forms of each leg is the number of gaps in between, times 10. (eg. 2 gaps X10)
3:2
20 basic variations
4:3
30 basic variations
5:4
40 basic variations
Model of Joints
I found straws with a bendy joint.
So I cut out the joints.
Then I found wooden chopsticks
Next, I inserted one end of the short stick into the straw joint.
Straw simulates joints - rotates 360 degrees.
And I cut it into pieces of varying sizes.
And another stick into the other end, on and on.
Each end of the chopstick connects with another. until we form a long stick that can be bent into unique figures.
The different sizes of each segment contributes to the unique formations that are able to be contorted.
Here I combined all the sticks together to make a tube like structure.
Represents the joint that enables the transformation
System 2: Feet Sucking and Grasping
synchronous movement to the right
synchronous movement to the left
These horizontal tubes across the leg swing side to side to direct the legs of the starfish towards the center of its body, where its mouth is. This is how it brings the food to its mouth.
Diagrammatic Plan
Diagrammatic section
Diagrammatic Elevation
Fig. 01
Fig. 02
Entrance to the system opens up gradually as the tube extends
Resting position
Coral reef floor
Coral reef floor
Shovel - like scoops extend to scoop coral from reef
Fig. 04
Fig. 03
As the leg is retracted, the shovels close in and hook the food back up.
The soft part of the feet sucks in water and holds it in as it squeezes the leg together.
Coral reef floor
Ends of the feet are soft and take the shape of whatever terrain they land on
Back to original position
Finally because of the pressure at the smaller end the rapid contracting of the foot, the food is stored in the shell and the water enters the system
Coral reef floor
Model of Grasping Feet
I made a small ring from straws and masking taped it tight. Then I found cable ties to create the “grasping” and “blooming” feet.
I cable-tied it facing outwards, around the round ring.
This simulation can be closed and straight, but also opened and spread out.
I took a transparent piece of pvc, rolled it into a tube and cable tie and stapled it to fasten.
This is the “House� for the foot of the starfish. it is closed while in the tube. and will expand as it is pushed out.
Model of Flexible and Adapting Underfoot
I took a circle of translucent tracing paper and inserted the spikes into its edges.
sucks in and up
lets go outward and down
The void enclosed in the middle of this net is capable of holding all the sucked food from the corals.
Model #1 of leg with foot travelling down the tube and opening at the end
Model #2 of feet’s expansion as it travels down the tube.
1.
2.
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3.
2.
4.
3.
4.
System 3: Controlling Mouth
Plan View
normal, at rest
enlarging as food comes in
after taking a bite , collapses its walls to suck in food.
moving mouth ends
The brown strings are the membrane that holds the parts together and yet allow for expanding.
1 3 Systems Identified:
2
Joint Leg system
Foot system
3 Mouth system
Extra systems discovered (construction details derived from here) zooming in close, i realized the fluid movement is made up of millions of tiny joinings with tiny gaps in between.
many tiny parts, all connected by the skin
Sieve Plate Details The sieve plate is made of a porous, translucent material which filters every thing that passes through it.
Big size variation
Medium, Regular size
Small, regular size
Tiny, irregular
ridges form
all holes merge, surface forms
4. ORDERING AND TRANSFORMATION
Joint Leg System
1
Modifying and Improving the Tube Leg
Diameter of end is larger than diameter of start.
Torso action. Twisting enabled.
Foot System
2
Modifying and Improving the Sucking Feet
Section
Suction Cups
Pliable, changes shape to cling to surface
Plan
Section of individual tiny feet
sucks up to pipe
extended in all directions from the middle
Plan of individual tiny feet
Mouth system
3
Modifying and Improving the Mouth
The mouth system is progressively enlarging as it runs down the core. As the mouth is the central controlling power in the starfish, so does this gradual expansion exert the control.
I made holes in between each semi-circle curve and ran bamboo sticks down the holes, all corresponding as they stack. The top layer is the smallest in diameter, gradually in creasing in size as it goes down, much like the way the starfish expands as it controls.
Progression of the Leg: Model #1: I made a single joint part by connecting straw parts to chopsticks.
Model #2: Next I combined 6 such bendy sticks into a tube, able to be distorted and played around with.
Model #3: The diameter of the tube leg is not the same the whole way through. So I made the end of the tube significantly larger than its opening next.
