Cappadocian Ribbon- Thesis Report

Scuola di Architettura Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Architectural Design

CAPPADOCIAN RIBBON CAVE, HUMAN & SPACE

Relatore

Prof. Maurizio De Vita

Correlatore

Prof. Aslı Özbay Prof. Carlo Pisano

Candidato Beril Oytun

Anno Accademico 2020/2021

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ABSTRACT This is a project that seeks the relationship between nature and artifact, between histories and times, between people and the environment.

Nature, history and geography of Cappadocia which is unique architectural features are shaped by centuries of climate and human impact.

This study examined the local architecture of Cappadocia and buildings selected from different regions been observed. It has been observed how cave spaces have played a role in shaping local architecture and human life.

Each carved cave space has been used for different purposes in the historical process, and the spatial arrangements have been provided according to the need. This man-made negative architecture in the region contains each unique meanings and spirit.

In the following part of the thesis, the focus is on the spatial categorization study of the cave spaces of the ancient city Nevşehir, and the map is drawn.

The main aim of the project was to make these important underground and overground spaces accessible and to provide an experience to the visitors.

This made possible with the route that designed with respect to the traces from topography and the architect's own experience. Give the archeological importance of the site with new additions which are designed as a reversible concept.

Key words: Cappadocia, vernacular architecture, phenomenology, conservation in archeological site

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SECNEREFER 4

Cappadocia Vernacular Architecture About Cappadocia History Topography

Case Studies Vernacular Architecture Typologies Spatial Organization Construction Technique

City of Nevşehir History of Nevşehir Nevsehir Through the Time Research Timeline

Cave City Ruins of the City About the Cave City

Concept Aproach Spirit of Space Phenomenology of Architecture Categorization of the Cave Space

CAPPADOCIAN RIBBON Chasing a Trace Cappadocian Ribbon Functional Schema Intervention Master plan Intervention Isometric Map Design of Entrances

REFERENCES 5

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CAPPADOCIA VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

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figure 1: map created at studio.mapbox.com

The Cappadocia region where is covering the provinces of Nevsehir, Kayseri, Nigde is one of the attractive and important tourist destinations with spectacular unique landforms and historical heritage. Some of the fairy chimneys were inhabited and inhabited during the Byzantine period.

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ABOUT CAPPADOCIA

ABOUT CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia tuff is a weldless ash-flow tuff with very low unit weight, very high porosity, and deformability. Moderately weak to very weak.

For almost two thousand years the cave dwellings of Cappadocia have played a major role in regional architecture. The climate inside is optimal for living and storing: cool in summer and warm in winter. Once a dwelling is carved there is almost no need for further maintenance, no leaking roofs or rotten beams, etc.. So these tufa caves are still the best economical and ecological house form in Cappadocia.

The area of Cappadocia is a natural and cultural landscape heritage site with its natural and cultural environment. Nature and culture formations that make up this landscape are vernacular buildings formed by the region's geology and their related materials and construction systems.

figure 2: Cappadocia fairy chimney formations

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Kızı

Lake Tuz (Pink, Salt)

Mt. Hasan

Cappadocia has been shaped by volcanic activities and geographical conditions that occurred millions of years ago.Geographical boundaries and natural barriers such as Mt. Erciyes (3917m), Mt. Hasan (3268m), and Melendez (2963m) that frame the Cappadocia region.

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ılırmak River

Mt. Erciyes

figure 3: Cappadocia region with drawing representation

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CASE STUDIES

KELEBEK HOTEL GÖREME

According to the knowledge of the owner, from generation to generation they have extended and restored their building.

At figure 4, the fairy chimney is part of their lives. Their intended use was pigeon house. In the interior, there are dovecotes with cut stone and rock carvings. Nowadays, functions are changed to the hotel rooms.