Model #4: To expand on the variation, I changed the diameter of the tube leg all the way through, adding gradually larger circles to make the tube expand gradually as it progresses.
Progression of the Foot: #1
#2
First model: to show the basic movement of the foot. just a bi-directional swinging movement.
I attached a paper round to the bottom of the foot. (The pocket of space created, where the food goes when sucked into the system.
#3
Next, I made a series of models to demonstrate the range of movement.
#4
For the fourth model set, I added suction cups to the ends of the feet. The suctions are the “feeling” and “planting” part of the foot.
Making model #5
I decided to look into interesting and joinings that would work appropriately. I got these terminal blocks to help with the connecting. At first I tried to connect them all in a round. But it was ineffective and did not bend well, and also did not give the extra side-to-side motion I was looking to create.
So I decided to put insert an individual part into each block. And then join that segment to the other segments to create a round.
Next I inserted the longer sticks into the blocks, 2 side by side per terminal block.
Joined both sticks tip to tip, then added on the suction end on each of the 9 legs.
Flipped it around, and ended up with a ring of suctions, and a movable 3-way joint.
Progression of the Mouth: #1
First model: the “moving mouth� with layers separate: in the unique curved pattern of the starfish mouth.
I wanted to make the layers inside the mouth, as it is an essential part of the dynamics of the controlling mouth system.
#2
I tried creating the layers of the insides with twine. weaving it in and out of the sides.
Lorem ipsum
I combined both ideas into a layered spring which combineds the entity of the round mouth together with the layers created. The dynamic of a mouth enlarging to control the rest of the body is captured in this model, where all the bamboo reaches outward.
Mouth model #2
Attempting to create layers within the mouth by weaving string in the base frame previously made.
However, this string is not structurally sturdy enough to hold its shape tautly. It would be much more effective to use a more solid material.
Created interesting layers. But could have more integrity with better suited materials.
Mouth model #3
The first layer, the smallest part, the tip. Creating the stoppers for the sticks to freely move without falling off.
Adding in the second layer, which moves freely in between the top and bottom most layers. Important free-movement, no stoppers.
Finally, the last and largest layer. Wide=spreading, creates the bending of the sticks. Open-spreading dynamic. It causes the mouth to open to its largest possible diameter.
Joinery
Segment to Segment Joint
Segment to Segment Joint
Normal (at rest)
Curving and flexing as the segment moves down
Expansion of the joint as the segment raises
Joint goes along with the movement
Contraction of the joint as the segment lowers and equalizes
Almost 360° rotation
Joinery
Segment to Feeler Joining Holes to insert poles
Curved and round base so it can “Roll”
Section view
Horizontal Extension
Up and down movement to accomodate different diameters of poles
Section view
Vertical Extension
Side to side movement to accomodate different diameters of poles
Section view
5. REVELATION OF A NEW SPACE
Making of the Final Model 1. The Central Core
2. The Surrounding Tube Limbs
3. The Internal Suction
4. The Sucking Feet Extensions
Joinery #1 Attachment (Hanging) of Tube Limb to the Central Core
#2 Attachment of Sucking Cup to the Feet
Clamp for the Suction
360 ° rotation
Details
d.
f.
b. g.
e.
c. a.
b. flexible joints
a. central core structure
c. suction attachments
f. central suction form
d. limb attachments
e. scalloped form layering
g. surrounding connection structure
6. APPROPRIATING FORM INTO FUNCTION
Central Command Centre
Land Resources
Sky Resources
Sea Resources
Interconnection
Underground Reach
Preliminary Schedule of Accomodation: The central command centre core for all the residents dictates all activites that take place. Grasping ducts that sucks resources from sky, land, sea and even underground. Hard-working recycling areas that recycle treasure stolen by the grasping ducts. Re-distribution centre to the outside world. Pro-active plant that will convert waste and human trash (from factories, malls, etc.) to renewable energy. Renewable energy power station specially for the architecture itself, and occasionally for mainland.