Each house has two compartments where grapes are crushed and juiced. In figure 9, We know that the cutouts in rock were used in this function in the past. They leave it open in its new use.

figure:4 Kelebek Hotel (Göreme)

In the past, holes made in the middle of a room of each house were used for cooking and heating. Therefore, the chimneys were built to ventilate. We can still see its traces. (fig.8) The traditional pots are used for constructing the chimney of masonry buildings. Using that kind of pot facilitates the process of chimney construction and ventilates the interior air which polluted by clay oven.

figure 5: Inside of living room, chimney detail

figure 6: Inside of living room, chimney detail

Cellars and cheese rooms were carved on the lower floors of the houses. Due to the coolness of the place, these rooms were used to store food. We can say that it is in the same use today. figure:7 Ventilation technique

figure 8: Inside of living room, chimney detail

figure 9: Boiling Molasses (Şırahane)

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CASE STUDIES

ESBELLI EVI ÜRGÜP

The Esbelli House which 150-yearsold abandoned stone house with many cave rooms, dating back to the 3rd and 4th centuries is renovated by its owner 30 years ago by stonemasons and artisans.

figure 10: Esbelli House Complex

Space has been tried to be preserved as it is. In the past, while each room faced the courtyard, the rooms were connected to each other through restoration. The chimneys and niches in the place carry traces of the past to the present.

figure 11: Esbelli House interior view

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The water draining down with snow and rain in most of the buildings created a huge moisture problem in the building. This causes wear and erosion within the wall. For this reason, an underground tunnel that passes through the rooms was created. This tunnel created an airflow and solved the problem by drying the moisture leaking into the rooms and at the same time creating a useful area for cables and pipes to pass through.

In figure 12, we see how to rock space and masonry systems come together and shape traditional architecture.

Another solution to the moisture problem is the mattress placed on the ceiling, removing the moisture. At the same time, the application of a lime-mixed mortar, a common technique, reduces spillage in rock spaces.

figure 12: Exterior cave and masondry loca

figure 13: Excavities made for solution the humidity

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CASE STUDIES

A HOUSE IN ÇAVUSIN There are more than two hundred rock-carved houses in the huge bedrock you will see when you arrive at Çavusin.

There are countless houses and churches of Christian priests in the village. It was severely damaged in the 1950 earthquake and moved to the plain where it is today. After the erosion and collapses that occurred after 1964, the people left this place and moved it to the plain. Abandoned areas are quickly eroded due to neglect. A number of households in the village have tried to keep their old houses alive and this house is one of them. figure 14: Çavuşin Village view

At the entrance from the door, the courtyard in the middle of the house is encountered and on the right is the barn and a living room. On the left, there are 3 rooms connected to the corridor.

The room on the upper floor of the barn is the living room consisting of arch vaults and figure 15: Courtyard of the house

masonry stones. (figure 18) At the figure 16, One of the 3 rooms connected to the corridor of the house was carved in stone and the outer wall was stabilized with the arch system.

figure 16: Corridor

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https://yoldaolmak.com/cavusin-koyu-kapadokya.html

The corridor connecting the 3 rooms and opens to the courtyard. Most parts of the building were carved out of stone, and according to the need, niches were opened on the wall and used as a storage area, and also levels were created to meet the function of sitting and lying.

The slightly pointed arch structure is one of the architectural characteristics of this area. The used structure outside the building keeps the building standing against erosion and time.

figure 17: Outside view

figure 18: First floor living room

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VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

There are two main traditional construction systems that can be seen in the Cappadocia Region; carved and masonry. The vernacular architecture houses can be categorized by 3 main typologies which are rock-cut, rock-cut and masonry, and masonry houses.

figure 19: Fotograf from 1910's - vernacular architecture

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

ROCK-CUT Rock-cut dwellings are constituted by carving the rock according to the necessity of their space. Cave dwellings of Cappadocia play a major role in regional architecture. The climate inside is optimal for living and storing: cool in summer and warm in winter. Once a dwelling is carved there is almost no need for further maintenance, no leaking roofs or rotten beams, etc.

These tuff caves are still the best economical and ecological house form in Cappadocia.

MASONRY AND ROCK-CUT The second type of dwellings is formed by masonry systems being added to rock-cut units. Especially carved-out spaces have higher climatic quality than the masonry units and are used for storing food or use of a barn. The living spaces are placed over the ground level and constructed by masonry walls, covered with a vaulted system supported by traditional shape arches.

MASONRY "The masonry system houses are the last cycle in the house typology in Cappadocia, dating to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A number of houses were constructed with masonry are single-story." (Binan, 1997) Most of them were constructed with two stories; The ground floor includes private open space, working, and circulation areas. The second floor commonly has consisted of living rooms and a hall. The spatial organization constitutes around the main courtyard in the traditional masonry house, and the other units are placed connected by.

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NEVŞEHİR

CITY OF NEVŞEHİR

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Arising from the idea of benefit from traditional wisdom, This study try to investigate local architecture in the Cappadocia Region to put forward the ecological principles embodied within traditional buildings.

The reason for the selection of the Cappadocia Region as the study area is that traditional buildings are valuable resources to draw the sustainability principles with regard to the continuation of the use of tuff stone, local building material, with its high thermal qualities, and the traditional building methods, the rational solutions in many settlements both in traditional and new buildings, and in restorations.

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CITY OF NEVSEHIR

HISTORY OF NEVSEHIR

It is referred to as Nyssa, which was the name of the city in ancient times.

The region, which was dominated by the Romans, Persians, and Arabs since the seventh century, was captured by the Turks after the Battle of Malazgirt and was called Muşkara during the Ottoman period. Later, during the period of Damat İbrahim Pasha (1662/1730), it developed with great public works, so it was named “Nevşehir”, which means “New city”.

figure 20: Nevsehir Historical Photograph Archive 1913 Atatürk Kitaplığı

CITY OF NEVSEHIR

The fact that the city witnesses many different periods and civilizations in this historical development process increases the importance of the region. It is possible to see the traces of these periods in Nevşehir Castle and its surroundings.

The layered structure of this area, both underground and aboveground, is important in terms of the relationship between the periods. Understanding all the periods of palimpsest cities in their historical continuity and the network of relationships they have formed with each other is the most fundamental requirement to preserve this multi-layeredness.

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CITY OF NEVSEHIR

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WHAT HAPPENED

The city preserved its original existence until the middle of the 20th century. Later, over time, the people of Nevşehir left their places of residence, and the city underwent social transformation. Therefore, it had a slow change until 2017.

Historical Cave Remains

Later, with the decision of the Municipality, unfortunately, large-scale house demolition started in the area.

Very few original residential buildings have survived with this demolition.

With the discovery of underground spaces, this change was completely stopped and the archaeological site was declared.

19th century

2017-Today

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figure 21-24: City of Nevsehir through time

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RESEARCH TIMELINE Although very few in number, articles on Nevşehir have been written. The dates of the articles written here and the continuity of the changes and events in the city were examined with a historical timeline.

Nevşehir Kalesi ve Çevresindeki Osmanlı Mimari Dokusu Sedat BAYRAKAL*

ÖZ Türk mimarisinde, monografik ya da kronolojik ölçekli araştırmalarda, mimarlık eserlerini konu alan çok sayıda çalışma vardır. Ancak eserlerin bağlı bulunduğu bölge ya da şehirlerin mimarlık tarihi açısından gelişimi, yayılması gibi konuları içeren çalışmaların az olduğu dikkati çekmektedir. Nevşehir merkez bazlı böyle bir eksikliği gidermeye çalışan bu denemede, şehrin, ulu cami ve ticaret yapılarının etrafındaki gelişimi görsel materyalle desteklenmiş, şehrin siluetine etki eden ve onun gelişimine katkılar sağlayan ve 15’i ilk kez yayınlanacak olan tarihi eserlerin, Nevşehir’in gelişimindeki payı vurgulanmıştır. Kentsel görünümlerin yeni yapılaşma lehine geliştiği günümüz Türkiye’sinde, eski dokunun gelişimini unutturmamak ve tarihi şehir kurgusunun rastgele değil de bilinçli bir şekilde uygulandığını ortaya koymak çalışmamızın amaçları arasındadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk kent gelişimi, Osmanlı kenti, kentsel gelişim, Nevşehir, Nevşehir Kalesi.

ABSRACT The Ottoman Architectural Texture in the Nevşehir Castle ahd its Vicinity In monographic and chronological research in the Turkish architecture, there are a large number of studies about architectural works.

However, among the studies about the development and expansion of the region or cities, architectural history are few. This study tries to fill such a gap by studying on the Nevsehir center, its historical artifacts, the grand mosque and trade centers developed around, supported by visual material. These architectural texture affects the silhouette of the city and makes contributions to the development of it. Fifteen of these historical architects will be published for the first time, which underli-

2011

Before the deconstruction of around Nevşehir Castle

* Doç.Dr., Nevşehir Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Sanat Tarihi Bölümü, NEVŞEHİR, e-posta: sedat.bayrakal@nevsehir.edu.tr

It is written on the physical change and development of the registered examples of civil architecture in the vicinity of the castle within the city context. The life and cultural values of the period are taken into consideration, and both the organization of the city and the order created by the architectural style are examined.