Diagrammatic programme
Plan renewable energy plant
Gathering resources from anywhere and everywhere, above ground, underwater and underground, surroundings.
redistribution of treasure to outside
grasping ducts to suck trash from outside Residential Area Control tower
up dictator core center side
Recycling branch
Many ducts in all directions around the core sucking duct
down
under
Central Suction to Carry All Resources Up
Duct way to transport stolen goods
Habitation for Recyclers
Central Command Centre, Recycler’s Habitation
Sea Resources
Command Centre
Duct way to factories
Connection between ducts
Suctions to grip on to any terrain
Grasping to Land and any Surface
Channel to Distribute to Mainland
Land Resources
Command Centre
Connection between ducts
Wind turbine at high altitudes
Connection between Limbs
Sky Resources - Wind
7. SITE
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
Semakau Island
Pulau Semakau, left of landfill Scale 1:1000 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
Waste - carrying ships routes from Singapore’s islands to Semakau Landfill
Access of cargo loads from the landfill to the Centre
Routes from the Centre back to Singapore’s mainland
Sun Path Analysis from 6am to 11pm on a Regular Sunny Day
Sun Path with Wind Speed Analysis from 6am to 11pm on a Regular Sunny Day
Sun Path with Wind Speed and Relative Humidity Analysis from 6am to 11pm on a Regular Sunny Day
The illuminance of this site is pretty constant all year round. During the day times, the lighting is extremely bright, the architecture is very exposed to direct sunlight, out at sea. Therefore, excessive shading and glass glazing had to be taken into consideration.
The temperature of this site remains on the constant high throughout the year, as expected and evidenced in this graph. It especially peaks in June and October, as we experience the tropical heat waves.
Relative humidity likewise is on the high side. Being surrounded by seawater and also tropical nature, the humidity is inevitably high. Because of this, ventilation openings are designed for the many windows and openings of the architecture.
Wind Speed Analysis in m/s North-South directions experience more wind, therefore the room which require most ventilation due to the recycling processes involved are situated with that facing.
Dew-Point Temperature (C)
Relative Humidity (%)
Dew-point temperature and relative humidity have similar patterns, mostly. The temperature out at sea reaches a low of 23C, while simultaneously the relative humidity’s lowest is 65.8%. The hotter it gets, the more humid it appears to be. Because of that, again, proper ventilation will need to be ensured, especially in the NS facings.
Low land, very exposed, no natual shading and blocking from the island
Apparently the most heat received is overhead, therefore the shading from the sun is extremely vital to human comfort. As the architecture has no surrounding buildings are environment to shelter it, as it stands out in the sea, thorough overhead shading and overhang is appropriate.
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Solar Analysis: With no surrounding buildings to offer shade, the architecture is out in the open, with ample sunlight during the day. N
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Tide Analysis for a Day As the high tides comes in , the rubbish floats to the surface of the landfill, making it easy to transfer the rubbish from the landfill to the sorting and decomposing centre. During the low tides, the platforms cease drifting and it signifies rest time for workers too. These platforms are actively drifting to collect trash during the 2 high tides of the day, and it serves as a recreational outpost for the tired workers during the 2 low tides. Much like the guru, who is most active when there is rushing water, as it expedites its movement.
8. PROGRAMME
Final Programme: The Sympathetic Waste Rehabilitation Centre A waste sorting, recycling and distribution centre for Singapore. Turning man’s trash back into treasure.
Consists of 1 main fixed structure with 4 slightly drifting side structures. Workers on the main structure in the centre work to sort and recycle the non-biodegradable waste that comes to it. Plastic, glass, metal and chemicals are the 4 main departments. On each level there are compartmentalized rooms with the purpose of recycling, and a pathway for the humans to move about on. The products running through the tubes have their own separate pathway, which never collides with the humans. On the east and west sides are shady rest areas which over good views and resting areas during a long day. The main structure is branching out as unique spaces are created for the different materials that will be processed from “trash” to useful items. It is mostly open, with designated shades and coverings depending on the material’s needs. Workers zip around the strcture with ease as each nook is connected. One overriding characteristic of a singular starfish is its unmistakably symmetrical form. However, when you come across a multitude of starfish working together, it is organized chaos. This main structure does the work of multiple starfish. The asymmetrical and seemingly unruly spaces each have a unique purpose and all the trash that has been sucessfully recycled into new products such as fabric, new cans, fiberglass, etc, all travel down their own tube pathways. The workers have their own pathways which will never collide with the products, but they have the satisfaction of watching their hard work being transported down and carried to mainland by cargo boats. The surrounding 4 floating stations are where the passive biodegradable trash is slowly being decomposed and a habitat for special creatures that have made their home in Semakau Island. The bottom level is a paper factory, next is a composting deck where workers with a view deck on top, where weary workers can enjoy a panoramic view of the sea and Singapore and forget their worries for a while. Proceeding up is the “farm” where natural waste is planted into a little farm where creatures can reside and thrive. Surrounding it are the recreation spots for the end of a day. It is for eating, relaxing, recreational activities and the toilets, directly connected to the “farm”. The highest level is the where the workers can finally go when all trash has been recycled - the sleeping place. Above it is a signal light, that shines brightly, broadcasting to all when a worthy work has been completed. At the end of each work cycle, when no more trash is to be had, the workers move from the main structure to the surrounding drifting stations. Aboard their “cruise ships” they can play their free time away.