3rd degree Archaeological site declaration

2014

deconstruction of the area

2012

27 See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330873471

'Kentsel Yıkımın' Politik Ekolojisi: Nevşehir Kalesi ve Çevresi Kentsel Dönüşüm Projesi Örneği * Nejdet Özberk Article · January 2017 CITATIONS

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3 authors, including: Nejdet Özberk Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University 5 PUBLICATIONS 5 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE

This research examined its ecological and sociological consequences in the context of Nevsehir urban regeneration project. In general, the relationship between urban transformation and urban and environmental policies, its effects on society and its results are explained.

The history of Nevsehir since the Hittites was explained, and the political reasons and consequences of the radical change in the city were evaluated from a sociological perspective. The criticism of belonging, local identity and neighborhood culture has been made.

2017 All content following this page was uploaded by Nejdet Özberk on 05 February 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

conservation district board decree Detection of the presence of rock gaps and tunnels according to the report after the cleaning works.

2019

2018 As a result of the Urban Transformation Project of the Castle and its Vicinity, which started in 2012; An article in which the negativities of the conservation of the damaged or lost examples of local architecture are described, documented and even categorized.

In addition, it is emphasized that the stratification of the area is highlighted and the importance of organization within the urban context for the city and sociologically.

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330619514

NEVŞEHİR KALESİ ÇEVRESİNDE BULUNAN TESCİLLİ SİVİL MİMARİ ÖRNEKLERİNİN KORUMA SORUNLARINA DAİR İNCELEME Article · September 2018 CITATIONS

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2 authors, including: Hicran Hanım Halaç Eskişehir Technical University 45 PUBLICATIONS 23 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

------------ View project

TODAY

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RUINS ABOVEGROUND Damat İbrahim Pasha Complex 1726 Built in the first half of the 18th century, the Complex mosque consists of a madrasa, a caravanserai, a primary school, an imaret, a bathhouse and two fountains.

Kaya Mosque 1715 According to the recordings, Kaya Mosque is the oldest rock-carved mosque in the region. Later, in 1955, the mosque community built a mosque with a single domed stone in front of it.

Nevsehir Castle 1727 The request of Damat İbrahim Pasha is an order published on 24 March - 2 April 1727 by the order of Sultan Ahmed III. Accordingly, it was requested to build a new castle to replace the old fortification in Nevşehir.

Kara Mosque 1716 It was built by Damat İbrahim Pasha in 1716. The last congregation area of the mosque, which was built with a single dome, is covered with three small domes.

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RUINS UNDERGROUND BEZIRHANE (LINSEED OIL PRODUCTION) Bezirhouses are linseed oil production places used by the people of the region for illumination during the periods when they were built. Linseed oil was obtained as a result of the processing of oil extracted from the grass after crushing and processing a type of grass called Izgin in the linseed house. The oils obtained were used to illuminate churches, rock-carved places and underground cities by means of oil lamps.

figure 25: representation of the Bezirhane chambers

figure 26-29: Photographs of the Bezirhane chambers

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C AV E C H U R C H Rock-carved Church is a single-nave structure with a barrel vault. The church is dated to the 13th century. This church, which is an indicator of Christian art and folk beliefs in Cappadocia under Seljuk rule; It shows the existence of the structure of the multi-cultural and religious society of that period.

figure 30-33: Church View

TOMB CHAMBER It is known that these tombs are frequently encountered in the monasteries and narthex parts of the Cappadocia region. The continuity of the burial area in the north of the rockcarved church indicates that the area is a religious and burial area. The symbols carefully made on the rock in the place support that this place is a religious ritual area.

figure 34-37: Tomb Chamber View

MONASTERY & CELL OF CROSS Only one room remained of the monastery spaces, which are thought to date back to the 6th century. In this place, which has been devastated by time, no elements other than traces of crosses were found on the ceiling. It is thought that the space has a connection with the tunnel, and it may have functions such as waterway or escape route.

figure 38-41: Monastery room view

S TA B L E & AT E L I E R As we know There was an old school from the late Ottoman period. In the 1970s, The school building replaced was by another new secondary school at that time. Behind the educational building, There are wide barns and related ateliers, warehouses which the thought that these all cavities and functions were related from Late Ottoman period and military policies of that time.

figure 42-45: Wide Stables view

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THE CAVE CITY

ABOUT CAVE CITY Nevşehir has the world’s largest historical underground city, which has not yet been opened to the public. However, it is thought to have high tourism potential. Underground City, Nevşehir Castle, and its Vicinity Urban Transformation Project was discovered by chance while working in the area.

figure 46: Photographs of the Cave City

On the top of the hill, there are rock tombs, holy places, tunnels, warehouses, and a church among the unearthed spaces. Although there is a large amount of soil filling in the rock-carved church adorned with murals, ruptures occurred as a result of natural cracks in the bedrock, and salinization and flaking of pigments were observed due to high humidity.

Plenty of spaces were found which could be used as living spaces, storages, şırahane (mashing grape), tandoori, and stoves. Some of these places have transition areas connected with the terrace at the lower level. While the cleaning work carried out on this terrace; furnaces had used in blacksmithing were unearthed dated to the Late Ottoman period.

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The center of the hill, described as the main terrace, is located in a large area.

This area has always been the center of the city, As we know There was an old school from the late Ottoman period. In the 1970s, The school building replaced was by another new secondary school at that time. Behind the educational building, There were wide barns and related ateliers, warehouses which the thought that these all cavities and functions were related from Late Ottoman period and military policies of that time.The fact that the city witnesses many different periods and civilizations in this historical development process increases the importance of the region. It is possible to see the traces of these periods in Nevşehir Castle and its surroundings.

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CONCEPT

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SPIRIT OF SPACE

Keeping the place alive plays an important role in ensuring that the historical heritage is passed on to future generations. Especially keeping the unique places in Cappadocia alive poses an important problem.

It causes the rapid disappearance of the historical and cultural heritage that emerged with the effects of geographical location, the effect of the climate and the material properties of the earth. Many traditional conservation techniques have survived and are still used. In the research part, we have seen some techniques used in different Cappadocian vernacular architecture examples. It can be said that the conservation approach differs in every situation. The architect; Its importance to the identity of the place, material selection and use, as well as its ability to adapt to today's architecture with traditional techniques, add value to the buildings restored in Cappadocia.

Nevşehir has undergone many changes since its existence. It has hosted different civilizations and cultures throughout history. Sociological changes have undergone some radical and sometimes slow transformation with political decisions. Rock Spaces is the skin of Cappadocian architecture and lives with and changes with people over time.

"Peter Eisenman has inspired the user’s creative occupation of the space.

It is many layers of history and places. Let the people do experience these traces and decode them. " (Kjerrgren, 2011)

figure 47: Mass Concept - Eisenman Architects

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CONCEPT APPROACH

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figure 48: Kolumba Museum / Peter Zumthor

In the reuse of the building, it cannot be expected that it will meet the needs of the time it was first built. However, In my opinion taking into account the value of traces from the past and adapting new functions of use is what keeps the spirit of place alive. I believe that in this case, the proper intervention would be following the historic traces, tracking own atmosphere at the beginning. The design of the new functions and spaces would have a chance to blend with the aura of the historical heritage.

CONCEPT APPROACH

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PHENOMENOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE

Phenomenology of architecture is less design method and more a form of discourage , offering the way of describing , discussing and deciding about architecture, from the perspective of our lived experience as embodied building users. MerleauPonty’s philosophy is influenced by the design work of architects as diverse as Steven Holl, Peter Zumthor, Alberto Perez Gomez, and Juhanni Pallasma. It is fundamental to explore the various relationships and reflect the connection between body and space for his phenomenology. (Hale,J.,2017)

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figure 50: The Sassi are served by a complex water management system and developed from simple caves to more complex architectural and social structures as the vicinatos (source: UNESCO)

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CONCEPT APPROACH

figure 50: The Therme Vals / Peter Zumthor

So, to preserve the atmosphere of a place, the spirit of place, it is necessary to understand the intangible elements that, merged with the materials and the signs of time, make a place what it is. I refer to everything that is not limited to vision but involves listening to sounds, feeling the temperature, the smells, the warmth of the sun filtering through the windows. It is a real embodied experience.

(Pallasmaa 2005).

CONCEPT APPROACH

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CATEGORIZATION OF CAVE SPACE

The man-made places are created which possess their individual genius loci and their created space has to change through time. However, that does not mean the spirit will change and get lost of it. (Norberg-Schulz, 1976) To preserve and protect this is possible to define the identity of the place.

The human perceptiveness of the space depends on the condition of the spaces.