Production Level
Recycling Level
DUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION Sorting Level
Loading/ Unloading Level
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1
2
3
4m
1:100
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK S
Section A-A
The Sympathetic Waste Rehabilitation Centre - for non-biodegradable materials
Pathways for Descending Products
Pathway for Ascending Products
The Sympathetic Waste Rehabilitation Centre - for biodegradable materials and habitation for workers
Sleeping Pod
Recreational Rooms
Viewing Deck
Paper Factory
Natural Waste Farm
Composting Bin
Gathers Marine Waste
Level 3 - Production Product Transportation Level 2 - Recycling Product Transportation Level 1 - Sorting
Dock
Suction Footing
First Level
Second Level
Third Level
West Rest Area
Glass Room
Chemical Lab
Plastic Room
East Rest Area
Store Room
Metal Room
9. FINAL DRAWINGS
10. TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
Second Level
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PARTNO DIM-1 DIM-2 DIM-3 STKORIGIN ROOM OPTION
CATN PARTNO DIM-1 DIM-2 N DIM-3 STKORIGIN ROOM OPTION DESCRIPTIO
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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION First Level
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
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PARTNO DIM-1 DIM-2 DIM-3 STKORIGIN ROOM OPTION
CATN PARTNO DIM-1 DIM-2 N DIM-3 STKORIGIN ROOM OPTION DESCRIPTIO
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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
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11. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
2150
Columns Reinforcement Stirrups (Ties)
Reinforced concrete column Main reinforcement bars
Reinforced concrete column bottom floor starters
Slab 1550
Column
SRFC Column to Floor Detail 1:10 200mm
0
200mm
400mm
2150
Columns Reinforcement Stirrups (Ties)
Reinforced concrete column Main reinforcement bars
Slab
Reinforced concrete column bottom floor starters 1550
Column
SRFC Column to Floor Detail Scale 1:50 0
1
2
3
4
5
10
600mm
800mm
1000mm
Durable non-slip decking suitable for 3KPo UDL
Edge trim 200 x 40 all round
205 L floats secured with 9 mm dia. galv. u-bolts carried up through bearers
Floating Deck Detail Scale 1:50 0
1
2
3
4
5
100 x 40 Battiens in pairs, spaced approx. 300m apart, as locating stops for drums 10
450
Deck
38374,3
Variable ballast (seawater)
Production riser buoyancy cans
61331,21
8000
40286,82
147311,31
Water Surface
Spar Hull
Production riser
s2 - s2'
Seawater fills centre well
800
Sea Star Legs Details 1:20 400mm
0
400mm
800mm
1200mm
1600mm
2000mm
The study of the starfish’s water-filled tube feet led me to the discovery of this “Sea Star Leg” flotation device, typically used in oil rig construction. In the starfish, water fills its fluid feet, enabling it to lift and paddle. In the architecture, the sea star legs for the side structure enables it to float in the shallow waters. It is a hollow core made from concrete. Concrete can be made to float if it is shapped with a hollow. A hollow object will displace a volume of water greater than the actual volume of solid material in the object.
Underwater “suction� with pneumatics and hydraulics to cleave to uneven underground surfaces and unusual terrain.
Decentralized system, to even out the load amongst all members.
Atmospheric pressure acts on the exterior of evacuated cup generates lifting force. Locating cups uniformly around load's center of gravity balances lifting force.
Clay Roof Cladding
4000
450 350
Louvre Window
Wood Dock 300
Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns 8000
Double Glazed Windows
3500
3500
Rubbish tube
Hydraulic Leg System
Close Up Level Detail SCALE BAR 1:50 0
1
2
3
4
5
10