Darkness and the volume of the area is the basic tangible element that we easily recognize. The identity of the space also depends on the connection between other cave spaces. It affects the movement inside of it.

The defined categories for the analysis of the spatial organization in cave sites comprises five tools: wall paint, inner cave, network area volume, and daylight access.

WALL PAINT

INNER CAVE NETWORK

CROS S

AREA VOL UM ED

NARR OW-L OW

AYLIGH T AC CESS

LIGH T-WELL

NARR OW-HIG H DEAD-EN D

DIML Y-LI T WIDE-L OW

JUNCTION

WIDE-HIG H

DARK

CATEGORIZATION OF CAVE SPACE

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CATEGORIZATION OF CAVE SPACE

figure 51: Plan drawing of the cave spaces divided depending on levels, and coloring by function were using before.

CATEGORIZATION OF CAVE SPACE

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CAPPADOCIAN RIBBON

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CHASING A TRACE

The lines of red indicate the existing active roads in the land.

In the contrary, the blue ones show the paths that had been wiped out. However, we can only distinguish this, traces if we look carefully to the topography and the shape of cave.

When we compare these lines with the oldest master plan of the city, we can see that it’s perfectly matching with the old streets.

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figure 52: Orthophoto of the land with representation

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The shape of the new pathway is transformed respect to this trace and it creates contemporary layer with ramps, which suspended from the ground by structure. This solution may allows the visitors discover the shape of cave and archeological findings without touching them.

At the bottom representation, the special cave spaces have colored with yellow. The design route is illustrated with red color, it creates a connection between pedestrian way also cave spaces.

igure 54-58: Examples of route design in archeological sites in the world.

RESTORATION OF DORIA CASTLE IN DOLCEACQUA CASTEL FIRMIANO CASTELO NOVO'S CASTLE. PORTUGAL REDESIGN OF THE ROMAN QUARRY DISPOSED OPERA FESTIVALS

figure 53: Orthophoto of the land with representatio

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CAPPADOCIAN RIBBON

FUNCTIONAL SCHEMA The image with the red marked is the abstract and early path study for the 'Cappadocian Ribbon' design. This route is referenced from the traces in the area as seen in the previous page (chasing a trace).

Important areas for city connections and archaeological featured cave sites are shown with numbers. For instance; monastery room, church etc. The access is provided to these areas by designed route.

The areas designated with numbers 1 and 7 are important points in terms of road and city and it has been determined that they are suitable for the entrances. For visitors, these places represent the beginning and end of theirs experiences.

figure 59: Air View of the city

CAPPADOCIAN RIBBON

The explanations about the numbered areas are written in black, and the design decisions for the use of space are written in red.

1-CITY ENTRANCE This is the point that closed to the city center and giving the first perspective to the cave city.

Functions such as ticket office, cafeteria and bookshop are planned.

2-MONASTRY & CELL OF CROSS There are no other religious elements other than the cross on the ceiling of the building. The place has been damaged due to the climatic conditions.

3-BEZIRHANE & PRODUCTION OF OIL As can be seen from the traces, animals were used for pressing, the collected plants were baked. Then, it is grinded with seten stone. Pots were also found in areas where linseed oil was collected.

A permanent exhibition is foreseen to show this important production method of this time to future generations.

4-STAMBLE & ATELIER FROM HISTORY TO NOW There are wide barns and related ateliers, warehouses which the thought that these all cavities and functions. It is 34.40 meters long. The width of the underground opening caused by rock carving is around 6 meters.

The widest underground cavities is magnificent, chambers will be open for people’s experiences inside and periodically temporary exhibitions could be held in defined place.

5-TOMB CHAMBER This is unique space that has many value as cultural heritage and related with the rock-carved church. The place itself carries special spatial value impressively.

The place is defined exactly museum itself.

6-CAVE CHURCH Rock-carved Church is a single-nave structure with a barrel vault. The church is dated to the 13th century.

The place is defined exactly museum itself.

7-GROUP ENTRANCE There is a road that passes through the inside of the site and this area is located suitable for access from the higher level.

This location allows the group of people access directly to the side and start the journey.

8-NEVSEHIR CASTLE The castle is a one of the landmark in the city. which built in 1727 and srictly related with the ancient city.

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CAPPADOCIAN RIBBON

INTERVENTION MASTERPLAN

figure 60: The design master plan drawing

CAPPADOCIAN RIBBON

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CAPPADOCIAN RIBBON

INTERVENTION ISOMETRIC MAP

Nature and a rock formation by human influence reveal a unique and impressive land. The main architectural approach in the project is to create a contrast between the land and archaeological artifacts in all aspects. This contrast is created by both material and form on the design of the path. This path, which is very compatible with the topography, expands in special cave visit areas.

DAMAT IBRAHIM PASHA RELIGIOUS COMPLEX

GROUP ENTRANCE NEVSEHIR CASTLE

CITY ENTRANCE

figure 61: The isometric representation with interventions

CAPPADOCIAN RIBBON

figure 64: The isometric representation focused top entrance

figure 63: The isometric representation focused city entrance

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CAPPADOCIAN RIBBON

1. ENTRANCE 2. GIFT&BOOK SHOP 3. THE PATH 4. RESTING AREA 5. TICKET & INFO 6. CAFETERIA 7. DEPO 8. SITTING AREA 9. STORAGE 10. WC

figure 64: Plan drawing

CITY ENTRANCE The main entrance is designed simply as possible and respond to visitors need. The expanded path becomes a place that has a museum shop, services, and cafeteria. Entrance is directly related to the ticket office, waiting space, and beginning of the metal ribbon.

figure 65: Section drawing

CAPPADOCIAN RIBBON

1. SHUTTLE STOP 2. CORRIDOR 3. TICKET & INFO 4. OFFICE 5. WC 6. RESTING AREA 7. ENTRANCE & EXIT

figure 66: Plan drawing

GROUP ENTRANCE The road passes through the valley in the middle of the archaeological site in the south of Cave City and divides the area into two. This is the only way to access the area with vehicles easily.

The most important thing in the project the continuity of the walking path and delicate mass design. The ribbon directs the visitors to go in the direction of the primary spot in the museum.

figure 67: Section drawing

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CAPPADOCIAN RIBBON

This land has to be considered as an urban restoration field and take and action according to. The period of restoration and conservation process will remain a long time from now. As mentioned in previous pages the change of the rock formation never is going to end.

The Cappadocian Ribbon is an architectural approach based on letting the cave spaces alive with visitors' experience the spirit of spaces. Beyond this walking path could be integrated with ongoing restoration projects.

figure 68: Render

CAPPADOCIAN RIBBON

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REFERENCES

T. Topal, V. Doyuran; Analyses of deterioration of the Cappadocian tuff, Turkey (1998) Emrah ŞIKOĞLU-- Handan ARSLAN,"NEVŞEHİR’İN POTANSİYEL TURİZM MEKANLARI" , The Journal of Academic Social Sciences (2017) Hicran Hanım HALAÇ-- Emre ERANIL,"Nevşehir Kalesi Çevresinde Bulunan Tescilli Sivil Mimari Örneklerinin Koruma Sorunlarına Dair İnceleme" , Journal of Turkish Studies (2018) Şıkoğlu, Emrah & Arslan, Handan. (2018). Nevşehir’de Şehirsel Yerleşmenin Genel Morfolojik Görünümünü Etkileyen Coğrafi Faktörler, Şehrin Mekânsal Algısı ve Okunabilirliği.

Emge, Angus. Change in Traditional Habitat. Berkeley, CA: Center for Environmental Design Research, University of California, Berkeley (1992) Demet, Binan. “Relationship of Vernacular Architecture and Natural Environment in Landscape Heritage”, Landscape Heritage, International Symposium ICOMOS-IFLA 1997, 7-12 Eylül 1997, Prag, s.146-161.

Fatma, Gül, Öztürk. A Comparative Architectural Investigation of the Middle Byzantine Courtyard Complexes in Açıksaray–Cappadocia: Questions of Monastic and Secular Settlement - Middle East Technical Unv.(PhD Thesis) (2010)

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Fatma, Gül, Öztürk. Rock Carving in Cappadocia From Past to Present]. İstanbul, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları: (2009) Emre, Becerir. Nevşehir Kale ve Çevresi Kaya Mekanların Belgelenmesi ve Koruma Sorunları, University of Kocaeli, (2020) Hale, Jonathan A. Merleau-ponty for Architects. , 2017.

Pallasmaa, Juhani. The eyes of the skin: architecture and the senses. Chichester: Wiley-Academy. 2005.

Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Genius loci: towards a phenomenology of architecture. 1980.

61 figure 69: Architect's Dream